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Chapter 1 Installing SVFlux

1. consid eee Triaxial indicate data is present Compression Oedometer Drying SWIC y Compression Wetting SVC Unfrozen Water Saturated Diffusion Shrinkage Content Permeability v Geochemistry Compaction and CBR Volumetric Shear Triaxial Unsaturated y Specific Heat Permeability a Constitutive Surfaces Thermal Permeability vs Conductivity Void Ratio Void Ratio Water Content Constitutive Constitutive Surface Surface Once the user has viewed the information in the properties tab they may proceed to Grain size Information by either clicking the Grain size button in the Properties tab or by clicking View gt Soil Properties gt Grain size For this path to work the Soils window must be current Menus in SoilVision are specific to the form that is current The menus displayed when the Grain size form is open will be different than the menus displayed when the Soils form is current SoilVision 4 00 File Edit view Records Tools Graph Report Help Datasets Wells Soils Projects Boreholes SWCC Drying n Constitutive Surfaces gt Ns SWCC Wetting Saturated Permeability Unsaturated Permeability Oedometer Compression Main Switcl Dataset ID ow3056 z Project ID PF Soil Name Coal Lake Loam Borehole ID JBF Texture Volume Mass Atterberg and Misc Properties u
2. Trademarks Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation SoilVision is a registered trademark of SoilVision Systems Ltd Copyright 2004 by SoilVision Systems Ltd Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Printed in Canada SoilVision Systems Ltd Table of Contents Page 3 of 106 1 ENTERING NEW DATA cinsini vive sched cesens iiini ta aia adriai Eka KaTa eaa eearri 4 TI PROJECT INFORMATION aiee tanen e aa a oa e aan A ane covectecuessoeeatunencenssgenesaveds 4 1 2 BOREHOLE INFORMATION a a a a a a a a E E aaa a A aaa ar TANNA 6 1 3 DATASET INFORMATION 2 22224 e an ae enpa ao aaae e a e dean eo a eea iaai 8 TA e E TE EEA T TA 11 1 4 1 Fext re Tabria ti en ci at ates ek ee Be piai 14 1 4 2 Voume Mase Tabiiicccccicseceecssuh ite tecetacds a e aa Sh havnescnce 15 1 4 3 Properties Tabwivasiiiitical hiner ied eh in ail ieee ee eae 15 1 5 GRAIN SIZE INFORMATION i ccccsscscccdeccsceessenceedssceedssvhcteveedecdeveectissevsgedencvensschevaneedesvectedes 16 1 5 1 Ge merall E o E E E E E adeduhduadan Geehteseagnec stone de ET 17 1 5 2 Sieve Data Tab vcs ccccviccccecdscaccccsscevensvstacessvscnceasscntecavscstcdevecstensucaceuvscbeen dvbceesuevsdea isata 17 1 5 3 Hydrometer Details and Hydrometer Datasheet Tabs cccccccccssssseeeteeseeeseees 21 1 5 4 Soil Classifiations vices r eeuin a A E A ees 24 1 6 SWCG INFORMATION ierra ea ee raei eeaeee eat deaan du eas Aeae eieaa eae eaea ia 25
3. Wells Soils Soils by Borehole 1 3 DATASET INFORMATION The Dataset Properties form contains information in the Soil Vision database designed to help organize where the soil sample originated as well as the individual or organization responsible for providing the soil To enter new data into the Dataset Information window the user can click on the fields in either the Dataset or Description tabs To create a new dataset click the new record icon at the bottom of the form and enter the appropriate data into the new dataset dialog box Make sure you have entered at least the Minimum Recommended Input SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 9 of 106 Create a new dataset RT3333 New Dataset John Doe N SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 10 of 106 Dataset Properties Final Testing Demo dataset 15 Consuting Dataset 3 Archive Dataset 5 Imported Soils 3 New Dataset Dataset Description l Dataset ID RT3333 Dataset Name NewDataset Import date E Dataset Lead E The dataset table provides an alternate way of grouping soils which is independent of project and borehole information Information for the Dataset ID and Dataset Name fields is required Soils information may be input following dataset information Soils information may be displayed under the Yiew Soils menu item Minimum Recommended Input Dataset ID Dataset Name
4. After the Hydrometer Details tab has been filled we can then proceed to fill in the Hydrometer Datasheet tab Let us assume that we have performed a hydrometer test that has yielded the following raw data SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 23 of 106 Date Time Actual Hydrometer dd mm yyyy hh mm ss Temp C Reading The user can input the data by simply clicking the appropriate field and typing the data The data given above represents the required data that is input into the first white fields which represent the minimum input The gray and remaining white fields are automatically calculated from the information in their previously entered counterparts It should be noted that the user can input data directly into the gray fields should the data be available Once the data has been entered the user can press the Calculate Hydrometer button to fill in the empty gray fields in the form Laboratory Hydrometer Data Date Time Elapsed Temp C Actual Hyd Blank Hyd Corr Hyd Time reading reading reading min SAonly pL eo ewm ow 2 e Pem saom r0 2 e ew samom 20 2 v mw ddinmyyyy hh mm ss AAPA em fpsom aw 2 a f wm m saom so 23 e swm em sssonew so 2 f r o o eo ssm so 2 a1 f 28400 _ 4 NOTE after adding or editing data in the above datasheet click Hydrometer Count 3 the Calculate Hydrometer button to update the calculated values Calcul
5. Templates button opens the Sieve Templates window where various sieve templates are stored The Templates function allows the user to pre define a group of sieves or select a group of sieves that have been entered previously Entry of sieve information into the Templates window is done with the same procedure as entering sieve data into the Laboratory Sieve Data window 83 Sieve Templates x Template Name Sieve No Particle Diameter mm Graph button plots and displays a semi log graph of Particle Size versus Percent Passing SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 21 of 106 1 5 3 Hydrometer Details and Hydrometer Datasheet Tabs The Hydrometer Details and Hydrometer Datasheet tabs contain all information related to the recording of a hydrometer analysis on a soil sample An empty Hydrometer Details form is shown below This form records the experiment parameters needed to perform the grain size calculations for both the ASTM D422 54T standard and the SSSA 2 4 3 5 methodology It is important that the standard you wish to use is selected in this form You can change the default standard for new soil records in the Preferences form found at Tools gt Preferences General Sieve Data Hydrometer Details Hydrometer Datasheet Unimodal Fit Bimodal Fit Percentages Stats m Standard C SSSA Methodology 2 4 3 5 woud NOTE please enter these properties before entering datasheet values Common P
6. The Estimations tab contains all the methods of estimating saturated permeability currently implemented in the SoilVision software A description of these methods may be found in the SoilVision Theory Manual SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 31 of 106 6 Saturated Permeability x Data Estimations Rawls and Brakensiek 1983 ksat Rawls Brakensiek and Logsdon 1993 ksat Slichter kst Terzaghiksat USBRksat Zamarinksat Fair Hatchksat Beyer ksat Hazen s ksat Kozeny Carman ksat Kozeny ksat Kruger ksat Hazen s Constant C 7 703644 This prediction uses Hazen s equation to estimate a saturated D10 0 0006051305 mm hydraulic conductivity A D10 Hazen s ksat resila ee eter e to allow this prediction C 0 00012461637 miday typically ranges between 0 004 0 00040884634 ftiday and 0 012 for uniform sands Estimate Properties NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field 1 7 2 Unsaturated Permeability SoilVision provides the ability to both store unsaturated soil data as well as estimate the unsaturated soil permeability as a function of soil suction Entering the Unsaturated Permeability form is accomplished by pressing the Unsaturated Permeability button on the Properties tab of the Soils form SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 32 of 106 83 Unsaturated Permeability x Data Fitting Estimations General Soil State Laboratory Drying Da
7. 58 3 2 PERMEABILITY e r a a A cates cfd AA eaaa enama ma P a Ai SPALK E aeara aidait ska SNEME 62 3 3 STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF KSAT 0 cccccccseesceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeeesceeesseseeeeeseaeeeessaeess 62 3 3 1 Confidence of ksat using Lognormal Distribution eeeeseeeseseeeeeeneeeernrerrrnesrnnnee 63 3 3 2 ksat Estimation Confidence cccccceccceeeseneeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeseaeeesesaeeeeesaeeeeneaeeeesaees 67 3 4 STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF KUNSAT 00 cece cee seeeseeeeeeaseeeseneeeneaeee 73 SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 4 of 106 1 ENTERING NEW DATA The following sections outline how to enter new data into various fields of the SoilVision database For the entry of new data the user should have opened the SVSoils_MyData database distributed by SoilVision The SVSoils_MyData database is a blank database designed for the storage of user specified data Details on how to open the SVSoils_MyData database may be found in the SoilVision User s Manual 1 1 PROJECT INFORMATION SoilVision requires that each borehole and soil entered into the database be organized under a project The Projects form can be accessed by clicking the Projects button on the main tool bar as shown below I File Edit Records View Tools Help Main Switchboard Projects Boreholes Wells Soils Data may be entered in the Projects form by clicking on one of the tabs Project Client etc on the form It should be note
8. Biue colored controis indicate data is present 1 5 GRAIN SIZE INFORMATION The purpose of the Grain size form is to store information related to the particle size distribution of a soil The laboratory data for the sieve or hydrometer analysis is stored under the Sieve Data Hydrometer Details and Hydrometer Datasheet tabs of the Grain size form SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 17 of 106 1 5 1 General Tab The General tab contains information such as the technician test method and laboratory notes which must be entered before sieve or hydrometer data It should be noted that only the Test Method field is essential General sieve Data Hydrometer Details Hydrometer Datasheet Unimodal Fit Bimodal Fit Percentages stats Grainsize Test Method Hydrometer F NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes Grainsize Technician Ross Harding made to a particular Grainsize Lab Notes Reddish hue to soil field Grainsize Test Date 11 Apr 02 PDF stands for Probability Density Function 1 5 2 Sieve Data Tab The Sieve Data tab contains all information related to the recording of a sieve analysis on a soil sample The Grainsize Sieve Specimen ID field is provided to uniquely identify the soil specimen The Grainsize Sieve Specimen ID field is optional and is intended to be a subsidiary of the Sample ID field contained in the Soils form Sieve data may be entered in terms of particle diameter and per
9. SOILVISION A Knowledge Based Soils Database Tutorial Manual ED 4A Date December 2 2004 Written by Gordon Hundeby B Sc M E Murray Fredlund Ph D Edited by Murray Fredlund Ph D SoilVision Systems Ltd Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada Software License The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement Software Support Support for the software is furnished under the terms of a support agreement Copyright Information contained within this Tutorial Manual is copyrighted and all rights are reserved by SoilVision Systems Ltd The SoilVision software is a proprietary product and trade secret of SoilVision Systems Ltd The Tutorial Manual may be reproduced or copied in whole or in part by the software licensee for use with running the software The Tutorial Manual may not be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means for the purpose of selling the copies Disclaimer of Warranty SoilVision Systems Ltd reserves the right to make periodic modifications of this product without obligation to notify any person of such revision Soil Vision does not guarantee warrant or make any representation regarding the use of or the results of the programs in terms of correctness accuracy reliability currentness or otherwise the user is expected to make the final evaluation in the context of his her own problems
10. Water flows generally where there is a continuous representation of the water phase within soil structure As a soil de saturates there is a decrease in the ability of the soil to conduct water under a pressure gradient This decrease in hydraulic conductivity is extremely difficult to measure in the laboratory It has become generally accepted practice to estimate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity by theoretical methods SoilVision implements a variety of methods for estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity Estimating hydraulic conductivity using the Fredlund and Xing and Leong and Rahardjo methods is outlined in this tutorial Soil 948597316 in the demo database will be used in the following tutorial and should be opened by the user Once the demo database is opened the user may proceed to soil 948597316 with the following steps 1 Navigate to the Soil Summary and Searching form 2 Press the View All Soils button at the bottom of the form to clear any search that has previously been performed Order By Matches Found 29 View All Soils View SQL Statement yed loka 3 Select Soil_Counter from the Search menu on the main tool bar or select Soil Counter from the Search Type combo box SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 43 of 106 Ele Edit Records View Search Graph Report Tools Help Main Switchboard project Search Wizard Random Soils Proje
11. ii Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Table Hame Triaxial Compression Oedometer Compression Untrozen Water Content Volumetric Specific Heat Thremal Conductivity Direct Shear Shear Triaxial Saturated Permeability Unsaturated Permeability Permeability vs Void Ratio Compaction and CBR Soils Compression_Triaxial Compression Unfrozen Specific_Heat Thermal ShearBox ShearTriaxial Permeability _k Permeability kYoid Diffusion Geochemistry Page 53 of 106 The user may search through the list of fields contained in each table by pressing the View Field Descriptions button For example if we click on Soils in the Available Tables list and then press View Field Descriptions we will see the field USDA_Texture listed We therefore know that the Soils table must be included in our search SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 54 of 106 Name FieldType Length Description _ Internal Primary soil record index SoilVision version number which was used to ente Original_Index Index from the original dataset from which the soil Soil Dataset_ID Link to Dataset table Soil_Project_ID Link to the Project table Soil Borehole_ID Borehole of soil Soils are typically grouped togeth Sample_ID A character string used to uniquely identify the soi Date TEF Internal Date re soil Hienen nas aiaei inte Munsell_Hue Munsell color system hue Permeability _k Munsell
12. Internal Notes by laboratory technician on test Link to the main table ID of specimen used in test Technician responsible for experimental results Date lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results e o e WC_ID GUID Internal WC_Lab_Notes Memo WC_Soil_ Counter WC_Specimen_ID jo Notes by laboratory technician on test 4 Link to the main table ID of specimen used in test Technician responsible for experimental results SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 88 of 106 Date lab test was performed WC_Test_Method Text 150 Test method used to obtain experimental results Mineralogy ae ne eT Name FieldType Length Description Percentage of mineral in soil Permeability Single Internal Fitting parameter for Gardner fit of the hydraulic conductivity function Campbell_Error Single Internal R squared difference between experimental and predicted data Campbell_Linked_ksatl Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Campbell_p Parameter used to vary Campbell conductivity prediction Campbell_ Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if prediction has been executed True False Corey_Error Single Internal R squared difference between drying experimental and Brooks and Corey predicted data Corey_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Internal Ind
13. Packing Porosity 0 4 c 0 30 l g Packing Porosity 0 5 6 0 25 O 20 20 o 0 15 3 ace Pe oO 0 00 oO e 10 1000 100000 Soil Suction kPa Figure 1 Variation of soil water characteristic curve with different packing porosities for a Sandy Loam Obtaining one two or three measured points on the soil water characteristic curve would greatly improve the predicted results These measured points would allow the Packing Porosity field to be trained or calibrated to allow the highest precision in predicted results A similar method for predicting the soil water characteristic curve has been presented in research Williams 1985 SoilVision presents this prediction technique to allow the most accuracy possible without obtaining a fully measured curve The final soil water characteristic curve can then be confidently implemented in the analysis of unsaturated soils 3 2 PERMEABILITY The SoilVision Dataset is one of the most comprehensive collections of unsaturated soil data currently collected The dataset contains ksat information on over 2500 soil samples as well as unsaturated conductivity curves for over 400 soil samples The following sections outline how to get value from your data 3 3 STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF KSAT The SoilVision dataset contains ksat laboratory data on over 2500 soil samples This dataset provides a valuable resource for allowing the user to get a feel of the possible variat
14. Terzaghiksat USBRksat Zamerinksat Fair Hatchksat Beyer ksat Hazen s ksat Kozeny Carman ksat Kozeny ksat Kruger ksat Hazen s Constant C 0 004 This prediction uses Hazen s equation to estimate a saturated D10 0 0006051305 mm hydraulic conductivity 4 D10 A value must have been entered Hazen s ksat 1 4647E os mis fo allow this prediction C 0 00012655281 miday typically ranges between 0 004 and 0 012 for uniform sands 0 0004151995 ftiday Properties NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 41 of 106 If the estimation is not performed it is often because required information is not present For the most part Soil Vision will indicate to the user what information is missing in the error message The user may also find the information is needed for the estimation by pressing the Properties button in the Estimations tab of the Saturated Permeability form E Function Properties Ea Curve Group ksat Curve Name Hazen s Curve Type Estimation z Equation Graphing Reference Holtz Robert D and Kovacs Wiliam D 1981 An introduction to geotechnical engineering Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Input D10 and Hazen s constant Applicable Soils Hazen s equation is only valid for conductivities greater than or equal to 0 00001 m s or granular sails The Properti
