Case Mapper
Contents
1. FIRE supports a number of other case constructors cf 6 but these three are useful for many purposes After you ve fetched cases you can run SME Alternatively you can use the case as your probe for MAC FAC Both of these operations are discussed with examples below 9 23 2010 Using SME from within Case Mapper We illustrate the use of SME via an example that uses the SME Classics smoke kb knowledge base We will fetch two cases from the knowledge base and then browse an analogical mapping between the cases These cases are from the Karla the Hawk stimulus set described in 3 How to Run SME 1 Open the smoke kb knowledge base Structure Mapping Engine SME 2 Fetch the case base 10 Base Case KECaseFn base 10 z Run SME 3 Fetch the case ta 10 Target Case KBCaseFn ta 10 v Set Constraints 4 Select KBCaseFn base 10 from the SME Base Case dropdown list and select Figure 5 SME is ready to run KBCaseFn ta 10 from the SME Target Case dropdown list The SME frame of your window will resemble Figure 5 5 Click the Run SME button If no message appears notifying you of a problem SME has successfully computed analogical mappings between the base and target cases and the mappings are ready to be browsed If the web browser does not open automatically press the Run SME button again How to Browse SME mappings The SME browser opens automatically after running SME The browser interface prov2. MatcherFn 1 0 e Select a case from the Case Library list and Figure 12 Viewing MAC FAC results click CV Compare to Probe This will display the content vectors of the probe and the selected case as well as the dot product of the two vectors This dot product is used in the MAC stage of MAC FAC e Click Run MAC FAC to see the results of the MAC and FAC stages of retrieval The results are displayedin the browser window as shown in Figure 12 The results of the MAC stage are shown first listing the cases with the highest content vector dot product to the probe These cases are inputs to the FAC stage which uses SME to find the most similar case s The output s of the FAC stage are listed under MAC FAC Results Figure 12 11 9 23 2010 Extending a knowledge base For your own experiments you may need to write your own cases including defining new predicates relations and attributes This section explains how to do this How to Write a case file The file format supported by Case Mapper is the meld file all files end in the extension meld You can see some examples of meld files by looking in the samples folder that was included in your installation of Case Mapper Meld files are easy to write with only a few simple rules Each case must start with a case statement of the form Case casename where casename is the name you would like to use toidentify your case Fact
3. Run MAC FAC Once you have loaded and selected a probe and a case library discussed above you may MAC FAC Browsing Reminding reminding base 10 SyslitCaseLibrary TheSet sme match e Browse the given case library by clicking eres Browse Library Figure 9 This will open up the KB browser and display the contents of the selected case library val SME Compare to Probe Case Library With Selected Case SyslitCaseLibrary CV Compare to Probe e Run MAC FAC by clicking Do Reminding Kp 3 Figure 9 If you select Exclude probe from results MAC FAC will exclude the probe from the case library when performing similarity Figure 11 Running MAC FAC based reminding This is good practice after all the most similar case to a probe is the probe itself 10 9 23 2010 Clicking Do Reminding will open a new browser MAC Results window with a display similar to Figure 11 which is The following results are for the MAC stage only the result of using the setup shown in Figure 9 From Case Value here you may take several actions is 10 0 9415955 ma 10 0 91351354 e Select a case from the Case Library list and MAC FAC Results click SME Compare to Probe This will open a The following cases are FAC analogy output given the above MAC results SME mapping browser discussed above ao between the probe and the selected case Is 10
4. lt correspondence handle gt correspondenceForTargetItem lt mapping handle gt electron y returns correspondenceForTargetItem lt mapping handle gt electron lt correspondence handle gt candidateInferenceOf x lt mapping handle gt returns a list of candidateInferenceOf lt ci handle gt lt mapping handle gt items where each lt ci handle gt can be used in the below Candidate infe rence level queries These are analogical infe rences from the base case to the target case reverseCandidateInferenceOf x lt mapping handle gt returns alist of reverseCandidateInferenceOf lt ci handle gt lt mapping handle gt items where each lt ci handle gt can be used in the below candidate infe rence level queries These are analogical inferences from the target case to the base case Correspondence level queries correspondenceBaseItem lt correspondence handle gt x returns the base item of the given lt corres pondence handle gt correspondenceTargetItem lt correspondence handle gt x returns the target item of the given lt correspondence handle gt Candidate inference level queries candidateInferenceContent lt ci handle gt x returns the fact form of the given lt ci handle gt in the mapping supportScoreOf lt ci handle gt x returns the support score of the corresponding candidate inference extrapolationScoreOf lt ci handle gt x returns the extrapolation
