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1. PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Brief Instructions Plotting the horizon is done with the mouse using both the left and the right mouse buttons The actual coordinates are displayed in the top right hand corner of the dialogue In addition instructions helping you to the next stage are given at the bottom of the dialogue You can also input the coordinates for the horizon into a table And you are able to copy the table into spreadsheet programmes such as Excel Click on the Import Horizon button to import horizon data provided by the calculation and image processing software horiz 3 5 Calculations PV SOL carries out the simulation process on the basis of hourly values The energy irradiated onto the tilted PV surface is calculated from the global radiation values in the weather data Any shade on the array surface reduces the level of irradiated energy The resulting energy yields for the PV system are given in the module efficiency characteristic curve The module temperature must be calculated before the degree of module efficiency can be determined For grid connected systems the energy created direct current is converted by the inverter alternating current so that it can be fed into the grid With stand alone systems the energy created is either used directly to cover local consumption or is used to charge the battery Energy consumption can also be covered by the battery Any back up generator delivers its energy supply
2. k nnen Sie diese direkt eingeben Sie k nnen die Anzahl an Modulen auch aus der Dachflache bestimmen For grid connected systems you will have to decide on the number and type of inverters PV SOL supports systems that have a central inverter and systems with a number of inverters If you select a system with a number of inverters you can choose between string and module inverters This is done via the number of inverters If you decide on one central inverter and a number of sub arrays you need to take into account that depending on the configuration of the sub arrays the inverter will not work to optimum MPP maximum power point for each separate sub array Mismatch losses will occur Module and inverter data is loaded from the Database menu From the Technical Data dialogue PV array worksheet click on PV module and Inverter to open a file dialogue which lists all data records with information on the manufacturer type power output and voltage This information can be sorted by heading simply by clicking on one of the headings You are able to change and add to the data records This is done in the database under Database PV Module and Database Inverter Grid Connected Systems When setting the inverters and modules the power output and voltage levels must match The inverter should be sized with its power output inverter operating power the same or smaller than the PV operating power output PV operating power as th
3. 900 1 000 W m Rel Efficiency0 C Rel Efficiency25 C Rel Efficiency50 C Rel Efficiency75 C Figure 5 2 2 Module efficiency at various module temperatures The temperature dependency of the curve is determined from the Temperature characteristic curve at 25 C nev mrr G Tmodue 25 C and the output Dependency temperature coefficient dndT Nev mPp 7 I pv upp G sT Module 25 C i AT dndT If the module MPP cannot be maintained the module working point is determined from the UI characteristic curve field see Figure 5 2 3 U I Characteristic Curve at 25 C U I Characteristic Curve 100 W m U I Characteristic Curve 200 W m U I Characteristic Curve 500 W m U I Characteristic Curve 800 W m U I Characteristic Curve 1 000 W m Figure 5 2 3 U I Characteristic curve field In addition to the module efficiency the module UI curve takes into Efficiency account the following additional losses e deviation from standard spectrum AM 1 5 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 5 5 Basis of Programme Calculations PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Output Losses MPP Tracking Initial Output Working Point 5 6 e mismatch or lesser yield due to deviation from the manufacturer s specification e losses in the diodes These outp
4. Inclination button to find out the tilt angle required for maximum annual irradiation onto the array surface With grid connected systems functioning under the full supply concept the optimal inclination corresponds to the Max Irradiation Inclination but with stand alone systems this can vary By clicking on the button labelled Graph you can view the annual irradiation fluctuations kWh m and the annual duration curve for the radiation W m The type of Mount has an effect on the temperature of the modules The higher the module temperature the lower the module efficiency Therefore the yields of PV systems with a free standing mount are higher than those with ventilation space which in turn have higher yields than systems without ventilation space The Direct Current Cabling from the PV modules string distribution board to the entry point of the inverter or charge controller must be accounted for as a loss If your system has a number of lines running together to the inverter you should multiply the cross section measurement for each cable by the number of cables By clicking on the Calculation Model Losses button you will open a dialogue made up of a number of worksheets Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Further Technical Data required for all systems Max Irradiation Inclination Type of Installation Cabling Calculation Model Losses 3 17 Brief Instructions PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Temperatur
5. MPP Voltage STC VI 172 0 No of Parallel Strings 2 E Smuain DC Cable to Charge Controller Green for A Cable Cross Section per String 25 mnt Sum of Cable Cross Sections 5 00 m System AM tem Chage Cone OSS O OSOS Figure 4 5 PV Array Worksheet As in many of the programme s dialogues this one also has entry fields which have a white background and information fields which have a grey background The grey information fields display the 428 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Calculation Example Stand Alone System amounts calculated from the values you have entered The full data record for the module or battery you have selected can be viewed by holding the cursor over the PV Module or Battery button If you want to check over your system click on System Check An information window will open which checks whether modules and components are compatible With our example there are no compatibility problems Click on System Diagram to view a sketch of the system This later forms part of the summary report The system components such as modules inverters batteries and also consumption are displayed as symbols The system diagram is a sketch and does not replace a full technical drawing 4 5 2 Shade In this example we assume that no shade needs to be accounted for If you want to find out more about this facility go to Section 5 1 5 2 4 6 Simulation
6. Telephone arrrnrnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnvnnnnnnnrnnnnnrrrrnnnenrnnn 2 9 2 3 6 Enter the Key COG vansagsaenerst dear erten 2 9 3 Brief Insiucenlons auaaetn NE 3 11 3 1 Setup a New Project File menu rrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvrrrnnnnnnnnrrnnnnnrrnnnnnne 3 11 3 2 Set Conditions Conditions menu rrrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvrrvnnnnnnnnrrnnnnnrrrrnnen 3 12 3 3 Define Appliances Appliances menu rxrrrnnnnrrrrrnnnnnnnrrnnnnnrrnnnnnnnnn 3 14 3 4 Configure System System menu rrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrvrrnnnnnnnnrrnnnnnrrnnnnen 3 15 341 Technical Data savanne te 3 15 342 Shade a NE E a AR A E Rs 3 18 3 5 CAICUIATIONS nnna enaa a E EEE 3 19 3 6 Evaluating the System Results annnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 3 21 4 Calculation Example Stand Alone System rrrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnvvvnnnnnn 4 23 4 1 QUICK Design rrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnn 4 23 4 2 Project Administratlona rasurasdenarenuanelatmmmldrnitmnmddmask 4 25 4 3 SEKGononS eee enemmn ennnen eneen 4 25 4 4 Define Individual Appliances rrrrnnnnnnnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnne 4 26 4 5 Configure System rrnrnnnnnnnvnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnen 4 28 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Contents PV SOL 2 5 User Manual 451 Technical Data e ERa e E E ER R E E 4 28 252 Sh dedurerassarenauaagsgsoudsdamudk addere 4 29 4 6 Simulation and Results 303 Aac
7. The comparison of the two systems shows the following variations Because of the smaller battery capacity consumption not covered by the system increases from 28kWh to 77 kWh and the surplus increases from 151 kWh auf 233 kWh The percentage of solar coverage decreases from 93 to 83 therefore remaining comparatively high On the other hand because of the low battery costs the electricity production costs decrease from 4 40 to 1 70 and the annual costs from 3 450 to 1 330 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Calculation Example Stand Alone System File Name Current Project summer1 prj Variant Reference Stand alone project Stand alone project Project Name Stand Alone System 1 First design Weather File Berlin wbv Freiburg wbv SYSTEM PARAMETERS Number of Arrays 1 1 PV Output kW 1 12 0 24 PV Gross Surface Area m 8 88 1 91 PV Array Type of Operation Direct Battery Coupling Direct Battery Coupling Array 1 Array 1 reference Array 1 reference Array Output kW 1 12 0 24 Array Gross Surface Area m 8 88 1 91 PV Modules Kyocera KC80 80W Kyocera KC80 80W Number of Modules 14 3 Number of Modules in Series 1 1 Orientation 9 0 0 Inclination 9 30 30 Mount With Ventilation With Ventilation MPP Voltage of Array 16 9 16 9 BATTERY Ref
8. actually play a significant role when observing the PV system although a comparison between production and consumption is of interest to many users However for the design of stand alone systems the estimated consumption plays a very important role indeed Up to four different electrical load profiles can be defined To define a new energy load go to the Appliances Load Profile menu and click on New Profile Then click on the button that appears to input the values The most important values to be input are the annual energy consumption in kWh and the consumption profile The consumption profile is loaded from the Load Profile database unit The resulting consumption can be viewed as a graph Changes to the consumption profile can be made via Database Load Profile If you want to delete an existing profile you will have to go back into the dialogue for that profile click on the check box Delete Load and exit the dialogue by clicking on OK Up to 20 electrical appliances eg washing machine coffee maker lightbulb computer can be defined in the Appliances Individual Appliances menu The power output and periods of use over the year need to be input In order to calculate the optimum values for the amount of time the appliances are in use they are divided into four groups This means that appliances with variable patterns of use eg TV can be defined according to daily or weekly patterns or by the overall amount of time t
