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1. RAM Acoustic Memory Iconic Memory Random Access Memory After entering sensory memory a limited amount of information is transferred into short term memory Within STM there are three basic operations Iconic memory The ability to hold visual images Acoustic memory The ability to hold sounds Acoustic memory can be held longer than iconic memory Working memory An active process to keep it until it is put to use think of a phone number you ll repeat to yourself until you can dial it on the phone The goal is not really to move the information from STM to LTM but merely put the information to immediate use Random Access Memory RAM can be thought of as the short term memory in the sense that once the power is turned off all information stored there is not saved All modern computers have hard drives which store data permanently as magnetic information but even with the improved speed of today s hard drive technology Hard drives are still too slow to keep up with the needs of the processor since it can operate on considerably more information per second than can possibly be transferred to and from the hard drive Group workshop sessions n Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering e Disks and long term memory Long term Memory CD ROM Floppy Disk WORM Hard Disk ERASABLE Removable Cartridge Long team memory is consisting of disks It stores all the files you save on your c2. UGL University of East London Usability Engineering IM 2044 Group workshop sessions Module Team Tricia Web Mike Griffiths Prepared by Students Ref 0228569 04523123 0323333 Deadline Wednesday 10 May 2006 IM 2044 Usability Engineering UGL University of East London Ts GIROON TS ERB RE RE EE EE 1 Z oe ELE E E E 2 3 PRESENTATION ONE amp IWO iese es is er ee ske de ee ee ree Oe ee de ee de 3 11 4 PRESENTATION THREE amp FOUR ccccceccscsccsccccscccceccscecceccscsccsceccsccccscsceces 12 20 Die BEELIOG RAP IE ese se eed ee ee N Ee oe ie GR OE Re ER DE DE GE Ee Ee EI EE OE ee ee 21 Group workshop sessions Br Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Presentacion one amp Wo Presented By 0228569 0523123 0323333 University of East London Group workshop sessions side Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Memory Usability Engineering goals and measurement and problems with 1 Short term Memory RAM 2 Long term Memory 3 Capacity limitations 4 Access methods 9 Usability Engineering goals and measurement and problems with Memory Short term Memory RAM Long term Memory Capacity limitations Access methods VV VV Usability Engineering goals and measurement and problems with Group workshop sessions ir Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering e Short Term Memory STM Short Term Memory STM
3. 64 or 128 or even more megabytes of memory Most personal computers are designed to allow you to add additional RAM modules up to a certain limit for example up to 128 or 256 megabytes Having more RAM in your computer reduces the number of times that the computer processor has to read data in from your hard disk an operation that takes much longer than reading data from RAM RAM can be divided into 1 main RAM which stores every kind of data and makes it quickly accessible to a microprocessor and 2 video RAM which stores data intended for your display screen enabling images to get to your display faster Group workshop sessions oe Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering e Access methods as they limit or help the user Access methods RAM is called random access Main RAM static RAM SRAM and dynamic RAM DRAM RAM is called random access because any storage location can be accessed directly Originally the term distinguished regular core memory from offline memory usually on magnetic tape in which an item of data could only be accessed by starting from the beginning of the tape and finding an address sequentially Every computer comes with a small amount of ROM that holds just enough programming so that the operating system can be loaded into RAM each time the computer is turned on Main RAM can be divided into static RAM SRAM and dynamic RAM DRAM e Static RAM SRAM Static RAM is
4. identify needed functionality or design flaws that were not anticipated Usability includes considerations such as e What do users want or need to do e What is the general background of the users e What is the context in which the user is working e What has to be left to the machine What to the user Answers to these can be obtained by conducting user and task analysis at the start of the project Other considerations include Group workshop sessions 10 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering e Can users easily accomplish their intended tasks For example can users accomplished intended tasks at their intended speed e How much training do users need e What documentation or other supporting materials are available to help the user Can users find the solutions they seek in these materials e What and how many errors do users make when interacting with the product e Can the user recover from errors What do users have to do to recover from errors Does the product help users recover from errors for example does software present informative non threatening error messages e Are there provisions for meeting the special needs of users with disabilities Examples of ways to find answers to these and other questions are user focused requirements analysis building user profiles and usability testing Usability is now recognized as an important software quality attribute earning its place among more tradit