5. 3 high Expression correspondences are facts that correspond 3 pace between the base and target cases You can browse these by 2 pleasure clicking the expression correspondences link while browsing e 12 candidate inferences a mapping These expression correspondences are what e 49 expression correspondences suggest the entity correspondences Moreover since score e 31 functor correspondences trickles down to the arguments of a correspondence the Legend i i Match Expression Candidate expression correspondences provide support for the entity fasion EEE se correspondences such that those entities which participate Details Explanation in large relational structures get higher scores i Figure 7 Browsing a SME mapping It is important to understand that there is a translation process that occurs when facts are added to an SME description Recall that in structure mapping theory there is a sharp distinction between attributes which are unary predicates on entities and relations which have two or more arguments This is a psychologically important distinction In Cyc style knowledge bases attributes are implemented via collections Instances are related to collections via isa statements i e isa Nero Cat This says that Nero is a Cat i e the individual Nero is aninstance of the collection Cat It is logically equivalent to the attribute form that SME expects i e Cat Nero 9 23 2010 Case M
6. KB corruption So unless you are replacing a previous backup creating a new directory is almost always what youwant todo Should you need to use your backup the command Restore KB from Backup also on the KB menu can be used to replace the contents of a KB with the backup The smoke test KB is tiny requiring only around 10 MB of storage The OpenCyc derived KB requires less than 2GB of storage How to Open a Knowledge Base Once Case Mapper is open your window should look similar Select a KB Directory 2 to Figu re 1 Select the directory of the knowledge base you wish to use 1 Open the KB menu and click Open KB 2 Navigate to the directory where your KBs are stored by default it s C QRG KBs and select a KB by TTS PRP z selecting the directory of the KB you wish to use e g ia weet smoke kb or opencyc kb as in Figure 2 and then te ig PASSED click OK fr ORG KBs 5 f opencyc kb 3 Case Mapper will display the current KB the L gt 477 QRG SS a Knowledge Base KB field CAGRG KBs smoke ko OK Once a KB is open you can browse and edit the KB click Browse KB in the KB menu add new knowledge to the KB dg de a KB 2 www opencyc org 9 23 2010 with meld files discussed below or fetch cases for use with SME and MAC FAC To change KBs click Close KB in the KB menu and open another as described above How to Browse a Knowledge Base Case Mapper allows you to
7. browse the knowledge base in a web browser After you open a KB the menu command Browse KB in the KB menu will automatically open your browser to the correct address Sometimes this process can be cranky since communicating with browsers from other software isn t always smooth If the browser contents haven t changed within 30 seconds press the button again after starting a fresh copy of the web browser The browserinterface allows you to search for terms in the KB and manually remove or forget facts from cases in the KB Searching is easy enter a search term or the beginning of a search term i e bas will bring up concepts such as BasalNucleus BaseballDiamond Bassoon etc Warning Searching with a small search string e g b in a large KB e g OpenCyc on a slow computer e g a laptop may take a very long time to complete It s better to search with a more specific term and use the links in the concept descriptions discussed below to navigate when possible Clicking a concept displays its information Clicking on BaseballDiamond OpenCyc KB BaseballDiamond concept within the OpenCyc KB browser lype Collection C GRGWplanbinstopeneye KbA will show a concept screen similar to Figure 3 med BaseballDiamond is a Collection as noted in the header and SpatiallyDisjointObjectType it s a subtype of i e it genls to AthleticField You may click in universaivocabutarymt AthieticField both C
8. fact by evaluating send test msg forget fact isa America country context cm test case Note that you need not retrieve facts before forgetting them we did this purely for demonstrative purposes 8 Verify that the fact was properly deleted from the KB by refreshing your KB browser window 16 9 23 2010 Next we discuss how to run SME using KQML ask messages 1 If you are starting a new Case Mapper or Lisp IDE session complete steps 1 3 above 2 In your IDE evaluate send test msg ask query matchBetween ExplicitCaseFn solar system ExplicitCaseFn rutherford atom TheSet match 3 Case Mapper s response message should include the content ist Information EverythingPSC matchBetween ExplicitCaseFn solar system ExplicitCaseFn rutherford atom TheSet MatcherFn 7 0 Note your MatcherFn 7 0 term may differ in numerical arguments this is only an internal identifier token that serves as a handle for getting further information about this SME operation while it is still resident in Case Mapper s working memory 4 Using the MatcherFn term you received back from Case Mapper here MatcherFn 7 0 you can perform the following ask queries to obtain data about this SME analogy operation Just put the following lisp forms into the query argument of send test msg Match level queries numberOfMappings lt matcher handle gt x returns the total number of mappings computed h
