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1. C M 55 Y 39 K Only Web Colors Figure 3 14 Colour Picker Window for RGB Code Source http www photoshopessentials com images photo effects bourne blur color picker jpg 3 2 4 Graphics File Formats In this section we will be introduced to the following graphics file formats e Graphics Interchange Format GIF e Joint Photography Expert Group JPEG e Tagged Image File Format TIFF 46 a b c gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS Portable Network Graphics PNG Bitmap BMP Graphics Interchange Format GIF As you may know GIF is the most widely supported web image graphic format GIF allows us to have high quality and high resolution graphics and provides support for animation Compared to JPEG GIF can only save 256 colours but it has a higher quality and smaller size image Joint Photography Expert Group JPEG JPEG can contain more than 16 million different colours so if you want to save images that require a continuous and smooth colour blend choose JPEG JPEG is therefore the format to use when you need to have the sharp edged graphic element or line art such as for logos Look at Figure 3 15 Do you notice the difference in colour tone of the two images below Figure 3 15 GIF left and JPEG right Source http faculty umf maine edu hodges Designing_Web_page simon gif JPEG is the best for saving pictures of paintings or portraits However JPEG sizes are larg
2. 166 TOPIC10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA Currently most AR applications use live video imagery It is digitally processed and augmented with the help of advanced 3D computer graphics technology In brief applications of this technology use virtual objects to aid your understanding of your real environment Augmented reality applications are found in the following domains a Medical b Entertainment c Military Training d Engineering Design e Robotics and Telerobotics f Manufacturing Maintenance and Repair and g Consumer Design Augmented Reality technology is also used in architecture and urban planning projects Figure 10 11 shows users experiencing augmented reality ing i Er l 2 Figure 10 11 Augmented reality technology Source http www vr ucl ac uk projects arthur arthur2 jpg 18 10 3 4 Surface Computing Have you seen the movie The Island It is a futuristic film set in the year 2019 presenting an amusing sci fi adventure The computer interaction used in the film relates to surface input technology The best thing that you can see is that your computer will look more like a coffee table than a computer per se TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 167 Figure 10 12 depicts an office environment of the future as shown in The Island Here you can see the future desk equipment and documents that have been replaced by an interactive computer desk yas x Fi
3. CD ROM 648 MB or 72 minutes of uncompressed stereophonic CD quality sound DIGITAL TV A 90 minute movie would take about 120 GB which is about 189 CD ROMs http www cdt luth se johnny courses smd074_1999_2 CodingCompressio n kap28 slide1 html Discuss further why compression is very important e The basic elements of communication are the sender the channel and the receiver e The five basic types of communications network to deliver multimedia data are Telephone Networks Data Networks Broadcast Television Networks Integrated Services Digital Networks ISDN and Broadband Networks e In multimedia communication the protocol normally used is based on TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 136 e Real time multimedia streaming and Peer to Peer P2P multimedia file sharing have continuously been in great demand e Technological challenges in networked multimedia can be seen from the perspectives of interoperability and connectivity performance and price and bandwidth and standards e The growth of multimedia computing has increased the demand for massive multimedia data thus compression strategies are very important e Compression techniques can be categorised into two main groups which are lossy compression and lossless compression e Lossy compression is usually larger in magnitude compared to lossless techniques e Lossless
4. 83 By using the storyboard you can communicate your design style concept and sequence effectively to your project client For a multimedia program or title your storyboard design can be extended so that it has a sequence number and a designer s comments section besides just a sketch of the screen elements Figure 5 3 shows an example of a storyboard f i i Sear eases amp monster Hele Help Help The Giraffes smile Jn tans away Figure 5 3 A storyboard Source http www makemovies co uk curriculum curriculum_images storyboard gif _ He feels silly Once you have your storyboard design confirmed you may start to create an early prototype of your multimedia project A prototype is simple rendition of how your final multimedia package may work Can you think of the possible reasons why producing a prototype is important Having a simple prototype version of your product can help you smoothen out the whole design process before the major work begins You can even present the early design of your prototype to your client though it could be a rather shallow rendition of the final multimedia package You can conclude that in the first phase of the multimedia project development you need to produce a simple prototype This mock up version of your multimedia title or program is important for you to portray the look and feel of the whole product It is also a concrete proof for your client that you have started work
5. Electronic version The star online Torrey C Powers A Marge M Fussell S R and Kiesler S 2006 Effects of adaptive robot dialogue on information exchange and social relations In Proceeding of the Ist ACM SIGCHI SIGART conference on human robot interaction Salt Lake City Utah USA March 02 03 2006 HRI 06 ACM New York NY 126 133 Zhao W Chellappa R Phillips P J and Rosenfeld A 2003 Face recognition A literature survey ACM comput Surv 35 4 Dec 2003 399 458 Topic The Future of O Multimedia LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to 1 Discuss future multimedia computing technologies Discuss how we will interact with future computers 2 3 Describe advanced web technology and computing and 4 Explain how computers can be used further in future communications gt INTRODUCTION Previously we learnt about new and emerging technologies related to multimedia These multimedia technologies are either in use or at their early stages of development In this topic you will learn about future multimedia technologies currently still under research or in their early prototype development I will be introducing some advanced topics which could seem too futuristic for you I will also then discuss technologies that employ advanced human computer interaction technology We will touch on Web 3 0 and pervasive computing and I will conclude with a disc
6. PNG and BMP To get the digital form of a printed picture we need a scanner or a digital camera We can also purchase digital pictures online or from a CD or create them ourselves by using appropriate software Examples of graphics editing software are Photoshop AutoCAD Microsoft Designer Adobe Illustrator and Freehand e Two ways of getting colours to be displayed or printed are the additive method and the subtractive method There are two colour representation methods RGB and CMYK KEY TERMS ae eeeeerrerr rer TTE rr Bitmap Graphics Hypertext Cyan Magenta Yellow CMYK Red Green Blue RGB Desktop Publishing Sans Serif Font Serif Font Creator Text based Graphics Editing Software Typeface Graphics File Format Vector Graphic Hypermed Word Processing TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS 4 51 MASS REFERENCES _ Answers com Retrieved February 3 2008 from http www answers com topic graphics Gulliver S R amp Ghinea G 2006 Defining user perception of distributed multimedia quality ACM trans Multimedia computing communication Application 2 4 241 257 Topic Audio Video and Animation LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to Describe audio digitisation file formats and software Identify digital video standards formats and technology Explain basic principles behind the applications and techniques of animation and Discuss how animation is a
7. Self pace Interaction Better Information Retention Figure 1 8 Functions of multimedia TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 11 1 5 MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS Multimedia applications have become a leading computing trend Multimedia products are extensively used in education advertising entertainment business government and many other fields 1 5 1 Education and Entertainment Research suggests that in the teaching and learning process multimedia plays a larger role in the activities of a course session Pobiner 2006 Two main examples of multimedia applications in education that have been used widely are the Computer Assisted Instruction CAI and Computer Based Instruction CBI Further significant development in educational multimedia has also taken place in the form of interactive courseware since more and more multimedia teaching materials are being used extensively in education Interactive multimedia courseware helps us present information in a more interactive and interesting way compared to the traditional teaching method It has been proven that teaching delivered through multimedia is more effective for students As a result students have a better understanding of the concepts or subjects learnt Figure 1 9 is an example of an application of multimedia combining education with entertainment termed edutainment It shows two screenshots of children s software that has been used in the teaching
8. This dull interface does not attract a learner to interact with the application In multimedia however the colourful display not only attracts viewers but within a well designed interface also encourages them to interact further with the elements on screen A user friendly interface enables you to intuitively determine computing tasks quickly and easily An intuitive interface provides hints and guides you to interact more actively and smoothly Thus you will experience a more effective interaction and positive outcome Providing an Entertaining and Enjoyable Experience Through multimedia you can magically immerse yourself in the world of the subject matter you engage in This immersive experience mimics being face to face in the real world For example some computer games have become so realistic to the point of them becoming addictive Without multimedia a game is not as challenging a combat less exciting In multimedia aided learning you may actually find yourself absorbed in the contents For example now you have interactive multimedia electronic books Gone are the days when you only have the textbook to refer to A subject matter can become alive with the aid of multimedia tools thus learning no longer needs to be dull but instead becomes more enjoyable and entertaining 10 gt TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA c d e Enabling Self Pacing Multimedia allows us to control our interaction with the content We can
9. screens ike this Clicking each tab reveals new skeletal and muscular information along with text Clicking this button animates action of the muscle pulling all four toes downward Releasing the button returns the toes to their original position Opep lt Figure 6 1 An educational multimedia application Source http www csus edu atcs images kinessnap1_lg jpg 96 gt TOPIC6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING 6 1 2 Authoring Paradigm Multimedia authoring paradigms also known as authoring metaphors is an authoring concept used to represent the tools interface concept to the user The authoring system accomplishes its task through the use of these paradigms or metaphors There are various multimedia authoring paradigms A number of different authoring paradigms can be identified based on how you interact with them Basic paradigms are icon or flowchart based card or page based and timeline based described below a b Icon or Flowchart based In this authoring paradigm you need to organise the multimedia elements and events such as clicking in a structural process The core of the paradigm is the Icon Palette that contains possible functions and the flow line Examples of iconic or flowchart based authoring tools are Authorware and Toolbook refer to Figure 6 2 Level 2 On color screen MEM logo on color yellow Pick a color any color red ee yellow green purple Figure
10. 20 Home Our Products More Info Q Home ste Our Products EJ Product 1 Product 1 ih Desc SO More Info gt fed Product 2 gt WB Product 3 setup ih Javascript calls gt eg Product 3 Product 4 ww Help 2 Contact Us Product 4 Product 5 gt ih Product 5 Product 6 B Product 6 Figure 4 20 DHTML Cascading Menu Source http dhtml menu com apdhtmL gif Besides the dynamic HTML JavaScript application allows animation to be played with the presence of interaction between the user and the web For example when the user moves the cursor to a graphical image certain animation such as image transformation would appear This can also be applied as web menu too c TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 73 On the other hand Java applet is a type of application or small scaled software that can be programmed to display a desired animation Due to the small size application which is not as large as big scaled software such an application can be run even with low speed internet connection Flash Web interface can be enhanced by using Flash animation The most popular application implemented is the animated banner Besides that an intro movie created by using Flash can improve the look of a page Similarly a perfectly done animation gives a great positive impact on web visitors first impression There are some web sites that adapt Flash in the menu navigation system Flash is als
11. 6 2 Macromedia Authorware Iconic Flow Control Source http www cs cf ac uk Dave Multimedia authorware gif This metaphor lets you see visually the flow of your program You can opt to use this paradigm if the nature of your project is a short development project Card or Page based In this authoring system multimedia elements are organised using a card or page as the basic unit of organization Just as a book may consist of hundreds of pages in this authoring system a new multimedia application may be composed of many cards c TOPIC 6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING lt 4 97 As in reading a book in this authoring tool too you can jump to any page you wish linked usually by some programming logic Examples of card based tools include Multimedia ToolBook and HyperCard The advantage of using this metaphor is that you can see clearly the relationship between your multimedia pages or cards Timeline based Thanks to the timeline metaphor authoring tools have become easier The timeline metaphor basically includes a timeline representation to allow you to specify the sequence of animations and interactions Kurihara Vronay amp Igarashi 2005 Figure 6 3 shows a sample of a timeline used to visualise the evolution of the spider pILURIAN DEVONIAN Figure 6 3 Timeline of the evolution of the spider Source http www amonline net au spiders images diversity evolution_timeline gif The timeli
12. Ar Srs CSTINE 72 297287077 Mate Figure 9 8 ArcGIS screenshot Source http www personal leeds ac uk geoitl ArcGIS_screenshot jpg 148 gt TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH 9 2 3 Human Robot Interaction HRI Human robot interaction HRI is a multidisciplinary study of interactions between people users and robots It has emerged from various fields such as human computer interaction artificial intelligence robotics cognitive science multimedia design as well as human factors Basically the goal of HRI is to develop principles and algorithms that allow more effective communication between humans and robots To achieve this target Torrey Powers Marge Fussell amp Kiesler 2006 proposed that HRI be improved by developing robots that could have some sort of natural dialogue with users This advancement in technology later was to be applied in critical domain human activities such as search and rescue mining and scientific exploration and hospital care In addition robots are used in aerospace exploration research conducted by America s National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Figure 9 9 shows the experiment to team human and robot for space activity Figure 9 9 Human robot teaming experiment Source http robonaut jsc nasa gov status RoboReport_11_02_files image025 jpg 9 2 4 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Data mining is the process of extracting previously unknown but actionable i
13. Development 7 Web based Multimedia Applications 5 Multimedia Project Development Research 9 Emerging Multimedia 8 Multimedia Communications and Compressions 6 Multimedia Authoring and Scripting xiv COURSE GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENT Topic 1 Introduction to Multimedia Topic 2 Multimedia Hardware and Software Topic 3 Text and Graphics Topic 4 Audio Video and Animation Topic 5 Multimedia Project Development Topic 6 Multimedia Authoring and Scripting Topic 7 Web based Multimedia Applications Topic 8 Multimedia Communications and Compressions Topic 9 Emerging Multimedia Research Topic 10 Multimedia Future COURSE CONTENT This course is divided into four parts Each part consists of between 2 4 chapters There are 10 chapters altogether Part I focuses on the fundamental of multimedia It introduces what multimedia is as well as the hardware and software that make multimedia work Topic 1 Introduction to Multimedia Topic 2 Multimedia Hardware and Software Part II deals with five main elements of multimedia which are text graphics audio video and animation Topic 3 Text and Graphics Topic 4 Audio Video and Animation COURSE GUIDE lt xv Part III discusses various issues with interactive multimedia product design and development process This part also looks at how authoring and scripting could produce a multimedia system Topic 5 Multimedia Projec
14. Household yearly expense Source http www ecrion com Support Resources XSL FOTutorial Graphic 2 jpg Graphics can be broadly categorised into two types still images or motion images or video You have to be very particular about the choice of image that you make for your multimedia application This is very important because graphics can increase the effectiveness of a teaching and learning process or it can distract from the purpose Image editor software such as Adobe Photoshop enables you to modify various elements of images e g by rotating or resizing the image 1 3 3 Audio Sound and audio play an important role in multimedia In multimedia an analogue sound that has been digitised is called digital audio You can create audio by capturing a natural sound or your own voice into a personal computer using a microphone You may also play a set of musical instruments from a keyboard that you connect to a computer TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 4 7 The technology used here is called MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface The most popular sound formats are MP3 Moving Picture Experts Group 1 Audio Layer 3 and WAV Waveform audio format 1 3 4 Video Video can help you enhance a presentation or illustrate a sequence of steps or techniques more clearly Video files are actually static photographic images played at a certain speed The images then appear as though they are in full motion Depending on the screen
15. ISDN connection Computer configured with ICS This computer connects your intranet to the internet Computers are connected to the intranet using network adapters Figure 8 7 ISDN Connection to the Internet Source http www microsoft com library media 1033 technet images prodtechnol winxppro reskit ch25 f25zs07_big jpg Broadband Network The much better way to share a broadband connection is using a hardware called a broadband router In this method all computers are connected using a hub The router is used as a gateway see Figure 8 7 to connect to the internet The router would normally be left on so that any computer on the network can gain access to the connection at any time TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 127 Computer 1 Computer 2 Computer 3 The home office network The Internet Figure 8 8 Broadband network using router Source http www microsoft com library media 1033 technet images prodtechnol winxppro reskit ch25 f25zs07_big jpg 8 1 3 Communications Standards In multimedia communications that involve a personal computer PC or workstation the protocol layers that are normally used are based on TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP This is a basic communication language if you need to connect your PC to the Internet In this protocol the higher layer TCP Transmission Control Protocol manages the setup and assembling of file int
16. Interaction 10 2 1 Wearable Computing 118 118 119 120 121 121 123 127 128 129 129 130 133 135 136 136 138 139 139 140 141 143 144 145 145 146 148 148 150 151 153 154 154 156 156 156 157 158 159 160 160 TABLE OF CONTENTS lt vii 10 2 2 Computing Without Keyboards 10 2 3 Natural Human Computing 10 3 Web 3 0 and Pervasive Computing 10 3 1 Web 3 0 10 3 2 Pervasive Computing 10 3 3 Augmented Reality 10 3 4 Surface Computing 10 4 Information Communication Technology In The Future 10 4 1 Personal Area Networks 10 4 2 4G Mobile Communications Systems 10 4 3 RFID Communications Summary Key Terms References 162 162 164 164 165 165 166 168 168 169 170 171 172 172 COURSE GUIDE Table of Contents Welcome to CMMT6103 What will you get from doing this course Description of the course Aim of the course Course Learning Outcomes How can you get the most from this course Learning package Course topics Organisation of the course content How will you be assessed Assessment format Assignments Participation What support will you get in studying this course Tutorials MyLMS online discussion Facilitator Tutor Library resources Learner connexions How should you study for this course Time commitment for studying Proposed study strategy xii xii xii xvii xvii xviii xii PB COURSE GUIDE WELCOME TO CMMT6103 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY CM
17. Pencil animation cartoon tool Source http www les stooges org pascal pencil contents Screenshots image2 png 4 3 6 Application of Animation Parallel with the advancement of computer technology computer animation has also been utilised in other areas Animation has been widely used in education filming advertising and simulation just to name a few TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 71 Animation can strongly support the traditional classroom with more packed and fun animated learning Explanation of complicated concepts is made easier through animation Hence student comprehension in the classroom can be improved In the filming and advertising industries special effects that are difficult to shoot can be generated through 3D animation Impossible scenes such as the jumping bus in the film The Speed were made possible using 3D animation Also using such techniques air crash incidents have been simulated through sophisticated 3D animation software Animation enables us to visualise the real cause of accidents and aid us in investigations Malaysia s first 2D animation film was Silat Lagenda in 1998 More than 10 years later in 2009 Saladin the Animated Series Figure 4 19 would become the first local product of our 3D animation industry for broadcast TV This series would later be exported to other countries such as Qatar Figure 4 19 Saladin the Animated Series Source http www
18. activity thus helps them accomplish government related transactions and activity through electronics means EG is basically a digital bridge linking people and or businesses to government and vice versa Governments around the world including in Malaysia have acknowledged the potential applications presented by information and communication technologies ICT especially the Internet New ways to distribute services and to interact with citizens are continually being explored through the existence of EG It optimises government working procedures without time and space restrictions Successful e government application improves working efficiency and thus offers highly efficient service to the society The migration from paper based services to the electronic version has opened wide the potential of e government applications An electronic communications system for example is very useful when millions of citizen queries need to be replied immediately Sagheb Tehrani 2007 114 TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS Table 7 1 lists several e government website addresses Table 7 1 E Government website addresses Country Government URL Malaysia www gov my Australia www australia gov au Canada www canada gc ca Singapore www ecitizen gov sg United Kingdom www direct gov uk Indonesia www indonesia go id Brunei www brunei gov bn New Zealand www newzealand govt nz Philippines www gov ph 7 2 4 E Entertainment The astonishing spread of
19. and learning process to help children understand concepts better As we can see this edutainment makes educational delivery more interactive and interesting Figure 1 9 Application of multimedia in edutainment Source Garzotto amp Forfori 2006 The idea underlying edutainment is to promote learning by merging educational contents and entertainment activities that increase engagement emotion and motivation Garzotto and Forfori 2006 Edutainment is a form of entertainment designed to teach as well as to entertain Edutainment usually inquires about 12 gt TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA how to instruct or entertain its audience or learners by embedding lessons in some well known form of entertainment One very good example of edutainment is a hugely popular educational TV programme called Sesame Street Compared to reading a book this programme helps children understand better as the learning environment is not only interactive but also so much fun Multimedia elements such as animation and sound effects are all combined with texts and images to provide a total edutainment experience Multimedia use in infotainment information and entertainment just like edutainment also makes information delivery more interactive and interesting The emergence of broadcasting entertainment and _ telecommunications technology has increased the demand for computers Interactive TV computer games and the Internet offer you
20. are sharing on Yahoo 360 The Best of Yahoo Groups Search Yahoo 360 for people interested in this topic co Figure 9 4 Yahoo 360 9 1 4 Face Recognition Technology Human face detection has always been an important problem especially for security purposes Do you know that the fundamental challenge in face recognition is to find useful features on the face of someone The simplest way to do it is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial pattern database Once those features can be detected it can be easily compared with the database Face recognition is one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding Zhao Chellappa Phillips amp Rosenfeld 2003 As a result it has received significant attention especially during the past several years Recognizing faces is done by computer algorithms that compare the faces in a photo with all faces that are available in the photo database However face recognition technology faces challenging problems such as variations in pose and photo ray illumination You can try to upload your photo to MyHeritage com Basically MyHeritage Face Recognition runs in three steps a The digital photo that is provided by the user is first loaded b Face detection technology is applied to automatically detect a human face and c Face recognition technology is applied to recognise the faces detected 144 TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEA
21. be unclear on some difficult concepts even after receiving a thorough verbal explanation Other explanations that could be clearly illustrated by animation are for example on calculation steps angle calculations and gradients in trigonometry A moving image to support a verbal description can greatly improve a student s understanding Figure 4 23 You have dehnitely seen the Pythagorean Theorem before so a b we should look familiar to you The Pythagorean Theorem applies to right triangles and only night tnangles where c is the length of the hypotenuse ihe sde opposite the ngat angle and a and b are the lengths of the legs the other two sides Chapter 1 Trigonometry Foundations 4 2 The Pythagorean Theorem 1 7 GD QP oe Figure 4 23 Animation for learning Trigonometry Source http www imgsrv worldstart com store images high achiever trigonometry 1jpg Applying animation in the learning process makes learning more enjoyable Research has shown that animation compared to the traditional way of learning is able to maintain students concentration towards learning material Animation attracts attention Thus it is not surprising that animation is one excellent way to motivate students in their learning 4 3 9 Animation Design and Usage Guidelines According to Neilsen December 1995 animation is good for a Showing Continuity in Transitions The changes between states will be much easier for users to underst
22. completed the assignment submit it together with a FMA form to your facilitator Make sure that your assignment reaches the facilitator on or before the deadline COURSE ASSIGNMENT GUIDE lt xxvii GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF FMA In general your facilitator will expect you to write clearly using correct spelling please use your spell checker and grammar Your facilitator will look for the following That e You have critically thought about issues raised in the course e You have considered and appreciated different points of view including those in the course e You have given your own views and opinions e You have stated your arguments clearly with supporting evidence and proper referencing of sources e You have drawn on your own experiences Topic Introduction 1 to Multimedia LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to 1 Define multimedia Discuss the effects of multimedia in your daily life 2 3 Identify the five multimedia components 4 Explain why multimedia is powerful in increasing human computer interaction and Describe multimedia applications in several areas gt INTRODUCTION In the 21st century the evolution of multimedia technology has drastically changed how we communicate work and play Multimedia is commonly used nowadays for advertising entertainment information dissemination and education just to name a few Figure 1 1 shows the various uses of m
23. compression reduces the number of data bits when it allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data e JPEG and GIF are the compression formats for images while MPEG is used for video compression KEY TERMIS _ Pena pU rarer Renn ens Bandwidth Lossless Compression Broadband Network Lossy Compression Broadcast TV Network Multimedia Network Communications Standards Packet Switching Data Network Peer to Peer P2P Image Compression Real Time Multimedia Streaming Interoperability amp Connectivity Telecommunications Standards ISDN Video Compression Choudhury S Sheriff I Gibson J D and Belding Royer E M 2006 Effect of payload length variation and retransmissions on multimedia in 802 11la WLANs In Proceeding of the 2006 international conference on communications and mobile computing Vancouver British Columbia Canada July 03 06 2006 IWCMC 06 ACM Press New York NY 377 382 TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 137 Drini M Kirovski D and Vo H 2007 PPMexe Program compression ACM Trans Program Lang Syst 29 1 Jan 2007 3 Ekman M and Stenstrom P 2005 A Robust Main Memory Compression Scheme In Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on computer architecture June 04 08 2005 International Symposium on Computer Architecture IEEE Computer Society Washington DC 74 85 Halsall F 2001 Multimedia communic
24. computer controlled integration of texts graphics drawings still and moving images animation audio and any other media These various forms of information can be represented stored transmitted and processed digitally In the future however the definition of multimedia can be characterised by the convergence of technology in computers telecommunications and television These incorporate multimedia elements into vivid presentation of data However for now we can conclude that multimedia communication is a human computer interactive process that involves the digital elements of text graphic audio video and animation Define multimedia in your own words What are the digital elements involved in multimedia TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 4 3 Visit http search yahoo com You will see the tabs named Web Images Video etc on the list Check out specific multimedia content available on these pages Discuss these multimedia contents in myLMS forum and obtain your classmates feedback 1 2 MULTIMEDIA AND YOUR DAILY LIFE Did you know that multimedia has been around since more than 300 years ago The first mass communication medium to use multimedia was the printed newspaper At that time it combined two elements of multimedia text and graphic printed image Now we have the e newspaper or electronic news complete with all elements text graphic animation audio and video And did you know that