5. more expensive requires four times the amount of space for a given amount of data than dynamic RAM but unlike dynamic RAM does not need to be power refreshed and is therefore faster to access e Dynamic RAM DRAM Dynamic RAM uses a kind of capacitor that needs frequent power refreshing to retain its charge Because reading a DRAM discharges its contents a power refresh is required after each read Apart from reading just to maintain the charge that holds its content in place DRAM must be refreshed about every 15 microseconds DRAM is the least expensive kind of RAM Group workshop sessions s0 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Usability Engineering Usability Engineering Usability Engineering gt Goals gt Measurement And Problems with Usability Is the measure of how easily a thing can be used typically a software application or a piece of hardware This is generally defined in terms of the needs of the users of the thing Often the intentions of designers directly conflict with these needs Usability addresses the full spectrum of impacts upon user success and satisfaction Usability is accomplished through user centered not necessarily user driven design The usability designer provides a point of view that is not dependent upon computer programming goals because the usability designer s role is to act as the users advocate For example after interacting with users the usability designer may
6. ace in the design of a user interface because the white space can guide the eye and help users understand groupings of information Sometimes a user interface can look better if two sections of content are separated by empty or white space rather than using a heavy line An added advantage is that the page will also load faster Group workshop sessions sd Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering As designers we should think of a web page as the entrance to a cove of treasures be they products services or information If the entrance is clean appealing easy to understand and compatible with the visitor s interests then the user will venture deeper into the cove If on the other hand visitors perceive the entrance to be confusing irritating useless or inefficient then the chances increase that they will leave to enter another cove The effects of first impressions are even more important on the World Wide Web than in the real world In the real world there are often reasons why White space and User interaction _ Definition of white Space white space is any space tab ora new line that comespond to the interaction techniques ina users intetace amp user interactions This is an interaction between man and computer The need for use of white space It gives eye a visual rest by using white space Use a small amount of space to create ties between elements Form positive and negative shapes with the use of co
7. ional attributes such as performance and robustness Indeed various academic programs focus on usability Also several usability consultancy companies have emerged and traditional consultancy and design firms are offering similar services Usability professionals have their own Usability Professionals Organization Questions Questions Group workshop sessions 11 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Presentation Aree amp tour Presented By 0228569 0523123 0323333 White space and User interaction Evaluation techniques Evaluation through expert analysis Explain what this is what are the 4 types of evaluation in this area and give an overview Group workshop sessions 12 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Today s Topic Today s Topics White space and User interaction Evaluation techniques Evaluation through expert analysis Explain what this is what are the 4 types of evaluation in this area and give an overview White space and users interactions e Definition of white space and user interactions White space is any space tab or a new line that correspond to the interaction techniques in the user interface Users interactions is the interaction between man and computer The term white space refers to the empty space that is kept around grouped items to visually separate them It is important to maintain some percentage of white sp
8. ks Magnetic disk On magnetic disks data is encoded as microscopic magnetized needles on the disk s surface You can record and erase data on a magnetic disk any number of times just as you can with a cassette tape Magnetic disks come in a number of different forms Three types of magnetic disks 1 Floppy disk A typical 54 inch floppy disk can hold 360K or 1 2MB megabytes 32 inch floppies normally store 720K 1 2MB or 1 44MB of data 2 Hard disk Hard disks can store anywhere from 20MB to more than 200GB Hard disks are also from 10 to 100 times faster than floppy disks 3 Removable cartridge Removable cartridges are hard disks encased in a metal or plastic cartridge so you can remove them just like a floppy disk Removable cartridges are very fast though usually not as fast as fixed hard disks When we are accessing disk there are two main access times one is the time taken to find the right track on the disk The other one is time taken to read the track Normally it takes 10 seconds to do a randomly read from a disk Once the track found the data transfer speed is very high Group workshop sessions ae Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering e Capacity limitations related to document and video storage Capacity limitations Or More RAM can be divided into main RAM video RAM Today s personal computers come with 64 128 or more megabytes of RAM Users of graphic applications usually need