15. The only purpose of the Dataset information is to provide an alternate method of organizing soils data SoilVision enforces that each soil record is organized under a Project and Borehole record This later allows the user to search by Project ID or Borehole ID Similarly having soil data organized under a Dataset ID allows the user to search for a group of soils by Dataset ID How this may be useful is as follows Any firm may have all their soils organized under their respective Project ID and Borehole ID This firm however works with two separate testing laboratories A B The firm then creates a separate Dataset ID to represent each testing laboratory This system then allows the firm to later group together all soils tested by laboratory A even though these soils span multiple Projects The user may proceed to Soils information after completion of entry of dataset information by clicking the Soils button on the main toolbar or by selecting the View gt Soils menu option SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 11 of 106 Soil ision 4 00 File Edit Records View Tools Help Eile Edit Records view Tools Help Main Switchboard Soils by Dataset 1 4 SOILS INFORMATION The main Soil Summary and Searching form is used in SoilVision for easy browsing and searching of soil records This form displays a few common soil properties and allows you to quickly access a number of searches and sorting functio
16. ame Internal Indicates if experimental data has De fit with the two slope equation a as Added ia Net normal stress at which water was added to the sample in the oedometer compression test kPa Compression_Triaxial er r lso_Comp_Error Single 4 Internal R squared difference between fit two slope curve and triaxial experimental data lso_Comp_Fit Boolean Internal Indicates if triaxial compression Ssh data has been fit with the two slope equation lso_Comp_Kappa Single Internal Slope of the recompression branch X the compression curve in the isotropic triaxial test lso E R Swelling_Pressure ee al Internal Swelling pressure of the soil in the isotropic triaxial test kPa e Integer Internal Stores the number of PE S measured points on the compression curve a a E e consolidated or 2 Overconsolidated Ilso_Compression_Test Describes the type of experimental test used to obtain compression curve Iso_Dry_Density ae ae Dry density at the start of the oedometer compression test kg m 3 lso 10 GUID ne K Internal Counter ae jo Notes by laboratory technician on test Ilso_Lambda Single Iso Maximum _ Stress Overburden pressure exerted on specimen R E in the field kPa aa a a E directions ae Slope of virgin compression line in eae triaxial test Internal Maximum stress that will yield a zero ea ratio for the Two Slope equation fit of isotropic triaxial data kPa Eten Precons
17. Appendix A Search Table Field Descriptions Compaction Name FieldType Length Description Single 4 Internal Parameter for the Quadratic equation Single 4 Internal Parameter for the Quadratic equation CBR_Dry_Density Dry density of the soil sample kg m 3 CBR_lInitial_State 50 Sample type used in the CBR test CBR_Remarks Remarks regarding the CBR test CBR_Specimen_ID ID for specimen used in test CBR_Total_Density Average total density of soil sample kg m 3 CBR_Value Results of the CBR test CBR_WC_After_Compaction Single 4 Gravimetric water content of the loose soil used for the CBR after compaction CBR_WC_Average_After_Soaking Average gravimetric water content after soaking CBR_WC_Before_Compaction Single 4 Gravimetric water content of the loose soil used for the CBR before compaction CBR_WC_Top_After_Soaking Single 4 Gravimetric water content of the top 1 inch layer after soaking Compaction_Count Byte 1 Internal Number of experimental points on the compaction curve Compaction_ID GUID 6 Internal Compaction_Initial_State Text 10 Sample type origin used in test Compaction Lab Notes Memo jo Soil oor Compaction_Soil_Counter Long Compaction_Specimen_ID Compaction_Technician 5 Technician responsible for experimental results 1 Notes by laboratory technician on test ink to main soil properties table ID for specimen used in test Compaction_Test_Date is
18. Date lab test was performed 0 Compaction_Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results Compactor_Type 50 Type of compactor used to compress the soil Weight of the compactor used on the soil KN Internal Parameter for the Quadratic equation Li_Error Internal R squared difference between experimental data and the Li fit Li_Fit Boolean 1 data Internal Has the Li equation been fit to Li_Maximum_Dry_ Density Single Internal Maximum Dry Density for the 16 1 5 0 5 4 4 4 current soil as determined by the Li fit kg m 3 noe 4 internal Fitina parameter SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 80 of 106 Li_Optimum_Water_Content Single 4 Internal Optimum water content for the current soil as determined by the Li fit Li_p ingle Internal Fitting parameter Single Maximum degree of saturation when soil is prepared and compacted well wet of its optimum moisture content Single Internal Water content when Sm is achieved Maximum_Dry_Density Single 4 Internal Maximum Dry Density for the current soil as determined by the Quadratic fit kg m 3 Optimum_Water_Content Single 4 Internal Optimum water content for the current soil as determined by the Quadratic fit Quadratic_Error Single 4 Internal R squared difference between experimental data and Quadratic equation Quadratic_Fit Internal Has the Quadratic equation been fit to data Woods_Curve Text 1 Internal
19. Probability density ia 18 ga aA i ee In Laboratory_ksat Graph limits indicate 2 0 standard deviations or 95 44 probability level Minimum Maximum minutes Analyze Similar statistics can be generated for any other numeric field stored in the SoilVision database Confidence Interval Note This statistical analy 3 3 2 ksat Estimation Confidence One useful application of the SoilVision dataset is to evaluate the performance of a particular estimation method against experimented data SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 68 of 106 Most estimation methods for saturated permeability are designed for soils dominated by sand sized particles This example will therefore compare the performance of the Terzaghi estimation method against the laboratory measured saturated permeability of Sands What is desired is a plot of the estimated Terzaghi saturated permeability versus the laboratory saturated permeability of Sands This plot may be provided using the statistics module of the Soil Vision software The steps involved are as follows 1 As with our previous two examples the user must access the Search Wizard and create a new search with the New Search button amp Search Wizard ae Please select a Search To edit view reator Ej All or change a Search press the SAL Keyword MM buttons at the bottom of the form Search Name Creation Date of Records Example
20. Properties tab of the Soils form amp SoilVision Soils F Markp Soil Vision S Soils_Demo_E mdb Dataset ID DM3056 z Project ID PRJ2079 Soil Counter 948597316 Soil Name Coal Lake Loam Borehole ID BR1340 z Sample ID Em1332 Texture Volume Mass Atterberg and Misc Properties Location Origin Publisher Mineralogy Blue colored controls v Triaxial indicate data is present eis Compression Oedometer Compression v Wetting SYVCC Drying SVVCC lt y Me he Unfrozen Water Direct Shear Saturated Diffusion Shrinkage Content Permeability lt M wa wa ba Volumetric Shear Triaxial Unsaturated Geochemistry Compaction and Specific Heat ermeability CBR v F Data for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity vs soil suction Thermal w Permeability vs Conductivity F Void Ratio Void Ratio Water Content Constitutive Constitutive Surface Surface If an unsaturated permeability record does not exist the use may create one by entering a laboratory test method In the current example a record already exists so the user may proceed to the Estimations tab that contains all the estimation methods currently contained in SoilVision SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 45 of 106 3 Unsaturated Permeability x Data Fitting Estimations Leong and Rahardjo PTF Mod
21. While not all of these fields are essential the more information the user provides will insure the best possible analysis and organization of the particular soil type It will also aid greatly in the later identification of a particular soil type It should be noted that the soil may be automatically classified using the Classify buttons to the right of the fields Classification will proceed if the minimum data requirements for each classification method are met The USDA method requires the entry of grain size information The USCS method requires entry of grain size information and Atterberg Limit information The USCS ASTM classification method is implemented as presented by ASTM D 2487 The USDA classification method is implemented as presented in the following reference Soil Survey Staff 1975 Soil taxonomy A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys USDA SCS Agric Handb 436 U S Gov Print Office Washington DC Minimum Recommended Input USDA Texture SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 15 of 106 USCS Texture Contact Soil Name Soil Description Geologic Description Notes 1 4 2 Volume Mass Tab The Volume Mass tab allows for the calculation of basic volume mass properties Once any three volume mass properties are known the user may lock the properties with the adjoining check boxes indicating that the properties were measured and should not be changed by further
22. box see pointer in following screen shot Generally what is required for most SWCC estimation methods is a description of the grain size distribution and three insitu volume mass properties such as porosity dry density and specific gravity See the Volume Mass tab of the Soils form for entering three volume mass properties Once project borehole and grain size information have been input attention may proceed to the SWCC Drying form to perform the theoretical estimations The SWCC Drying form may be found on the Properties tab of the Soils form SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 38 of 106 amp Drying Soil Water Characteristic Curve SWCC Data Fitting Estimations Scheinost PTF RawlsPTF VereeckenPTF TylerPTF Aubertin PTF Fredlund and Vvilson PTF Gupta and Larson PTF Arya and Paris PTF l Fredlund PTF Source 1 x Porosity 0 30 Packing porosity 0 416 Neural Fit estimation to Net experimental Fredlund PTF Predicted J Estimation results Fredlund PTF Error 0 8922821 R 2 Fredlund PTF AEV 1 73 kPa 0 25 psi Fredlund PTF Max Slope 0 51 Method SYVCC is buit by successively estimating a SWCC for each particle size group in the grain size distribution Graph Properties The estimation algorithms may be initiated under the Estimations tab of the SWCC Drying form Initiating each estimation algorithm causes the following
23. color system value ShearBox Munsell color system chroma ShearTriaxial Texture of soil according to the USDA classificati Shrinkage Texture of soil according to the USCS classificatic OLE Object Picture of current soil Specific_Heat ifi Text Texture modifier of soil SWCC_Drying Text Structure grade of soil EENET i Text Structure size of soil SQL Text Structure type of soil FROM Soils Select the tables you would like included in the current query In our case our first criteria involves the USDA Texture field which is found within the Soils table as mentioned previously The user may wish to consult Appendix A Search Table Field Descriptions to aid in the location of field names and their respective tables Once all of the fields have been located the associated tables can be selected by pressing the gt gt button on the Search Tables form The user should not select more than three tables as there is a limit on the total number of fields which may be included in a query In our case USDA Texture Porosity and Saturation were all found within the Soils table while the No of SWCC laboratory points was contained within the SWCC Drying table Both tables have been selected as shown below SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 55 of 106 83 Search Tables x Available tables Selected tables Shrinkage Soils Soils SYVCC_Drying Specit
24. field from left to right for both the USDA Texture and Laboratory ksat fields When finished the user clicks the check mark button to enter the criteria amp Search Criteria x Field_Name Layer Up Laboratory_ksat Greater Than 0 Down Field Hame Operator Value One Bridge Layer USDA Texture Like z Sandy Loam x and z E F USDA Texture Like Sandy Loam and SQL AHERE Laboratory_ksat gt 0 and USDA_Texture Like Sandy Loam Select the criteria to use to select a subset of the entire dataset passe E Search specifications must be in metric un aa dats Note the unregistered version restricts the field selection to the tap 5 fields SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 66 of 106 5 Once the search has been created the Univariate Statistics module may be found under the Tools menu providing the Search Wizard window is current It should be noted that the search does not need to be run before accessing the Univariate Statistics module Soil Vision 4 00 Eile Edit Tools Help ivariate Statistics oherency 6 Once the Univariate Statistics window has been opened the user must enter the proper information into the Table and Field fields of the Field tab This information will correspond to the table and field with respect to the variable being analyzed In our case the Permeability_k table and the Laboratory
25. information present for the current soil Author Author of paper in which soil was published COLE Coefficient of linear extensibility Compaction_Present Boolean 1 Internal Is compaction information present for the current soil Compression_Oedometer_Present Boolean 1 Internal Is oedometer consolidation information present for current soil Compression_Triaxial_Present Boolean 1 Internal Is triaxial compression information present for current soil Rate of penetration of a cone being pushed into the soil Relative stiffness of a soil Consistency Contact Individual that contributed soil to database SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 94 of 106 Country Text jao Country where soil is located Date_Entered Date Internal Date the soil information was entered into the database Date_Sampled Date B Year soil was sampled Depth_to_ Groundwater Depth to groundwater table m current soil horizontal degrees 4 Drainage Text 35 Drainage pattern where soil sample was obtained Dry_Density Dry density Experimentally_Determined Boolean 1 Indicates if properties have been experimentally determined True False Family Text 150 Family of current soil Field_1 Extra field Field_2 Text ja Extra field Field_3 Extra field Field_4 Text 255 Extra field Field_5 Extra field Figure_Title Text 150 Title of the figure in the paper in which the data was published Filte
26. laboratory technician on test measured points on the shear strength curve Triaxial_Failure_Mode Saturated effective angle of internal friction of Triaxial_ID GUID e Triaxial_Specimen_Diameter e e i i _ Di e Diameter of specimen used in triaxial test mm Triaxial_Specimen_Height Single Height of specimen used in triaxial test mm Triaxial_Technician Text Technician responsible for experimental results e e Date triaxial lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results Internal R squared difference between experimental and unsaturated Mohr Coulomb Triaxial_Test_Date X g t Triaxial_Test_Method g triaxial envelope g 4 4 1 4 4 4 50 16 Triaxial_Soil_Counter 4 Link to main soil properties table 4 4 50 100 4 4 i Triaxial_Unsat_Error Si Gravimetric water content at the start of the i triaxial shear test g g Gravimetric water content at the start of the triaxial shear test g g ripe ona bsh Internal Shrinkage curve fit parameter i 4 csh Single Internal Shrinkage curve fit parameter Estimated_Air_Entry_Value Single 4 Internal Estimated air entry value of a soil represented as soil suction kPa SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 93 of 106 Estimated minimum void ratio Internal Estimated parameter based on specific gravity of soil Estimated curvature of shrinkage curve Internal Gravimetric water content correspond
27. methods based on varying soil properties are possible in Soil Vision 1 With the Soil Summary and Searching form current the Search Wizard can be accessed through the main toolbar under the Search Button or through the Search Type combo box on the bottom of the form Soil ision 4 00 File Edit Records View Search Graph Report Tools Help Random Soils Soil_Counter Select Your Search Search Type Data Present Texture Search was suc Soil Name USDA Sieve Sizes USCS Sieve Sizes Volume Mass Contact h Vizard 2 Anew search can be initiated by pressing the New Search button at the bottom of the form SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 64 of 106 83 Search Wizard x Crest Please select a Search To edit View eae All or change a Search press the SQL Keyword E buttons at the bottom of the form Search Name Creation Date of Records Example Search cnn 01 Dec 2004 a nonen sit with ksat less than 1e 07 27 Sep 2004 0 Example Data Present query 25 May 2000 0 Demo Sands with ksat 21 May 2000 259 Waste Rock 04 Nov 1999 0 A certain texture with ksat info 21 Oct 1999 556 Soils with ksat curve 18 Oct 1999 2141 Sands 18 Oct 1999 Soils with ksat 18 Oct 1999 Search Name l Creator Comments Keyword z 3 Save Creation Date 01 Dec 2004 Search Display top l records Last Run Date 01 Dec 2004 View All Make Delete
