(2005) HBV Light
Contents
1. Erfarenheter fr n modelkalibreringar under perioden 1975 1989 Parametervalues for the HBV model in Sweden in Swedish SMHI Hydrologi No 28 Norrk ping 35 pp Bergstr m S 1992 The HBV model its structure and applications SMHI RH No 4 Norrk ping 35 pp Dingman S L 1993 Physical hydrology Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey USA 575 pp Lindstr m G and S Bergst m 1992 Improving the HBV and PULSE models by use of temperature anomalies Vannet i Norden Nr 1 1992 p 16 23 Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV nad The HBV model was developed at SMHI by Sten Bergstr m Bergstr m 1976 HBV Hydrologiska Byr ns Vattenbalansavdelning The HBV model lS a conceptual model for runoff simulation has a simple structure ls semi distributed i e allows to divide the catchment into subbasins elevation and vegetation zones ls easy to understand learn and apply has been applied to many catchments in Sweden and abroad provided good results in most applications has become a standard tool for runoff studies in the Nordic countries needs a moderate amount of input data can be run on a PC 286 or better exists in different versions Swedish Norwegian Finnish Swiss Jan Seibert SLU 2 The HBV model Schematic model structure PRECIPITATION Snow routine Soil moisture routine Response function Routing routine R2. e g 7 weekly mean values Up to five different lengths of averaging may be used Reff_seasonal Reff is computed using only data during the part of the year between from and to Reff_weighted Res is computed using a weighting function depending on Qops The function is defined by the user through a look up table For runoff values between the given values the weights are interpolated linearly the weights for the highest lowest runoff values found in the table are used outside the covered range Parameters Setting of all parameters start and end of the simulation period and start of the warming up period The warming up period is needed to get appropriate initial values of the different state variables for the start of the simulation period the simulations during the warming up period are neither stored nor used for any further analysis You may load or save your parameter values if you like to go back to old values or to keep a parameter set for later use The number of parameters to set changes depending on the number of elevation vegetation zones If the simulation results are stored see Menu HBV HBV ini the name of the files are resuxxx dat time series of the different variables and SuMxXxx txt summary where xxx is the Model Run No If the distributed simulations are stored they can be found in a file named disxxx dat time series of the different variables Catchment The catchment may
3. thin line UZL 30 mm K2 0 02 1 day K2 0 005 1 day Q mm day Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Figure 13 Example of simulations with different values for K thick line K 0 02 thin line K 0 005 Stockholm University Jan Seibert The HBV model 13 12 PERC 0 8 mm day PERC 2 mmiday Q mm day O Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Figure 14 Example of simulations with different values for PERC thick line PERC 0 8 mm day thin line PERC 2 mm day Jan Seibert Stockholm University 14 The HBV model Routing routine Transformation function The generated runoff of one time step is distributed on the following days using one free parameter MAXBAS which determines the base in a equilateral triangular weighting function 0 4 E runoff before a transformation runoff after D l f D 02 a transformation cc 0 0 a A a a E a A E A a O TTT 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 Time d Time d Figure 15 Example for a transformation with MAXBAS 5 12 MAXBAS 2 days MAXBAS 5 days Q mm day oO Mar Apr May Jun Jul Figure 16 Example of simulations with different values for MAXBAS thick line MAXBAS 2 days thin line MAXBAS 5 days Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV model 15 Model calibration The calibration of the model is usually made by manual try and error technique Bergstr m 1992 Different criteria can b