9. handling contradictory data and maintaining case based knowledge granularity How to Use KQML to Retrieve Retrieving is the act of finding facts within Case Mapper s KB bypassing Case Mapper s reasoning functionality and working memory You can create a retrieve message by replacing the content field 15 9 23 2010 of the above packet with retrieve pattern lt query gt context lt context gt The contextis an optional argument for specifying the logical KB context to perform the retrieve How to Use KQML to Forget Forgetting is the act of removing a fact from a logical context in Case Mapper s KB Because knowledge is contextualized forgetting a fact in one context will not affect the presence of a fact in another context You can create a forget message by replacing the content field of the above packet with forget fact lt fact gt context lt context gt The context is a required argument for specifying the logical context in the KB inside which the fact will be forgotten If the factis not present in the given context no action will be taken Using the test client Isp client example This section assumes you have a Common Lisp IDE installed Also note that this section uses certain cases within the smoke kb but the same methods apply for any case in any Case Mapper compatible knowledge base 1 Start Case Mapper open the smoke kb and start your KQML server on some port Compile and load the test die
10. i SyslitCaseLibrary v Do Remindi be any existing or dynamically created case and oo BETTE Browse Library 2 a case library which is a set of persistent cases in the KB You can use Case Mapper to select a probe and a case library and run MAC FAC transparently You may select a probe by fetching a case from the KB as discussed above In the following we discuss the processes of loading a case library and running MAC FAC Figure 9 MAC FAC in Case Mapper How to Fetch a Case Library A case library is a set of cases A single KB can contain many case libraries Case libraries may be fetched directly from your KB in a similar fashion as cases are fetched as discussed above The KB must be open before fetching case libraries Load Data from KB 3 Case Library Name To fetch a case library from the KB sys a Corresponding data in KB 1 Under the File menu dick Fetch Case then Fetch Case SysitCaselibrary SyslitCaseLibrary 12 Library A pop up dialog will appear Figure 10 SysitCaseLbrary5 2 Locate the case library by typing part of the case library s name and click Search KB Note If you are using the smoke kb there are several pre existing case libraries asin Figure 10 3 Click the desired case library and click Load are zj The fetched case library will now be present in the Case Library drop down list within the MAC FAC interface Figure 9 Figure 10 Case Library fetch dialog How to
11. 9 23 2010 Case Mapper User Manual Scott Friedman Ken Forbus Qualitative Reasoning Group Northwestern University 9 23 2010 Contents OE TE EEE TE EE EE EE SE ME He E 3 Knowledge Bases and Casesiic ciecccsideciscisescecsetesvesdbcessececcnsdesdesoesedeuaced dassesscencesssedbewssscevonsdecboeseedbeessss 3 How to Back up a knowledge base cccccececcccsseseseeececeseaueaeeseececeseaueucesececessaueaseeseeeesessauaaeeseess 4 How to Open a Knowledge Base rrrrrrvnrrnrnnnnnrrrvrnrrvnnnsnnrrrvnvnrrnnnnsnerssnrnnnnnnnsnersrnnvnrnnnnnsnanssnrsnnnnnnsssee 4 How to Browse a Knowledge Base cccccccccccsseseseeececeseauensseseeceeeeeaueasseseceeeseaueaseseeeeeessaueasesees 5 How to Fetch a Case vansdnsasdated daaeanavauagshasacabenc dex absotaeiass deus ees sageatan Shel ves souee teed lecttathedoe dikte 5 Using SME from within Case Mapper cccccsssccccesssececeeesceceeeeececeaeeeceeeeeeeceeeaeeceeesaeeceeeeasceeeaaeeeeesaaases 7 HOw tO RUM SME uva2422vpareL N 7 How to Browse SME Mappings cceeceeeeeceeeee cence ee eeeaeeeeaaeeeeaeeeaaeseaaeecaeeeaaeeeeaaeeeaeeeaaeeeeaeeeaeeeeae 7 How to Constram SME xuxs ordskifte 9 Using MAC FAC from within Case Mapper rarnvnnnvnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnennnnnnnenenenenenennsnenenensnenenenenenerer 10 How to Fetch a Case LiDrary ccccccscssessseeeecececeueeeeeccceceassuseeeeeeeeecesssseseeceeeseaseaeseseseeeeseauanseseeess 10 How to Run MAC F
12. AC rarannnnnvvvrnnnnnnnnnnnnrrnnnnnannnenserrnnnnnnsnenenserrvvanenennnrrvvnnnnnnenennnrnvvnnnnnnenenensevvnnnnnr 10 Extending a knowledge base Li suusvasnsslvasnssevdesekedaedeksevadespedgoassksedansnssengaesserdotekssdadensendast eksosen skandidsdk e 12 HOW to Write a case file x siisevsssssesnvocecasersdnenseenssnaesaanendeis Ghee S Eana AE ARAE EEEE D EANTA ESERE 12 How to Define new predicates and CONcCeptS rrrrrrrrarnnnnnrrrrrvrvrnrnnrrrrnrrrnrnnenersrsrnrsrnrnnnnsssrssnrsrrsnnnnen 13 How to Load a case file into your knowledge base cessesseseeecececeseeeseseeceeeseaueaseseeeeeeseauenseseeess 14 SOM EE GR 14 How to Start amp Stop the KQML Servel cccccccccsssseseeeececceaueaseeseeceeeeeaseaseeseeeecessueeseseeeeeeasauanseeess 14 Basic KOML amp Packet Structtires sai5se0 ceassceenonchennsival san sawevanevenaveusssuevaae syersvevaybeessvessiasevedbvese eesene 14 How to Use MOMLtOASK i ccsiaiasxsensdvaivsun tans cnansns even sdssbiws save vewsesys veda day Sbeedvabeoenesg sees dvd vberceseseneszovtets 15 How to Use KOMLtO Store ics casssccccgee tec cdievececin voewcuenstee td ENEE N EEN SEOANE N EENES ENESE AES 15 How to Use KOML to Retrieve cis ccccssecvcecucesiececnetececesseeecueeseeetcnseeseuuesveetuessceetaeeeececuesesseconsseetcuevsees 15 How to Use KOML to Forgets casis ccs cccasascsitsa coded shuncedeascadsetes canada a a a Era aa spades aaar aana E aE banet 16 Using the test client Isp clientexamp