25. development of the Web from year 2010 to 2020 This era will focus on improving the back end of the Web It concentrates on how you work with the Web not how the web works Several key technologies will become widely used and would be the flagship applications of Web 3 0 The focus is on the creation of high quality content and services Web 3 0 will show a paradigm shift in the gigantic Web usage throughout the world I think some of you may never have even heard of a conceptual version of the web If you are a bit confused let me explain What happened in Web 1 0 was that you could only view information on a website Then in the Web 2 0 era you may have experienced a two way shared web This technological development is illustrated in Figure 10 9 THE CHANGING INTRAWEB FROM 1 0 TO 3 0 GARY hAYES2006 1 billl 100 mill 3D portals avatar representation interoperable profiles MUVEs integrated games education and Two way web blogs wikis video podcasts sharing onal publishing 2D portals Pushed web text graphics based flash j 10 mill 1995 2000 2005 2010 Figure 10 9 From Web 1 0 to Web 3 0 Source http www personalizemedia com wpcontent uploads 2006 08 web1to3 jpg The first time people used the web the media was limited to static text and graphics However from 2002 onwards interactive web sites developed whereby you can leave comments on your friend s blog or sites you visited From then on mass
26. editing video editing and animation authoring 28 gt TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 2 3 1 Graphic and Image Editing An image editing software is often distinguished by its array of toolbars filters and transformations functions Brooks amp Dodgson 2005 Some of us may already be familiar with a certain image editing software if we have edited our own digital photo albums before Many of us though probably would have our own collection of favourite images if we have been taking photographs using the digital or mobile phone camera With graphics software programs we now can manipulate our digital images through resizing cropping enhancing or transforming them There are a few digital image editing software that you can download free from the internet Their image editing tools maybe fewer than that provided by the commercial ones but they are useful enough for amateur image editors Examples of the more popular commercial ones are Adobe Photoshop Paint Shop Pro Visualizer Photo Studio and Corel Photo Paint Adobe Photoshop is claimed by Adobe Systems as the industry standard for graphics professionals The following list indicates what image editing tools such as Photoshop can do a Merge images b Alter image size c Crop image d Adjust colours e Remove unwanted elements f Orientate image change direction g Sharpen and soften image h Contrast change and brighten image dan i Add te
27. ensure that the content we design match intended user requirements we should for example consider the immediate feedback based on user choices for each interaction Finally we should remember that people can only remember 80 of what they interact with Technical design ensures that the multimedia application runs properly For instance effective technical design and use of multimedia digital libraries need to deal with the process of building efficient content annotation and retrieval tools In terms of visual design a multimedia presentation should have a consistent theme and style Authoring interactive multimedia presentations is much more complex than authoring purely audiovisual applications or text The authoring of multimedia content is a challenging task It has become more challenging when the targeted multimedia presentation needs to meet a specific user context Scherp amp Boll 2005 88 gt TOPIC5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Figure 5 6 summarises the process involved in multimedia development 7 HEEK ra 2 Media gt Authoringand N Creation Compilation P eid A Figure 5 6 Multimedia development process Redesigned from Source http en wikipedia org wiki Multimedia http www joeuser com sdfiles mormegil IAD 88 CDR 01 jpg http images stockxpert com pic m a ag agb 192406_35175349 jpg B liid 5 3 2 Product Testing Any type of multimedia software development project needs at least tw
28. favourite episodes With the advancement of home multimedia computing you may choose to burn your favourite episodes into a CD without the need to copy the video to your computer Then you may choose to upload it to your personal blog or video portal You can also send e mail through your television set using a wireless keyboard A universal remote controller will enable you to switch between the functions of your TV Fast wireless internet connection at home allows you to keep in touch with your office through e mails You can even browse the Internet with your daughter while both of you are in different rooms Figure 9 1 shows a home entertainment system Figure 9 1 Home entertainment system Source http www theavlounge com images snowboard jpg Soon you may also find your Personal Computer PC looking more like a sophisticated piece of furniture The PC will soon blend nicely with your home 140 TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH interior decoration just like your sofa the cabinet the sideboard etc Research efforts are trying to make sure that these home computers can be connected easily 9 1 2 Massively Multi Player Online Gaming Over the last decade Massively Multi player On line Role Playing Games MMORPGs have become big business Normally if you want to play this game you need to pay a monthly subscription to the game publisher They are the hosts of the game providing periodic content updates Can you guess how ma
29. files such as MP3 TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 77 NTSC PAL and SECAM are the three main broadcast video standards MPEG DVI WMV RM QT and AVI are the important digital video formats Animation is defined as an act of making something to come alive The term cell is derived from the clear celluloid sheets that were used for drawing animation frames Keyframes are the important first and last frames of an animation scene or action The tweening process produces the remaining intermediary frame content in between two keyframes Morphing combines 2D interpolations of two images normally to create a new special image In computer animation it is important to make sure that the animated character does follow the inverse kinematics law Examples of popular 3D animation software are 3D Studio Max Alias WaveFront and LightWave 3D Animation technology is applied widely in various applications in industries such as advertising filming medical military etc Animated GIF Dynamic HTML JavaScript Java Applet and Flash are examples of popular web based animation technologies The understanding process for certain scientific concepts is made easier with the aid of animation Animation is good for showing continuity in transitions illustrating change over time attracting attention and enriching graphical representations 78 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION KEY TERMS FPEREEEE Rian ed S
30. font This font is 14 point Times New Roman italic However the typeface is the same Times New Roman 3 1 3 Serif vs Sans Serif Study Figure 3 3 below which shows the letters AV printed twice The lettering style obviously looks different the top one labelled Serifs appears more stylish than the bottom simpler one No Serifs Can you identify a significant difference TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS lt 37 Serifs No Serifs AV Figure 3 3 Serif vs Sans Serif Source http www logo design99 com serifs2 jpg Were you able to notice that the top AV letters have at their ends little squiggly items Whereas the bottom AV does not have those little squigglies at the end of the letters thus appearing comparatively plain Those little squiggly items are called serifs Now sans means without Hence Sans Serif is without or no serif So the top AV lettering is a serif typeface while the bottom one is a Sans Serif typeface A good example of serif typeface is this current font Palatino Linotype used as the body text typeface throughout this module Another example of serif that is commonly used is the Times New Roman Examples of Sans Serif typefaces are Arial Comic Sans and Tahoma 3 1 4 Text Design Guidelines When using text in any of your multimedia or visual presentation adhere to these simple text design guidelines a Use a text colour that is in high
31. for entertainment and Discuss advanced multimedia technology and applications such as human robot interaction gt INTRODUCTION In the previous topic you learnt about multimedia communication and compression Now in this topic I will introduce several new and emerging topics in multimedia research As explained in earlier topics multimedia applications nowadays are distributed online through the Internet The trend to have an online presence has caused new multimedia applications to be also available online Among the emerging applications are online gaming and web and social networking In this chapter you will also learn about promising research and development in multimedia such as Virtual Reality VR Geographical Information Systems GIS Human Robot Interaction HRI visualisation and medical imaging and 3 D modelling and reconstruction TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 139 9 1 HUMAN CENTERED COMPUTING 9 1 1 Home Entertainment and Computing There has been great interest in the field of home computer entertainment technology amongst researchers and developers from both the academia and industry Digital entertainment services will soon be available to home users through a single media centre that orchestrates and controls all entertainment appliances such as the TV the radio etc In the near future the television set will be used not only for watching your favourite movies but also for recording your
32. format whichever applicable when citing a source and when writing out the bibliography or reference page Attempt to write independently without being overly dependent of information from another s original works Educate yourself on what may be considered as common knowledge no copyright necessary public domain copyright has expired or not protected under copyright law or copyright legally protected Documenting Sources Whenever you quote paraphrase summarize or otherwise refer to the work of another you are required to cite its original source documentation Offered here are some of the most commonly cited forms of material Direct Citation Simply having a thinking skill is no assurance that children will use it In order for such skills to become part of day to day behavior they must be cultivated in an environment that value and sustains them Just as children s musical skills will likely lay fallow in an environment that doesn t encourage music learner s thinking skills tend to languish in a culture that doesn t encourage thinking Tishman Perkins and Jay 1995 p 5 Indirect Citation According to Wurman 1988 the new disease of the 21st century will be information anxiety which has been defined as the ever widening gap between what one understands and what one thinks one should understand xxvi COURSE ASSIGNMENT GUIDE c Referencing All sources that you cite in your paper should be lis
33. has made Flash more and more popular on the Web Do you know that the first version of Flash was Flash version 1 0 We can use Flash to create simple animation advertisements or even online banners for our personal homepage or web log blog We can even embed or integrate flash video into our web pages Various Flash file formats include standalone Flash Player in SWF or EXE format or flash video FLV Adobe Flash has the capability to create online content such as web applications games and movies TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 4 31 Recent development shows that TV animation production studios such as Warner Bros and Cartoon Network have started to produce industry standard animation using Flash as well Figure 2 11 shows a screenshot of a Flash animation Figure 2 11 A Screen Shot of Flash Animation Source http en wikipedia org wiki Image Flash_Screenshot JPG SELF CHECK 2 2 What are the factors that we have to consider when choosing graphics editing software Discuss why Flash is so popular 32 gt TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DISCUSSION MAKING THE RIGHT DESIGN CHOICES There are many things involved in coming up with a good design for your multimedia system The most important consideration is to understand the audience of the presentation or the user of the system The audience requirements will drive the use of appropriate media elements the choice of colour
34. hesitate to discuss during the seminar session or online if e You do not understand any part of the course content or the assigned readings e You have difficulty with the self tests and activities e You have a question or problem with the assignment LIBRARY RESOURCES The Digital Library has a large collection of books journals thesis news and references which you can access using your student ID LEARNER CONNEXXIONS This is an online bulletin which provides interesting and relevant information to help you along the programme There are many useful study hints and you can read about the experiences of other distant learners HOW SHOULD YOU STUDY FOR THIS COURSE 1 Time Commitment for Studying You should plan to spend about six to eight hours per chapter reading the notes doing the self tests and activities and referring to the suggested readings You must schedule your time to discuss online It is often more convenient for you to distribute the hours over a number of days rather than spend one whole day per week on study Some chapters may require more work than others although on average it is suggested that you spend approximately three days per chapter 2 Proposed Study Strategy The following is a proposed strategy for working through the course If you run into any trouble discuss it with your facilitator either online or during the seminar sessions Remember the facilitator is there to help you a The most i
35. not only with the ability to select specific content for your infotainment but also to modify the content One example is the local ASTRO channel Nowadays digital libraries and the development of digital editions of books allow contents the e books to be made available online and transferred electronically The digital library of Open University Malaysia see Figure 1 10 represents an opportunity to apply new technologies to provide library services to an increasingly diverse and distributed population The OUM digital library has a user friendly interface for you to access all kinds of printed resources such as articles proceedings journals and books Become A Member Quick Search Details How To Search Terms f Register Here Opening Hours Anywhere Books During Semester Newspa Exam Period Newspapers Semester Break Periodicals Inside Library About Us Set Search Filters Librarian Services amp Facilities Browse Collections Search Terms Related Links FAQs ener iis On the 24th February 2 as a significant event for Open Author University Malaysia OUN as tho Diotai Lorory wes ofhoslly named the Tan Sri Latest Books Or Abdullah Sanusi Digital Library The launching and naming of the library is to honour the late Tan Sri Dato Dr Database OUM Haji Abdullah Sanusi Ahmad founder President and Vice Chancellor of om d g who have thed the University his extr
36. of your project Figure 5 2 shows an interior view of a Nokia concept store This store concept will be applied to all other Nokia stores throughout the country using the same colour style and look and feel L 1 H Ja 3 yp Figure 5 2 The Nokia concept store Source http 360east com blogfileupload nokiaconceptstore jpg You must remember that style and concept are vital to your multimedia development project Once you have decided on your design style and concept you should be consistent in applying them throughout the entire project For example if you chose to play around with a blue colour concept stick to it till the end do not deviate Air Asia uses a distinctive red as its concept and corporate colour You find the colour on almost everything that is related directly to the airline from their crew attire to the in flight menu card It may make one thinks that there are no other colours available on earth other than red 5 1 3 Storyboard and Prototype Storyboard is a visual planning tool for your multimedia project design It helps you to visually illustrate the sequence of the design process involved in your multimedia project A storyboard has been traditionally used in the animation and filmmaking industry and is still being used until today The storyboard acts as a graphic organiser to handle the multimedia elements involved such as images audio etc TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT lt
37. on the concept even though it is just in the early stages of the development process 84 gt TOPIC5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Why do you need to follow a standard style or concept in your multimedia design Sketch a simple storyboard for a three scene animation 5 2 PHASE II DESIGN 5 2 1 Content Design Before we discuss the various steps in multimedia design it is useful for you to understand what the purpose of the design project is As the multimedia designer you are required to not only incorporate multimedia design guidelines in your efforts but to also create multimedia software that suits your intended audience requirements In view of this you may need a bigger team to assist you in the design process The composition of your design team will vary depending on the nature of your project First you need a pool of experts to provide you with professional quality multimedia materials For example you need a programmer an audiographer a videographer or a photographer Then a graphics artist is also needed to create a sleek illustration for your project Besides that you need advice from the content expert or the instructional designer if you are designing an educational multimedia package Once you have developed the initial content idea explained in section 5 1 you then need to have a brainstorming session with your group members You may find that you have to eliminate some irrelevant ideas that are not dir
38. or so ago The top HDD manufacturers today are Seagate and Western Digital HDD is typically a sealed unit attached to your computer motherboard components Nowadays applications of HDDs have extended beyond computers Versions of HD can now be found in our personal digital assistants PDAs and digital cameras Technically to read and write on the surface of the disks the drive uses a small electro magnet assembly referred to as the head We can estimate the capacity or size of a hard disk in terms of gigabytes previously in megabytes In terms of data transfer rate it ranges from 44 2 MB s to 111 4 MB s Its random access time ranges from 5 ms to 15 ms The physical size of the hard disk in our desktop PC is 3 5 inches wide Figure 2 6 shows the dismantled component of a hard disk Figure 2 6 Hard Disk Source http en wikipedia org wiki Image Hard_disk_dismantled jpg 2 2 6 Monitor A monitor keeps us informed of the result of the computing process that we want Can you imagine how hard it is for us to monitor our computing tasks if our computer set does not have a monitor TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 4 25 Many kinds of monitors have been designed over the past two decades Traditionally the main component of a monitor was the Cathode Ray Tube CRT used in traditional TVs Nowadays we have the flat panel displays which are much lighter and thinner than traditional monitors Its thickness is u
39. pace ourselves we decide how fast or how slow we want to proceed with the content For example a slow learner can repeat the same educational content as many times as he wishes until he fully understands it A fast learner on the other hand may skip the easier topics to move on to more advanced sections Enabling Better Information Retention Visuals sounds and colours help us remember things A colourful presentation helps learners retain information better and longer as opposed to reading silently a single colour textbook Facilitating Better Comprehension of Learning Content Multimedia educational tools can provide a boost to students thinking processes comprehension and capability to remember what they have learnt Studies have shown that by seeing hearing and doing simultaneously we can remember up to 80 On the other hand if we only see what we perceive we may be able to remember up to 20 only Through multimedia simulations and internal processes can be created re enacted and displayed For example complex chemical reactions are hard to fully understand A simplified simulation can be developed using a multimedia system thus enabling a learner to understand better the complex internal reactions or process In a nutshell the functions of multimedia are as follows Figure 1 8 Multimedia functions Intuitive Interface Better Acceptance of Learning Content Joyful Experience More Amusement
40. png 4 2 2 Digital Video Format and Technology I am sure that you have used various types of digital video formats Some of the common ones and their file names are as follows a b c d Moving Pictures Expert Group MPEG MPEG is a popular and generic means of compactly representing digital video and audio signals for consumer distribution MPEG is also the name of the committee the Moving Pictures Expert Group in charge of the development of video and audio encoding standards Digital Video Interface DVI DVI is used to store a wide variety of data both still images and motion video data It is a form of video connector which is made to maximise the display quality of high end video graphics cards and flat panel LCD monitors Windows Media Video WMV WMV is a name for the set of video coded technologies by Microsoft We can play WMV files using players such as MPlayer or Windows Media Player The first version of WMV format was WMV7 released in 1999 Real Media RM Real Media is a multimedia container format by Real Networks Support for audio and video format of Real Media is available in a wide variety of multimedia players including RealPlayer 60 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION e f QuickTime QT QuickTime a multimedia framework developed by Apple is capable of handling various digital video and media clips It is available on Microsoft Windows operating systems and provides ess
41. saladin tv 4 3 7 Web Based Animation For web based animation we will look at animated GIF Dynamic HTML JavaScript Java Applet and Flash a Animated GIF Animated GIF Graphical Interchange Format is created by combining several static images into a single file with the file extension of gif As a 72 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION b result an animation of sequences of various images can be displayed in one frame The production of animated gif usually involves a process to determine a sequence of static images The separated frames will be imported to an animated GIF maker animation program to create a single animation file Next the file will be uploaded onto the web using special instructions like HTML tags Popular animated GIF production software includes Ulead GIF Animator Advanced GIF Animator and Artful GIF animator There is also some free software available for download from the internet Dynamic HTML JavaScript and Java Applet Full screen complex animation can actually be done without using large size images through dynamic HTML layers We can use Macromedia DreamWeaver to create web animation by inserting it into a dynamic HTML web page I believe most of you often come across websites that implement cascading menu for navigation purposes In this case dynamic HTML works as the instruction that determines the next menu It can be used to create an animated cascading website menu refer to Figure 4
42. the first ever personal computer digital multimedia computer was produced in 1975 Built by International Business Machines IBM the IBM 5100 had low processor power and just black and green text only screens Figure 1 2 Bigger storage space was only developed later when more complicated tasks needed to be done quickly and automatically Figure 1 2 The first IBM PC IBM 5100 Source http www cedmagic com history ibm pc 5100 jpg 1981 saw the beginning of the era of multi display and multi interaction spurred on by the use of Microsoft Windows As we are very well aware of Microsoft 4 TOPICI INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA Windows interfaces multi content of media through window metaphors It was at that time aptly named Interface Manager In 1987 and the following years it became apparent that those personal computers PCs would have a multitude of uses especially with the onset of colour display However until graphical user interfaces GUI emerged in the 1990s the choice of digital media for representing information had been limited to text iconic symbols and sounds Alty Al Sharrah amp Beacham 2006 Now take a look at the first ever mouse shown in the following Figure 1 3 It made its first appearance in 1973 Compare it with the current mouse that you are using for your PC What differences do you see Figure 1 3 The first Mouse in 1973 Source http www oldmouse com mouse xerox alto shtml Multim
43. web based learning tutorials and other educational applications the ultimate goal is to help students raise their performance in the learning process However the evaluation of e learning applications needs special attention from content experts as well as educators It is equally important to assess not only how students use the e learning portal but also the quality of the e learning contents One of the other issues that have been raised is whether e learning can be as effective as face to face classroom interaction E learning can significantly save precious time for both educators and students But do you think that e learning can also produce better results than classroom meetings Increasing the effectiveness of e learning has also become a main issue in online educational content delivery Lee amp Lee 2008 112 TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS Figure 7 9 shows the OUM Learning Management System LMS T amp myums v4 open Universty Malaysia 2 MALAYSIA ues J veer erontes J e torsces J emen J ann C unrery Jf aatv scnoo a MYPROFILE Announcement 2 os Password Urgent Registry Exam CSA PPU MyFacuty General OMES Tarikh tarikh tutorial Semester Januari 2008 di PPW dan IPTI NEW a Friday December 14 2007 Update Access Hints Last Updated On Friday December 21 2007 PERMOHONAN PEMULANGAN YURAN PROGRAM P KPM E PUBLICATION Thursday December 13 2007 Last Update
44. 0 4 Cordless laser mouse Source http www digitaltechnews com photos uncategorized 2007 07 23 vx_nano_logitech jpg In your opinion what are the advantages of the smaller computer size Do you think that the intelligent spoon will become popular one day What inspires evolutionary computing 10 2 ADVANCED HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION 10 2 1 Wearable Computing Currently most computer machines such as PCs sit on the desk You cannot bring along your PC wherever or whenever you want Wearable computing is a TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 161 technology that enables you to wear your computers in a way similar to using your eyeglasses or having your clothes on In the future this type of wearable computer which uses goggles or eyeglasses type displays equipped with personal wireless local area networks WLAN will become your intelligent future gadget A research on a wearable computer gadget named iBand was carried out by Kanis Winters Agamanolis Gavin amp Cullinan 2005 It is a bracelet equipped with infrared IR transceiver that uses handshaking detection technology So when we shake hands with one another an exchange of information occurs between the two iBands Figure 10 5 shows an i Band prototype Figure 10 5 Handshaking detection technology Source Kanis Winters Agamanolis Gavin amp Cullinan 2005 The advancement of computer and cloth making technologies makes wearable computi
45. 10 2 shows an intelligent spoon prototype design pH Sensor Temperature Sensor H On Off Button l Sensor for Viscosity Salinity Sensors Figure 10 2 Intelligent spoon prototype Source http blog makezine com SpoonLabeled2 jpg 10 1 3 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Evolutionary computation is a subfield of computational intelligence that uses iterative progression An example of this type of process is the growth or development of a population Such processes are often inspired by the mechanisms of biological evolution such as reproduction mutation and recombination Today evolutionary computation is a blooming field Genetic algorithms will be used widely in the future to solve problems of everyday interest Evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms will be applied in various areas as diverse as TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 159 stock market prediction aerospace engineering or biochemistry and molecular computational biology Indeed the field of evolutionary computation is one of the fastest growing areas of computer science and engineering Why Because it addresses many problems that were previously beyond reach Fogel 2000 Figure 10 3 is a cartoon showing an arm fist fight to illustrate the tensed competition between genetic computation technology and traditional medical practice in finding a solution to medical challenges Figure 10 3 Genetic computation vs traditional m
46. 3 Cell Animation Keyframes and Tweening The word cell the spelling cel is more commonly used in the US is derived from the clear celluloid sheets that were used for drawing animation frames Before computers were used to create animation the cell was the only solution for most Hollywood animation studios The clear cell was used to paint and ink the drawings which were then laid over the background Figure 4 13 is an example of a cell TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 67 Figure 4 13 Cell animation Source http www shoppingtoshop com sitebuildercontent sitebuilderpictures twogunmickey JPG In the Figure 4 13 there are six frames and six balls The important first and last frames of an animation scene or action are the keyframes In the next Figure 4 14 the blue ball is located at frame number 1 red circled So here if we want to animate the ball from left to right we have to set it at the final location and make frame number 20 as another keyframe How many keyframes then do you have now In this case you have two keyframes Timeline Scene 1 F Layer 1 a 12 0fps o TEFEN T T Figure 4 14 Keyframing process Source http www adobeflashtutorial com imagen tutorial 010 simple animationreturn 01 gif 68 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION Now what about the intermediary frames How do you draw these frames These will now be produced by the computer animation tec
47. 5 Animation Software 4 3 6 Application of Animation 4 3 7 Web Based Animation 4 3 8 Animation for Learning 4 3 9 Animation Design and Usage Guidelines Summary Key Terms References 32 33 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 39 41 42 43 45 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 52 53 55 56 58 58 59 63 63 65 66 68 70 70 71 73 75 76 78 78 TABLE OF CONTENTS lt q v Topic 5 Topic 6 Topic 7 Multimedia Project Development 79 5 1 Phase I Planning 80 5 1 1 Idea Goals and Constraints 80 5 1 2 Style and Concept 81 5 1 3 Storyboard and Prototype 82 5 2 Phase II Design 84 5 2 1 Content Design 84 5 2 2 Multimedia Compilation 85 5 3 Phase III Development 86 5 3 1 Development Process 86 5 3 2 Product Testing 88 5 4 Usability And Design Guidelines 89 5 4 1 Functionality and Navigation 89 5 4 2 Usability Issue 90 Summary 92 Key Terms 93 References 93 Multimedia Authoring and Scripting 94 6 1 Multimedia Authoring 95 6 1 1 What is Multimedia Authoring 95 6 1 2 Authoring Paradigm 96 6 1 3 Authoring Software and Tools 98 6 2 Multimedia Scripting And Programming 100 6 2 1 Scripting and Programming Language 100 6 2 2 Web based Multimedia 101 Summary 103 Key Terms 103 References 103 Web based Multimedia Applications 104 7 1 Why Web Based 105 7 1 1 Development of Web Applications 105 7 1 2 Modern Web Based Multimedia Applications 106 7 2 Web Based Applications 111 7 2 1 E Learning 111 7 2 2 E Commerce 112 7 2 3 E Gove
48. Application Development In Proceedings of conference on future of software engineering 2007 FOSE 07 23 25 May 2007 199 213 Lee J amp Lee W 2008 The relationship of e Learner s self regulatory efficacy and perception of e Learning environmental quality Comput Hum Behav 24 1 32 47 Nov O 2007 What motivates Wikipedians Commun ACM 50 11 60 64 Sagheb Tehrani M 2007 Some steps towards implementing E government SIGCAS comput Soc 37 1 22 29 Sukhai N B 2004 Hacking and cybercrime Proceedings of the Ist annual conference on information security curriculum development 128 132 Team Cymru 2006 Cybercrime an epidemic Queue 4 9 24 35 Tirapat T Espiritu C amp Stroulia E 2006 Taking the community s pulse one blog at a time Proceedings of the 6th international conference on web engineering 263 169 176 Topic Multimedia Communication amp Compression LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to Describe the development in multimedia communication List five basic types of communications network Discuss technological advancement and challenges in communications Discuss why we need compression Differentiate between lossy and lossless compression and Explain several image and video compression techniques gt INTRODUCTION In the previous topic you learnt about web based multimedia In this topic I will explain how to delive