9. adjustment efficiency the stand by and night consumption and the input threshold from the point that the inverter starts output All these factors are accounted for in the inverter efficiency 5 4 Temperature Model PV module temperature is of great importance in calculating output Heating of around 10 C represents an output loss of approximately 5 To determine the module temperature the programme uses a dynamic temperature model to solve the thermal balance equation at each time stage Since the calculation using this model takes up a lot of time an alternative can be selected a linear temperature model dependent on external temperature and irradiation 5 4 1 Linear Temperature Model This model determines module temperature through linear dependence from irradiation G as follows Tmodule Ta k G Gsrc The value of the constant k is dependent on the type of module installation and a measurement for the maximum possible temperature at maximum irradiation Gstc 1000 W m2 compared with the external temperature Ta e Free standing k 20 C e Roof mounted with ventilation space k 30 C e Roof or fagade integrated without ventilation space k 45 C 5 4 2 Dynamic Temperature Model 5 4 2 1 Calculation of Thermal Balance Equation In order to take thermal inertia into account each 1 hour stage of the simulation is divided into a number of smaller steps dt in eac
10. and Results Once you have finished working in the Conditions Appliances and System dialogues you are able to carry out a full simulation Click on the Simulate button on the main screen Hourly values are simulated for a full year If the components that you have selected are not compatible a message will appear indicating what the problem is The time it takes to complete a simulation depends on how powerful your computer is the number of sub arrays that have been defined and the temperature model you have selected After successful simulation the Simulation Complete dialogue appears From here you can call up the Annual Energy Balance detailed description in Section 7 6 1 the Summary Project Report Section 7 6 6 and the graphical evaluation Section 7 6 2 To close the dialogue and return to the programme s main screen click on Close 4 6 1 Annual Energy Balance The first thing you should do after simulation is to look at the Annual Energy Balance You can do this from the programme s main screen by clicking on the Energy Balance button We can see that the sun at the selected location irradiates 11 3 MWh worth of energy annually onto our tilted module area of 10 m The appliances have an energy requirement of 463 kWh The solar energy produced by the PV system amounts to 780 kWh From this Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH System Check System Diagram Simulate Energy Balance 2 4 29 Calcula
11. direct to the appliances or feeds the battery After calculation of the annual energy balance recognised evaluation values such as performance ratio and the specific annual yield can be determined Because of the tariff rates PV SOL calculates the cost of energy from the grid and credit for energy supplied to the grid on an annual basis The economic efficiency calculation determines the capital value and the energy production costs for the system Before you go to the Calculations Simulation menu it is advisable to first save your system data so that you are able at any time to repeat the simulation with identical parameters The hourly results are not saved to their own results file You therefore need to run the simulation process again from within the existing project file to view the hourly results The annual results are however saved within the project file so you should save your project after each simulation or before you exit the project However if you do want to save the results in hourly format to file you are able to do this through the graphics facility Results Energy and Weather Files In the graphics facility in addition to graph format Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Simulation m Saving the Results 3 19 Brief Instructions PV SOL 2 6 User Manual you are also able to view the results in table format The table can be saved to file in text format and then evaluated from within a spread
12. e Notify allocated programme ID by e mail fax or telephone e Receive Key Code e Enter Key Code 2 3 1 Enter the Serial Number If you purchased the programme from us you will already have a Serial Number You will find this on the CD case on the invoice or we have sent it to you by e mail The Serial Number has the following format Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 2 7 Programme Installation PV SOL 2 6 User Manual 2 8 30138 012P 250 CHWD 1 EHB8 PH CEPR AGU It needs to be entered exactly as it appears without any spaces After the Serial Number has been entered the programme allocates a Programme ID which is based on the Serial Number and a code for your PC 7 Registration x Enter Serial Number Serial Number 30138 012P 250 CHWD 1 EHB8 PH CEPR AGU ey Programme ID EY1 RD ne You Still Don t Have a Serial Number This could be the case if for example you have installed the programme from the Demo CD or you have downloaded it from the internet You will need to purchase a full version of the programme before you can receive a Serial Number Send us the Order Form which you can print within the programme under Info Registration or you can purchase the programme direct from our website You ve Purchased the Programme and Can t Find Your Serial Number No problem Send us the invoice for the programme with your contact details and we will send you the Serial Number aga
13. itself are given in the worksheet labelled with Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH wi Weather Data Pollutant Emissions For grid connected systems only electricity tariffs E Tariff for energy supply from grid 3 13 Brief Instructions PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Tariff for energy supply to grid Define New LA Electrical Load Profile Individual Appliances 3 14 zo PV system All costs are separated into tariff time bands and the of kilowatt hour and load price The price for supplying energy to the grid from your PV system will have to be negotiated with your local utility or correspond to a legally set minimum level Depending on the supply area there will be a set flat rate amount for each kWh fed in or high and low rate tariffs may be taken into account The credit for the electricity supplied to the grid in the first year is found after simulation in the results window Results Energy Supply Credit split into summer winter and high low tariff 3 3 Define Appliances Appliances menu There are two ways to define the appliances If the total annual energy requirement for the appliances is known the data is input from within the electrical load profile If not the data for each electrical appliance can be given The programme calculates totals for energy consumption for appliances defined in both ways For grid connected systems with full supply to the grid the appliances do not
14. of getting to know the PV SOL programme it s therefore not necessary to use the Conditions menu Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 4 25 Calculation Example Stand Alone System PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Individual Appliance Type of Appliance 4 26 zo 4 4 Define Individual Appliances For this example the appliances are defined in the Individual Appliance dialogue The direct way to get to the Individual Appliance dialogue is via the button shown here You can also get to this dialogue by clicking on the Consumption button in the Quick Design window First of all the Definition of Electrical Appliances by Individual Appliance dialogue will open From here you can select from up to 20 different individual appliances Click on New to add a new appliance Click on the button to open the Individual Appliances dialogue Individual Appliances xi Name Lightbulb dark room occasional use OK Type Light x Cancel Output w eo Stand by Output w fo Operating Times 0 Mon v I All Days the Same ai 3 Appliance switches on during the selected operating Save times as follows 18 g No other Restrictions iH Graphics Full Darkness C Dusk Dawn 1 Dull Weather 12 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Operating Time 365 Days Figure 4 3 Individual Appliance Dialogue Light To help distinguish b
15. parts The diffuse part is determined independently from the sun s altitude and azimuth as a percentage of the shaded area Direct irradiation onto the PV surface is reduced by the period of shading at each stage of the calculation Shade Radiation onto the tilted PV array surface is reflected at the module Incident Angle surface The direct radiation is reflected depending on the sun s Modifier altitude and the array s incident angle modifier The incident angle modifier for the diffuse radiation is set by the programme The resulting radiation is the Radiation minus Reflection Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 5 3 Basis of Programme Calculations PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Module Performance under STC Maximum Power Point MPP Efficiency Characteristic Curve 5 4 5 2 PV Module Output The PV module output can be determined after entering the module voltage from the irradiation onto the tilted PV array surface after deduction of reflection losses and the calculated module temperature see 5 4 Temperature Model Figure 5 2 1 shows the module output of a typical 100W module at a module temperature of 25 C with various levels of irradiation The upper curve shows the module output under standard test conditions STC It can be seen that at a voltage of ca 17V the module produces its maximum output of 100W This module working point is known as the maximum power point MPP It has to be determined for all irra