13. a smoke test which ensures that FIREis operating correctly 9 23 2010 e OpenCyc derived opencyc kb directory This KB contains contents we extracted from the OpenCyc knowledge base OpenCycis a freely available version of the Cyc knowledge base which is currently the largest and most comprehensive formally represented knowledge base in the world We do not use Cycorp s reasoning engine since our FIRE reasoning engine is optimized for analogical operations The subset of OpenCyc concepts we extracted currently contains just over 1 3M facts 58K concepts 14K relations and 3K functions You will find that some operations are much faster with the SME classics KB although there is much more knowledge in the OpenCyc KB How to Back up a knowledge base Things can go wrong with any program and more so with research software We strongly recommend backing up your KBs before doing anything else with Case Mapper In the worst case you can always reinstall Case Mapper but that takes even longer Once you open a KB discussed next you can back it up for later use The command to use is on the KB menu Create KB Backup It will ask you for a directory to place the backupin You can choose any directory you like e g a USB flash drive and the backup dialog lets you type in the name of a new subdirectory along that path which should be used The backup process deletes anything thatis already in the directory that you give it to avoid
14. able concept already exists and hence you don t have to define a redundant one To do this finda relevant concept that is a superclass of your concept let s say lt super gt andincludein your file genls lt new gt lt super gt You can have multiple genls statements concerning a concept in your file of course In Cyc derived KBs the convention is that relations start with lower case letters and are camel cased e g connectedTo functions start with an upper case letter and have Fn on the end e g FruitFn and attributes start with an upper case letter e g BiologicalSpecies In the SME Classics KB predicates functions and attributes are all lower cased with hyphens used to split terms instead of camel casing Case Mapper does not enforce these conventions but you will very likely find it useful to stick with them when possible Generally you will find it useful to create a new meld file with the specifications for your new predicates and attributes separate from the meld files for whatever cases use them To indicate that these are background facts include at the start of the file the declaration in microtheory UniversalVocabularyMt This will make your new information accessible from every case 4 You can learn more about emacs online at http www gnu org software emacs 13 9 23 2010 How to Load a case file into your knowledge base If you have knowledge in a meld file that y
15. apper automatically translates between these two forms as needed When you see a casein the KB browser you will see isa statements being used whereas when you see the same case in the SME or MAC FAC results browser you will see itin the attribute form For more information on SME induding a discussion of its algorithm and more in depth explanation of the terms discussed above see 1 How to Constrain SME By default SME will produce the best structural mapping or up to three if the others are very close for the given base and target However sometimes the context for analogical reasoning provides more constraints that need to be respected In understanding an explanatory analogy for example the context provides explicit constraints that some entities must match e g An atomis like the solar system means that atom and solar system must correspond In analyzing a complex analogy several iterations of mapping can be required e g 1 so SME must be told to avoid certain correspondences to force it to look for alternatives Case Mapper provides an interface for adding and removing such constraints To illustrate let us consider a variation of the mapping we just used 1 Fetch cases base 10 and ta 10 from the smoke kb KB Select KBCaseFn base 10 as the SME base and select KBCaseFn ta 10 as the SME target The SME frame of your window will resemble Figure 5 3 Click Set Constraints 4 Select Ivan from the entitiesin th