28. needs to be executed True False 4 Link to main soil properties table ShearTestDate Test_Date E Test_Method Shear_Unsat_Error Date shear box lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results Internal R squared difference between S and unsaturated Mohr Coulomb shear box envelope Ee e Technician n Technician responsible for experimental results SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 92 of 106 Shear_Water_Content_After Gravimetric water content at the end of the shear box test g g Ultimate_Shear Single The Ultimate Shear kPa Shear_Water_Content_Before Single 4 Gravimetric water content at the start of the shear box test g g ShearTriaxial Shear_Parameter Parameter used to determine the amount of influence the soil water characteristic curve Traixial_Dry_Density Single has on shear strength Triaxial_Count eel Dry density at the start of the triaxial shear test kg m 3 Triaxial_Effective_Angle Triaxial_Effective_Cohesion ial Internal Stores the number of experimentally Triaxial_Error soil as determined from the triaxial test degrees Saturated effective cohesion of soil as determined from the triaxial test kPa Internal R squared difference between triaxial experimental data and saturated Mohr Coulomb shear envelope Mode of failure of the triaxial test Internal Record ounter Triaxial_ Lab Notes Memo jo Notes by
29. permeability information present for current soil Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Measure of the compressive strength of a soil kPa Text jao Province where soil is located Publisher of paper Push_pressure Single 4 Pressure exerted on sampling tube to obtain sample kPa Region Rock_quality Text jao Region where soil is located Text 50 Qualitative description of the quality of the rock retrieved during a coring operation Single 4 Revolutions per minute of the drill stem rev min SoilVision Systems Ltd Sample_Depth_Lower Sample_Depth_Upper Sample_ID Saturation Sensitivity Shear_Box_Present Shear_Triaxial_Present Shrinkage_Present ShrinkageLimit_Present Site Slope Soil_Borehole_ D Soil_Counter Soil_Dataset_ID Soil_Description Soil_Name Soil_ Picture Soil_Project_ID Soil_Series Specific_Gravity Specific_Heat_Present Specific_Surface SpecificGravity_Present Specimen_ID Strike Structure_Grade Structure_Size Structure_Type Appendix Page 96 of 106 Depth to location of top of soil sample m Text 10 A character string used to uniquely identify the soil sample Sensitivity of the soil Internal Is triaxial shear information present for current soil the current soil 1 Internal Is shrinkage limit information present for the current soil Site where soil is located Slope where soil sample was obtained L L Text 10 Borehole o
30. size distribution or clay silt and sand as a minimum requirement The Kozeny Carman method also requires the soil water characteristic curve to be fit with the Fredlund and Xing equation Once the prerequisites are fulfilled the user may proceed with performing the estimations The various estimation techniques may be initiated under the Estimation menu option or by pressing the Estimate button The estimations may be performed individually or as a group Once the estimation has been successfully performed a saturated permeability will be placed in the appropriate field Performing an estimation may be accomplished be first clicking on the tab of the desired estimation method For example if the user desires to estimate saturated permeability by Hazen s method then the user must first click on the Hazen s ksat tab Once the Hazen s ksat tab is displayed the user is presented with fields related to the estimation of ksat by Hazen s method A constant C is required for the estimation of ksat The C constant ranges between 0 004 and 0 012 for uniform soils For now let s say the user enters 0 004 Performing the estimation is accomplished by pressing the Estimate button If all required information is present then the estimated ksat value will be displayed in the Hazen s ksat field 3 Saturated Permeability Ed Data Estimations Rawls and Brakensiek 1983 ksat Rawls Brakensiek and Logsdon 1993 ksat Slichter kst
31. steps to be performed The estimated curve is calculated in temporary memory The R value is calculated if laboratory data is present If no laboratory data is present performing the estimations algorithm is merely a check that all data required to perform the estimation is present Soil Vision will display messages indicating the problem if required data is not present Once the estimation has been performed it is desirable to view the results of the estimation The results of the estimation may be viewed under the Graph or Report menu options The SWCC Graph Wizard handles the graphing of all SWCC fits estimations and laboratory data A comparison of the various estimation techniques may be found in the PhD thesis of M D Fredlund entitled The role of unsaturated soil property function in the practice of unsaturated soil mechanics published at the SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 39 of 106 University of Saskatchewan A description of the theory behind each estimation method may be found in the Theory Manual 2 2 THEORETICAL ESTIMATION OF PERMEABILITY Seepage modeling in soils requires a description of the hydraulic properties of a soil Soil Vision provides the user with a number of methods for estimating both the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the hydraulic conductivity as a function of soil suction It is often useful to estimate the properties of a soil due to the high cost of laborator
32. test g g lso_Water_Content_Before Single 4 Gravimetric water content at the start of the oedometer compression test g g Internal Parameter controlling break point of frozen fit Internal Parameter controlling break point of frozen fit Coefficient of film diffusion m 2 s Internal Record counter Diffusion_Count Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the diffusion curve Diffusion_Drying_Fit Internal Has diffusion curve been fit Diffusion_Drying_Fit_Error Single Internal R squared difference between experimental or predicted and fit data Diffusion_Drying_Source Byte Internal Indicates if the equation should be fit to experimental 0 or predicted 1 data Diffusion_Error Single Internal R squared difference between experimental and predicted data Diffusion_Fit_Type Byte Type of fit of soil water characteristic curve to use in prediction Diffusion Lab Notes Notes by laboratory technician on test Diffusion_ Parameter Coefficient used to vary prediction SoilVision Systems Ltd Diffusion_Test Appendix Page 84 of 106 Internal Indicates if prediction needs to be performed True False Link to main soil properties table ID of specimen used in test Technician responsible for experimental results Indicates if parameters were determined experimentally True or estimated False Diffusion_Test_Date Geochemistry_ID Geochemistry_Soil_ Cou
33. 1 6 1 Drying SWCC Information ccccccccsssesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseesessssssssssssssssesseesessseeees 25 1 7 PERMEABILITY INFORMATION ccccssssscecssseeeessseeeessseeeseseneeeessneeeeessaneessssseeessneeess 29 1 7 1 Saturated Permeability sisepind ie a Ea a a raa e ir E eai e eria iani 29 1 7 2 Unsaturated Permeability 000cccccccseesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseseseeeeeseseseseseeeeeseneness 31 1 7 3 Permeability versus Void Ratio ccceeeeseeceseeeeeeeneeeeeeeneeeeesaeeeeeeeaeeeseseneeeesnanenens 34 2 ESTIMATING UNSATURATED SOIL PROPERTIES c ccccscccessseeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeseneeeessaeees 37 2 1 THEORETICAL ESTIMATION OF SWC 2 00 cccccccccccceceseneeeeeeeeeeesenaeeeeeseeeeesneeesessnneeeesaes 37 2 2 THEORETICAL ESTIMATION OF PERMEABILITY ccccscccccssssscssssseeessssreeessseesessees 39 2 2 1 Estimation of Saturated Conductivity cccccccscssssscecesessssssssseeeeessesssssseeseeeeesses 39 2 2 2 Unsaturated SON a eed ce catephecd selon fea cepa vad as aarp are tee paved aeaa Tana 42 3 COMPARING DATA TO THE DATASET OF 6000 SOILS ccccccccceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 50 3 1 SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTIC CURVE cccccceesseeeeteseeeeeseneeeeeseneeeessaeeeeeseaeeeeenaaes 50 3 1 1 Plotting Similar Soil Water Characteristic Curves cccccccccsssssesstsesesssasaeeeeees 50 3 1 2 Estimating Packing Porosity for the Fredlund and Wilson Estimation
34. 99 200 Sand 38 87 1986 UNK9999 200 Sand Poorly graded sanc 38 50 1899 75 UNK9999 200 Sand 37 30 1875 01 UNK9999 200 Sand 38 00 2002 UNK9999 200 Sand 37 70 1990 57 UNK9999 200 Sand 37 36 1938 7 zi Double click on a soil to see detailed properties Select Your Search Order By Matches Found Search Type Zz View All Soils View SQL Statement Search was successful 26 matching record s displayed D a x The results should be a group of 26 soils that are now displayed in the Soil Summary and Searching form Plotting the group of unsaturated permeability curves may be accomplished through the following steps 1 Proceed to the Properties tab of the Soils form and click the Unsaturated Permeability button 2 Once the Unsaturated Permeability form is current select the Permeability Graph Wizard from the Graph menu on the main tool bar Ele Edit Search Tools Estimate Apply Fit Graph Report Help Permeabili raph Wizard 3 Once the Permeability Graph Wizard has been accessed it will prompt the user to make simple selections in a series of step For our example enter the following as prompted SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 77 of 106 Step 1 Select All soils in current query and click Next Step 2 Select Drying SWCC and click Next Step 3 Select Experimentally measured lab data and click Next Step 4 Select Relative Perme
35. 9e 02 A maximum of 1000 points will be plotted at any one time Analyze Note This statistical analysis will take a few minutes Since conductivity varies on a log scale it is more meaningful to change each axis to a log scale This is accomplished by double clicking each axis to open the Chart Designer window and selecting a logarithmic scale as shown below SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 72 of 106 Chart Designer Ea Chart Value Scale Seale Type Pens i Title Footnote Scale Type Legend tT Linear x Plot arreredeonreprseeievejee EX Axis Nase Log Base fia E T S Heren Hass 6 El Second Y Axis Percent alaaa char Masz El Z Axis E Series Series Labels The final logarithmic comparison between laboratory ksat and the Terzaghi ksat for sands may be seen in the following screen shot Fields Field Stats Correlation Fourier Fit Power Spectrum AutoCorrelation x 1e 2 1e 3 1 4 1e 5 16 5 1e 7 Terzaghi_ksat 18 8 18 3 1e 10 1e 9 1e 1e 7 1e 6 1e 5 1e 4 Laboratory_ksat A maximum of 1000 points will be plotted at any one time SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 73 of 106 3 4 STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF KUNSAT The SoilVision dataset provides laboratory data on over 400 unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves It is possible to plot groups of these cur
36. GUID Internal Record counter Thermal_Lab_Notes o T Notes by laboratory technician on test Thermal_Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates whether the prediction ee to be executed True False Thermal_Soil_ Counter ea Link to main soil properties table Thermal_Specimen_ID ID of specimen used in test Thermal_Technician Toso Technician responsible for experimental results Thermal_Test_Date Date 8 Date lab test was performed Thermal_Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results FetType Lena Single 4 Internal Parameter controlling break point of frozen cooling fit a La NS ct Internal Parameter controlling break point of T warming fit e Integer Internal Stores the number of experimentally oe points on the cooling unfrozen volumetric water content curve Cooling_Data_Source Byte Indicates if the equation should be fit to cooling experimental 0 or predicted 1 data Cooling Fit O Boolean Fed ana Internal Has frozen cooling curve been fit a e Single Internal R squared difference between Hri Berend or predicted and fit data mfc Single Internal Parameter controlling curvature of the fit cooling curve mfw Single 4 Internal Parameter controlling curvature of the fit warming curve SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 105 of 106 nfw Unfrozen_Estimated_Cooling Unfrozen_Estimated_Cooling_Error Unfrozen_Estimated_Warming Unfrozen_Estimated_Warming_Error Un
37. Index of curve selected by Woods and Litehiser method A to Z Woods_Error Single 4 Internal R squared difference between experimental data and Woods and Litehiser estimation Woods_Estimated Internal Has Woods and Litehiser estimation been performed Woods_Maximum_Dry_Density Single 4 Internal Maximum Dry Density for the current soil as determined by the Woods estimation kg m 3 Woods_Optimum_Water_Content Single 4 Internal Optimum water content for the current soil as determined by the Woods estimation Compression ripe Coa aco Internal Fit parameter Collapse_During_Swell Single 4 Percentage of soil structure collapse during swell phase of constant volume test Comp_ID GUID Internal Counter Compression_Dry_Density Single 4 Dry density at the start of the oedometer compression test kg m 3 Compression_Error Single 4 Internal R squared difference between fit curve and experimental data Compression_Fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if experimental data has been fit True False Compression_History Byte 1 Indicates if the soil is 1 Normally consolidated or 2 Overconsolidated Compression_Index Internal Compression Index Cc Compression Lab Notes Memo jo Notes by laboratory technician on test Compression_Oedometer_Specimen_ID ID for specimen used in test Compression_Soil_ Counter Link to main soil properties table SoilVision Systems Ltd Compression_Specimen_Diameter C
38. Page 6 of 106 Recommended Minimum Input Project ID Project Name Project Location After sufficient data has been entered to meet or exceed the minimum requirements see Recommended Minimum Input the data will be saved when clicking the save icon or when exiting the form or proceeding to the Boreholes form There are three ways to access and input borehole information in SoilVision The first is to click the Boreholes button on the main toolbar The second is to click the Boreholes command in the View menu Both methods are illustrated below The third is to double click on the desired project which will show the boreholes it contains Selecting the Boreholes by Project command in the View menu will also show the boreholes that the currently selected project contains Soil ision 4 00 Eile Edit Records View Tools Help Main Switchboard Projects Bor Soil ision 4 00 Ele Edit Records view Tools Help Main Switchboard p Datasets Boreholes by Project Wells Wells by Project Soils 1 2 BOREHOLE INFORMATION Organizing a borehole under a project is done by selecting a Project ID in the Borehole form SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 7 of 106 Borehole Properties Project ID Borehole ID Logged by aia Method _ __ Soils NEW ee Borehole Location Comments SPT CPT Project ID hew z Borehole ID h25 T Test Pit Logged by mI o a Stat Date e
39. Search nnn 01 Dec 2004 a oneee sit with ksat less than 1e 07 27 Sep 2004 0 Example Data Present query 25 May 2000 0 Demo Sands with ksat 21 May 2000 259 Waste Rock 04 Nov 1999 0 A certain texture with ksat info 21 Oct 1999 856 Soils with ksat curve 18 Oct 1999 2141 Sands 18 Oct 1999 0 Soils with ksat 18 Oct 1999 1 Search Name Creator z Comments Keyword i Save Creation Date 01 Dec 2004 Search EN Display top l records Last Run Date 01 Dec 2004 View All Make Delete Tables Criteria l Soils TETEN Table Search 3 z Fields Sorting HOTE Search results are loaded into Soil Summary form 2 The user must then open the Search tables form and choose the Permeability_k table since both of our fields Laboratory_ksat and Terzaghi_ksat are contained therein SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 69 of 106 83 Search Tables x Available tables Selected tables Compaction Compression Compression_Triaxial A Diffusion Geochemistry Grainsize k oid M SQL FROM Soils INNER JOIN Permeability_k ON Soils Soil_Counter Permeability _k ksat_Soil_Counter z 3 Pia Select the tables you would like included in View Field Descriptions the current query 3 The user then accesses the Search Criteria form and proceeds to enter a criteria for both Laboratory_ksat and Terzaghi_ksat into their respective fields Th
40. Tables Criteria Soils searen Table x Fields Sorting HOTE Search results are loaded into Soil Summary form i i 3 The user must then select the tables containing the field used in the criteria Recall previously that the USDA Texture our criteria in this case is located in the Soils table in the Search Tables form We must also add ksat to our field as that is the variable we are analyzing The Field name for ksat is Laboratory_ksat and is contained within the Permeability_k table in the Search tables form It should be noted that all ksat information is contained within the Permeability_k table The user may enter the Search Tables form through the Tables button on the Search Wizard form and select the Soils and Permeability_k tables with the gt gt button SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 65 of 106 83 Search Tables Ea Available tables Selected tables Lab_SpecificGravity Soils Lab_VVaterContent Permeability_k Mineralogy Permeability ShearBox ShearTriaxial SQL FROM Soils INNER JOIN Permeability_k ON Soils Soil_Counter Permeability _k ksat_Soil_Counter z 3 Pia Select the tables you would like included in View Field Descriptions the current query 4 Next the user should proceed to the Search Criteria form accessed through the Criteria button on the Search Wizard form The user then fills in each
41. _ksat field are selected 3 Univariate Statistics Ed z test Log Probability Density Autocorrelation Field Probability Density Frequency Probit Tables Permeability_k ea Field Laboratory_ksat zi Count Min Max Mean Standard Deviation Variance Note This statistical analysis will take a few minutes Analyze SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 67 of 106 7 The user does not need to enter any further information on any of the other tabs in the Univariate Statistics window The user may then click the Analyze button to begin the calculations Calculations may take some time All computations are finished when the mean variance etc have been calculated and are displayed on the Field tab of the Univariate Statistics form The results of the lognormal distributions may be seen by clicking on the Log Probability Density tab The graph presents the distribution of the data compared to the lognormal distribution fit of the data It should be noted that the user may only run statistics on numeric fields The lognormal probability distribution graph is the most significant since ksat varies on a logarithmic scale Confidence limits may now be calculated by selecting values in the field at the bottom of the form 3 Univariate Statistics x Field l Probability Density Frequency Probit z test Log Probability Density AutoCorrelation
