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Preliminary Technical Software Report V1

1. Bioaccumulation Data Menten W a Prenen ful iz ded OP tet FABAM Appen Low Oxygen Effects Leid Com Parcari equ et Pism m women 9 D ease o muO mo B Ec Rapt O FADA Ep B0 Ammonia Toxicity F del 9 LI DAG Salinty Effects oe necu mentee o f 4 P cdehln Gursste Leas bl a 4 Plavebesete Went Pc a a Poem wnay eD 0 Plin If in Stream Feci t aS Figure 9 2 2 Animal library in AQUATOX showing the various characteristics for Chironomidae 116 C y tams Srisrt l age Laut foa Outs hoa owuwnnH p P m um rf ur j amp li jl am 8 li jii 18 25 HA 1i 15 25 14 2 Eiz A 1 amp 17 1s 1s 32 2 32 ys Mm 12 eee 8 ExwcwExortI5 Sheet E Seira Gestinatian eno prers ENTER of choose Parte Merge 1102199 Court 238 Sum 1109437 i Figure 9 2 3 The downloaded CSV file from the National River Health database with the most recent records on the Dorpspruit highlighted The simulated invertebrate concentrations produced in the output is evident Figure 9 2 4 where one can see the observed invertebrate concentrations obtained from the National River Health database represented as points and their associated upper and lower bounds One can see that not all the simulated invertebrate concentrations fall within the upper and lower bounds of the observed data Observed Chironomidae Mayfly and Od
2. En apn cs D Sae These nemas Peiturbed Simulation Control Simulation Graph Libary Uncert Sensitivity howe SS Re es tm o em em Dorpspruir PER TURBETO Peon on 11 24 11 14 32 WO 2 me eee L HUD imo Tet Sol P impli 140302006 10407006 13050006 29062006 12 070006 1106 2006 2 tOna 011 2006 06H 20006 Figure 9 2 5 Simulated nutrient concentrations for total ammonia nitrate and phosphate 9 3 Baynes Spruit Earlier in this report it was mentioned how automatic watershed delineations can be carried out using the BASINS 4 0 software and MapWindows By using this tool catchments and rivers are inserted based on the terrain of the DEM The accuracy of the delineation is highly dependant on the resolution of the DEM being used In this case a DEM of 20 m was used which is a decent resolution for generating a useable output from the delineation However for flat terrain the delineation tool sometimes does not accurately predict where the stream should be in relation to where the stream is situated in reality Thus the Baynes Spruit stream downstream of Northdale Raisethorpe Mountain Rise and Willowton will be used as an example of this problem along with how one can rectify it The stream network produced in the output from the automatic watershed delineation is presented Figure 9 3 1 with an aerial photo as the backdrop enabling one to see how far out the stream is from the actual stream As ment
3. c3 w DeLi ha hy Recent Documents Desktop My Documents Ja hy Computer G J File name biy Network Files of type Places Mgeni Wizard Script Files ws Cancel Figure 2 4 5 Browsing for the wizard script file Arrow indicates where to click to browse for the previously saved script 15 Follow step 11 to write this time series to WDM 16 Continue doing these steps until all eight of the text files have been written to WDM Ensure that each time you undergoing the Script Creation Wizard the Constituent is changed each time depending what the met data is and ensure the value column includes all the values for the met data particularly the PREC precipitation file which contains decimals The PREC file needs to be altered for each field as this is raw rainfall data You will notice all the fields have shifted several columns to the right for this file 17 Once all these files have been written to the WDM your Mgeni project should look similar to Figure 2 4 6 Now close the WDMUtil window 38 WDMUtil Mgeni File Tools Scenarios Locations Constituents Time Series Help Scenarios Locations Constituents 0 of 1 All Hone of 1 All Hone 0 of 8 All Hone OBSERYED HGEHI Time Senes 8 of 8 available time series in list 0 not on WORM file 0 selected T X 4 xl l AM None Type File D SH 5 cenario IL ocation k ert E tart SJD ay E nd EJD ay M
4. 61 21 22 As mentioned in point 12 water volume the procedure to multiply daily flow data from cubic meters per second to cubic meters per day is by double clicking Water Volume under the State and Driving Variables in Study list In the new window under Discharge of Water there is a space at the bottom to insert a numbernext to Multiply loading by If it is blank insert 86400 If this value is already there click OK Click on Setup then at the bottom of the Simulation Setup screen click Control Setup Ensure all these boxes are ticked Figure 3 4 Click OK then OK again Control Run Options All Organic Toxicants Suspended Inorganic Sediments I Zero Out Initial Conditions Omit Inflow Loadings or all TSS Omit Point Source Loadings Omit Direct Precipitation Loadings Omit Non Point Source Loadings Set Multiply Loadings Factors to 1 0 4 lt 4 amp I 4 amp I I ALL rj 7 I G 4 Nutrients Ammonia Nitrate and Phosphate B Detritus ALL Zero Out Initial Conditions Zero Out Initial Conditions Omit Inflow Loadings Omit Inflow Loadings Omit Point Source Loadings Omit Point Source Loadings Omit Direct Precipitation Loadings Omit Direct Precipitation Loadings Omit Non Point Source Loadings Omit Non Point Source Loadings Set Multiply Loadings Factors to 1 0 Set Multiply Loadings Factors to 1 0 Figure 3 4 Options to include in the control run 23 24
5. For example say river extraction data is required from stakeholders in order to accurately get an understanding of the water budget within a catchment and a farmer is asked to provide the amount of water he extracts from a stream on a weekly basis He may be apprehensive to provide the data particularly if he is extracting more water from the river than his water licence allows him to In that case when one performs a simulation in the absence of his data one inserts water extractions way higher than the farmer may be capable of extracting Once the simulation is complete and the stakeholders may end up engaging in a meeting discussing the outcome of the simulation The farmer who initially did not want to provide his data may be caught out as the results from the simulation would indicate he is abstracting way more than his allotment As a result he would most likely want to see the real extraction values When most of the pieces of a puzzle are in place the missing pieces stand out These processes will inevitably result in much greater levels of candour and transparency regarding data and information Eventually after much searching some data was acquired Daily rainfall minimum and maximum air temperature was obtained from the School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology at the University of KwaZulu Natal Pietermaritzburg This was after members from our project team came to realise that a similar WRC project was concurr
6. Step 1 Inserting meteorological data into WDMUtil 1 Open the WDMUtil window Start Programs BASINS WDMUtil 2 Click on File then New This is to create a new WDMUtil project 3 Navigate to the C IBASINSIBASINS Lessons 201 1 13 WDMUtil and HSPF WDMUitil directory and call your project Mgeni then click open A window saying This file does not exist Create the file now will appear Click on Yes to create the file Your screen should look like the one in Figure 2 4 1 4 We are now going to import meteorological met data Click on File Import Navigate to the C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 13 WDMUtil and HSPF WDMUtil directory then select the text txt file you see at the top namely ATEM air temperature Then click Open NOTE All the met data used in this demonstration is fictitious data except for the PREC precipitation file which is actual rainfall data from this catchment 5 This is where it starts to get a bit tricky You should now see a screen that looks similar to the one in Figure 2 4 2 with the title of the window being Script Selection fro importing 6 Click to the right of where it says Blank Script under the column heading Script File so the cell turns blue Figure 2 4 2 Then click Edit 34 T WDMUtil Mgeni File Tools Scenarios Locations Constituents Time Series Help Scenarios Locations Constituents OofO None 0 of 0 All None D of D All Non
7. automatic and manual watershed delineation creating a wdm file in WDMUtil running HSPF model in BASINS creating a uci file in WinHSPF when wanting to create your own uci file in WinHSPF For demonstration purposes we will use a uci file with fewer sub catchments and landuses 46 WinHSPF Initial Met Segment Name MGENI C ABASINS BASINS Lessons 201113 HSPFWDMUti Constituent wDM ID E SUE ID ata Set Mac x Miact A Frecip WDM3 106 MGENI Air Temp WDM3 T 101 MGENT Dew Paint wWDM3 DEWP 103 MGENI wind WwOMS WIND 108 MGENT Solar Rad WOM SOLA 107 MGENT Cloud wWDM3 CLOW 102 MGENT 0 Fot Evap WDM3 EVAP 104 MGENI Figure 2 5 4 The modified constituents in the WinHSPF Initial Met Segment window Hydrological Simutailon Program Fortran OSPF 1 Mzundu Fe FX Amions Pe osuwM u Ue Lewd Fete r a TU rnis t 1 RELHERE v4 2 a s Bouma Met Tug acraea tt gt Acheni bemasent i H vw petat d L4 c LHEE T impind iA ctes IFerini lt Accasi Total b crasi 3 0 0 0 Figure 2 5 5 Schematic representation of the Mzundusi catchment Step 2 Editing altering data in WinHSPF 47 1 Click on the Open Existing Project icon E then click OK when the UCI Open Warning window appears 2 Navigate to C BASINS BASINS Lessons 201 1 Demo and open the Mpophom uci file your screen
8. 1 layer GW model for each of your catchments 99 44 There are a number of attributes that need to be edited in these tabs Select the NAM Surface Rootzone tab To get a full explanation of what the column headings mean refer to the MIKE11GIS pdf document from page 219 233 or by looking in the help manual This document will give you ranges of typical values required for each field for all the tabs 45 Firstly we shall insert the altitude of the reference precipitation and temperature stations This is done by typing in your altitude for your reference station under the PrecipRefLevel and TempRefLevel headings should be located at the extreme right hand side in the NAM Overview tab 46 Next we shall begin to populate the attributes in the NAM Surface Rootzone tab If you have values for the required fields then insert then However if not by clicking in the row default values appear in the various fields If you would like to have the same values for all catchments then create only one row with data However if your catchments differ greatly with regards to surface rootzone or groundwater attributes you can add a row per catchment Figure 5 4 17 DHI Dock NAM Overview TSPlott NAM Surface Rootzone NAM Groundwater NAM Initial Conditions DHI ID llame UMax LMax COOF CEIF CK1_ 1 zNull 100 1000 2 Mull 100 Oe 1000 l Figure 5 4 17 Inp
9. 25 There are two types of simulations to run for AQUATOX Control simulation has the option of having all organic toxicants zeroed out or omitted which is the step undertaken in point 22 Perturbed models the ecosystem where the organic toxicants are included in the simulation With this explanation in mind click on Perturbed then Control under Program Operations When there simulations are running your screen should look like Figure 3 5 while the model is calculating values from the simulations It may take several minutes for these models to run Once the models have finished running click on Output to view the results in graphical form You will notice that there is a very high value relative to the rest of the graph at the beginning of each graph This is due to the initial input values plants invertebrates nutrients etc into the model AQUATOX has recognized these values as too high for a stream of this size hence the drastic reduction in values In order to better view each graph start with the All Animals graph click on edit then change the start date from 01 01 1998 to 01 02 1998 omitting the first month Then click OK You should be able to see what is going on in the ecosystem in more detail now for the Perturbed simulation Figure 3 6 To switch to the Control output at the top of the window click on the dropdown next to Perturbed and select Control Figure 3 7 From these two simulation types one can see big dif
10. 4 3 2007 With this explanation in mind we shall begin the first lesson of how to launch a document Step 2 Adding the Document Launcher plugin to BASINS The document launcher plugin is housed in MapWindows in their plugin folder The document launcher plugin is not included in the BASINS plugin folder when it is installed Thus we would need to copy the plugin to the plugin folder in BASINS This may sound confusing but follow these steps and it will all make sense soon 1 Open BASINS Start gt Programs gt BASINS gt BASINS 4 When the Welcome to BASINS 4 window opens close it 3 Atthe top of the screen select Plug ins You can see that the document launcher plugin is missing even if you look in Edit Plug ins 4 Close BASINS 4 0 5 Navigate to the C BAS NS BASINS Lessons 2011 directory the document launcher plugin has been placed at this directory for your convenience The normal way to obtain this plugin would involve the tedious process of having to install MapWindows and copy the DocLauncher dll file to the C BASINS bin Plugins directory This is the directory where all other plugins associated with BASINS would be placed 6 Now open BASINS 4 again 7 Select Plug ins again You will now see that the Document Launcher is present but it is greyed out Figure 2 1 1 To activate is simply click on it i You will now begin to populate a project with various shapefiles Step 3 Adding data to a proje
11. MIKE by DHI 2011 With this in mind this section will give a brief explanation of how a MIKE 11 project was set up using the Mpophomeni catchment as a case study Within MIKE 11 there are several models to select from For a basic model the hydrodynamic HD type is selected where the input requirements for this include a river network file a cross sections file a boundary data file specifies initial boundary conditions including water levels inflow hydrographs Q h relationships solute concentrations of the inflow hydrographs and various meteorological data and a HD parameters file for setting supplementary data used for the simulation The river network file is generated from a GIS layer which is either copied from an existing river shapefile or generated using the Trace River tool which predicts where the stream will flow based on the digital elevation model DEM Within ArcMap a river network can be exported as MIKE 11 network file nwk11 then later viewed and edited in MIKE Zero Figure 5 2 1 Within the ArcMap view the cross section file can be auto generated based on specifications by the user for instance how frequent the cross section must be generated and the width of it Figure 5 2 2 This cross section can be exported from ArcGIS xns11 and altered at a later stage in Mike ZERO where modifications to the stream channel can be made Figure 5 2 3 67 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE Dre it Wee Nebeok Lev
12. MultFact T ran V alM ame Vnlld G oup MemName Of WODM2 106 PREC 107 ATEM 103 DEWP 108 WIND i SAME PERLND SAME PERLND SAME PERLND SAME aii WDM QTENGL n METR 0 ENGL i 101 EXTNL PREC 107 EXTNL GATHMP 101 EXTHL DTMPG is EXTML WINMOV Figure 2 5 8 Edit EXT SOURCES Block window enabling the user to change the input units for the met data 5 Continue doing this for the next 3 or for cells Once you have changed 3 or for cells from ENGL to METR one can copy these cells and past them down the column to save time Using the Shift key highlight the first 3 or 5 cells then copy these cells by holding Ctrl C on the keyboard then click in the next ENGL cell and paste by holding Ctrl V 6 Repeat this step by highlighting more cells this time 10 or so then repeat the procedure explained in step 5 The aim of this is to change all the ENGL cells to METR as quickly as possible as it is extremely tedious by double clicking each cell one at a time and selecting METR Towards the bottom you will have to specify each cell individually Once all the SSystem cells have been altered to METR click on Apply then OK Then close the Input Data Editor window 7 Now click on Save Current Project Lal It is important to save your progress regularly in WInHSPF just in case 49 8 10 11 oimilarly to changing the input data units the output data units also need to be changed To do this
13. 2004 Table 2 2 1 1 demonstrates this reclassification process Once this reclassification process was completed for the land cover GIS layer the PLOAD model could then be set up Initially the intention was to perform PLOAD simulations on multiple fine scale sub catchments of the uMngeni River catchment created by an automatic watershed delineation tool However the tool produced 245 sub catchments 15 which proved too time consuming to model within the purposes of this study particularly as a result of the high resolution land cover layer Hence a single quaternary catchment was identified for simulation to test the proof of concept A PLOAD simulation was performed for the whole uMngeni River catchment Figure 2 2 1 1 using the TP export values collated by Dickens et al 2010 in order to identify the priority quaternary catchments The output from this simulation calculated that the U20M quaternary catchment draining the Durban area had the highest phosphate pollutant load 3 35 kg ha year with U20J draining Pietermaritzburg having the second highest 1 55 kg ha year Due to a large proportion of the project team being based in the Pietermaritzburg region and with stakeholders from the area already engaged within the project e g Umgeni Water Msunduzi Municipality local CMA it was decided that the U20J catchment would be a suitable focus catchment for further modelling investigation Catchment Specific Phosphate TP Export
14. 4 Select rivers lo31 as the Stream Polyline 5 Select Mzunduzi Catchment lo31 as the Shapefile for Mask notice the shapefile in the screen turns a yellow colour so the user knows that that layer has been selected 6 Under the Network Delineation by Threshold Method section ensure the dropdown on the far right has been set to sq km and the middle cell insert 10 10 square kilometers 7 Under the Custom Outlet Inlet Definition and Delineation Completion section click on the Draw Outlets Inlets then select Yes then save the shapefile in the C BAS INS BASINS Lessons 201 1 12 Watershed delineation Second Session directory calling it Outlet Click save 8 When the Click Done to Return box appears in the top right hand corner click a point at the outlet of the catchment indicated in Figure 2 3 4 Then click done To double check ensure all the input requirements in the Automatic Watershed Delineation window match those in Figure 2 3 5 9 Click Run All The model will take about 5 minutes to run The output from the model is represented in Figure 2 3 6 Figure 2 3 4 Specification of the outlet from the catchment indicated by the arrow 25 Setup and Preprocessing Elevation Units Base Elevation Data DEM Layer Burn in Existing Stream Polyline Use a Focusing Mask Use Current View E xtents for Mask Use Grid or Shapetile for Mask Ii zunduzi Catehment 031 v Select Mask 1 selected Use Exist
15. Without having made any edits in the uci file one can see that the simulated stream flow responds to rainfall quickly This is probably due to the size of the whole catchment in this simulation contributing to low flows in Figure 2 5 10 and Figure 2 5 11 where the area of this catchment is 17 4 km or 1735 ha with flows generated due to rainfall almost immediately if one compares the peaks for PREC and FLOW in Figure 2 5 11 52 mi EI unb E fmc Fie Edt Aee Coondiusies erate di MEN Ll dwayck Fla ix Tiki Figure 2 5 11 Graphical comparison of observed rainfall and simulated flow data 16 To see the simulated flow values for each day click on the List Timeseries Values button This is useful if the user wishes to save the simulated values as a text of Excel file This would be achieved by selecting File Save to Text File or Edit Copy All thereafter pasting in an Excel sheet 17 Close the GenScn window and go back to the WinHSPF window 18 Open the Input Data Editor window Take some time to explore the possible options to edit especially PERLND pervious land IMPLND impervious land and RCHRES sub catchment ID NOTE When one wants to run a simulation not all of these options have to be edited or included The fields that are in bold are those which the model defaults to for a simulation namely the minimum input data required to run a scenario as you did a little while ago Once one begins t
16. open Input Data Editor and then double click on EXT TARGETS so the Edit EXT TARGETS Block window opens You will notice that only one dataset FLOW is in the external targets block at this stage as no data has been added for WinHSPF to model Under the TSystem column third from the right double click on ENGL and change to METR This changes the units from the English cubic feet per second to the Metric cubic meters per second Then Apply then OK then save Next step is to specify the time step of the output time series To do this open Input Data Editor then double click on OPN SEQUENCE Once the Edit Opn Sequence Block window opens you will see the number 60 in the top left corner Indelt Input time series interval signifying 60 minute or 1 hour interval To change this to daily insert 1440 as there are 1440 minutes in a day Then Apply and OK and close the Input Data Editor window then save The basic data is now in the correct format to run the WinHSPF model without changing all the activated default data To now run the model click on the Run button u To view the output from this scenario click on the View Output button prompting the GenScn Initialization from BASINS window to open To browse for the map file click on Browse button and navigate to C IBASINSIBASINS Lessons 2011 Demo and open the Mpophom map file then click OK If an ATCoMap Problem window appears don t panic It
17. should look like Figure 2 5 6 One can immediately see that this project has a much simpler sub catchment layout than the Mzunduzi uci project with fewer landuses compare Figure 2 5 6 with Figure 2 5 5 NOTE The met data used for this project is the same as the Mzunduzi uci project HMydruineical Stnewlation Program fertran GPF 1 1 Tee Cot Pluton heip os uo ee cim f m mre Figure 2 5 6 The Moophom uci project when opened 3 Before we continue we need to tell the model that the met data used for this project is in Metric units and not in the default English units To do this click on the Input Data Editor button then double click on EXT SOURCES Figure 2 5 7 prompting the Edit EXT SOURCES Block window to appear 48 Figure 2 5 7 WinHSPF GLOBAL OPH SEQUENCE FTABLES FORMATS HETWw HEK EXT TARGETS SPEC ACTIONS SCHEMATIC HASS LINE FILES CATEGORY HON TH DATA PATHNAMES PEHLHD IMPLHD HCHHES EXT SOURCES option in the Input Data Editor window Input Data E m Ed 4 The field we will be editing is the column fifth from the left namely SSystem One can see that all these fields have the abbreviation ENGL for English units By altering this double click on the cell at the top with ENGL in it prompting a dropdown to appear Click on METR for Metric units Figure 2 5 8 Edit EXT SOURCES Block VolName Valld MemName sS such gapStr
18. 3 An example of a cross section file extension xns11 within Mike ZERO where modifications to the stream channel can be made Further files required to perform a MIKE 11 simulation include a boundary dada file bnd11 and a HD parameter hd11 file A boundary file includes what is entering and exiting the system where various options can be selected from the boundary description and boundary type dropdowns An example of the options from these dropdowns are evident in Figure 5 2 4 for further explanations browse the MIKE Zero help manual where the boundary types are displayed for the boundary description Open Further combinations are represented Figure 5 2 5 MIKE by DHI 2011 The fourth and final compulsory file required to perform a MIKE 11 hydrodynamic simulation is a HD parameters file or hydrodynamics editor file This file is used to set up any supplementary data used in a simulation Figure 5 2 6 There are a variety of tabs and fields in this file where most of them contain default values It is optional for the user to make any adjustments to this file for more information about the tabs and fields in the HD parameter file browse the MIKE Zero help manual Once these four files have been created edited accordingly the start and end of the simulation period inserted the time step inserted and the directory of the results file determined the MIKE 11 simulation is ready to start 70 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE Fie E
19. 66 5 2 MIKE TI sete d DM Meme NE MC CP EID Ree A ne Or i Oe ete ee 67 5 3 MIKE SIA mee EET 74 5 4 Lesson pian exdarple ico ereetutc mute PEDI DN CIN CIE DE LDR T LSU Pie toot irent LE 87 6 INSTITUTIONAL MEMORY odora oe OR ey bt OR Ue YR Dade Re EE PEOR ER asad GM Ra ota a N a ges 104 Te TEAMVIEWER D ertt dre ee ada ccd os eas ave apunte RM es tete iret usua Piu edube esate nana eee 105 8 DATA COLLECTION merero rM 106 8 1 ETT Um E 106 8 2 Rainfall datano ido bis rs n sea uui esta vette usse iuo scent cen dene idol sut purs 106 8 3 Evaporation data GLDAS iit bh ec pa e E reto eh P rper te eoa YAN QE ae ux Pu p CO V EDXE Eo PE HR RE AREE 107 9 PRACTICAL EXAIVIPLES CASE STUDIES xi 55 e cheer Dep eor E Epod RE EE o rE Oti rit n EIE EE 112 9 1 Mpophomeni catchment serari ell el bs 112 9 2 VOTO STOUT ert CN 113 9 3 BVE S SI UE us deduci E bcn diete calcat Ui conis ovens Uc ac uooi A Qe n UM ala 119 10 GEO REFERENCING GOOGLE EARTH AERIAL PHOTOG ccccccsssssseeecccecseeeesseeeccceeseueesseeeceeeesseeaseeeeseess 123 11 LEARNING MODELS DEEPENING THE UNDERSTANDING WITH TIME THEORY U eeeeeee 124 12 e iuteupgosBpl CETT E 124 1 INTRODUCTION This report is detailed It represents a resource for building the capacity of students who follow on the project It also represents a statement of how much the capacity of the lead author has developed from literally a standing start in March 2011 to the point where