49. COURSE NAME Multimedia Technology THE COURSE CURRICULUM IS DEVELOPED BY THE OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA CMMT6103 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY Syahrul Nizam Junaini Qn UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA Project Directors Module Writer Moderator Developed by Printed by Prof Dr Mansor Fadzil Prof Dr Rahmah Hashim Open University Malaysia Syahrul Nizam Junaini Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Yuzery Yusoff Open University Malaysia Centre for Instructional Design and Technology Open University Malaysia Meteor Doc Sdn Bhd Lot 47 48 Jalan SR 1 9 Seksyen 9 Jalan Serdang Raya Taman Serdang Raya 43300 Seri Kembangan Selangor Darul Ehsan First Printing April 2009 Second Printing April 2010 Copyright Open University Malaysia OUM April 2010 CMMT6103 All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the President Open University Malaysia OUM Version April 2010 QrrN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA Table of Contents eeeeeeeeeoeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Course Guide Course Assignment Guide Topic1 Introduction to Multimedia 1 1 Definition of Multimedia 1 2 Multimedia and Your Daily Life 1 3 Multimedia Components 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 4 1 3 5 Text Graphic Audio Video Animation 1 4 Functions of Multimedia 1 5 Multimedia Applications 1 5 1 1 5 2 153 1 5 4 Summary Key Terms References
50. Desktop Encyclopedia 1998 The Computer Language Co Inc LOSSLESS Compressed LOSSY Compressed Figure 8 11 Lossless and Lossy Compression Source http content answers com main content img CDE LOSSY GIF Lossy Compression The main reason we use the lossy type of compression is to control the size of the multimedia data However when the data is decompressed it must be still in the original quality if not 100 perfect The percentage of lossy compression usually is larger in magnitude compared to lossless techniques Therefore this technique is the most suitable way to compress audio and video However we have to admit that there is one weakness i e lossy compression formats suffer from generation loss This means that when you repeatedly compress and decompress the file the quality will gradually decrease In Figure 8 12 do you notice the broken pixels in the right image This image is the result of a high 98 compression the final image size was down to only 1 14 Kb from the original 60Kb b TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 132 Figure 8 12 Image size and quality with lossy compression Source http www answers com topic lossy compression cat technology For image compression the lossy compression standard that is often used is that of the Joint Photographic Experts Group JPEG Meanwhile for video compression the techniques are those of the Moving Picture Experts Gr
51. ESSION 8 2 1 Why Compression The growth of computing and multimedia technology has also resulted in an increasing demand for massive multimedia data and applications I guess many of you surf the Internet Have you ever become so frustrated waiting for a huge graphic to download and open So why do you think we need to compress multimedia data TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 130 Compression is a process of deriving more compact or smaller representations of data Take for example an uncompressed image with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels thus totalling 307200 pixels A true colour 24 bit image of that size takes about 1 MB of storage space each pixel uses 3 bytes Can you imagine how much space is needed if you do not compress a 2 hour video on a full screen of 1024 x 768 pixels You need to be aware that Quality of Service QoS is increasingly becoming an important issue in distributed multimedia systems Therefore compression is necessary especially of video This is because video consumes the largest size of storage space compared to other elements of multimedia like animation graphics and text Compression reduces the memory space Hence to provide cost effective solutions most multimedia systems use compression techniques Furthermore sending multimedia data over a computer network consumes large amounts of bandwidth So compression strategies are very important Therefore you find that multimedia data
52. Education and Entertainment Business and Advertisement Entertainment Medical Topic2 Multimedia Hardware and Software 2 1 Analogue and Digital Data 2 2 Hardware Requirements 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 6 22 7 Processing Unit Memory Universal Serial Bus USB Device 1X XX xxi xxvii NN DD OO1WN Graphics Card and Graphical Processing Unit GPU 22 Hard Drive Monitor External Storage and Optical Device 2 3 Multimedia Software 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 Graphic and Image Editing Audio and Sound Editing Video Editing Animation Authoring iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic 3 Topic 4 Summary Key Terms References Texts and Graphics 3 1 Text 3 1 1 Textual Communications 3 1 2 Font and Typeface 3 1 3 Serif vs Sans Serif 3 1 4 Text Design Guidelines 3 1 5 Text Editing Software 3 1 6 Hypertext and Hypermedia 3 2 Graphics 3 2 1 Importance of Graphics 3 2 2 Bitmap vs Vector 3 2 3 Computer Colour Representation 3 2 4 Graphics File Formats 3 2 5 Graphics Resources 3 2 6 Graphics Editing Software Summary Key Terms References Audio Video and Animation 4 1 Audio 4 1 1 Audio Digitisation 4 1 2 Audio File Format 4 1 3 Audio Software and Production 4 2 Video 4 2 1 Broadcast Video Standards 4 2 2 Digital Video Format and Technology 4 3 Animation 4 3 1 Principles of Animation 4 3 2 History of Animation 4 3 3 Cell Animation Keyframes and Tweening 4 3 4 Morphing and Inverse Kinematics 4 3
53. LTIMEDIA CONTENT CYBERJAYA The Multimedia Development Corp MDeC custodian of the MSC Malaysia Initiative is increasing its efforts to help develop the local creative content industry Its efforts now include the building of the Malaysian Animation Creative Content Centre MAC3 in Cyberjaya as well as initiating a new business matching programme to develop and promote local content Speaking after the National IT Council meeting last week MDeC chief executive officer Datuk Badlisham Ghazali said MAC3 can help in the unearthing of new talents to help develop the local creative content industry The Star 28 August 2007 Discuss in myLMS forum how you would define local creative multimedia content and obtain your classmates feedback SUMMARY ene Multimedia communication is defined as a human computer interactive process that involves the digital elements of text graphic audio video and animation The development of multimedia technology has changed the way we work and play Interactive multimedia has several capabilities in enabling intuitive interfacing better comprehension of learning content enjoyable experience self paced interaction and better information retention by the users Multimedia applications can be found extensively in education business entertainment and the medical field 16 gt TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA KEY TERMS _ RRS R renner ene ree em re re Computer Ass
54. MMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 133 Table 8 1 below differentiates lossy and lossless compression Table 8 1 Differences between Lossy and Lossless Compression Lossy Lossless Some data is lost No data is lost Irreversible Reversible Eliminating redundant information The originally data remains JPEG TIFF GIF and PNG Cause the image to become pixelated Without losing image quality 8 2 3 Image and Video Compression a JPEG JPEG is a compression technology for photographic images widely used for the web JPEG uses the lossy compression scheme As from the compression name lossy this implies that you will find some image information is lost However the quality of the image display is not significantly distorted due to the limitations of our normal eye vision to detect them The two photos in Figure 8 13 are the same images in JPEG format The difference is just that they were compressed using different compression ratios or percentage Despite that the image quality is still almost the same JPEG JPEG 80 compression 20 compression 5 27 5 Kb 6 6Kb Figure 8 13 JPEG Compression Ratios Source http www blc Isbu ac uk aa aa Communication Visuals Visuals2_ HTI 43 V2_PP 5 jpg b c TOPIC8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 134 GIF As GIF is a lossless compression you can expect that no image information is lost during the compression process The deco
55. MT6103 Multimedia Technology is one of the fundamental courses for the Masters of Information Technology programme We assume that you have little previous knowledge related to multimedia technology This three credit hour course will be conducted over a semester of 14 weeks WHAT WILL YOU GET FROM DOING THIS COURSE DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE Recently multimedia has become widely popular resulting from the advancement of computing and Internet technology There are many applications for multimedia in various fields such as entertainment marketing simulation and education This course focuses on basic and general knowledge in multimedia technology Knowledge on multimedia technology and related skills acquired from this course would update you in a fast paced world of multimedia AIM OF THE COURSE The objective of the course is to enhance your knowledge in depth about the nature of multimedia technology You will also be able to examine multimedia hardware and software requirements to create and deliver various types of multimedia applications We believe this goal can best be accomplished by providing a clear explanation about various principles of multimedia technology We will supplement this material with problems examples and cases that illustrate how such multimedia principles and theories are applied COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES This course aims to provide the basic concepts and principles of multimedia technology and their applica
56. RCH Figure 9 5 shows MyHeritage com face recognition online site Welcome Guest Already registered Log ip Not a member yet Sign up a Home Products Face recognition Genealogy Community Research is J S P gt ON HERITAGE Overview Vote EW Collage Morph EWE Look alike Meter Gallery a gt How it works Ft ka ny s Celebrities wA gt gt a Gather image data 2 Find the faces 3 Recognize the faces Figure 9 5 MyHeritage com Face Recognition Site 9 1 5 Wireless Communications Wireless City Have you ever heard of the news that in the near future Kuala Lumpur will become the first Wireless City Through the Wireless KL Project 3500 Wi Fi Wireless Fidelity zones will be made available for the KLites for free Sharif 2007 A Memorandum of Agreement MoA has been finalised between KL City Hall DBKL the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission MCMC and Packet One Networks Sdn Bhd in 2007 KL is expected to become the first city in the world to apply high speed wireless infrastructure called WiMAX 2 3 Ghertz Currently the network technology used for wireless communication is the Wireless Local Area Network WLAN 802 11b by Cisco Hence we expect that sooner or later Penang Ipoh Johor Bahru and Melaka will also become Wireless Cities Are you staying in Kuala Lumpur Imagine soon you could enjoy sending e mails from your Personal Digital Assistant PDA w
57. T Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on multimedia 802 803 Topic Multimedia Authoring and Scripting LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to 1 Describe multimedia authoring paradigm and tools and 2 Discuss multimedia scripting and programming gt INTRODUCTION By now you should be familiar with the processes involved in multimedia development explained in Topic 5 In this topic we will first learn basic multimedia authoring and scripting concepts Then we will study about the main approach to develop a multimedia software or application Let me start with an analogy Have you ever seen someone arranging flowers in a vase He or she normally needs various colours and types of flowers Similarly with multimedia we need the elements such as images video text etc So with multimedia also you can create a beautiful and engaging multimedia arrangement of those elements with the help of an authoring tool In addition in this topic you will learn about multimedia programming and we will identify the common scripting languages used to develop multimedia Finally you will also learn how multimedia content can be developed for the web TOPIC 6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING lt 4 95 6 1 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING 6 1 1 What is Multimedia Authoring Multimedia authoring is defined as the assembly and synchronisation of all the media components prepared for
58. URE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 163 happen then in the next couple of decades the mouse or keyboard would not be needed anymore A team of researchers from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles have been investigating more natural ways to interact with computers Chartier 2007 The concept of human computing aims to make computer use as easy and as natural as possible Ruttkay Reidsma amp Nijholt 2006 One goal of human centred computing and natural computing is that the computer system can understand human behaviour In addition this type of future computing should also be able to respond appropriately The computer should be able to process what you want from your interaction with it So it must be able to detect your facial expression and emotion process it and evaluate However to control and animate the facial expression of a computer generated 3D character is not an easy task at all Figure 10 8 shows a computer controlled 3D facial expression Figure10 8 3D computer facial expression Source http faculty cs tamu edu jchai projects face animation face_pa jpg What are the primary concerns for a wearable computer system The mouse and keyboard will be useless in the future Why Why should interaction with future computers be as natural as possible 164 TOPIC1O THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA 10 3 WEB 3 0 AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING 10 3 1 Web 3 0 Web 3 0 signifies the third decade of the technological
59. a multimedia application It can be done using a software application known as an authoring tool Thus the authoring tool is used to create an interactive multimedia application or presentation In recent years many multimedia authoring tools have been developed e g Authorware and Flash To author interactive multimedia presentations is much more complex than authoring merely audio visual or textual applications Bulterman and Hardman 2005 Multimedia authoring is a resource demanding and knowledge intensive process Hence it can be an extremely complicated activity for a user new to multimedia authoring Multimedia authoring is a program which has built in elements for the development of interactive multimedia software Authoring is just a speeded up version of programming You do not need however to know the details of a programming language What you do need though is the skill to use the icons and menus available to create a new interactive or linear multimedia application Figure 6 1 shows an example of an educational multimedia application created with a multimedia authoring tool A multimedia authoring tool provides the important framework that you need to organise your multimedia resources such as graphics text video etc The Foot Layer 1 Flexor Digitoram Brevis Select any tab Jori Maton Flexor dgtorum brevis flexes digts 2 through 5 at the proximal phalangeal Virtually all muscles in the body are ustrated on
60. alogue or a salary payment program Scripting language is the closest form to traditional programming Examples of scripting language are Lingo for Director and ActionScript for Flash Scripting allows you to incorporate TOPIC 6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING lt 4 101 interactivity and non linearity in your multimedia design Compared to complete packages of programming languages such as C and Pascal scripting languages do not have much complex features amp im P Ov Global Functions gt Timeline Control gt goto ndPlay Esc gp Global Properties Browser Network gotoAndStop Esc gs Operators Printing Functions nextFrame Esc nf Statements Miscellaneous Functions nextScene Esc ns Compiler Directives Conversion Functions prevFram Esc pf Constants Movie Clip Control prevScene Esc ps Types stop Esc st gt b b b gt gt ActionScript 2 0 Classes gt Mathematical Functions gt gt gt gt b b gt Deprecated stopAllSounds Esc ss Maka Camnanante Figure 6 8 Flash Action Script Source http education sdsc edu teachertech flash101 images script3 png In scripting command the action in Figure 6 8 is similar to on release play 6 2 2 Web based Multimedia In recent years web based applications have become more and more popular in computer based applications Hence learning and mastering web programming environment techniques and methods have become essential for multime
61. and OUM s Library Also relevant Internet resources are available to enhance your understanding of selected curriculum concepts and principles as applied in real world situations COURSE GUIDE lt 4 xvii HOW WILL YOU BE ASSESSED ASSESSMENT FORMAT There are two aspects in the assessment of the course one assignment and final examination A summary of the assessment requirements and the dates for these requirements are shown in the table below Component Marks Due Date Final Exam Final Exam 3 hours 40 Examination week at the end of the semester Assignment Marks 60 Seminar 4 WHAT SUPPORT WILL YOU GET IN STUDYING THIS COURSE SEMINARS There are 15 hours of seminars or face to face interaction supporting the course These consist of FIVE seminar sessions of three hours each You will be notified of the dates times and location of these seminars together with the name and phone number of your facilitator as soon as you are allocated a seminar group MYLMS ONLINE DISCUSSION Besides the face to face seminar sessions you have the support of online discussions You should interact with other students and your facilitator using MyLMS Your contributions to the online discussion will greatly enhance your understanding of course content how to go about doing the assignment and preparation for examination xviii gt COURSE GUIDE FACILITATOR Your facilitator will mark your assignment Do not
62. and applications today are dominated by compression and decompression Data compression technique is thus very important as it affects computing performance Drini Kirovski amp Vo 2007 8 2 2 Lossy and Lossless Compression Compression techniques or algorithms can be divided into two main groups namely lossy and lossless Lossy and lossless compressions are terms used to describe whether or not in the compression of a file all original data can be recovered when the file is decompressed When you want to compress let s say a Word document you must be able to decompress it back later to a perfect original file without losing even a single character This type of compression is known as lossless compression With this type of compression every single bit of data that was originally in the file still remains after the file is decompressed However for audio and video which are large data size you may need to compress it down to as little as 5 of its original size In this case you need the lossy compression technique With lossy compression however some data is actually lost However being ordinary human beings we are not able to notice the tiny losses with our naked eye The difference in lossless and lossy compression is illustrated in Figure 8 11 below Notice the size of the package not just after compression but also after decompression a TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 131 From Computer
63. and dateline for each development process involved For this purpose use a Gantt chart Also do not forget about the management of budget 1 2 E 3 4 5 6 E 7 S 8 9 1 4 06 15 4 06 29 4 06 15 5 06 27 5 06 10 6 06 24 6 06 Figure 5 5 A Gantt chart Source http hsc csu edu au ind_tech design_mgt 3291 gantt_chart gif To help you be clear about the development process you may divide the process based on the multimedia elements that you need So first you may need a text component of your project If it involves automated functions simple authoring is insufficient You also need to have a programming stage For other multimedia elements you need to create graphics and produce audio video and animation The most important stage of the development is to assemble these separate pieces of multimedia elements into one single compilation Then once the overall TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT lt 87 product is completed you will need to prepare supporting documents such as the user manual In designing a multimedia application the challenges involved in integration of multimedia data include how to produce convenient packages that use minimal storage To meet this mounting challenge all the efforts to achieve minimal storage have to be done during the three stages of development which are namely a content design b technical design and c visual design To
64. and if the transitions are animated b Illustrating Change Over Time Animation uses time varying display hence it can easily provide one to one mapping to a phenomenon that changes over time 76 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION c Enriching Graphical Representations We can easily understand some types of information when presented for example as images in slow motion than if they were displayed in still pictures only d Attracting Attention Animation can be used to dominate users visual awareness We can use animated banners to enhance our boring static website interface Explain the morphing technique Why is web based animation more popular nowadays Name three animation applications in education Discuss animation design guidelines DISCUSSION CELL ANIMATION Work in pairs Discuss the origin of cell animation What are the concepts that go into creating these animations Use image search engine to find ten screen shots of cell animation that were used in the Hollywood animation film industry Share your findings with your partner Were the animations you found popular animation titles SUMMARY oe e Sound is a type of wave signal that propagates through air and other matter It can be modelled by using the sine wave e MP3 WAV MIDI RA AIFF and WMA are among the popular digital audio formats e Various audio software for example Sound Forge and WavePad can be used to edit sound
65. ansaction centre rn yer INDEPENDEN Search this sit Advanced Searcl Monday Dec 3 2007 amen GOVERNMENT NEEE Citizen Information amp Services MyHome S TOANSACTIDU CENIE Education Legal Matters E TRANSACTION CENTER Pre school Education Primary School Acts Legal Aid Constitution Consumer Education Secondary School Education Rights Insurance Online Services Higher Education Adult Education Downloadable Forms Bahasa Malaysia Home News Events Site Map Polling Register Login Employment Public Amenities and Utilities Finding a Job Training Employee Benefits Public Amenities Public Utilities Waste and Contribution Termination Retirement Management Government Machinery Security and Safety Health Government Directory National Identity Crime Prevention Fire Personal Health List of Hospitals and and Rescue Health Related Emergency District Health Offices Government Tenders National Defence Government Job Vacancies More gt Figure 7 4 Malaysian Government Portal Wikipedia Articles that had been created by Wikipedia contributors based on November 2007 statistics numbered more than 1 9 million And that is in English alone The popularity of Wikipedia has made it among the top 100 websites of the world 108 gt TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS c Have you ever thought of how all the Wikipedia information came about It was all contributed by Wikipedia ow
66. aordinary vision and Recovery OUM was honoured with the gracious presence of an Sri Dato Seri Musa bin tere are 0 titles in ne dh Mohamad Mi Minister of f Education Ma Malaysia who ofheated the avert The e digital four cart Figure 1 10 OUM digital library TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 4 13 List out the popular educational and training titles or packages currently available in the market Discuss why some packages are more popular compared to others 1 5 2 Business and Advertisement Multimedia applications are used in businesses to manage company information systems such as in accounting sales and marketing and customer relationship management Multimedia is used in business promotions and presentation purposes For example the company corporate video is an important promotional tool to attract clients Other than that sales promotions employ multimedia contents to promote products and services Multimedia presentations are also used in showrooms to describe products or services of the organisation Company websites encompassing organisational multimedia contents for public relations and marketing purposes have become an online business showcase available 24 7 365 24 hours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year for the whole wide world to view Multimedia has greatly benefited the business world as it has been applied in various advertising purposes for different products through channels such as the broadca
67. areas One of the major areas is music production For example sound created by original musical instruments such as the piano can be produced using a sound synthesiser The sound produced by this technology is almost the same as if not better than the one produced by the original instrument 4 1 2 Audio File Format Now let us identify the various audio file formats available today MP3 WAV MIDI RA AIFF and WMA a MP3 MP3 MPEG 3 or Moving Picture Experts Group 3 Layer 1 is a professional quality audio format which can be played on Windows UNIX or Macintosh systems The best thing about MP3 is that its compression ratio is among the best around It can compress a CD quality sound by a factor of 10 For example a song from a CD track with the size of 40 MB can be converted to just 4MB using the MP3 format With this we can copy the file into an MP3 player and enjoy the song anywhere we want Figure 4 3 Figure 4 3 MP3 Player Source http pan fotovista com dev 1 2 00037521 1_00037521 jpg b WAV WAV is the default Microsoft and IBM sound format it is an audio file format standard for us to store audio on PCs WAV has the highest quality sound files but also the largest file size This is because generally WAV sounds are not compressed for five minutes of WAV sound we need 50MB of memory 56 d e f gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIDI is a text fi
68. at the visualisation of the human brain structure poses an important challenge in the area of computer graphics Klein Ritter Hahn Rexilius amp Peitgen 2006 The significant point for you to understand here is that performing the same diagnosis without using visualisation and image processing tools would take essentially much longer TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 151 Figure 9 12 shows an output of the CT scan of a patient s heart Figure 9 12 Medical visualisation screenshot Source http www cs uni paderborn de fileadmin Informatik AG Domik research Medicine CT_Koronarien_und_PET_Perfusion jpg 9 2 6 3D Modelling and Reconstruction Three Dimension 3D modelling in computer graphics is a process of developing a wire frame representation of 3D objects via computer programming or specialised software 3D modelling technology has been widely used in various applications 3D models are designed using 3D modellers and tools to create for example a new car model or design This technology is also used in 3D simulation for example to simulate flight crash incidents Human crowds and other flock like groups such as fish movements are often modelled in 3D They are used in Playstation 3 game platforms too Figure 9 13 shows a 3D model of a head created with LightWave 3D animation tool 152 TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH age ENS lensed wee Figure 9 13 3D model of a head Source http upload wikimed
69. aterials clear any copyright and Intellectual Property IP issue before proceeding further Next in the digitisation step you need to convert hard copy files into soft copy by scanning the text or typing it again entirely For digital images you can use the digital camera to capture the pictures that you need You also need to convert sounds and audio into their digital versions if they are not already so Finally compile all the digitised multimedia content using multimedia authoring software The process involved in multimedia compilation can be summarised in Figure 5 4 Figure 5 4 Multimedia Compilation Stages Even with advanced multimedia authoring tools today the compilation of multimedia applications is still a challenging task It is not easy to gather digitise and produce an excellent multimedia package This is because multimedia is not only about presentation but also about production and thinking Gershon 2006 You need to think deeply whether your audience will accept your idea and design or not 86 gt TOPIC5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Explain the tasks that should be handled by an audiographer a videographer and a photographer In your own words explain the stages involved in multimedia compilation 5 3 PHASE IlI DEVELOPMENT 5 3 1 Development Process In the development stage again a plan is needed At this stage you need a project management plan In this plan you need to set a time frame
70. ations applications networks protocols and standards Essex Addison Wesley Li J 2006 Peer to peer multimedia applications In Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on multimedia Santa Barbara CA USA October 23 27 2006 MULTIMEDIA 06 ACM Press New York NY 3 6 Qin M Zimmermann R and Liu L S 2005 Supporting multimedia streaming between mobile peers with link availability prediction In Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on multimedia Hilton Singapore November 06 11 2005 MULTIMEDIA 05 ACM Press New York NY 956 965 Sans V and Laurent D 2006 Navigating with inheritance in hypermedia presentations In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on applied computing Dijon France April 23 27 2006 SAC 06 ACM Press New York NY 1385 1392 Sher M and Magedanz T 2006 Secure access to IP multimedia services using generic bootstrapping architecture GBA for 3G amp beyond mobile networks In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international Workshop on quality of service and amp security for wireless and mobile networks Terromolinos Spain October 02 02 2006 Q2SWinet 06 ACM Press New York NY 1 7 24 Topic Emerging Multimedia Research LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to Discuss how multimedia research has contributed to our lives Describe emerging multimedia applications such as in the home and
71. atisfactorily fulfilled by existing network standards Fallah amp Alnuweiri 2005 But today s video compression technology has enabled video file size to be reduced We can now store video files in our mobile phones or iPods For example in 2006 students at York University Canada could study on the go They were able to attend lecture sessions with the aid of video lectures delivered via their iPods This technology is called video podcasting Larraga amp Coleman 2007 Figure 4 9 shows a student watching a lecture through his iPod Figure 4 9 Lecture video podcasting Source http www yorku ca mediar archive photos 2006 ipod3 jpg TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 63 4 3 ANIMATION We shall now learn about animation which has become very popular and widely used in multimedia technology We will identify principles of animation and get to know the history of animation Next we will find out about cell animation keyframes tweening morphing inverse kinematics animation software application of animation web based animation and how animation is applied in learning 4 3 1 Principles of Animation Today we can find animation almost everywhere not just in movies TV programmes but also in advertisements and education too Can you imagine watching TV without any animation at all today but just static images What a dull world it would be What is your favourite animation movie Can you recognise the character