4. HBV light 2 2 3 1 4 2 20 3 The groundwater levels are simulated by a linear function of SUZ SLZ or SUZ SLZ Therefore after the usual precipitation runoff simulation the coefficients of the linear regression are computed The slope of the regression line is thought to represent some storage coefficient whereas the intercept is some offset both values depend on the unit in which the groundwater observations are given The results of the groundwater simulations can be seen on a graph see Menu Results GW levels or in two files gwparxxx dat and gwsimxxx dat where xxx is the Model Run No if the results of the model run were saved see Menu HBV HBV ini If you run the Monte Carlo or BatchRun Option the regression coefficients and the coefficient of determination r is stored together with the other results Alternative model structures Only snow routine distributed Only the computations in the snow routine are performed individually for each elevation vegetation zone The sum of rainfall and meltwater is added to one lumped soil box SUZ boxes distributed One indivudual SUZ box is used for each elevation vegetation zone However the same parameters KO K1 and UZL are used for all SUZ boxes Three box version Instead of using two outflows from the upper groundwater box a third box on top of the other boxes called STZ is used From each box there is one linear outflow computed from the water level and a constant
5. Ko K and K2 for STZ SUZ and SLZ respectively The flow form SUZ to SLZ is computed as before using PERC The flow from STZ towards SUZ is calculated in the same way using the parameter UZL now mm d as maximum flow rate The STZ and SUZ box may be distributed i e individual boxes for each elevation vegetation zone may be used One box version Instead of using two distinct boxes only one box with three outflows is used The outflow is computed from the water level in this box As long it is below PERC now mm only the lowest outflow Ko is active as the level raises above PERC and respective UZL the upper two outflows K and K3 start to contribute Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN WORK NOT COMPLETE 15 Response routine with delay In some situations e g for catchments with deep groundwater it may be necessary to introduce some delay in the response function The alternative response function is used only if this possibility is chosen in Menu HB V HBV ini There are two new parameters DELAY and PART on the other hand three parameters of the original versions are not used in the alternative response routine The recharge coming from the soil routine is divided into two parts The parameter PART 0 to 1 gives the portion of the recharge which is added to the groundwater box 1 the remaining recharge generated on one day is evenly distributed over the subsequent period of DELAY day
6. Ty and a correction factor Cer ec H Equation 9 Please note that more information can be found in Part 2 melt CFMAX T t TT 1 refreezing CFR CFMAX TT T t 2 recharge _ SM AS 3 P t FC E Eyy min HNE 1 4 FC LP Qcw t K SLZ K SUZ K max SUZ UZL 0 5 Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN WORK NOT COMPLETE 5 MAXBAS Qin t Died Qoy t i 1 6 At 2 MAXBAS 4 where c i zdu 1 MAXBAS 5 MAXBAS st PALT R ha 5 2 10000 T h T TCALT h hy 8 oe 100 E not 1 Cop TO lay E se i 3 lt lt but 0 lt Eaa lt 2 E akM HBV light software Hard and software requirements The software has been tested on Pentium PCs with Windows 95 Windows NT Windows 2000 and Windows XP OBS ACHTUNG IMPORTANT Make sure that the settings within Windows are in a way that a decimal point is a POINT and not a comma as it is for instance in the Swedish or German standard setting The setting can be changed using Settings control panel international Installningar kontrollpanellen internationell sifferformat Einstellungen Systemsteuerung Landereinstellungen Zahlenformat Installation Follow the instructions on the screen For each catchment the following directories are needed catchmentname data ptq dat evap dat par dat clarea dat optional t_mean dat ptcalt dat gw dat and gwinfo dat catchmentname re
7. be used the file should only contain two columns header date TCALT or date PCALT Result files If the results of a model run are stored see Menu Change HBV ini then the results can be found in the directory c jmodels hbv results in two files resuxxx dat time series of the different variables and Sumxxx txt Summary where xxx is the Model Run No The files of a previous model run are read by the program if the Model Run No is changed to the number of this previous run using the menu item Results of number xxx After changing the number the results can be looked on as usually Both files are in ASCI format which make it possible to export them to any program as for instance EXCEL or GRAPHER If different vegetation and or elevation zones are used the time series of the simulations can be stored see Menu Change HBV ini Values of different objective functions are calculated by the program and saved in the summary file Table 1 Table 1 Objective functions Objective function Definition Value for perfect fit Efficiency Y 0 On ji 1 ODS Sm R 1 ff z Oops On Efficiency using gt wO Qs On weighted errors 1 es 1 Reff weighted X wO Oz i Qs HET using i gt In Q In On pa gt In Qos In Qos logReff Coefficient of a a determination en Qan Qin Qun 1 r2 b3 0 re Ons gt Qin E Qpin Mean difference S 2 Ra Qin meandif