20. Amres prad Aeng messe nse Bhat bondi m ur heel NE few 1 M whole moe PG bu Nie Dani d I nen ord the Darel 4 Ne Tone O Anay Tine ds h uia Tools Caton ate Tool Conversion Took Dala Weeruper abiy Tooli Figure 9 3 2 Editing the existing stream layer in ArcMap 10 121 uu bus S Corte IT m Pug eu Waenhed Come at orn vague de Edice als Todi Cotreerturns heh ani ae p i mue Tm up eie e 8o wv Sj Legend f 4 Dota Layers gt T Bwynes Sona ai E Depress cone Aww new b we Figure 9 3 3 Editing the existing stream layer in BASINS 4 0 using MapWindows GIS 122 Fe bM ww Sna wert Sa Veopoceeg Coo wn p ae MM B CR CS TD 2e 824 mm Wi 2 amp O L SS ae Aa MPE I Iul bp Lily Ef esses Y amor eno wg Lantern epe oig nee I4 c Fe ert ee o wl i ee fe p r zi 00 Levers Grund ports H M Dwnes Sua eed L hats urs d C Whole Men PLOAD de M Danes out eng ree Pg NEU Harel K pes few Ine id MI wie epar PG Ly Wha band i m orn hevi Ne fered uto tas Trew orreereen lank e amp From Aate ey rom wee amp Perito CAD p To Comes Leow TORM ap Te KM amp amp Tone amp le Pant j D Dela reeroper dry Tooti Figure 9 3 4 Edited stream vertices using ArcMap 10 now following a more realistic path 10 GEO REFERENCING GOOGLE EARTH AERIAL PHOTOS Spatial relationships are a crucial element in understanding
21. Background Information The variety of input data options to edit in WinHSPF is vast It is important to note that not all the data in Win HSPF has to be edited or activated for the model to incorporate into its UCI Within the BASINS system WinHSPF is intended to be used in conjunction with the interactive program known as GENeration and analysis of model simulation SCeNarios or GenScn which allows the user to analyze results of model simulation scenarios and compare scenarios WinHSPF Manual 2002 Step 1 Setting up the WinHSPF environment 1 Open the WinHSPF model Start Programs BASINS WinHSPF We now need to create a project based upon the files created from the HSPF model run in the previous lesson WDMUtil and HSPF Lesson Click on the Create Project icon which produces a Create Project window We now need to select the correct files from the various directories to successfully create a new HSPF project Next to where is says BASINS Watershed File click on the Select button as it was mentioned in the previous lesson all the files created from the HSPF model in BASINS are stored under the same directory where the folder containing the files is named by the project name specified in HSPF Navigate to C IBASINS modelout Mzundusi where you see the file Mzundusi wsd Click on this file and then Open Next to where is says Met WDM Files click on the Select button Navigate to where the
22. Barth Scoem es Data sd Information Services Center GES DISC The new Hy tkelogy DESC porte enaboeo bolli Np ud Massdot acceded to 3 h uady end enxtitl CL DAS delasets OLDAJ l haurt jad teueciidy daterets ure dso avaiable via Doremi Tiota i wn nnkns apgparzatasn developed by the OES DISC that allows cecearchere te rapildiy explore fata oo Dat epus lamporel venes rmy ancund ono conditions and pateme of gdseset on de toerthy wd warty aniaboed ardir before opticnaby dorevin stg Uw data Sepparted dierveticad Armele include ID Wee DE ASC eid KM CLDAS products avaibsbile fiom tbe Cr ADS Date Server 6D DAS pidot se dao peoveded to RADI Date Beever GDO were GLO AD COS users perfum euboring anf andyew Coeretions wtibol first Grendoedag the date T son EW GLDAS Simulation we are Cumenib rire few eesiiation ft iW nicer sere the nnum geryi We are ahem prepemg to melace the X LM wrth the Catetweerdt LS i CLM 35 The resubs ere dstitu is thew becotss artile Look for CLD AI atis Dus Helden wet re rwpenpr Astea Figure 8 1 The Global Land Data Assimilation System homepage where one can select 3 hourly or monthly data National Amonaulics ond Space Adminstration SSS Gi mm a E is m rs GCIRMBAN NT AT O Rite De a SE n 4 jA DS LOAR S A BOUT GIOVANNI NEWS STANCES HTUBACK RLLLASL SOILS HELP Global Land Data Assimilation System GLDAS 1 0 Degree 3 Hourly Products teora The Gjoba Land Data Assimilation
23. Coefficient Values LEGEND Rivers Mgeni Catchment Figure 2 2 1 1 PLOAD simulation for the whole Mgeni catchment using Dickens et al 2010 TP export coefficient values sub catchment TP export values are in kg ha yr The uMngeni River case study catchment is the quaternary catchment in which the City of Pietermaritzburg is situated namely U20J Automatic watershed delineation was performed on the U20J catchment creating 43 sub catchments The land cover distribution in this study catchment is presented Figure 2 2 1 2 along with the various land cover contributions Figure 2 2 1 3 16 Land cover for the Study Catchment LEGEND Cee 4 me a cu we si m o m s eb cmd si m1 se 2 o owe Amo co m C o6 0999 om e fig bel ced qe Qo m ce m 000 emg esi omm emassa NL EE o LOS o cs e sod a 9 omo I Wee me amm M Me cce qm ee oe Pete pete Qo es o o E Pato mr SL Sd Oo atete ee 99 i o oo e e ea o e o poto Ro a Fo aboes Deas 9 m 2 4 e F o m M E br perra ou E waa ia eee Figure 2 2 1 2 Land cover for the various sub catchments from with the PLOAD model was simulated Geoterraimage 2010 using 2008 imagery LEGEND area in km2 58 45 Cultivated permanent commercial dryland 53 6 Residential informal township 51 63 Forestry Other mixed species 24 38 Roads inte
24. D rr m MIRE SHE Flow Mode Descepten ow Dupes wW Forged y Background Spes Dewbuson Tempore Dutsibution w Onain Londorre wo Tm veld y Smito speckcaton w Sedan his Xy Sinion pad X Tee dep conia a 4 OL Compurstionel Corba Pasea bamname Ranfal y US Conpulabons Corral Prset A SZ Compucaional Corl Panama WD Sitwahon 5 pecca S peces Model Coreen ane Gnd T opogi eph Cinste Y Petesneco E vapolenepeston Land Use Feet and Lakes D eiand Fite lnssiasisd F iow S mursied Zones WO Soues Siosng of neiuli Eee Potens Jalwa Llad a 7 7 7 Y v Jarsy February Marci Nay Auguel Seplermter October Novernber Decemter 198 12381 1991 1381 1391 1991 1391 1991 1391 gt i Validation Senden MOE 11 Eoscutin Loy 7 19 0 1991 06 32 46 Wale 19 9029 Mode NUM Figure 5 3 4 Precipitation rate extension dfsO 77 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE _Mpoph 1991 Fie Ect View Refresh Run Window Help Oe A SQM p phum wa MIKE SHE Flow Model Descrphor jd Digi ReferenceEvapotrampiration 0000000000000 Foreground v Backgeound Spatisi Data Type k wv Comet Lopes Urso v Terevagwolidd aes ee Time Seres Fie V Simi penod C Documerts and Settings Weser Deshtop MIKE BASINS Mpoph evap 13 Ed j X Tene step control OL Computational Conisol Paaeet Remneee Evep X UZ Computational Control Paramet SZ Computations Conta Paanet WO Simulshon Specification Speces Model Doman and Grd Topagachy LI x
25. Landuse Li uMgeri Catcheert DP mgri dem Figure 2 2 1 The PLOAD 1 project when opened 1 Before opening PLOAD ensure the plug in has been turned on Do this by clicking on Plug ins at the top of the BASINS page and ensure Pollutant Lading Estimator is ticked 2 Now click on Models at the top of the page and click PLOAD 3 Under the General tab e Ensure that the method being used is Simple EMC Event Mean Concentration e The pollutant we will modeling for in this exercise is nitrogen so under the pollutants heading select TN abbreviation for Total Nitrogen e Subbasins Layer must be specified to uMgeni Catchment e landuse Type must be specified as Other Shapefile Figure 2 2 2 NB If you cannot see the pollutants listed click on the Event Mean Concentration tab then click on Change Now go to the following directory C Basins etc pload emcgiras dbf but it should be visible 10 awe te em Pipe HenhaiDwiredun uper fior X Tad Conese 9b WO ETAETA ETT TESTERE cde Me p Y lima Poscessdun Land lo Eseri biose Lomcenatoee Fure Samer P Bae Ero M etin Pub ewe C3 FEipat Coufiocont Pe HOGI HS gop fonte FC Figure 2 2 2 The PLOAD model when opened 4 Click on the Precipitation tab at the top of the page Ensure that Use Single Value is selected default Make the Ratio of Storms Producing Runoff value 0 1 and the Annual Precipitation in value 37 Backgro
26. Species s FISH N Water content at saturation Bypass constants Topography Climate Water content at field capacity x Land Use x Rivers and Lakes W ater cantent at wilting point Overland Flow x Unsaturated Flow Sf 2 Layer UZ Soil Sail Suction at wetting front rie Grid code 1 Mi Grid code 2 mater Grid code 3 x Grid code 4 3269500 Grid code 5 x ET Surface Depth 3270000 x Saturated Zone x WO Sources 32 70500 Storing of results x Extra Parameters 32 71000 Saturated hydraulic conductivity m z 3271500 3272000 FE 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 ee ee ey ee ee ee ee 3272500 3273000 Py E RA OT Wo ea A S E TTA Hi 3273500 3274000 3274500 4 3275000 3275500 50000 79000 78000 T F000 T6000 75000 meter Setup Data Pracessed Data Results Validation Simulation MIKE 11 Execution Log x fOFO7 204 v 32725608 4 Figure 5 3 10 The various soil properties associated with each soil type 83 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE Mpoph 1991 Modified File Edit View Refresh Run Window Help ae Li 4 MP BB um ug MIKE SHE Flow Model Description x Display x Simulation specification i WI Simulation 5 pecificatian Include pumping wells Species x Model Domain and Grid Topography Hydrogeologic parameter distribution Climate Land Use Rivers an
27. The user has also has the option of adding their own data to the model SCENARIOS A great feature about AQUATOX is that is models the ecosystem under 2 different conditions Control has all organic toxicants zeroed out or omitted Perturbed includes toxicants and chemicals The impressive feature is that these two separate simulations can be run concurrently The output from the simulations is incredibly user friendly where graphs are generated for both Control and Perturbed simulations enabling immediate comparisons to be made between a pristine and disturbed ecosystem This has great potential to stimulate in depth conversations based on the AQUATOX output where likely decision making and management measures may be enforced Reasoning can be explored leading to more innovative options and hence better decisions Q What was the most time consuming A There were several tedious steps that took time to overcome particularly steps that are not described in detail in the BASINS 4 0 manual As a user not having immediate personal assistance with BASINS 4 0 gaining experience while playing around with the model was one of the most tedious steps particularly reading the manual to obtain step by step procedures as with any new model Many obstacles were overcome by trial and error However once several steps were achieved these were documented i e 55 BASINS 4 0 lesson format making it easier for other users to undertake simil
28. This report does now contain these files but they are on record for a potential user to use Lesson title Learning how to use the automatic and manual watershed delination tool within BASINS 4 0 21 Learning Objectives Learners will be able to e Automatically delineate one of the Mgeni quaternary catchments based on the elevation of the digital elevation model DEM catchment boundary and river network e Manually delineate the sub catchments where necessary attributes are populated into the attribute table required for further modeling Step 1 Setting up the working environment launching the BASINS 3 To open BASINS 4 click on the Start Programs BASINS BASINS 4 4 Load the Automatic delineation project from C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 2 Watershed delineation First Session directory Your screen should look the image in Figure 2 3 1 5 At the top of the screen on the toolbar click on Watershed Delineation then select automatic Figure 2 3 2 6 At the top of the Automatic Watershed Delineation window click on the Select a DEM grid dropdown arrow Background Information You will notice that the tool is not identifying the mgeni dem The reason for this is that this DEM has not been projected Only once it has been correctly projected will the tool identify it as a worthy DEM for this tool Without a projected DEM we cannot go any further in this tool as a DEM is crucial for this delinea
29. WDMUtil file was created in the previous lesson i e C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 3 WDMUtil and HSPFWDMUIII and select the Mgeni wdm file then Open You will notice an error message appears on the screen Figure 2 5 1 The reason for this is that the file directory is too long for the WinHSPF model to read Therefore to rectify this simply copy the Mgeni wdm and Mgeni wdu files to the C BASINS BASINS Lessons 201 1 directory Click OK to clear the error message Now navigate to C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 and select the Mgeni wdm file You will notice the error message does not appear again as the directory is shorter Where the 2 arrows appear at the end of the directory box ensure the second wdm file is selected by clicking the down arrow Figure 2 5 2 44 7 Next to where is says Project WDM File click on the Select button Navigate to C BASINS modelout Mzundusi directory and select the Mgeni wdm file then Open 8 Leave the Model Segmentation as the default Grouped 9 Before clicking OK ensure your screen looks like Figure 2 5 3 10 Now click OK and click Yes when asked if the user wants to overwrite the existing uci file 11 A new window with the title WinHSPF Initial Met Segment appears Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran HSPF ce H it el _ MinHSPF Create Project Files Select BASINS Watershed File XBA amp SIHSXmodeloutkM zundusikM zundusi wed Het WDH F
30. and time steps your screen should look something like Figure 5 4 9 Once you are happy that the information is correct click OK This prompts a new window to open representing a blank graph area on the left and 2 columns on the right one with the dates and times of your specified time series and the other blank where the rainfall and evaporation data will be inserted The quickest way to insert the observed data into this column is a simple copy and paste Open your observed rainfall and evaporation data file preferably in Microsoft Excel Ensuring the dates for this observed time series correspond with the start time and date you specified earlier when creating the new time series file dfsO highlight the rainfall data you wish to copy Copy this and selecting the above most cell in the new time series window in MIKE Zero under the Rainfall column Press Ctrl V on your keyboard to paste the data As soon as the data has been pasted it is graphed on the left side of the screen Repeat the same procedure for your evaporation data Depending on your range and time span of values your screen should now look similar to Figure 5 4 10 95 File Properties G Inf ti eneral Information m Title Catchment data Cancel Avis Information Help Axis Type E quidistant Calendar Axis bul Start Time Time Step days hour min sec fraction of sec Mn of Timesteps Axis Units Item Information Name Type Unit St
31. as the proof of concept involving the successful running of the models has thus far been the focus When wanting to use the BASINS 4 0 models for scientific purposes or for decision making meteorological data will be required This may or may not be quite tedious to obtain from relevant people or companies i e Mgeni Water particularly recent and accurate data which may or may not have to be later converted into the correct units to be read by the models 56 Q An equivalent question to the previous one is how far can one get away with default values Etc etc A The default values are relatively meaningful within the models used particularly PLOAD and WinHSPF The default values give the user an idea of rough ball park figures where the user can later make edits The default values are the same for all types of landuses in WinHSPF and broadly grouped in PLOAD However field work should not necessarily be needed to obtain values as there should be sufficient literature available to populate fields i e soil types bulk densities soil layer depths infiltration rates etc within HSPF particularly However catchment and land cover specific data would be more useful for accuracy but is often not feasible in terms of time and money constraints Default values are a useful starting point for conversation For example one comes up with a figure and the conversation is simulated around that figure until everyone is in agreement on
32. bd 42401dx3 paloa Qm LandUre WM Rivers and Lakes M Overland Flow V Urwatursted Flow a V SwuedZone V WO Souces V Soong of tends M Extra Parametern January February Maren April May June August September October November December 1991 1991 1991 1991 1931 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1 1 o fh Validation Smetstion MIKE 11 Execution Log Ready D4 12 1950 Value 24 521442 Figure 5 3 5 Reference evapotranspiration extension dfsO Landuse data can be represented in grid format Figure 5 3 6 where there is an option to include paved areas for built up landuse and irrigation for agriculrural landuse For each landuse type there is an option for the user to include seasonal leaf area index LAI and root depth RD by specifying the temporal distribution as a vegetation property file extension etv Figure 5 3 7 note the LAI and RD values used in this example are not actual seasonal values but merely estimated values to have as input into the model for it to work For landuses or land cover types which do not usually have LAI or RD for instance built up dense settlement Figure 5 3 8 the user has the option of specifying the temporal distribution as constant where the LAI and RD values become negligible The area covered by the landuse type is displayed where the area under Annual commercial crops dryland is shaded in red Figure 5 3 7 78 p ET MIKE Zero MIKE SHE Mpoph 1991 Mo
33. chemical and fish data to this model 27 Double click any of the invertebrates or fish under State and Driving Variables in Study list then click on the Trophic Matrix button to see the food web to get an idea of the interaction between 28 Explore the AQUATOX model further when you get a chance to get an understanding of the amount of man power and knowledge that goes into such a complex model END 4 SWAT Saved in C Documents and Settings User Desktop WRC project files MgeniSWAT screenshots ppt The Soil Water Assessment Tool SWAT is a river basin or watershed scale model SWAT was developed to predict the impact of land management practices on water sediment and agricultural chemicals yields in large complex watersheds with varying soils land use and management conditions over long periods of time Neitsch et al 2005 Within this project MapWindows SWAT 2009 was used to test its abilities and applications for the scope of this project i e linking landuse to water quality The case study catchment used to test the applicability of SWAT was the U20B quaternary catchment located in the west of the uMngeni catchment Figure 4 1 Despite getting to know the SWAT model fairly well and using it to generate flows in U20B the University of KZN researchers in the project decided to switch to the MIKE by DHI suit We therefore do not report further on SWAT 65 rap WiabershedOeineshon ShapefleEdtor GIS Took Co
34. e mail address Optional No Dont Send Don t Ask Me to Report Bugs Problems may be reported at bugg Mapw indow org as well Figure 2 4 13 Error message which may appear once the HSPF window has closed NOTE The files created by the HSPF model in BASINS 4 0 are automatically stored in the modelout folder under the title for the project in this case C IBAS INS modelout Mzundus i This directory will be important for the next exercise namely BASINS 4 0 WinHSPF Lesson END 2 5 WinHSPF and GenScn The previous section dealt with preparing the spatial and temporal data to be run in WinHSPF Windows version of HSPF a sub component of BASINS 4 0 This section will deal with how to import the prepared data from the previous exercise into the WinHSPF program NOTE This lesson plan was initially provided on a CD along with project names various files and file directories This report does now contain these files but they are on record for a potential user to use 43 Lesson title Learning how to use the Windows interface to HSPF WinHSPF to build a User Control Input UCI file and view the output in the GENeration and analysis of model simulation SCeNarios or GenScn from GIS and time series data Learning Objectives Learners will be able to Understand the difference between input and output Metric and English units Modify a variety of data for different land cover types within the catchment
35. including GIS data tools and utilities models and the analyses from the models We shall now begin the first exercise in BASINS which involves the installation process Step 1 BASINS installation 1 BASINS 4 needs the dotnetfx file in order to be installed If the PC that you are using does not have the dotnetfx file then it can be installed from the DVD C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 Software dotnetfx35setup dotnetfx is a Microsoft Windows file for updating the NET technology interface and for this to be achieved the computer should be connected to the internet In order to install the dotnetfx file double click on it This will start the Automatic installation a First click on next b Inthe next window that appears accept the license agreement and then click install This will begin to install the software C Thereafter click finish Installing BASINS 4 2 f you have Vista on your laptop PC install MapWindows5RC C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 BASINS Software first The reason for this is by installing BASINS 4 0 first Vista is not compatible with this working environment thus the reason to install MapWindows first BASINS 4 0 may not be entirely compatible with Vista Suggested operating systems include WindowsXP and Windows 7 3 Double click the BASINS 4 0 file C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 BASINS Software This will start the automatic installation 4 Fromthe setup window that opens click on Next 5 From
36. on scientific background where certain values were obtained from literature Thus these values are rough estimates that are to be used for demonstration purposes only 11 7 Now click Generate Your results should look something like this Figure 2 2 3 BASINS 4 PLOAD 1 Fe Tes Wii Compute Bims Gib Launch Siansa Ede View Pues WotershedDeleeston Shapefletdn GIS Tools Cometes Help OW Estimated Anmaal Poliutant Loads Figure 2 2 3 Output from the PLOAD model The top layer TN EMC mg l is the average nitrogen concentration for each quaternary catchment colour coded The middle layer produced TN Load lbs is the total nitrogen produced from a quaternary catchment Note The highest nitrogen loads produced are in the built up areas of Pietermaritzburg and Durban as a result of high impervious and EMC values To convert these values from pounds lbs to kilogram simple divide them by 2 2 The lower layer produced from PLOAD TN Load Per Acre Ibs is the amount of nitrogen produced per acre ie mass produced per unit area NOTE The TN values in the TN shapefile layer are very small with values around 2 x 10 The reason why these simulated load are so small is because the shapefiles used were not initially projected to all be the same With this in mind we shall undertake another PLOAD simulation but this time with shapefiles that have been projected Step 3 Performing a PLOAD simulation with projected
37. on the screen This is due to the default layers present in the table of contents not having a spatial reference or projection assigned to them Therefore to see your working area right click on your newly loaded DEM then Zoom to layer Your screen should look like Figure 5 4 1 would look different depending on where your study area is The next step is to determine the flow direction from the DEM Do to this click on MIKE 11 gt Digital Elevation Model Process DEM Once the Process DEM window has opened click on the Calculate Flow Direction button we are not going to deal with the Create Pseudo DEM or Adjust DEM Elevations optional buttons at all A notice appears letting the user know that depending on the area and resolution of the DEM this process make take a while to perform Click OK 88 gt PS ow Pw hw wee wee Cw vede p ae n tm 85 RARO oe eg 4 eem nm a UO NH iN A Ta t ean hl NE M We PIE a eos Ma aw e ev On a MU 898 S588 g gt gt Figure 5 4 1 Screen once DEM has been loaded 10 A flow direction layer has been created which appears in the Table of Contents window Activate this layer to see what it looks like The colours do not matter This procedure is simply for the tool to know which direction the streams will flow in 11 The next step is to add river segments or reaches The user has the option of loading an existing river
38. shapefiles Load the PLOAD 2 project from C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 1 PLOAD Second session Figure 2 2 4 12 Miu a vem Aom Wale Deine Thapsde Tue GINTOo amp Conwe es Ip ile pP Ae Me pti TW 2 p d o ow Njel Lat 1200 ANOS Long O EX XD Figure 2 2 4 The PLOAD 2 project when opened Notice the shapefiles in the legend all end with lo31 This means that the projections used for all these shapefiles are Transverse Mercator the spheroid is WGS 84 the central meridian is 31 and all have meters as the units projections for these shapefiles were made in ArcView 3 3 Open the PLOAD model Insert the same input data as the previous exercise and ensure the same steps are followed Once all the criteria have been inserted click Generate Your results should look like this Figure 2 2 5 13 LI HL Pw 2 Pd puemated Arenal Pol faeit asta E TWEMC mgl m W The Lone Per Bore ent E M Pf PU Lat 3 228 448 2006 Long 120787 58 Figure 2 2 5 Output from the PLOAD model when projected shapefiles are used If one turns on the place names lo31 shapefile one will see that the quaternary catchments generating the highest pollutant loads are those in which the greater Pietermaritzburg and Durban areas are situated This is due to the high impervious EMC values associated with the landuse shapefile OUTCOME From this practical one can get an idea of t