72. ave a message or comment on your friend s personal homepage now you can through their web log blog When this happens a two way virtual interaction begins Web 2 0 therefore makes online presence more interesting and interactive From a personalised portal you can conduct countless everyday activities such as seeking information and making appointments easily Web 2 0 has initiated a new age of web interaction that is more effective and cheaper Do you realize that until a few years ago the major activity amongst internet users was just accessing information and data However these days the internet is increasingly used for communication purposes The same group of people now interact socially on portals and blogs instead of just merely searching and reading passively online Virtual social networking has thus turned into a phenomenon whereby a group of people that have a common interest are linked to each other on the Internet It often involves grouping specific individuals or organisations together Figure 9 3 shows the concept of social networking Figure 9 3 Social networking concept Source http www whatissocialnetworking com networking gif 142 gt TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH Social networking websites function as a club house for a group or a community of internet users You can initiate a social networking site for your batch of students using MySpace com for instance Other than that you can a
73. awkward However if too fast the animation will be blurred Animation can be categorised by the nature of its dimensionality 2D two dimension animation or 3D three dimension An example of an old 2D animation is Popeye which is an animated cartoon Computer animations are computer generated animations However this term also applies to the type system software and other devices used during the process of making an animation 4 3 2 History of Animation In the history of animation Walt Disney would probably be the name that comes to mind having been in the industry since 1920s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Figure 4 12 in 1937 was born of an animation created from a combination of 477 thousand frames of static characters 66 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION Source http fest07 sffs org i stills main films snow_whitejpg In the late 70s and early 80s when the computer system was being developed animation technology with the aid of computer also progressed Did you know that the cartoon series The Simpsons even though was only limited to two dimensions was one of the first computerised animations In 1995 Toy Story an animation film again by Pixar marked the biggest history in the world of animation as the first 3D animation that was generated totally by using computers only It also has 3D effect elements such as an object s shadow Since then the animation industry has been booming 4 3
74. b davai aecadeds Animated GIF Dynamic HTML Animation Software Inverse Kinematics Audio Software Java Applet Broadcast Video JavaScript Cell Animation Keyframes Celluloid Morphing Digital Audio Sine Wave Digital Video Tweening AB REFERENCES Cucchiara R 2005 Multimedia surveillance systems Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on video surveillance amp sensor networks 3 10 Fallah Y P amp Alnuweiri H 2005 A controlled access scheduling mechanism for QoS provisioning in IEEE 802 11e wireless LANs Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on quality of service amp security in wireless and mobile networks 122 129 Larraga L and Coleman D 2007 Video podcasting is not as hard or as expensive as you think Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on user services 202 206 Neilsen J December 1995 Guidelines for multimedia on the web Retrieved November 4 2007 from http www useit com alertbox 9512 html Topic Multimedia Project Development LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to 1 Plana multimedia development project Explain the steps involved in multimedia design 2 3 Describe the processes involved in multimedia development and 4 Discuss the usability and design guidelines in multimedia project development gt INTRODUCTION In topics 3 and 4 you were introduced to the five elements of multimedia te
75. ble storage technology is needed to fulfil the need Various storage technologies that support different levels of multimedia applications are available Some examples are as follows a Compact Disk Read Only Memory CD ROM CD ROMs which use laser beam technology instead of magnetic technology for hard disks have capabilities to store up to 600MB data Being excellent multimedia storage devices due to their robustness and low costs they are commonly used to store data and audio files b Digital Versatile Disc DVD and High Density DVD HD DVD The Digital Versatile Disc DVD has a far better capacity than the CD for storing data DVD is therefore a very feasible storage device if you need to store huge multimedia applications such as interactive movies or games Double sided dual layer DVD supports up to 17 Gigabytes of data However dual layer High Density DVD HD DVD supports much more up to 30 Gigabytes of data This standard is developed jointly by Toshiba and NEC e Blu ray Disc BD The Blu ray Disc BD is a high density optical disc to store digital media especially high definition video It is the next generation optical disc format intended for recording rewriting and playback of high definition videos BD is over five times better compared to DVD It supports up to 50 Gigabytes on a dual layer disc This capability thus makes BD a great multimedia storage device Developed by Sony BD is used in the Sony VAIO AR notebo
76. c 2 We will also get to know a few multimedia editing tools and other software 2 1 ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL DATA The need for multimedia rich data has been greatly and rapidly increasing and this type of data requires high processing power and memory Not only that if TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 4 19 the data is in a non digital or analogue form it has first to be converted into a digitised form Initially multimedia data has been stored in the form of bits and bytes For this data to be processed and stored digitally it must first be changed from its original analogue signals into digital ones From the nature of the process you can guess what the process is called the analogue to digital conversion Figure 2 1 shows the graph of the data value over time for analogue and digital signals Value Value Time Time a Analog Signal b Digital Signal Figure 2 1 The Graph of a Analogue and b Digital Signal The process of obtaining digital data from its analogue form is called digital processing The most common situation where digital processing is involved is the digital audio processing This process uses a converter called Digital to Analogue Converter DAC On the other hand the reverse process needs an Analogue to Digital Converter ADC Figure 2 2 shows the process involved in transforming a digital signal to analogue and vice versa poccccccccocococccosccocoscescosccococoeosoeosoeoeses
77. contrast with its background colour b Use font sizes large enough so that your texts are easily readable c Make sure the type is clear and legible so that the meaning of the text word can be communicated clearly and easily understood d Ensure suitable spacing between the letter forms in a word or line of text e Use correct spacing to guide the reader from one line to the next If the spacing is too narrow the lines may be touching each other If too wide 38 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS then your reader may have difficulty finding the next line or paragraph as the texts will be too far apart f DO NOT SET ALL WORDS IN UPPER CASE It is less legible and thus harder to read Can you feel the difference in reading the two different lines of texts in Figure 3 4 COMMUNITY MX Figure 3 4 Uppercase vs Lowercase Source http www tomontheweb2 ca CMX 4D5E2 Image3 jpg g Also consider font weight The weight or heaviness of a font is a major factor affecting its legibility See Figure 3 5 When choosing fonts the weight of the font is also a major factor in the decision Adobe Casion Pro Roman When choosing fonts the weight of the font is also a major factor in the decision Adobe Caslon Pro Bold Figure 3 5 Font weight affects legibility Source http www tomontheweb2 ca CMX 4D5E2 Image3 jpg g Use an appropriate font and typeface based on the theme and nature of activity and h Seri
78. d 4 2 VIDEO In this section we are going to take a look at broadcast video standards and digital video format and technology 4 2 1 Broadcast Video Standards Let us now find out about the three broadcast video standards used globally today a NTSC NTSC stands for National Television System Committee NTSC standards define a method for encoding information into the electronic signal that is to be broadcasted as a television picture NTSC is used by many countries on the American continent It is also popular in many Asian countries like Japan NTSC runs on 525 lines frame b PAL PAL Phase Alternating Line was introduced in the early 1960s and has been in use in most European countries except France The PAL standard utilises a wider channel bandwidth than NTSC Hence it allows for a better picture quality PAL runs on 625 lines frame c SECAM SECAM is the acronym for Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire a French standard Sequential Colour with Memory As the name implies this standard was implemented in France SECAM uses the same bandwidth as PAL running on 625 lines frame The countries that use these standards are colour coded in the world map illustrated in Figure 4 6 TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 59 E SECAM I PAL or PAL SECAM E no info Figure 4 6 Usage of video standards Source http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons thumb 0 0d PAL NTSC SECAM svg 800px PAL NTSC SECAM svg
79. d On Thursday December 13 2007 Student Handbook 19th TARIKH PENGAMBILAN MODUL SMP AMBILAN KHAS OKTOBER 2007 KOHOT 4 IPIP Edition Undergraduate Wednesday December 12 2007 CGS Learner s Handbook Last Updated On Wednesday December 12 2007 OUH Today S Learner Connesadeas Pertukaran Kursus bagi Semester Januari 2008 bagi pelajar SMP BEEA dan BETESL NEW Wednesday December 12 2007 Tutor Csanamdens Last Updated On Wednesday December 12 2007 TADIVU TAQIKU THTNOTAl CEMECTER TANIIART INNA NT DERAN W OUM CONVOCATION Figure 7 9 OUM LMS 7 2 2 E Commerce The vast advancement of the Internet has rapidly transformed the way companies conduct their business It has become an important medium to connect businesses worldwide Companies therefore are no longer prohibited from doing business for the reason that they are located away from their targeted consumers or potential business partners It is not only opening wide and new opportunities but has also tremendously changed the business process involved The mushrooming growth and popularity of WWW has motivated companies to use it as a medium to promote and sell their products virtually Companies begin having an online existence through the use of electronic catalogues on their websites These electronic catalogues offer as a marketing and advertising medium a range of new ways to reach the customer They allow customers to obtain related product information and if they wish
80. data to users by means of images to seek ways to help users explore the data and make use of it e 3D modelling is a process of developing a representation of a 3D object via computer programming or specialised software to create a new model or design KEY TERMS PERPER T A 3D Modelling Medical Imaging Data Mining MMORPG Entertainment Computing Social Networking Face Recognition Visualisation GIS Web 2 0 Human Robot Interaction Wireless City Knowledge Discovery Chang C and Insler B 2004 Addressing fear of heights through virtual reality J Comput Small coll 19 5 May 2004 308 309 Fu L 1999 Knowledge discovery based on neural networks Commun ACM 42 11 Nov 1999 47 50 TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 155 Klein J Ritter F Hahn H K Rexilius J and Peitgen H 2006 Brain structure visualisation using spectral fiber clustering In ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 research posters Boston Massachusetts July 30 August 03 2006 SIGGRAPH 06 ACM New York NY 168 Rauschert I Agrawal P Sharma R Fuhrmann S Brewer I and MacEachren A 2002 Designing a human centered multimodal GIS interface to support emergency management In Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on advances in geographic information systems McLean Virginia USA November 08 09 2002 GIS 02 ACM New York NY 119 124 Sharif R 2007 December 28 KL a wireless city next year
81. deos being watched right now ca 1 Be p 08 39 SP 4 36 01 10 05 65 08 55 Figure 7 7 YouTube com Promoted Videos As One New Mary Katharine NBA TV Top 10 Up All Night Mario Zealan Ham Dece EpilepticGaming phiipnewmannz techRepublican NBA 110 TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS e Blog System A blog shortened for weblog or web log is a digital online diary wherein you can type an entry It is displayed commonly in reversed chronological order with the last entry or posting appearing first on the web page Your blog visitors can even leave their comments on what you have written You can then also reply to their comments The original intention for someone known as a blogger to blog was just for personal daily notes but now the activity of blogging has become a phenomenon due to its huge popularity The proof is in the number of blogs that has been doubling Tirapat Espiritu amp Stroulia 2006 This trend seems to show as though the blog is competing with traditional media like newspapers and journals As the popularity of blogs expands various styles and instances of blogs have been created and developed There are now photoblogs for photographs and vlogs video blogs Due to the blog s increasing popularity and extensive topics covered by the variety of bloggers blogs present a wealth of information for all of us If previously e mail was chosen as the main medium f
82. dia designers Development of web based information systems with forms processing and database applications may involve web programming using ASP PHP ColdFusion etc A powerful multimedia application now hence needs to be developed using a high end programming language To index and retrieve large quantities of multimedia data results of a search presents a highly difficult and challenging problem To add more interactivity on the web Dynamic HTML DHTML scripts can be used to create a more dynamic website menu Many web developers use this type of menu style to provide a user friendly interface with clear webpage hierarchical levels Figure 6 9 shows an example of a DHTML menu 102 gt TOPIC6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING Eile Edit Yiew Go Bookmarks Tools Help Ke x gt X 8 A E http localhost CSsMenufindex xv gt Go News L Movies Music i Programming Games http www mp3 com video Figure 6 9 DHTML Menu Source http www codeproject com aspnet DHTMLMenuASPNET cssmenu2 jpg What do you understand about multimedia scripting What are the other capabilities of DHTML DISCUSSION The Best Value Tool Suite for Creating Multimedia Presentations Movies and Podcasts MediaWorks combines simple to use video sound animation and paint editors with a powerful multimedia authoring program Easily create amazing movie type productions that are difficult or not possible in other con
83. dobe s Premiere Creating a video is always a complex expensive and time consuming task Nahrstedt and Balke 2005 Hence building a complex multimedia package such as a video clip is a challenging problem However with user friendly video editing software we can become a semi pro film producer We can fully utilise the software re arranging or modifying segments of our raw video to form another piece of video To use a video editing tool such as Adobe Premier we first arrange our video clips or footages on a timeline Then we can apply the built in special effects 30 Pm TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE for our movie production However we have to be careful because video editing involves dual tracks of audio and video Therefore we need to make sure that the audio and video are synchronised For the final package we can opt to distribute it using a CD ROM or DVD If we wish to distribute it online we can use streaming technology or the program QuickTime Figure 2 10 shows a screenshot of the Adobe Premiere Pro Figure 2 10 A screen shot of Adobe Premier Source http www showstoppersfx com editors tips ppro ppro01 jpg 2 3 4 Animation Authoring As more and more Flash movies are created delivered and viewed by over millions of Internet users Flash has emerged as the main online animation format Yang Li Wenyin amp Zhuang 2007 Since its introduction in 1996 the phenomenal growth of online Flash movies
84. e being used extensively Through short message systems SMS thousands of text messages are being sent every minute of the day Text documents in fact became more abundant after the rapid widespread growth of the Internet The 2005 statistics by Yahoo says that there were more than 19 billion documents on the internet at that time Can you imagine what the volume is today 36 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS 3 1 2 Font and Typeface Firstly we need to differentiate between font and typeface They are actually two different things but yet are used interchangeably Once we see the difference we should identify correctly whenever we use them Typefaces are basically designs like Arial or Papyrus A typeface is a family of graphic characters Normally a typeface also includes style and size Further examples of typefaces are shown in Figure 3 2 Amazone Gigi Andy Jokerman Bich ley Sa ibt Jester Bradley Hand Kauffman Roman Chaucer Kristen Cloister Maiandra Italic Comic Parade Curlz Pristina freestyle Serpt Vivaldi Malic Figure 3 2 Typeface Source http www miraclemunchkins com images np font bmp Fonts on the other hand are actually computer files that enable the typefaces to be printed A font file is a collection of characters of a single size We can also have a font style such as bold or italic One example of a typeface is Times New Roman However 11 point Times New Roman bold is an example of a
85. e 5 7 Multimedia software testing Redesigned from Source http blog 1time ie wp content uploads 2006 03 software package zoom jpg http www 1 istockphoto com file_thumbview_approve 2363185 2 istockphoto_23631 85_shiny_icons_configuration jpg What are the challenges in the multimedia development process Discuss the factors you must take into account when conducting user testing sessions 5 4 USABILITY AND DESIGN GUIDELINES 5 4 1 Functionality and Navigation It is very important to develop a multimedia application system that functions thoroughly This must be ensured before the application can be launched to reach the intended audience To determine the correct functional system you need to understand the characteristics of your target computer or running platform 90 gt TOPIC5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Functionality is defined as capable of serving a purpose well Answers com hence you need to be clear of the purpose of your multimedia application To get a clearer description of what your audience would expect consult your project client The primary purpose of navigation on the other hand is to help the user move forward while interacting with your multimedia application Can you imagine how frustrating it can be when a user gets stuck and is not able to navigate through the screen The characteristics of a good navigation system are that it is user centric besides being attractive A good navigation syste
86. e your multimedia project forward in the right direction Figure 5 1 is a cartoon to emphasise the importance of knowing the goal for a football player to succeed Figure 5 1 The importance of knowing the goal Source http www cartoonmotivators com images football goal gif In addition to ideas and goals you also need to identify early on the potential constraints under which your project will run You need to have a thorough understanding of the factors that will affect the design and development of your project These factors may include technical aspects such as development software and hardware or non technical aspects such as budget and time limitations 5 1 2 Style and Concept For a multimedia project a statement of design style or standard is normally available in a standard document called the style manual Sometimes it is called the project standard manual This document acts as a driver for you and your team members to establish a set of expectations of how your project would look like The style manual determines the look and feel of the screen design in terms of logo placement font and text style colours button style etc 82 gt TOPICS MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT The term concept here means a general or generic idea about a particular subject or topic For your multimedia project you must determine its concept first and then stick to that style and concept all the way throughout the development
87. ectly related to your project After that at every step of the design process you need to do task and concept analysis Then a design document is to be prepared It helps for your development team to work with a standard process method and objective To communicate with your client as well as the team members you may use flowcharts to show a bird s eye view of the design process structure and sequence Later on after gathering the multimedia contents you need to review them for appropriateness and quality Animation and video require special attention since it can be difficult to explain some ideas without using text You may need to ask TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT 4 85 an expert to review the quality If your multimedia product includes speech or video you need to produce a script Throughout the design process be mindful of the importance of ongoing evaluation and assessment of project completion percentage During the design process you may sometimes experience a fussy client who is always asking you to change the design every now and then This project creep may occur even when you are designing a multimedia project for yourself To solve this problem you must be disciplined in your design approach so as not to be taken off track 5 2 2 Multimedia Compilation Under multimedia compilation first you have to locate and assess potential multimedia materials that you want to include in your project In assessing m
88. edge discovery can be defined as the learning of previously unknown non trivial knowledge from data or observations Fu 1999 The most well known branch of knowledge discovery is data mining 150 TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH 9 2 5 Visualisation and Medical Imaging Visualisation is a branch of computer graphics and user interface design This field is concerned with presenting data to users by means of images normally called information visualisation Meanwhile scientific visualisation seeks ways to help users explore scientific data and make sense of it Even though this is an emerging area of research in multimedia the use of visualisation to present information is not at all new Visualisation techniques have been used in maps for thousands of years Nowadays data visualisation techniques are widely used in various areas from social science to engineering Figure 9 11 shows a graphical visualisation from a certain raw data Figure 9 11 Information visualisation Source http www cybergeography org atlas mapuccino3 gif Another important application of visualisation is in the medical imaging area Visualisation and imaging thus has also become an important part of bio medical research field An example of Java based visualisation software in this area is Medical Image Processing Analysis and Visualisation MIPAV This application enables medical data analysis as well as visualisation of medical images Other than th
89. edia computing began developing in 1995 Computer systems also progressed tremendously with capabilities to integrate digital video sounds and text into hardware and software packages This together with the increasing demand for worldwide communications and data sharing also resulted in the rapid proliferation of Internet use Today online multimedia content is widely used to enhance communication and understanding We find numerous multimedia applications in interactive courseware video conferencing video on demand interactive television home shopping virtual reality and video editing and production In our daily lives we see more and more content being delivered in multimedia for advertising entertainment training and education purposes Multimedia is now essential in various environments and utilised everywhere van Nimwegen van Oostendorp Burgos amp Koper 2006 The development of multimedia technology has been one of the fastest growing technologies in the last decade And this trend is expected to continue tremendously in the near future TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 4 5 What were the two multimedia elements found in the early version of newspapers Draw a figure or timeline of the history and development of multimedia technology 1 3 MULTIMEDIA COMPONENTS Multimedia data is more complex than textual data in structure and content Al Bouna amp Chbeir 2006 However an increasing amount of inf
90. edical solution Source http www genetic programming org hc2005 hclogomf jpg 10 1 4 Nano Computing An Apple iPod Nano Second Generation MP3 Player can store up to 4GB of files This means you can store up to 1000 songs Soon through the advancement of nano technology you can easily store up to 30 000 full length movies into your iPod gadget Nano computing research is geared towards the goal of having computers that function at the tiniest molecular level Nano computing is a major development for the computing future Nano computing is actually the emergence of nano science and nano technology and it has been identified to be hugely applicable in the major areas of electronics biochemical and mechanical technology It will be a great blessing to have the convenience of such high level storage in a tiny gadget However can you imagine the nightmare of losing such an enormous amount of information if you lose your iPod nano It is also expected that in 2011 you will witness the most anticipated world s first nanometre supercomputer This quantum computer offers an enormous gain in 160 TOPIC10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA terms of the use of computational resources You will see that in the future the computer power will increase tremendously thanks to nano computing technology Figure 10 4 shows a cordless laser mouse for notebooks It uses a plug and forget nano receiver It works with PC and MacBook computers Figure 1
91. ential support for software packages including iTunes Audio Video Interleave AVI AVI is the video format of Microsoft s Video for Windows multimedia framework However with the increasing popularity of DVD movies AVI is not that popular anymore To create a digital video out of analogue footage recording we need to consider some important aspects We must make sure that the software and hardware meet certain minimum requirements Things to consider include i ii iii iv Fast Processors and plenty of Random Access Memory RAM Fast hard disk with at least 8 mbps transfer rate 13GB for one hour footage External Speaker and Audio Mixer and Video digitiser card and video editing software such as Adobe Premiere etc Figure 4 7 shows a screenshot of VLC media player We can use this software to play various video formats such as MPEG 4 and DivX VLC media player n 4 a cQ 4 Figure 4 7 VLC media player Source http www videolan org vlc skins2 blissta_1 jpg TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 61 Let us say that we have ensured the above hardware and software requirements are met So now what do we do then to capture a video on PC To help us understand how to capture a video we shall now take a look at the process as outlined in Figure 4 8 The next step assuming that the video footage is already in our digital camera will be to transfer that footage from the camera to our PC To make
92. eoeocosososocococesococesocecocececososececccocecccccccosccscseseseoss a gt Coc a gt ih 3 Digital Interface Be ka omputing a om Digital meee I nn a Analoge Figure 2 2 Process of transforming digital signal to analogue and vice versa 20 gt TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Draw a process diagram to show the conversion of digital data into analogue and vice versa What are the digital elements involved in multimedia Why does a multimedia computer only process digital data 2 2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Multimedia hardware requirements consist of the following items a The processing unit b The memory c Universal Serial Bus USB Device d Graphics Card and Graphical Processing Unit GPU e Hard drive f Monitor dan g External storage and optical device 2 2 1 Processing Unit I am sure you agree that the Central Processing Unit CPU is the most important component of a computer Think of how important the brain is to us The CPU works like a brain Some of the more popular CPU brands in today s market are AMD Advance Micro Device and Intel The CPU is also known as a processor or microprocessor The functions of the CPU are as follows Table 2 1 TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE lt 21 Table 2 1 Functions of the CPU Functions of the CPU Interpret data or input given to it Assess logic of instruction Process instruction received and e
93. er than GIF images This is due to the compression method that performs badly on these types of images for which the PNG and GIF formats are more commonly used Tagged Image File Format TIFF IFF is a popular format for high colour depth images This format is widely supported by image manipulation tools such as Photoshop TIFF format is d e TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS lt 47 standard in document imaging We can use the TIFF format to store multiple images in one file such as for FAX FACSimile images Portable Network Graphics PNG Portable Network Graphics PNG is a bitmap image format that was created to improve the GIF format This format was developed in 1995 to support modern web browsers PNG format is the optimal choice for exporting small and repeating icon or images for the web as shown in the next Figure 3 16 Figure 3 16 PNG Icons Source http www axialis com objects lg_preview_icon_01 jpg PNG has transparency options but it does not support animation Bitmap BMP Bitmap BMP is the traditional format used to store virtually any type of bitmap data It is the system standard graphic file format for Microsoft Windows We can create a BMP image by using Paint Most graphics applications support the display of BMP format files In uncompressed BMP files image pixels are stored with a colour depth of 1 4 8 16 24 or 32 bits per pixel 3 2 5 Graphics Resources Under copyright laws we cannot si
94. ere are many ways that this rule can be violated Among them are Paraphrases A closely reasoned argument of an author is paraphrased but the student does not acknowledge doing so Clearly all our knowledge is derived from somewhere but detailed arguments from clearly identifiable sources must be acknowledged Outright Large sections of the paper are simply copied from other plagiarism sources and the copied parts are not acknowledged as quotations Other These often include essays written by other students or sold by sources unscrupulous organizations Quoting from such papers is perfectly legitimate if quotation marks are used and the source is cited Works by Taking credit deliberately or not deliberately for works others produced by others without giving proper acknowledgement These works include photographs charts graphs drawings statistics video clips audio clips verbal exchanges such as interviews or lectures performances on television and texts printed on the Web Duplication The student submits the same essay for two or more courses COURSE ASSIGNMENT GUIDE lt xxv b ii How Can I Avoid Plagiarism Insert quotation marks around copy and paste clause phrase sentence paragraph and cite the original source Paraphrase clause phrase sentence or paragraph in your own words and cite your source Adhere to the APA American Psychological Association stylistic
95. ernet activity In the United States the government bodies concerned with this issue are for example the National Security Telecommunications Advisory Council NSTAC the National Security Information Exchange NSIE and the Cyber Security Industry Alliance CSIA TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 117 In Malaysia we have CyberSecurity Malaysia formerly known as National ICT Security and Emergency Response Centre NISER Give examples of harmful information on the Internet In your own words explain why fighting the cyber criminal is important and should not to be taken lightly Pa DISCUSSION Why are companies resistant to report cyber crimes According to the FBI and the Computer Security Institute annual survey of 520 companies and institutions Sukhai 2004 More than 60 reported unauthorised use of computer systems over the past 12 months 57 of all break ins involved the Internet As many as 60 of attacks go undetected About only 15 of exposed attacks are reported to law enforcement agencies Discuss why we see such a low number of attack reports Why is cyber security very important Suggest what should be done to overcome the problem of cyber crimes 118 gt TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS SUMMARY Se eee e The characteristics of web based systems are capability of handling database and multimedia contents good graphical presentation and friendly navigation and support of pr