16. 8 439 11 You will then receive the Key Code by fax within one working day You can also enter an e mail address to which the Key Code should be sent 2 3 5 Request a Key Code by Telephone If you do not have a fax or an e mail address you can request a Key Code by telephone In this case you will need to give your Programme ID over the phone 2 3 6 Enter the Key Code Once you receive the Key Code you will need to enter it by hand or copy and paste it into the field under Enter Key Code in the Registration window and then click on the OK button This completes the programme registration and activation procedure An information window appears with a message that registration has been completed and the programme is now fully functional x iD Your programme is now activated ERA A The logo illustrated here will be used as the programme icon After installation it will appear in the Windows Start menu PEL v r The single licence version of PV SOL can only be installed onto the hard drive of a single computer However since the database and Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 2 9 Programme Installation PV SOL 2 6 User Manual project files can be saved to any drive required and this drive can then be set in the programme as the standard drive it is therefore possible to move parts of the programme to other hard drives If you wish to install the whole programme onto a network you will requir
17. Efficiency Calculation Input Sheet Cancel In this case the estimated cost of the PV modules is 7 500 the electronics 2 000 and the batteries 11 000 750 kWh at 28 8 kWh total capacity This results in a PV modules Electronics Batteries percentage ratio of 37 10 53 If a battery life of 5 years against 25 years for the other components is given electricity production costs come to 4 40 kWh and annual costs of 3 450 are reached 4 8 Variant Comparison All calculations are now complete for our example of a PV SOL project You are now able to vary the economic and the technical parameters First of all save the current project by clicking on the Save button m Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 4 31 Calculation Example Stand Alone System PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Save Variant Change Technical Data Simulation EN Select Projects Copy to Word Copy to Excel Variant Comparison 4 32 Now go to the File Save As command and save the project with a new file name eg summer2 prj This will duplicate the project Now change the system variant reference for example to Less batteries used and then make changes as wished to the system parameters In the original example 20 batteries were used in order to achieve the highest possible rate of solar coverage This led to high system costs because of the estimated battery prices and lifespan In the current example summer2 pr
18. Module buttons to select the system s basic components Here you load the corresponding files from the database units From within the Load dialogue you can sort the data records simply by clicking on one of the headings to help you search under the different headings The programme establishes that the system is made up of one array and a direct battery connection Direct current appliances are assumed Click on Sizing to view output and capacity values These are shown towards the bottom of the dialogue window If batteries or modules are selected that do not match the system voltage a message will appear Once you have entered all the details you can decide whether you want to simulate the system or whether you want to save the parameters into your project and then work on the project further The simulation carried out at this stage is meant to be a quick overview ie for users that are not yet able or don t want to design a system in more detail but who do require a rough indication of yields Click on the gt gt Simulation button to start simulation A one page summary displays the results Normally Quick Design is used to input the initial project parameters Click on Save As Default to save the parameters into all subsequent new projects With Cance you are able proceed without saving the current changes Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Calculation Example Stand Alone System 4 2
19. Project Administration The next step is to click on Project Administration The Project Administration window opens where you can enter general project parameters as well as the project name and project designer In addition to the project name please enter a system variant System variant reference such as First attempt into the field on the main screen so reference that you can later compare a number of versions of the same project Now you should save your work to file by clicking on the save button m and giving your data a file name for example summer1 I The file extension prj will be automatically added to your file name Save Your system variant reference appears as the file reference in the Save File dialogue Your screen now looks like this PY SOL 2 5 Release 1 aiel Ee Condens pplances System Candsion Resuts Datahmes Options Language Heb oMi BANSHeIMETIZAAIP LEG Pro Marne Grid Corrected opines I Freee id Te pdcrewied Wathe haan Figure 4 2 View of project data on the main screen 4 3 Set Conditions You have already selected a weather data file in the Quick Design screen therefore you don t need to go to the Conditions Weather Files menu unless you want to change your selection of weather data Standard values for pollutant emissions are only needed if your system has a back up generator Electricity tariffs are not important for a stand alone system At this stage
20. TLF Geet PV SOL The Programme for the Design and Simulation of Photovoltaic Systems PETE Date Randbedngungen Verbrmcher Aip ferehrungen ytre Stietheten Operen Spahe Mile VSB BSDOUAIMELTIERRIC LG Wrojehaname 106 Grd Connected System Projehedater 20 hw ord conected gr Nerartertecechrurg 10kw Grid Corrected Wetterdatectierie USER MANUAL FOR PV SOL VERSION 2 6 The information contained in this manual is without warranty No responsibility whatsoever is assumed by the programme developers The software described in this manual is distributed in accordance with the terms of the licence agreement which is accepted on opening the programme package No claims in respect of liability can be based on the contents of this manual The reproduction of any part of the programme package is prohibited E ENERGIESOFTWARE COPYRIGHT 1998 2006 Dr Ing Gerhard Valentin Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Stralauer Platz 34 10243 Berlin Tel 49 0 30 588 439 0 Fax 49 0 30 588 439 11 Internet www valentin de E mail info valentin de Programme Information PV SOL 2 6 User Manual 1 2 1 Programme Information 1 1 Why PV SOL PV SOL is a programme for the design and calculation of photovoltaic systems It has been designed for use by planning offices technicians energy consultants and educational institutions in fact for anyone who works with the planning and installation of PV systems W
21. ailed Project Report Click on the System Diagram button in the Technical Data screen to view a sketch of the system This will later form part of the Report Summary Results Project Report Summary Each of the system components modules inverters batteries etc as well as the load profiles and for grid connected systems the selection made for grid supply full supply to grid or own use are represented as a symbol Details of the number and types of components are given in text The system diagram is a sketch nota full technical drawing 3 4 2 Shade Before you start planning a PV system you will need to survey the location for any possible shading You should also trace the horizon for each sub array location or input the information in a table The point of measurement is the central point of the PV surface facing south regardless of how you align your PV modules later on Single objects are more easily recorded when you note the distance height width and orientation deviation from the south With PV SOL you are able to enter values separately for the horizon and for objects causing shading You do this via System Shade lf you want to use the shade values you have input for your next project you should save to file with the file extension sch and then load the file in your new project You can use the Save and Load buttons in the upper bar of the Shade dialogue to do this Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
22. al value Capital value of total investment X CV of price dynamic instalments divided by lifespan investment subsidy Positive capital values reflect a positive investment in economic terms The amortization period is the period of time that the system must operate in order to produce a zero capital value on the total investment Amortization periods greater than 30 years are not given If the CV of costs are converted into equal instalments r 1 over the lifespan then Z is valid as follows Z CV of costs a q T a q T annuity factor 1 b T q r f r r 1 For the electricity production costs Electricity production costs Annual costs Z Annual electricity production 5 8 Recommended Design For stand alone systems PV SOL s Quick Design for new projects only calculates a recommended design based on the weather data the inclination and orientation of the modules and the consumption PV module output and battery capacity are given as a result of the recommended design The following data is used for the design according to the desired solar fraction Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Cash Value Capital Value Amortization Period Electricity Production Costs 5 11 Basis of Programme Calculations PV SOL 2 6 User Manual 5 12 Low solar fraction consumption and irradiation in the month with the highest irradiation Average solar fra
23. ame type with the modules being mounted as a unit set at the same orientation You will need to decide on the best inverter format PV SOL supports systems with a central inverter and systems with a number of inverters For systems with a number of inverters you can differentiate between string and module inverters This is done through the number of inverters From the Technical Data dialogue you can set the system performance PV power output via the number of modules Next to the input fields information on calculated sizing is given based on the values you have input If you adjust the number of modules or change the choice of module type the installed power will change correspondingly The total performance for the sub arrays ie the PV power output and the resulting PV gross surface area and PV net conversion area is found on the worksheet labelled System If the number of modules to be used is known you can enter a figure for these direct Alternatively you can base the number of modules on the available roof area Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Annual Electricity Requirement Ni N 7 Sub Arrays System Power Output 3 15 Brief Instructions PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Technical data for grid connected systems Sorting Data Records Inverters Voltage Range TIP Technical data for stand alone systems 3 16 Wenn die Anzahl Module der eingesetzten Module bekannt ist