42. ability and click Next then click Finish 4 Once the calculations are complete and the graph is displayed double click the Legend to open the Chart Designer window The user should have the Legend section displayed and can then click the visibility box so that the Legend disappears Close the Chart Design window Chart Designer Ea Char Location Backdrop Picture Font Title aA Footnote M Misible C Custom Location eg inl sei Plot i Fan EX Axis s S Top 3 02 E Y Axis i Lett O62 Second Y Axis ra W F Z Aris Herat or E Series Series Labels Width 4 62 5 Next double click the Y axis directly on the axis line to again open the Chart Designer window now with the Y axis section displayed Select the Scale Type tab select Logarithmic and click OK The result should be the graph below SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 78 of 106 amp 3 Permeability x 1 0E 3 p 1 0E 4 J 1 0E 5 fo a qy 10E6 fam 1 0E 7 J Z 10E 8 tem Al 10E 9 fa 1 0E 10 fem 1 0E 11 J 106 12 J 1 0E 3 1 0E 2 1 0E 1 1 0E 0 1 0E 1 0E 2 1 0E 3 Soil suction kPa 10819 y 10925 10929 11163 11313 m 11401 gt 11477 x 10820 10926 10930 11216 11315 11402 11486 A 10857 O 10927 10974 11273 11354 11455 4 10924 m 10928 gt 10977 11290 11399 11475 SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 79 of 106
43. al Is permeability vs void ratio information present for the current soil Land use where soil sample was obtained Length of sample pushed in tube m Length of sample tube successfully recovered m Internal Indicates if dry density is locked True False Internal Indicates if saturation is locked True False Internal Indicates if specific gravity is locked True False 1 Locked_TD Boolean Internal Indicates if total density is locked True False Locked_VR Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if void ratio is locked True False Locked_VWC Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if volumetric water content is locked True False Locked_WC Mineralogy_ Count Munsell_Chroma Munsell_Hue Munsell_ Value N Notes Number_of_Horizons Original_Index Page_Numbers Paper_Name Permeability_Present Plastic_Limit Plasticity_Index Pocket_penetrometer Porosity Province Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if gravimetric water content is locked True False Integer 2 Number of records entered to describe the mineralogy of the soil Munsell color system chroma Munsell color system hue Munsell color system value Standard penetration test results blows m Memo jo Notes about the current soil Total number of soil horizons Text 20 Index from the original dataset from which the soil was imported Page numbers of journal Paper name where soil was published Boolean 1 Internal Is unsaturated
44. al estimation of both of these properties The following sections outline the methods necessary for performing a theoretical estimation of unsaturated water retention and permeability For the estimation of unsaturated soil properties it is most typical that the user would be attached to the SVSoils_Demo database to follow the examples outlined below 2 1 THEORETICAL ESTIMATION OF SWCC Seepage modeling requires the use of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve SWCC to present the water content of a soil under various soil suctions The SWCC is typically measured experimentally using a pressure plate apparatus This procedure is costly and alternate estimation methods are often desirable SoilVision implements seven estimation techniques also called pedo transfer functions for predicting the SWCC The following section outlines the procedure for estimation of the SWCC by theoretical methods The first step in this process is to create a new soil record and enter the sieve analysis Most methods of estimating the SWCC require grain size information either in the form of a sieve analysis or represented as clay silt and sand variables It is best to enter as much information as possible See the Entering New Data section of the tutorial for details on how to enter this information into the database The data requirements are different for each estimation method The data required for each estimation technique is specified in the Properties dialog
45. am and Porosity Greater Than 0 47 and Packing_Porosity Greater Than 0 Unimodal_Fit Equal mee a a a Field Hame Operator Value One Bridge ERD J Equal 7 True z and z and and z a and 7 Packing_Porosity 0 and Unimodal_Fit True Select the criteria to use to select a subset of the entire dataset ee EPES Search specifications must be in metric un daa ala Note the unregistered version restricts the field selection to the tap 5 fields SQL AHERE Unimodal_Error 0 9 and USDA_Texture Sandy Loam and Porosity 0 47 and Texture Sandy Loam Grain size Fit True Grain size Error gt 0 90 Porosity lt 0 47 Packing Porosity gt 0 0 A new search may be created using the Search Wizard with the following selection of tables and criteria SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 61 of 106 83 Univariate Statistics x z test Log Probability Density l Autocorrelation Field Probability Density Frequency Probit Probability density 040 045 O50 055 060 065 O70 075 Packing_Porosity Graph limits indicate 2 0 standard deviations or 95 44 probability level Confidence Interval 85 0 Minimum 0 4991302 Maximum 0 6561566 Note This statistical analysis will take a few minutes Analyze The resulting frequency distribution for Packing Porosity is shown in the following figure The narrowed distribution for Pa
46. anner The user first proceeds to the Leong and Rahardjo estimation tab SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 47 of 106 83 Unsaturated Permeability x Data Fitting Estimations Brooks and Corey PTF CampbellPTF Fredlundand Xing PTF Kunze KCAL PTF Leong and Rahardjo an Modified Campbell PTF Mualem PTF van Genuchten and Mualem PTF Leong Linked ksat l 1 x Leong p l Help Leong Predicted Leong Error Exponential R 2 Estimate Graph Properties NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field The Leong and Rahardjo estimation requires the entry of the Leong p parameter see above screen shot as well as a Leong Linked ksat value prior to performing the estimation An estimation of the possible variability of the Leong p parameter may be seen by clicking the Help button to the right of the Leong p field which will display the following normal distribution of Leong p values The distribution presents an indicator of the possible variation for all soils SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 48 of 106 amp Variation of Leong Parameter p Ed 40 30 gt oO Cc D pam oT D pa LE 20 10 Leong Parameter p The above representation is the histogram for the Leong parameter drawn from a random sample of 324 soils from the Soilvision database The soils represented a wide variety of tex
47. aracteristic curve is critical to the proper modeling of transient seepage problems The following sections outline several methods by which the SoilVision dataset mat be used to determine the possible variation of a SWCC using laboratory measured data 3 1 1 Plotting Similar Soil Water Characteristic Curves The method represented in the following sections allows for significant flexibility in the selection of similar SWCCs Virtually any criteria that the user desires may be used to select a group of soils For example similar soils may be selected based on textures grain size distributions Atterberg limits or a range of insitu volume mass properties For this example we will generate a plot of laboratory SWCC data with the following criteria USDA Texture Sand No of SWCC lab points gt 3 Porosity between 0 3 and 0 4 Saturation gt 90 The user must first connect to the SVSoils_Search_A database after which the user can access the Search Wizard through the main toolbar providing the Soil Summary and Searching form is current Sol ision 4 00 Bile Edit Records view Sear st Report Tools Help m Main Switchboard Project Random Soils Soil_Counter Prniect TM After the Search Wizard has been opened a new search can be created with the following steps 1 Anew search may be entered by pressing the New Search button at the bottom of the Search Wizard form SoilVision Systems Ltd Compa
48. ate Hydrometer ASTM Graph fa SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 24 of 106 Other buttons on the Hydrometer Datasheet form perform the following functions e ASTM button opens a form that displays all ASTM defined sieve sizes for reference purposes e gt gt XLS button exports the data table as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet e Graph button plots and displays a semi log graph of Particle Size versus Percent Passing When either the Sieve Data or Hydrometer Data has been input properly the user can then proceed to classify the soil by the USDA method Entry of Atterberg Limit data is required prior to classification by the USCS method 1 5 4 Soil Classification After sieve and or hydrometer data have been entered the grain size distribution must be fit with an equation Fitting sieve and or hydrometer data with an equation is required because clay silt sand and coarse values are interpolated off the equation fit through sieve and or hydrometer data The clay silt and sand values are then used as a basis for the USDA and USCS classification algorithms Fitting of sieve and or hydrometer data is accomplished by going to the Unimodal Fit and or Bimodal Fit tabs where the Apply Fit button is pressed only the Unimodal window is shown since the Unimodal and Bimodal windows are very similar General Sieve Data Hydrometer Details Hydrometer Datasheet Unimodal Fit Bimodal Fit Percentages Sta
49. available This is because these tests are related to the unsaturated properties of a soil and therefore require a description of the amount of water present in a soil for a particular soil suction Dataset ID DM3056 z Project ID PRJ2079 Soil Name Fracture 1 Borehole ID BRI 340 z Texture Volume Mass Atterberg and Misc Properties Location Origin Publi Bine colored controls indicate data is present Grain size Vetting SYYCC Drying SCC 1 6 1 Drying SWCC Information Central to the behavior of an unsaturated soil is the relationship between the amount of water and soil suction as the soil desaturates or dries Entering the Drying SWCC form is accomplished by pressing the Drying SWCC button on the Properties tab of the Soils form SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 26 of 106 amp Drying Soil Water Characteristic Curve SWCC Data Fitting Estimations General Soil State Laboratory Data SVYCC Test Method Pressure Plate X SWCC Technician SWCC Lab Notes SVVCC Test Date 01 Dec 2004 NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made SVVCC Specimen ID Sample3 to a particular field PTF stands for Pedo Transfer Function which indicates an estimation method th Ay E The main SWCC Drying form has three primary tabs Data Fitting and Estimations 1 6 1 1 Data Tab The General tab is where the user will fill in general information such a
50. been calculated Volumetric_Water_Content i aa ee Volumetric water content water content Water_Chemistry_Count a Number of records entered to describe the water chemistry of the soil Water_Content E ae SC E e Gravimetric water content water content WaterContent_Present Boolean Internal Is water content information present for the current soil Year_Published Year paper was published specific Heat Specific_Fit_Type Byte 1 Type of fit of soil water characteristic curve to use in prediction Specific_Lab Notes CE ae Notes by laboratory technician on test Specific_Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if prediction has been executed True False Specific_Soil_Counter Long Link to main soil properties table Specific_Technician Pe p Technician responsible for experimental results Specific_Test Boolean Indicates if parameters where determined experimentally True or estimated False Specific_Test_Method a Test method used to obtain experimental results swec Dying pC Name f FieldType Description mo o Oo e e eaea Internal Variable parameter in Burdine equation Internal Variable parameter in Brooks amp Corey equation af Single 4 Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund amp Xing equation afb Single 4 Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund Bimodal equation SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 98 of 106 equation Internal Air entry val
51. calculations The Calculate button may then be selected to calculate the remaining volume mass properties from the three locked properties Atterberg and Misc Properties Location Origin Publisher Mineralogy Display Specimen ID Note check boxes indicates locked properties 7 lt This page contains the volume Saturation Deis T mass properties at intial N SITU _ conditions The soil properties Vol Water Content msin 3 a areon site properties and Porastty n i mams c ienie nieri Void Ratios mams z A Water Content w kgkg ASTMD2216 B A Dry Density kams pet TL eter Content i Total Buk Density kgms pet F i Total Unit Weight kms pet E sector 7 Specific Graty es ASTM D854 1 Initial State T R Volume Mass Completed nof Experimentally Determined _ Minimum Recommended Input Three or more soil properties Specimen ID Initial State 1 4 3 Properties Tab The Properties tab provides links with the various laboratory tests typically performed on a soil Soil Vision will color the text on each respective button the color blue if data is present for the current soil A check mark will also be displayed beside each respective button if data is present for the specific soil test SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 16 of 106 Texture Volume Mass Atterberg and Misc Properties Location Origin Publisher Mineralogy
52. cally calculated Once the grain size information is input a curve can be fit to the data and the soil can be classified Texturally by the USDA method For the sake of this example we will assume that we are dealing with a soil that has a Sandy Loam USDA textural classification and a porosity of 0 5 At this point Soil Vision will allow the user to estimate the soil water characteristic curve from the grain size distribution To do this however an estimate of the Packing Porosity field is required The Neural Net button next to Packing Porosity can be pressed to give an estimation of the Packing Porosity for the current textural classification SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 59 of 106 SWCC Neural Net x Mg stiricition of Pasing Porosity 11 30 The estimation is based on the presented fields The neural 69 20 net was trained on a SoilVision dataset using 653 training T data and 72 testing data Comparing the actual versus d 29 50 predicted values the R correlations are R 0 833 for the DA Z anz testing set and R 0 830 for the training data USDA Pe Coarse 70 D10 D20 D30 D50 D60 Porosity 73 00 gg 65 The neural net estimation of Packing Porosity was developed with the assistance of Dr Anthony Goh Teck 740 Chee from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore 2 740741 amp Search Tables x Ava
53. cent passing The phi field is then automatically calculated Calculation of the Weight Retained and Cumulative Weight columns may be performed by pressing the gt gt or lt lt buttons Please refer to the SoilVision Theory Manual for a description of the phi parameter Below is a sample of an empty Sieve Data form SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 18 of 106 E Grain size x General ydrometer Details Hydrometer Datasheet Unimodal Fit Bimodal Fit Percentages Stats Standard ASTM D422 54T Sieve t of dry sample container g Grainsize Sieve Spec ID Sieve t of container g Maximum Sampler Size mm Sieve Vt of sample g Laboratory Sieve Data gt gt XLS Templates Sieve No Particle Diameter Percent Weight Cumulative Phi Standard mm Passing Retained g Weight g Trial 1 Templates TOTAL ASTM 0 Graph NOTE please enter general data before sieve data Sieve Count To illustrate the method of data entry into the Sieve Data form let us assume that we have performed a sieve test that has yielded the following raw data It should be noted that the following procedure could be done with Percent Passing Weight Retained or Cumulative Weight data Sieve wt OF dry sample container 300g Sieve Wt OF container 15g Xs SA First we enter the Sieve Wt of dry sample container and the Sieve Wt of container in their respective fields in the upper righ
54. cking Porosity allows for reasonable estimation of the soil water characteristic curve but this may not be accurate enough in certain situations The grain size distribution primarily controls the shape of the predicted soil water characteristic curve The predicted shape of the soil water characteristic curve has shown good correlation to the measured shape of the soil water characteristic curve In other words the match between predicted and measured shape of the soil water characteristic curve is often reasonable Most variance between predicted and measured results can be attributed to the Packing Porosity The Packing Porosity causes the predicted results to vary as shown in Figure 1 It can be seen that the Packing Porosity primarily causes the predicted curve to move horizontally on the graph of water content versus soil suction It is important to note that the packing porosity stored in the grain size form does not necessarily have any relation to the Porosity of the soil The Packing Porosity is a factor used to control the algorithm that builds the estimated soil water characteristic curve from the grain size distribution As such a definite correlation between Packing Porosity and Porosity has not been found SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 62 of 106 1
55. ct ID N Sample ID Data Present Texture Soil Name LISA Siawa Sivar Select Your Search Random Soils Fa Soil Counter Project ID Sample ID Data Present Texture Soil Name USDA Sieve Sizes Search was suc 4 With the Search Soil Counter form opened type in 948597316 into the field and click Go Soil 948597316 should now be the only record showing in the window amp Search Soil Counter Ea Soil Counter Like 648597316 5 Double click on the soil record and the soil should open into the Soils form The soil water characteristic curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve are theoretically related The soil water characteristic curve is therefore used as a basis for the theoretical prediction of the soil water characteristic curve Estimation of the hydraulic conductivity therefore requires that a representation of the soil water characteristic curve be present More specifically the Fredlund and Xing and Leong and Rahardjo estimations require that a fit of the soil water characteristic curve by the Fredlund and Xing equation be SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 44 of 106 present Soil 948597316 was selected for use in this tutorial because it includes the Fredlund and Xing fit of the soil water characteristic curve The user may now proceed to the Unsaturated Permeability window by clicking the Unsaturated Permeability button under the