96. es screenshots ssCheY2 gif As traditional media makes the transition to the web the need for a systematic way of delivering entertainment online becomes increasingly important Electronic entertainment e entertainment services are deployed and delivered through the Internet and there is a great demand for rich 3D e entertainment content However the challenge is to render very large 3D models and environments on the network Therefore you need to be aware that here the issue of network quality becomes the main factor to be considered SELF CHECK 7 2 What are the advantages of e learning Do you think that virtual shopping will be very popular in the near future What is your comment on the performance of the Malaysian e government portal 116 TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS 7 3 WEB AND INTERNET ISSUES 7 3 1 Harmful Information and Communications The Internet has brought a massive information explosion but it also has some drawbacks I am sure that you receive a lot of e mails with at least 10 percent being spam or garbage e mail Some of the information available on the net is also ambiguous and cannot be totally accepted You can also easily find offensive materials as well such as pornography and recipes for making bombs Sometimes when you chat using the Internet Relay Chat IRC you find that the conversation becomes disrespectful or malicious The internet can thus be misused easily to harass and discredit ot
97. es sharing among users All mobile and multimedia applications must be easily adaptable in this seamless connection 170 TOPIC10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA Figures 10 16 demonstrates key elements of the 4G networks Diverse User A Devices Q Fully Converged Autonomous Services Networks 4G Key Visions J Ubiquitous Software bred independency Figure 10 16 4G key vision Source http www m indya com images 4 _feature5 jpg 10 4 3 RFID Communications Radio Frequency IDentification RFID incorporates electromagnetic technology in the radio frequency RF to identify an object or a person Currently RFID is used as an alternative to bar codes RFID technology has opened up new opportunities in various areas such as logistics material management and goods production Figure 10 17 shows a handheld RFID computer that can read tag IDs and be used in hospitals etc Figure 10 17 Handheld RFID computer Source http www m indya com images 4 _feature5 jpg TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 171 SELF CHECK 10 4 1 Whatare the capabilities of Wireless PAN 2 Explain the difference between 3G and 4G communications List the applications of RFID communications current and future So 0845 hrs January 20 2036 You are at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport KLIA Your flight will depart in 40 minutes Your earring vibrates receiving an SMS alert as an indicator that you
98. f fonts such as Times New Roman for example can be read faster than ornate sans serif fonts See Figure 3 6 Use them correctly TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS 4 39 T Times NR sisi Personal Use Web Use Attractive Figure 3 6 Times New Roman is the best for personal and web use but less attractive Source http psychology wichita edu surl usabilitynews 52 UK_fon1 gif Imagine that you are a graphic designer assigned to create a newspaper advertisement for a company to market a breakfast cereal product named Rise amp Shine The tagline for the advertisement is Rise amp Shine the Best Breakfast Cereal in Town Choose the most suitable fonts for the advertisement tagline so that it will attract consumers to buy the product Provide reasons for your choice of fonts 3 1 5 Text Editing Software In text editing software we are going to discuss word processors and desktop publishing software as well as font creation and editing a Word Processor and Desktop Publishing Software Are you bored with your Microsoft Word If you are you can choose a different software such as Word Perfect In 1979 the first commercial word processing software was WordStar Nowadays we have free web based processors such as those offered by Google Docs Zoho ThinkFree or Glide Other open source word processors are Open Office or Bean Have you ever tried creating an invitation card using Microsoft Word Was it easy Actually for
99. for PC but also for other platforms such as the Apple Macintosh Higher end graphics cards were released in the late 90s following a higher demand for 3D display Voodoo cards by 3dfx and TNT and TNT2 by NVIDIA were among the early ones marketed Figure 2 4 is an example of a graphics card TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE lt 23 Figure 2 4 Graphics Card Source http byteintotechnology files wordpress com 2007 05 graphics card 4 jpg Besides the graphics card another processor is needed Termed the Graphics Processing Unit or GPU this is a special processor for graphics rendering that we can find in PCs or game consoles such as the PS2 The GPU is important to enable the best computer graphics output display such as 3D image rendering Current GPUs even support almost real video related functions We can obtain better gaming experience if we have a GPU fixed at our computer Among the GPU manufacturers are AMD NVIDIA Matrox and XGI Figure 2 5 shows the GeForce 6600 GT GPU produced by NVIDIA Figure 2 5 GPU Source http en wikipedia org wiki Image 6600GT_GPU jpg 24 gt TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 2 2 5 Hard Drive A hard disk drive HDD is a non volatile storage device we find in almost all computers It stores digital data on rotating platters with magnetic surfaces The magnetic hard disk drive has undergone immeasurable technological development since it was introduced over 50 years
100. gure 10 12 Future impression of surface computing from The Island Source http www istartedsomething com wp content uploads 2007 06 surfacedeskisland jpg In reality Microsoft has already announced its Surface Computing technology It is an advanced future computing interaction style that uses a giant table like display Users can interact with the software just by tapping and touching the flat glass on the table Details on Microsoft Surface Computing can be found at www microsoft com surface Figure 10 13 shows how you just can use your fingers to interact with a coffee table surface computer Figure 10 13 Table surface computing Source http img domaintools com blog coffeetable surface gif 168 gt TOPIC1O THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA Describe the key developments from Web 1 0 to Web 3 0 Why will pervasive computing be very popular in the future List examples of augmented reality applications What is your opinion on future surface computing 10 4 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE FUTURE 10 4 1 Personal Area Networks Currently the next generation of Wireless Personal Area Network WPAN is still under development Briefly WPAN will allow you to transfer information and communicate over relatively short distances among a few participants When you are on the move you probably carry quite a number of electronic devices Soon you find that you can easily connect your mobile phones laptops PDAs d
101. h speed rate our eyes can be tricked into seeing the series of images as continuous moving objects So we perceive the series of static images as a continuously moving image rather than as separate individual static frames That is the trick used in the principle of animation This persistence of vision also states that if images are flashed before our eyes for at least 10 frames per second we will assume that the images are a single moving image Animation uses a series of static images closely related to each other but when the series is shown to us at a high enough speed the vision in our eyes will seem to be a moving image due to persistence of vision Whereas the truth is that the motion object that we see is just a combination of static images shown very quickly in a sequence Figure 4 11 shows the images of a bouncing ball If we see them fast enough from the first frame to the last our eyes will perceive as if the red ball is bouncing However what actually happened is that the whole six balls and frames have not moved at all TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt lt 65 Figure 4 11 Bouncing ball animation Source http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons e ee Animexample3edit png The frame rate in frame per second FPS will determine the quality of an animation To create a smooth animation this rate must be taken into consideration If the rate is less than 10 FPS the animation will look
102. hang amp Insler 2004 You need to understand that VR technology aims to find a solution that can allow you to experience situations that may be impossible in the real world For example can you imagine that in future you do not need to hold a map to find directions to your destination What you need is a pair of chic glasses As you walk down the street the glass lenses turn into a monitor that feed your eyes with the map information It perhaps could also give you directions through a digital voice By the year 2020 it is expected that online virtual reality will allow more productivity than working in the real world It means that people will choose to work virtually than doing them in real situations However for most of the virtual Internet life communities the attractive nature of VR can also lead to serious addiction problems 9 2 2 Geographical Information Systems GIS Basically a Geographical Information System GIS is a collection of computer hardware software and geographic data A GIS is used for capturing managing analysing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information With a GIS you can link attributes or information to the location data For example you can link people to addresses and buildings to areas TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 147 GIS data can be viewed in three ways a The Database View Geodatabase b The Map View Geovisualisation and c The Model Vie
103. hers 7 3 2 Plagiarism and Copyright With increasing internet access worldwide plagiarism has also become a major epidemic especially among many institutions Higgins Gray Symeonidis amp Tsintsifas 2005 The overall trend on plagiarism is that it is serious rising prevalent and chronic The availability of enormous quantities of electronic texts existing on the Internet has made plagiarism much easier Briefly plagiarism is defined as the act of taking another person s ideas and then using them as one s own It is a form of cheating as it is truly stealing another person s ideas For instance in the United States if you are charged for public domain material copyright infringement you can be fined up to USD2500 7 3 3 Cyber Crime and Cyber Security Cyber misconduct such as hacking and fraud has been part and parcel of the Internet since its early development As files are easily downloaded and distributed dissemination of harmful viruses and worms also spread as quickly Various Internet scams and cheating pacts have been roaming the WWW looking for unsuspecting prey So have fake websites and e mail including spam Just because you can hide your identity on the Internet it does not mean that you can also cheat and commit cyber crime As cyber crime has been dynamically on the increase we have to admit that the effort to combat cyber crime is a collective one Team Cymru 2006 We should not get involved in any offensive int
104. hile you jog in Taman Tasik Titiwangsa You could also pay your utility bills while sipping Teh Tarik at the Mamak Stall around Jalan Masjid India Figure 9 6 shows how the Wireless City concept works TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 145 Antennas Radios Wireless Bridges Indoor Antennas Figure 9 6 Wireless city concept Source https www huttononline com HuttonOnline Images Hutton Towers Antenna2 jpg Explain why MMORPGs are hugely popular List as many online social interaction sites that you can think of Explain three basic processes in face recognition technology What would happen if Kuala Lumpur becomes a total Wireless City 9 2 ADVANCED MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS 9 2 1 Virtual Reality VR Applications Virtual Reality VR technology allows you to interact with a computer simulated environment as though you are experiencing a real one To engage in a VR you will still normally need a computer screen or a special stereoscopic display like a head mounted or helmet mounted display HMD Figure 9 7 shows an example of an HMD on a US Navy personnel using a VR parachute 146 TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH Figure 9 7 VR parachute trainer Source http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons thumb e ef VR Helm jpg 800px VR Helm jpg In computer science VR is an area that seeks better methods for implementing three dimensional immersive and interactive worlds C
105. hnology through a process called tweening Let s say that now we have a circle and we want to transform or morph it into a rectangle Figure 4 15 The tweening process will draw the remaining shapes in between those two main shapes Figure 4 15 Tweening process Source http www piercecollege edu departments cosci Images Shape 20Tween 20Morph jpg 4 3 4 Morphing and Inverse Kinematics Morphing combines 2D interpolations of normally two images to create a new special image Morphing is a special effect in animation that changes or morphs the original images through a seamless transition By using the morphing software such as WinMorph and Fun Morph we can try to morph our parents photos for example The software will produce a new photo that has a mix of our father s and mother s faces Figure 4 16 shows the final rendered image bottom after two images top are morphed TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt lt 69 Figure 4 16 Morphing process Source http www toptenreviews com i rev misc sloppy morph jpg In human movements kinematics is the study of the science of motion that includes positions angles velocities and accelerations of body segments and joints during motion In computer animation it is vital to make sure that the animated character we draw does follow this logic kinematics law In high end 3D animation tools such as Maya and Lightwave inverse kinematics is an important process This p
106. ia org wikipedia en thumb d d1 Modeler83 png 750px Modeler83 png Most recently computerised methods for 3D facial reconstruction have been developed by researchers made possible by the advancement of multimedia computing technology Contemporary developments in 3D digitised image capture graphical modelling and animation are some of the multimedia technologies instrumental in the success of the computerised methods This advanced technology has also been successfully applied in forensic facial reconstruction and animation of accident or crime scenes Figure 9 14 shows the process of 3D reconstruction from a real 2D photo Figure 9 14 3D face reconstruction Source http research microsoft com users i yuxhu FaceReconstruction Reconstruction 20Project htm TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 153 How can addiction pose to be a danger to VR users Explain three basic components of data mining List several other applications of 3D modelling Most Expensive 3D Animated Movies in US Million Production Cost THEPOLAREXPRESS x a o Movie Title The Polar Express 170 Final Fantasy Spirits Within 137 Dinosaur 128 Monsters Inc 115 Treasure Planet 100 Finding Nemo 94 The Incredibles 92 Toy Story 2 90 The Wild 80 10 Shark Tale 75 http www your3dsource com most expensive 3d animated films html Z 9 CO NY OY OT HE CO NO O List your favo
107. igital watches etc using advanced WPAN Nowadays what you probably have been using is a relatively simple PAN The most popular technology that is being used currently is the Bluetooth Bluetooth is intended for transmitting low volumes of data between very close devices Figure 10 14 shows the interconnected peripherals using Bluetooth technology PDA Laptop Printer i Figure 10 14 Bluetooth technology TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 169 10 4 2 4G Mobile Communications Systems Currently I am sure that some of you have already been using 3G Third Generation mobile phones with a video camera In the next half decade or so the new generation of wireless mobile technology will replace the current 3G system Sending and receiving a large volume of data such as video is one of the key elements of the 4G infrastructure Figure 10 15 illustrates the elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain This future mobile system will all encompass the vast array of communication channels and platforms from satellite broadband and cellular systems to WLAN wireless local area network and PAN Personal Area Network h E Air Access Mobile Fixed Applicat se Figure 10 15 4G mobile communications Source http www m indya com images 4g_featurel jpg tan ATIT The future wireless network is expected to support diverse IP multimedia applications that allow multiple resourc
108. ile formats available and audio software and production 4 1 1 Audio Digitisation Let us first recall the basic concept of sound waves before we move on to understanding the necessity of digitising analogue audio for multimedia purposes As you probably know sound is a type of wave that propagates through air well not just air but all forms of matter We can model that sound movement using the sine wave as shown in Figure 4 1 Amplitude Time Figure 4 1 Sine Wave Source http themixbus com wordpress wp content themes dusk 10 images sine jpg Now to record a digital audio a process called sampling is first needed Two factors need to be taken into account sample rates and bit depths To make sure that we have the best audio quality these two factors must be at the highest level possible Figure 4 2 shows the sampling process of a digital audio 54 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION Amplitude Snapshot K or sample Figure 4 2 Audio Sampling Source http themixbus com wordpress wp content themes dusk 10 images samples jpg To convert analogue sound into its digital form an Analogue to Digital Converter ADC is used The digital sound is then kept in computers as a digital audio file format such as WAV or MIDI This process is called digitisation of sound Sound digitisation is necessary because computers can only detect digital signals Speech songs music and sound effects
109. in C D Haneef N amp Gievska Krliu S 2001 Using a theoretical multimedia taxonomy framework J Educ Resour Comput 1 6 TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 4 17 Pobiner S 2006 Collaborative multimedia learning environments CHI 06 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems 1235 1240 Van Nimwegen C van Oostendorp H Burgos D amp Koper R 2006 Does an interface with less assistance provoke more thoughtful behaviour Proceedings of the 7th international conference on learning sciences 785 791 Topic Multimedia Hardware and Software LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to 1 Recognise analogue and digital conversion process 2 Discuss the hardware requirements of a multimedia system and 3 Classify multimedia software based on its function gt INTRODUCTION In Topic 1 we were introduced to basic multimedia concepts In this second topic we will learn about multimedia hardware and software The hardware and software are the components that will determine whether the multimedia needs can be met The components which display the data or information that has been processed by the CPU are the output devices Examples of main output devices are the monitor speaker and printer Several current hardware technologies such as the DDR2 SDRAM Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory will also be introduced here in this Topi
110. in Figure 4 10 Figure 4 10 Ratatouille animation film Source http www cinemagazine ch dotclear images ratatouille_poster gif Yes you may have guessed it Ratatouille an animation by Pixar about a rat who dreams of becoming a master chef in Paris Can you think of why animation is so special and entertaining especially for children 64 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION Animation makes things come alive not just animals but also objects Animation refers to the process of making an object move This process makes the object looks as if it is alive The term animation originated from the Latin word which means brought to life Animation can thus be defined as an act of making something come alive This is because an object by its nature cannot move or be animated by itself but through the animation process it is made to come alive How does this animation process work to make us see as though this object is moving and alive Animation is made possible partly through our biological phenomenon termed persistence of vision Persistence of vision in simple terms tells us that the vision persists or continues It basically means that after we looked at an object the vision of that object in our eye still remains mapped on our retina though for a short time frame So when images directly in our sight or right in front of our view are moved very quickly at a certain hig
111. in our daily lives are analogue signals so to make our analogue sounds applicable in computers we need to convert them into the digital form Computer manipulation of sound involves capturing and modifying an audio data file Software such as Sound Forge GoldWave or Window Movie Maker can be used to manipulate sound For most audio editing systems a graphical interface is provided to monitor the waveform signal We can use this interface or viewer to help us edit or cut the unneeded segments There are numerous advantages of using audio in multimedia Audio can be used to deliver lectures over the web or in a multimedia class The lecturers do not need to depend entirely on text to convey their message Music adds to emotion and interest during a presentation causing it to be more interesting Listening through the web or to a multimedia presentation is thus also an effective learning method that we can utilise to enhance our reading of notes or learning modules The current development in network technology has allowed for streaming audio technology Now we find audio files delivered in real time to users throughout TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 4 55 the world With streaming sound a Web user does not have to wait to download a large file before listening to it Digital audio technology today is so advanced that the quality of recorded sound has also tremendously improved Digital audio can be applied in many other different
112. isted Instruction CAI Intuitive Interface Computer Based Instruction CBI Mobile Multimedia Edutainment Monochrome Display Interactive Courseware Multimedia Interactive TV Video on Demand VOD a Al Bouna B amp Chbeir R 2006 Multimedia based authorization and access control policy specification Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on secure web 61 68 Alty J L Al Sharrah A amp Beacham N 2006 When humans form media and media form humans An experimental study examining the effects different digital media have on the learning outcomes of students who have different learning styles Interacting with computers 18 891 909 Bashir F Khanvilkar S Khokhar A amp Schonfeld D 2005 Multimedia Systems Content based indexing and retrieval The electrical engineering handbook 379 400 Chen L 2006 Dances with multimedia Embedded video codec design Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on compilers architecture and synthesis for embedded systems 1 1 Cohn J Kong J Malachowsky C amp Tobias R 2006 Design challenges for next generation multimedia game and entertainment platforms Proceedings of the 43rd annual conference on design automation 459 459 Garzotto F amp Forfori M 2006 FaTe2 Storytelling edutainment experiences in 2D and 3D collaborative spaces Proceeding of the 2006 conference on interaction design and children 113 116 Heller R S Mart
113. ive social networking communities such as Flickr and YouTube quickly established themselves Then now in the third era which is Web 3 0 the situation TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 165 is more proactive in that the web develops from just being interactive to a real time collaborative one stop centre 10 3 2 Pervasive Computing Pervasive computing is also called ubiquitous computing The idea of pervasive computing goes beyond the reality of the normal personal computers In the future almost any device including items like the coffee mug can be imbedded with chips Then it can be connected to the Internet Similarly your wallet mobile phone digital calendar and PDA music and movie player will have connectivity in such a way that they are always available anytime anywhere see Figure 10 10 p mylinbox myCalendar NAN b a myLocation myWallet myMovies Figure 10 10 Pervasive computing Source http www ewh ieee org 110 bombay news4 Pervasive_World gif 10 3 3 Augmented Reality An Augmented Reality AR system generates an extended virtual view for the virtual user It is a combination of the real scene viewed by the user and a virtual scene generated by the computer The augmented reality presented to you enhances your performance in the real world activity The ultimate goal is to create a system such that the user cannot tell the difference between the real world and the virtual augmentation of it
114. le if you want to know about the Malaysian Government the portal is at www gov my Here you can find loads of information as well as online services provided by the Malaysian government As a one stop centre the portal is vital to overcome the problem that has become increasingly challenging in the way we use the web Web users always want to surf and find easily the information they seek As the complexity of web sites expands dramatically a web portal is necessary to organise the information to be presented This is often done through a list or directory Figure 7 3 illustrates the web portal architecture b TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 107 TEE WEB WEB PORTAL BROWSER SERVER DATA Figure 7 3 Web portal architecture Source http www istockphoto com There are hundreds of thousands of web portals on the Internet Since the portals manage to attract a lot of web visitors they offer advertisers the opportunity to showcase their products or services Hence Internet advertising has become a multi million dollar industry Web portals also provide the opportunity for multimedia content providers and artists to create online banners graphics etc Figure 7 4 shows the Malaysian Government portal Here you can find a lot of important information relevant to the Malaysian citizen such as matters related to education employment and health The portal also offers online governmental services through the website e tr
115. le that contains a text based description that tells a synthesiser how to play musical notes MIDI is a code that allows various musical devices to exchange the information that creates a musical clip MIDI files do not contain waveforms RA RealAudio RA is the trademark name of the leading streamed audio format We can use RA format to deliver voice quality audio even over dial up connection This means that if we do not have high speed broadband real audio is the only means of streaming audio It is the classic streaming audio solution by Real Networks To use this file we need to have RealPlayer installed on our PC AIFF Audio Interchange File Format AIFF and AIF originally developed by Macintosh is for music and high quality sound This format can also be used by IBM and Silicon Graphics AIFF offers the same sample rates and bit depths as a WAV file WMA Windows Media Audio WMA refers to the audio file format developed by Microsoft It is used as streaming audio as well WMA files use the wma file extension Recently WMA has become the second most widely supported compressed audio format after MP3 4 1 3 Audio Software and Production We can use several types of audio software in a multimedia project development We can record a song and convert it into MP3 format Then we can use the sound editing tools such as Sound Forge to edit our MP3 sound files We can also easily change our original audio clip by enhancing it wi
116. lmost share your diary and activities on sites like Multiply com Can you imagine 7 5 million Multiply com members uploading more than 2 million photos and 17 000 videos on average every day You could also create blogs share photos and post reviews on the site just to name a few of the things you can do You can also find new or old friends using Friendster com Social networking services have thus become a fast growing business on the Internet Table 9 1 lists several popular social networking sites and their purpose The list is sorted according to the number of estimated registered users worldwide Table 9 1 Social networking sites and purpose Site Purpose No of registered users Classmates com School or college alumni 40 million Tagged com General social online meeting 30 million Reunion com Locating friends and family 28 million LiveJournal com Blogging 12 9 million Yahoo 360 Yahoo com users community 4 7 million Soundpedia com Music sharing 3 5 million Student com Teens and colleges 800 000 Figure 9 4 shows the homepage of Yahoo 360 If you have a Yahoo account you can create an online site for your group in less than a minute TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 143 Create your Place on Yahoo 360 A place that s all about you to share with friends and family express control keep up Create your own page Interesting Pages on Yahoo 360 Check out what others
117. loaded to the Internet The advantage of this tool is that is produces vector graphics Previously known as Macromedia Flash this tool is commonly used for the Web Figure 6 5 shows the Flash design environment with the timeline and the stage Hactomecks Flash MX Untitied 1 The Timeline The Stage 4 Figure 6 5 The Flash MX authoring environment Source http www abdn ac uk webpack images web 25 4 gif b Director Director is a professional multimedia authoring tool It comes together with broad media support for various media types for high performance and industry quality multimedia production The applications that you have created using Flash can be distributed using CDs DVDs kiosks or the c TOPIC 6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING lt 99 Internet Director has been a best selling multimedia authoring program It was once the leading tool for creating interactive media products This tool is based on the concept of a movie containing one or more casts It uses the movie metaphor and still can be used to develop interactive applications with interactive buttons etc It follows the cast score scripting paradigm same as Flash You can use this software to create dazzling animations or short films You can even create interactive product demonstrations or online learning applications What you really need is a bit of creativity Figure 6 6 shows the Director authoring enviro
118. lready have our hypertext Now if we were to connect our hypertext with other media we will then have a hypermedia system For example we can turn our boring PowerPoint presentation into an interactive one Just add linked multimedia elements that will allow others to navigate and interact with our presentation Figure 3 9 shows the structure of a hypermedia system Figure 3 9 Hypermedia Source http escience anu edu au lecture comp1710 introduction image hypermedia png SELF CHECK 3 1 Differentiate between a Font and Typeface b Serif and Sans Serif and c Hypertext and Hypermedia 3 2 GRAPHICS Next we are going to learn about the importance of graphics Here we will delve into bitmaps and vector graphics computer colour representations graphics file formats graphic resources and finally graphics editing software 42 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS Graphics has become a crucial element in multimedia technology It is used widely in advertisements and the commercial sector Without graphics our computer screen internet and the world will appear dull as we will be faced with just plain textual elements only 3 2 1 Importance of Graphics In computer science a graphic is defined as the pictorial representation and manipulation of data On or off the computer screen a graphic is basically a visual presentation of an object or idea Graphics or images have been used since pre historic times as a tool fo
119. ltimedia titles and study their screen designs on the basis of functionality navigation and usability 92 gt TOPIC5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT DISCUSSION Windows Vista Interface Causes Problems For Consumers Support Firm Says By Antone Gonsalves InformationWeek July 13 2007 10 06 AM Navigating Windows Vista s Aero user interface is a big problem for many consumers learning Microsoft s 6 month old operating system a technical support company said Thursday Support com which offers technical support to consumers said the top three reasons people called for Vista help were to solve navigation problems device incompatibility and home networking issues While Vista is a leap forward in terms of usability and functionality it requires consumers used to working with older versions of Windows to learn something new http www informationweek com news showArticle jhtml articleID 201001268 Discuss how to solve the usability and functionality problem of Windows Vista with your colleagues SUMMARY SRS E T The planning stage has three sub phases idea goals and constraints identification style and concept and storyboard and prototype development In every step of the design process you need to do task and concept analysis The multimedia development process should be carried out based on the multimedia elements that you need The process involved in multimedia development is media creation au