16. e base and MEN Ah SME Constraints KBCaseFn base 10 KBCaseFn ta 10 Eg select Christine from the entities in the target i Aad 5 The Structure Mapping Engine can constrain its mappings in a number of ways 5 Select Selected entities must NOT correspond These controls allow you to manipulate a subset of these constraints for the mappings between base and target from the Available constraints dropdown list Available constraints Selected entiti t NOT nd v Add and click Add The constraint popup should look E Current constraints like Figu re 8 Ivan and Christine must NOT correspond 6 Click Done then click Run SME and browse the i i resulting SME mappings Remove Selected Entities In Base KBCaseFn base 10 In Target KBCaseFn ta 10 The SME browser will display the constraint we just added in addition to any other constraints you ve added In this case the mapping suffered a score st high decrease due to the constraint If you browse the mn pleasure mapping you ll notice that Ivan and Christine are not included in the entity correspondences which also Done canal prevents many of the expression correspondences from ED p i Figure 8 Constraining SME participating in the mapping 9 23 2010 Using MAC FAC from within Case Mapper MAC FAC is a model of similarity based retrieval MAC FAC Reminding a The inputs to MAC FAC are 1 a probe which can P 3 NG
17. edge bases using SME using MAC FAC and troubleshooting Forinformation about the algorithms behind these cognitive models and related experiments please see the following references 5 1 3 These can be found on the QRG web site at www qrg northwestern edu In learning Case Mapper we suggest that you work through the examples in the order provided in the manual Knowledge Bases and Cases Case Mapper is always used with a knowledge base KB The KB stores knowledge induding facts and cases Cases are simply collections of facts that can be treated as a unit Inside the KB cases are implemented via Cyc style microtheories Sometimes browsing tools will refer to microtheories and that s what they mean You can just think of them as cases Some facts in the KB specify properties of the vocabulary of predicates it uses including their arity number of arguments whether they are a relation or a logical function and what types of arguments they can take Other facts in the KB spedfy properties of the concepts in the KB collections in Cyc terminology SME and MAC FAC require this information for any predicate used in cases The Case Mapper distribution comes with two knowledge bases e SME Classics smoke kb directory This KB contains predicate spedfications and cases from many of the early published SME and MAC FAC experiments 1 The smoke kb designationis because this KBis generated as part of the FIRE regression test ak
18. ere x 2 bestMapping lt matcher handle gt x returns a handle to the best mapping here x MappingFn 9 MatcherFn 7 0 Once you have a handle to a mapping you can use the following mapping level queries Mapping level queries numberOfCorrespondences lt mapping handle gt x returns the total number of correspondences in the mapping here x 11 numberOfCandidateInferences lt mapping handle gt x returns the total number of candidate inferences in the mapping here x 3 structuralEvaluationScoreOf lt mapping handle gt x returns the structural evaluation score of the mapping here x 0 1657 correspondsInMapping lt mapping handle gt x y returns a list of x base and y target correspondences in the given mapping for example correspondsInMapping MappingFn 9 MatcherFn 7 0 planet electron hasCorrespondence lt mapping handle gt x returns a list of correspondence handles for all correspondences in the mapping for example 17 9 23 2010 MhFn 1 MatcherFn 7 0 Thisisintheform MhFn lt index gt lt matcher handle gt where Mh stands for Match Hypothesis Once you have correspondence handles you can ask correspondence level queries Similarly the next two queries produces correspondence handles correspondenceForBaseItem lt mapping handle gt planet y returns a list of the form correspondenceForBaseItem lt mapping handle gt planet
19. ides an interactive report on the mappings that SME generated from the two representations Browsing SME does not affect the mappings that were generated this is just a manner of inspecting various details of SME s output Seuk We ll start with the initial page as shown in Figure 6 which results from following the instructions in the last Base KBCaseFn base 10 section Target KBCaseFn ta 10 The SME number 12 in Figure 6 and the Mapping score mHs cls Mapping 65 13 4654 87 12 number 65 in Figure 6 will likely differ from your s ape e 16 entity correspondences results these are identifiers used to differentiate various x i e 144 expression correspondences SME instances and mappings If you constrained SME e 34 functor correspondences as we do in the next example your constraints appear Figure 6 Browsing SME on this page as well Clicking the Base or the Target case names will let you browse the facts in each representation Clicking on any of the mappings will provide more information about that analogical mapping Note that SME may compute multiple mappings and in some cases no mappings These are not errors the number and content of mappings is a function of a the constraints placed on SME which we discuss below b the parameters of SME also discussed below and c the facts in the base and target cases 9 23 2010 Click on the mapping to bro