24. anata wala Awa ANA anal 4 29 4 6 1 Annual Energy Balance ss xis reuters dcondene ntendd ecient siento ud 4 29 4 7 Economic Efficiency Calculation rnnnnnnonnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnn 4 31 4 8 Variant Comparison 4 appear SEAT 4 31 5 Basis of Programme Calculations sssvvvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvvnnnevnnnnnnnnnnnn 5 3 5 1 Radiation PIOCc ssoruannseneduredeneRenedenedededaneR Gene 5 3 5 2 PV MOdUIGOUIDUL mase 6 se SENG 5 4 53 SIAWERCT nanen AA AA hatanal dhatanas katana hatshel ketene staves 5 6 5 4 Temperature Model ua ccs catsetectece teu stecb col oee heed er eet eae beel anbe 5 7 5 4 1 Linear Temperature Model arnnnnnnnrnnnnnnrnrnnnnnnnnnrnnnannnennnrnnnvnnnnnrrrnnesenennn 5 7 5 4 2 Dynamic Temperature Model arrnnnnnnannnnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnvnnnnnrnnrnenenennn 5 7 5 5 Cabling Losses Taasen ed 5 9 5 6 Evaluation Dimensions suuusseestseeiokevmtsnsiondeeonndnbdduet 5 9 5 7 Economic Efficiency GAbUlaloh uuausareneneniensmemame 5 10 5 8 Recommended Design rnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnne 5 11 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
25. ated onto PV generator surface EPVyuse solar energy produced on the AC side own consumption of inverter Eioad electricity requirement of appliances Prom installed PV generator output nNstc module efficiency under STC 2 Standard Test Conditions 1000 W m vertical radiation 25 C module temperature und radiation spectrum AM 1 5 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 5 9 Basis of Programme Calculations PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Solar Fraction Specific Annual Yield Performance Ratio System Efficiency 5 10 The solar fraction sets the useable photovoltaic energy EPVuse in relation to the load requirement Evoaa Solar fraction EPVuse Exoad With grid connected systems not just the energy that is used to meet the load counts energy that is fed into the grid also counts as useable energy This means that the solar fraction can be greater than 100 The specific annual yield is the useable energy EPVuse in relation to the installed output Prom Specific annual yield EPVuse Prom Expressed differently the specific annual yield is a measure for the number of hours the PV system operates at full load over a year Instead of the specific annual yield the final yield is often given in the specialist literature This is determined from the annual full load hours divided by 365 days and is a measure for the daily hours of full load operation The performance ratio
26. ck Design dialogue At this stage we don t want to change these Of course there are many types of systems that require the parameters given here to be changed Quick Design supports only systems with one array direct battery connection and DC appliances These settings can be changed on the first page of the Technical Data dialogue If you are designing a system with AC appliances a worksheet for data entry labelled Stand Alone Inverter appears in the dialogue If you want to use one MPP tracker for the whole system the details are input on the Charge Controller worksheet if you want to use one MPP tracker per sub array enter details on the Array or Array 1 2 etc worksheet s A page labelled Back up Generator also appears Technical Data Array en x Reference ray 1 OK FY Module Demo Standard1 C Programme demo2 mod tena Installation Ty Generator Dutput O Free Standing Set Module Number No of Modules 10 With Ventilation Determine Output from Roof Area Roof Parameters O Without Ventilation Resulting PV Generator Output 1 00 kwp Orientation 24 Calc Model Set Inclination Orientation Azimuth o0 ad Losses O Single Axis Tracking KA Inclination Tilt Angle 30 0 O Dual Axis Tracking al Irradiation 1 128 KwWh n a Configuration per Inverter Check System Diagram No of Modules in Series 5 Configuration 7
27. ction annual average of consumption and irradiation High solar fraction consumption and irradiation in the month with the lowest irradiation Design by month consumption and irradiation of chosen month Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Contents Contents 1 Programme InformatiOn rrnnnnnnnvvvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnen 1 1 Er MPV SOL kes unni 1 2 1 2 Seentaues oe aa ou Ghee cen ak ahah eda ase auna tae 1 2 1 21 OVVIE W e anil akties Gah E E lee eee 1 2 1 2 2 System CONMOUNAU OM sasni en a a kakefest 1 3 1 2 3 Simulation and R SUlS hun asortert te ad 1 4 1 2 4 Economic Efficiency Galoulatibh sunnere deadkaddpdutdnttgv 1 4 1 2 5 Comprehensive Database of Components rnrrnnrrrnnnonvrrnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnrrnnnnnr 1 4 2 Programme Installation rrnnnnnnnnnnnnnvvvnnvvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvvvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 2 6 2 1 Hardware and Software Requirement uurrrrrnnnnrrvrrvnnnnnnnvnnnnnnrrnnnnnn 2 6 2 2 Programme Installation eeerrrrrnnnnnrrrrrnnnnnnnnonnnnnvrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrrnnnnene 2 6 2 0 Programme Advallbnuuauuaunmemmimimerieaisinarignavvsinddd 2 7 2 3 1 Enter the Serial NUMBeM esses are 2 7 2 3 2 Request a Key G0dG L defekt as 2 8 2 3 3 Request a Key Code Online rarrrnrnnnnnnnnvavnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnrnarnnnnnrrrrnenenrnnn 2 9 2 3 4 Request a Key Code by Fax rnrnnnnnnrnrnnnonnnnrnnnnnnnnnennnnnanennnrnnnnnnnnnrrrrnnnennnnn 2 9 2 3 5 Request a Key Code by
28. diation and module temperatures oe i x File Curve Axes Options Table aja 9 Js ol ol 4 w P U Characteristic Curve at 25 C 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0 Y P U Characteristic Curve 100 Wim P U Characteristic Curve 200 Wim P U Characteristic Curve 500 Wim P U Characteristic Curve 800 Vin P U Characteristic Curve 1 000 Wim Current X Value 17 4 V 156 Figure 5 2 1 Output curve for a 100W module showing various irradiation levels One of the demands on the PV system is that with the given irradiation and module temperature the module voltage is so set that the modules work at the MPP This is controlled by the inverter see 5 3 Inverter Assuming that the modules are operated at the MPP PV SOL determines the PV module output from the module output under STC and the module s efficiency characteristic curve Figure 5 2 2 shows the typical course of module efficiency at varying temperatures 1 Standard Test Conditions 1000 W m vertical radiation 25 C module temperature und radiation spectrum AM 1 5 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Basis of Programme Calculations Module efficiency at various module temperatures 120 4 100 4 80 4 60 4 20 4 0 4 T T T T T T T T T T 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
29. e dialogue Further appliances are then added in this way Finally the following stage is reached Definition of Electrical Appliances by Individual Appliance mn et dark room occasi 48 8 kwh Dishwasher 50 no pre wash kWh nergy saving bulb normal r 5 kwh cance Fri Keren 380 0 k Hai s 82 5 kwh Gr io Load gt F New fl Close Total Annual Energy Req 1 290 kwh Max Hourly Value 1 2 kw Figure 4 4 Definition of Electrical Appliances by Individual Appliance Dialogue The total annual energy requirement for all appliances comes to 463 kWh and the maximum hourly value is 870 W The quick design is carried out using these values If you want to delete an appliance being used in the current project you should click on the text so that it is marked over in blue and then click on the Delete button You can then exit the dialogue by clicking on the Close button Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Time Settings Delete Appliance 4 27 Calculation Example Stand Alone System PV SOL 2 6 User Manual 4 5 Configure System 4 5 1 Technical Data HFT Click on the button or go to the System Technical Data menu to get to the Technical Data dialogue System Technical details for your PV system are entered in this dialogue Configuration consisting of a number of pages The parameters shown are those entered in the Qui
30. e Model Losses Ground Reflection Check Choice of Components Summary of Input Data Measurement Point t 3 18 On the first sheet you can chose between a simple or a dynamic temperature model to calculate the temperature of the modules The efficiency of the PV modules depends on the current temperature of the modules A large number of stages in the calculation are necessary before the exact temperature of the modules can be calculated leading to a longer simulation period dynamic temperature model If you are using weather data that does not include wind data the choice is limited to the simple temperature model which is dependent on irradiation and external temperatures On the other pages of the Calculation Model Losses dialogue you are able to specify the losses for each of the system s sub arrays and the ground reflection albedo which is evaluated during simulation in the radiation processor If you do not have exact information for these factors it is best to use the default values Before you leave the Technical Data dialogue you should go to the System Check screen Here you can test whether the modules and other components you have specified will work together This dialogue will help you to decide upon an optimal system design The test is carried out automatically before each simulation All of the specifications given can be viewed at any time in the Project Report Results Project Report Det
31. e efficiency of the inverter decreases sharply when operated in the lower power ranges In addition the inverter s MPP tracking range ie the voltage range must be matched to the modules MPP voltage This adjustment can be made via the number of modules in string or number of inverters If the inverter and type of module selected do not match up you will have to make another choice The full data record for your chosen module or inverter types can be viewed by holding the cursor over the PV module or Inverter buttons Further settings required for the PV array include orientation direct current cabling type of mount For stand alone systems you will have to decide whether the PV array will be run by MPP tracking or direct battery connection If you select MPP tracking you can choose between a single MPP tracker for the whole system or an MPP tracker for each sub array In addition you will have to define whether direct or alternating current will need to be provided and whether a back up non PV generator will be required The worksheets that appear in the system dialogue vary according to the choice of components For example a system providing alternating power will include a worksheet headed Stand alone inverter Depending on whether you choose one or more MPP trackers you will be provided with details on MPP on a single sheet Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Brief Instructions for o