120. ltiple generations of Intel microprocessors Source http www intel com technology magazine pix et_fig2 gif 10 1 2 Super Intelligent System Do you find that you often cannot get the information you want from the search engine It can be very frustrating can t it Well this may be a thing in the past soon A super smart Web search application is expected to be made available to the public in the near future This super smart application would be able to guess better word combinations in the context that you want Its intelligent web search algorithm can automatically learn how words are used in various combinations 158 gt TOPIC1O THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA Hence you can then easily find the web information that you are searching for in a faster and better way One thing you should always remember is that computing technology is applicable not only in computers but also in other equipment More and more intelligent products using advanced computing technology are being made available in homes and even on playgrounds For example a prototype of an intelligent spoon has been designed This spoon is enabled with advanced technology to provide you with integrated information about any food that comes in contact with it It will also be able to offer you suggestions to improve the food quality This smart future spoon is equipped with sensors that measure temperature acidity salinity and viscosity It is connected to a computer Figure
121. m helps the user finds his way around navigates easily through the multimedia application 5 4 2 Usability Issue Usability is defined as the effectiveness of a product regarding its fitness for purpose ease of use and ease of learning The objective of usability testing is not only to determine whether the product is easy to learn satisfying to use and contains the functionality that the users desire but also to identify difficulties weakness and areas for improvement When doing usability testing make sure that you consider the following factors a Learning ability b Performance effectiveness c Flexibility d Error tolerance and system integrity and e User satisfaction Once you have conducted the usability test analyse the testing data Then report the results to your client This is important to improve the design and the effectiveness of your multimedia application or product TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT lt 91 Figure 5 8 illustrates some of the issues related to multimedia software usability 4 L System integrity Functionality Multimedia Software Usability Issue es CJ Navigation Error Tolerance Figure 5 8 Multimedia software usability issues Redesigned from Source http www1 istockphoto com file_closeup nature elements water 3479221_aqua_icons php id 3479221 SELF CHECK 5 4 Summarise the multimedia design guidelines outlined in this unit Select several mu
122. me on with the soundtrack of him reading out the credentials Figure 1 7 shows the multimedia presentation at the Merdeka celebrations at Stadium Merdeka Figure 1 7 A Holographic Image Source The Star 1 September 2007 Based on the five multimedia components described in Section 1 3 Multimedia Components discuss with your friends how the multimedia presentation adds life to the Malaysian Merdeka Celebration Ceremony TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt lt 9 1 4 FUNCTIONS OF MULTIMEDIA We can learn about the functions of multimedia though using animation as a learning tool Animation helps us understand better other visual based applications and their usefulness Animation can also help us overcome any fear of technology and programming Besides that animation can help us develop our creative potential Through animation learners can therefore become more self confident and develop courage to work with other applications Now let us look at the functions of multimedia which are as follows a b Enabling positive and active interaction through intuitive interfacing Providing an entertaining and enjoyable experience Enabling self pacing Enabling better information retention Facilitating better understanding of learning content Enabling Positive and Active Interaction through Intuitive Interfacing Representations on the computer screen in the early days were just monochrome ie a single colour only
123. mming Card Page Based Paradigm Multimedia Scripting DHTML Timeline Based Paradigm Icon Flow Chart Based Paradigm Web based Multimedia AS REFERENCES Bulterman D C amp Hardman L 2005 Structured multimedia authoring ACM Trans Multimedia comput Commun Appl 1 1 89 109 Kurihara K Vronay D amp Igarashi T 2005 Flexible timeline user interface using constraints CHI 05 Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems 1581 1584 Wang J Z Boujemaa N amp Chen Y 2007 High diversity transforms multimedia information retrieval into a cross cutting field Report on the 8th Workshop on Multimedia Information Retrieval SIGMOD rec 36 1 57 59 Topic Web based F Multimedia Applications LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to 1 Describe the characteristics of web based systems 2 Examine the examples of web based multimedia applications and 3 Discuss online issues such as copyright and cyber crime gt INTRODUCTION In Topic 6 we learnt what multimedia authoring and scripting is You should now be able to differentiate between them As explained in the previous topic multimedia content can be delivered online To do so however you first need to understand about web based multimedia applications In this topic I will explain why traditional stand alone applications are being migrated to web based You will then understand the characte
124. mply download graphics or images from the internet and use them freely as our own We either purchase images or photos from stock photo sites or CDs or we produce ourselves the images that we require To obtain the digital form of printed pictures for example we can use a scanner Or we can use a digital camera to capture a favourite image And finally unleash our talent by creating and producing our own logo or images using appropriate software 48 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS Figure 3 17 shows how to find graphic resources for a multimedia project GS e ar 2 Figure 3 17 Graphics resources Source http www istockphoto com 3 2 6 Graphics Editing Software Have you used any popular graphic editing software such as Photoshop before Figure 3 18 ETATS NTA hee a TVS AI Figure 3 18 Photoshop Source http www gadgetell com images 2006 12 pscs32 jpg TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS lt 4 49 Photoshop is used for simple to complex image manipulation It offers special effects tools such as blur sharp filters etc to transform our original image to something different Other software includes AutoCAD Microsoft Designer Adobe Illustrator and Freehand Why are graphics very important in communication today Draw a comparison table to differentiate GIF from JPEG Explain four ways to create graphic images W DISCUSSION BEST FONT OF 2006 SWAN SNE A masterfully expressive calligraphy f
125. mportant step is to read the contents of this Course Guide thoroughly b Organise a study schedule Note the time you are expected to spend on each chapter and the date for submission of assignments as well as seminar and examination dates These are stated in your Course d f h COURSE GUIDE lt 4 xix Assessment Guide Put all this information in one place such as your diary or a wall calendar Whatever method you choose to use you should decide on and jot down your own dates for working on each chapter You have some flexibility as there are 10 chapters spread over a period of 14 weeks Once you have created your own study schedule make every effort to stick to it The main reason students are unable to cope is because they get behind in their coursework To begin reading a chapter e Remember in distance learning much of your time will be spent READING the course content Study the list of topics given at the beginning of each chapter and examine the relationship of the chapter to the other nine chapters e Read the chapter overview showing the headings and subheadings to get a broad picture of the chapter e Read the chapter learning outcomes what is expected of you Do you already know some of the things to be discussed What are the things you do not know e Read the introduction see how it is connected with the previous chapter e Work through the chapter The contents of the chapter has been a
126. mpressed image will be still the same as the original It is important for you to know the difference between JPEG and GIF compressions for photographic images The same colour rich photographic that takes up to 85K of size may only require 35K if you save it as JPEG format An almost 60 significant reduction in memory space yet you still have the same image quality Figure 8 14 below shows an original image in JPEG format top and two other images after compression Notice that the image quality remains the same if you are use JPEG bottom left However the image looks terribly pixellated and blocky if you compress it in GIF bottom right P fii d Figure 8 14 JPEG vs GIF Compression Source http warc calpoly edu images diagrams jpg_vs_gif jpg MPEG MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts Group MPEG was established in 1988 as a standard for digital audio and video formats development There are five MPEG standards currently in use or under development e MPEG 1 for the compression of moving pictures and audio MP3 e MPEG 2 for Digital Television and DVD e MPEG 4 for Web e MPEG 7 under development and e MPEG 21 under development TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 135 SELF CHECK 8 2 What do you understand by the word compress Differentiate between lossy and lossless compression Why is JPEG sometimes preferred over GIF compression 77 DISCUSSION Why Compression
127. n users who entered and edited all the information that you find on Wikipedia That is the key feature of Wikipedia users contribution The first wiki was created by one Ward Cunningham in 1995 As an encyclopaedia Wikipedia grows every hour This happens as its volume of information grows whenever it records thousands of changes per hour However Wikipedia faces a problem of information correctness and validity since anyone amateur or professional expert or novice can write about anything in Wikipedia Figure 7 3 shows how Wikipedia works Wiki users are free to enter and edit the entry on a particular topic The topic will then be saved in the article database om J Enter edit wr Read view inf ti Wiki d t k information Article ocumen o t Wiki user Wiki user ee _ u u Article Database Figure 7 5 How Does Wikipedia Work Source http www istockphoto com Photo Sharing I am sure that you have a collection of personal or family photos Why not share it through the web with family and friends Photo sharing is the process of publishing digital photos online It enables sharing of photos through a website that allows us to upload display and manage our image collections The collection can be accessed through thumbnail views You can also preview them using the slideshow menu Online photo sharing is becoming easier day by day since nowadays you can capture a photo even by using your mobile pho
128. nary computation Spectrum 37 2 26 28 32 Kanis M Winters N Agamanolis S Gavin A amp Cullinan C 2005 Toward wearable social networking with iBand In CHI 05 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems Portland OR USA April 02 07 2005 CHI 05 ACM New York NY 1521 1524 Ruttkay Z M Reidsma D amp Nijholt A 2006 Human computing virtual humans and artificial imperfection In Proceedings of the amp th international conference on multimodal intertaces Banff Alberta Canada November 02 04 2006 ICMI 06 ACM New York NY 179 184 MODULE FEEDBACK MAKLUM BALAS MODUL Should you have any comment or feedback you are welcomed to 1 E mail your comment or feedback to modulefeedback oum edu my OR 2 Download and fill up the feedback questionnaire from URL http lms oum edu my via myLMS and e mail to modulefeedback oum edu my Thank you Centre for Instructional Design and Technology Pusat Reka Bentuk Pengajaran dan Teknologi Tel No 03 27732273 Fax No 03 26978702
129. nd Broadcast Centre Figure 8 6 Satellite TV network Source http www istockphoto com Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN Normal telephone lines carry analogue signals These analogue signals must be first converted to digital signals for data to be transmitted This process however causes slow transmission as well as data signal distortion However with an Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN this problem is overcome ISDN is a fully digital telephone service that is able to transmit text audio and video over the currently available telephone cables ISDN was developed in 1976 by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardisation Sector ITU T A basic ISDN line offers up to 128 kbps data transmission speed With ISDN your internet access is faster ISDN digital technology ensures better connection as opposed to the old analogue technology of telephone lines ISDN connection is thus more economical and cost effective in terms of processing speed Popular ISDN applications include Internet access video conferencing and data networking e TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 126 You can configure a group of computers to connect to the Internet using ISDN All the computers however first need to be connected to the Intranet local connection using network adapters Figure 8 7 shows how an Internet connection can be shared using ISDN connection MW wales modem or
130. ne After that you just need to use a Bluetooth device to upload it to your computer Then with Internet connection available simply upload the image to your online photo sharing site With the advancement of ICT this application is TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 109 expected to become a killer application in the near future if it is not already so by now Figure 7 6 shows a screenshot of Flickr the most popular photo sharing site today flickr TOENN Home The Tour Sign Up Explore Search Explore Flickr labs have been hard at work creating a way to show you some of the most awesome photos on Flickr We like to call it interestingness Explore the gorgeousity by choosing a point in time Select a month Choose he Figure 7 6 Flickr Website d YouTube YouTube com accounts for more than half of all videos watched online in the US This user centred web based application is so attractive because it allows you to upload your videos online Moreover you can share it with the rest of the world readers or viewers can post comments and others can respond You can even become a member of certain groups In the future YouTube is expected to become better than TV in terms of coverage This is because anyone in the world can record a TV program or advertisement and then upload it to YouTube com Figure 7 7 shows a screenshot of YouTube com You D Broadcast Yourself Videos Categories Channels E Vi
131. ne based tool uses a music score as its primary authoring metaphor The synchronous elements are shown horizontally The media elements and events are organised along this time line The timeline based tool allows you to precisely control the temporal characteristics of your multimedia application You can drag your multimedia element on the same frame to make sure that they appear simultaneously Some examples of timeline based tools are Flash Director and Power Media Figure 6 4 shows a Director Score window with the timeline ODO lt Jingo _frameReady Score ae B JEER 9 00 eee vi ez a s I 2 00 J tise biia Figure 6 4 Director Score window Source http www cs cf ac uk Dave Multimedia dir_score gif 98 gt TOPIC6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING 6 1 3 Authoring Software and Tools Multimedia authoring software is designed to help you to create an interactive or linear multimedia application It contains tools for making a complete multimedia presentation such as corporate presentations or teaching materials if you are a teacher You may also create your own family animated albums or even screen savers using this tool The most popular tools are Flash Director and Authorware a Flash Adobe Flash is widely used to create multimedia rich content You can even use it to create an advertisement Flash file in swf extension can be embedded in your HTML file to be up
132. need to hurry Your flight itenary is saved in your wristwatch According to the discussion throughout this topic predict how future multimedia computing will affect your life in the next 30 years Discuss your idea with your coursemates Perec ern Rune e High speed processor ability is important to cater to the steady demand for more capable computer memory One example is for fast 3D display in games and High Definition HD video display e In the future more super intelligent systems and products will be available even in our homes e Evolutionary computation is a subfield of computational intelligence that is inspired by the mechanisms of biological evolution e Nano computing has emerged from nano science and nano technology Nano computing is applied mainly in electronics biochemical and mechanical technology e Wearable computing technology enables you to wear your computers in ways similar to you putting on your eyeglasses or clothes e In the future laser technology will replace the physical keyboard that is currently attached to computers e Human computing makes computer use as easy and as natural as possible 172 TOPIC1O THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA e Web 3 0 signifies the third decade of advancement in Web technology e Pervasive computing will allow you to be connected to the seamlessly connected world anytime anywhere e Augmented reality generates an extended virtual view of a mixture of both virt
133. nformation from large databases for the purpose of making crucial related TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 4 149 decisions Traditionally if you want to analyse certain data for example you have to perform the data extraction from data records manually However as data sets have grown tremendously and become more complex better and sophisticated tools must be used The tools mentioned here are data mining tools Data mining consists of three components a The capturing of data b The mining of information c The organisation and presentation of this mined information The Data Mining process is illustrated in Figure 9 10 below The captured or recorded data is stored in the Data Warehouse Then the selected data will be transformed and mined to extract valuable patterns of information Transformed Assimilated Extracted Information Information vi C assimilate Figure 9 10 The data mining process Source http www csu edu au special auugwww96 proceedings crawford IBM gif Meanwhile knowledge discovery is a concept in the field of computer science that involves the process of deriving knowledge from the input data by searching for patterns from volumes of data Traditionally as mentioned above human experts have to derive the knowledge from their own personal observation However with advanced computing technology automated knowledge discovery has become an important research topic Knowl
134. ng possible in the near future Primary concerns for a wearable system usually include a small size and weight b long battery life c display functionality and d computer functionality Figure 10 6 shows the development in research in wearable computing from 1980s a to late 1990s e 162 TOPIC1O THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA a 1980 Figure 10 6 Development in wearable computing research Source http genesis eecg toronto edu steveforneilg5upwithlinescc jpg b c d O Mid 1980s Early 1990s Mid 1990s Late 1990s 10 2 2 Computing without Keyboards You may feel that typing in data using a keyboard is slow or tiring Well in the future you may not see the physical keyboard attached to your computer anymore thanks to laser technology A prototype of a virtual keyboard has been produced by Golan Technology The unit consists of a red laser image projector which displays a laser ray of a keyboard right in front Using infrared technology it detects your movements and translates them into texts Figure 10 7 below shows a prototype of the future laser beam keyboard Figure 10 7 Future laser beam keyboard Source http www sfgate com blogs images sfgate techchron 2007 01 09 CES2007_064500x375 jpg 10 2 3 Natural Human Computing Can you ever imagine that in the near future a computer will be able to understand what you want it to do just by your smile or frown If this could TOPIC 10 THE FUT
135. nment erie oD a Figure 6 6 Director authoring environment Source http www webmonkey com webmonkey 03 03 stuff total_ui_reduced gif Authorware Authorware is now the top visual authoring tool for creating rich media applications Authorware supports interactive application development with hyperlinks and integrated animation Figure 6 7 shows the Authorware design environment 100 TOPIC6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING Authorware Untitled a7p File Edt View Insert Modfy Text Control Xtras Commands Window Help Baad amp B U B8S8 FZ Untitled a7p A Application Knowledge Obyect Sections Figure 6 7 Authorware environment Source http www webmonkey com webmonkey 03 03 stuff total_ui_reduced gif SELF CHECK 6 1 Define multimedia authoring Draw a table to differentiate the various authoring paradigms Discuss the characteristics of three main multimedia authoring tools 6 2 MULTIMEDIA SCRIPTING AND PROGRAMMING 6 2 1 Scripting and Programming Language Multimedia programming has been growing tremendously over several decades Wang Boujemaa amp Chen 2007 Script based tools depend principally on a scripting language for programming The production of a dynamic website may utilise tools such as Flash Authorware and Director but with strong scripting Examples of command programming software are C and Visual Basic It is useful to create new applications such as a cat
136. not however scale a bitmap image to a higher resolution without it losing some of its quality The image becomes blocky when it is enlarged a little bit too much We can create a bitmap graphic image by scanning a photo and saving it into the computer Or we can use the screen capture program Print Screen Other than that we use software such as Photoshop or Painter Figure 3 11 shows an example of a bitmap graphic Figure 3 11 Bitmap Graphic Source http www eastbywest com pub vectorbitmap figurel1 gif Now let us do a little experiment with bitmap Using a bitmap drawing tool such as Paint draw a circle and fill it with the colour red Then use Flash a tool using vector graphics to draw and colour a similar circle After this magnify a part of the circle edge of both circles Are you able to see any difference between the magnified images of the two circle edges The difference that you see should be similar to Figure 3 12 44 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS Figure 3 12 Effect of Zooming In on Bitmap left and Vector right Source http toi bk tudelft nl toi pedia images 0 0d Bitmap_vector jpg Hence when magnified the saw tooth pattern of the edge is clearly visible in the bitmap image as opposed to the magnified vector image which still appears smooth created with Flash This experiment thus also shows that when you zoom in on a vector object the shape can still be accurately maintained b Vector Gra
137. nuously available throughout a period of time This is to enable uninterrupted data transmission and a smoother multimedia performance Qin Zimmermann amp Liu 2005 Meanwhile peer to peer P2P applications have also attracted enormous attention Peer to peer networking applications such as Napster Kazaa BitTorrent and Skype have witnessed tremendous success As a result multimedia streaming and online gaming has been on the rise Recent statistics shows that P2P traffic accounts for as much as 70 of the whole Internet traffic Li 2006 With these high capability Internet communication standards now we can browse and find information that we need easily and quickly Figure 8 10 TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 129 I can find out the exact weather outside this exact house at this exact moment all on the INTERNET Figure 8 10 Benefits of the Internet Source http www chrismadden co uk computer cartoons internet weather jpg Technological challenges in networked multimedia can be seen from three different perspectives a Interoperability and connectivity b Performance and price and c Bandwidth and standards J een Explain why providing multimedia documents online has become very popular What are the five basic types of communication networks What do you understand by packet switching Discuss the technological challenges in networked multimedia 8 2 MULTIMEDIA COMPR
138. ny players subscribe to the game The 2006 statistics shows that its total membership globally of both subscription and non subscription status by then had exceeded 15 million MMORPGs are extremely popular amongst network gamers MMORPGs involve large numbers of simultaneous players up to hundreds of thousands per game per session Social interaction is believed to be the primary driving force for gamers to continue to play MMORPGs Here they can interact and get to know each other online while playing the game MMORPGs are still expected to continue remaining a popular lucrative and most profitable sector of the gaming market In terms of network connection most MMORPGs you see today are based on client server architecture Faster network connection processors and 3D accelerator cards have contributed to the push for the growth of MMORPGs Figure 9 2 shows a screenshot of Daimonin an example of an MMORPG Figure 9 2 Daimonin MMORPG Source http pcwin com media images screen Daimonin_1744 png TOPIC 9 EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH lt 141 9 1 3 Web 2 0 and Social Networking Have you heard of Web 2 0 Are you aware that there exists Web version 1 0 Actually the term Web 2 0 is coined by the web design community to refer to the second generation of web based communities Web 2 0 is a change in web paradigm from Web 1 0 that brings with it new approaches to Web content If previously you can only view and read but not le
139. o capable to form an application that is similar to an interactive map Figure 4 21 Figure 4 21 Interactive Europe map using Flash Source http www softpicks net screenshots Interactive Flash Map of Europe jpg 4 3 8 Animation for Learning The two important features of animation are image and motion Image and motion can play a very important role in the learning process to assist learners understand and remember what they study Thus animation has opened up a new dimension in education Instructional technology now uses animation to illustrate learning contents Animation is used in creating visuals especially to introduce new concepts The interactive features of animation provide students with the environment to experience new learning concepts in a dynamic way For example in subjects 74 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION such as science a visual or video illustration of a certain principle in action can help students comprehend a difficult concept better Animation also allows scientific processes that are time consuming to be explained in a shorter time Through animation a long process such as embryo development can be explained without missing any essential aspects involved in the process On the other hand a process that happens too fast can be shown in slow motion using interactive animation The use of animation also enables us to produce illustrations on how to build an object or to effectively present the inner f
140. o major testing processes The first one is carried out internally by the development team themselves and is called alpha testing The other major testing is done later the beta test that involves the client or external testers In alpha testing you may prepare a customised evaluation form or a checklist based on the style manual Under alpha testing you want to recheck whether the look and feel as well as the style convention suits the requirements that you have set earlier before you started the development process Most importantly however it is the functionality of your application that you want to test thoroughly You want to make sure that all buttons are clickable and menus are functioning perfectly Then based on what you have evaluated in the alpha testing revisions and corrections are done On the other hand the beta test is a complete testing of a final product to be carried out by the client of your project It is a sort of a formal quality evaluation done externally You may ask your client to do it independently but I expect you to take the collaborative testing approach In this way you can hear the comments TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT lt 89 directly from your client Immediate response and correction can also be done on the spot These two major types of multimedia software testing are illustrated in Figure 5 7 See IA Multimedia Software Testing far hte Alpha Testing Beta Testing Figur
141. o smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet Then the message or file is to be received by a TCP layer that later reassembles the packets into the original message You can check your network connection from a setup window shown in Figure 8 9 TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 128 Merit PPP Properties General Options Security Networking Advanced Type of dial up server am calling PPP Windows 95 98 NT 4 2000 Internet This connection uses the following items Internet Protocol TCP IP QoS Packet Scheduler o K File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks o E Client for Microsoft Networks Figure 8 9 Internet Protocol Setup Window Source https ict emich edu helpdesk winxp images xpnetworking gif This protocol also allows you to have data exchange by dividing them into a number of blocks of data that are called packets Packet switching is a network technology that breaks up a message into small packets individually for transmission Through a communications device called a router each packet of message travels to its destination at its own pace 8 1 4 Technological Advancement and Challenges Real time multimedia streaming is progressively becoming more crucial in networked multimedia applications It has also become a popular application One of the main challenges in multimedia streaming is the requirement that the link must be conti
142. oactive user interaction e Three fundamental concepts in web applications involve the Uniform Resource Locator URL HyperText Markup Language HTML and HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP e A web portal is an access point for Internet information that offers various types of information databases and applications e The wikipedia and blog allow visitors to freely enter and edit their comments on the page as opposed to traditional websites e Flickr com and YouTube com are web based systems through which you can upload view and share photos and videos e E Learning e commerce e government and e entertainment are examples of web based applications e Issues pertaining to the Web involve harmful information and communications plagiarism and copyright and cyber crime and cyber security KEY TERMS Sa aehee nr re ee eer er re eer Blog Web Log E Learning Copyright HyperText Markup Language HTML Cyber Crime HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP Cyber Security Plagiarism E Commerce Portal E Entertainment Uniform Resource Locator URL E Government Wikipedia TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 119 Cheok A D amp Yu G 2006 Introduction Comput Entertain 4 3 Jul 2006 7 Higgins C A Gray G Symeonidis P and Tsintsifas A 2005 Automated assessment and experiences of teaching programming J Educ Resour Comput 5 3 Sep 2005 5 Jazayeri M 2007 Some Trends in Web
143. oject topic and its purpose Bear in mind who your intended audience is Always decide clearly early in the planning stage the development approach you want to take Then stick to it throughout the entire design and development process I have divided the planning stage further into three sub phases a Idea goals and constraints b Style and concept and c Storyboard and prototype 5 1 1 Idea Goals and Constraints It is said that everything starts with an idea A design idea may not necessarily represent a complete final product of the multimedia package that you intend to develop However you need to come up with a solid idea first because the idea is the heart of your project Your design idea may come from your desire to provide something better for your client Even though there may be other similar multimedia products you still can find ideas to innovate and improve on them Besides having a good design idea you also need to set your design project goals A general goal or vision is a broad statement of what your multimedia project intends to achieve From this vision you identify further goals because TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT lt 81 having more specific goals can make you become more focussed and committed to succeed Goal setting is very important because when you set a goal you will also need to develop a timeline together with a roadmap These planning tools help you be on track and on time to mov