9. l VV MV VW Group workshop sessions Group workshop sessions
10. lor and shape Use letter spacing to help make type very legible very important part of design in Pa customers may not leave a bad situation For example in a sales encounter sales people who give a bad first impression can recognize their mistake and modify their behaviours prompting a change in the customer s initial unfavourable response The ability of a web Page to detect a visitor s negative reaction and then modify its presentation in response to That reaction is nonexistent today If after they enter the cove 1 e the web page visitors find that they are having a pleasant and memorable experience and are finding the treasures they seek then they Group workshop sessions s14 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering willingly will prolong their visit and return often The look and feel associated with different types of web pages should engender just such a pleasant and memorable experience A positive experience can happen for many design related reasons ranging from good usability to good graphics No matter what formula we use to produce a pleasant experience a well designed page is the goal What are the ingredients of a well designed page White can be a soothing and relaxing colour to see For some people white is simply a refreshing colouring while for others it is a dull common colour If you have been in the web business for quite a while you would often hear the word white space What does
11. n process In particular the first evaluation of a system should ideally be performed before any implementation work has started if the design itself can evaluated expensive mistakes can be avoided since the design can be altered prior to any major resources commitments Typically the late in design process that an error is discovered the most costly is to put right and therefore the less likely is to be rectified However it can be expensive to carry out using testing at regular intervals during the design process and it can be difficult to get an accurate assessment of the experience of interaction from incomplete design and prototypes Evaluation through expert analysis Four steps to expert analysis 1 cognitive walkthrough 2 heuristic evaluation 3 use of methods 4 use of previous work Cognitive walkthrough Group workshop sessions 16 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Main focus is on learning through exploration Most of the uses prefer to learn system by exploring the system functionality that hands on and not after sufficient training or examination of user manual So to check this during the walkthrough ask questions and address this exploratory learning to do a walkthrough you need four things 1 a specification or a prototype of a system this must be a fairly detailed 2 a descriptions of the task the user is to perform on the system 3 a complete written actions need to complete the task on the pr
12. omputer and all software programs you install There two types of disks e Magnetic disk e Optical disk e Optical disk An optical disc is an electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read using a low powered laser beam Originally developed in the late 1960s the first optical disc created by James T Russell stored data as micron wide dots of light and dark A laser read the dots and the data was converted to an electrical signal and finally to audio or visual output However the technology didn t appear in the marketplace Optical disc offers a number of advantages over magnetic storage media An optical disc holds much more data The greater control and focus possible with laser beams means that more data can be written into a smaller space Storage capacity increases with each new generation of optical media Group workshop sessions 6 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Three examples for Optical disk 1 CD ROM Like audio CDs CD ROMs come with data already encoded onto them The data is permanent and can be read any number of times but CD ROMs cannot be modified 2 WORM Stands for write once read many With a WORM disk drive you can write data onto a WORM disk but only once After that the WORM disk behaves just like a CD ROM 3 Erasable Optical disks that can be erased and loaded with new data just like magnetic disks These are often referred to as EO erasable optical dis