56. d that once the project is defined it will be identified by the Project ID throughout the rest of the program Also SoilVision does not allow you to specify two projects with the same Project ID A new project dialog box is provided to assist you in adding a new project shown below Click the new project icon to bring up this dialog box After the new project is created you may add to or edit the project properties You should enter at least the information listed under Recommended Minimum Input ed Add a new project SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 5 of 106 amp Create a new project x You are required to provide a Project ID for the project record Project ID NEW ID You can enter the Project Name as well as Start and End dates optional Project Name News Project Start Date dd mmm yyyy End Date dd mmm yyyy oren Project Properties Project ID Project Name Boreholes Wells 011 1830 Report 2004 86 MBH Hydro Demonstration INBA ID New Project PRJ2079 McKinney Lake PROJ443 Test Project REC T0482 Mine Reclamation Project iW nessosscocscesesosog ocssossocosocescoso Project ID heyo o Project Name New Project Project Location Project Site Project Country Project State Project County E EY Project City Project Start Date End Project Notes a ales oe based on the SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data
57. e only criteria specified is that a value greater than zero be present for each field amp Search Criteria Ea Field_Name Layer Laboratory_ksat Greater Than O Up Terzaghi_ksat Greater Than 0 and Down Field Hame Operator Value One Bridge Layer rerzaghi_ksat zf Greater Than Z jo and z 1 z v SQL AHERE Laboratory_ksat gt 0 and Terzaghi_ksat 0 Select the criteria to use to select a subset of the entire dataset peal pias Search specifications must be in metric un in ale ne Note the unregistered version restricts the field selection to the tap 5 fields SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 70 of 106 4 Once the search has been created the user may then proceed to the Bivariate Statistics module located under the Tools menu of the Search Wizard window As with our previous example the new search does not need to be run to access and use the Bivariate Statistics module Eile Edit Tools Help Univariate Statistics Coherency 5 When the Bivariate Statistics form has been opened the user will select Permeability_k for each of the table selections causing all field descriptions contained within the table to be displayed in the lists below From these lists which represent the X and Y axis Laboratory_ksat will be chosen for the X axis and Terzaghi_ksat chosen for the Y axis No other information entry i
58. eability vs Void Ratio button in the Properties tab of the Soils form amp Permeability versus Yoid Ratio fs Soil State Laboratory Data Taylor Estimation k oid Test Method Falling head test k oid Technician Jacob Anderson kv oid Lab Notes Laboratory ksat 2 777773E 06 mis 0 24000 miday 0 78740 ftiday k oid Test Date NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes k oid Specimen ID Em 332 made to a particular Standard ASTM D5084 00 9 Minimum Recommended Input kVoid Test Method kVoid Technician kVoid Test Date kVoid Specimen ID The laboratory method must first be entered Once a method has been entered the user may proceed with the entry of laboratory data shown below SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 35 of 106 amp Permeability versus Yoid Ratio Genera Sot see Labarany Ra E 8 09 E EE 10 e E e ea ee ey eee ee OED 1 CT Once the laboratory data has been entered it may be graphed by clicking the Graph button SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 36 of 106 Void Ratio and Permeability SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 37 of 106 2 ESTIMATING UNSATURATED SOIL PROPERTIES In the estimation of unsaturated soil properties the two most important properties considered are the soil water characteristic curve and the saturated and unsaturated permeability Soil Vision allows for the theoretic
59. ed Permeability Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results van_Genuchten_Error Single Internal R squared difference between drying experimental and van Genuchten predicted data SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 90 of 106 van_Genuchten_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation van_Genuchten_Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if prediction has been executed True False Permeability_k Air_Entry_ksat Single Saturated hydraulic conductivity from experimental points at suctions less than air entry m s Beyer_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as estimated by the Beyer equation m s Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as FairHatch_ksat Single estimated by the Fair Hatch equation m s FairHatch_SandShapeFactor Single Sand Shape Factor used by Fair Hatch equation in the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity Saturated hydraulic conductivity measured ie a pe in the field m s Hazens_Constant Single Constant used by Hazen s equation in the conductivity eee eee l Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as estimated by Hazen s equation m s Inverse_ksat Single Saturated hydraulic conductivity back Kozeny_Carman_ksat calculated from experimental curve using Fredlund and Xing permeability estimation m s Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as
60. efaults Please see the SWCC Graph Wizard section of the User s Manual for a complete description of the SWCC Graph Wizard Once the proper options have been selected under the SWCC Graph Wizard the following plot will be produced SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 58 of 106 amp Soil Water Characteristic Curve xi 0 25 E a i 0O O p45 i be D 2 w 4 amp ons Mii Ml o Hi i x ll 4 0E 3 1 0E 2 106 1 1 0E 0 1 0E 1 1 0E 2 1 0E 3 1 0E 4 1 0E 5 1 0E 6 Soil suction kPa 3 1 2 Estimating Packing Porosity for the Fredlund and Wilson Estimation The soil water characteristic curve is very important for modeling behavior of unsaturated soils It may be imperative in certain situations to have increased accuracy in the estimation of the soil water characteristic curve A user may want a very reliable estimation of the soil water characteristic curve from Soil Vision without experimentally measuring the complete soil water characteristic curve A method is presented below to provide the user with the best estimate of the soil water characteristic curve possible with Soil Vision Basic soil information required is as follows 3 volume mass properties i e Specific Gravity Dry Density and Water Content Well defined grain size distribution curve The above information can be input into SoilVision and the remaining volume mass properties automati
61. en r 0 3 z and and and z y Layer Porosity SQL AHERE EncryptKeyLegible USDA_Texture False 2 Like Sand and Lab_Permeability_Count gt 0 and Porosity Between 0 3 and 0 4 Select the criteria to use to select a subset of the entire dataset pies Search specifications must be in metric un doal fel Note the unregistered version restricts the field selection to the tap 5 fields 4 The search is then initiated by pressing the Search button at the bottom of the Search Wizard form The results will be placed into the Soil Summary and Searching form SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 76 of 106 Soil Summary and Searching Project ID Borehole ID SoilName USDA Texture USCS Texture Porosity Bulk Densit UNK9999 200 Sand Poorly graded sanc 39 72 2008 4 UNK9999 200 Sand Poorly graded sanc 35 85 2008 4 UNK9999 200 Sand 36 50 2027 685 UNK9999 200 Sand 36 40 2093 812 UNK9999 200 Sand 36 40 2093 812 UNK9999 200 Sand 35 90 2102 647 UNK9999 200 Sand 34 70 1903 261 UNK9999 200 Sand 34 70 1880 461 UNK9999 200 Sand 36 90 2084 977 UNK9999 200 Sand 38 00 2076 94 UNK9999 200 Sand Poorly graded sanc 37 10 2074 UNK9999 200 Sand Poorly graded sanc 39 62 1942 UNK9999 200 Sand 39 25 1968 UNK9999 200 Sand Poorly graded sanc 37 74 2000 UNK9999 200 Sand 38 87 1969 UNK9999 200 Sand 36 60 1984 UNK9999 200 Sand 38 49 1981 5 UNK99
62. equation SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 103 of 106 SWCCW_Brooks_SWCC_Fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if experimental data has been fit with Brooks amp Corey equation SWCCW_Count Byte 1 Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the soil water characteristic curve SWCCW_Fredlund_AEV Single 4 Internal Suction at which air begins to enter a soil and fill large pores kPa ael a Single 4 Internal Sum of squared differences between fe experimental and Fredlund amp Xing fit curves Single 4 Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the Fredlund amp Xing fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if the experimental data nt needs to be fit with the Fredlund amp Xing equation True False Single 4 Internal Sum of squared differences between ele a van Genuchten fit and experimental or predicted data SWCCW_Genuchten_Residual_WC Double Internal Calculated residual volumetric water Pee es content from the van Genuchten equation SWCCW_Genuchten_SWCC _Fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if experimental data has Peter ae been fit with van Genuchten equation SWCCW_hr Single 4 Internal Constant parameter in Fredlund amp Xing equation corresponding to residual soil suction kPa SWCCW_ID Internal Record counter SWCCW_Lab_Notes Memo fo Notes by laboratory technician on test SWCCW_mf Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund amp Xing equation SWCCW_mvg Int
63. er g Smallest particle size in current soil mm The hydrometer calculation method used Internal R squared difference between fit Fredlund curve and experimental data Internal Indicates if Fredlund curve has been fit to experimental data True False Correction factor used in water temperature change in hydrometer test Internal Number of experimental points on the coefficient of permeability vs void ratio curve Internal Notes by laboratory technician on test SoilVision Systems Ltd kVoid_Soil_ Counter kVoid_Specimen_ID kVoid_Technician kVoid_Test_Date kVoid_Test_Method Text Taylor_Coefficient Taylor_Error Single Taylor_Predicted ____Lab_Atterberglimits Name Feta AL_Lab_ Notes AL_Soil_ Counter AL_Specimen_ID AL_Technician AL_Test_Date Lab_SpecificGravity FieldType SG_Lab_Notes SG_Soil_ Counter SG_Specimen_ID SG_Technician Text SG_Test_Date SG_Test_Method Lab_WaterContent ieee Appendix Page 87 of 106 Link to the main table ID of specimen used in test results results Coefficient used by Taylor to estimate hydraulic conductivity at various void ratios Internal R squared difference between experimental and Taylor predicted results Internal Has Taylor s prediction been executed es Technician responsible for experimental results Date lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results
64. er and Ree eer iP Wheaciak pedo transfer function unitless Tyler_Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been p es edie from the grainsize curve by the Tyler and Wheatcraft method True False Vereecken_AEV Single Internal Air entry value calculated from the ai ic A E Internal Estimated van Genuchten Alpha parameter Vereecken_Error Single Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Vereecken method Vereecken_Max_Slope Single Internal Maximum slope of the Vereecken pedo transfer function unitless Een Neer al nvg page eee Estimated van Genuchten n eee ee ee Predicted ae Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been Sees from the grainsize curve by the Vereecken method True False ere T Residual_wc eee ee ae Estimated van Genuchten residual ees ieee content ee peas Internal Water content corresponding to the wilting point suction for most plants 1500 kPa SWCC_Wetting SWCCW_ac Single 4 Variable parameter in Brooks amp Corey equation SWCCW_af Single Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund amp Xing equation ae avg Single ae ee Variable parameter in van a Ce equation es Brooks_Error Single Internal Sum of squared differences between Brooks amp Corey fit and experimental or predicted data SWCCW_Brooks_Residual_WC Single Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the Brooks amp Corey
65. ernal Dominant or effective particle size diameter according to the Zamarin equation ae a B 7 of specimen used in hydrometer test Technician responsible for experimental results Date lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results Graphic measure of overall size A measure of skewness 68 of curve Standard mean 68 of the curve HMP solution concentration g cm 3 Internal Fixed parameter which indicates residual portion of bimodal curve Internal Fixed parameter which indicates residual portion of curve Internal Stores the number of points on the grain size distribution curve measured with the hydrometer analysis Name of Hydrometer used in hydrometer test Percentage of the total soil sample by weight used in hydrometer test Weight soil used in hyrometer test g i hydrometer test A measure of skewness 90 of curve Standard mean 90 of the curve Internal Bimodal curve fitted parameter Internal Bimodal curve fitted parameter Measure of departure from normality SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Zero_Correction kVoid_Count kVoid_ID kVoid_Lab_Notes Page 86 of 106 hydrometer test Shows where the excess amount in the sediment is Results of the PinHole Method Test Weight of container g Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the grainsize curve Weight of dry sample g Weight of dry sample plus contain
66. ernal Variable parameter in van Genuchten equation SWCCW_nc pa ie ee Variable parameter in Brooks amp Corey equation a Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund amp Xing ay Var Genuchten equation SWOGW_Soi_Couniey lang e frk i man sol properties abe SWCCW_Technician Technician responsible for experimental results SWCCW_Test_Date Date 8 Date lab test was performed SWCCW_Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results _ Te Single Internal Parameter controlling break point of thermal fit mt Single Internal Parameter controlling curvature of T fit curve SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 104 of 106 y pe S Quartz_Content Quartz content of soil Quartz_Test Boolean 1 Indicates if parameters are experimentally determined True or estimated False Soil_Gradation Text 8 Gradation of soil Soil_ State Text 10 State of soil Byte 1 Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the thermal conductivity curve Byte 1 Indicates if the equation should be fit to experimental 0 or predicted 1 data Single 4 Internal R squared difference between experimental and predicted curves Thermal_Fit OE Internal Has thermal curve been fit Thermal_Fit_Error Single Internal R squared difference between experimental or predicted and fit data Thermal_Fit_Type Byte Type of fit of soil water characteristic curve used for prediction Thermal_ID
67. es form lists the input required for the current estimation as well as the reference of the paper or text used to implement the method Additional details of the estimation method may be found by looking up the original text or journal paper The equation used in the estimation is also presented in the Equation tab amp Function Properties Ea Curve Group ksat Curve Name Hazen s Curve Type Estimation zi _ Reference EER Graphing S SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 42 of 106 Common questions regarding these estimation methods are as follows e How well do they work No endorsement of estimation methods is implied by the implementation in SoilVision It is recommended that the user look up the text or journal paper which originally presents these methods to determine the confidence the original author places in them SoilVision does however allow the user to get a feel for the possible variation of a certain estimation method The method involves comparing the theoretical results of an estimation to the 2500 laboratory measured ksat values contained in the Soil Vision database The method is presented in section 2 5 2 e For what soils are they applicable A short description of applicable soils taken from the original paper is presented in the Properties form It is recommended that the user look up the original text or journal paper for more details 2 2 2 Unsaturated Soil
68. estimated by the Kozeny Carman equation m s Constant used by Kozeny Carman equation in the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as estimated by the Kozeny equation m s Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as estimated by the Kruger equation m s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ksat_ID Internal Record counter ksat_Lab_Notes jo Notes by laboratory technician on test Link to main soil properties table ksat_Soil_ Counter pecimen_Diameter i ksat_Specimen_ID pecim ngth ksat_S ksat_S en_Le i at_ Diameter of specimen used in permeability test mm ID of specimen used in ksat test Length of specimen used in permeability test results 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ksat_Technician ksat_Test_Date Date lab test was performed ksat_Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results Laboratory_ksat Saturated hydraulic conductivity measured SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 91 of 106 Perm_Stress_State E a E Stress State kPa Rawls_1983_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as reid by the Rawls 1983 equation m s Rawls_1993_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as estimated by the Rawls 1993 equation m s Slichter_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as ead by the Slichter equation m s Terzaghi_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as coined by the Terzaghi e
69. f soil Soils are typically grouped together if from the same borehole Internal Primary soil record index Link to Dataset table 200 A description of the current soil OLE Object jo Picture of current soil Link to the Project table Internal Is specific heat information present for current soil Amount of surface area per unit weight of the soil m 2 g Internal Is specific gravity information present for the current soil Identification of specimen used for volume mass lab procedures Single 4 Direction of maximum slope of a soil or rock eee ie fracture from North degrees Structure grade of soil Structure size of soil Structure type of soil SWCC_Drying_Present Internal Is drying SWCC information present for current soil present for current soil Texture_Modifier Texture modifier of soil Internal Is thermal conductivity information present for current soil The shear strength of a soil measured using a Torvane device kPa SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 97 of 106 Total_Density Total density kg m 3 Total_Unit_Weight Total unit weight kN m 3 Internal Is frozen SWCC information present for current soil classification system _ perce e e ee classification system Version_Entered Single SoilVision version number which was used to enter or import data Void_Ratio Single 4 Void ratio Volume_Mass_Completed Boolean 1 Internal Have complete volume mass properties