144. ok the first notebook of course to use the technology Besides digital camera what are other examples of popular USB devices that you can think of What makes BD a main competitor to HD DVD TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 4 27 S ACTIVITY 2 2 Help your friend buy a new computer Your friend who has no basic knowledge of computers wants to buy a PC He needs your help to educate him on computer terms that he does not understand Refer to the advertisement below Figure 2 8 for your explanation Do some research on the PC to help him Do you think that the specifications listed would provide value for money for your friend Dell Inspiron 530 Blazing Speed 3Yr Warranty for your Peace of Mind RM 3 399 Processor Intel Core 2 Duo Processor 6550 2 33GHz 1333FSB 4MB Operating system Genuine Windows Vista Home Memory 1GB DDR 2 SDRAM Monitor 19 Dell Wide Screen Flat Panel LCD Monitor SE198WFP Hard Drive 250GB Hard Drive Optical Drive 16X Dual Layer DVD Burner Graphic Card 128MB NVIDIA Geforce 8300GS Speakers Dell AS25 Stereo Speakers with Subwoofer Figure 2 8 Specifications Source http www1 ap dell com content products features aspx desktops_best c my amp cs mydhs1 amp l en amp s dhs 2 3 MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE The types of multimedia software we are going to discuss next are those used for graphics and image editing audio and sound
145. ons are also utilised in the medical field For example in the human anatomy model the functions of the human body are displayed through the use of multimedia presentation By using this method the concepts presented become more effective and understandable for students to grasp Hence they can relate the process of the human functions to others using the same method A medical simulator is another example of multimedia application in the medical field More recently interactive multimedia anatomy models have also been developed these are able to respond to actions taken by a student or physician oO DISCUSSION 1 MULTIMEDIA CURRENT TREND The curent trend toward the removal of any conceiveable bottleneck for those using multimedia data from advanced research organizations to home users has left to the explosive growth of visual information available in the form of digital libraries and online multimedia archives This explosive growth of multimedia data accesible to users poses a whole new set of challenges relating to data storage and retrieval The current technology of text based indexing and retrieval implemented for relational database does not provide practical solutions for this problem of managing huge multimedia repositories Bashir Khanvilkar Khokhar amp Schonfeld 2005 Discuss this trend with your classmate in MyLMS forum TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA lt 4 15 Sos FA DISCUSSION 2 LOCAL MU
146. ont The best calligraphic font and 1 font of 2006 is Swan Song Reflecting the rich lettering period of the mid 20th century Swan Song s brush strokes were created in the spirit of calligrapher Professor Alexander Nesbitt Discuss when you should and should not use this font e Text based communication is believed to have existed since more than 6000 years ago Fonts are computer files that enable us to print typefaces A typeface is the design of a font Sans Serif does not include the squiggly items in the text unlike Serif Basic text design guidelines include having ample spacing between texts as well as high contrast between foreground text and background colour 50 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS We can create our own fonts by using FontLab ScanFont or Fontographer Examples of word processing and desktop publishing software tools are PagePlus Print Shop Pro Publisher and Microsoft Publisher e Hypertext is a body of interconnected written or pictorial materials e Hypermedia is hypertext interconnected with other types of media e Graphics are visual presentations of objects or ideas Bitmap graphics are composed of minutely small rectangular grids or pixels Vector graphic is used for geometrical images like points lines or curves The shape of a vector graphic is still accurately shown when the image is enlarged or zoomed in unlike bitmap graphics Examples of graphics file formats are GIF JPEG TIFF
147. or personal communication nowadays blogs provide a more powerful social interaction stage A blog offers a more personalized way for informal interaction Figure 7 8 shows a screenshot of my personal blog You can visit it at snjunaini wordpress com Dapat Perahu Dapat Pendayung Posted by snjunaini under Publications 2007 edit this No Comments About the Site Qa writing blogging authoring programming Hebat z WER NT Links Syabrel Nizam angai di om f s m Pages Figure 7 8 Screenshot of my personal blog TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 111 Explain what you understand about URL HTML and HTTP What are the elements related to web portal architecture Why is the blog very popular nowadays 7 2 WEB BASED APPLICATIONS 7 2 1 E Learning E learning Electronic Learning is the delivery of learning materials over the Web whereby the storage maintenance and administration of the materials are on the Web server By having course materials online learner effectiveness can be increased Thousands of learners can simultaneously take part in the learning at their own pace Delivering the study content online has changed the nature of knowledge dissemination It makes the learning process more convenient and cost effective It is a great way of providing lifelong learning especially for distance and open learning students such as those from Open University Malaysia OUM In the development of
148. ormation in various multimedia formats is being stored today We can see this trend clearly on the Web whereby we find the amount of rich multimedia content increasing rapidly There are five multimedia components namely a Text b Graphic c Audio d Video and e Animation 1 3 1 Text We use text normally as headlines subtitles or captions We can also use text to give direction and to communicate Text based menus and buttons help guide us through the navigation process when we use an application Text is therefore an important aspect of multimedia presentation An example is shown in Figure 1 4 Normal 3D Text Shadow Goo J Figure 1 4 Examples of text Source http www mediachance com pbrush help Resources text3 jpg 6 gt TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA 1 3 2 Graphic The use of graphic is crucial in multimedia to enable better visualisation and information representation The right graphic helps a user learn and retain more information in less time and with less effort Graphical representation can enhance the information visualisation process better compared to the use of text alone For example if you want students to see a household yearly expense then you can present the data graphically as shown in Figure 1 5 Area Chart Example Value aE 8 1988 1989 1990 1998 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Date Figure 1 5
149. oup MPEG and Flash For Audio compression MP3 MPEG 1 Audio Layer 3 is the best technique An original CD quality can be compressed down to 1 10th of its original size and yet the quality still remains superb You need to understand the main advantage of lossy methods over lossless methods A lossy method in some cases can produce a much smaller compressed file than lossless method while still meeting the requirements of the application Lossless Compression Traditional lossless data compression techniques can potentially free up more than 50 of the memory resources Ekman and Stenstrom 2005 Lossless type of data compression refers to the way of reducing the number of data bits With lossless compression each bit of original data in the file remains after the file is decompressed A lossless type of algorithm will not affect or change the contents of the data There will be no significant change in the data Lossless data compression allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the decompressed data as opposed to lossy data compression Lossless data compression is used in the popular ZIP file format for WinZip applications Some image file formats such as Portable Network Graphics PNG Graphics Interchange Format GIF and Tagged Image File Format TIFF also use lossless compression Lossless compression is also used in audio file formats like Windows Media Audio WMA Lossless and RealPlayer TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA CO
150. phic Vector Graphics are used for geometrical objects such as points lines or curves These vector graphics can be extended to any size without losing detail They are therefore good for reproducing crisp outlines such as logos or illustrations and more practical for typesetting or graphic design Images of vector graphics however cannot provide the realism of a photograph due to the nature of line drawn images Figure 3 13 shows a vector graphic image of a flower Figure 3 13 Example of a Vector Graphic Source http www eastbywest com pub vectorbitmap figure4 gif TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS lt 45 3 2 3 Computer Colour Representation Colour is very important in our life Our eyes are sensitive to three main light colours which are red R green G and blue B The two basic methods of making colours in computers are as follows a Additive A colour is created from a combination of coloured light sources in the three primary colours RGB The next Figure 3 14 shows if we set the RGB value to maximum 255 we will have the maximum amount of that colour in the mixture b Subtractive Subtractive colour process is used to create colour in printing technology The printed page is made up of three primary colours which are cyan C magenta M and yellow Y The fourth colour Black K forms CMYK Color Picker gt Select foreground color OK Cancel Color Libraries L 37 a 11 b 18 8
151. pplied in learning gt INTRODUCTION In Topic 3 we learnt about the two important multimedia elements text and graphic In this topic we will move on to the next three elements which are audio video and animation First we will be introduced to the use of digital audio in multimedia Then we will identify a few digital audio formats such as WAV and MIDI We will also touch upon audio software capabilities such as WavePad In this topic we will also discuss digital video technology Finally we will learn briefly about animation history We will discuss some basic animation techniques such as cell animation keyframes and tweening before learning further about animation applications 4 1 AUDIO Audio is one important element we expect to find in a multimedia presentation Quite often we find that including audio in a textual or graphical presentation is intended not so much for viewers listening pleasure but more for enhancing or highlighting the message that is being presented or delivered And can you TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 4 53 imagine if there were to be no audio no sound at all in video or animation We can say that we would end up with a dead presentation or rather there was truly no presentation at all In this section we will first be introduced to the concept of converting analogue sounds to digital and the use of digital audio for multimedia purposes Then we will take a look at audio f
152. quirement Its primary ability is in speed which enables faster processing demands for high speed storage of the computer data or other electronic devices 2 2 3 Universal Serial Bus USB Device The computing term bus stands for Bi directional Universal Switch which in a way is not quite different from our normal understanding of the bus used for travelling The term bus in computing systems refers to the system that transfers data between computer components or between computers Now to transfer data between computers a standard interface between the computer devices or peripherals is needed This is where the USB or Universal Serial Bus is required it is a serial bus standard to interface with a series of computer devices or peripherals USB is a new personal computer interconnection protocol The USB allows us to connect our computer devices such as the digital camera thumb drive and printer using a standardised socket We just simply need to plug these devices into our PC USB port The USB has been developed so that we can connect these peripheral devices to our computers easily and efficiently 2 2 4 Graphics Card and Graphical Processing Unit GPU The function of a graphics card is to generate better output images on a monitor This card is normally a separate card that we plug into an expansion slot in our computer motherboard Some graphics cards offer added functionalities such as video capture This card is not only
153. r multimedia files on multimedia communication channels First you need to understand the reasons for the sudden increase in requirements for multimedia files on the Internet to be transferred quickly To understand this you need to understand the five basic types of communications network for online multimedia communication This topic will also help you understand the basics of multimedia compression You will learn three basic image and video compression formats TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 121 8 1 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION 8 1 1 Multimedia Communication Basics The most basic multimedia communication might be as simple as having a telephone conversation via a regular Plain Old Telephone Service POTS Later came modem based dial up connection with the wide spread use of the computer and Internet Before we discuss multimedia communication further let us first revise the basics of communication I believe that you understand the basic elements of communication They are namely the sender the channel and the receiver The channel includes the telephone e mail etc But the communication must go through the message operation centre first before it can reach the recipient Figure 8 1 GS EJ Telephone Recipient Message Operation Centre Figure 8 1 Basics of Communications Source http www istockphoto com In recent years the use of wireless broadband networks has been increasing
154. r story telling and information distribution When the use of computers became widespread computer generated graphics or images began to develop Desktop and computer graphic artists then started to embrace new tools to express their ideas visually and digitally Graphics are used significantly in computer aided design and manufacturing in type setting and the graphic arts and in educational and recreational programs Answers com 2008 Graphics makes a presentation more unique through the use of images Computer artists have been trying to create virtual people Figure 3 10 to look as real as possible using advanced computer techniques Figure 3 10 Virtual people 3D mermaid Source http content answers com main content img CDE _NVNALU JPG Graphic is one of the key elements of multimedia because it is one of the strongest aspects to attract user attention We need to explore the human side of the multimedia experience to see how the user perceives a message conveyed through graphical representation Gulliver and Ghinea 2006 1 TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS lt 4 43 3 2 2 Bitmap vs Vector Let us now look into what bitmap is and what vector graphic is a Bitmap Graphic Bitmap graphic is the most common graphic format used in computers These graphics are composed of minutely small rectangular grids or pixels Each pixel contains specific colour information Thus each pixel in an image has its own colour properties We can
155. ristics of web based systems and the fundamental concepts In addition in this topic you will also learn about modern web based multimedia applications such as e learning and e commerce Finally we will discuss some current issues pertaining to online and web based multimedia applications TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 105 7 1 WHY WEB BASED 7 1 1 Development of Web Applications What do you understand by the word Web The World Wide Web WWW had its first online presence with a usable interface in the 1990s A web application is defined as an application that is invoked with a Web browser with the Internet as the main backbone Jazayeri 2007 The main objective that triggered the development of the web was to ensure that information is accessible from any source in the world Since then WWW has become a massive gigantic collection and repository of information and online applications Normally a web based system has several characteristics such as a Capable of handling database and multimedia contents b Has a good graphical presentation for user friendly navigation and c Has supporting proactive user interaction such as search query In terms of structure the workings of WWW is based on the client and server concept To call or invoke the online document the client first has to request or send a query for the information to be viewed from the server Then the server will do the searching proces
156. rnment 113 7 2 4 E Entertainment 114 7 3 Web and Internet Issues 116 7 3 1 Harmful Information and Communications 116 7 3 2 Plagiarism and Copyright 116 7 3 3 Cyber Crime and Cyber Security 116 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic 8 Topic 9 Topic 10 Summary Key Terms References Multimedia Communication amp Compression 8 1 Multimedia Communication 8 1 1 Multimedia Communication Basics 8 1 2 Multimedia Network 8 1 3 Communications Standards 8 1 4 Technological Advancement and Challenges 8 2 Multimedia Compression 8 2 1 Why Compression 8 2 2 Lossy and Lossless Compression 8 2 3 Image and Video Compression Summary Key Terms References Emerging Multimedia Research 9 1 Human Centered Computing 9 1 1 Home Entertainment and Computing 9 1 2 Massively Multi Player Online Gaming 9 1 3 Web 2 0 and Social Networking 9 1 4 Face Recognition Technology 9 1 5 Wireless Communications Wireless City 9 2 Advanced Multimedia Technology And Applications 9 2 1 Virtual Reality VR Applications 9 2 2 Geographical Information Systems GIS 9 2 3 Human Robot Interaction HRI 9 2 4 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 9 2 5 Visualisation and Medical Imaging 9 2 6 3D Modelling and Reconstruction Summary Key Terms References The Future of Multimedia 10 1 Future Computing Technology 10 1 1 High Speed Processing 10 1 2 Super Intelligent System 10 1 3 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation 10 1 4 Nano Computing 10 2 Advanced Human Computer
157. rocess is related to how we determine the arms and joints move within limits and follow rules of kinematics The 3D animation software will help us control the arms and legs movement so that they are logical Figure 4 17 shows the inverse kinematics process used to control leg bending while the character sits Figure 4 17 Inverse kinematics Source http vrlab epfl ch kallmann hp_seq_sitting jpg 70 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION 4 3 5 Animation Software Besides hardware devices application software is also very important in the process of making and authoring animation Animation software functions like a brain that processes the making of animation step by step There are hundreds of animation software available in the market from the simplest to the most sophisticated ones Examples of software focusing on the creation of animated cartoons are Moho MediaPegs and Creatoon Examples of popular 3D animation software are 3Dstudio Max Alias WaveFront and LightWave 3D All these software consist of two basic processes modelling and conversion The conversion process involves rendering and animating Figure 4 18 shows a screenshot of the open source animation software called Pencil Pencil is an animation and drawing software created for Mac OS X Windows and Linux platform It lets us create traditional hand drawn animation or cartoon using both bitmap and vector graphics Figure 4 18
158. rranged to provide a sequence for you to follow e As you work through the chapter you will be asked to do the self test at appropriate points in the chapter This is to find out if you understand what you have just read e Do the activities to see if you can apply the concepts learned to real world situations When you have completed the chapter review the learning outcomes to confirm that you have achieved them and are able to do what is required If you are confident you can proceed to the next chapter Proceed chapter by chapter through the course and try to pace your study so that you keep yourself on schedule After completing all chapters review the course and prepare yourself for the final examination Check that you have achieved all chapter learning outcomes and the course objectives listed in this Course Guide xx PB COURSE GUIDE FINAL REMARKS Once again welcome to the course To maximise your gain from this course you should try at all times to relate what you are studying to the real world Look at the environment in your institution and ask yourself whether the ideas discussed apply Most of the ideas concepts and principles you learn in this course have practical applications It is important to realise that much of what we do in education and training has to be based on sound theoretical foundations The contents of this course provide the platform for conducting research whether it be in a school college uni
159. s from the data repository Finally the server will respond by sending the required data to the client Figure 7 1 illustrates the client and server concept Li response search os _ _ _ _ query CLIENT SERVER DATA Figure 7 1 Client Server computing Source http www istockphoto com The three fundamental concepts in web applications are as follows a Document referring Uniform Resource Locator URL b Document writing HyperText Markup Language HTML and c Document access protocol HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP 106 TOPIC7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS URL is the whole combination of HTTP domain name and HTML document name The HTTP and HTML part in a web browser is highlighted in figure 7 2 below http www google com my index html C Google Windows Interi Go Y v IC http fmm googie com myjindex htmi m gt bX k amp Chccoge aketo e Google Malaysia Web images Groups News Scholar more Google Search Im Feeling Lucky Search the web pages from Malaysia Google com my offered in Bahasa Malaysia internet Figure 7 2 HTTP and HTML Source http www google com 7 1 2 Modern Web Based Multimedia Applications a Web Portal A web portal is defined as a point of access for internet information Web portals offer various types of information databases and applications based on a unified nature or background of information For examp
160. s used the quality of the language used and the amount of interactivity included in the system In a multimedia software product the emphasis should be on the ease with which a new user can use the system In a multimedia presentation the main objective is to pass a message to the viewer Each multimedia element used should move towards giving that message to the audience Bhatnagar Mehta amp Mitra 2004 Discuss ease of use of multimedia software with your classmates in MyLMS forum SUMMARY RRR te E re ere All multimedia data must be in digital format We need DAC digital to analogue converter and ADC analogue to digital converter to convert from one format to another The CPU Central Processing Unit is the most important component of a computer It needs strong memory support from RAM Random Access Memory technology such as the DDR2 SDRAM Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory The Graphics Card and a GPU Graphical Processing Unit are needed to generate the highest quality output images on a monitor AMLCD Active matrix liquid crystal display is relatively lightweight and produces excellent image quality for our monitor CD ROMs Compact Disk Read Only Memory HD DVDs High Density Digital Versatile Disc and BDs Blu ray Disc are the best choices for saving and distributing multimedia data and video Multimedia software tools can be divided into graphics and image editing audio and
161. size of the video file a single second of uncompressed video running at 30 frames per second may require more than 30 MB of storage space An example of video can be seen in Figure 1 6 this is a local video of Ipin and Upin Figure 1 6 Example of video Ipin and Upin Video is interesting because it is a complete multimedia package by itself It can be considered a complete multimedia because video consists of almost all the multimedia elements of text graphic audio and animation There are three major stages in video production capturing editing and presentation 1 3 5 Animation Animation refers to static images that change or move Animation can deliver information add visual interest or draw attention to crucial information Animation can also be an excellent learning aid in a computer based training program Animation is created by displaying a series of pictures or frames Generally there are two types of animation 2D and 3D 8 Pm TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA SELF CHECK 1 3 Identify the five multimedia components Explain what the capabilities of animation compared to static images ACTIVITY 1 2 History Comes Alive as Momentous Aug 31 1957 Is Re enacted KUALA LUMPUR At the Merdeka mammoth celebrations at Stadium Merdeka in 2007 the multimedia presentation was inspiring and impressive and the performances were colourful and lively A holographic image of the Tunku then ca
162. sound editing video editing and animation authoring tools TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 4 33 KEY TERMS _ Bee ere rer inner er nner rival Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display Dynamic Random Access Memory AMLCD DDR2 SDRAM Analogue to Digital Converter ADC Graphic and Image Editing Software Animation Authoring Software Graphical Processing Unit GPU Audio and Sound Editing Software Graphics Card Blu ray Disc BD High Density Digital Versatile Disc Central Processing Unit CPU HD DvD Digital to Analogue Converter DAC Uver aL enak Pus UGB Video Editing Software Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous f r AN REFERENCES Alty J L Al Sharrah A amp Beacham N 2006 When humans form media and media form humans An experimental study examining the effects different digital media have on the learning outcomes of students who have different learning styles Interacting with computers 18 891 909 Bhatnagar G Mehta S amp Mitra S 2004 Art and Design ntroduction to multimedia systems 161 169 Brooks S amp Dodgson N A 2005 Integrating procedural textures with replicated image editing Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques in australasia and south east asia 277 280 Jain R 2005 Improving quality of service for streaming multimedia applications in ubiquitous mobile environment Proceedings of the 43rd annual sou
163. sting media For example to create appealing advertisements for TV broadcast millions of dollars have been invested E mail advertising is another application of multimedia for interactive promotion of a product or service to individuals or specific potential markets With the integration of multimedia elements such as video and animation potential clients and customers are able to interact through the contents of an email 1 5 3 Entertainment Multimedia is extensively used in the entertainment industry especially to develop special effects in movies and animations Animated pictures are used to represent the dynamic aspects of complex scenes through 3D modelling This model is often used in science fiction sci fi films as well as TV advertisements The application of multimedia systems in games makes possible innovative and interactive entertainment that greatly enhances players experience The use of multimedia elements in designing games enables more interesting layouts 14 gt TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA exciting experiences and enhanced interactive settings The interactive multimedia system is the multimedia application that allows players to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information With further new digital multimedia applications in entertainment future entertainment could be structurally different from entertainment offered in the past 1 5 4 Medical Multimedia applicati
164. sually less than 10 cm thick Over the last few years a new type of screen monitor came into the market Called the Liquid Crystal Display LCD monitor it is a thin and flat display device unlike the old bulky CRT monitor LCD monitors also use the three standard colours for monitor display red green and blue RGB However one of the setbacks of the LCD monitor system is its heavy electric power consumption especially when interactive applications such as games are running A better version of the LCD is the Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display TFT LCD A variation of the LCD it uses a thin film transistor technology that improves image quality TFT LCD is utilised in the flat panel screen of our laptops Besides the TFT LCD there is another type of flat panel display called the Active Matrix LCD AMLCD AMLCD is relatively lightweight and produces excellent image quality hence it is currently a popular choice for notebook computer manufacturers Figure 2 7 depicts the flat screen LCD monitor Figure 2 7 Flat Screen LCD Monitor Source http accessories us dell com sna images products large 24053YRjpg Monitors come in various sizes and resolutions The current popular choice for desktop PC monitor dimensions is 1024 768 pixels 26 gt TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 2 2 7 External Storage and Optical Device Multimedia projects or applications need high volume files therefore a large and suita
165. sumer level movie and slide show editors and precisely timed linear and interactive presentations without the learning curve and expense of high end media editing and authoring tools Use your exported movies in other applications or deliver on a consumer DVD player iPod iPhone Apple TV YouTube or other web pages Deliver your finished presentations on a computer or data CD DVD http www mediaworkssoftware com products html Based on the information above discuss the specifications of the powerful multimedia authoring tool TOPIC 6 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING AND SCRIPTING lt 4 103 SUMMARY ee Multimedia authoring is the process to assemble multimedia components using an authoring tool Multimedia authoring paradigms or metaphors is the authoring concept to represent the authoring tools interface concept Basic multimedia paradigms are icon or flowchart based card or page based and timeline based The most popular authoring tools are Flash Director and Authorware Script based techniques add power to create more interactive multimedia authoring Compared to a complete package of programming languages a scripting language does not have complex features Development of web based information systems with forms processing and database applications may involve web programming using ASP PHP ColdFusion etc KEY TERMS MPP oe pera Authoring Software Multimedia Authoring Authoring Tools Multimedia Progra
166. sure that this transfer works there should already be a video card in our PC available normally in today s computers A video capture software assuming pre installed will then capture this video footage for editing After editing we store the video file inside the hard disk Digital Video Capture Process Video Advantage i PCI Card 1394 Connection Video and audio passed Digital en eee i Bus Camcorder Video and audio passed through in digital format Digital Video Audio OV format ee eee rr i Figure 4 8 Digital capture process Source http www turtlebeach com Portals 0 images products VA_ADX diagrams digital_capture gif Now we have our digital video stored in the computer What next Well we can copy them into multiple files or send them to our friends through e mail We can also upload them to our personal homepage or instead if we wish we could upload onto YouTube com 62 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION However video files are huge Let us say we have recorded and stored a coloured video clip with a size of 320 X 240 pixels recorded in 15 frames per second with a duration of 30 seconds Can you imagine that just for this half minute video the size needed is 103 MB Video data then needs a big storage size and hence consumes huge bandwidth capacity As a result multimedia applications such as video will have specific delay and bandwidth requirements In general these have not yet been s