32. e the network version of PV SOL 2 10 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Brief Instructions 3 Brief Instructions This section aims to give a general overview of what can be achieved with the PV SOL programme by addressing the most important and frequently asked questions It will illustrate the planning and design of a PV system with the assistance of PV SOL by using the various menus which appear in the following text in bold print and following the steps to be taken in the best order Look out for the symbols in the margins of this manual They correspond to the icons in the button bar at the top of the main PV SOL screen and will take you quickly to the corresponding dialogue when you are working in the programme 3 1 Setup a New Project File menu Open a new project via the File New Project menu The Select System dialogue is displayed Here you can choose between a grid i connected and a stand alone system not available with PV SOL N for grid connected systems only Make sure that the box in front of Start a New Project with Quick Design is marked with a tick if not click on the box to insert one Click on OK to get to Quick Design The screen design will change depending on the system you have selected The Quick Design screen is displayed This offers a number of Quick Design advantages Firstly you are able design a system very quickly with a small selection of
33. ed from the horizontal 0 means that the modules are laying flat ie parallel to the ground 90 is entered when the modules are standing upright In the example the PV array is facing south east at a tilt of 30 In order to calculate the energy requirement you have to decide Consumption which appliances will be used and for how long The appliances are Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 4 23 Calculation Example Stand Alone System PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Energy Coverage Design Sizing Simulation 4 24 defined via the Consumption button Go to Section 4 1 4 Define Appliances to read more on this topic You are able to define whether you want achieve low medium or high coverage of your energy needs with the PV system solar fraction or whether you want to design the system so that it covers energy requirements in a particular month The selected example is a summer house used at the weekends during March to October In order to cover the energy requirement even in the month with the least light available the design is based on October The programme calculates the necessary battery capacity and PV power output from the values input in Quick Design The required system voltage must be selected If a back up generator is to be used to ensure that the consumption is covered in an emergency then you have to click on the box next to Back up Generator so that a tick appears Click on the Battery and PV
34. erence Deta 12 V 65 Ah Deta 12 V 65 Ah Number 29 5 Total Capacity kWh 22 6 3 9 Voltage V 12 12 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 4 1 Calculation Example Stand Alone System PV SOL 2 6 User Manual File Name Current Project summer1 prj CHARGE CONTROLLER Lower Battery Discharge Threshold 30 30 SIMULATION RESULTS PV Array Irradiation kWh 10 351 20 2 617 60 Energy Produced by PV Array kWh 951 2 218 4 Converter Energy kWh 951 2 218 4 Consumption Requirement kWh 320 8 320 8 Direct Use of PV Energy kWh 189 9 112 2 Consumption Not Covered by System kWh 26 1 141 8 PV Array Surplus kWh 572 4 0 Battery Energy Diff before after Simulation kWh 0 0 Energy Produced by Back up Generator kWh 0 0 Solar Fraction 91 9 55 8 Performance Ratio 22 6 54 3 Specific Annual Yield kWh kWp 263 3 746 7 System Efficiency 2 8 6 8 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Basis of Programme Calculations 5 Basis of Programme Calculations 5 1 Radiation Processor The weather files delivered with the programme provide radiation in Weather Files watts per square meter of active solar surface onto the horizontal Radiation onto Horizontal During simulation the programme s radiation processor converts this into radiation onto the tilted surface which is then multiplied by the total active s
35. essage and continue click on Simulation to start the simulation or whether you first change your settings before simulation After checking the parameter settings you will have to return to simulation via Calculations Simulation After simulation the Simulation menu is deactivated the fields turn from white to grey and all commands in the Results menu are activated Rejection of If you open a dialogue within the Conditions Appliances or System Simulation menus and close the dialogue with OK the simulation results are Results rejected and you will have to start simulation again ie the Calculations Simulation menu is reactivated and in the Results menu only the points that function independently from the simulation are activated Even before going to the Calculations Economic Efficiency Calculation menu an economic efficiency calculation based on standard values will have already been prepared 3 20 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Brief Instructions The results can be seen on one of the pages of the Detailed Project Economic Report dialogue Results Project report Detailed Project Report Efficiency If you call up the Parameters for Economic Efficiency Calculation Calculation dialogue Results Economic Efficiency Calculation you are able to adjust the entered parameters such as life span costs and price increase rates From here you are able to print out the project report on econ
36. etween each appliance it is best to give each appliance a name Selecting the type of appliance however is important In order to set the optimum period of operation four types of settings are provided to which the individual appliances have to be allotted The types for selection are e User independent appliance is not normally switched on and off by the user but runs for long periods automatically eg fridge freezer e User dependent appliance is regularly used at set times eg TV computer e Short time use appliance user dependent appliances that are switched on for a short period of time less than an hour each eg iron coffee machine e Light switches on and off depending on level of darkness Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Calculation Example Stand Alone System The setting of usage times varies according to the type of appliance chosen In all four setting displays green sections mean in operation and white sections mean not in operation Click on the Load button to select from a number of pre defined appliances from the database The settings can then be adjusted if necessary In our example a light bulb will light our summer house from March to October on Saturdays and Sundays in the mornings and evenings Click on OK to quit the dialogue and the annual consumption of the light bulb is shown in the Definition of Electrical Appliances by Individual Applianc
37. h of which the following differential equation according to ATwmodu is solved In order to be able to find the solution even under extreme conditions eg a jump in irradiation from 0 to 1000 W m dt is reset for each calculation step and can be as small as a few minutes dT oe seep Module MR M module Module T P 7 Qs T Os Qk dt Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH Inverter Efficiency Temperature Models 5 7 Basis of Programme Calculations PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Type of Installation 5 8 with s a G A Module Qs f ter A odaie HEF h n T Ox E FA module gt Toit gt T gt Vy gt Lhar The following measurements are used M Modue Module mass a Absorption coefficient A Module Module area E Emissions coefficient Module heat Citi gt capacity Vy Wind speed T ode Module temperature a Ambient temperature Absorbed output er Electrical output Ox Convection t Time f Stefan Boltzmann Q Emitted heat output GE constant lja Ve tiective leng fr Installation factor 5 4 2 2 Influence of Module Inclination on the Calculated Module Temperatures In addition to meteorological conditions G Ta Vw and module specific parameters module installation has a considerable influence on temperature The following adjustments are therefore made in the balance equation above according to inclination installation e Free standing installation fac
38. hat the appliance is switched on For lighting you can choose Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Brief Instructions between making a calculation based on either daylight or usage periods You are also able to load pre defined appliances from a list of files These can be amended and saved as desired and deleted if no longer required The resulting consumption for all appliances can be viewed as a graph or table The annual electricity requirement for the load profile s the appliances and the sum of both is given in the corresponding dialogue In addition the hourly maximum value is also shown After simulation you can view the Annual Electricity Requirement graph under Results Energy and Weather Data This shows a total sum for all load profiles 3 4 Configure System System menu 3 4 1 Technical Data Now we finally come to the heart of the PV system In the Technical Data dialogue found under System Technical Data you can define your PV system which is made up of modules and inverters grid connected systems or modules batteries charge controller etc stand alone systems PV SOL allows various module and inverter makes to be built into a system and to mount and align the modules in a variety of ways In addition the programme can divide the system into separate sub arrays A sub array is made up of a group of modules of the same type and inverters or MPP trackers of the s
39. he start exe file on the CD To do this start the File Manager or Explorer function in your operating system and double click on the start exe file in the CD drive 2 6 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Programme Installation If you install PV SOL in WinNT WIN2000 or WinXP you need to be registered with administrator rights for the operating system To run the programme you must have read and write access rights to the PV SOL programme directory e g C Programme Valentin EnergieSoftware PVSOL 2 6 2 3 Programme Activation After installing and opening the programme a small window appears asking whether you wish to start the programme as a Demo Version or register the Full Programme This dialogue appears until you have activated the programme successfully 2 Registration x Welcome Welcome you can now activate your programme This involves the following steps 1 Enter serial number 2 Programme ID is allocated 3 Request key code 4 Enter key code Hep ET Programme Activation is carried out by entering a Key Code The Key Code is provided by the programme manufacturer on request First you will need to make sure that e You have a Serial Number e The programme has already been installed e When you start the programme you click on the License Full Version button Programme Activation is carried out in four steps Activation e Enter Serial Number