70. f the Soils form 1 7 1 Saturated Permeability SoilVision has implemented the management of saturated permeability data as well as a number of methods of estimating the saturated permeability of a soil Entering the Saturated Permeability form is accomplished by pressing the Saturated Permeability button on the Properties tab of the Soils form SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 30 of 106 1 7 1 1 Data Tab The Data tab contains general information as determined in the laboratory A field or laboratory determined saturated permeability may be recorded To enter data click the appropriate field and type in the value 3 Saturated Permeability Ed Data Estimations General ksat Test Method Falling head test z ksat Technician Dale Pavier ksat Lab Notes 0 16243 miday 0 53291 ftiday 0 24000 miday 0 78740 ttiday Field ksat 1 880E 06 mis Laboratory ksat 2 778E 06 mis Inverse ksat 2 362E 04 m s 20 4046 miday 66 9442 ttiday Air Entry ksat 3 047E 07 mis 0 02632 miday 0 08636 ftiday ksat Test Date 11 Nov 1999 ksat Specimen ID m32 ksat Specimen Diameter a mm 3 07086 in ksat Specimen Length M mm 1 65354 in Perm Stress State m 0 kPa 0 pst NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field Minimum Recommended Input ksat Test Method ksat Technician Laboratory ksat ksat Test Date ksat Specimen ID 1 7 1 2 Estimations Tab
71. fit to experimental or predicted data Internal Indicates if experimental data has been fit with Brooks amp Corey equation Internal Air entry value calculated from the Burdine fit of the soil water characteristic curve kPa Internal Sum of squared differences between Burdine fit and experimental or predicted data Internal Maximum slope of the Burdine fit of the soil water characteristic curve unitless SoilVision Systems Ltd Burdine_Residual_WC Boolean Burdine_SWCC_Fit Appendix Page 99 of 106 Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the Burdine equation Internal Indicates if experimental data has been fit with Burdine equation Internal Suction at which air begins to enter a soil and fill large pores as calculated from the Fredlund and Xing fit of the soil water characteristic curve kPa Internal Sum of squared differences between the experimental data and the Fredlund Bimodal fit Internal Indicates if the experimental data has been fit with the Fredlund Bimodal equation Source of data used for the bimodal fit O experimental 1 predicted Internal Fraction to attribute to the first curve Internal Sum of squared differences between the experimental and Fredlund amp Xing fit curves Internal Maximum slope of the Fredlund and Xing fit of the soil water characteristic curve unitless Internal Air entry value calculated from the Fredlund pedo transfer fu
72. frozen_Fit_Type Mem De e Unfrozen_ID Unfrozen_Lab_Notes Unfrozen_Parameter Unfrozen_Soil_Counter Unfrozen_Specimen_ID Unfrozen_Technician Unfrozen_Test_Date Unfrozen_Test_Method Warming_Count Warming_Data_Source Warming_Fit Warming_Fit_Error Single 4 Internal Parameter controlling steepest slope of fit warming curve Internal Indicates whether the prediction has been executed True False for the cooling curve Internal R squared difference between cooling experimental and predicted results Internal Indicates whether the prediction has been executed True False for the warming curve Internal R squared difference between warming experimental and predicted results Type of fit of soil water characteristic curve to use in prediction Internal Record counter Notes by laboratory technician on test Coefficient used to vary the prediction Link to main soil properties table ID of specimen used in test Technician responsible for experimental results Date lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the warming unfrozen volumetric water content curve Indicates if the equation should be fit to warming experimental 0 or predicted 1 data Internal Has frozen warming curve been fit Internal R squared difference between warming experimental or predicted and fit data SoilVision Syste
73. he new soil record opens the Soils form with the Texture tab selected which is explained in a subsequent section When creating a new soil record you should enter information in all fields specified in the Recommended Minimum Input section SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 14 of 106 The Soils form is used in SoilVision for the managing of general soils data The most important information to enter will be under the Texture and Volume Mass tabs with detailed fields associated with individual soil tests stored in linked tables accessible from the Properties tab 1 4 1 Texture Tab Texture Volume Mess Atterberg and Misc Properties Location Origin Publisher Mineralogy USDA Texture lt lt Classify Abbr USCS Ne Texture lt lt Classify Abbr ASTM D2487 85 2487 85 Manser Soil Hef z Value Chroma e ee ASTM D1835 97 ee oil Picture Family l ue or Gir nie Soil Series formats sugg contact SCE re Texture Moditier z Structure grade z Date Entered 15 Oct 2002 16 20 Structure size m a Structure type z Soil Description Geologic Description SS Notes The texture tab of the Soils form provides fields for the description of the soil The user can input a variety of information but should make sure that at least the USDA Texture USCS Texture Soil Name Soil Description Geological Description Contact and Notes fields are filled
74. he reason for this is that the large possible range of permeability values makes fitting difficult It is suggested that the user pay close attention to the quality of the fit as presented by the R value 1 7 2 3 Estimations Methods Tab amp Unsaturated Permeability x Data Fitting Estimations Leong and Rahardjo PTF Modified Campbell PTF Mualem PTF van Genuchten and Mualem PTF Brooks and Corey PTF Campbell PTF FredundandXingPTF Kunze KCAL PTF Corey Linked ksat 1 Corey Predicted wj Corey Error 5 495471 Exponential R 2 Graph Properties NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field Laboratory measurement of the variation of permeability with soil suction is very time consuming and expensive It has become generally accepted practice to estimate the unsaturated permeability curve based on the soil water characteristic curve SoilVision provides a host of methods for performing this estimation Estimation of the unsaturated permeability function using two methods may be seen in the following chapter regarding estimating unsaturated soil properties SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 34 of 106 1 7 3 Permeability versus Void Ratio SoilVision provides the ability to both manage laboratory data as well as mathematically represent the relationship between Permeability and Void Ratio The permeability vs void ratio form may be displayed by pressing the Perm
75. ic_Heat SvVCC_Drying SYVCC_Vetting Thermal Unfrozen FROM Soils INNER JOIN SY CC_Drying ON Soils Soil_Counter SV CC_Drying SVVCC_Soil_Counter 3 A AAG Select the tables you would like included in View Field Descriptions the current query 4 The user may then proceed to the Search Criteria for which can be accessed via the Criteria button on the Search Wizard form Here the user enters the details of each of the criteria involving fields contained in tables selected in the Search Tables form SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 56 of 106 amp Search Criteria Field_Name Layer Value One TableName Pocket_penetrometer Soils Specific_Surface Soils COLE Soils Initial_State Soils Experimentally_Determined Soils Specimen_ID Soils of the entire dataset Saturation Sails P in metric un oid_Ratio Soils election to the tap 5 fields Porosity Soils Vater_Content Volumetric_WWater_Content Dry_Density Total_Density Total_Unit_ Weight Specific_Gravity Locked_S Locked_WYC The user will notice that when selecting the Field Name from the drop down only the Fields from the selected tables will be available for selection When entering the rest of the fields the user simply matches the fields to the criteria parameters When one of the criteria has been entered it is stored in the list by click
76. icates if prediction has been executed True False Dry_Air_ksat Single Experimentally measured dry soil air hydraulic conductivity m s Field_Permeability_Count Byte Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the field conductivity curve Fredlund_Drying_Error Single Internal R squared difference between drying experimental and drying predicted data Fredlund_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Fredlund_Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if prediction has been executed True False Gardner_Fit Boolean Internal Indicates if fit has been executed True False Gardner_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Gardner_Permeability_Error Single Internal R squared difference between drying experimental and Gardner fit data Kunze_Error Single Internal R squared difference between drying experimental and Kunze fit data WC_Test_Date SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 89 of 106 Kunze_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Kunze_Predicted Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if estimation has been executed True False experimentally measured points on the laboratory conductivity curve Leong_Error Single 4 Internal R squared difference between drying experimental and Leong esti
77. ified Campbell PTF Mualem PTF van Genuchten and Mualem PTF Brooks and Corey PTF Campbell PTF Fredlund and Xing a Kunze KCAL PTF Fredlund Linked ksat l 1 z Fredlund Predicted I Fredlund Drying Error 2 91 0735 Exponential R 2 Estimate Graph Properties NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field The first estimation we will perform will be with the Fredlund and Xing estimation method Information related to this method is shown under the Properties button of the Fredlund and Xing tab shown in the previous screen shot The Fredlund Linked ksat field must first be selected The Fredlund Linked ksat indicates a starting point for the unsaturated portion of the hydraulic conductivity Each estimation method may be linked to the laboratory ksat value or any of the theoretical ksat values estimated Since a Fredlund and Xing fit of the soil water characteristic curve is already present we may proceed with the estimation by pressing the Estimate button The estimation is then performed and if experimental lab hydraulic conductivity data is present an R value will be computed The results of the estimation are presented in the form of a graph which is viewed by pressing the Graph button The generated graph is shown here SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 46 of 106 Permeability The Leong and Rahardjo estimation may be performed in a similar m
78. ilable tables Selected tables Soils SVYCC_Drying Grainsize Compaction Compression Compression_Triaxial Diffusion Geochemistry FROM Soils INNER JOIN Grainsize ON Soils Soil_Counter Grainsize Grainsize_Soil_Counter INNER JOIN S WCC_Drying ON Soils Soil_Counter SY CC_Drying Sv CC_Soil_Counter ven Fisid Gascnbions Select the tables you would like included in p the current query SoilVision implements a neural net estimation of the packing porosity A neural net is an artificial intelligence AJ learning method that utilizes a net of interconnected nodes each of which may be trained The neural net implemented in SoilVision was implemented by training the neural net with a subset of the SoilVision dataset The fields the neural net uses to determine a packing porosity are displayed in the neural net form SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 60 of 106 Another method of obtaining an estimate of the Packing Porosity is to plot a frequency distribution with the help of the univariate statistics module Generating the frequency distribution must first begin with the creation of a search which selects a desired group of similar soils The criteria for selecting a group of soils with the same texture as the current soil is as follows amp Search Criteria x Field_Name Layer Unimodal_Error Greater Than 0 9 and 1 Up USDA_Texture Equal Sandy Lo
79. ing the check mark button The user may enter new criteria by clicking the New Criteria button Shown below is the proper entry of our Porosity criteria SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 57 of 106 amp Search Criteria x Layer g 1 YO 1S ity Bety i een 0 j3 0 0 4 and Field Hame Operator Value One ual ar Between z o3 J fand E and bs of SQL SHERE Porosity Between 0 3 and 0 4 Select the criteria to use to select a subset of the entire dataset pies a Search specifications must be in metric un sia bala Note the unregistered version restricts the field selection to the tap 5 fields 5 When all criteria has been entered the user may then go back to the Search Wizard form and run the query by clicking the Search button The soils meeting the criteria in the current search will then be selected in the Soil Summary and Searching form The Sorting form is optional when running searches Once the search has been run the next step involves plotting of the group of soil water characteristic curves Plotting all curves selected in the current search may be accomplished through the options of the SWCC Graph Wizard can be accessed through the Graph button on the main toolbar when the SWCC Drying form or the Soil Summary and Searching form is current SoilVision 4 00 File Edit Search Tools Estimate Apply Fit Graph Report Help C Graph Wizard Graph D
80. ing to minimum void ratio possible with estimated shrinkage curve Internal Counter Estimated_ash Estimated_bsh Estimated_csh Single Estimated_Shrinkage_Limit Shrink_ID GUID Internal Number of experimentally measured Shrinkage_Count Integer 2 data points on the shrinkage curve Shrinkage_Estimated Boolean 1 Internal Has shrinkage curve been estimated Yes True No False Shrinkage_Estimated_Error Single 4 Internal R squared difference between estimation and experimental data 4 Internal Has shrinkage equation been fit to data Shrinkage_Fit_Error Single Internal R squared difference between equation and data points Notes by laboratory technician on test Internal Gravimetric water content corresponding to minimum void ratio possible Shrinkage_Lab_Notes Memo Shrinkage_Limit Single with fit shrinkage of soil Shrinkage_Soil_ Counter Link to main soil properties table Shrinkage_Specimen_ ID ID of specimen used in test Shrinkage_ Technician ie ea Technician responsible for experimental results Shrinkage_Test_Date Date 8 Date lab test was performed 50 Shrinkage_Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results 4 Internal True air entry value of a soil True_Air_Entry_ Value Single 4 represented as soil suction kPa Activity Single Activity of a soil as determined from the clay content Atterberg_Present Internal Is atterberg limits
81. ion of a particular ksat value The laboratory ksat values are organized by soil texture and often also have related grain size information The SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 63 of 106 following sections outline methods by which the user may determine the statistical variation of ksat for a selected group of soils 3 3 1 Confidence of ksat using Lognormal Distribution It is useful when estimating saturated permeability to have an idea of the possible variance of the measurements Most theoretical estimates of saturated permeability provide the user with a single value It is often of more value to know the confidence we can place in this value This section outlines a method of calculating confidence limits on the saturated permeability for a USDA classified Sandy Loam A lognormal distribution is required for calculating confidence limits for saturated permeabilities A lognormal rather than a normal distribution is used because saturated permeability varies on a logarithmic scale Soil Vision will automatically calculate the lognormal distribution and confidence limits in the Univariate statistics module A procedure for generating lognormal distribution is as follows The first step in SoilVision is to create a Search that selects the group of soils in which we are interested For this example we will select all soils with a USDA textual classification of Sandy Loam Many other selection
82. lculate Hydrometer ASTM Graph To illustrate the method of data entry into the Hydrometer Data form let us assume that the Texture and Volume Mass tabs have both been filled out properly Also the information in the General tab must also be filled in We will then start by filling in the appropriate information into the Hydrometer Details tab The first thing the user will notice is that the Specific Gravity of Soil has been forwarded from the Volume Mass tab The user should then fill in the Oven Dry Weight of Sample Effective Length Method Zero Correction Meniscus Correction and Alpha If SSSA Methodology 2 4 3 5 is to be used then the HMP Concentration should be filled in instead of the fields inside the ASTM D422 54T box The Percent of Total Weight is automatically calculated using the values provided in the Oven Dry Weight of Sample field and the Sieve Wt Of Sample field in the Sieve Data tab The Alpha value is calculated from the Specific Gravity of Soil by pressing the Calc gt gt button The rest of the required fields are input manually by clicking each field and entering the appropriate information It should be noted that while only the aforementioned fields are required the more information the use can input the more accurate the results will be As with the Sieve Data form the optional Hydrometer Specimen ID field is provided to uniquely identify the soil specimen and is a subsidiary of the Sample ID field in the Soils form
83. mated data Leong_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Leong_p Single Variable used in the calculation of the permeability function Leong_Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if estimation has been executed True False MCampbell_Error Single Internal R squared difference between experimental and predicted data MCampbell_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is fee ee used as a Starting point for the modified Campbell estimation Campbell conductivity prediction MCampbell_ Predicted Boolean Internal Indicates if prediction has been executed True False Mualem_Error Single Internal R squared difference between ee drying experimental and Mualem estimated data Mualem_Linked_ksat Byte Saturated hydraulic conductivity which is used as a Starting point for the estimation Internal Indicates if estimation has been executed True False nga Single Internal Fitting parameter for Gardner fit of the hydraulic conductivity function Permeability Field_Specimen_ID Link to main soil properties table Permeability Specimen_Diameter Diameter of specimen used in permeability test mm Permeability Specimen_Length Length of specimen used in permeability test mm 1 Internal Stores the number of Permeability Technician Technician responsible for experimental results Permeability Test_Date Date lab test was perform