13. oposed system 4 indicate of who the users are and what kind of experiences and knowledge the evaluators can assume about them With the above information evaluates step through the action sequence to analysis the system When they analyses the system they answer these for questions in all steps 1 is the effect of the action same as the users goals at that point 2 will users see that the action is available 3 once user have found the correct action will they know it is the one they need 4 after action is taken will user understand the feedback they get After walkthrough to record data we create stranded evaluation from for recorded data If walkthrough got any negative answers for any question it must be reported in separate usability report sheet Explain what this is What are the 4 types of evaluation in th is a and give an overview J Evaluation through user participation cc 4010101 BAGO i Style of evaluation s 81818 Ek AE Oo Laboratory studies Em Field studies Empirical methods experimenting evaluation Participants Variables Hypotheses Experimental design paistia measures 3 eci paiuss ik Lami eoperabive evaluation In ia Questioners These can be combined into an overall severity on a scale of 0 4 0 don t agree thai this is a usability problem a all 1 cosmetic problem only 2 minor usability problems 2 major usability problems 4 usability catastrophe Group w
14. orkshop sessions 17 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering This is a method of structuring the analysis of a system using a set of heuristics General idea behind this evaluation is that several evaluations independently analysis a system to come up with potential usability problems This evaluation can be performed on a design pacification so it is useful for evaluate early design It also can be used on prototype or a fully functioning system Because of that this approach is flexible and relatively cheap approach This approach got ten heuristics l 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 l 0 visibility of system status match between system and the real world user control and freedom consistency and standards error prevention recognition rather than recall flexibility and efficiency of use aesthetics and minimalist design help users recognize design and recover from errors help and documentation e Evaluation through user participation Style of evaluation Laboratory studies Field studies e Empirical methods experimenting evaluation Participants Variables Hypotheses Experimenting design Statistical measures e Observational techniques Think aloud and cooperative evaluation Protocol analysis Automatic protocol Post task walkthroughs e Query techniques Interviews Questioners These can be combined into an overall severity on a scale of 0 4 0 I don t agree that this is a usability problem at all 1 Cosme
15. this term mean Simply put white space is a term used to denote open space between designs It is like creating a site that is neat to look at with lots of room or space Most graphic designers often opt for having white space in their design because having a simply uncluttered site makes visitors and net surfers feel comfortable The need for use of white space Give the eye a visual rest by using white space Use a small amount of space to create ties between elements Form positive and negative shapes with the use of colour and shape Give a layout depth by overlapping one element with another Use a lot of white space around an element to highlight it Use large margins to help make a layout easy to follow Use unequal spacing between elements to make a page dynamic Use letter spacing to help make type very legible So make your web site as user friendly as much as it can be Consider white space as more than a plain background Think of it as an important part of the design You will find it more appealing and comfortable to look at your site thus allowing you to effectively deliver your message to the readers and site visitors Group workshop sessions 156 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering z ed Evaluation techniques iy Evaluation through expert analy sis og i Evaluation techniques should occur throughout the design process g As we have noted evaluation should occur through the desig
16. tic problem only Need not to be fixed unless extra time 1s available on project 2 Minor usability problems Fixing this should be given low priority 3 Major usability problem Important to fix so should be given high priority 4 Usability catastrophe imperative to fix this before product can be release Group workshop sessions 2 18 x Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering References Bibliography os ER age ve N RE hie Es dy gt www vieeexplore leee org F www aitel hist nolprosjekter eksternimeepolipol 1096 lesson F F F s 05 terms html WWW remedy com customers dev_community UserExperie nce glossary htm http lIwww cis rit edu htbooks dtp elements space html http www grantasticdesigns com whitespace html Group workshop sessions 19 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering Questions amp Answers Group workshop sessions 20 Group workshop sessions IM 2044 Usability Engineering References Bibliography Books gt Human computer interaction Third Edition Alan Dix Janet Finaln Geogery D Russell Beale Pearson Education Limited 2004 Electronics www ieeexplore ieee org www aitel hist no prosjekter ekstern mecpol pol1096 lessons 05 terms html www remedy com customers dev_community UserExperience glossary htm http www cis rit edu htbooks dtp elements space html http www grantasticdesigns com whitespace htm
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