40. in 2 3 2 Request a Key Code After entering the Serial Number and automatic allocation of the Programme ID you will need to provide us with this information so that we can send you your Key Code You will see the following window on your screen Registration x Enter Serial Number Serial Number 30138 012P 250 CHWD 1 EHB8 PH CEPR AGU OK Programme ID EY1 RD ed Request Key Code Registration by Enter Key Code Key Code 4 2U30 DE Cancel You can request the Key Code in three different ways Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Programme Installation 2 3 3 Request a Key Code Online This method requires that your computer has internet access Click on the Online button underneath Programme ID in the Registration window A form opens in which you enter the data required to obtain a Key Code The fields marked have to be completed to continue After completing the form you can send it straight off the recipient s address is entered automatically After sending you will receive the Key Code by return allow up to 20 minutes for this It will be sent to the e mail address entered on the form 2 3 4 Request a Key Code by Fax If you click on the Fax button underneath Programme ID in the Registration window a form opens for you to complete and print off Send the completed form by fax to 49 30 58
41. is a measure for the energy losses in the system arising from the comparison with the PV generator s energy output under standard test conditions Energy output under STC is determined from the energy radiated onto the PV array surface Ein multiplied by the STC module efficiency nstc Performance ratio EPVuse Ein ste The Performance Ratio describes the efficiency of the potential production of PV energy in a given system environment The system efficiency is a measure for the conversion of the total amount of energy radiated onto the array surface Ein by the PV system System efficiency EPVuge Ein The system efficiency is made up of PV generator efficiency and inverter efficiency taking cabling and battery losses into account 5 7 Economic Efficiency Calculation The economic efficiency calculation used in PV SOL is based on the capital value method using the following formulas Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Basis of Programme Calculations The cash value CV of price dynamic instalments Z Z r Z r divided by years T lifespan according to the German government standard VDI 6025 is Cash value CV Z b T q r 1 r q q r Tlq f r r q Cash value factor b T q r f rr lt gt q q Capital interest factor eg 1 08 at 8 interest r Price increase factor eg 1 1 at 10 increase The following is valid for the capit
42. ith PV SOL the optimisation of the most popular system configurations is possible leading to simple and efficient system design PV SOL looks at the PV system from various angles The system is evaluated from a number of technical and economic aspects In addition the ecological advantages for each system design are given in the calculation of pollutant emissions Calculations are based on hourly balances and results are presented graphically in a detailed project report and in results screens 1 2 System Features 1 2 1 Overview e Stand alone and grid connected systems e A number of panels arrays can be set up at various angles sub arrays e Use of various makes of PV modules and inverters MPP trackers in a system e Easy choice of module series and system inverters e Influence of shade from the horizon and other objects buildings trees etc calculated e Input of shade as graph or table e Monitoring of partial load performance of PV modules and inverters e Assistance with matching PV arrays and inverters as well as MPP trackers and batteries e Quick Design feature with summary input e Design tips for batteries and system power output in stand alone systems e Detailed database of system components that can be extended to include user defined components e Simple tabular line up of various systems for easy comparison Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Programme Infor
43. j the system has been designed to run on only four batteries This change is entered into the Technical Data dialogue System Technical Data menu Because of this change the data in the Economic Efficiency Calculation also changes Under otherwise unchanged conditions the battery costs come to 2 175 for a 5 8 kWh total capacity and the cost ratio PV modules Electronics Batteries changes to 64 17 19 After making these changes to the parameters you should carry out a new simulation and after simulation save your project so that the annual results are made available for use in the following variant comparison Click on the Variant Comparison button and select the summert prj and summer2 prj project files Transfer both projects into the right hand window labelled Selected Projects and exit the dialogue with OK You can now compare the most important results for the two systems in table format as per the table printed at the end of this section In order to copy the table into a Microsoft Word document click on the PV SOL menu command Copy and then from within your Word document on Edit Paste This pastes the table as text into your Word document Select the whole text go to Table Convert Text to Table and then Format Frames to make the grid lines visible One way of further processing the data where you can compare the data in various graph formats is to copy it into a spreadsheet programme such as Excel
44. led project report or in a results summary You can choose from a range of graphs to present energy and other values or these can be saved as a table in text format or can be worked into other programmes via the editing function copy and paste By varying individual system parameters the optimal system configuration can be achieved In addition PV SOL makes it easy to compare a number of system variants by viewing the components of the different systems together in table format 1 2 4 Economic Efficiency Calculation An important part of the economic efficiency calculation for grid connected PV systems is the balance of energy supply to and from the grid taking local tariff levels into consideration PV SOL makes it possible to carry out calculations for systems that feed the total amount of energy produced into the public grid full supply to grid and for systems that produce energy primarily for local use and supply the balance to the public grid own use The various tariffs can be defined by the user or loaded from the database Taking system costs and any subsidy received into consideration economic parameters such as electricity production costs price kWh cash value of investment annuities amortization period and annual running costs are calculated and the information is provided in a report which varies according to the type of system Stand alone systems can be designed with modules batteries and electronic systems
45. mation e Power consumption given in various load profiles allowing the overlapping of a number of appliances e Input of individual appliances such as washing machine coffee maker TV and lighting e Input of tariffs for energy supply to and from the grid e Detailed information on energy consumption production system costs and payments received for grid supply e Calculation of evaluation values for PV systems eg specific annual yield e Presentation of results in reports and graphs e Calculation of pollutant emissions e Economic efficiency calculation e Calculation of system replacement value and investment residual value for stand alone systems e Online Help facility 1 2 2 System Configuration The system components PV array inverter batteries and also the appliances are loaded as units from the comprehensive system database The Quick Design screen gets you started quickly on your first design Grid connected systems can be designed with the desired system power output and PV SOL assists in making the right choice of PV array and inverter Stand alone systems can be designed according to the desired solar fraction depending on power consumption PV SOL sets the system power output and battery capacity If various module types are used in a system or if the modules are set up at various angles the programme will organise these into separate sub arrays The programme allows up to 6 variously positioned s
46. maximum of 8 characters for the file name The system variant description given in the main screen will appear in the Save Save As and Open File dialogues as the file reference If you want to exit the programme go to File Exit The project you are working on will automatically close when you open a new project via File Open You are only able to work on one project at a time You have now set up a new project and the project administration is complete The simplest way to work on a project is to work through the menu points in the order they appear But first of all you should familiarise yourself with the programme s database units A PV SOL project is made up of individual components that you load from the component database This means that even beginners are able to easily survey the large amount of data required for each project The components required for a PV project are e PV modules e Inverter s e Batteries e MPP Tracker e Load profiles for electricity consumption e Individual electrical appliances e Tariffs for power supply to and from the grid e Pollutant mix e Weather file for the system s location e Loans The more experienced user is then able to make additions to the available data via the Database menu The amended files can then be loaded within a project via the load file dialogue 3 2 Set Conditions Conditions menu At the heart of any project is the PV system This is configured i
47. n the System Technical Data menu However you should start with the Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Brief Instructions Conditions menu which relates to the location and the supply area and which in most cases can be set independently from the project itself A weather file is already selected for you in the Quick Design dialogue If you want to change the weather file go to the Conditions Weather Files menu The weather file in use is shown in the horizontal bar just under the menu headings at the top of the screen You can view the weather data as a graph before and after simulation via the Results Energy and Weather Data menu After simulation not only irradiation onto the horizontal PV array surface is given in W m but also irradiation onto tilted PV array surface irradiation minus reflection and irradiation without shade In assessing the system the graph of PV array irradiation ie irradiation onto the tilted PV array surface shows the decisive measurement The pollutant mix Conditions Pollutant Mix menu is required for the pollutant balance calculation that is automatically carried out during each simulation Calculation of pollutants is up dated for existing simulation results if you load a new pollutant file This enables you to assess the construction of your PV system using ecological criteria After simulation the pollutant emissions are displayed in a window under Results Polluta