8. behind CET in the batch par file For three zones the parameters have to be added once more If there are different elevation zones the values for PCALT and TCALT are taken as shown in the Parameter window GAP optimisation Set the ranges for all parameters start and end of the simulation period and start of the warming up period You may load or save your parameter values if you like to go back to old values or to keep a parameter set for later use Parameter values are optimised within the given ranges The results parameter values and values of the objective functions are stored Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN WORK NOT COMPLETE 13 in a file with the name GA_bestn dat and GAcaln par where n is the population The first file shows the progress of the calibration last line is calibration result and the latter is a parameter file ready to load into HBV light in the parameter window Check Save details to get more information about the calibration process population in the different generations GAn_g dat where n is the population and g is the generation optimisations during the GA part of the algorithm opticheck dat and optimisation using the Powell method Powell best n dat where n is the population TIP Save your parameters into a file named pmul mul in the data directory This file will be if existing read whenever you start GAP optimisation If there is no file with this name an error m
9. is retained within the snowpack until it exceeds a certain fraction CWH of the water equivalent of the snow Liquid water within the snowpack refreezes according to Equation 2 Rainfall and snowmelt P are divided into water filling the soil box and groundwater recharge depending on the relation between water content of the soil box SM mm and its largest value FC mm Equation 3 Actual evaporation from the soil box equals the potential evaporation if SM FC is above LP while a linear reduction is used when SM FC is below LP Equation 4 Groundwater recharge is added to the upper groundwater box SUZ mm PERC mm d defines the maximum percolation rate from the upper to the lower groundwater box SLZ mm Runoff from the groundwater boxes is computed as the sum of two or three linear outflow equatins depending on whether SUZ is above a threshold value UZL mm or not Equation 5 This runoff is finally transformed by a triangular weighting function defined by the parameter MAXBAS Equation 6 to give the simulated runoff mm q If different elevation zones are used the changes precipitation and temperature with elevation are calculated using the two parameters PCALT 100 m and TCALT C 100 m Equation 7 and 8 The long term mean of the potential evaporation Eporm for a certain day of the year can be corrected to its value at day t Epo t by using the deviations of the temperature T t from its long term mean
10. simulate climate change effects 7 References Bergstr m S 1976 Development and application of a conceptual runoff model for Scandinavian catchments SMHI RHO 7 Norrk ping 134 pp Bergstr m S 1990 Parametervarden f r HBV modellen i Sverige Erfarenheter fran modelkalibreringar under perioden 1975 1989 SMHI HYDROLOGI No 28 Norrk ping 35 pp Bergstr m S 1992 The HBV model its structure and applications SMHI RH No 4 Norrk ping 32 pp Jan Seibert Stockholm University
11. the new version uses a warming up period In the original version only integer values are allowed for the routing parameter MAXBAS This limitation has been removed in the new version In order to keep the program as simple as possible several functions found in the HBV 6 software were not implemented in the HBV light software It is possible to use a correction of the long term mean of potential evaporation values as proposed by Lindstr m and Bergstr m 1992 The HBV light version provides two options which do not exist in the HBV 6 version The first one is the possibility to include observed groundwater levels into the analysis and the second is the possibility to use a different response routine with a delay parameter The aim of this manual is to give a description about how to use the HBV light software and a short introduction into the HBV model Jan Seibert Stockholm University 4 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light A short description of the HBV model The model simulates daily discharge using daily rainfall temperature and potential evaporation as input Precipitation is simulated to be either snow or rain depending on whether the temperature is above or below a threshold temperature TT C All precipitation simulated to be snow i e falling when the temperature is bellow TT is multiplied by a snowfall correction factor SFCF Snowmelt is calculated with the degree day method Equation 1 Meltwater and rainfall