39. shews yon Usa Enored Ds MUN some of the thanges to your simulation as yon zo abowt creatmg n Figure 3 2 The AQUATOX Simulation Setup Wizard 59 NOTE If at any stage you get stuck or do not understand what is being asked in one of the steps refer to the Help manual in the bottom left corner This Help function will take you directly to the manual and explain the step you are currently on 3 10 11 12 13 14 In Step 1 Simulation Type this is where we select the Example file we copied earlier as this is the directory where the model automatically refers to when the user wants to load a study Select Example then Next Leave the Simulation time period as is With two years one should be able to identify any seasonal trends Select Next The Nutrients may remain as is Next otep 4 Detritus may remain as is Next For Step 5 Plants notice how the types of plants are grouped together The trend here is to start with the smallest of the plants diatoms and to work its way up to larger plants macrophytes Leave the plant data and initial conditions as is The initial conditions for plants were not measured in the stretch of river thus are only estimates Next For Step 6 Invertebrates notice how the types of invertebrates are grouped according to their functional feeding groups shredders sediment feeders suspension feeders clams grazers snails and predatory invertebrates Leave the invertebra
40. simply means that the file is not recognizing any shapefiles associated with this file where the user has the option to add shapefiles later if they wish Click OK to clear it You should now have a GenScn window open with two scenarios and nine constituents Figure 2 5 9 Some iw Ni Marne An tin ahon Bjal ORALI n Tess Senes D o TH H 5 alele i mol Figure 2 5 9 The output from the Mpophom uci project in GenScn One can see that the only addition to the constituent box is flow compared to the other constituents which were added when creating the wdm file The reason for this is that flow was the only constituent to be modeled for this scenario 12 To see the output of this time series in a graphical format select Mpophom in the Scenarios box so it becomes highlighted Then select FLOW in the Constituents box then click on the Add to Time Series List button h under Time Series 13 There should be 2 records displayed in the Time Series box One of them does not have any data This is indicated by the hyphens in the Start and End columns Therefore select the record that has values in the Start and End columns The reason why the location is called RCHS is that the WinHSPF only models the discharge from this sub catchment including contributing discharges from the sub catchments upstream NOTE This is a rough simulation where no data relevant to this catchment was edited in WinHSPF Therefore when v
41. the DHI Overview table 51 Once you have correctly inserted all the data in the various tables necessary to run the model click on the Run Simulation button 52 Depending on your rainfall and evaporation time series data adjust the start and end simulation period accordingly Figure 5 4 21 Then click OK Run NAM Simulation Mame Mpophomeni Simulation Feriod Start 1938 01 01 00 00 00 End pss 12 31 00 00 00 Time Step Options Use hot start Force recalculation of mean area weighted time series Figure 5 4 21 Specifying start and end of simulation period The model begins to run Figure 5 4 22 Time may vary depending on the time step MIKI 11 7010 pomeni 2 5 Simulation s n x Lompilt soe gae RP Bound 70 Ebi Lomput gvorisi speed E amei tne ett Figure 5 4 22 The running of the NAM Rainfall Runoff simulation 53 Once the small NAM simulation window has closed there should be new time series data in the table of contents window for baseflow interflow overland flow and runoff for each catchment in your study area To see the time series that has been generated from the simulations right click on one of them e g runoff then select Plot Edit Figure 5 4 23 101 Figure 5 4 23 Runoff time series generated from the NAM Rainfall runoff tool The simulation has created a folder with the same name as the name of your NAM simulation in this case M
42. the final figure This process can be repeated several times until the relevant figures are obtained for a particular model Q Anything else that you feel will help others understand the sustainability of the use of such packages A BASINS 4 0 is continuously progressing with more recent versions becoming available to the public every three years or so along with more models being included This becomes available to the user in a plug in format BASINS 4 0 has a huge working force continuously making improvements to the overarching framework In this way the software will never become outdated Based upon the experiences attained with using BASINS 4 0 the transition and preparation for the DHI software will be swifter than without having obtained this experience particularly when learning the MIKE BASINS and ECO Lab components thereof 3 AQUATOX AQUATOX is a simulation model for aquatic systems AQUATOX predicts the fate of various pollutants such as nutrients and organic chemicals and their effects on the ecosystem including fish invertebrates and aquatic plants AQUATOX is a valuable tool for ecologists biologists water quality modelers and anyone involved in performing ecological risk assessments for aquatic ecosystems Clough 2009 This definition is more easily explained by the processes diagram Figure 3 1 57 AQUATOX Simulates Ecological Processes amp Effects within a Volume of Water Over Time Figure
43. the red box 84 The user has a variety of options for the type of results required from the model One of the great features about MIKE SHE is that various discharge simulations can be made at various points on a stream from one model run This is specified in the Storing of results section where branch name and chainage numbers obtained from the network file in the rivers and lakes section from MIKE 11 can be adjusted For example streamflow can be simulated at the end of two different tributaries immediately after the two tributaries meet and at the outlet of the stream thus four different streamflow simulations from a single run of MIKE SHE Figure 5 3 13 The simulated output from this MIKE SHE project is evident Figure 5 3 14 where the R between simulated and observed was 0 846 This calibrated model was used to simulate streamflow for the study period for the Masters project period October 2010 July 2011 Precipitation rate and reference evapotranspiration were the primary adjustments that were made The output for this is evident Figure 5 3 15 where four different points in the catchment were used to generate discharge MKE Joro MIKE SHI Mpoph 7010 2017 e fh Edb Ve Refresh Ron Window Heb D wu E OTM F Pin MORE SHE Flow Mode Deception 94 Onpley Y Serudeton zpecdcan WI ernbabon 5pecd aon peto Mode Donan aed rd T opogisphy Liro LancdUse nase ome wh bot Ds charge 528 a C Documents and Setting W
44. the relationships between land use and water quality It was therefore necessary to make extensive use of satellite imagery in this project as evidenced by the many applications presented in this report One of the needs that soon became apparent as the senior author of this report learned more about the challenges of this work was to geo reference Google Earth images Through an internet search the following website was found Geo referencing Google Earth images YouTube The You Tube based lesson tutors the learner and in an hour the problem of geo referencing Google Earth images was no longer an obstacle to progress 123 11 LEARNING MODELS DEEPENING THE UNDERSTANDING WITH TIME THEORY U Throughout the processes of learning that yielded this report the authors were relating their learning processes to Scharmer s Theory U Senge et al 2005 Each new trial and error and reflection on the modelling systems report in Part Il was identified on the U and discussed In this way the time spent on the technical work reported in Part Il was encapsulated in the reflection and social learning processes described in Part 12 CAPACITY BUILDING In all Water Research Commission projects the matter of human capacity development is given special emphasis The scale complexity uncertainty and urgency of the challenges facing South Africa in the area of land use effects on water quality are such that capacity building was central to the project teams
45. they greatly increased their skills in the above areas and at the same time they were effectively testing the skills and learning of Bruce Eady whose capacity was itself developed on this project One demonstration of Bruce s capacity is this document which was then used to develop the capacity of the new cohort of students on the project 13 REFERENCES 124 Clough JS 2009 AQUATOX release 3 Modeling environmental fate and ecological effects in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 User s manual U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Office of Science and Technology Washington DC 20460 Dent MC 1996 Individual and organisational behavioural issues relating to water resources simulation modelling and its role in integrated catchment management in southern Africa Dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master s Degree in Business Leadership Graduate School of Business Leadership University of South Africa Dickens CWS and Graham PM 2002 The South African Scoring System SASS Version 5 Rapid Bioassessment Method for Rivers African Journal of Aquatic Science 27 pp 1 10 Edwards C and Miller M 2001 PLOAD Version 3 0 User s Manual United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency EPA 2007 BASINS 4 0 Lecture Notes 2007 BASINS 4 0 Manual Lecture 1 http www epa gov waterscience basins Accessed on 14 July 2008 Environmental Protection Agency EPA 201
46. this document has been used as the starting point for training his successor Riona Patak She found the document accurate information and pitched at an appropriate level Finally the report represents a technical analysis of the capabilities and ease of use or otherwise of various relevant software packages All this has taken place under the umbrella of the theoretical framework and principles of the research approach outline in Part I of this report The layout of this report follows the order in which various software models were used or tested This was a capacity development exercise in itself as it involved a great deal of learning by doing and learning through reflection and feedback The feedback was from various sources inter alia the model developers model marketers conversations with the sub project leader the user networks in virtual space around the software Throughout the time spent using these various models and testing their applicability striving to achieve the overall aim of this project the amount of thinking and doing gradually increased creating deeper levels of learning enabling an increasing awareness of the larger whole to take place as explained in Scharmer s Theory U Senge et al 2005 1 1 Aim and objectives The aim of this report is to give a detailed account of how the eventual decision was made to use a particular software package for the remainder of this project and how this may be beneficial beyond this pro
47. thought processes To be frank we do not know exactly how the issues of human behaviour with respect to land use and water quality are going to be resolved We do know that if societal role players do not learn to reason wisely and collectively then the chances of sensible solutions are remote At present the state of our rivers and streams provide prima facia evidence that we need to build our capacity to learn reason and act wisely as individuals but also collectively The connections that this project has made all be they only conceptual in some case to the DHI SA signing of MOUs with Universities and science councils software such as TeamViewer the SA water Partnership the Alliance for Water Stewardship the SA water Stewardship Council Trust and the Dinokeng Scenarios Walking Together are all significant strategically in terms an environment that supports capacity building One of the key elements of capacity building is that those whose capacity is being developed need to feel that they are connecting to a vibrant whole that is much greater than their own individual efforts but which simultaneously applauds and rewards their contributions As part of the capacity building component of this project the development of skills amongst two students was achieved during the December January vacation period They started from a base of skills in GIS and some knowledge of hydrology and they went through the document above step by step In this way
48. which sub catchment is downstream from the next This field may contain values that are all the same namely 999 Figure 2 3 11 which is the code for the final sub catchment which in this case with subbasin number 21 31 _ BASINS 4 Automatic delineation_ E Attribute Table Editor C BASINS BASINS Lessons 201 SHAPE D SUBBASIN SUIBBASINR LEN2 1457 38752 2314 29502 30 7 76578 b354 31358 Stream Reach Shapetile net maenidem w 3960 E9314 Outletsilnlets ShapeFile Outlets shp 2141 8150 i Data Layers 676 566221 rivers ln31 BEET 12447 Mzunduzi Catchment J031 3366 24642 place names la31 7071 230828 CI mgeni catch Io31 11388 9105 CO Landuse la31 4456 03351 mu enidem los 3743 0091 Brl 7243 8 Fobo 46049 4061 37223 3942 73325 2335 3525 Bun 547453 11162 5967 20231 7936 3543 294591 0221 O93 a4 47345 Figure 2 3 11 SUBBASINR field in the Streams attribute table showing how the downstream sub catchment ID s are all the same 4 By looking at the main BASINS screen we layout screen we can see that subbasin are now going to edit these values 12 is downstream of subbasin 1 Thus in accordingly For example for the first the SUBBASINR field change 999 to 12 record SUBBASIN 1 at the top of the Figure 2 3 12 Continue this process for attribute table by looking at the BASINS all the records in the attribute table by 32 continuously refe
49. without having to re edit these fields Q How demanding is site specific data acquisition generally I note you say intensive field work would have to be performed in order to determine these values This is worrying SITE SPECIFIC DATA ACQUISITION A Obtaining site specific data for a model is always an advantage as with every model the more accurate the input the more accurate the output However this is often a time consuming and expensive exercise In my opinion the export coefficient or event mean concentration values necessary to run the PLOAD model could be one of the most important site specific data to obtain as every river catchment is different in one way or another think Mark Graham Simon and Gary are aiming on determining some of these values for the Mgeni The values that have been used so far have been obtained from US literature which have been determined at site specific level know James has said he has been working on determining some export coefficients for the Upper Olifants catchment and sent me two papers which discuss the methodology of how these values were determined Obtaining data from stakeholders may be beneficial as this helps with the buy in into the BASINS framework METEOROLOGICAL DATA Meteorological data is also important data to the running of models in BASINS 4 0 particularly the WinHSPF and SWAT models Observed daily or hourly data has not been actively sought after at this stage
50. 0 BASINS 4 0 Manual United States Environmental Protection Agency Accessed at http water epa gov scitech datait models basins index cfm Lin J P and Kleiss B A 2008 Using PLOAD to Estimate Pollutant Loading into Wetlands US Army Corps of Engineers el erdc usace army mil wrap PLOAD ppt Accessed on 3 July 2008 MIKE by DHI 2011 MIKE by DHI User Manual Neitsch SL Arnold JG Kiniry JR Srinivasan R and Williams JR 2005 Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation version 2005 Temple TX Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service Senge P Scharmer C O Jaworski J and Flowers B S 2005 Presence exploring profound change in people organizations and society Nicholas Brealey London TeamViewer 2011 http www teamviewer com en index aspx Accessed on 17 November 2011 125
51. 00 2e 1932 00 00 00 2901 1936 00 06 00 31 01 1998 00 20 OO Da 02 1988 00 6 00 oye LISS On xxx 00 204027 1998 00 0 00 o Toy 199 00 00 DO as 0c 19 00 3x DO Bee L9 06 X 00 ome 1938 00 x 00 SEN OGY 1998 00 06 0 tore 1988 ud oo 00 t 2071998 00 320 00 Ero Lose 00 6 00 Die 1998 0022 00 54 00 1795 00 00 00 fate 1988 00 96 00 1602719368 00 26 00 17 007 936 00 oe 00 LATO 1998 Ghee DO LNTC 199 00 0 DO ZOOC 1988 Od dex 00 Z1 0271996 00 OG 00 2202 1936 00 30 00 TAUF 00 2 oO 24 07 1998 00 23c 00 25 05 1999 00 00 00 201932 00 00 00 0 OCIO a 0 2000924173 0 QOIS 0 00147904 8 O4 OE 00S 058m7t 005 J 1 25520 OU IME 00 0 000C81135 0 006 193 6 CNTs i Sts 2mm Os A60E SE 3g 773284037 9 1430 0 Armion 4 207 16E OS 733944 9 00 L 3047E 006 4 SOBECT 007 3 711500 35165600 1445 407 34 3 D4 007 1 eer 3 366 14 007 J3 31 9 007 2 9645 E 005 J aTr AX 783220 006 0 30010774 mca Sones 2 06653332 JOONI 1006 1 7753 31TPS 1 061951 016s o 9L DI 2141 ar 10178 6 0069 TS 3 00 71 2 001659575 0 20097342 0 208 7 2008 DOC TE 300515672 2 000 22077 2 00126 758 0 200C7T941 6 25649t AY 2 STE UE LINEO a4 g 200cmn1M4 0 a CC 0 200130 787 2 444 005 4 530401 0 ase TE O0 NCO NAE Oe 253 2 00 22400T 6 LSXET QO8 LI TOAE 00 L677SE Ode 3 01 107902 3009 17304 0 900527 oO DIET D 299121 Sper aoga 2 D1
52. 00 06 30 0 353679 0050715 It faaino otok 0 367097 0 O 534 3 23112010 00 0030 2 no 0 796000 ue 2610201000 00 0 0 614401 0666342 LL EH nia gt 2 October Nowermber December Janua Februats Manch 2010 2010 2019 3011 23011 2011 Figure 5 3 1 Final discharge output from the MIKE SHE model for four different points in the catchment 5 4 Lesson plan example With the signing of the MOU other universities that have signed a MOU with DHI will start using their software for various postgraduate research projects It may be a time consuming task for an individual to self teach themselves the software from scratch resulting in a time wastage and frustration Thus one of the initial ideas after DHI signed an MOU with UKZN was to develop lesson plans for users at UKZN and other universities in South Africa with the intention of speeding up the learning process for others An example of a lesson plan follows where the description of this lesson is DHI MIKE 11 GIS NAM Rainfall Runoff Simulation Exercise DHI MIKE 11 GIS NAM Rainfall Runoff Simulation Exercise 87 Note to the user The purpose of this document is to provide the user with more detailed step by step procedures on performing various processes within MIKE 11 than some steps in the manuals by using actual data and providing screenshots of what the user should see on their screen at the end of a step If at any stage you would like to get further explanations of what
53. 05 2006 This means there were 2 10 individuals present at this side on this date A middle value from this range 6 was used as the mean and was multiplied by the value of a single organism weight i e 6 x 0 024 Figure 9 2 2 in the animal library giving a value of 0 144 g The lower range was calculated as 2 x 0 024 0 048 and the upper range 10 x 0 024 0 24 With these upper and lower ranges error bars were created to see whether the invertebrates would fall within the abundance range based on the SASS 5 abundance scores This procedure was repeated for Oligochaete Hydropsychidae Caddisfly Trichoptera in AQUATOX Baetidae Mayfly Baetis in AQUATOX and Odonata Further inputs that were required for the model to run included the following initial concentrations for total ammonia as N nitrate as N phosphate as P carbon dioxide oxygen refractory sediment detritus labile sediment detritus suspended and dissolved detritus water volume for the stretch of the stream water temperature wind loading light and pH Observed flow data was obtained from the gauging weir U2H058 Although the observed flow 114 from this gauging weir is not entirely representative of what the actual levels were at the Dorpspruit site it is nonetheless a starting point and will suffice to prove this concept NOTE It is preferable to have dynamic or known water volume data in AQUATOX rather than a constant value over the simulation period as AQU
54. 10 80 em d tmpsmiorns QLDAS CUMI OSUBP 3 001 DAS CLM SUBF 3H 0 GLDAG CLM SUEF 3H oD DAS CLM OSUBF 3H 00 LDAG CLM OSUEF 3H Q0 CLM Model CLM Mode CLM Model CLM Model CLM Model 1373 01007 201 1 08 8 1373 01402 20 1 0818 1873 8107 137390102 1978 01007 20 1 man8 201 1 0308 20 1 0368 ODER Mat Ra A ud4 nt o 0f1MMaSdal 7 1 127241012 1011402438 DAS M ST9SUBP JH 001 OLDAG M OTOOLIBP 3H 001 DAS MOBISSUBP 1H 001 GLOAS_MOS19SUBP_3H DTI GLDAS_MOS1SS1UBP_3H MJI Cara Arun e GLEDAS NOAHT GUBP 3H WH OLDAS N amp MTSSUBP 1H WH OLDAS NOAMTSSUBP 2H 001 OLDAG NOAMTESLAIP 3H 001 Moser Moc Mics mt Mode Nisar Model Moser More Wosar Mode Noah Medel Noah Model Noah Model Hush Medel Nosh Model reradin g umim ISTADI 187801m2 1979012 13780102 1279001002 127901407 137901497 19789107 ai teas Mites DUONE 2011696 meae 1010h 201 1 0218 201 10918 10 1 0910 20 msn Apa twm oper 3 4 100 cm ml metam GLDAS NOAMHTS2GUBP JH OTI r Li Pe E LG Mpat 7 r LE i ee DAS 1 VIC Modet 1 8 dagran HUTT 201 14099 Cute Poco et GLAS MC10O 34 001 OLDAS WCtO 3 001 OGLDAS MWCt D 35 001 MC Model MC Modal MC Model 1379 01001 2011003 19730141 201 1 0338 137301301 201 1 038 8 OLDA amp WCT AH 61 MC Model 19761401 201 1 0divd OLDAS Ct O 2 01 MC Model 197901401 201 1 0910 ee TAI 101 1 86 Antaga aser 1
55. 223 5 0134127 06 01 19 00 06 00 b 127695 LE 6001 1998 00 0 00 2 011856 o 122081 pty 1998 00 06 00 3 007 7755 5 nTTXPM 11001 1708 02 00 00 AUS 0 nese t2ypi Lonve an xx 00 AC 1612 o6 0c 0e13 anja pad we Ju Bazefow C axhments jm aol U niatin Cathet toss PaO it cy mmeet pet Xe yyraneetta Ae NITERCSITEST 17 SPECTET E PoTETIC 4 t m Lu w AtEvag Catchment mmh M Evag Ca nmn yon PIMomeec ont D APV tia FS Va leteea c o se Crourei ater Dep Carteret mete Jaunde Daph Catt henant4 metes malos Cx en amp Forhorge Cats 5 timeni EN das I TETUR Ex f wh hitvent yi rent Fem Sreetts Cone fovere Imre S H OF 1_ Flow Catchment Imm OF 1_Flow Catchments Emmihi Ft Fire ote TM Capihotlu LG ouwe ofl Carhnment imeen Sut a ge otl Catchments imetin Buectwage off Cartina imme u ALE TL rare rhvete red irat C aexhmoenb mmi i 1 eee oro cmt oM menm ams pes Hatt rm supply Cat Sipe Cote 1 Ja teh Ma 19008 1TH 1991 I hee ne memi homered meni Ap Mv Ajn 1000 1900 1998 Ja 1 994 us 1908 Bes 190 Od 1599 hos IE De 1990 z301 Lares Od 6 00 tr4n1 41936 00 520 00 reo joo 00 26 00 17 01 1929 00 96 00 tei 1932 00 00 00 DUREE 00 00 201 1938 00 36 on 22 01 1998 0d 3 x 0D zo 19 Gok 0D TAO 1935 Coe 00 74 01 Dia 00x oo 2 01 1995 Goon 00 2771 19 00 26
56. 3 1 Biotic and abiotic processes effects within AQUA TOX An AQUATOX lesson was formulated to enable people to understand and learn the model relatively quickly This lesson follows here NOTE This lesson plan was initially provided on a CD along with project names various files and file directories This report does now contain these files but they are on record for a potential user to use Important note AQUATOX release 3 1 Beta Build 45 may not be compatible with Windows 7 and possibly Vista To rectify this Build 46 is available at http warrenpinnacle com prof AQUATOX howcani html Select the Download AQUATOX 3 1 Beta Build46 exe option Once it has downloaded it is ready to install on your system AQUATOX Lesson Lesson title Learning how to use the AQUATOX model for aquatic ecosystem simulation Learning Objectives Learners will be able to e Predict the fate of various pollutants such as nutrients and organic chemicals and their effects on the ecosystem including fish invertebrates and aquatic plants 58 Step 1 Installing AQUATOX 1 Go to the C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 5 AQUATOX directory and double click on the AQUATOX 3 1 Beta Build45 exe icon When the WinZip Self Extractor window appears select Setup The remaining steps are self explanatory Once AQUATOX is installed open it Start Programs AQUATOX Release 3 1 Beta Build45 AQUATOX Rel 3 Copy the file Example from
57. 41014 o Doy 0 878126 o D791 244 a Dew c DORSUND E 2 x Spia I i l t Figure 5 4 24 Output time series from the NAM rainfall runoff model in MIKE 11 You will notice that there are several constituents within this view which makes it confusing to identify which times series belongs to which constituent In order to enhance the visual appearance right click in the graph area and select Select Items Here one can select which time series data to graphically display To change the appearance of the points and lines right click on the graph area and select Graphics Here one can select the colours of the lines and points as well as the types of points Once you have selected the time series to be visualised the graph becomes clearer where inferences can be made about the hydrological water budget within your catchment Figure 5 4 25 103 ET MIKE Jorn EET OPES E F e Edt Wee Sens Tode Wedew heb Dg ASTY MKE 11 Surf Caxhment 14 020 one v wen and tow athment hee a4 Orr ite Dive Drini gio A 3 4 ew C Mrihmenidi m 1 OF Catchments m 3rd 4 nM Oc eni Catt arnai e v tite ux hrmema ITA imitimion Catchments immi ee 2 __ _ Jan Fen LI Ap May Jun bol Aug Sep De Nuv Der 19 t 00 1 1999 13h rom rna 1998 1909 10m 10h 10 Figure 5 4 25 Selected time series data enabling easier visualisation compared to initially opening the file EN