20. ing and stopping the server The status label will change based on the status of the server Once you have started a server you can use a client program written in the programming language of your choice to communicate with Case Mapper and use the knowledge base the built in reasoner and SME Basic KQML amp Packet Structure Client programs can be writtenin any language permitted that they can open a TCP IP socket to the computer running Case Mapper Case Mapper allows a subset the standard KQML interactions so we can review them in their entirety The following string is a valid KQML packet that sends the content ask query isa x Dog to Case Mapper tell sender localhost receiver localhost in reply to reply with MSG 42 language ontology 14 9 23 2010 content ask query isa x Dog Note that all of the keyword fields except for content are spedfied by character strings and the packet must contain quote characters around these parameters Conveniently you can use the above packet structure and substitute only the parameters for reply with and content to programmatically access Case Mapper The Case Mapper server accepts these packets in string format and its response packets are in the same format Note that the Case Mapper server socket connection is not persistent withits clients soit disconnects each time a packet is processed after a response packet is sent back to the sende
21. le ccccccccsseseececeesececeeecececeeeeeeaeeseecesaeseceseeceeesaeseeeeeaaeees 16 Troubleshooting Case Mapper ccccccssscecccseseececeseeceseeeeeesaeeeeesaeneeeeseeeeeesseeceeeseeeeeeesaeeeeesaeeeesaanees 19 Refere NCES diedar sas aeaaea e anaa aea e aa aaa aaa aaa aaa band avesadevaessaessaeaistsdansataneyeaae as 19 9 23 2010 Overview Case Mapper provides an interface for using PO ORG Case Mapper Beta eee computational models of structure mapping Se theory 5 The Structure Mapping Engine SME No KB is currently open 1 models analogical matching MAC FAC 3 Structure Mapping Engine SME models similarity based retrieval These are Bae ase 4 embedded in the FIRE reasoning engine 4 which pe provides a knowledge base infrastructure and MAC FAC Reminding zj various reasoning facilities Case Mapperis Exobe ar designed for cognitive scientists This means we Foer Pi assume some familiarity with knowledge EEA representation predicate calculus and analogical reasoning but we do not assume any Figure 1 Case Mapper is open for business programming skills on your part Being research software Case Mapper is a bit fussier than a commercial application butit is software our group uses daily in a variety of systems hence the internal operations are quite robust This manual describes how to operate Case Mapper Specifically it covers browsing and editing knowledge using knowl
22. ng a lot of time elsewhere In the latter case try again When you get an unrecoverable error dialog if you click on debug instead of ok the program will in some circumstances keep going just fine However you should save your KB soon and be sure to have a backup handy just in case If you have difficulty starting or connecting to the Case Mapper KQML server ensure that your Windows firewall is disabled at least for the port you have specified as your KQML server port References 1 Falkenhainer B 1987 An examination of the third stage in the analogy process Verification based analogicalleaming In Proceedings of UCAI 87 Los Altos Morgan Kaufmann 2 Falkenhainer B Forbus K and Gentner D 1989 The Structure Mapping Engine Algorithm and examples Artificial Intelligence 41 1 63 3 Forbus K Gentner D and Law K 1995 MAC FAC A model of similarity based retrieval Cognitive Science 19 141 205 4 Forbus K Hinrichs T de Kleer Usher J J Klenk M Lovett A and Paritosh P unpublished The FIRE Manual 5 Gentner D 1983 Structure mapping A theoretical framework for analogy Cognitive Science 7 155 170 6 Mostek T Forbus K and Meverden C 2000 Dynamic case creation and expansion for analogical reasoning Proceedings of AAAI 2000 Austin TX 19
23. nt Isp file In your IDE evaluate make test client localhost 4444 but substitute 4444 for the port you chose This creates and binds a persistent client object for this server port combination 4 In your IDE evaluate send test msg ask query isa x harmful This splices the lisp form ask query isa x harmful into the content argument of anew KQML message and sends it to Case Mapper The outgoing message and response message should be printed in the IDE window and the function should retum the content from the response message which contains Case Mapper s response to the ask query Note that the term xis considered a variable by Case Mapper s internal reasoner since it is proceeded by a question mark Any such 5 In your IDE evaluate the following send test msg store fact isa America country context cm test case This stores the fact isa America country in the KB in a microtheory contextual case called cm test case If the context cm test case did notexist beforehand Case Mapper creates it 6 Verify that the fact was properly stored by browsing the KB via the KB menu and searching for cm test case You ll notice that there is one fact in the microtheory the one we just stored programmatically using our KQML client 7 Retrieve the case by evaluating send test msg retrieve pattern isa America country context cm test case note that the context keyword is optional here and forget the