48. ne MPP tracker or on the individual sub array worksheets MPP tracker for each sub array Module battery and inverter data is loaded from the Database menu Click on PV module Battery and Inverter to open a dialogue which lists all data records with information on the manufacturer type power output and voltage This information can be sorted by heading simply by clicking on one of the headings You are able to change and add to the data records This is done in the database under Database PV Module Database Battery and Database Inverter Stand Alone Systems For the MPP tracker you can either load a file from the database or define the parameters yourself In addition data on the controller and any back up generator are required To help you size these components in each case the relevant information on the other components and the power consumption is given Further parameters that are required for the PV array are orientation direct current cabling and type of mount From the array Inclination and Orientation the radiation processor Installation calculates the irradiation onto the tilted surface You can select between a fixed array mount and single or dual axis tracking With single axis tracking the programme works with a set inclination while the azimuth angle tracks the sun With dual axis tracking the array is moved so that the sun s radiation falls vertically onto the array at all times Click on the Max Irradiation
49. nt Emissions and the avoided CO emissions are given in the summary of the project report under Results Project Report Summary If you want to simulate a grid connected system a fundamental part of the economics calculation that follows later are the costs for power supply to and from the grid Electricity tariffs are not required for stand alone systems Under Conditions Tariffs you can set the level of both tariffs as well as the supply concept During the simulation PV SOL differentiates between systems that despite there being appliances connected feed all energy produced into the public grid full supply to grid and systems that first of all cover the requirement of up to four separate loads connected to the system own use The requirement of the PV system itself stand by consumption of inverter is supplied by the grid so that systems without connected appliances have a mostly negligible need to draw power from the grid You will need to define the correct tariff for drawing energy from the grid for your supply area under Database Tariff Energy From Grid After simulation under Results Energy From Grid you will find the first year s costs listed and sub titled with PV system and without PV system On the worksheet labelled without PV system the costs that would be incurred if the energy consumption was supplied exclusively from the grid are listed The costs of grid supplied energy used by the PV system
50. o 38 2 The specific annual yield expresses how much energy the system delivers for each kW of installed output Here it is 417 kWh kWp The system efficiency is the quotient from the solar energy used and the total energy irradiated onto the array surface ie 3 8 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Calculation Example Stand Alone System 4 7 Economic Efficiency Calculation The economic efficiency calculation is based on the capital value Capital Value method ie the cash value of costs and yields are determined and compared Positive capital values indicate an economically viable investment Values to be entered include investments running costs and any loans Any subsidy received is counted as income For stand alone systems modules batteries and electronics can be Costs given varying life spans and price increase rates so that the replacement value and the investment residual value can be accounted for On the page headed Cost Breakdown the costs for the PV system is split between the PV modules electronic components and the battery Economic Efficiency Calculation Entry Parameters x General Parameters Division of Costs PV Costs Financing Division of PY System Investments PY Modules Electronics Battery fi 0 0 t f20 f20 2 086 DM Electricity Production Costs 1 61 DM kWh Annual Costs 351 DM Economic Efficiency Calculation Figure 4 7 Economic
51. of various life spans taking account of price increase rates so that the costs for full system replacement and the residual value of the investment can be calculated 1 2 5 Comprehensive Database of Components Units can be loaded from the comprehensive component database containing e approx 1 000 types of PV module e approx 250 types of inverters for use with grid connected systems Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Programme Information e approx 50 types of inverters for use with stand alone systems e approx 70 types of batteries e weather data for 32 countries e more than 20 load profiles for electricity consumption e more than 50 files for 20 different electrical appliances with different characteristics All database units can be extended to include user defined components In order to stay up to date we recommend our service agreement for PV SOL which will ensure that you automatically receive regular programme updates and updated database units Further information is available from www valentin de or info valentin de Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 1 5 Programme Installation PV SOL 2 6 User Manual 2 Programme Installation 2 1 Hardware and Software Requirements PV SOL is a WINDOWS application One of the following operating systems needs to be installed on your computer before you can run the programme Windows 98 NT 2000 ME or XP The use of PV SOL requi
52. olar surface Any shade will reduce the irradiation The radiation processor divides the radiation into diffuse and direct radiation percentages This division follows Reindl s radiation model with reduced correlation Reindl D T Beckmann W A Duffie J A Diffuse fraction correlations Solar Energy Vol 45 No 1 p 1 7 Pergamon Press 1990 Diffuse Radiation For the conversion of irradiation onto the tilted surface Hay and Radiation onto Davis anisotropic sky model is used Duffie J A Beckmann W A Tilted Surface Solar engineering of thermal process John Wiley amp Sons USA second edition 1991 This model allows for an anisotropic factor for the circumsolar radiation and the ground reflection factor albedo entered in the programme To convert the amount of direct radiation onto the PV array taking the active solar surface into account from the direct radiation onto the horizontal the position of the sun in relation to the PV surface is determined from the sun s altitude azimuth and the inclination of the array The sun s altitude and azimuth are determined from the date time and latitude The PV array s inclination and azimuth are entered in the programme Sun s Angle Radiation without Shade is determined from the total of direct and diffuse radiation Radiation onto the Tilted PV Array Surface takes possible shading of the array into account Shade is also separated into direct and diffuse
53. omic efficiency The Economic Efficiency Calculation for stand alone systems divides the investment costs between the modules electronics and battery and different life span and price increase rates can be given In this way full system replacement or residual value costs can be taken into account 3 6 Evaluating the System Results PV SOL offers you a number of possibilities for evaluating the results of the simulation the output screen the graphical display the Summary Report and the Detailed Project Report You can view and print out the project reports from the page preview screen After simulation you will find the first results of the energy balance in the Results Annual Energy Balance window Here you will find all the important results in overview so that you can make the first quick Overview assessment of the system The graphic display is reached via Results Energy Graphics and Weather Files After selecting one of 8 different kinds of graphs a graphics window appears with its own menu From here you can format the graph as required You can change the settings for the values maximum hourly values the display interval from 1 day up to 1 year the font type and style the colours within the graph the type of graph eg line graph or bar chart and the guide lines The axis can be re formatted and you can give the graph a title You can copy the values and export them into other programmes Presentation as a
54. parameters and secondly you can key in the standard settings for your project and these can then be used for all future projects if desired For stand alone systems you are given a start up design that you can modify as you wish Quick Design can be found under File New Project For projects that are already complete the Quick Design function is no longer required The next step is to go to File Project Administration and then key in the project details such as the project name and designer Here in order to assist you in the comparison of various system designs you will also find an input box in which you can key in the reference for the system variant In this way you are able to manage various system designs under the same project name Please note that you also have to save the new variant under a new file name Variant Reference The details appear later in the Project Report Information on the project name variant reference and weather data is included in the status bar at the bottom of the screen Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 3 11 Brief Instructions PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Database Components 3 12 Information on the project file and the weather file used are also given in the area under the menu bar The project file is created when you save the system In order to save a system go to File Save or File Save As All projects saved should have the file extension prj You are allowed a