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59. 8 9 JB joke Fata 8 9 8 ooa Ressecefedm 8 o 2 ooa Wdfea f 3 9 2 j smewes m 9 9 22 smees Dame 0 o 23 smcues ReiingSmdue o 8 24 cesa i 6 9 is Data Type TS Type File Value 1 Wind Velocity mis TSFie ye 2 Wind Direction degree TSFie Jt Figure 5 2 5 The various Boundary Descriptions and Boundary Type combinations available to the user for the boundary file extension bdn11 72 MIKE SHE Reach Lengths Add Output Flood Plain Resist User Diet Marks Encroachment Heat Balance Stratification Time Series Output Maps Groundwater Leakage Initial Wind BedHesst Bed Resist Toolbog wave Approx Default Values Quasi Steady Initial conditions Global Values Water Depth o CO Water Level Discharge o U meter Water Depth Local Values River Name Chainage Initial y Initial Q 1 0 01 j Figure 5 2 6 Example of a HD parameter file extension hd11 required for MIKE 11 The output file file extension res11 from the MIKE 11 simulation can be opened using MIKE View The user has the option of visualizing the hydrodynamics of the river using either water level or discharge The example in Figure 5 2 7 uses water level The top right window is the river network where the insert window highlights the location on the river for where the hy
60. ATOX is able to determine how particular invertebrates may be flushed out in high flows or how particular invertebrates may flourish during low flows Once all the necessary information was inserted into the various fields control and perturbed simulations were executed for the year 2006 115 mL B Save E ce Kr Fein LC D Export te Eoi eens Anima Data m Mw Chironomid Sintah Ciurunomus Seieenimen Vieh tatoracthons Taser Type we Gust Sed Feeds 7 Deupates oem 8 Seth Sere Mawes Rate ea ee 1 met values in P Mua mam Cormier giant Reddy amp Vicsbey 1988 p 15 MoPeywresee Om bon bert ERES wees Detach po sedimen othe I E S S cades uh a sieut dem TT Tem Remorse Supe 1 Eea e a E p I pge RN ts entre MusmusTewewae M tc Ll c LE Madam Tew t6 EN Mam em napu asa gue Kme fuhxeree Rei AUS a Keidy E Piabey PME IPM p D 0000 i Cs hh M a MMM feces easter OS T Heya a m Pietei o 5 5 5 5 9 7 0 P r Qasas UE I uM HMM Wat to Dry AU w DU mane ak e ROAM pa G Gurrews theres a Masas ee Su T Morte e Carti wn LIT imal L P 9 geret velie Oqjurenrs je Sonuna 1s Pytcort Prabucidedhans T Cami Capscity JP guam he biman Lake Enem Don M MM M M wewOR 5 nml 0000 Frame Dim Fite 3 imis nmana R wu leases Astous lepa wMel E m aS OIC NS m 17077
61. D 6 INSTITUTIONAL MEMORY 1371 19238 00 2 14 01 1998 Oot 15 01 1998 00 9 t60017 L998 00 00 00 7 01 1936 00 0 1501 1770 00 05 19 01 1798 00 ROUN EEA GELI 210011956 00 00 00 2201 1936 00 00 22401 129 amp 00 00 001 1258 0279 3e SHDN 998 00 4 a5 POST 998 00 2 11 07 1900 00 00 EZy 0 1798 00 06x 23021996 00 8 14 02 1938 00 00 06 uviti 00 0 te402 1238 06 2 z7 07 1996 03 00 ze LE 00 0 E9021 989 00 00 00 204101938 00 00 00 Z 402 1299 00 00 Dn 600019077 0 000725237 O 001 721467 0 20060948 0 000994173 0 2005 0 900147254 8 94949 QU SETOR 3 1 FSE2E Q0S 3 274mT 4X ooon JERA ES 6 03EXCE 00 1 06132 008 Z8T HEAYX 460822 00 077i se 7 A7 966E AXE 4 207 Ir 08 13449 408 i SoHE ae 4 308 7E 007 171E 0 1500 07 3 44642 07 3 4 104 00 3 38506E 007 3 96 41 4E 007 31 223 7T 007 2 9845 1E 005 laevis 1 28122 00 0 200107774 2 n oat DAS eS OSA 0400142307 0 50 G57 EL amp eh MOOI 000617359 000453395 Ooo ar oome sa immis pajo x Research by Dent 1996 shown the very high importance that professional water modellers and water practitioners in South Africa place on institutional memory In Part I of this report we spend considerable time reviewing the reasons why we believe that an institutional configuration such as shown in Figure 6 1 is likely to be in place in the post project period when the products selected and processes developed in this research a
62. D T ces sol moritur Mirga lager Z CIO TED cw 300 morte Aagi Sayer 3 16D 150 m sod marsturs Near urface ar termgesdtu ODDDO Hit mite apotit humidity Hagin Date Year 2000 s Month De Day 2 Houi 00 v Date gis 01 duo T End Date Year 2000 Meth ps Day Mow 00 v Date Fed 18 ep 190 Select Visualization Bate Preferences Vivualizaman Het QLONS NOAHTOSUB 3H 001 GLDAS NOAHTOSUBP 3H 001 GLONS NOAHTOELEP 3H 001 GLORAS NOAHTUBUEBP 3H 001 GLDAS NOAHTUSUBP 3H 001 GLDAS NOAHTUSUB P 3H 001 197901402 201 tdt 8 197301402 2001058 197901 02 201 tD 1 8 197901402 2011 09 18 197801402 20 1 791 B 197901107 201 1 D9 1 B Surisce madem longwave radiation Sutsce incident shoctewee cadation Surtsce pressure Surface runof Total canopy water storage Total evapotranzpiratice tots Peet nt Average layer 1 7 10 cm sol emoisture Ayers layer 2 10 160 cm sod maistire OLDAS wWCTO 34001 OLDAS wWC10 3 001 DAS CID 284001 MC Mosel VIC Moet WC Mosel 19791201 201 10918 19791401 201 10961 A 19791201 201 109618 Average Imper 3 160 180 em sai marstuee Mer surface ar temperature Near surface specific humidty GLDAS MWCT1D 94 001 WC Model 1979 1401 201 1409618 GLOAS WC10 38 001 VC Model 137901 201 1 0918 7 i ui me i t a t gt iIhnonnr i Temporal Begin Date Yem X11 Month my Day Hom 00 Date Sega 91 Jan 943 End Date Year 11 M
63. DHI 2011 MIKE SHE was used to simulate stream flow for a current MSc project with the Mpophomeni catchment as the study area The Mthimzima stream in the Mpophomeni catchment Figure 5 3 1 once had a working gauging weir from 1988 to the end of 1992 but unfortunately has not been operational for the past 19 years The observed flow from this short period was used to calibrate the MIKE SHE model to simulate stream flow for the same period where the year 1992 was used to calibrate the model Once the model was calibrated stream flow was simulated for a more recent time period between October 2010 and July 2011 the study period for the MSc project where streamflow 74 was required to aid the explanation the presence of SASS 5 macroinvertebrates This section will discuss the main processes involved as to how the eventual stream flow was simulated using MIKE SHE There are various specifications of water movement that one can select in MIKE SHE depending on what they intend on modelling The available types of water movement include the following overland flow rivers and lakes unsaturated flow evapotranspiration and saturated flow Figure 5 3 2 MIKE 11 is used in conjunction with MIKE SHE with regards to the river network and cross section Thus it is important that one sets up a MIKE 11 simulation first section 5 2 of this report before attempting a MIKE SHE simulation This can be selected under the Rivers and Lakes section in
64. Excel PowerPoint image and text files as well as internet addresses that may directly relate the region in the project The next lesson we shall be looking at is the model Pollutant Loading Estimator or PLOAD 2 2 PLOAD Pollutant Loading Estimator or PLOAD is described by Edwards and Miller 2001 pp 1 as a simplified GlS based model to calculate pollutant loads for watersheds There is an array of applications that PLOAD can be applied to as mentioned by Lin and Kleiss 2008 including Creating output maps of pollutant loads per basin Estimating variations in pollutant loads as a result in land use change Approximating pollutant loads into wetlands from non point and point sources and Approximate modifications in pollutant loads once BMPs best management practices have been incorporated When going through the steps of performing a PLOAD simulation the processes involved were documented into a lesson format enabling potential future users to understand the model relatively quickly rather than having to find their feet from scratch This next section details this lesson plan NOTE This lesson plan was initially provided on a CD along with project names various files and file directories This report does now contain these files but they are on record for a potential user to use Lesson title Learning how to use the PLOAD Pollutant Loading Estimator model within BASINS 4 0 Learning Objectives Learn
65. File window select the first option namely Time Series dfsO Time Series ina in the MIKE Zero folder Click OK When the smaller New Time Series window appears select Blank Time Series You should now have a window entitled File Properties on your screen The first time series type we wish to add is rainfall Before doing this give your time series an appropriate title Leave the default Axis Type as Equidistant Calender Axis Depending on your availability of data specify the start time of your time series as well as the time step In the No of Timesteps box specify how long your simulation must go on for For the purpose of this example a simulation will be done for a year thus we enter 365 timesteps above this 1 day was specified as the time step Under Item Information give the time series a name e g Rainfall and under the Type dropdown select Rainfall The Unit should default to millimetre and TS Type Step accumulated Figure 5 4 9 Seeing as though we also need evaporation data to run the NAM rainfall runoff model we shall include this data in this time series file Once you have finished editing inserting the appropriate data for rainfall click on Insert This adds a new row to the time series giving the user the option of adding a different type of time series to the existing one Give this a name e g Evap and specify type as Evaporation ensuring the units are in mm Depending on your start time
66. H Rivers and Lakes OC Include amp dvectian Dispersien AD water Quality 5 Calculate WO using the finite difference Advection Dispersion AD method Calculate WO using random walk particle tracking 52 only Use current Wii simulation For water Quality Figure 5 3 2 The various types of water movement available for modelling in MIKE SHE MIKE Zero MIKE SHE_Mpoph_1991 a File Edit View Refresh Run Window Help mr hl fs 0 amp CY KP Og PP wg MIKE SHE Flow Model Description J af Display x Simulation specification WO Simulation Specification x Species Hiver Simulation File sir 1 Model Domain and Grd ChDocuments and Seng UsenDesktp MIKE BASINS FLOW ANI C Topography x Climate x Land Use Inundation Areas Flood Codes fe River and Lakes Overland Flow x Unsaturated Flow Bathymetry x Saturated Zone x WO Sources Storing of results x Extra Parameters Figure 5 3 3 River and lakes section of MIKE SHE where the MIKE 11 file can be inserted 76 Climate data required for MIKE SHE include precipitation rate Figure 5 3 4 and reference evapotranspiration Figure 5 3 5 These time series files are recognised by the model as a dfsO file extension The user has the option of representing the climate data as either uniform station based or fully distributed see manual for further explanations E3 MIKL Zero MIKIL SHI Mpoph 1991 Q re ak e Refresh Run Window Heb D a i A SIN
67. Jul Say Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Foo 199 190 10 1921 1991 1991 1991 199 1991 1991 1991 199 t292 1997 v Summimenen jud V Arrua cormvencod cops sosed 4 Font 4 Dorae but 70 100 cc y Buhindi 70ce Figure 5 3 7 Example of a landuse type Annual commercial crops dryland indicating the area in the catchment under use as well as the seasonal LAI and RD associated with the landuse practice 80 MIKE Pero MIKE SHE Mpop 199 Modifiedi a We ateh Run Wedow Helo Da Hu 2 2 reu us WIRE SHE Flow Mode Desoqpson ugue Staton sta Vegetation ow Foe 4 Bakgeund Ip Gid Code Vue Tenor Ditters X Comet lore up cene cetterers Lonitant 4 Smishon xpechcsbon Smuisbon the Y Seniakeon peut Y Tae dep como FO Orai V aue 4 OL Computsional Combo Paraneten 10 X US Computatsona Conio Pacsmeters LAI Coreted V doe omn J SZ Compul wional Orini Pareto WD Sesdaton Speohcabon Spot Model D omen and et T opogeaptry Late X Person Hae Feteence Evapotanapasson Lave sm V Vegeta Partai y Weller 0 Meer av quee Low denity toberen 5ubiutence nas fraus comtet Cope Geert Arrius ciwt cups sepeted Foret Derse bush 00 00 oc Bustiani is Mier Brarzund Guth cion ma tii ar Degrsded forest Deegescted bush ol trosa Decade grarzianc Ennon FEZN mam 6 defect roa Won cary X Pron aed soe w Dvederd Flew y Hareg Norte Deadin Sore Kn wi uet not B0000 rend Peter fetep Dat
68. Linking land use to water quality for effective water resource and ecosystem management Preliminary Technical Software Report V1 A supporting document to Deliverable 4 Development of Reasoning Support System and application in case study catchments Compiled by Bruce Eady Mark Dent and Trevor Hill Project No K5 1984 February 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS t INTRODUCTION I roa Evo ntu Neu Pat dun ia M Ree du OR OF SM 3 1 1 Amand Objective Skania bote bd qui aetna iaa liane aut ma pt nodal yD a sera eut T pe SVP adele te 3 2 S C cr of mee crc EIS 3 2 1 Introduction arid Document E3Unchiel aa eo eR haere tra diee bts man S tati adu sa buc i mt LU si pm UU 4 22 SRE ORD dienen eit eased eae Es mE AL Es 9 2 2 1 Practical example using PLORAD essen nennen nnns 14 29 Walershed DellnealOnis stes reredein tases onc ed ento e eu sut tees ead unto Can edo eut aes aden ran Ta E RUE UR 21 24 WDMU Bl and TISPE ni ie E SUR I PSU EOD IT HERD DM CN 34 2 0 WinHSPFPF and G eHhSCDo een Eripe respete dudon soo naa ioi de breues desea usu Tod eod Led deris 43 25 BASING 4 0 Q 8 A iod Miata e esu tan es a aaa een 54 3 01 FG Gite oe ne EE SRT RE Ei 57 do SSWAT eios cbenit Anal cenis tailles besowatianinieneseadve asta RUNE Cisl Ste oa UM cseot antt ma colat aS asd orca teD M up ad 65 5 MIKE BYDH i ieonnub dn iba N eden IA ND Mea Pd aeicoaea eas UP qua M Mn d SE 66 5 1 MOU metr
69. MIKE SHE Figure 5 3 3 ET MIKL Zero MIKI SHE Mpoph 1991 De tie Yew Refresh Run Widow Heb D a d A eT g reu u NIKE SHE Flow Mode Descepton um Siedaton cpeckcaton WO Sitwluhon Specie alan Qetwdt nip danir bared on the Model Doran Specs Model D omen and God Topog aphy Lowes Left comm Linge Fight consi fupe x lansen Y 23275961 x 487552 w306980 2 Land Use Powers amd Leon Credant Pires imele Lira at eted F km 2262500 Sau aed Zone WU 5 ounces Sigang of recul 3270000 E mra Finita brent comer coordeaes from gid o map e acant LALLA ww ww wx 327 0500 327 1000 2271500 1273500 1274000 3274500 3275800 327 5500 17000 16000 74000 praetor Sar daten MOE 11 footie Loy Figure 5 3 1 The Mthimzima stream in the Mpophomeni catchment used to demonstrated MIKE SHE 75 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE_Mpoph_1991 File Edi View Refresh Run Window Help D Gr bd 1 6 9 M PP wn bir MIKE SHE Flow Model Description x Display Simulation specification asf WO Simulation Specification Numeric Engine wf Species Model Domain and Grid x Topography Climate x Land Use sf Rivers and Lakes Overland Flow OL w Overland Flow D af Unsaturated Flow Saturated Zone x WO Sources Storing of results Unsaturated Flow UZ sf Extra Parameters 2 Layer UZ wt E vapatranspirationi ET Saturated Flow 5 Finite Difference Water Movement v
70. OX are evident in Figure 9 2 2 where the invertebrate data represented here is for the Chironomidae invertebrate These characteristics for example optimum temperature low oxygen effects maximum velocity ammonia toxicity etc effect how the invertebrate concentration behaves when exposed to these external forces Generally for an AQUATOX simulation the output a user is looking for is how diatoms plants invertebrates and fish react to environmental loadings in a stretch of river over time For this example the south after output is the opposite where we know how particular invertebrates SASS 5 respond in presence and abundance over time but we do not know how particular water quality constituents vary over the same study period These next steps will explain the outcome of how nitrogen and phosphorus related nutrients generated time series based on the observed invertebrate data The first step was to construct a query in the National River Health database with the intention of seeking where the SASS 5 sample sites were situated within the uMngeni catchment Once this was complete the latitude and longitude coordinates were used to convert the downloaded CSV table to a shapefile in ArcGIS determining the location of the sampling sites date and frequency of sampling Once this task was carried out and the sampling sites overlaid onto an aerial photo and the output from PLOAD Figure 2 2 1 5 it was apparent that there was a sampling site in
71. R ABOL JT GIOVANNI NEWS INSTANC ES FEEDBACK RELEASE NOTES Global Land Data Assimilation System GLDAS 1 0 Degree 3 Hourly Products Resuli x Resun ET Eee isualization hesuits Download Data Produet Line aje Acknawiedgme nt Palcy Download source data products and data products derved from Giavanre processing stages For simplicity purposes only the ritial retnewal and nal rendering phases are currently accessit e for downloading Supported downoad formats are HDF NetCDF NCD ASCH and KMZ ASC is avadable andy when the array size is wthm about hafmlbon points To dewnload multiple files at once select the deawed fies from any section by chcking on their associated checkboxes and then cick Download in Batch Note that n a means that a fie sizo or other column value i5 not availablo saa means that a fle is exactly the same as the preeous one in the list Also not al semices and data products support al download fie formats initial Data Retrieval Download in Beth Download Files L1 pr C web GLDAS MOSTOSJBP 3H 001 evap 401 17 03 01 Too 00 oar THES r1 r a r sd GLDAS MOSTOSJEP 3H 001 meni 201 1413 01 TO3 op oar m bur m het r m GLDAS MOSTOSUDE 3H O01 074p 201 1 0301 TOf 00 OOF D E a a m GLDAS MOSIOSUEF 3H DO eve 2011 03 04 TO amp 00 00E 23 mr 7 NI ry Msc Data Product Start Time File Size ib OLDAS MOST SUBP 3H ON crip WHAT 200 oor E C Paa ATNA IO D 43m wht 4 Pv COS Tee
72. System GLDAS n generating a seres of land surface toring eg precpration surface meteormniogy and raahon state e g sol Imzperature and snow and Tue te g evaporation an 1 sero tbe hex nu data simcorated oy land surface modes t GLDAS daa hodri noue 3 set of GLDAS Version 1 GLDAS 15 10 Jaypee resocunon cata 1979 present from CLM Mosaic NOAH and WC modes a set of GLDAS 21 t O degree resotugon data 1945 20091 from CLM Catchments NOAH and VIC modsa GLOAS 10 25 degree dara 2000 present trom Nosh model and GLOAS 2 025 eed 2008 fon NOAH mock Tris tance focuses on GLDAS and GLDAS 2 1 0 degree 3 hourty products Versio Select Spatial Cite Coordinates 00000 DOU Meat Whee ve i Parametem stay Data Producti lunes Figure 8 2 Selecting the area of interest to associate the meteorological data with 108 Average Dem 10 230 343 cm soil moture Average taper T0 230 343 crn sd temgersture lewrrge ayer 1 02 cm 20d morte Ferme aam 1 0 2 cm 204 ternparsture Frage are Z 2 5 cm 204 moisius CANAS Meaty Made 1T diete omm tz DI emen NOOO Deep sod temparatum i oo0oon0nnp Api lis yet T 2 em aad mature Aata Saye 2 2 180 em nd montis Am rmje Sawer 3 0050 350 cm end maretuse Ayerage sunare tempene 1 OAM Modei 1 0014 degree immo ses ruaa Podtuu Sayer T 0 10 com aod moisture Aiaran ayer 100 10 co coil l rmpgaturn Aarah Saget 2 10 40 cm end miistipe Lv ran nnm 2
73. Time Series tab next to the Group tab Figure 5 4 14 Here your time series data is visible 38 Tick the box next to your rainfall time series data and then click Open Time Series The RainfallTS cell now has the name of your rainfall time series data in it 39 Repeat the same step to insert the potential evapotranspiration data under the PotentialEvapotranspirationTS heading NOTE Depending on the size of your study catchment you re working with your rainfall and evaporation may vary somewhat especially for very large catchments In this example the catchment is small thus the same rainfall and evaporation data will be used for both catchments For a large catchment the user may well have to create several rainfall and evaporation time series files to insert into each catchment 98 Open Time Series Selection Prowider DHI Generic Data ArcGIS ArcGIS Connection 10 0 0 Source C Documents and SettingsslIsersDesktepsMIKE BASINS Fram Scratch 23 Sep Groups Time Series Select time series 9 DHI View Time series in group ArcHydro View Time series in database Mame Time type Value type Value unit Data tyoe C Evap Equidistant Calendar Evaporation millimeter Step Accumulated C Rainfall Equidistant Calendar Rainfall millimeter Step Accumulated Cancel Figure 5 4 14 Selecting the time series to be added for the catchment 40 Continue this process until all your catchments have a rainfall and e
74. Vu wt e t LA CS EE Time Series Rendering Dawnloed in Batch inpar Files Siart Time File Size 4h Download Files OLDAS MOG1OSUBP 34 001 eve 2001 03 01700 00 007 e205 a a 3 4 Output Files mw Fu Figure 8 7 Selecting the format of data to be downloaded in this case ASCII format National Aerorsutics eu Some Mete 276 7 4 yy Gio Oyann Tre joe ent Bao STR 2 8 e X On T BBS AHOUT GIOVANNI NEWS INSTANCE FEEDBACK RELEASE NOTES Batch Download All of yos welected tee have been conmprenned mto one simgle fis Peace clich the flle name below to downborad File AAS TO M braias 1111602723 le 33 ture 440 Plegee chick here to ge heck t make another downloed os click the Tack hanton om tfe browser Responst e KASA Ceci Clever Hen Doi ge Ysb Curstor M tinge wet comtect daotne gx mss ge Prewcsy Pete wed imports etes Figure 8 8 Confirming the data is correct for download 111 qdata1 ts1 sci gsfc nasa gov daac bin G3 batchDownload cai National Aeronautics and Space Administration E TAVAYA y 3 Ihe Bridge Between Vat NCE PAF Fie on M CEN i s c d EN e M ABOUT GIOVANNI NEW Opening GLDAS10_3H_timeseries_111109 333 tar gz You have chosen to open SS GLDAS10_3H_timeseries_1111097333 tar gz which is a WinRAR archive from Ftp gqdatal ts1 sci gsfc nasa gov All of your selected files have been compressed into one single E What should Firefox
75. annah Natural planted grasslands savannah Natural planted grasslands savannah Natural planted grasslands savannah Parks and recreation Residential formal suburbs Residential informal township Roads interchanges terminals goods freight handling parking Roads interchanges terminals goods freight handling parking Roads interchanges terminals goods freight handling parking Roads interchanges terminals goods freight handling parking Thicket Bushland Bush Clumps Herbland Thicket Bushland Bush Clumps Herbland Thicket Bushland Bush Clumps Herbland Waterbodies Dam Waterbodies River Waterbodies River Wetland Unchanneled 18 Level 1 Natural vegetation Built up land Urban Transport and infrastructure Natural vegetation Waterbodies Wetlands kg ha yr 0 11 2 24 2 24 0 22 0 22 0 22 kg ha yr 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 02 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 A PLOAD simulation using the export coefficient method was performed using the default values for TP Table 2 2 1 1 for the 43 sub catchments situated within the U20J quaternary catchment Figure 2 2 1 4 A PLOAD run was then executed for the U20J sub catchments Figure 2 2 1 5 using the values collated by Dickens et al 2010 illustrated in Table 2 2 1 1 Before generating outputs from PLOAD the export coefficient values were converted from the typical metric units in kg ha yr to the
76. ar steps with their own data avoiding the tedious task of reading the manual For example with the HSPF model the manual does not explicitly specify the minimal meteorological data required to run the model which was eventually discovered Another step for the WinHSPF model which took a while to overcome was obtaining the required data for the stream shapefile Initially it was thought that several measurements had to be determined in the field to populate the stream shapefile being used However using a DEM the higher the resolution i e 20 m the more accurate the output the automatic and manual watershed delineation tools create the required fields for HSPF in a new shapefile enabling the user to later edit any of the fields is there is measured data available including depth width length slope When the HSPF model is now opened the stream fields are automatically populated under the streams tab A further time consuming task could potentially involve populating various fields accurately within the Input Data Editor in the WinHSPF model This depends on the size of the catchment the number of sub catchments the number of different land cover units present and what the modeler wishes to accurately simulate The more constituents there are to be simulated the more fields there are requiring input data It is time consuming populating these fields initially however once they have been edited various scenarios may be run many times over
77. been altered compared with the initial smoothed reach 91 Figure 5 4 4 Comparison of an unedited and edited smoothed reach 15 16 17 18 19 The next step is to delineate your catchment Firstly add the DHI Catchments layer from the project geodatabase and project it to the same projection as the layers already being used Next select the Digitize Catchment Node tool then click on the further most downstream point You should notice a buffer appear around that reach once you have clicked Conduct the same procedure for the remaining reaches Figure 5 4 5 Once you have created all your catchment nodes and the temporary buffers for each reach appears click on the Delineate Catchments tool 2 It may take a while for the tool to delineate your catchments depending on how large it may be The result from this will produce various catchments contributing towards surface runoff into the reach it is associated with Figure 5 4 6 Similarly to the reaches the edges of the newly delineated catchment may appear jagged due to the DEM The user has the option of smoothing these outlines using the smooth tool as well as adjusting the vertices to a more realistic looking catchment Next step is to export the reach into a readable format for simulations for MIKE ZERO for example To do this select the MIKE 11 dropdown then select the Export nwk11 File option Select the directory where you want to save the networ
78. cedure as above highlighting 1997 for the Year row 1 4 01 for the Month row 6 7 and the days of the month for the Day row 9 10 Under the Constant column insert 24 for the Hour row as we are not using hourly data only daily data Leave the Minute value as 0 Under the constant column insert OBSERVED for the Scenario row for observed air temperature data MGEN for the Location row and ATEM abbreviation for air temperature for the Constituent row 35 Once all the required fields have been populated the Script Creation Wizard window should look like the one in Figure 2 4 3 10 Click on Save Script The reason why we are saving the script is to avoid going the same tedious process for all the different met data files Save the script file in the same location as where the met data files are should default to that location Call the file Mgeni then click save When the Script Creation Wizard window appears one again click on Read Data 11 You will notice the record of this file is highlighted in yellow and under the File column is reads in memory We need to make this a permanent record for this project To do this click on the time series record first so it turns from yellow to blue then click on the Write time series to WDM button 3 In the write to WDM window under the Output DSN data set number column double click and insert 101 can be any number then click on Write A window should p