24. ollection and AthleticField to learn more about both SSaqjQQ__U_U jQcC be ee Knowledge Base C QRG planbikbs opencyc kb OpenCyc KB 9 18 2009 concepts this is an effident manner of navigating the knowledge base Figure 3 Browsing a KB concept To the left of the main frame you may browse all the other genls and specs of the concept as well as retrieve all references of the concept in the entire KB Retrieving all references may take a very long time if there are alot of them For example there are over a half million i sa statements in the KB so retrieving all of them is rather time consuming and can even lead to errors see Troubleshooting How to Fetch a Case A case is a set of facts Consequently a case can represent an experience a stimulus a collection of domain knowledge a theory a story or any other set of knowledge Pre existing cases may be fetched directly from your KB or new cases can be automatically constructed from portions of the knowledge base e g what the system knows about the Hawaiian Islands using case constructors The KB must be open before fetching cases gt We routinely use Internet Explorer and Firefox We have not systematically tested our code with other web browsers 9 23 2010 To fetch an existing case from the KB 1 Under the File menu dick Fetch Case then Fetch Load Data from KB a Existing Case A pop up dialog will appear Figure 4 Case Name 2 Locate the case by typing pa
25. ou want to use with SME or MAC FAG you must load it into your KB To load a meld file into your KB first ensure that you have a KB open and then choose Load File gt Import meld file from the File menu KQML Server Case Mapper comes with a built in server module so that other applications and cognitive models can access SME MAC FAC and knowledge base programmatically Also included is an example dient application in the file test client Isp This is a Common Lisp implementation of a stand alone program that sends and receives KQML Knowledge Query Manipulation Language packets to the Case Mapper server Importantly the KQML server interface of Case Mapper can communicate with client programs written in any programming language provided they can open sockets and send properly formatted KQML messages KQML based interaction with Case Mapper involves four types of interactions 1 Knowledge Base store 2 Knowledge Base retrieve 3 Knowledge Base forget and 4 ask Next we discuss how to start and stop the KQML server and we review KQML packet structure and specifics including each of these four interactions How to Start amp Stop the KQML Server KQML Server On the bottom of the Case Mapper PP Status No KQML server is active Port 4444 interface is a KQML Server panel This panel shows the status of the server and contains Port field for entering the server port of your server default is 4444 and a button for start
26. r In the following subsections we describe each interaction and packet Note that only the content field changes for each of the interactions How to Use KQML to Ask The above packet example with content ask query isa x Dog performs an ask operation on the Case Mapper server with the query Consequently Case Mapper will use its working memory and its KB to find all possible answers to the asked query in this case it will bind the variable x to all known instances of the collection Dog The response will look something like this tell sender localhost receiver localhost in reply to MSG 2 reply with MSG 2 language ontology content ist Information EverythingPSC isa Bluto Dog isa Dash VictoriasPet Dog isa HYP Dog 5968235 Dog isa GenericInstanceFn Dog Dog ist Information EverythingPSC ist Information EverythingPSC ist Information EverythingPSC The SME and MAC FAC functions are accessible programmatically via ask messages We discuss this in further detail below How to Use KQML to Store Storing is the act of inserting new facts into Case Mapper s KB You can create a store message by replacing the content field of the above packet with store fact lt fact gt context lt context gt The context is a required argument for specifying the logical context in the KB inside which the fact will be stored Contextualizing knowledge in the KB is important for
27. rt of the case s name and es Search click Search KB hin nn 3 Click the desired case and click Load senter 4 The case name is now added to the Base Case Target pens Case and Probe drop down lists in the main window Pt bose 8 The example in Figure 4 is using the smoke test KB and the BasekB base stories are from the Karla the Hawk story set 3 Case Construction Style KBCaseFn One can also dynamically generate cases from the contents of Load Cancel the knowledge base To fetch an entity or collection case from L the KB Figure 4 The case loader popup dialog 1 Underthe File menu dick Fetch Case then Fetch A i UWwWN Entity Case or Fetch Collection Case A pop up dialog will appear Figure 4 Locate the entity or collection name in the KB by typing part of its name and click Search KB Click the desired entity or collection Choose your desired case construction style discussed later and then click Load The case name is now added to the Base Case Target Case and Probe drop down lists in the main window There are three KB constructors that are built into Case Mapper currently They are 3 MinimalCaseFn Retrieves the set of facts in the KB that mention the entity or collection CaseFn Like MinimalCaseFn except that it includes attribute information for every entity mentioned in the case CleanCaseFn Like CaseFn except that redundant attributes are removed