55. r click on the button If another project is currently open you will be given the option to save it The k New Project dialogue will then open Select Stand Alone System and click on Yes to go to Quick Design 4 1 Quick Design Quick Design is used as a framework to enter the initial project settings Reference Stand Alone System 1 Weather Data Freiburg FY Array Orientation Consumption Total Annual Requirement 320 8 kwh Azimuth foo ilt 2 Design for Midde Cover v Ti 30 00 Battery Capacity kWh 3 6 D ESS p System Voltage 12V hd I Back up Generator Battery Deta 12 V 65 Ah PY Module Kyocera KC80 80w D Sizing PY Output wW 240 Battery Capacity kWh 3 9 PV Gross Surface m 1 90 No of Modules 3 No of Batteries 5 No of Modules in String 1 No of Batteries in String 1 OK Simulation i Cancel Figure 4 1 Quick Design Dialogue Type in your project reference eg Summer house Click on the Weather Data button and load the Weather File for the Weather file location situated most closely to the project location Enter the orientation values The azimuth is the degree of deviation Orientation from the south 0 means that your system is oriented due south The deviation from the south in an easterly direction is classed as negative and the deviation to the west positive The angle of inclination or the tilt of the modules is measur
56. res a minimum of 64 MB RAM You could experience problems when working with PV SOL if you have other Windows programmes open simultaneously if your computer does not have enough memory available Recommended system configuration Pentium processor 128 MB RAM memory 200 MB hard disk drive CD ROM and floppy disk drives Minimum screen resolution 800 x 600 Windows 98 NT 4 0 2000 ME XP The fully installed programme uses ca 75 MB of hard disk space The weather data provided requires up to 25 MB on its own depending on the country selected You will require approximately 100 MB of hard disk space in order to run PV SOL comfortably Please ensure that you have enough space free on the hard disk before you install the programme To run PV SOL you must have full rights of access to the PV SOL installation directory The formats for currency numbering time and date that are defined within the country settings of Windows system control on your computer are automatically reproduced within PV SOL These formats also appear in any PV SOL documents that you print out 2 2 Programme Installation To install the programme please place the CD in the CD drive of your computer The installation programme will start automatically and you will be taken through the installation unless you have deactivated the CD drive Autorun function in the operating system If Autorun has been deactivated you can start t
57. sheet programme such as Excel System Check Before each simulation an automatic system check is carried out or you can do this any time from the Technical Data dialogue If inconsistencies are found an information window opens In addition to details on comparable values one of these comments could also appear if there are errors in the system parameters e Suggest you check the system parameters for possible errors But you can continue with the calculation if you wish e The system parameters contain one or more errors please correct You are not able to continue until this done e There are incorrect values in the database files e Please select components from the database files provided The following comment relevant to stand alone systems could also appear e Please select battery data from the database files provided What happens if Depending on the message displayed you exit the dialogue in a system errors are different way For example if there are errors within the system found second message in list you are only given the possibility to close the dialogue A further dialogue then opens automatically Technical Data and then you have to alter the parameters you have set before you are able to return to simulation With the first message which suggests that you check for errors you have to first go back to Technical Data with OK where you will have the choice whether you ignore the m
58. table is possible and the table can be saved in text Economic format All graphics can be printed out Efficiency The results produced for credit from energy supplied to the grid costs Calculation of energy supplied from the grid and pollutant emissions can be viewed in detail If the end results or average values are satisfactory Table Format you will find all relevant values in the Project Report Go to Results Project Report and print out the results The one page Summary Report which in most cases is an adequate means of showing the results can also be printed Another option for printing the results in overview is the System Variant Comparison Go to Results System Comparison From here you Comparison can produce the results of a number of projects together in a table If the values for a particular project have not yet been calculated a Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 3 21 Brief Instructions PV SOL 2 6 User Manual message will appear to inform you Please remember to save your project after simulation so that the results are always available for a system comparison The system comparison table can be copied and pasted into other spreadsheet and word processing programmes and then formatted and printed out as required 3 22 Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Calculation Example Stand Alone System 4 Calculation Example Stand Alone System Select the File New Project menu o
59. tion Example Stand Alone System PV SOL 2 6 User Manual Solar Fraction Performance Ratio Specific Annual Yield System Efficiency 4 30 106 kWh can be used directly ie without storage The consumption that is not covered by either the PV field or the battery is 28 kWh and the PV generator surplus is 151 kWh Annual Enery Balance EG Array Gross Surface 1 91 m Array Output 0 24 kw Array Solar Surface 1 90 r Energy Produced by FY Array 218 4 kWh Consumption Requirement 320 9 kwh Direct Use of PY Energy 112 2 kwh Consumption Not Covered by System 141 8 kWh PY Array Surplus 0 0 kWh Solar Contribution 55 8 Performance Ratio System Efficiency 54 3 Specific Annual Yield 746 7 kwh kWwp System Efficiency 68 PY Array Efficiency 83 Total System Battery Figure 4 6 Results Annual Energy Balance The solar fraction expresses the relationship between energy consumption that is covered by solar energy the total of direct solar energy used plus solar energy stored in the battery and the total energy required In this example it is 93 The performance ratio is a measurement for the system energy losses that occur in comparison to standard test conditions STC If the energy produced minus energy used in relation to irradiated energy is multiplied by the STC module efficiency a measurement for the deviation of actual yields against theoretical yields is reached In this case the performance ratio comes t
60. tor fr 2 e Roof mounted with ventilation space halving of emitted heat output Qs ie installation factor fe 1 Other than with free standing installation only the upper side of the module is available for radiation exchange with the surrounding area e Roof or fagade integrated without ventilation space in addition to halving of Qs fe 1 heat production is further reduced by convection Qx This is reached in the module by a reduction of 3 m s effective wind speed 5 4 2 3 Determination of Wind Speed at System Height Wind speed is determined from the scalar wind speed given in the weather files Vw 10m which are measured at 10m above ground level as follows Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Basis of Programme Calculations l hy with a generator vicinity Z roughness length of x Vy Vw 10m 10m Zo 0 3 m In Zo 5 5 Cabling Losses To calculate output losses cabling resistance R is calculated from the cable cross section the length of cable I and the specific resistance of material For copper the specific resistance is o 0 0175 Q mm m Output losses for cabling resistance is Related to output the following is valid for relative output losses P R ml P U 5 6 Evaluation Dimensions The input data for the determination of evaluation dimensions are as follows En energy radi
61. ub arrays with different makes of modules and inverters For grid connected systems module string and system inverters can be simulated Stand alone systems can be simulated with MPP tracking or direct battery connection with appliances using direct or alternating current and with a back up generator For each sub array PV SOL calculates not just shading caused by objects on the horizon but also shading caused by objects situated close to the system It is also possible to show seasonal variations eg trees with and without leaves depending on the time of the year The system parameters are presented in a project report Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH 1 3 Programme Information PV SOL 2 6 User Manual 1 4 1 2 3 Simulation and Results A system check is carried out before simulation The calculation is based on hourly balances over a period of one year and provides a yield prognosis with the assistance of meteorological data PV SOL calculates the conversion of irradiation into energy on the PV module surface taking account of the performance of the module under partial load conditions The working point on the characteristic curve for the modules is given and the MPP tracking for the inverter or the MPP tracker itself is simulated Energy values and typical PV system evaluation measurements such as performance ratio and PV array efficiencies are shown in the results The results are presented graphically in a detai
62. ut losses are deducted as a percentage figure from the module output In addition reflection and module surface losses are calculated as module losses 5 3 Inverter The inverter has two functions Firstly it converts the direct current produced by the PV modules into the current and frequency of the grid And secondly the MPP tracker ensures that the PV array works to the maximum power point MPP The conversion from direct into alternating current also causes losses PV SOL determines output dependent on input via the efficiency characteristic curve In Figure 5 3 1 a typical course of relative efficiency is shown The inverter output is determined as Pac Poc Ipcnenn Nrel In order to simulate inverter MPP tracking the programme checks at each stage of the calculation whether the module MPP voltage can be adjusted by the inverter If the MPP voltage is outside of the inverter s MPP tracking range or if a number of arrays with varying MPP voltages are connected to one inverter control of the module Ul characteristic curve continues until the working point is found so that the PV generator s maximum output can be determined Inverter Efficiency Figure 5 3 1 Relative efficiency of an inverter Dr Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH PV SOL 2 5 User Manual Basis of Programme Calculations In addition to the inverter efficiency characteristic curve PV SOL takes into account the MPP

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