79. ct SUBBASIN Click on the button next to Font Under font style select bold and specify a font size of 14 to see the sub basin numbers easier Click OK in the Font window then Apply and OK in the Shapefile Labeler window Figure 2 3 9 30 BASINS 4 Automatic delineation 7 Ee eT ea Watershed Delineation Shap Ncc yere cessi d Mq m Shapefile Labeler Label Field for First Line SUBBASIN Label Field for Second Line optional None amp Label Properties Optionally Prepend Append Text Font Microsoft Sans Sert 8 25 oana Color Color Black ere erat prae Append Text Ahon Center Second Line Append Text Scale Labels Label zoom extents Reset Fort Scale C Enable label extents _ Use Label Collision Avoidance E Scale 10 C Remove Duplicate Labels C Label every part of every shape Label Rotation Z Rotate Label by Field Velie Font Figure 2 3 9 Label setup for the subbasins shapefile Now one can clearly see the subbasin number in each sub catchment Figure 2 3 10 This will make it easier to deduce which sub catchment flows into which downstream sub catchment 3 This next step is quite tedious Open the attribute table for the streams layer The field we are going to be editing is the SUBBASINR field At present the values in this field are not accurate in that the SUBBASINR field is not accurately telling us
80. ct and activating files for document launcher 1 To add data to the project click on the Add Remove Clear layers button IN Navigate to C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 Introduction and add the mgeni catch lo31 shp and rivers lo31 shp shapefiles Your screen should look like Figure 2 1 2 This is the Mgeni river catchment Plug ins Watershed Delineation ShapefeEdtor G s Edit Plug ins di Scripts 5 Analysis e Archive Project Tool b BASINS 4 csvto Shapefile Converter t D4EM Data Download EPA SWMM 5 0 Setup EPA WASP 7 3 Setup UM GIS Tools Manual Delineation asl Model Segmentation Se Model Setup HSPF AQUATOX Pollutant Loading Estimator PLOAD Shapefile Editor Soil and Water Assessment Tool SWAT Tiled Map Timeseries Watershed Characterization System WCS Watershed Delineation Figure 2 1 1 Document Launcher plugin in BASINS 4 Figure 2 1 2 BASINS 4 screen when layers have been added You will now learn how to create your own shapefile in BASINS 4 At the top of the screen select the Create new shapefile La button This prompts the New Shapefile Options window Give your new shapefile a name for example Point_of_interest and specify shapefile type as Point Ensure the directory for this shapefile is the same as the folder where the previous shapefiles were added from Figure 2 1 3 Click OK You have now created a shapefile from scratch 4 New Shapefile Op
81. d Lakes Overland Flow Unsaturated Flow Dispersion Saturated one No Dispersion Geological Layers C sotropy Geological Lenses Anisotropy Computational Layers Drainage WO Sources Storing af resulte x Detailed timeseries output Detailed M11 timeseries output x Grid series output Extra Parameters Include subsurface drainage Assign parameters via geological units within layers GB ER FR ER E Mass transfer to immobile water A E Figure 5 3 11 Options available for the saturated zone MIKE Zero MIKE SHE Mpoph 1991 Modified File Edit View Refresh Run Window Help se P d PR un MIKE SHE Flow Model Description Display Simulation specification rl WE Simulation Specification Include pumping wells Species Model Domain and Grid Topography Hydrogeologic parameter distribution Climate Land Use Rivers and Lakes x Overland Flow Include subsurface drainage Assign parameters via geological layers C3 Assign parameters via geological units within layers Dispersion No Dispersion Geological Layers abo oue MEE Mass transfer to immobile water WO Sources x Storing of results f Detailed timeseries output xf Detailed M11 timeseries output Grid series output x Extra Parameters Figure 5 3 12 Adjustments made to the saturated zone sub menu where the user is informed of additional fields to edit emphasized by
82. d if there are too many vertices may also be deleted in MIKE Zero but not added The reason why the following procedure had to be carried out in this exercise namely the reach and catchment delineation is to be able to perform further operations Such an operation is the NAM Rainfall Runoff tool 20 Select the MIKE 11 dropdown gt Rainfall Runoff gt NAM Attributes Overview A DHI Dock window should appear at the bottom of the screen containing the catchments which were delineated in the earlier exercise Figure 5 4 8 te je ejt Potertialf apt fonts Observeditschar g Figure 5 4 8 The DHI Dock table enabled once NAM Attributes Overview is selected 21 We shall not start editing the DHI Dock table by adding time series data Start editing the DHI Dock table by clicking the Edit tool 14 located to the right hand side of the table Now click on where the time series must be added for example Rainfall TS TS short for time series Once this cell is highlighted click on the Select TS button towards the left hand side of the table This prompts an Open Time Series Selection window to appear NOTE Before we can continue we need to create a time series file in order to have 94 22 23 24 25 26 27 rainfall data to be selected Therefore before continuing close the Open Time Series Selection window and stop editing Open MIKE Zero Click on File gt New gt File In the New
83. d to approximately six months Please reduce your time range to six months or less and re submit Thank you for your patience as we work to increase Giovanni s capacity Once the Generate Visualization button has been selected the execution status window appears Figure 8 5 Once the data has been extracted it is provisionally graphed Figure 8 6 for the user to visualize Once the user is satisfied that the provisionally graphed is correct the data can be downloaded by selecting the download data button at the top of the screen Figure 8 6 This prompts a new screen to appear where the user has the option to select what you wish to download Arguably the best option is to download the ASCII time series format Figure 8 7 as the file size is small enabling the data to be downloaded quicker Once the format has been selected and the Download Batch button has been selected a new screen appears enabling the user to double check the data they are wishing to be downloaded is correct and informing them of the size of the file Figure 8 8 The last procedure is to select the file hyperlink containing the data Figure 8 8 which prompts a download screen to appear Figure 8 9 where the user can save the file in any desired file directory The ASCII data can now be unzipped and imported into Microsoft Excel 107 o LDAS Land Data Assimilation Systems NLL Dane ty 7 D re ener a cmati r GLD AS doter are vcxtibible frog the NASA GCoddud
84. default USGS GIRAS Shapefile option will be reclassify the landuse data into six categories forest agricultural urban range land barren and wetlands water where for South Africa we use a different landuse or land cover classification system hence why we specify Other Shapefile The Subbasins Layer Streams Layer and Point Sources Layer should default to Subbasins Streams and Outlets respectively the three shapefiles produced from the manual watershed delineation created in the previous exercise If not specify these layers accordingly Leave the Met Stations Layer as lt none gt Figure 2 4 8 BASINS HSPF General Land Use Streams Subbasins Point Sources Met Stations HSPF Project M ame Mzundusi Land Use Type Other Shapetile Subbasing Subbasins Lauer Streams Streams Layer Point Sources Layer Outlets Met Stations Layer none Status Update specifications if desired then click OF to proceed Figure 2 4 8 BASINS HSPF window showing the necessary fields required 6 Click on the Land Use tab Specify the Land Use Layer to be Landuse lo31 Ensure the Classification Field is specified to be DESCRIPTIO For the purpose of this practical leave the impervious values as default where only urban landuses have values of 50 96 and the remaining landuses are 0 Figure 2 4 9 Click on the Streams tab The dropdown fields
85. dified Fie Edt View Refresh Run Window Help Dil AGR gg Pru wa MIKE SHE Flow Model Descupbon 4 Spatial Date Type Staton based w Gndcodes dH2 w SunBaedDembuknFle 0000000000 C Documens and Setings Use DesktophMIKE BASINS pogh ta V OL Computational Contiol Parame meter UZ Computalional Cortrol Parame 3269500 4 SZ Computations Control Parame WD Simulation Specification 3270000 3270500 3271000 3271500 3272000 R 31 30 239 28 2 26 3 24 23 2 21 20 M Subsistence rural 3272500 M Annual commercia cops dei V Annus commercial crops ang 3273000 y Forest M Dense bush 70 100 cc Y Bushied lt 70cc 3273900 4 Geassland bush clumps of Grassland 3274000 Ww Degraded lorest Degraded buihiand af typ of Degraded graciland 3274500 Erosion y Water damit Rivers and Lakes D verlanid Flow 3275500 Uri shurasted Flow Satur ved Zone 29000 78000 27000 26000 25000 Imeter X 71829 660 y 32725 7 _ Figure 5 3 6 Landuse colour coded grid extension dfs2 79 E WI her MIKE Stil Moooh 199 Modified Qnis tih Wem camh fun Window Hep Ose Se SIV 2 wow HEKE SHE Flow Model Deiciuptien M SZ Computahbondi Connol Paste oec iiis i A 2 a amp 4 4 Lu Y A gt i gt Lea Area Index 1 M Land ev Use Vegeta x Flasahion wetlands M Miner and quam v Bu uo Ginie setioreent M Low deni sefiement Jan Feb Mar Mt May Jum
86. ding Acid Mine Drainage using the DHI software Some of these projects are being funded by the WRC The Inkomati CMA also uses DHI software in the operationalising of IWRM The SAM for IWRM project in the ICMA which is funded by the WRC relies on the ICMAs use of MIKE BASINS In terms of capacity building DHI have been exceptionally supportive When we considered the future sustainability of the project under report it is deemed wise to place ourselves strategically in terms of the MIKE SHE and MIKE BASINS systems We anticipate that the SA Water Partnership will seek to create an installed modelling system for many of the catchments within its sphere of interest and we believe for a range of strategic business reasons that the DHI suit will form the basis of the modelling software strategy of the SA Water Partnerships Alliance for Water Stewardship and the SA Water Stewardship Council Trust as they develop synergies and closer working arrangements between them as their members engage in a common virtual working space 5 2 MIKE 11 Directory C Documents and Settings User Desktop MIKE BASINS MIKE 11 is a professional engineering software package for the simulation of flows water quality and sediment transport in estuaries rivers irrigation systems channels and other water bodies It is a dynamic user friendly one dimensional modelling tool for the detailed design management and operation of both simple and complex river and channel systems
87. directory from the Address bar Paste is in the FileOrURL field Hint make the attribute table column wider by dragging the column to the right 9 In this directory copy the title of the PowerPoint show Mgeni Catchment and paste it after the directory ensuring a separates the two Ensure at the end of this heading the extension ppt is present i e Figure 2 1 6 10 Now click Apply and Close at the bottom of the attribute table 11 Now click on the Select LS button Ensuring your new shapefile is still selected in the Legend window click on your point on the map Fs Attribute Table Editor Edit View Selection Tools f m g zh iO ua ED ed E dd 1 af 1 Selected C ABASINS BASINGS Lessons 2011 I ntroducton Pomt_of_ interest shp SHAPE_ ID MM ShapelD FileOQrUAL eo tw oo OS BASSAI Lessons 2011 JMIntruiction Migeni Catchment ppt Figure 2 1 6 The file path required to launch the document By clicking on the point on the map the PowerPoint presentation should open The slides in this are from the Mgeni River catchment taken in 2006 This is the catchment we shall b focusing on for the lessons If one scrolls through these slides particularly the latter half of the slides one gets an immediate impression that there are many problems involved in this catchment The point of this exercise is for you to be able link your own documents to a shapefile point line or polygon which may include Word
88. dit view Tools Window Help ima hi Be amp Y M Boundary Description Boundary Type Branch Name eee EE Gate ID Boundary ID Open Inflow Branch Open Inflow Branchz MN Ep Water Level Brancht 0 Bottom Level Point Source Inflow Distributed Source G h Global Sediment Supply Structures Sediment Transport Closed Water Level Include AD boundaries Data Type TS Type File Value TS Info i water Level TS File MIKE SHE Mpoph 19 Edit Mpoph_ Figure 5 2 4 Example of a boundary file extension bdn11 required for MIKE 11 71 M bnd4 2 bnd11 loj x jBoundaryDescription Boundary Type Branch Hame Chainage Chainage Gate ID Boundary ID doen inflow amp S 00 2 joen A JWeelee 0 0 son Jpn 0p Opn gBonlevel 0 0 NN ey NE 5 joe SedmetWawp o o B joe sements o o 7 Pemsome kw J 9 o B Pensorce SedmekTawpd 0 o 8 Dsbtedsouce tow o o 8 9 Ao jDistibdedSouce Evaporation 0 9 M oistriouted Source Fan J 0 9 2 DstibdedSouce _ HeatBelence o o 13 Distributed Source Resistance tar o o 5 ooa Ete 8 383 JB oe e 8 9 az joe etae
89. diy Odena 109 TP dt y Obe Chir conde gom ary Ube Ofigechecte tam diyi Obs Caddiethy ig ma deyt Obs Maytly ipm dy Obe Odonata ege ivy el ss E 1 as 050000 12020008 14030006 1304 0006 13050006 2 060006 12070006 10809006 10082006 0 T0QQ06 0912006 03 22005 Figure 9 2 4 Observed versus simulated invertebrate output from AQUATOX sense as the SASS 5 sensitivity weightings given to Chironomidae Oligochaete and Caddisfly Hydropsychidae 1 sp are two one and four respectively where on this scale one is not sensitive indicative of poor water quality and 15 is highly sensitive indicative of good water quality The next step to seeing how accurate this nutrient data is would be to obtain some observed nutrient data from most likely from Umgeni Water in order to calibrate this model This would also be useful with site specific stream flow rather than the non site specific stream flow used in this example to explain this concept If this could be achieved then this method could be used to predict water nutrients anywhere where there is observed SASS 5 data for several sampling periods within a year This though process is still relatively new so once all the finishing touches have been smoothed out there is no reason why this concept wouldn t work 118 TIO Ouwteut Window Derpsprett_edited 2 25 ee Yem L rery Wende Help iw i Taste rn ei je ad gt dm d a ee iant hid
90. do with this File File GLDAS10 3H timeseries 1111097333 tar gz l Size 4 4 KB Open with WinRAR default Please click here to go back to make another download or click tl Do this automatically For Files like this From now on Responsible NASA Official Steven Kemple Web Curator M Hegde eb contact disc a Privacy Policy and Important Notices Figure 8 9 Downloading and saving the data 9 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES CASE STUDIES 9 1 Mpophomeni catchment The Mpophomeni catchment situated to the south of Midmar Dam has over the past few years been in the media for all the wrong reasons With the existing sewage infrastructure not able to cope with the growing amount of people in this formal settlement sewerage overflows out of the manholes in the catchment often occur during or after significant rainfall events soewing raw sewerage into the streams which ultimately end up in the dam itself Fortunately a small wetland is located at the end of the Mthimzima stream which filters and reduces the amount of E coli entering Midmar Dam which if it weren t for this wetland E coli concentrations would be significantly higher in the dam than they are However although this wetland decreases the E coli concentrations in the dam recent research has shown that E coli concentrations are nevertheless increasing in Midmar primarily attributed to Mpophomeni catchment Due to the catchment size accessibility ongoing research and regu
91. drodynamics are being visualized The top left window is the water level time series data associated with the river hydrodynamics The bottom left window is the river profile plot and the bottom right window is the cross section associated with the selected point on the river network Although this is a screen shot Figure 5 2 7 when pressing the play button the hydrodynamics of the river become more evident where water level fluctuations within the channel become clear 73 MIKE LN MIKE View Fe Yew Pot femen Took Window Mep 26 RQAQQD gt EHI an 1 gt tw EJ Timo Series Water Lent NIX W ioina Plan ML WE Ansi i Time Series water Level Werle ases EDDA UM BRANCHI 529 00 1054 DO 1053 9 1053 no 105370 t C 5 102 1991 7 2 1991 20 00 00 1080 0 tors 0 o0 9 ne5 0 1060 0 BRANCH 0 6756 BRAN OSE 6525 25000 S000 0 Figure 5 2 7 The output from a MIKE 11 simulation displayed in MIKE View 5 3 MIKE SHE MIKE SHE is a dynamic modelling system for integrated groundwater and surface water resources MIKE SHE is a unique software package for the simulation of all the major processes in the land phase of the hydrological cycle It is a dynamic user friendly modelling tool for a wide range of water resources and environmental problems related to surface water and groundwater and can be applied on scales ranging from local infiltration studies to regional watershed studies MIKE by
92. e 1 do Time Seres O of 0 available time series in list 0 not on WOM file O selected N slt Fe 2 al _All_ None Dates No Dates are available until Timeseries are Selected Figure 2 4 1 The Mgeni wdm project window Script File tetSicriptD esc L ABASIMS Mgen HSPFS amp TEM wis tetS criptD esc C Documents and Settings User Desktop Raintall U tilit tetSicriptD esc CABASINS WOM houryOther stations General we tetSicriptD esc CADocuments and Settings UserhDesktop M geniM por tetSicriptD esc C Documents and Settings LI sersD esktapsM geni M por tetSicriptD ese CADocuments and Settings UserDesktop M geni M zur tetS criptD esc CABASING Olifants BASINS Loskop we Cancel Figure 2 4 2 Script selection for importing window T A window with the title Script Creation Wizard appears This is where we will tell the tool which column in the text file is the date month year value etc Click on the tab at the top of the screen entitled Data Mapping You will notice the first column Name has several headings We will be inserting column numbers under the Input Column title for headings Value Constituent except the Minute heading Click in the cell under the Input Column and for the Value row so the cell turns blue Now highlight the value 18 meaning 18 C You will notice that the cell now says 12 13 meaning that it will read column 12 13 as the value for this text file Now do the same pro
93. e enm Cam test pneter Y Y mi 7 L X y 7 a Y 7 y w Y D A MI TLEseutoniag p e J7354 556A yw X2615 8 Figure 5 3 8 Example of a landuse type Built up dense settlement indicating the area in the catchment under use as well as the negligible constant LAI and RD associated with the landuse practice A further important layer to include into the MIKE SHE model if unsaturated flow UZ is selected in the simulation specification is soils data This is specified spatially under the unsaturated flow layer where several soil attributes are required Soil layers can be represented as spatially distributed where grid codes are used to differentiate the various soil types from one another A unique name can be assigned to the layers for example various texture classes sandy loam clay sandy clay etc but for this example numbers between 1 and 5 have been used Figure 5 3 9 When selecting one of the layers under the sub menu on the left hand side a variety of soil properties are visible Figure 5 3 10 which can be edited by the user If the saturated zone SZ is enabled under the simulation specification several options are available to the user Depending on the option specified Figure 5 3 11 depending on which boxes are ticked and which radio buttons are enabled the required fields to edit get altered For example in Figure 5 3 12 different options have been enabled compared to Figure 5 3 11 The mode
94. ently under way However although the data they provided us with was detailed for 145 sub catchments within the uMngeni catchment it was slightly outdated covering a 50 year period from 1950 to the end of 1999 Such spatially detailed data was difficult to find for a more recent time span 8 2 Rainfall data Rainfall data arguably the most important data type for hydrological simulations was obtained in several ways As mentioned previously spatially detailed historical data was available for the uMngeni catchment On emailing a request for rainfall data to the Agricultural Research Council ARC with start dates as early as possible and end dates as recent as possible for 23 automatic weather stations the prompt response was an invoice for almost R 3 500 Data with a price tag attached was not the expected response as there are insufficient project funds to pay for data like this The WRC Research Manager had to intervene and write to the ARC before the data was supplied free of charge but with strict confidentiality conditions This state of affairs is astounding and flies in the face of mountains of policies to mandate co operative governance 106 8 3 Evaporation data GLDAS Within the MIKE SHE model Section 5 3 two of the necessary meteorological datasets include rainfall and evapotranspiration For the catchment in study rainfall data was obtained from the South African Weather Service they do not measure evapotranspiration at
95. ep Accumulated Rainfall Rainfall Step Accumulated lt i gt E MKE Jere Rainfall and f wap fF fe ER Vew Serge foe Vee op Dau AGIR QQ 7 O T kta atchrmert data Ac Fae praepo oF pri fd permet bm tw ia 9 aun gd Polia L z eh ttt thn d rtt tin te tin i tl tn tt tt n ty lp Ls T Jan Feb Mar Ape May Jum Jul Aug Sep Out Nov Dec 34 3e E me P ET 34 36 99 34 316 Figure 5 4 10 Time series data pasted into MIKE Zero 96 28 Now save your data and specify the directory where you will remember to retrieve this time series data from at a later stage 29 Close MIKE Zero 30 Return back to your project in ArcMap 31 In the Table of Contents window click on the Timeseries button Les located at the top In this view there is your project title with View by Group next to it Click on the plus sign next to this prompting No Group to appear beneath this Figure 5 4 11 Table Of Contents i amp 8 Fel E Time Series From Scratch 29 Sep View by Group pa No Group Figure 5 4 11 Timeseries view in the Table of Contents window 32 Right click on No Group select Import Time Series gt Quick Import dfsO file Figure 5 4 12 Table Of Contents E Time Series 3 From Scratch 29 Sep View by Group pa Pi g Import Time Series Import as remote Quick Import dFs0 File Figure 5 4 12 Importing time series data 33 Browse to where you saved your
96. ers Settings Window ep D a SOK AAT OE x 24vv 59 mgm4Jcb yxyXxMGOI Red United 3269609 3280BDC 3270000 3070406 4 31T0600 3270B0 3771000 A 2371209 3471 00 3271 500 3271809 327 2090 3372400 3272806 LED i w J c n 3273400 3073606 3773000 D 32 Penn m tJ At i A A A A A A A ll lh lk At tl hh le T 8000 78500 19000 77020 76500 Figure 5 2 1 Example of a river network extension nwk11 required for MIKE 11 68 Cross_sections ArcMap Arcinfo Show orca Aa Whit von ise i tw Serena pratt al VL Lg 5 A a c AU UU D De CrossSections I RI ped Reaches M Ded CrossSections pro IJ Mpoph detali 1o3t D Fw Direction m E32 uH m El te Ei m mi s E mooph em lo31 Value High 1424 05 Lewes E01 2 Arctoolbox AcToobox 4 amp 30 Ansys Too a amp anys Took amp Cartogaphy Too a O Conversion Tools Q Data trteropersbiity Tools Data Management Tools Q Eding Took amp Q Geocodeg Toots t gS Geostatetical Analyst Tools E Er Ligar Referencing Tools Q Mandmensco Took Q Network Analyst Tools Q Parcel Fabric Tools a amp Schemes Toots E amp Server Took a Q sosta Analyst Tools t amp Sosa Raitis Took a amp Tracking Analyst Tooks 3365819 474 3292099 90 Figure 5 2 2 Creating cross sections using MIKE 11 GIS in ArcMap 69 Figure 5 2
97. ers will be able to e Model predicted pollutant values for quaternary catchments within the Mgeni Catchment based on the various landuses present Required Materials e BASINS program Installed on a PC e Landuse shapefile Transformed_rangelands e Mgeni catchment shapefile Step 1 Setting up the working environment launching the BASINS 1 To open BASINS 4 click on the Start button move the mouse pointer up to Programs Select programs move the mouse across to BASINS and select BASINS 4 2 Load the PLOAD 1 project from C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 1 PLOAD First session directory Your screen should look the image in Figure 2 2 1 Step 2 Setting up PLOAD NB Before you start this step ensure that the emcgiras dbf that has been given to you separately C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 1 PLOAD replaces the existing one at C Basins etc pload Rename the original one for example emcairas original dbf and replace it with the new one But do not change the name of emcgiras dbf The reason for this is that the new emcgiras dbf file contains more accurate total phosphorus TP and total nitrogen TN values for the simulation you are about to perform BASINS 4 PLOAD 1 Fe Tes Wii Compute Modes Qllaunc Gif Anahsis Edt Ve Plugins Watershed Deirmation Shapefle Editor GIS Tools Conweters Hep il m f r2 99 220 LIE dme 7 9 irc at im am x A os v j iw Data Leyers HER