28. s following a case statement are stored within that case You can have multiple cases in one file as long as each case has a separate case statement Everything between the first case statement and the second case statement is a fact that belongs to the first case and so on Case Bobl isa Bob Dog relationExistsExists loves Person Dog animalTypeMakesSoundType Dog BarkingSound relationInstanceExists anatomicalParts GenericInstanceFn Dog Mouth Case Bob2 isa Bobby Cat relationExistsExists loves Person Cat relationInstanceExists anatomicalParts GenericInstanceFn Cat Mouth Figure 11 A simple meld file containing two cases Bob1 and Bob2 Each case contains a list of facts You can write a case file using any text editor that you are comfortable with just make sure to save your file as filename meld Three important points 1 2 3 It is important that your text editor produce plain text files often called ASCII files or txt files in Save As menus since formatted files like doc html or pdf will not be correctly handled by Case Mappers load routines Your case must use concepts and relations that are definedin the knowledge base for SME and MAC FAC to work properly You can find appropriate pre existing concepts by using the KB browser If you need to define your own please see the next section To make editing a little easier you might want to use a text editor
29. score of the corresponding candidate inference candidateInferenceCorrespondences lt ci handle gt x returns a set of correspondence handles representing the correspondences match hypotheses that support the given candidate inference 18 9 23 2010 We have demonstrated how to use SME via Case Mapper s KQML server with a Common Lisp client however all of these queries can be performed by other programs written in other languages provided they use the same KQML message structure and query syntax as discussed above Troubleshooting Case Mapper When you start the KB Browser or try to browse SME or MAC FAC results for the first time you may get a Windows Firewall pop up dialog that asks you whether or not you want to allow Case Mapper to communicate It isimportant that you choose unblock since otherwise the program will not be able to communicate with the browser If you get a dialog box that says unrecoverable error when opening a KB it means that either there isn t a KB at the location you selected or itis corrupted Delete whatever files are at that location and restore your KB from the backup you made If you are browsing and you get something that says Lisp error instead of what you expected then you hit a time out in the browsing system Either the operation is just too big for the browsing system to handle e g showing all isa statements in the OpenCyc derived KB or your machine was spendi
30. that will match your parentheses for you this means making sure that there are equal numbers of right and left 12 9 23 2010 parentheses If your file has mismatched parentheses it will not loadin Case Mapper We recommend Emacs a freely available text editor How to Define new predicates and concepts To define a new predicate you must spedfy several things via facts in meld files 1 Is it a relation or a function Ifit is a relation then you should include the statement isa lt new gt Relation in your file If itis a logical function then include isa lt new gt Function Denotational The collections Relationand Function Denotational are used by the KB SME interface to determine whether something is a relation or a function The minimum additional information that SME needs is its arity number of arguments For fixed arity relations or functions arity lt new gt lt integer gt where lt integer gt is the arity suffices For variable arity relations state isa lt new gt VariableArityRelation and for variable arity functions include isa lt new gt VariableArityFunction Isitanattribute Attributes areimplemented as collections i e concepts so you should include the statement isa lt new gt Collection in your file You should also incorporate your new concept into the existing ontology to help keep things conceptually clear You may find out in the process of doing so that a reason
31. wse it in more detail as shown in Figure 7 At the top is a score in this case 13 4656 that reports the overall structural evaluation score of the selected mapping Note that this score is not normalized You will also notice a list of entity correspondences from the base and target Each correspondence has support which are expressions that provide evidence for the correspondence as well as a match hypothesis score computed from the support which reflects SME s confidence of the correspondence Candidate inferences are facts that may be true about the target based on the mapping between base and target Clicking the candidate inferences link will list the candidate inferences for this mapping Among the base 10 ta 10 candidate inferences are facts such as adroit John and commercial pleasure These Mapping 65 facts are not present in ta 10 Moreover the fact commercial pleasure doesn t seem appropriate Sue GRA however the match hypothesis between profit in base 10 Base KBCaseFn base 10 and pleasure in ta 10 and the source of the inference Target KBCaseFn ta 10 commercial profit in base 10 explain the inference Support Base Item Target Item a 14 Ivan Christine You can browse each candidate inference by dicking the 13 Boris John button this will list the source and structural support for 5 baninens M zarci the inference 4 asset1
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