167. t Development Topic 6 Multimedia Authoring and Scripting The final part part IV deals with multimedia applications and its delivery such as web based multimedia as well as communication and compression of multimedia data The last two chapters expose you to the current trends in multimedia research and the future prospects of multimedia Topic 7 Web based Multimedia Applications Topic 8 Multimedia Communications and Compressions Topic 9 Emerging Multimedia Research Topic 10 Multimedia Future ORGANISATION OF COURSE CONTENT In open and distance learning the module replaces your lecturer The specially designed learning materials allow you to study at your own pace anywhere anytime It means that you are actually reading the lecture instead of listening to it The module tells you what to read when to read and when to do the activities just as a lecturer might ask you questions in class Your module also provides exercises for you to do at appropriate points To help you understand the individual chapters numerous examples support the definitions concepts and theories Diagrams and text are combined into a visually attractive easy to read module All the way through the course content diagrams illustrations tables and charts are used to reinforce important points and simplify the more complex concepts The module has adopted the following features in each chapter xvi PB COURSE GUIDE 7 ACTIVITY These are sit
168. ted in the Reference section at the end of your paper Here s how you should do your Reference Journal Article DuFour R 2002 The learning centred principal Educational Leadership 59 8 12 15 Online Journal Evnine S J 2001 The universality of logic On the connection between rationality and logical ability Electronic version Mind 110 335 367 Webpage National Park Service 2003 February 11 Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site Retrieved February 13 2003 from http www nps gov abli Book Naisbitt J and Aburdence M 1989 Megatrends 2000 London Pan Books Article ina Nickerson R 1987 Why teach thinking In J B Book Baron amp RJ Sternberg Eds Teaching thinking skills Theory and practice New York W H Freeman and Company 27 37 Printed Holden S 1998 May 16 Frank Sinatra dies at 82 Newspaper Matchless stylist of pop The New York Times pp A1 A22 A23 DETAILS ABOUT ASSIGNMENT FACILITATOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT FMA There is ONE facilitator marked assignment in this course The assignment counts for 60 of your total course marks You must be able to complete the assignment from the information and materials contained in your suggested readings and course content However it is desirable in graduate level education that you are able to demonstrate that you have read and researched more widely than the required minimum When you have
169. th various special effects Figure 4 4 shows a screenshot of WavePad Examples of audio effects are the amplifier and equaliser We can even add echo to enhance our audio clip TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 57 ae bh k Apply Multi band Noise Gating Faster speed average quality Bodin toes Grab Noise Sample from Selected Area Speed and Pitch Change Apply Spectral Subtraction Based on Noise Sample Pitch Change OCOffset Correction Directx Effects YST Plugins MAT Figure 4 4 WavePad Source http www nch com au wavepad screenshots effects gif The next Figure 4 5 illustrates the functional aspects of various sound inputs that must be determined before we record an audio or speech We need a sound card which is normally readily available in our computers today Then using an audio software application such as Wave Pad or Adobe Audition the recording editing and encoding processes can be carried out Audio Operating System amp Application Sound Card Editing Encoding Mixing Function Figure 4 5 Sound Input Mixing and Editing Process Source http www uth tmc edu scriptorium howto ra training gen_audio jpg 58 gt TOPIC4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION Sketch a sine wave graph to model the audio sampling process Compare and contrast three audio file formats List several special audio effects that are available in a sound editor software such as WavePa
170. that particular purpose you need desktop publishing software which is more suitable and not a word processor Other examples of desktop publishing software are PagePlus Print Shop Pro Publisher and Microsoft Publisher 40 gt TOPIC3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS b Font Creation and Editing Would you like to have your own home made font If so first of all you need to download or purchase a font design and creation tool Examples are FontLab ScanFont and Fontographer Figure 3 7 Anyone of these tools will enable you to create your own font Ti View Element Points Metrics Hints Window Undo Move BZ Can t redo RZ Cut ex Copy xC Fontographer File Clear Copy Widths Copy Reference Unlink Reference Select All BA Duplicate xo Clone xG Figure 3 7 Fontographer Source http www gemeinsame sache de paste jpg 3 1 6 Hypertext and Hypermedia Hypertext is what the World Wide Web is all about Hypertext is defined as a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a way that it can not be conveniently represented on paper The principle of hypertext is to connect information through links Figure 3 8 as a coherent organisation Figure 3 8 Basic Hypertext BasicHyperText ai_cut gif Source http www w3 org Illustrations TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS lt 41 Once we have hypertext we can move on to develop hypermedia Let s assume we a
171. that we often use interchangeably because we have not been able to differentiate between them Can you determine what a font is and what a typeface is Perhaps you can give an example for each TOPIC 3 TEXTS AND GRAPHICS 4 35 of the term Once you are able to identify these two then we will discuss serif vs sans serif text design guidelines text editing software and finally hypertext and hypermedia We will begin with the concept of textual communications 3 1 1 Textual Communications We use text to describe information as this seems the most natural method other than through oral or verbal means Communicating via text hence is still popular and widely used today even after more than 6000 years ago when the first traditional text based communication method began An example of an ancient text is shown in Figure 3 1 This is a Sumerian medical text believed to be over 4000 years old printed on a clay tablet Figure 3 1 Ancient Sumerian Medical Text Source http images encarta msn com xrefmedia sharemed targets images pho t044 T044979A jsm You find text almost everywhere from traffic signs to the Internet With text you can express your ideas send messages Can you think what will happen if the world is without text It would be almost unthinkable because almost every one of us has been exposed to texts long before we learnt how to read and write In fact nowadays with mobile communications systems more and more texts ar
172. the Internet has also given the opportunity for online entertainment The field of e entertainment has aroused great interest among users It has shown great promises bringing exciting new forms of human computer interactions Cheok amp Yu 2006 I think perhaps the most important effect of the Internet is that it presents new forms of leisure and entertainment For example you can collectively share music and video on the internet as it is the greatest platform that provides forums for you to participate in such activities The most popular site that you probably hear everyday now is YouTube com Other than that you can share MP3 files that you have with others through peer to peer applications For example with Piolet www piolet com you can share or download MP3 files easily In addition you can play games and interact with someone else from an unknown corner of the earth Do you still remember playing board games such as Checkers during your childhood Now you can play it for free not alone but with an opponent whom you can pick from another country TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 115 Figure 7 11 shows a screenshot of a Yahoo Checkers online game Game Checkers Room Cricket Cavern Table 32 Host sea_raja2353 i ox z Checkers Budd Fle Options Rooms Help Move Scores 12 16 118 10 15 10 11 15 8 1 5 6 Best Move 12 16 Figure 7 11 Yahoo Games Checkers Source http www playbuddy com imag
173. theast regional conference volume 2 14 19 Wang Y amp Hirakawa M 2006 Video editing based on object movement and camera motion Proceedings of the Working conference on advanced visual interfaces 108 111 Yang J Li Q Wenyin L amp Zhuang Y 2007 Content based retrieval of FlashTM movies Research issues generic framework and future directions Multimedia tools application 34 1 1 23 Topic Texts and Graphics LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic you should be able to Explain how text can be used in multimedia Discuss hypertext and hypermedia Explain the importance of graphics Compare and contrast bitmaps and vector graphics Explain how to obtain graphics and Describe graphics editing software gt INTRODUCTION The last two topics introduced the basic concepts of multimedia and its requirements Now in this topic we will discuss two multimedia elements text and graphic We will start this topic by introducing text We shall learn about textual communication font and typeface This topic will also provide some important guidelines and usability tips when communicating in text Next we will learn about graphics in multimedia We need to differentiate between bitmaps and vector graphics We will then discuss graphics formats and resources as well as highlight various graphics software available in the market today 3 1 TEXT There are two terms in textual communication
174. they may order through the online store Business is then conducted through electronic commerce e commerce As electronic shopping grows it becomes an important part of our contemporary culture For instance a Virtual Reality VR shopping mall enables customers to be engaged in an immersion in a 3D mediated environment providing virtual sensory experiences of a shopping mall TOPIC 7 WEB BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS lt 113 Figure 7 10 shows one of the Malaysian e commerce portals for online shopping e bay vy Buy Sell My eBay Community Help eb COM MY Welcome Sign in or register Live Help Ste Map JIA Categories y Search advanced search Categories v Style Checklist Welcome to eBay amp aw y Leam about Leam about Sy a The Tsai Toks Tha Shoes a A 0 p a Got to have these Home Sweet Home yy P ia A just got BEY A ca N and BETTER Figure 7 10 www ebay com my 7 2 3 E Government Since the term e government EG covers such an extensive range it is difficult to find one standard definition that sums up exactly what e government really stands for EG is basically the use of information and communication technologies ICT by a governmental organisation to support their services to the citizens through electronic or digital systems and virtually through the internet EG is a way through which citizens can access public services that has traditionally been done manually This
175. thoring and compilation and delivery There are two types of testing Alpha to be done by the developer designer and Beta to be done by the client or final user To develop a multimedia application that functions correctly understand the characteristics of the target user Usability is important to ensure the effectiveness of a multimedia product TOPIC 5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT 4 93 KEY TERMS PRERE RNEER RENS altel Alpha and Beta Testing Prototype Authoring Tool Storyboard Content Expert Style and Concept Copyright and Intellectual Property IP Style Manual Functionality and Navigation Technical Design Gantt Chart Usability QA ea Deltour R amp Roisin C 2006 The limsee3 multimedia authoring model In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on document engineering 173 175 Functionality n d WordNet 1 71 Retrieved March 01 2009 from Answers com Web site http www answers com topic functionality Gershon N 2006 Multimedia is it always better Proceedings of the Ist ACM international workshop on human centered multimedia 9 10 Lanuzza M Margala M amp Corsonello P 2005 Cost effective low power processor in memory based reconfigurable datapath for multimedia applications Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on low power electronics and design 161 166 Scherp A amp Boll S 2005 Context driven smart authoring of multimedia content with xSMAR
176. tions At the end of this subject students should be able to 1 Know the concept of multimedia multimedia components and multimedia technologies in creating multimedia application projects 2 Identify elements in multimedia such as text graphics and animation COURSE GUIDE xiii 3 To know how to develop each of the elements into a single integrated multimedia application project projects Utilize multimedia elements in various multimedia application development HOW CAN YOU GET THE MOST FROM THIS COURSE LEARNING PACKAGE In this Learning Package you are provided with THREE kinds of course materials 1 The Course Guide you are currently reading 2 The Course Content consisting of 10 chapters and 3 The Course Assessment Guide which describes the assignments to be submitted and the examinations you have to sit for will be given to you in a separate folder Please ensure that you have all of these materials MIND MAP The diagram below illustrates how the chapters in this module are divided 2 Multimedia Hardware and Software 1 Introduction to Multimedia Part I Fundamental Concepts 3 Text and graphics 4 Audio Video and Animation Part Il Multimedia Elements eee Multimedia Technology Part IV Multimedia Applications and Delivery 10 Multimedia Future Part Ill Multimedia Product
177. tions but also encompasses a variety of multimedia data You need to understand that PSTN is a global collection of interconnected voice communications infrastructure In your home the PSTN phone line is normally a copper cable You can connect your computer modem to this phone line to access the Internet on a 56 kbps Kilobits per second bandwidth Data Network A data network can be used for basic data communications such as e mail and file transfer using FTP To do so you need more than a basic PSTN What you need is an Internet connection with an e mail or file server To gain access to the worldwide Internet connection you need to subscribe to a service provided by an Internet Service Provider ISP like JARING or TMNET Figure 8 5 is a diagram that shows the services that can be provided by the ISP A A Web gt lt a E mail Internet Service Provider ISP a Voice Figure 8 5 ISP services Source http www istockphoto com Broadcast Television Network Do you know how a broadcast television works in a satellite TV system Basically there are five 5 major components involved in a satellite TV system These components as illustrated in Figure 8 6 are d TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 125 i Programming Sources ii The Broadcast Centre iii The Satellite iv Viewer s Dish and v The Receiver Satellite Receiver Programming Source Decoder a
178. tions on the web must have suitable computing resources Also advanced technology has to be designed to afford robust multimedia services with capable features like QoS reliability and security Sher and Magedanz 2006 8 1 2 Multimedia Network One of the many unique features of the multimedia network is its ability to simultaneously transmit digital multimedia data such as text graphics or video over the network In recent years the multimedia network has become more and more important especially in the business world Basically a multimedia network is nothing but the technology itself It enables message and data communications According to Halsall 2001 there are five 5 basic types of communications network to deliver multimedia data a Telephone Network b Data Network c Broadcast Television Network d Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN and e Broadband Network They are as illustrated in Figure 8 4 Multimedia Communication Network Telephone Data Broadcast ISDN Broadband Networks Networks Television Networks Networks J6 Figure 8 4 Basic types of communications network Source http www istockphoto com a Telephone Network b c TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 124 Initially the Public Switch Telephone Network PSTN was operated on the basis of speech signal processing However after technological advancement it does not only support speech applica
179. tremendously You can find people using laptops browsing the Internet at airports and in hotels and shopping complexes However multimedia transmission over wireless local area networks is a challenging issue It seeks a better method or new solutions Choudhury Sheriff Gibson amp Belding Royer 2006 Figure 8 2 shows a wireless broadband router an apparatus needed for wireless Internet access TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 122 Figure 8 2 Wireless broadband router Source http img alibaba com photo 11687021 4_port_IEEE_802_11B_G_MIMO Wireless_Broadband_Router jpg Research in the past decade has drastically advanced hardware and software support for networked and distributed multimedia applications These significant improvements have led to increasing commercialisation of online multimedia presentations They also present technical challenges to commercial presentations such as Web TV online learning online ticketing etc Sans and Laurent 2006 Figure 8 3 shows the basic concept of networked multimedia communications To be able to access the Internet each and every personal computer and laptop must first be connected to the web server Figure 8 3 Basics of multimedia communications Source http www istockphoto com TOPIC 8 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION amp COMPRESSION lt 4 123 To meet end user Quality of Service QoS requirements online quality management of multimedia applica
180. ual and real scenes e Surface computing allows you to interact with the computer just by tapping and touching the flat glass screen e Wireless Personal Area Network WPAN will allow you to communicate over relatively short distances e The Fourth Generation 4G mobile communications will allow you to send and receive a large volume of data over interconnected mobile and computer devices e Radio Frequency IDentification RFID incorporates electromagnetic technology in the radio frequency RF to identify an object or a person KEY TERMS RRR arse Iie inne ronan rrr 4G Communication Systems Personal Area Networks Augmented Reality Pervasive and Computing Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Radio Frequency IDentification RFID Human Computer Interaction Surface Computing Intelligent System Wearable Computing Nano Computing Web 3 0 Natural Human Computing Semantic Web Borkar S Jouppi N P amp Stenstrom P 2007 Microprocessors in the era of terascale integration Proceedings of the conference on design automation and test in europe 237 242 Chartier G 2007 Making the Multimedia Future a reality NSF center links hollywood with silicon valley cutting edge projects in scientific inquiry leading to new interactive media Retrieved Jan 4 2008 from http findarticles com p articles mi_pfsf is_199702 ai_4248239933 TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 173 Fogel D B 2000 What is evolutio
181. uations drawn from situations to show how knowledge of the principles of learning may be applied to real world situations The activities illustrate key points and concepts dealt with in each chapter SELF CHECK Questions are interspersed at strategic points in the chapter to encourage review of what you have just read and retention of recently learned material The answers to these questions are found in the paragraphs before the questions This is to test immediately whether you understand the few paragraphs of text you have read Working through these tests will help you determine whether you understand the chapter and prepare you for the assignments and the examination The main ideas of each chapter are listed in brief sentences to provide a review of the content You should ensure that you understand every statement listed If you do not go back to the chapter and find out what you do not know KEY TERMS PREPRO Sie Gh TRAINS IA Key terms discussed in the chapters are placed at the end of each chapter to make you aware of the main ideas If you are unable to explain these terms you should go back to the chapter to clarify MUS READINGS H At the end of each chapter a list of articles and chapters of books is provided that is directly related to the contents of the chapter As far as possible the articles and books suggested for further reading will be available in OUM s Digital Library which you can access
182. ultimedia Figure 1 1 The various uses of multimedia Source http www webmediastudio com ar 2 gt TOPIC1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA In this topic you will be introduced to the definition of multimedia Then we will discuss the main elements of multimedia In addition this topic will also examine the popular multimedia applications 1 1 DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA Multimedia has many definitions The best way for us to understand the definition of multimedia is by seeing it from our desired perspective or point of view According to Heller Martin Haneef and Gievska Krliu 2001 Multimedia MM is a polysemous term a term with many definitions and in this case many roots In this paper multimedia is defined as the seamless integration of two or more media The word multi literally means multiple or many not singular while media is any type of medium that we as human beings can perceive and comprehend Multimedia thus can be defined as a combination of media types i e any combination of text graphic sound animation and video In simple terms we may say multimedia is more than one media or multiple media Multimedia is therefore a blend of a range of communication channels into a co coordinated communicative experience From this definition we can conclude that multimedia is all about communicating through a combination of various types of media Multimedia application is concerned with the
183. unctions of 3D objects 3D animation effectively shows the inner workings of machine parts and systems of an automotive engine We are able to grasp better internal processes by studying simulated motion visuals than by just merely reading text explanations illustrated with static images There are some students who need to see a concept presented visually for them to truly understand These are visual type students Some students take more time to learn while there are others who are more auditory inclined These differences in learning capacity and learning needs can be catered to through the use of educational multimedia technology Students interacting with educational animated materials are usually able to control for example the animation tempo and speed according to their desires The image and motion elements in animation can be also used as mnemonic devices to facilitate understanding and remembering in the learning process Figure 4 22 shows an animated pedagogical agent called Steve Soar Training Expert for Virtual Environments Steve s role is to teach students how to perform specific tasks such as operating or repairing complex devices Figure 4 22 STEVE animated character Source http www isi edu isd VET point at tmpower jpg TOPIC 4 AUDIO VIDEO AND ANIMATION lt 75 Animation is an excellent tool to teach not only scientific matters but also mathematical concepts Animation can help some students who may still
184. urite movies that use 3D modelling Discuss with your friend why these movies were so successful e In the future Personal Computers PC will look more like furniture and blend nicely in the home interior e Massively Multi player On line Role Playing Games MMORPGs have attracted millions of players playing together simultaneously continuously e Web 2 0 refers to the second generation of web based communities popularly applied for social networking e Face recognition technology compares selected facial features from the image with a facial pattern database 154 TOPICS EMERGING MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH e KL is expected to become the first wireless city in the world to apply high speed wireless infrastructure WiMAX 2 3 Ghertz e Virtual Reality technology allows interaction with a computer simulated environment through stereoscopic displays such as a head mounted display HMD e The Geographical Information System GIS is a collection of computer hardware software and geographic data used for capturing managing analysing and displaying geographic information e Human robot interaction HRI is a study of interactions between people users and robots with the goal of developing a solution that allows more effective communication between humans and robots e Data mining is a process of extracting actionable information from large databases for decision making purposes e Computer visualisation is concerned with presenting
185. ussion on how people in the future will communicate in the next couple of decades 10 1 FUTURE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY 10 1 1 High Speed Processing The microprocessor has evolved dramatically over the past Do you know that Intel processors have been enabling programs to run on your PC for over 25 TOPIC 10 THE FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA lt 4 157 years This indicates that the demand for greater memory capability and computer processing power has been steadily constant The development of microprocessor chips has enabled you to enjoy playing 3D games or watching High Density HD video In the future these processors are expected to be not just faster but also almost 25 50 smaller than the current version Ultra fast quantum computer is expected to be in action by 2035 What do you think would happen as a result of the shrinking size of the chip Well laptops or PDAs will become smaller and smaller Other than that the microprocessor clock frequency has also risen from kilo hertz in the 70s to multi giga hertz today Borkar Jouppi amp Stenstrom 2007 I am sure the era of tera scale integration of computing power is fast approaching Figure 10 1 is a graph showing the normalized scalar performance for multiple generations of Intel microprocessors vs the normalized power Pentium 4 Cedarmill Pentium 4 Willamette Power N SOENEN Core Duo Yonah Scalar Performance Figure 10 1 Performance of mu
186. versity or business organisation We wish you success with the course and hope that you will find it interesting useful and relevant in your development as a professional We hope you will enjoy your experience with OUM COURSE ASSIGNMENT GUIDE Table of Contents Introduction xxiv Academic Writing xxiv a Plagiarism b Documenting Sources i What is Plagiarism ii How Can I Avoid Plagiarism e Direct Citation e Indirect Citation e Third party Citation c Referencing Journal Articles Online Journal Webpage Book Article in Book Printed Newspaper Details about Assignments xxvi xxiv COURSE ASSIGNMENT GUIDE INTRODUCTION This guide explains the basis on which you will be assessed in this course during the semester It contains details of the facilitator marked assignments final examination and participation required for the course One element in the assessment strategy of the course is that all students should have the same information as facilitators about the answers to be assessed Therefore this guide also contains the marking criteria that facilitators will use in assessing your work Please read through the whole guide at the beginning of the course ACADEMIC WRITING a Plagiarism i What Is Plagiarism Any written assignment essays project take home exams etc submitted by a student must not be deceptive regarding the abilities knowledge or amount of work contributed by the student Th
187. w Geoprocessing Can you give a reason why the GIS is important One good example is its critical function in emergency situations geospatial information is essential towards effective and collaborative decision making and disaster management Rauschert Agrawal Sharma Fuhrmann Brewer amp MacEachren 2002 GIS can integrate and relate any data that has a spatial component Rather than you working hard to analyse and understand your data GIS helps to process the data for you GIS can provide you with powerful information that you cannot process manually or quickly Moreover it can make a prediction of a future situation based on the parameter changes that you apply Hence GIS has been used to solve diverse problems not limited to geographical data only However the research on Internet distribution of GIS contents is still in its infancy This is due to technological challenges and various types of geographical data Soon the growth of geo spatial data on the Internet will allow a much wider access to data that is currently available only in various GISs Advances in computer technologies will enable sophisticated visualisation techniques to be introduced in the development of GIS applications Figure 9 8 shows an ArcGIS screenshot ArcGIS is a complete and integrated GIS software product system for building authoring serving and using geographic information Pacific Ocean aT 37g a alam J ws wl
188. xecute program Produce expected result of process GL fu Gen Ne ee Control combination of input and output devices Have you ever seen the inside of the CPU case of your computer If you have you would probably have found it similar to the following Figure 2 3 Figure 2 3 CPU Components Source http blog aurel32 net wp content athlon64_box jpeg 2 2 2 Memory Computer memory or normally just referred to as the memory is the computer recording component that retains digital data on your computer Primary storage the Random Access Memory or RAM system is volatile or unstable therefore we cannot rely on it for our files to be saved once we shut down the computer To overcome this shortcoming we need other secondary memory peripherals such as a hard disk or hard drive This permanent storage ensures that our file or data is saved inside the computer 22 gt TOPIC2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE In terms of RAM the most current desktop computer uses the Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory DDR SDRAM This type of memory is far better compared to the preceding Single Data Rate SDRAM SDR SDRAM or commonly known as just SDRAM Now we have the DDR2 SDRAM its transfer rate is almost double that of the GDR SDRAM For example with a bus frequency of 100 MHz DDR SDRAM performs a maximum transfer rate of 1600 MB s DDR2 SDRAM technology is used for high speed storage and memory re
189. xt graphic audio video and animation In Topic 5 now we will first learn about multimedia project development and its three main phases which are a Phase I Planning b Phase II Design and c Phase III Development After that we will look at two major factors that we should also consider in multimedia project development These are the design process and design usability 80 gt TOPIC5 MULTIMEDIA PROJECT DEVELOPMENT 5 1 PHASE I PLANNING For most novice users authoring multimedia documents remains a complex task Deltour amp Roisin 2006 One solution to deal with this difficulty is to make available template based and wizard style authoring tools although this has its own drawbacks with limited tool functionality and capability However regardless which approach you maybe thinking of the planning phase of a multimedia project is probably the most important stage that will hugely determine the success or failure of your project Creating even a simple multimedia title or project demands considerable responsibility and no small effort Success depends a lot on the amount of work and effort that you are willing to spend not just up front but right through the whole preparation stage You need to figure out the most effective development process so that your multimedia project can accomplish the goals that you and your team anticipate The simplest tip that is basic to any project is to write down clearly your pr
190. xt onto image 2 3 2 Audio and Sound Editing In the 90s the only popular audio wave file editor was the Sound Designer Today the most popular audio editing programs are Sony Sound Forge Audacity and Adobe Audition Sony Sound Forge known formerly as Sonic Foundry Sound Forge is a digital audio editing software for the professional as well as amateur or non TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE lt 29 professional user Sound Forge lets us create a stunning audio clip with various sound effects such as fading echo etc from raw audio files Figure 2 9 shows a screen shot of Sound Forge Th Sony Sound Fores 0 Jog ss p pi nieo gan win p TECE reu ea bamda den den de dn dn dn dn Den 4 a eeeeeee i SQszsssececeseseuus Figure 2 9 A screen shot of Sound Forge Source http en wikipedia org wiki Image SoundForge8Screenshot jpg 2 3 3 Video Editing Numerous commercial video authoring tools exist today The number of applications that can be utilised for editing digital videos has been growing as a result of the progress in computer technology Wang amp Hirakawa 2006 Digital video brings the power to our multimedia presentation or project With video editing software we can create our own original and unique movies for our personal or business purposes Examples of video editor software that we may choose from are Avid s Media Composer and Xpress Pro Apple s Final Cut Pro and A

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