98. essfully stored on WDM flleC ABASINSYBASINS Lessons 2011 3 HSPFIWwDMUtlMgeni wd Figure 2 4 4 Writing file to WDM window specifying the DSN number You will now notice tat in memory has been substituted with Mgeni the name of the project 12 Click on File Import again Click on the CLOU text file cloud cover then click Open 13 Click in the Blank script cell again then click on Edit 14 We will now open the saved script from the previous text file Click on Browse next to Script File Figure 2 4 5 then select the Mgeni ws file and click Open Once Open has been clicked click on the Data Mapping tab at the top of the Script Creation Wizard Window You notice that all the input data previously inserted is still there The only fields that need adjusting is the Value row as this is one value now i e column 12 and the Constituent row as we are using cloud CLOU data now not ATEM data The rest can be left as is Once these two changes have been made click on read data 37 w Script Creation Wizard File Properties Data Mapping Data File Script File Header W Skip i Mone Starts With Lines 1 123456708901234 1997 01 0105 1997 01 0205 1997 01 0305 1997 01 0405 1997 01 0505 1997 01 0605 1997 01 0705 1997 01 0805 1997 01 0905 1997 01 1005 1997 01 1105 ICABASINSSBASIMS Lessons 2011 3 HSPFAWODMUBACLOL EE Browse Description S cripthesc Open Script File Look in
99. ferences to how invertebrates react when nutrients and toxicants are present Chironomidae Figure 3 6 and absent Odonata Figure 3 7 62 Fe we Lirwy Am Nee c a co gaiga dalal eri TIE TI AQUATOX Study Information Shrdy Hane juz rome Model Run Status i Pertushed Mum N M0 Lontrol Hun 862 1T ta Data Operations Progam Oporatkbens wis Mj eem to Don orm Coemmptetinim Lotei mang Wehac eed denitus ad pen aC Ky pewited Labile sed deni Percentage of Maximum Sta Susp and dissolved det QA Chemical G Conpet Diatemst Perl Low Mut 5 Oxygan ll See ju P appe C onphetiens oii wor n Pottontage ot Masimem Stepil io m Figure 3 5 The two types of simulations running simultaneously 63 we PTR TUN Nive cm 1 10 11 hen wes EI ILLATUM o dm T drm nap deed Mostly Gertie arm de Bate besti Wet sg mm Gy a ie wyi Fwd Sanson Comto Sialan Heap Lian taosir Senemhelty Cf e e m onm CONTROL Nie cm OF E Nn ther TY Paresh ae SE T E LAU LEULIE T Mesh Possis ipie t Pte etiim eig m tyr Orbem ipd TT tesih a deat NAA DMAA IN go ree ine Figure 3 7 Control simulation 64 26 Take some time to explore AQUATOX in more detail Select the various libraries at the top of the screen to see the amount of institutional memory involved in the input data required for such a complex model NOTE the user has the option to add their own plant invertebrate
100. geni 101 OBSERVED MGENI 1997 171 50448 1998 12 31 51179 Mgeni 102 OBSERVED MGENI SR 19977171 50448 1998 12 31 51179 Mgeni 103 OBSERVED MGENI DEWP 19977171 50448 1998 12 31 51179 Mgeni 104 OBSERVED MGENI EVAR 1337 1 50448 1998 12 31 511759 Mgeni 105 OBSERVED MGENI PEVT 195977171 50448 1338 12 31 511759 Mgeni 106 OBSERVED MGENI PREC 1337 1 1 50448 1938 12 31 51179 Mgeni 107 OBSERVED MGENI SOLA 19977171 50448 1998 12 31 51179 Mgeni 108 OBSERVED MGENI WIND 1337 1 1 50448 1998 12 31 51179 Ho Dates are available until Timesenes are Selected Figure 2 4 6 The Mgeni wdm project once all the met data files have been imported You have now created the wdm file required for the HSPF modeling steps otep 2 Inserting required data into the HSPF model in BASINS 1 2 Open up your saved BASINS project Automatic Delineation if you closed it Ensure the HSPF plug in has been selected Plug Ins Model Setup HSPF AQUATOX Once you have ensured that this plug in has been ticked click on Models HSPF Figure 2 4 7 The BASINS HSPF window should now be open File Tiles Compute a Models Jig Launch ig Anz PS se Me Hs Legend gt ACLIATOX Fl iM Terrain Analysis PLOAD J Outlets Streams Subbazins Watershed Shapetile mgenidem O31 wx 39 Figure 2 4 7 Location of the HSPF model in BASINS 4 0 4 In the HSPF Project Name box name your project Mzundusi Change the Land Use Type to Other Shapefile the
101. he quaternary catchments generating the highest pollutants This enables managers to prioritize problem areas From here one can focus on a single quaternary catchment and then narrow down the spatial scale by creating smaller catchments within the quaternary catchment With this in mind automatic and manual watershed delineation will be performed in the next practical END 2 2 1 Practical example using PLOAD As one of the deliverables for this project Chapter 3 PLOAD was used as a tool to potentially improve decision making This next section includes that deliverable report NOTE the numbering of the figures and tables have been adjusted from the original report to fit into this report 14 Chapter 3 Preliminary investigation of tools linking land use to water quality phosphate load modelling within the uMngeni River case study catchment Introduction This chapter reports on the results of one of the preliminary modelling exercises undertaken within the uMngeni River catchment in KwaZulu Natal one of two case study catchments adopted under the research project Investigations of suitable water quality models and their application within the case study catchments forms one component under the investigation of available tools within the following project aims Develop tools and guidelines to guide and improve decision making by relevant management stakeholders with regards to the potential impacts of different land uses on water qua
102. ick on open The station should appear under the directory as evident in Figure 2 4 11 11 All the necessary information has been inserted to create the necessary files for the HSPF model Now click on the OK button at the bottom left hand corner where you should see a status window as illustrated in Figure 2 4 12 If once the status window disappears an error message appears Figure 2 4 13 do not panic Simply click on the No Don t Send button to clear the window BASINS HSPF SPE General Land Use Streams Subbasins Point Sources Met Stations Met WOM File L ABASINSSBASIMS Lessons 2011 3 HSPF Yw DMOS geni Full Set Available S Latus Update specificatians if desired then click OF to proceed Figure 2 4 11 Met Stations tab with the Mgeni wdm met data available for selection 42 2 BASINS Status Overlay of Layer Landuse la31 with Layer Subbasins 35 260 of 60 565 TTT Pause Log Figure 2 4 12 BASINS Status window indicating the HSPF progress amp An Error Has Occurred An erar has occured in Map window ar in a plug in IF vau would like to send the eror details to the MapWindow team automatically please press Send Data below What s in this repart IF vau would like to include additional comments such as how to cause this problem please enter your test below Optional May we contact vou with questions or comments about this error IF ves please enter your
103. iewing the initial output one should not be alarmed if they think the simulated discharge is not accurate as the user always has the option of editing as many fields as they wish in WinHSPF 14 Under the Analysis heading at the bottom of the screen select the Generate Graphs lt When the Graph window opens the Standard box is already ticked the default box which is always selected when generating any graph Now click on Generate to see the results Figure 2 5 10 Units on the y axis are in m s 15 To see how observed rainfall effects simulated runoff click on the All button in the Scenarios and Constituents boxes then to add all the time series data Using the Ctrl key select both the observed rainfall PREC and simulated flow FLOW time series data so they both become highlighted then n then Generate To change to scale of the y axis on the flow graph click anywhere in the plot area prompting the Graph Edit window to open Select the Axes tab and then change the Max value in the Axis Scale Range from whatever the existing 51 Select desired plots then press Generate Am Mone Multiple WO Plots iv Staendaed MPOPHOM OBSERVED Genscn Standard Plot File Edt Wew Coordinates MOL un M 7 J 0 n 1597 MPUPHOM FLOW ROHO Figure 2 5 10 Graphical representation of the simulated flow value is 80 to 2 Then Apply and OK You should see something similar to Figure 2 5 11 BACKGROUND
104. igure 2 3 8 28 Manual Watershed Delineator M anual Delineation S ubbasin Layer Delineate 5ubbazin Combine Selected 5ubbasins Subbasin Parameters Elevation Laver Calculate Subbasin Parameters Stream Network Reach Layer Stream Reach Shapefile net mgenidem lo31net Define Stream Network and Outlets Include PCS as Outlets Force continuous flow path Figure 2 3 7 Manual Watershed Delineator window If one now opens the attribute tables for the newly created streams and subbasins shapefiles one can see that the tables are populated with similar data to the shapefiles created in the automatic watershed delineation The reason why the manual watershed delineation was also done is that the attribute tables from the streams and subbasins have criteria necessary for further modeling in the HSPF model housed by the BASINS framework But before we go to the next exercise involving the HSPF model a certain field in the streams shapefile needs to be edited This is the SUBBASINR field in the streams shapefile This field is needed in the HSPF model as it tells the model which sub catchment flows into the downstream one This will be explained further now 29 Figure 2 3 8 Output from the Manual Watershed Delinator tool otep 4 Editing the SUBBASINR field for HSPF 1 Right click on the subbasins shapefile and select Label Setup 2 Click on the Label Field For First Line dropdown arrow and sele
105. iles SBASINSXBASIMS Lessons 2011 3 wDHllt AddWDMFile Read Error on C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 33 WDMUtil and HSPFWWDMUltilWgeni wdm E 1 2 m i a uy ua c m A FileName CABASINS BASING Lessons 201173 WwDMUtil and HSFFY W DOMUN Mgeni wdn is not a valid WDM file ReEcod 150 Foint Sources OF Cancel Figure 2 5 1 Error message that appears when trying to open the met WDM file WinHSPF Create Project Files Select BASINS Watershed File C BASINS modelout M zundusisB zundusi wed Het WDM Files XBASINSSBASIMS Lessons 27011 XMH geni Select Project WDM File Figure 2 5 2 Ensure the second wam file is selected indicated by clicking the bottom arrow indicated by the red arrow 45 WinHSPF Create Project Files Select BASING Watershed File C BASINS modelout H zundusiXM zundusi wsd Select Met WOM Files L SBASINSXBASINS Lessons 2011 Mgeniwi Select Project WDM File C BASINS modelout M zundusi Mzundusi wdm Initial Met Station Hodel Segmentation i Grouped Individual Cancel Figure 2 5 3 The Create Project window in WinHSPF for creating Mzundusi uci This window allows the user to specify the wdm time series files for each of the constituents in WinHSPF This will be done by making sure the Constituent and TSTYPE column match up 12 13 14 15 16 The first constituent Precip should already match the PREC u
106. imperial units of lbs acre yr Once the simulations were complete the units were then converted back to metric kg ha yr PLOAD requires input in lbs per acre per year and calculates output in the same units Conversions before and after PLOAD were effected to enable both the South African reader and PLOAD to operate in their familiar unit environments LEGEND Rivers Sub catchments Figure 2 2 1 4 PLOAD simulation for the U20J quaternary catchment using the PLOAD default TP export coefficient values sub catchment TP export values are in kg ha yr 19 Catchment Specific Phosphate TP Export Coefficient Values LEGEND Rivers Sub catchments INN a FSO SE ma 1 58 253 3 36 s 3 rio W 3 27 13 96 2 96 Figure 2 2 1 5 PLOAD simulation for the U20J quaternary catchment using Dickens et al 2010 export coefficient values sub catchment TP export values are in kg ha yr A comparison between the PLOAD modelling scenarios using the default phosphate export values and the values obtained predominantly from South African literature Table 2 2 1 1 are shown graphed in Figure 2 2 1 6 It is evident that the TP loads generated from the various sub catchments are all higher than the default values provided within PLOAD which are obtained from a number of published sources worldwide As a result preliminary modelled outputs indicate that phosphate loads are unusually high within the catchment howe
107. ing Intermediate Files Network Delineation by Threshold Method 22095 of Cells 10 0001 Use Existing Intermediate Files Run Custom Dutlet Inlet Definition and Delineation Completion Use a Custom Outlets Irlets Layer Advanced Settings Hun All Figure 2 3 5 The input criteria for the Automatic Watershed Delineation tool 26 e C8 CILE I 4 Ve hen TE dete onum dumm R0 v Of Figure 2 3 6 Output from the Automatic Watershed Delineation tool The shapefile at the top in the legend Outlet Merged Watershed is a summary of the attributes in the catchment Open the attribute table to see what the summary looks like The next shapefile down Watershed Shapefile is the shapefile containing all the sub catchments created by the Automatic watershed delineation tool based upon divides in watersheds from the DEM The attribute table from this shapefile contains area and slope data associated with each sub catchment The third shapetile Stream Reach Shapefile is the river shapefile calculated by depressions in the DEM for the catchment Associated attribute data for this shapefile include estimates of stream length depth width slope and the altitudes of the start and end of each stream segment These values can always be edited at a later stage These are only estimates based upon the DEM If one has local knowledge of the stream segment one can always change the values in the attribute table of this shapefile N
108. ioned above the reason for this is the similarity in elevation for this area making it difficult for the automatic watershed delineation tool to predict which path the stream will follow 119 To rectify this problem one needs to use the editor tool in a GIS package either ArcMap Figure 9 3 2 or MapWindows Figure 9 3 3 as both work The underlying principle to resolving this problem is to simply move the existing vertices to a new position by clicking and dragging indicated by the orange line in Figure 9 3 2 Once all the vertices have been moved the new stream layer looks more realistic Figure 9 3 4 The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate to a user that although the outputs from watershed delineations are normally accurate the occasional inaccurate outputs from a watershed delineation can be rectified at a later stage The tool is generally more accurate in hilly terrain than flat terrain LI ms wees Existing stream EET aw on Output stream from watershed delineation Figure 9 3 1 Stream comparisons between the existing stream and the automatic watershed delineated stream 120 Fe DM Wew feels Pee Sekon QOeowpocmewmg Cudomee Wei pi DY T K I 165x 00 i 00 LT e em ur cane 9 WR OO g AX mu Cater Ix br 9 11 ig MIKE BASIN gt 2 Geurefereriing Layer Deres nut Aen nm JPO M Vena eX b pp p 1 cies T kepers C Gout poris E Li M amnes Sru dd 3 whole Moen PLOAD di v
109. ject Objectives include giving a detailed overview and describing processes of how one went about using a model from start to finish 2 BASINS 4 0 Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources version 4 0 or BASINS 4 0 integrates GIS modelling and data analysis designed to assist TMDL total maximum daily load management and watershed based analysis EPA 2007 There are several components to BASINS 4 0 Figure 2 1 integrating GIS layers tools and utilities models and the decision making and analyses of the output generated from the models This section will detail what was done in this project using components of the BASINS 4 0 framework where the examples and lessons used are all within the uMngeni catchment BASINS 4 0 System Overview Decision Making and Tools and Utilities Models Analysis Watershed Reports ee BPFIWInHSPE PostProcessing GenScn Reparting Scripts Watershed Management Sensitivity Anatysis GWLF Coming Scos Figure 2 1 BASINS 4 0 system overview 2 1 Introduction and Document Launcher The following explanation is a note about the next several sections to follow namely sections 2 1 2 5 with regards to lessons for various aspects of BASINS 4 0 BASINS 4 Overall Outcomes and Objectives e tisimportant for the user to note from the onset that these lessons are not going to cover every sphere in the BASINS 4 0 overarching framework The purpose of these lessons i
110. k file then click Save So see the result of this newly created network file open the MIKE ZERO window Start All Programs MIKE by DHI 2011 MIKE Zero MIKE Zero Once open click File Open File Browse to where you exported the network file from ArcMap then click Open Your screen should look something like Figure 5 4 7 92 Figure 5 4 5 Buffered catchments ready for delineation Fe D Vee eet levee Seng o6 fee e w Qaevree ave Figure 5 4 6 Delineated catchments Te be Uzopvirie wa nns i 1 42 me F i AMA re Figure 5 4 7 Network file in MIKE Zero reaw i ma T pe 3ITISMLI 93 mU LITE PT u NOTE Although the smooth operation was carried out in ArcMap the stream does not appear to have the same smoothed look in MIKE Zero The reason for this is that the reach vertices maintain their co ordinates regardless of the smoothing operation There are 2 ways to make the network stream in MIKE Zero have a more smoothed look e Within MIKE Zero using the Move Points tool Le space the points apart however you like resembling a smoother look or e Before exporting the network file from ArcMap enable the reach layer to be edited and add more vertices to the reach Double click the reach enabling the vertices to be seen then by right clicking where you would to like add a new vertex select Insert Vertex Similarly by right clicking on an existing vertex vertices may be delete
111. l not be simulating any chemicals or other additions into the stream from point and non point sources Once the AQUATOX Setup Wizard Complete window appears click Finish You should now see a screen like that in Figure 3 3 AQUATOX Main Window Mie Wew Livery Study Sedeenk Window Help els a m x a EAR a eer Sor l lO M f Example aps Main Window sli AQUATOX Study Information EPA Rejease 1 0 Mame U208 Study Name State and Driving Variables In Study Model Run Status ilmenite Pernubed Run 96 22 11 14 02 Nitrate as N j i Phosphate as P Control Run 06 22 11 14 03 Carbon dioxide Onyoen Data Operations Program Opetations Tot Susp Solids Refrac sed dotritus K Perturbed Labile sed detritus Susp and dissolved detritus 3 Control Diatomst Peri Low Nut Diatom Diatoms2 Peri High Nut Diatom Diatoms3 Phyt High Nut Diatom ia Output DiMoms4 Phyt Low Nut Diatom 1 Diatems5 Pori Navicula Diatoms Peri Nitzschia E gt Export Results o Greenst Cadophora Bl qreent Peri Blue Greens OtherAlgt Cryptomonad Ey Export Control j sai ios Apene SedFeedert Chironomid SuspFeedert Caddisfly Trichopter Grazer Mayfly Baetis Grazer Rifle beetle Sten Predinvti Odonata Predima2 Stonefly SmkForageFisht Minnow LaForageFisht Minnow Water Volume Temperature Add Delete Edit Figure 3 3 End screen from the simulation wizard
112. l tells the user that additional fields need attention where the sub menu on the left of the screen now shows additional sub menus that do not contain green ticks Figure 5 3 12 81 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE MELDE Modified Fe Edt Wee Reet fun Window Help Cee v YV 2 PPR wn wg MIKE SHE Flow Model Description Dp o ai Smior peccato WT Simian Soecdicahon Date Type Spece ATEM w Gnrdcoder Model Doman and Grid Gnd datrbuton fie T h RE ee MT r nerts and Settings User Deckian MIKE BASINS Wwepooh_sod_ 5D new de Ls Ed Laid Use Aiie ad Laos meter Overland Flow 3253500 Unsauated Flow X4 2Laper UZ Sod 9 Gridcode 1 3270000 v Gndcode 2 4 Gndcode 3 9 Gidcode 4 9X Gndcode 5 v ET Surface Decth 3271000 5 slip sed Zone WO Sources Stoung of result Extra Parameters rA KAKA X KEKE X X X 3270500 3271500 327 2000 3272500 3273000 3273400 3274000 32745800 m 3274000 ww 4 ANIER 3275500 Undetined v qus 80000 79000 70000 76000 76000 meter 3TH DT wakdation Sm sson J MIKE 11 Execution Log Figure 5 3 9 Spatial distribution of the various soils present in the study catchment 82 MIKE Zero MIKE SHE Mpoph 1991 Modified File Edit View Refresh Run Window Help D cm El amp Vy N72 2 PPwn wg MIKE SHE Flow Model Description x Display Simulation specification s WO Simulation Specification Protile ID Grid code value c
113. lar site visits being carried out by particular team members it was chosen to test several of the models on One such model was the module housed within the DHI software namely MIKE SHE A current UKZN MSc student has been conducting research in this catchment over the past year October 2010 July 2011 assessing seasonal macroinvertebrate presence in several sites according to the SASS 5 guidelines Dickens and Graham 2002 A request was made from the student to simulate streamflow data for this period as the gauging weir on the Mthimzima stream was last operational in 1992 This section will give a general outline to how the stream flow was simulated for the Mthimzima stream 112 9 2 Dorpspruit As mentioned towards the beginning of this report the PLOAD model was used to determine which sub catchments in the U20J quaternary catchment are likely to produce high pollutants in this case total phosphorus based on the landcover export coefficients One of the sub catchments most likely to produce high amounts of this pollutant 4 23 kg ha yr was situated in the middle of the City of Pietermaritzburg with the Dorpspruit stream flowing through it Figure 9 2 1 As a result this sub catchment was used to test applicability of using macroinvertebrates based on the South African Scoring System SASS version 5 by Dickens and Graham 2002 to determine water quality using the AQUATOX model Quite often the water quality data pertaining t
114. lity and Test and refine the developed tools through two case study catchments to improve the decision making of management stakeholders As part of this project it was provisionally decided to use the BASINS 4 0 framework and particular models within this shell for this project BASINS 4 0 Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources version 4 0 is defined by USEPA 2010 as a multipurpose environmental analysis system for use by regional state and local agencies in performing watershed and water quality based studies The model used for this analysis which was the most appropriate one for determining pollutant amounts from various land cover types was the Pollutant Loading Estimator or PLOAD which is a simplified GlS based model to calculate pollutant loads for watersheds PLOAD estimates nonpoint sources NPS of pollution on an annual average basis for any user specified pollutant Edwards and Miller 2001 pp 1 The output generated from the PLOAD Pollutant Loading Estimator model could be used to pin point the priority areas sub catchments that managers would need to investigate at ground level Estimating the amount of phosphate typically emitted from these non point sources could assist managers and planners in prioritising actions to address land use and management activities within the sub catchments which are contributing high phosphate loads The Basins model framework provides default exp
115. ly one of the most irritating and time consuming aspects with models associated with BASINS 4 0 particularly the HSPF and PLOAD models However unit differences were not perceived as a show stopper Within the WinHSPF model the user has the option to specify the input and output units as English or Metric For PLOAD output units are automatically generated in pounds and acres The addition of a new field in the shapefile s attribute table along with a calculation to convert for example from pounds to kilograms does not take long to perform FILENAME LENGTH Another irritating aspect of BASINS 4 0 is file paths At times the software is quite particular about where it searches for files and if a file is located at a different file path it will not find it Also for certain aspects of BASINS 4 0 i e WDMUtil and WinHSPF file paths cannot be read if there are more than roughly 70 characters When a project is opened from a file path with more than 70 characters for example C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 3 WDMUtil and HSPF WDMUtil Mgeni Catchment Mgeni wdm an error appears on the screen If the user is not aware of this problem in BASINS 4 0 they could have a very frustrating task trying to open a project if it is located under a long directory PROJECTIONS 54 Having spatial data that is not projected properly was another issue Initially models were run PLOAD or tools were used automatic and manual watershed delineati
116. nder the TSTYPE column Double click on WIND under the TSTYPE column A dropdown should appear with a selection of the other constituents you created in WDMUtil Select ATEM to correspond with Air Temp You will notice that under the Data Set column the cell is now blank This is because the user now needs to specify the data set number DSN that corresponds to the ATEM constituent Double click this blank cell and select 101 or whatever you specified your DSN to be when creating the wdm file in WDMUtil as this is the only DSN that was created for the ATEM constituent Repeat steps 12 and 13 until all the constituents have been modified only Pot Evap should be modified as the other constituents should correlate so that your WinHSPF Initial Met Segment window looks like Figure 2 5 4 Now press OK You will now see a schematic of the uci file you have just created Figure 2 5 5 This schematic represents the sub catchments which were created in the Manual watershed delineation lesson connected by the various streams RCHRES Now one can begin to understand why the SUBBASINR field in the Streams shapefile was edited in an earlier lesson as this instructs the model which sub catchments to connect downstream of the upstream ones With so many sub catchments in this uci it will take a while to edit all of them The purpose of this exercise was to take you through the process from start to finish selecting a key sub catchment in PLOAD