12. C max percolation to lower zone mm day K Recession coefficient day Q runoff component mm day NOTE SUZ has no upper limit Q can never exceed PERC SLZ can never exceed PERC K Jan Seibert Stockholm University 10 The HBV model Recession analysis If InQ is plotted against time during a dry period the slopes of the hydrograph at different runoff values provide good first estimates of the response function parameter In Q mm day Peaks In Q T1 Intermediate In QATI Baseflow time days Figure 9 Schematic shape of recession in relation to the different parameter Slope of the recession Peaks Ko K K Intermediate K K Baseflow K Thresholds Q T1 PERC K1UZL Q T2 PERC Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV model 11 12 KO 0 25 1 day K0 0 1 1 day Q mm day oO Jun Mar Apr May Figure 10 Example of simulations with different values for K thick line K 0 25 thin line K 0 1 K1 0 08 1 day K1 0 12 1 day Q mm day oO Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Apr May Jun Dec Jan Feb Mar Figure 11 Example of simulations with different values for K thick line K 0 08 thin line K 0 12 Stockholm University Jan Seibert 12 The HBV model 12 UZL 60 mm UZL 30 mm Q mm day oO Jun Apr May Mar Figure 12 Example of simulations with different values for UZL thick line UZL 60 mm
13. HBV light version 2 User s Manual Jan Seibert November 2005 Stockholm University Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology SLU Department of Environmental Assessment Uppsala Oregon State University Department of Forest Engineering Corvallis Oregon USA Uppsala University Department of Earth Sciences Hydrology E mail jan seibertQnatgeo su se 2 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light Table of contents PART 1 User s Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 3 A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE HBV MODEL 4 HBV LIGHT SOFTWARE 5 Hard and software requirements 5 Installation 5 Data files input 6 Result files 8 Menu items 8 Use of groundwater observations 12 Alternative model structures 14 REFERENCES 16 PART 2 The HBV model Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN WORK NOT COMPLETE 3 Introduction During the last 20 years the HBV model Bergstr m 1976 developed by the SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute has become widely used for runoff simulations in Sweden Bergstr m 1990 1992 Moreover the model has been applied sometimes in modified versions in about 30 countries The idea behind this new version of the HBV model HBV light was to provide an easy to use Windows version for research and education The basic equations are in accordance with the SMHI version HBV 6 Bergstr m 1992 with only two slight changes Instead of using initial states
14. UNOFF Figure 1 Schematic structure of the HBV model Submodel Input data Output data Snow routine Precip Temp Snow pack snow melt Soil routine Pot Evap Act Evap soil precip moisture snowmelt groundwater recharge Response Groundwater Runoff function recharge Groundwater pot ET level Routing routine Runoff Simulated runoff Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV model 3 Input data Precipitation The areal average precipitation Prea is calculated as weighted mean of precipitation stations in and around the catchment Pee 2c R The weight c of station i can be determined subjectively by Thiessen polygons by the isohyetal or the hypsometric method The catchment can be divided into different elevation zones For each zone the precipitation will be corrected according to the its increase with elevation above sea level usually 10 20 per 100 m parameter PCALT Temperature Temperature data is needed in catchments with snow and is calculated as weighted mean of stations in and around the catchment When different elevation zones are used temperature will be corrected for elevation above sea level with usually 0 6 C per 100 m parameter TCALT Potential evaporation Estimates of the potential evaporation may be provided by calculations using for instance the Penman formula or measurements by evaporimeters Normally monthly mean values are assumed to be sufficient The lon