84. mation for an existing soil either double click the desired soil or select the desired soil and use the View gt Detailed Soil Information menu option SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 13 of 106 File Edit Records View Search Graph Report Tools Help Main Switchboard i Detailed Soil Information Soil Summary and Datasets Projects USCS Texture Porosity Bulk Densit MBHydio BH3C Boreholes 011 1830 1 a lls d Well graded sand 38 88 1984 6 MPT T0482 T048 46 78 2830 MPT T0482 T0482 001 Aubertin Ref 2 46 80 3068 64 011 1830 1 Brown Silty Clay PRJ2079 BR1340 Coal Lake Loam Silt Loam MPT T0482 BOR44 Crystal Lake Clay MPT T0482 10482 002 Crystal Lake Clay PRien7a ARAN Nama 1 Poorly graded sanc To create a new record click the new soil icon at the bottom right of the form and enter the data requested in the new soil dialog box View SQL Statement Add a new soil amp Create new soil record x The following information is required to set up your soil record Dataset RT3333 X Borehole ID BH224 5 7 You can provide a Sample ID and Name to easily identify the soil optional Sample ID New Sample ID Soil Name New Soil Cancel When you access the detailed soil information or add a new soil the Soils form is opened with the specified information which manages all information about each soil record T
85. ms Ltd Appendix Page 106 of 106 This page is intentionally left blank
86. nction kPa Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Fredlund and Wilson method Internal Maximum slope of the Fredlund and Wilson pedo transfer function unitless Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been predicted from the grainsize curve by the Fredlund and Wilson method True False Indicates if the Fredlund amp Xing equation should use the unimodal or bimodal grain size curve as it s source Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the Fredlund amp Xing fit Indicates if the Fredlund amp Xing equation should be fit to experimental or predicted data Internal Indicates if the experimental data needs to be fit with the Fredlund amp Xing equation True False Internal Air entry value calculated from the Gardner fit of the soil water characteristic curve kPa Internal Sum of squared differences between Gardner fit and experimental or predicted data Internal Maximum slope of the Gardner fit of the soil water characteristic curve unitless Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the Gardner equation SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 100 of 106 Gardner_SWCC_Fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if experimental data has been fit with Gardner equation Genuchten_AEV Single 4 Internal Air entry value calculated from the van Genuchten fit of the soil water characteristic curve kPa Genuchten_Error Single 4 I
87. ns SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 12 of 106 Soil Summary and Searching PN Bulk Densit MBHydro BH3000 011 1830 1 Sand Well graded sand 38 88 1984 6 MPT TO482 10482 001 Aubertin Ref 1 46 78 2830 MPT TO482 70482 001 Aubertin Ref 2 46 80 3068 64 011 1830 1 Brown Silty Clay PRJ2079 BR1340 Coal Lake Loam Silt Loam Poorly graded sanc 30 02 2154 654 MPT T0482 BOR44 Crystal Lake Clay MPT T0482 10482 002 Crystal Lake Clay PRJ2079 BR1340 Demo 1 PRJ2079 BR1340 Demo 2 PRJ2079 BR1340 Demo 3 PRJ2079 BR1340 Fracture 1 PRJ2079 BRI 340 Haytham soil Silt Loam 1856 031 MPT T0482 Thee O03 New Soil 1 MPT TO482 10482 001 New Soil2 MPT TO482 10482 003 New Soil 3 NEW ID BH224 5 NewSoill NEW ID BH224 5 NewSoil2 REC T0482 10482 001 Reference Soil 1 Sandy loam Sandy organic clay MPT TO482 10482 001 Samplet Sand Silty gravel 49 75 1821 368 MPT T0482 1T0482 001 Sample2 Sandy clay loam Well graded gravel 46 50 1700 PRJ2079 BR1340 Sample3 Silt loam Well qraded gravel Double click on a soil to see detailed properties Select Your Search Order By Matches Found Search Type z View All Soils View SQL Statement Soil 327633539 added successfully D x From here you can access any of the previous forms through the methods that have been described or move on to view detailed soil information or create a new soil record To view detailed soil infor
88. nter Electrolyte_Level SAR Free_Fe_and_Al Oxide Water_Chemistry_Count ei o e o elie Bimodal_Error Single Date lab test was performed Test method used to obtain experimental results Internal Has diffusion curve been fit Internal R squared difference between experimental or predicted and fit data Coefficient of diffusion for saturated soil m 2 s Internal Parameter controlling curvature of the fit curve Internal Parameter controlling curvature of the fit curve Internal Parameter controlling steepest slope of fit curve Internal Parameter controlling steepest slope of fit curve SSS ee et Cation exchange capacity meq 100g Number of records entered to describe the water and soil chemistry hydrometer test Internal R squared difference between fit Bimodal curve and experimental data Internal Indicates if bimodal curve has Bimodal_Fit been fit to experimental data True False SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 85 of 106 Bimodal_ Split Single Internal Indicates split between upper and lower bimodal equations between 0 0 and 1 0 Diameter relating to 10 passing Diameter relating to 20 passing Diameter relating to 30 passing Diameter relating to 50 passing Diameter relating to 60 passing Name of agent used to diperse particles in hydrometer test Amount of agent used in hydrometer test Results of the Double Hydrometer Test Int
89. nternal Sum of squared differences between van Genuchten fit and experimental or predicted data Genuchten_Max_Slope Internal Maximum slope of the van Genuchten fit of the soil water characteristic curve unitless Genuchten_Residual_WC Double Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the van Genuchten equation Genuchten_Source Byte 1 Indicates if the van Genuchten equation should be fit to experimental or predicted data Genuchten_SWCC_Fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if experimental data has been fit with van Genuchten equation Gupta_Error Single 4 Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Gupta and Larson method Gupta_Predicted Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been predicted from the grainsize curve by the Gupta and Larson method True False hr Single 4 Internal Constant parameter in Fredlund amp Xing equation corresponding to residual suction kPa if Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund Bimodal equation kfb Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund Bimodal equation lf Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund Bimodal equation mf Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund amp Xing equation es a Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund Bimodal equation Mualem_AEV Single Internal Air entry value calculated from the Mualem fit of the soil water characteristic curve kPa Mualem_Error Single Internal S
90. olidation_Pressure Single Internal Preconsolidation pressure for the a compression curve kPa Iso_Rebound aie Internal Stores the number of Iso_Rebound_Error a aN measured points on the rebound curve Internal R squared difference between fit Ne slope curve and triaxial experimental SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 83 of 106 Sa S S Iso _Rebound_Fit Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if triaxial rebound experimental data has been fit with the two slope equation Iso _Rebound_Kappa Single 4 Internal Slope of the rebound branch of the swelling curve in the isotropic triaxial test lso_Rebound_Preconsolidation_Pressure Single 4 Internal Preconsolidation pressure for the rene od rebound curve in the triaxial compression curve kPa curve in the isotropic triaxial test kPa lso_Rebound_Void_Ratio Single 4 Internal Void ratio at the start of the rebound curve in the isotropic triaxial test lso_Soil_ Counter 4 Link to main soil properties table lso_Specimen_Diameter Diameter of the soil specimen mm specimen mm lso Specimen _Height Height of the soil specimen Iso_Specimen_ID ID for specimen used in test Iso_ Technician Technician responsible for experimental results Iso_Test_Date Date lab test was performed 0 Iso_Test_Method Test method used to obtain experimental results lso_Water_Content_After Single 4 Gravimetric water content at the finish of the oedometer compression
91. ompression_Specimen_Height Compression_Technician Compression_Test Compression_Test_Date Compression_Test_Method Compression_Triaxial_Specimen_ID Compression_Water_Content_After Compression_Water_Content_Before FHA_Initial_State FHA_Ring_Pressure FHA_Swell hrco Maximum_Stress mco nco Oedometer_Compression_Count Oedometer_Rebound_Count Overburden_Pressure Percent_Collapse Poissons_ Ratio Preconsolidation_Pressure Rebound_Error Rebound_Fit Rebound_Preconsolidation_Pressure Rebound_Swelling_Index Rebound_Swelling_Pressure Appendix Page 81 of 106 Diameter of the soil specimen mm Height of the soil specimen mm Text 50 Technician responsible for experimental results Byte 1 Describes the type of experimental test used to obtain compression curve Date B Date lab test was performed Text 100 Test method used to obtain experimental results ID for specimen used in test Single 4 Gravimetric water content at the finish of the Bee ci a oedometer compression test g g Gravimetric water content at the start of the oedometer compression test g g Text 20 Initial state of the soil sample used in the non Slee a FHA soil swell test Single 4 Proving ring pressure as recorded in the DRS FHA soil swell test Single 4 Percent swell as recorded in the FHA soil Internal Fixed fitting parameter relating to lower part of curve Internal Maximum stres
92. quation m s USBR_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as ies by the USBR equation m s Zamarin_ksat Single Internal Saturated hydraulic conductivity as cei by the Zamarin equation m s ShearBox ea a a o Name Figllype Length Description Direct_ ee pee eS el Areal Sige alee Fine Se Ta Area of the shear plane in the direct shear test mm 2 Direct_Shear_Specimen_Height ci ae Height of the sample used in the direct shear test mm Residual _ Residual Shea Single 4 jihe eal Shear kPa Sommer Internal Stroes the number of experimentally measured points on the saturated shear strength curve ree i Dry_Density E E Dry density at the start of the shear box test kg m 3 Shear_Effective_Angle Single Saturated effective angle of internal friction of a E A soil as determined from the shear box test degrees Shear_Effective_Cohesion Single Saturated effective cohesion of soil as determined from the shear box test kPa Shear_Error Single Internal R squared difference between direct shear experimental data and saturated Mohr Coulomb shear envelope Shear_ID GUID Internal Record ounter ShearLab Notes Lab_Notes aa a Notes by laboratory technician on test a E Parameter Parameter used to determine the amount of influence the soil water characteristic curve has on shear strength lisictge ies ae Predicted a E Soil_Counter Internal Indicates if prediction
93. r_Paper_Dry Weight of the dry Filter paper Filter_Paper_Suction Suction of Filter paper Filter_Paper_Type Type of Filter Paper used Filter_ Paper_WaterContent Water Content of Filter paper Filter_Paper_Wet Single Weight of the wet Filter paper Geochemistry_Present Boolean 1 Internal Is geochemistry information present for the current soil Geologic_Description 25 Geological description of the current soil Grainsize_Present Boolean Internal Is grainsize information present Horizon_Code Code for current horizon 4 4 2 4 4 4 Horizon_Depth_Lower Lower depth of sampling m Horizon_Depth_Upper Upper depth of sampling m Horizon_Number Integer j2 Horizon number where soil was obtained HVEEM_Displacement UA Displacement recorded for the HVEEM CARMANY test mm Expansion recorded for the HVEEM CARMANY test mm Exudation pressure used to determin the R 5 1 1 HVEEM_Expansion Single HVEEM_Pressure Single value for the HVEEM CARMANY test kPa HVEEM_RValue 4 R value for the HVEEM CARMANY test 10 Indicates the initial stress state of the current soil 1 Initial_State Text Journal_Name Name of journal paper was published in ksat_Present Boolean Internal Is saturated permeability information present for current soil SoilVision Systems Ltd kVoid_Present Land_Use Length_pushed Length_recovered Liquid_Limit Appendix Page 95 of 106 Boolean 1 Intern
94. rect Driings End Date E lt Project Phase ma Drill Engineering Sub as Drilling Method ed Engineer Geologist al Please enter a minimum of Borehole ID and Project ID for the current borehole record Soils records must be grouped under a borehole record The Soils form may be opened following the input of borehole information Soils information may be displayed under the View Soils menu item Recommended Minimum Input Project ID Borehole ID Drilling Method A new borehole dialog box is provided to assist you in adding a new borehole After a new borehole is created you may add to or edit the borehole properties You should enter at least the information listed under Recommended Minimum Input SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 8 of 106 amp Create a new borehole x The following information is required to set up your borehole record Project ID jew ID X Borehole ID BH3077 4 You can provide Start and End Dates for the borehole drilling optional Start Date lt lt SAME AS PROJECT End Date lt lt SAME AS PROJECT dd mmm yyyy Cancel After the Borehole information has been entered the user may proceed to the Dataset form by the method shown below Entry of at least one dataset record in each database is required by SoilVision Sol ision 4 00 Eile Edit Records view Tools Report Help Main Switchboard ll Boreholes Projects
95. ring Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 51 of 106 amp Search Wizard x ER Please select a Search To edit view reator Zi All or change a Search press the SAL Keywortt buttons at the bottom of the form Search Name Creation Date of Records Example Data Present query 25 May 2000 Demo Sands with ksat 21 May 2000 259 Waste Rock 04 Nov 1999 32 A certain texture with ksat info 21 Oct 1999 856 Soils with ksat curve 18 Oct 1999 2141 Sands 18 Oct 1999 0 Soils with ksat 18 Oct 1999 1 Glass beads 01 Oct 1999 0 Fit with four parameter comp 29 Sep 1999 90 x Search Name Creator X Comments oe l j Save Creation Date 01 Dec 2004 Search Display top feod X Last Run Date 01 Dec 2004 View Al Searchi Make oNew o Delete Tables Criteria Soils Table is i Search X Fields Sorting HOTE Search results are loaded into Soil Summary form 2 A search name creator and keyword may then be entered into their respective fields in the Search Wizard form The user may then click the Creation Date button to bring the new search to the top of the list SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 52 of 106 amp Search Wizard x om Please select a Search To edit View reator Si All or change a Search press the SAL KE E buttons at the bottom of the form oy Exa earc 01 Dec 2004 silt 27 Sep 2004 0 Example Data Present quer
96. roperties 7 Specific Gravity of Soil Oven Dry Weight of Sample ns g PinHole Method ASTM D 4847 Percent of Total Weight Double Hydrometer ASTM D 4221 Hydrometer Specimen ID SM1332 Hydrometer No M ASTM D422 54T Alpha _cateuite Effective Length Method 152H z Dispersing Agent o Zero Correction sid Amount of Dispersing Agent Used Meniscus Corrector C i SSSA Methodology 2 4 3 5 HMP Concentration gicm 3 The other half of the hydrometer information is the Hydrometer Datasheet tab This form records the data collected during the hydrometer experiment The fields that apply to only one calculation method ASTM or SSSA standard are labeled as such An example Hydrometer Datasheet form is shown here SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 22 of 106 General Sieve Data Hydrometer Details Hydrometer Datasheet unimodal Fit Bimodal Fit Percentages Stats Laboratory Hydrometer Data XLS Date Time Elapsed Temp C Actual Hyd Blank Hyd Corr Hyd Percen a eee Time reading reading reading ddim hh mm ss i myyv AWPN min SSSA only AST gt SAM 3 30 30 PM 27 500 SAD 3 32 30 PM 18 000 11000 sam 35 30PM 30 00 8 000 sam 429 30PM 60 00 z mate rae al Syne z ee gt NOTE after adding or editing data in the above datasheet click Hydrometer Count 9 the Calculate Hydrometer button to update the calculated values Ca
97. s been predicted from the grainsize curve by the Rawls method True False Internal Air entry value calculated from the Scheinost pedo transfer function kPa Internal Estimated van Genuchten Alpha parameter Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Scheinost method Internal Maximum slope of the Scheinost pedo transfer function unitless Internal Estimated van Genuchten m parameter Internal Estimated van Genuchten n parameter Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been predicted from the grainsize curve by the Scheinost method True False Internal Estimated van Genuchten residual water content Internal Stores the number of experimentally measured points on the soil water characteristic curve Notes by laboratory technician on test Link to main soil properties table ID of specimen used in test SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 102 of 106 On SS SWCC_Test_Date ie Date lab test was performed SWCC_Test_Method 255 Test method used to obtain experimental results Tyler_AEV i Internal Air entry value calculated from the Tyler and Wheatcraft pedo transfer function kPa Tyler_Alpha Single Empirical constant estimated by Tyler and ee used to vary the Arya and Paris prediction of water retention Tyler_Error Single Internal Sum of squared differences between the Tyler and Wheatcraft method Tyler_Max_Slope Single Internal Maximum slope of the Tyl