117. ne projection Once the projection has been defined open the Project tool from ArcToolbox Project the same DHI Reaches layer and ensure it is saved in the same geodatabase calling it a different name The newly projected DHI Reaches layer will automatically be added to the table of contents once this procedure has been completed correctly Once all the projection procedures have been carried out we are now ready to smooth the reach layer Start editing ensuring the DHI Reaches layer is the one selected for editing Select the segment you would like to Tess smooth first The Smooth tool Le in the Advanced Editing toolbar is now activated it would not have been activated before if this layer was not projected Click on the smooth tool then specify the Maximum 90 allowable offset suggest 1 to begin with Click OK You will notice the reach segment is now smoothed Complete this procedure for the other segments in your project A comparison between smoothed and unsmoothed reaches is highlighted in Figure 5 4 3 Figure 5 4 3 Comparisons of unsmoothed and smoothed reaches 14 In this particular case the bottom reach has gone from an unrealistic straight line to an unrealistic arc If a similar problem is encountered double click the segment prompting the individual vertices for that segment to appear The user now has the option to change to path of the reach however he she likes Figure 5 4 4 shows an example of how this reach has
118. ntry helping less apt users to make progress In this way both institutional memory building and capacity development are addressed speedily and effectively We selected the software package TeamViewer for this purpose TeamViewer connects to any PC or server around the world within a few seconds You can remote control your partner s PC as if you were sitting right in front of it TeamViewer 2011 This software has been tested during 105 8 this research and is extremely effective To download it follow the following link http www teamviewer com en download index aspx DATA COLLECTION Throughout this project so far data has played a vitally important role in order to perform various simulations This section will discuss some challenges involved in obtaining various data types the ups and downs of eventually obtaining rainfall data as well as a method of acquiring data from the internet 8 1 Challenges Throughout this project one of the biggest challenges faced was obtaining various data types required to run various scenario simulations Access to reliable data is amazingly difficult to obtain As a result of insufficient observed data surrogate data was used instead of actual data Although by doing this the output from the simulation is not accurate it can nevertheless generate conversation around the output with the hope of prompting those stakeholders with the data to produce it in order to get a meaningful output
119. nverters MWSWAT 2009 Melb I ML Oan bo 0D m i d sh at a v SN 7 New Prac Exiting Proc Step DokeseWaouhed Figure 4 1 Location of the case study U20B quaternary catchment to test the applicability of SWAT where the preview map bottom left shows is location in relation the whole uMngeni catchment 5 MIKE by DHI 5 1 MOU The reason for the switch to MIKE BASIN and MIKE SHE was that through the DHI SA signing of MOUs with the organizations listed below a world class player with world class software had entered the picture by removing the previously insurmountable affordability barrier e Council for Geosciences CGS e University of the Free State e University of the Western Cape e University of Stellenbosch e University of Venda e University of the Witwatersrand 66 e University of kwaZulu Natal e In addition we understand that discussions are in progress with regard to an MOU or some sort of group licensing discount for the CSIR The project team believe that this is a major game breaking move by DHI SA and it will open the way to large corporate and DWA buying into DHI products because they know they can now get a flow of people trained on DHI products exiting the above institutions What this means is that a hugely influential strategic network is building up at the University and post graduate level The Universities concerned are almost all doing research work of national importance inclu
120. o a particular stream may be in short supply especially nutrient data nitrogen phosphorus etc It is a costly task to get water samples analysed for various water quality constituents and the results are known days or weeks after the samples were taken However the SASS 5 data is more readily available and is a rapid assessment about the state of a river s health This data is available on National River Health database containing what macroinvertebrate families are present and their abundances This example will demonstrate how using macroinvertebrate families and their abundance scores from SASS 5 in the National River Health database could be used to predict nutrient concentrations in a stream using AQUATOX LEGEND Rivers Sub catchments SASS 5 monitoring site 113 Figure 9 2 1 Location of the case study site on the Dorpspruit SASS 5 has an abundance scoring system where a 1 denotes a single organism found an A symbol denotes a range between 2 10 B denotes 10 100 C denotes 100 1 000 and D denotes gt 1 000 Dickens and Graham 2002 The manner whereby AQUATOX factors in invertebrate abundances is by mean wet weight Within the AQUATOX animal library there are several features associated with each organism These features are used to characterise the behavioural responses of the invertebrates when exposed to various external forces and pollutants in the stream profile These characteristics for the animals in AQUAT
121. o explore the model a bit more other fields may be edited and included in scenarios If one chooses to add other activities to scenarios this can be done by selecting Control Cards gt then specifying Tables When this window opens you see the lists of possible activities to include in your scenario per landuse These 53 activities are arranged by the tabs Pervious Land Impervious Land and Reaches Reservoirs Once the user gets a bit of practice and gains confidence in the WinHSPF model the option to include other activities to model is available Once the user gets some experience in WinHSPF particular constituents that are modeled can potentially be used in other models to determine how aquatic ecosystems may be effected The next lesson looks at a finer scale than the sub catchments namely aquatic ecosystems with a sub catchment This model is called AQUATOX END 2 6 BASINS 4 0 Q amp A For the duration of time spent using the BASINS 4 0 software several questions were raised This section highlights the questions raised along with answers about the key issues raised with using the BASINS 4 0 software questions in blue answers in red Q What was the single most irritating aspect of the work besides having to use acres feet pounds etc You know the kind of thing you are hesitant to record UNITS A Yes coming to grips with the different units US English Imperial units versus RSA Metric units was initial
122. ommercial dryland Cultivated permanent commercial dryland Cultivated permanent commercial dryland Cultivated permanent commercial dryland Cultivated permanent commercial irrigated Cultivated temporary subsistence dryland Degraded unimproved grasslands savannah Degraded Forest indigenous Woodland Degraded Thicket Bushland Bush Clumps Herbland Erosion sheet Forest indigenous Woodland Forest indigenous Woodland Forestry Clearfelled Forestry Other mixed species Mines and quarries Urban smallholdings Reclassified naming along principles of SANS 1877 17 Level 1 Bare rock and soil Agriculture Natural vegetation Bare rock and soil Natural vegetation Forestry Mining Built up land Urban PLOAD default TP kg ha yr 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 11 2 24 PLOAD default TP uMngeni TP kg ha yr 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 02 0 02 0 02 0 8 1 00 uMngeni TP PLOAD ID OO O N Oso gt A 11 12 13 20 PLOAD ID Forest glade Old cultivated fields grassland Grassland Grassland bush clumps mix Golf courses Built up dense settlement Low density settlement Airfields KZN main amp district roads KZN national roads KZN railways Old cultivated fields bushland Bushland 70cc Dense bush 70 100 cc Water dams NEW Water estuarine NEW Water natural NEW Wetlands Level 2 Natural planted grasslands sav
123. omponents One of its more powerful models is Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran or HSPF Although this is a powerful model there are several steps that one would need to undertake in order to view an output from a simulation for their catchment One of these steps involves inserting meteorological data into a readable format This can be done in the Watershed Data Management Utility WDMUtil The following steps are laid out in a lesson plan structure enabling other modelers to use this model with their own data NOTE This lesson plan was initially provided on a CD along with project names various files and file directories This report does now contain these files but they are on record for a potential user to use Lesson title Learning how to use Watershed Data Management Utility WDMUtil and Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran HSPF within BASINS 4 0 Learning Objectives Learners will be able to e Insert their meteorological data into a readable format via WDMUtil for the HSPF model e Insert the necessary input data in BASINS to run the HSPF model Background Information The reason why we are creating a WDM file in WDMUtil is to link meteorological data occurring within the catchment to the HSPF model Within the HSPF model there is a tab with the title Met Stations which requires met data from the catchment we are working with This will make more sense once we have created a WDM file then use it for the HSPF model
124. on where the output did not make logical sense The problem arose that the shapefiles or DEMs were not in a projected format i e using meters rather than decimal degrees to determine areas etc However once this problem was solved meaningful outputs were generated Q What was the most positively surprising thing you came across The kind of thing you might perhaps use as a selling point POTENTIAL SELLING POINT A AQUATOX was one of the more exciting models that was used during this work AQUATOX is a simulation model for aquatic systems that predicts the fate of various pollutants such as nutrients and organic chemicals and their effects on the ecosystem including fish invertebrates and aquatic plants It focuses on how different aquatic ecosystems streams ponds lakes reservoirs estuaries and enclosures may respond to their surroundings for various what if scenarios For example how are particular invertebrates affected by the addition of phosphorus loadings to their surroundings INSTITUTIONAL MEMORY The documented institutional memory within this model is something to behold where each pre loaded animal and plant within the model has a variety of attribute data with references for example data included for invertebrates are optimum temperature mean net weight excretion respiration ratio mean life span low oxygen effects N and P tolerances abundance percentages in various biotopes to name a few
125. on cont Comparable to the DEM not being projected the catchment and river shapefiles were also not projected properly For arguments sake let s say the DEM was projected and was in option for selection and all the other requirements were specified The attribute table output from the delineation process would not have made sense due to the projection issue as was demonstrated in the PLOAD lesson This will make more sense once the automatic watershed delineation process has been performed using layers that have all been projected The point to be made here is to ensure that when performing these processes with your own data always make sure the layers being used have all been projected properly to ensure an accurate output otep 2 Performing an Automatic watershed delineation using projected layers 1 Load the Automatic delineation 2 project from the C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 2 Watershed delineation Second Session directory if a window appears sating the project could not find the Mzundusi Catchment sph file click on Yes and select this shapefile from the directory then Open 2 Open the Automatic Watershed Delineation tool done in the first step 24 3 At the top of the Automatic Watershed Delineation window click on the Select a DEM grid dropdown arrow notice now that the DEM is recognized by the tool as being projected Select mgenidem lo31 as the DEM layer Ensure that Elevation units is meters default
126. onata follow the simulated concentrations reasonably well Oligochaete and Caddisfly start out well for the first two observed dates but drift away from the observed for the third date in October NOTE Although the three sample dates are the same for all the invertebrates the observed points and upper and lower bounds have been separated a day apart in Figure 9 2 4 to enable easier visual analyses If the upper and lower bounds for all the invertebrates were to be graphed for the same date it would make it difficult to identify which bounds belong to which invertebrate The simulated nutrient concentrations for NH amp NH NO and total soluble phosphorus from the same simulation Figure 9 2 5 seem to follow the same trend as the Chironomidae Oligochaete and Caddisfly concentrations Figure 9 2 4 It appears that the model associates high concentrations of Chironomidae Oligochaete and Caddisfly with increasing nutrient concentrations indicating poor water quality This makes 117 MIJA LOX Uutoutl Window Derpsprett edited Laps Fe Yew L rery Wiviow Heip e z o m gt lal aaa tt mimos napa Cien Thane nemas Peiurbed Simulation Control Simulation Graph Library Uneen Sensitivity Dnvertetrates Ome vs So ERECTO Sl ewu fO ee Dorpeprutt PERTURDED Run on 1124 11 14 22 Cher onyoentid 40 mm dry Chyocheete 49 n diy Cadidisfhy Te Sognter dg m dry Mayfly Bastri ig mm
127. onth sa Day i5 Hour H Date Ener 18 Sep 2011 Select Visualization Tone series Figure 8 4 An example of selecting a single parameter from the list of models inserting temporal dates and visualization type 109 National Aeronautics Qum Giovanni ihe Bhage Betw t on Bk TRAE rz r Es Im n a ABOUT G IOVANNI NEWS Lis ES FEEDBACK RELEASE NOTES Global Land Data Assimilation System GLDAS 1 0 Degree 3 Hourly Products Horne UTC TTA OC Execution Status Dese TS peram reqrmetiTmTMT eo areter MaS g Rescunstie MASA Officad Geyer h irrgte Qisna gev Ped Curstsr M hagis onetcostect dior retours goto nasan yoy Pros Palos m mpoertant Nob es I T a E anl Ree INN X Be H ERI EmTe oO aR ABOUT GIOVANNI NEWS INSTANCES FLEDBACK RELEASE NOTES LE Global Land Data Assimilation System GLDAS 1 0 Degree 3 Hourly Products Home Reaute Recourse D Terese Visualization Results Download Data Product Lineage Arinowedgmer Area Avecaged Time Senes GLDAS MOSIOSUDP 3n 001 tepom JON JON 295 2951 1 z e Hi ie ie EP Hl vais wn A Tetal evmpotramnsparwtion gom c Applies 1n the whole aguts set alt plots Figure 8 6 Provisionally graphed data 110 i fate rec das ten dev i H sti cpa y Ox Space a honinetration Gi nni Th Bridge Between s m 5 AS m g NS IB n 2 bya i See B
128. op up telling you that the new DSN number was successfully stored Figure 2 4 4 m Script Creation Wizard File Properties Data Mapping Mame Attribute Input Column Constant Skip Values a Value na 12 13 Yr ear 1 4 1300 Month no B Day 4 10 1 Hour 2d Minute Scenario OBSERVED Location MGENI Constituent Mi a mrik M ram 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 123456785 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0018 1997 01 0158 1997 01 0018 1997 01 18 4 Figure 2 4 3 The populated data required for the ATEM Script Creation Wizard 36 e WDMUHI Mgeni L Scenarios Locations Constituents t Dott All None Gof Al None of I u i i Time Series 1 of 1 available time series in list 1 not on WDM file 1 selected iA Write to WDM Specify Output Data set Number s Select Enter Scenario Location Constituent as needed Data set attributes may be updated if needed Click Write button to store data on WDM file Use common period for all data sets as defined on main form C Use full period for each data sel m J utpul DSN 5 canario Locatior Constiluen t Abu n Space d Pot 1 ime Grour Base Yea 31 OBSERVEE MGENI ATEM 3 1 1 Yeas 1930 write WDM Data Set Add AJ New datarset number 101 succ
129. ore 1 ESL eee Urrard Fires p aa bad Cer S abs abaci Zone L a Mn um up ow a O mda palud amp wd Seauscet B 4 7 y 4 7 D 7 4 Sio of rius WM Oecwed incici opu Und eee coupe d Exe Pocsmeteni Figure 5 3 13 Storing of result section in MIKE SHE where the user has the option to simulate several discharges at various points ona stream from a single simulation 85 E MIKL Zero 151 Modified P a ak ee Settings Tods Widow Mep Ose EO STK Low a nwened m 3 s LL 0201 1931 o 00r 0 0L HE O Si uae ess d 2 j xut 1931 c 00 0 0L077 1 i oan 0 12153 4 cures 2 010677 S 0601s 999 J 0 0106740 s joue mx 2 0109551 F oam e 00115302 s OSO 0 011204 s iania LOOT 1003998 THOE ME EUNTES Y 0 0067337 az iano b Q p 4344 FERS ICT 0 0043654 7 is tories 0 0070630 d5 16 01 1931 J 000879136 i6 t7 0t1993 Q 00909621 SER LS 0 LoS 1ee2 de tss 0 00807 1 5 um 2 01 1951 Zi 22y0tf19 te UL ts zr 2wu193 0 740370 um 291 991 xn n to036 30 3sf t 199 0 24223 3i oamp v Dez 0 150948 ac jozmines ar 0 099659 20 Lowneries OX 0N 3 049 o 23 0 Xet41 3e S 6 ETT A ones 933 ar gt nazas ar jones Les DW ER DETCH tot 3158 39 CETS one 1 09764 40 1902 11991 ass ETEN 4 LRAT 0 253 DIGMA Mz iz 02 1954 amp m D 240734 43 1302 1951 124
130. ort coefficient values as a starting point for phosphate simulations with the PLOAD model A note from the BASINS 4 0 user manual mentions the following The Export Coefficient tables provided with BASINS contain representative values as presented in the PLOAD v3 Users Manual distributed with BASINS 3 1 These values represent a starting point and are based on data from a number of published sources however they are specific to particular geographic regions It is important that the user obtain appropriate values from studies in the corresponding geographic region With this note in mind the aim of this investigation is to compare the Total Phosphate TP values provided as default within the PLOAD model with those export coefficient values obtained from the literature Dickens et al 2010 when running the model within the uMngeni River case study catchment in South Africa Calculating total phosphate TP loads per uMngeni river sub catchment using the PLOAD model Firstly the raster land cover grid obtained from Geoterraimage 2010 using 2008 imagery had to be converted into vector format the PLOAD model will only recognize vector format One of the procedures required before calculating the TP values is to perform a land cover reclassification From the detailed land cover grid of KZN Geoterraimage 2010 using 2008 imagery the classes were reclassified according to the level 2 categories along the principles of SANS 1877 SSA
131. otice how the tool adds new streams to the existing rivers shapefile where the tool predicts where natural drainage lines occur based upon the DEM otep 3 Performing a Manual Watershed delineation using layers from the Automatic 1 Watershed delineation Open the Manual Watershed Delineation tool 27 Select Watershed Shapefile created in the automatic watershed delineation as the Subbasin Layer Click on Delineate subbasin then click commit we do not need to manually delineate a subbasin as there is an existing one that we will work with hence why we click on commit Under Subbasin Parameters select mgenidem lo31 as the elevation layer Make sure elevation units remain as meters Click on Calculate Subbasin Parameters this will take a while to run through as the tool has to calculate several attributes for each of the 41 sub basins so be patient Once the Subbasin Parameters have been calculated under Stream Network specify Stream Reach Shapefile as the Reach layer Ensure Force Continuous flow path is ticked Click on Define Stream Network and Outlets this will also take a little while to run as the tool has to calculate several attributes for each of the stream reaches Your screen should look like that in Figure 2 3 7 Once the Define Stream Network and Outlets has finished running close the Manual Watershed Delinator window where one will now view the new output from the manual watershed delineator F
132. p t78307 e tpi 0 03 0 155145 is uses ame 021410 4e jim 0M D 420028 4r 70271933 9214 0 368812 L amp 02 19091 6 165 0 29051 4s t zr199 6 20 To n FRc nae p 546 Y4 zi 21m 6148 0292320 se j22j02r1991 ae D 189566 i s 232 1993 b 6 0 147099 s m zem gws 0 121925 WENN EE Janua Febnuam Maren frd May Ane Jufy August Seetember October Noverr er December Bane al 0 129878 Tk 190 100 T1889 100 189 150i 1987 a 3691 190 ae FA emt Sy kT p J oed sts Figure 5 3 14 Observed versus estimated discharge for calibration of the MIKE SHE model 86 E MIKE Zero MIKE T Mpoph 27010 201 iietaiied S MIT BD he th ee Settings Tos Wirow Med Oe she OPK See Data stored on MIKE 11 timesteps a Time jnttosph bottom m 3 s ZHpeph UM m 3 3 p n FETRET 0o LPE 16 3 Mpoph botom pree i I3 juz iniznto 00 063 0 063062 0 00677192 E e wupoph UM mrs Ite Jorion 00 00 30 Q 2604261 0 00612218 4B Wpop M Trib m 3is it28 o 10 2010 00 00 30 00633108 2 Q08b6 S32 huoh AE ta ojn 30 0 9056373 0 03 71445 Izz joeniniie 00 00 00 0 09837 00212100 Hem onanio 00 06 30 00724176 0 00572625 Ite joarigtzote 00 0C 30 0 06 6192 0 0100164 i 9 ORION 00 00 30 0 EISES ai ionann 00 06 30 0 063205 te Jii E 0 250 ex 12 10 2010 00 0C O00 0 064300 0 0106067 eae Ji3 10 2010 00 00 30 006657907 0 0153268 r3 14100010 00 00 30 0 068
133. pophomeni top of Figure 5 4 21 The folder that has been created begins with RRSim thus the folder we would be looking for in the same directory as your project folder would be called RRSim Mpophomeni where the name of your simulation would replace Mpophomeni Open your RRSim folder and explore the contents in MIKE Zero Start gt All Programs gt MIKE by DHI 2011 gt MIKE Zero gt MIKE Zero You will notice that there is a NAMSimulation file which is the file used when performing rainfall runoff and hydrodynamic models within MIKE Zero The reason why we have gone through this process of setting up and performing a rainfall runoff simulation is to be able to include a rainfall runoff or RR file in a simulation at a later stage To view the output from the NAM Rainfall runoff simulation performed in MIKE 11 open the RROutputRRAdd dfsO time series file in MIKE Zero You will be able to see the time series data for each of your catchments included in the simulation In this case two catchments were used Figure 5 4 24 102 ET MIKE Jero 820wlpetitithdd F e Edt Vee Seir Took Wedew Help nau atW aa ee MEE 11 RUNOA Catonmant3 3 529 feds OUNO 13k merntt 4 520 pee sr once Tab fem er Ime A d 167m d yw ds A These at tenen dg bem dx bi 01 1998 00 2 00 zm 1906 00 36 00 HCl iy 00 36 00 rum o 199800 9o 00 x 0n g xx 00 0 0001 R17 G 2p rM E G 00 9 00 o6077
134. rchanges terminals goods freight handling parking 20 75 Degraded unimproved grasslands savannah 18 53 Degraded Thicket Bushland Bush Clumps Herbland 14 7 Cultivated temporary subsistence dryland 13 01 Forest indigenous Woodland 8 35 Urban smallholdings 4 13 Parks and recreation 3 56 Cultivated permanent commercial irrigated 3 26 Forestry Clearfelled 2 34 Waterbodies Dams 2 Waterbodies Rivers 2 76 Other 1 46 Mines and quarries 1 05 Wetlands Unchanneled 0 14 Degraded Forest indigenous Woodland 0 07 Bare rock Natural 0 04 Erosion sheet Figure 2 2 1 3 Land cover contributions for the catchment i e Geoterraimage 2010 using 2008 imagery U20J used for the PLOAD simulations 17 Table 2 2 1 1 Land cover reclassification performed to develop tools and guidelines KZN Land Cover 2008 classification Bare rock Bare sand Bare sand coastal NEW Annual commercial crops dryland Permanent orchards banana citrus Sugarcane commercial Sugarcane emerging farmer Annual commercial crops irrigated Subsistence rural Degraded grassland Degraded forest Degraded bushland all types Erosion Forest Woodland Plantation clearfelled Plantation Mines and quarries Smallholdings grassland KZN Land Cover 2008 classification Reclassified naming along principles of SANS 1877 Level 2 Bare rock Natural Bare sand Natural Bare sand Natural Cultivated permanent c
135. re being used in practice 104 NWRS National Water Resources Strategy usuanuuuuuuanc 2 5552 nanuna Figure 6 1 All the Sectors engaging in a common space using common models and information systems It is evident from this configuration that no matter which Sectors people skills may move they will still be focused and deployed at the centre in the common engagement space The MIKE suite of models contain a large amount of institutional memory The AQUATOX model is particularly well designed to store the results of institutional memory deployment to help modellers When one of the main goals is to co generate socially robust knowledge then systems which aid the building of institutional memory are crucial in the design of modelling system 7 TEAMVIEWER 6 The research team also invested time in technology to aid capacity building and to enable the rapid deployment of institutional memory In anticipation of the modelling systems being used in a wide network around the country we recognised that it would be important for leading practitioners to be able to rapidly share their know how as a when it was needed A system was sought whereby a leading practitioner working in Pretoria could with permission take control of the PC of a struggling user in Cape Town for example and help him out of the jam in a few minutes The expert may be called upon at random times of the day to project herself in virtual space to all parts of the cou
136. rring to the main BASINS GIS layout to see the orientation of the sub catchments HINT change the size of the attribute table window to be able to see the layout screen easier Click Apply in the attribute table window once all the records have been edited Once you have completed this your SUBBASINR field should look like the one in Figure 2 3 13 of 41 Selected C BASINS BASINS Lessons 27011 4 1 PLOAD4 S econd sess SHAPE_ ID SUBBASIN BASINA LEM 1457 307592 231 4 29502 333 9017 5578 333 b3b4 31358 Figure 2 3 12 The altered field in the Streams attribute table 33 ABASINS BASING Lessons 2011 1 PLOAD S econ SHAPE ID SUBBASIN SUBBASINRE LENZ 12 E 20 D 11 12 11 f 17 1 2 14 18 16 ee 18 26 26 n eu 333 2E 3 31 3B 3 zl 35 16 32 38 31 14 J2 J ej 34 ee 38 34 38 DO CO om Ro to hs c3 co co cH Fe to Pa a a a a a4 4 aa pn D co d rm Lm to Po cC 2l TOR i nt GO CO O3 CO CO D D Gd PR PB BR BR DR BR PB B3 Po ow cO cn CH P CO F2 cC iD CO J cm cn B cO F3 Figure 2 3 13 The edited SUBBASINRH field in the Streams attribute table Now the data in the attribute table will be understood by the next model we will be using namely the HSPF model At this stage save your project but do not close it END 2 4 WDMUtil and HSPF One of the capabilities of BASINS 4 0 is its modelling c
137. s merely to give the user a taste for the capabilities of BASINS 4 0 e There is an unfortunate stigma attached to South African and American modelers that BASINS 4 0 is not compatible in South Africa due to the unit clash English versus Metric A further purpose of these lessons is to prove these opinions are incorrect by using data from South Africa in various models and tools in the BASINS 4 0 framework e Afurther idea of BASINS 4 0 is that it is difficult to work with taking time to learn and understand the steps and procedures of the models An objective of these lessons is to ensure the user has no reason to be afraid of the software as BASINS 4 0 has taken many years to develop to version 4 0 by a big task force of professionals e The help manual incorporated into every facet of BASINS 4 0 is professionally written enabling the user to get unstuck if necessary with explanations enabling the user to understand procedures e Theuser must not be afraid to explore the capabilities of the BASINS 4 0 framework by exploring BASINS on a trial and error basis Many times someone learns from a mistake they make enabling them to remember not to make the same mistake next time e Models in the BASINS 4 0 framework are plugins which are continuously being updated in new BASINS versions e The overall outcome from these lessons is to give the user an idea of what BASINS 4 0 is about and to flow through the processes step by step Figure 2 1
138. shapefile for the area to work with If there is no existing river shapefile it does not matter The reason why it is suggested to load an existing shapefile is to see how close the river segments are traced to the original one Click on the Trace River tool 1 Now at the upstream end of any reach segment click once NB It is important that you click at the upstream end of a reach where the chainage number is O This will become important at a later stage in MIKE ZERO for example where the model is programmed to start at a chainage number of 0 m then work its way upwards towards the end of the reach segment This will make more sense at a later stage When the Define New Branch window appears the branch name defaults to Branch 1 and the Start chainage O m the user has the option of changing the branch name but leave the chainage value at O for upstream Click OK A new reach has now been created Figure 5 4 2 and the attributes saved under the Reaches shapefile in the table of contents Note that nodes are inserted at each end of the reach segment Continue adding reaches for how ever many reaches there are in your study area 89 Pe fe Wwe CDM hee o prm ONwemr wwe ee p5 do s T ite uw MEEET Jj a nmi PP ropra nl tits RANOR Ge He RO BEAMS De mr AA nU Sa l MM 44 tint p a Eam Sew See U hb g werd sea i al r i Pd ga a n a reru n LEP 100 Meters Figure 5 4 2 A ne
139. should default to the attributes required in each field as a result of the manual watershed delineation If not specify the fields accordingly to match those in Figure 2 4 10 On the Subbsins tab ensure the dropdown fields have defaulted to SUBBASIN and SLO1 for Subbasin ID Field and Slope Field respectively ignore the Model Segment ID Field 40 9 For the Point Sources tab leave the fields as default Point source data can be added in the HSPF model at a later stage BASINS HSPF General Land Use Streams S ubbasins Font Sources Met Stations Land Use Layer Landuse la31 hal Classification Field DESCRIPTIO v Classification File none roup Description mperviaus Percent 4 co FoF A A A A A A A oS mu ce Status Update specifications if desired then click OF to proceed Subbasin ID Field SUBBASIN Downstream ID Field SUBBASINA Length Field meters LEN Slope Field percent SLO2 Width Field meters WILD IZ Depth Field meters DEF Min Elev Field meters MINEL hax Elev Field meters MAEL Stream Mame Field SHAME Figure 2 4 10 Specifications required for the Streams tab in BASINS HSPF 41 10 Click on the Met Stations tab and then on Select This will open a new window enabling the user to navigate to the directory where the Mgeni wdm file was created earlier Navigate to C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 3 WDMUtil and HSPF WDMUtil Mgeni wdm Now cl
140. te data and initial conditions as is The initial conditions for invertebrates were not measured in the stretch of river thus are only estimates Next For Step 6 Fish leave the data and initial conditions as is The initial conditions for fish were not measured in the stretch of river thus are only estimates Next Site 8 Site characteristics this data would need to measured accurately or obtained from a reliable source NOTE Surface Area here means surface area of the stream NOT of the contributing catchment Leave data as is Next Channel slope can be obtained from the slope calculated when you performed the manual watershed delineation in one of the previous exercises in the Streams attribute table An estimation of the 3 dominant biotopes habitats in the stream are inserted as percentages at the bottom of this window Leave data as is Next otep 9 Water Volume Data Four options available here depending on the data available to the user For the purpose of this exercise leave as Use Mannings Equation Next If no data is visible click on Change and navigate to C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 5 AQUATOX and select Flow observed U20B xls then click on import Next In the next screen are the input options for volume If the user has daily flow available insert it here by clicking on Change and go to the directory where the file is saved The data is required in daily volume cubic meters per day ra
141. the highest polluting catchment on the Dorpspruit stream Figure 9 2 1 Once is was established that this site would be used as the case study another query was lodged in the National River Health database for the SASS 5 data for the Dorpspruit site This would include the macroinvertebrate families and their abundances for various dates at this site The most recent records were used to demonstrate this concept Figure 9 2 3 where three months in 2006 were used for observed invertebrate concentrations The next step was to translate the SASS 5 abundance symbols 1 A B C D into a mass value suitable for AQUATOX to understand It must be noted that the animal library in AQUATOX does not have every family from the SASS 5 system However there is an option for a user to create a new record for an invertebrate at any level class order family genus or species However for the purpose of this demonstration only the existing records in the AQUATOX library that correlated with what was found at the Dorpspruit site were used These included Baetidae Mayfly Baetis in AQUATOX Chironomidae Gomphidae and Libellulidae Odonata in AQUATOX Hydropsychidae Caddisfly Trichoptera in AQUATOX and Oligochaete From the animal library the mean wet weight was used to determine the total weight of a SASS 5 family at the side on a date For example from Figure 9 2 3 we see that for the Chironomidae family there is an A symbol for the sampling date 29
142. the C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 5 AQUATOX directory to C Program Files AQUATOX_R3 1 STUDIES The reason for this is that the AQUATOX model identifies studies within this folder This will make more sense once we begin to explore AQUATOX in more detail otep 2 Editing data in AQUATOX T Once AQUATOX is open select File in the top left corner then select New Simulation Wizard Your screen should look like Figure 3 2 Select Next This model may be quite daunting for the beginner user For this reason we shall work with an existing study for you to familiarize yourself with the AQUATOX environment Therefore select the Work with an Existing Study radio button then select Next Wraarit Prsgenee Os Wizard Summary Step amp Sie Cewacteristios Sep 9 Weber Volume Sep 10 Weter Teeperster Sep 11 Wind Loeaeg Srp 12 Light Losing Seo 1X Veter in Seo 14 horgo Soie Step 15 Chemicals Sep 18 fiov Lossing Sep 17 Direct Preciptaion Dep 10 Poti tosc Loot Welcome to the AQUATON Setup Wizard The rumnistion setup wizard vill walk you through the stepr required to create a new AQUATON Summlation Available te your beft is a progress window that shows you how bu you hyve gotten tm the simulation setup process You may dowble click on any step iu thet waulew to move there LIDLUGCDOCGOCODCCOLCDCDOLDCICCOLCEO ji I doute cit oo aw me to amp there Ni s To yout right is sanukition semuniry window ihat
143. the same weather station This section gives a detailed encounter of how evapotranspiration data was acquired As mentioned previously particular meteorological data types were difficult to obtain from local companies As a result a contact was established with an American man by the name of Bob Prucha He suggested we obtain remotely sensed data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System GLDAS http Idas gsfc nasa gov gldas Figure 8 1 where one has the option of accessing 3 hourly or monthly datasets for anywhere in the world For example if one were wising to access detailed datasets for their study area they click on the 3 hourly link from the above mentioned website where they are taken to a new window Figure 8 2 http gdata1 sci gsfc nasa gov daac bin G3 gui cgi instance id GLDAS10 3H to insert the coordinate boundaries of their area of interest The next step is to select which model you would like to access the data from and select what parameters you would like to select Figure 8 3 An example is illustrated Figure 8 4 where the begin and end dates are also selected NOTE for the 3 hourly data the GLDAS page only allows five months to be selected at a time due to large data amounts being downloaded worldwide Therefore the following message may appear if more than 5 months is selected We are sorry for the inconvenience but due to extremely high data volume queries for hourly and shorter interval data are being restricte
144. the window that opens up click Next again 6 The directory that BASINS 4 should be saved under is C Basins this is the default setting you need to accept this directory Thereafter click on Next 7 Make sure all the components in the next window are selected and that full installation is selected Thereafter select Next 8 From the next window select next 9 Thereafter select install 10 Once the installation is complete make sure that the Yes want to restart my computer option is selected 11 Thereafter click finish 12 This will restart windows and thereafter BASINS 4 will be ready for use The BASINS 4 icon should then appear on your desk top 13 You are now ready to use BASINS 4 0 Once you have installed BASINS 4 0 copy the folder containing all the data from the DVD folder name BASINS Lessons 2011 to the C BASINS directory The reason for this is that there are projects in these exercises that will rely on this file path to open successfully Document Launcher BACKGROUND The purpose of document launcher is to Functionally this particular plug in will be activated when a shape in a shapefile is selected If the shapefile has an attribute entitled FileOrURL and the selected shape has text in that attribute column then the plug in will seek to launch that path as a file or a URL Most commonly this is used to launch images or web pages associated with given shapes MapWindows GIS Introduction to MapWindow V
145. ther than the usual cubic meters per second At a later stage the user has the option to multiply this data by variable of their choice For example inserting data in cubic meters per second format the user can multiply this by 86400 seconds in a day This will make sense at a later stage For now leave the data as is Next otep 10 Water temperature Similarly to water volume the user has the option of the method of determining inserting temperature data Leave the data as is Next 60 15 16 17 18 19 20 otep 11 Wind loadings is only really important for modeling ponds lakes and reservoirs When one wishes to start a simulation from scratch the user has the option for selecting the type of simulation where the choices are pond lake stream reservoir enclosure and estuary Therefore for this stream simulation wind is not crucial thus we leave it as Constant Wind at 1 m s Next Next Step 12 Light loading leave as Use Annual and Mean Range Next Next otep 13 pH For pH we shall use observed data which was measured on average once a month AQUATOX uses these values as guides where it is able to interpolate in between months If no data is visible click on Change and navigate to C IBASINSIBASINS Lessons 2011 5 AQUATOX and select pH monthly 1998 1999 xls then click on import Next otep 14 Inorganic Solids Leave as is Next Next oteps 15 19 Leave as it we shal
146. time series data in step 28 Once you have selected your time series data there are tabs located at the bottom of the Open window The user has the option of double checking their start and end dates Period Info item types and units Item Info and if there are any constraints associated with the data Constraints Info Under Constraints Info there should be a green tick under the heading Status ensuring that your data will be readable by the model Select your dfsO file and click OK 34 You will now notice in the Table of Contents window under the No Group heading your evaporation Evap and rainfall Rainfall data is present 35 If you would like to double check your data ensuring there are no input errors or would like to edit the data right click on one of the time series and select Plot Edit This creates a new tab in your DHI Dock window entitled TSPlot1 revealing all the time series data and the associated graph Figure 5 4 13 97 ost A QA 86 0000 00 000 Figure 5 4 13 Imported time series data in the DHI Dock table 36 In the DHI Dock table click on the NAM Overview tab then begin editing 37 In the first row for the first catchment click in the RainfallTS cell the current default is Null Once the cell is highlighted click on the Select TS button located to the right of the table This prompts the Open Time Series Selection window to open Select the
147. tion process Therefore we shall continue these steps but working with an already projected DEM 22 Gi View Plugs Watershed Delineation hepelte Liter AUI TWO Ure Al PRESSE ub WW Mzundun Catchmert MC ngeri dem Lot DOW Long 0000 X 30503Y 29523 Kilometers 4 start L NA 3 Figure 2 3 1 The Automatic delineation project when opened Watershed Delineation Shapefile Editor L Amm 0 Advanced TauDEM Functions Manual Figure 2 3 2 The Automatic Watershed Delineation tool 23 Automatic Watershed Delineation Setup and Preprocessing Elevation Units Base Elevation Data DEM Layer Select a DEM Grid v Select a DEM Grid Burn in Existing Stes Prime Select a Stream Paluline Shapetile hull Use a Focusing Mask Use Current View Extents for Mask Use Grid or Shapefile for Mask Select a Mask Grid or Polygon Shapetile or Use Exterts v Select Mask O Selected Use Existing Intermediate Files Network Delineation by Threshold Method Use Existing Intermediate Files Hun Custom Outletlnlet Definition and Delineation Completion Use a Custom Outlets Irlets Layer Select a Point Shapetile then Select or Draw Qutlets Inlets hal Draw Dutlets nlets Select Qutlets Inlets 0 Selected Snap Threshold 300 0000 Advanced Settings Hun All Figure 2 3 3 Input criteria necessary for the Automatic Watershed Delineation tool Background Informati
148. tions E Filename L SBASINSSBASINS Lessons 2011 ntraductionsPoint Figure 2 1 3 Adding a new shapefile 3 To add a point to the map ensure the newly created shapefile is selected in the Legend click on the Add new shape to current shapefile qs and click towards the middle of the U20J sub quaternary catchment on the screen A point is now visible At this point save your project in the working directory i e C IBASINSIBASINS Lessons 201 1 Introduction Open the attribute table for your new shapefile We will now create a new field that will enable a document to be launched Select Edit at the top of the Attribute Table Editor window and select Add Field Figure 2 1 4 prompting the Create Field window to open Give the name of the field as FileOrURL ensure this is the exact name with capitals and lower case exactly the same For Type make it String and for Width type 100 as some file directories may be very long Figure 2 1 5 Once all the fields have been filled click OK You now see the new field in the attribute table The next step is to put the file directory in this field IS Attribute Table Editor View Selection Tools Add Field y Remove Field Rename Field IS Lessons 2011 SHAPE ID MW ShapelD Figure 2 1 5 Creating a new field for the new shapefile 8 In Window Explorer navigate to your working directory C BASINS BASINS Lessons 2011 Introduction and copy this
149. und Information The Ratio of Storms Producing Runoff value of 0 2 means that 20 of the precipitation falling within the catchment generates surface runoff Seeing as though BASINS 4 0 is an American based model they use inches for precipitation rather than the South African millimeter Thus the 37 inch value equates to 941 mm which is the mean annual precipitation MAP value for all the quaternary catchments being used You can see the MAP values for each quaternary catchment in the attribute table 5 Click on the Land Use tab Land Use layer must be Landuse and Land Use ID Field must be set to LANDUSE ID 6 Click on the Event Mean Concentration tab Do not adjust any of the data here Just browse through it to have a look at the values that are being used ie the TN column concentrations and the IMPERVIOUS values Background Information Impervious values are expressed in percentage form here These values are estimates of the amount of surface runoff that will occur once precipitation makes contact with the surface For example for the Urban or Built up Land landuse type the impervious value is high 80 as the actual surfaces for this landuse are predominantly made up of concrete and tar Thus 80 of the precipitation making contact with the surface will result in runoff which contributes to the amount of nitrogen pollutant generated as runoff PLEASE NOTE Not all the TN and IMPERVIOUS values used in this lesson are not based
150. ut values for the NAM Surface Rootzone tab 47 Select the NAM Groundwater tab Again let the default values be inserted for how ever many catchments you have in your project Figure 5 4 18 OHI Dock NAM venaew TSPlot1 NAM SufaceAootzone NAM Gloucester NAM Inti Cond ons Figure 5 4 18 Input values for the NAM Groundwater tab 48 Select the NAM Initial Conditions tab Insert the U UMax and L LMax values as seen in Figure 5 4 19 DHI Dock NAM Overview TSPloti NAM Surface Hiootzene NAM Groundwater MAM Initial Conditions DHI ID Hame U UMax L LMax J BF Low Snow Storage 1 Mull D Null 2 Mull gt 0 sMull Figure 5 4 19 Input values for the NAM Initial Conditions tab 49 Return to the NAM Overview tab and specify ID s for the NAMSurfRootID NAMGroundwaterlD and NAMInitCondID columns Once you have edited the Nam Surface Rootzone NAM Groundwater and NAM Initial Conditions tabs there should be dropdown menus for these columns Figure 5 4 20 Lait ihn NAM Dvere 18 890 MAM Sutface Rootgone NAM roundwale NAM iid Condhore hun Salam TS weghis TS Tw Diet _ Cotehenentill ne L Caeqgay Modell ype Asaiyne Assigned i b T aa nt hert Cati Ferenta sate HAM AR 1 44 mitrat sat HAM KR 1 8 100 Figure 5 4 20 Dropdown menu in NAM Overview tab when specifying relevant ID s 50 At this stage save your edits to
151. vaporation time series assigned to them Once this has been accomplished you should a table looking similar to Figure 5 4 15 depending on what you called your time series data RainfallTS PotentialEvaporationTS lt Raintall lt Riaintall Figure 5 4 15 Time series data selected for rainfall and evaporation for each catchment 41 For the purpose of this exercise we will not be adding observed discharge and temperature data to the ObservedDischargeTS and TemperatureTS columns respectively 42 To activate the necessary tabs in the DHi Dock table to perform a simulation we need to select them from the MIKE 11 dropdown menu Click on MIKE 11 gt Rainfall Runoff gt Surface Rootzone Repeat this same step and select Groundwater and Initial Conditions not Snowmelt to activate these tabs in the DHI Dock table Figure 5 4 16 DHI Dock MAM Overview TSP WAM Surface Rootzone NAM Groundwater MAM Initial Conditions TS Weights TS Time Dist CatchmentHame Category ModelType AssignedArea AreaSqkm k Catchment3 Mul Mul 2 529443 Null Catchment4 a ull Mull 14 520242 zNull Figure 5 4 16 The added tabs required to run the NAM Rainfall runoff simulation 43 Whilst still in editing mode under the NAM Overview tab select the type of model to be used by clicking on a catchment cell under ModelType For the purpose of this exercise select the NAM RR
152. various steps are about please refer to the MIKE11GIS pdf file NB Before you proceed with any steps ensure that the DEM you are using has a projection assigned to it If your DEM has no projection assigned to it is in decimal degrees rather than meters all your remaining processes carried out may well malfunction especially when using the Trace River tool Step by step DUM d Open ArcGIS When open ensure the MIKE 11 GIS extension has been activated Click on the MIKE 11 drop down and select New Project Select the Blank Map then OK The default in the DHI Software New Open Project window is set to Start a new project with a new database Click OK When you have already created a project this is the same screen you must see to open an existing project by selecting the Open an existing project radio button at the bottom of this screen Specify the file directory where you would like to save your geodatabase You should now have a blank screen with several layers in the table of contents window These will be updated as the necessary steps are carried out The first step is to add a DEM digital elevation model To do this click on the MIKE 11 Digital Elevation Model Add Select DEM Browse for where your DEM is stored by clicking on the Open button Once you have selected it ensure the elevation units are correct default is meters then click OK NOTE Once the DEM has been loaded you will not see it
153. ver the PLOAD modelling simulations performed for South African conditions with local data may require further calibration and testing 20 ue Ui id o y 0 318x 0 3625 R 0 9291 dd Ui r9 Oo m gt Z o0 X Q H D q ap C E Ui 2 0 2 5 3 0 uMngeni TP kg ha yr Figure 2 2 1 6 Comparison of phosphate load modelling results using the PLOAD default values Default TP and the phosphate export coefficients gleamed predominantly from South African literature uMngeni TP 2 3Watershed Delineation When dealing with large catchments it is sometimes difficult to work with large areas with a wide variety of land cover and soil types This may make tasks such as hydrological modelling difficult with so many variables Therefore it is often easier to deal with smaller more manageable catchments This is where the automatic and manual watershed delineation tool becomes useful This tool allows the user to delineate subwatersheds based on an automatic procedure using Digital Elevation Model DEM data User specified parameters provide limits that influence the size and number of subwatersheds created EPA 2010 With this in mind the following lesson plan was compiled using data for a single quaternary catchment U20J situated within the uMngeni catchment NOTE This lesson plan was initially provided on a CD along with project names various files and file directories
154. wly added reach along with its accompanying nodes 12 13 Once all your reaches have been added the user has the option of smoothing out the lines When the reaches are traced using the Trace River tool the tracing will be done such that the resulting branch will always change its direction by 45 degrees or a multiple thereof This might not be ideal for hydrodynamic modelling as the length of the river tends to be longer than in reality Secondly when cross sections are auto generated as lines perpendicular to the branch line these might have an inappropriate angle To fix the problem the generated branch line could be smoothed using the ArcMap smooth tool To do this activate the Advanced Editing toolbar in ArcMap Customize gt Toolbars gt Advanced Editing NOTE Before we carry on we need to assign a spatial reference to the Reach layer otherwise the smoothing operation cannot be carried out To do this remove all the layers in the table of contents associated with your project which are stored in the project geodatabase Nodes Alignment lines Reaches Add Storage areas and Catchments The reason for removing these layers is that projection will not be defined if there are other layers present from the same geodatabase an error message will appear stating that the projection could not be carried out Add the Reaches shapefile from the project geodatabase it will be called DHI Reaches Open the ArcToolbox window and defi

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