98. s required in the Bivariate Statistics form When the proper selections have been made the user may begin the calculations by clicking the Analyze button 83 Bivariate Statistics x Fields Field Stats Correlation Fourier Fit Power Spectrum AutoCorrelation x aut_4 gt Tables Tables Permeability_k z Permeability_k z X Axis Y Axis ksat_ID A Air_Entry_kset F ksat_Soil_Counter Hazens_Constant ksat_Test_Method Hazens_ksat ksat_Technician Kozeny_Constart ksat_Lab_Notes Kozeny_Carman_ksat ksat_Test_Date Rawls_1983_ksat ksat_Specimen_ID Rawls_1993_ksat ksat_Specimen_Diameter Slichter_ksat ksat_Specimen_Length Terzaghi_ksat Laboratory _ksat Kozeny_ksat Field_ksat USBR_ksat Inverse_ksat E Beyer_ksat ia k a A maximum of 1000 points will be plotted at any one time E Note This statistical analysis will take a few minutes SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 71 of 106 It will take a significant amount of time for SoilVision to generate the appropriate graphs The calculations are complete when the graphs on the form are displayed The graphs shown below will become available through the various tabs in the form 6 Bivariate Statistics x 10 co Terzaghi_ksat ma ON fF OD Laboratory_ksat y 3663 83e 01x 2340 61e 05 r 2 7237 2
99. s test method and lab notes Only the Test Method is essential The Soil State tab displays information on the assumed state of the soil at the beginning of the laboratory procedure This information cannot be altered and is there for reference purposes only The Laboratory Data tab is where the user enters data from a SWCC test to be fit with one of the equations contained in the other tabs in the SWCC Drying form The user should note that Suction data in kPa and Gravimetric Water Content are the required types of raw data needed for Wetting SWCC calculation To enter data into the form simply click the field and enter the data SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 27 of 106 amp Drying Soil Water Characteristic Curve SWCC Fiting Estimations General Soil State Laboratory Data Drying Laboratory Data gt gt XLS Suction kPa Gravimetric Water Content a iE l o 0 t08277 et 7 MANNINN Record 4 gt bt gt of 15 S VCC Count 32 NOTE Please enter required properties before drying laboratory data Graph Properties e Properties button displays the specifics of the equation used and its origin e gt gt XLS button exports the data table as a Microsoft Excel spread sheet e Graph button plots and displays a semi log graph of Gravimetric Water Content versus Suction 1 6 1 2 Fitting and Estimations Tabs The seven fitting tabs in the Drying SWCC
100. s that will yield a zero void ratio for the Two Slope equation kPa Internal Fit parameter Internal Fit parameter Integer 2 Internal Stores the number of e experimentally measured points on the compression curve Integer 2 Internal Stores the number of ee experimentally measured points on the rebound curve Overburden pressure exerted on specimen in the field kPa Single 4 Percentage of soil structure collapse when Re a maximum load is applied in the oedometer compression test Constant relating stresses in different directions Internal Preconsolidation pressure for the compression curve kPa Single 4 Internal R squared difference between fit Pon ey rebound curve and experimental data Boolean 1 Internal Indicates if experimental rebound data has been fit with an equation Internal Preconsolidation pressure for the rebound curve kPa Single 4 Internal Swelling index Cs as determined from rebound experimental data Internal Swelling pressure for the rebound curve kPa SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix Page 82 of 106 Rebound_Void_Ratio Single 4 Internal Void ratio at the start of the rebound curve Swelling_Index i 4 Internal Swelling Index Cs as determined from compression experimental data Swelling_Pressure Fe a Internal Swelling pressure of the soil kPa Two_Slope_Error Single Internal R squared difference between fit te ed curve and experimental data Two_ ees O Fit
101. t of the form The Sieve Wt of container will automatically be subtracted from the Sieve Wt of dry sample container to give the Sieve Wt of sample SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 19 of 106 Sieve t of dry sample container 300 g Sieve t t of container 15 g Sieve V t of sample 285 g Next we input our sieve numbers into the form via the pull down menus in the Sieve No column or by simply entering the sieve size numerically in the field Note that as you enter each sieve the corresponding Particle Diameter and Phi data will automatically appear as well Laboratory Sieve Data Sieve No Particle Diameter Percent Weight mm Passing Retained g lt lt Cak 19 1 0 75 0 5 0 375 0 187 0 15748 0 1318895 0 110236 0 09291 32 0 07874 0 066929 0 055118 0 0464566 0 03937 0 03346 We then input the Percent Passing data into its appropriate column When this is finished the weight retained and Cumulative Weight columns can be filled by pressing the Calc gt gt or lt lt Calc buttons as shown SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 20 of 106 er Percent Weight Cumulative Passing Retained 9 Weight g lt Cak a tooo ooo oao 3 Other buttons on the Sieve Data form perform the following functions ASTM button opens a form that displays all ASTM defined sieve sizes gt gt XLS button exports the data table as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
102. ta Field Drying Data Permeability Test Method Falling head test be Permeability Technician Dale Pavier Permeability Lab Notes Permeability Test Date 11 Nov 1999 Permeability Specimen Diameter 75 mm 3 07086 in Permeability Specimen Length 42 mm 1 65354 in NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field 1 7 2 1 Data Tab The Data tab contains information related to the laboratory testing of unsaturated permeability The Soil State tab contains the suggested theoretical initial state of the unsaturated permeability test The Laboratory Data tab allows entry of the data regarding the unsaturated permeability test as a function of permeability versus soil suction Similarly the Field Data tab allows entry of the data regarding field measurement of unsaturated permeability as a function of soil suction In each of these tabs data is entered is the same way as is described in the Drying SWCC section Minimum Recommended Input Permeability Test Method Permeability Technician Permeability Test Date SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 33 of 106 1 7 2 2 Fitting Tab The Fitting tab provides access to the Gardner method of fitting unsaturated permeability laboratory data Fitting the Gardner equation to data is accomplished through a nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm While possible fitting the Gardner equation to permeability data often leads to less than optimum results T
103. the field descriptions of the criteria desired Recall previously that both the USDA Texture and Porosity are located in the Soils table while Lab Permeability Count is located in the Pemeability table The user may enter the Search Tables form SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 74 of 106 through the Tables button on the Search Wizard form and select the Soils and Permeability tables with the gt gt button 83 Search Tables x Available tables Selected tables Mineralogy Permeability Permeability Soils Permeability _k ShearBox ShearTriaxial Shrinkage FROM Soils INNER JOIN Permeability ON Soils Soil_Counter Permeability Permeability _Soil_Counter 3 i A Select the tables you would like included in View Field Descriptions the current query 3 Next the user should proceed to the Search Criteria form accessed through the Criteria button on the Search Wizard form The user then fills in each field from left to right for both the USDA Texture Lab Permeability Count and Porosity field descriptions When finished the user clicks the check mark button to enter the criteria SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 75 of 106 amp Search Criteria x Field_Name w USDA_Texture Like Sand Down Field Hame Operator Value One Bridge L Lab_Permeability_ Greater Than 0 Ear Porosity J Betwe
104. ts l agr 0 02271336 mm ngr 1 196309 mgr 10 hrgr 0 001 mm E in Smallest Particle Diam dm 0o00 mm a in Unimodal Fit Unimodal Error 0 9833931 R 2 Iteration 401 Apply Graph Properties SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 25 of 106 The equation will provide a continuous method of interpolation The fit equation algorithm also initiates the following calculations e calculation of clay silt sand and coarse for the USDA and USCS ASTM methods e calculation of Dio D20 D30 D50 and Deo e classification of the current soil by USDA and USCS ASTM methods The calculations shown above are performed using the equation Unimodal Bimodal that best represents the soil The success of the equation in fitting the laboratory data is determined by the Error R variable With the R methodof measurement a perfect fit is represented as a value of 1 00 It is important to note that the results of the equations will OVERWRITE the USDA and USCS soil textures in the Texture Tab of the Soils form 1 6 SWCC INFORMATION Once Grain size information and soil classification has been completed the user must then proceed to the input of SWCC Soil Water Characteristic Curve data Referring to the Properties tab of the Soils form one will notice that in order to be able to estimate additional test information such as Permeability or Diffusion either the Drying or Wetting SWCC information must be
105. tural classes All 324 soils contained a measured unsaturated permeability curve and a measured soil water characteristic curve The Leong parameter was back calculated from the laboratory data in each case After the user selects a Leong p value they may proceed with the estimation by clicking the Estimate button As with the Fredlund and Xing estimation the results for the Leong and Rahardjo estimation can be viewed in the form of a graph via the Graph button SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 49 of 106 ES Permeability SoilVision Systems Ltd Comparing Data to the Dataset of 6000 Soils Page 50 of 106 3 COMPARING DATA TO THE DATASET OF 6000 SOILS The SoilVision dataset of highly detailed unsaturated information on over 6000 unsaturated soils allows the user to compare existing data to laboratory data This comparison is often valuable in providing the user with an idea of the reasonable variation in the soil water characteristic curve or permeability curve that can be expected The following sections outline how SoilVision can be used to select groups of soils and plot variational indicators The user must be attached to the SVSoils_Data database for the following section Please refer to the User s Manual for directions on how to open the Soil Vision dataset 3 1 SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTIC CURVE The SWCC is central to the behavior of the unsaturated soils Estimation of the soil water ch
106. ue calculated from the Arya pedo transfer function kPa 4 Empirical constant used to vary the Arya and Paris prediction of water retention Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Arya and Paris method Internal Maximum slope of the Arya and Paris pedo transfer function unitless Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been predicted from the grainsize curve by the Arya and Paris method True False Internal Variable parameter in van Genuchten equation Internal Indicates if a SWCC has been predicted from the grainsize curve by the Aubertin method True False Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Aubertin method Internal Air entry value calculated from the Aubertin pseudo transfer function kPa Internal Maximum slope of the Aubertin pedo transfer function unitless Indicates if the Aubertin method should treat the soil as a granular or plastic material Internal Air entry value calculated from the Brooks and Corey fit of the soil water characteristic curve kPa Internal Sum of squared differences between Brooks amp Corey fit and experimental or predicted data Internal Maximum slope of the Brooks and Corey fit of the soil water characteristic curve unitless Internal Calculated residual volumetric water content from the Brooks amp Corey equation Indicates if the Brooks and Corey equation should be
107. um of squared differences between Mualem fit and experimental or predicted data Mualem_Max_Slope Single Internal Maximum slope of the Mualem fit of the soil water characteristic curve unitless Mualem_Residual_WC Single Internal Calculated residual volumetric water nee from the Mualem equation Mualem_SWCC_Fit Boolean Internal Indicates if experimental data has ues fit ve Mualem equation re a Internal Variable parameter in van Genuchten equation ee Single Internal Variable parameter in Burdine equation nc Single 4 Internal Variable parameter in Brooks amp Corey equation SoilVision Systems Ltd Appendix or Rawls_Bubbling_Pressure Page 101 of 106 Xing equation Internal Variable parameter in Fredlund Bimodal equation equation equation Internal Variable parameter in van Genuchten equation Porosity to use in the packing together of grainsize groups for the prediction of soil water characteristic curve Internal Air entry value calculated from the Rawls pedo transfer function kPa Internal Brooks and Corey bubbling pressure as estimated from Rawls correlation kPa Internal Sum of squared differences between experimental SWCC and predicted SWCC by the Rawls method Internal Brooks and Corey Lambda equation parameter as estimated from Rawls correlation Internal Maximum slope of the Rawls and Brakensiek pedo transfer function unitless Internal Indicates if a SWCC ha
108. ves based on texture or grain size properties to provide an estimate of the shape of the unsaturated permeability function The method is outlined below Using the Search Wizard we will first select a group of soils according to the following criteria Porosity n 0 3 lt n lt 0 4 Lab Permeability Count gt 0 USDA Texture Sand 1 As with our previous examples the user must access the Search Wizard and create a new search with the New Search button amp Search Wizard x E gt Please select a Search To edit view reator E All or change a Search press the SAL Keyworth m buttons at the bottom of the form Search Name Creation Date of Records Example Search mannan 01 Dec 2004 a noenee sit with ksat less than 1e 07 27 Sep 2004 0 Example Data Present query 25 May 2000 0 Demo Sands with ksat 21 May 2000 259 Waste Rock 04 Nov 1999 0 4 certain texture with ksat info 21 Oct 1999 356 Soils with ksat curve 18 Oct 1999 2141 Sands 18 Oct 1999 0 Soils with ksat 18 Oct 1999 1 Search Name Creator l z Comments Keyword f Save Creation Date 01 Dec 2004 Search Display top l records Last Run Date 01 Dec 2004 View All Make Delete Tables Criteria Soils son Table d paai 2 z Fields Sorting HOTE Search results are loaded into Soil Summary form 1 li 2 Once a new Search Name Creator and Keyword have been entered the user must select the tables containing
109. window allow the user to compare the laboratory data with three seven equations To accomplish this the user can click the Apply Fit button in any of the three comparison tabs Fredlund and Xing shown below to fit a curve to the laboratory data previously entered An example of such a plot is shown below SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 28 of 106 ge 3 Soil Water Characteristic Curve ia iil ia F ii i The Graph and Properties buttons function in the same manner as those on the Laboratory Data tab SoilVision Systems Ltd Entering New Data Page 29 of 106 amp Drying Soil Water Characteristic Curve SWCC Data Fitting Estimations Reccccevccssenseoees Burdine Gardner Brooks and Corey Fredlund and Xing Fredlund Bimodal van Genuchten Mualem Fredlund Source ez Iteration af 30 12225 kPa nf 4 856756 mf 0 4962097 hr 101 1179 kPa Fredlund SCC Fit Fredlund Error 0 991 706 R 2 Fredlund Residual C 0 06 gray water content wilting Point 0 04 gray water content Fredlund AEV 22 88 kPa 3 32 psi Fredlund Max Slope 1 22 Apply Fit Graph Properties The estimations tab provides the user access to the estimations methods implemented in SoilVision See Estimation of Unsaturated Soil Properties in Chapter 2 0 for more information 1 7 PERMEABILITY INFORMATION Permeability information is contained within its own branch on the Properties tab o
110. y 25 May 2000 0 Demo Sands with ksat 21 May 2000 259 Waste Rock 04 Nov 1999 32 A certain texture with ksat info 21 Oct 1999 556 Soils with ksat curve 18 Oct 1999 2141 Sands 18 Oct 1999 0 Soils with ksat 18 Oct 1999 1 x Search Name Example Search Creator JMP Comments Keyword tutorial z z 3 Save Creation Date 01 Dec 2004 Search Display top records X Last Run Date 01 Dec 2004 View All Make New Delete Tables Criteria 5 Search Soils Table Search Search Fields Sorting HOTE Search results are loaded into Soil Summary form l i 3 The user must then proceed to the Search Tables form accessed through the Tables button on the Search Wizard form For our example we will have to select 4 tables in accordance with our 4 criteria USDA Texture No of SWCC lab points Porosity and Saturation The primary question becomes How do we find the table that contains the fields we desire to search For example what table contains the USDA texture field There are two methods for identifying tables i Each table in SoilVision corresponds to a particular form For example the Soils form displays the fields contained in the Soils table The form name and table name are not always identical however but may be matched up through the following matching table The form names with the exception of Soils correspond to the buttons on the Properties tab of the Soils form SoilVision Systems Ltd
111. y procedures The following sections outline methods of estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil The methods are implemented based on their frequent use in the practice of geotechnical engineering and soil science 2 2 1 Estimation of Saturated Conductivity SoilVision implements a comprehensive range of theoretical methods for estimation of saturated permeability Each method is summarized in its respective tab as shown below amp Saturated Permeability x Data Estimations Rawls and Brakensiek 1983 ksat Rawls Brakensiek and Logsdon 1993 ksat Slichter ksat Terzaghi ksat USBR ksat Zamarin ksat Fair Hatch ksat Beyer ksat Hazen s ksat Kozeny Carman ksat Kozeny ksat Kruger ksat Hazen s Constant C 7 703644 This prediction uses Hazen s equation to estimate a saturated D10 0 0006051305 mm hydraulic conductivity A D10 Hazen s ksat 2 82096 06 rat value must have been entered i to allow this prediction C 0 24372942571 miday typically ranges between 0 004 0 79963722366 ftiday and 0 012 for uniform sands NOTE Pressing ESC will reverse changes made to a particular field SoilVision Systems Ltd Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties Page 40 of 106 It is important to note the requirements for the estimation methods The requirements are outlined in the tab dedicated to each estimation method in the Permeability form The majority of methods require a description of the grain

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