15. WORK NOT COMPLETE 7 Mean Temperature file This file is optional If it exists the long term mean of the potential evaporation for a certain day of the year will be corrected to its value at day t by using the deviations of the temperature from its long term mean and a correction factor Cer If the file does not exist the parameter Crr is not used The mean temperature file contains long term mean values for the temperature C The file may contain a 12 values i e long term monthly mean values and the daily values will be linear interpolated b 365 values i e long term daily mean values The name of this file is t_mean dat and it has the following format one line header followed by the values one value per row Example Mean temperature 7 5 PTCALT file This file is optional If it exists time series of temperature and or precipitations gradients are used instead of the constant values TCALT and or PCALT The name of this file is PTCALT dat and it has the following format two lines header followed by the values date and one or two value s per row Example Catchmentname date PCALT TCALT 960130 10 0 5 960131 15 0 6 If time series are used for both PCALT and TCALT the values for PCALT have to be in the second column and those for TCALT in the third column If only for one of both a time serie Jan Seibert Stockholm University 8 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light should
16. be divided in up to 20 elevation and 3 vegetation zones For each elevation zone you have to specify the mean elevation Moreover you have to set the reference elevation for both temperature and precipitation data For each elevation vegetation zone and for lakes you have to assign the portion of the entire catchment area The OK button is disabled as long as the sum of all portions is not one Graph Press PLOT and the results for the period specified by from to are plotted according to the chosen plot option Table 3 If the same min max box is checked then the axes are scaled in the same way for the entire simulation period if not the axes are scaled to match the plotted period With PLOT NEXT PREVIOUS PERIOD the subsequent preceding period Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN WORK NOT COMPLETE 11 equal length as the actual one is plotted The numbers on the x axis represent the number of days looking on from to you can easily see what period of time is plotted Table 3 List over Plot options Plot option Graph Plotted variable s PTQ Top Accumulated difference between simulated and observed discharge black left axis and measured temperature red right axis Middle Measured precipitation blue right axis and simulated snow as water equivalent green left axis Bottom Observed blue and simulated red discharge Soil E Q Top Potential blue and actual red eva
17. days added to box 2 From both boxes discharge is computed as a constant K1 and K2 times water level SUZ for box 1 and SLZ for box 2 and added before it is transformed by MAXBAS Note that in some files parameter file input file for Batch Runs the notation for the parameters does not change In these files DELAY corresponds to PERC and PART to KO while UZL is written but not used Slopefactor version The catchment is divided into elevation vegetation slope azimuth zones Both snow and soil routine computations are performed for each such zone For each zone the degree day factor and the potential evaporation are multiplied by the slope factor fs Different slopes a and azimuth B clockwise from N are representated by the slope factor fs which is a function of slope azimuth and day of the year Equation X Kair is the daily direct solar radiation received by a slope or a plane and Kai is the daily diffuse solar radiation Ka a P Kai fs 7 K plane K jy X The fraction Kq slope Kai plane is computed using trigeometric relations Dingman 1993 and Kapis assumed to be a constant fraction of K4ir Jan Seibert Stockholm University 16 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light References Bergstr m S 1976 Development and application of a conceptual runoff model for Scandinavian catchments SMHI RHO 7 Norrk ping 134 pp Bergstr m S 1990 Parameterv rden f r HB V modellen i Sverige
18. e used to assess the fit of simulated runoff to observed runoff visual inspection of plots with Qsim and Qops accumulated difference Statistical criteria The coefficient of efficiency Ra is normally used for assessment of simulations by the HBV model RB ay ZOsn D Qo D o EOD Qos Re compares the prediction by the model with the simplest possible prediction a constant value of the observed mean value over the entire period Rey 1 Perfect fit Qgin t Qop t t Rey 0 Simulation as good or poor as the constant value prediction Ret lt 0 Very poor fit Unfortunately R is often named R in connection with the HBV model This should be avoided as R easily can be confused with r coefficient of determination Note the calibration period should include a variety of hydrological events normally 5 to 10 years sufficient to calibrate the model validation test of model performance with calibrated parameters for an independent period Jan Seibert Stockholm University 16 The HBV model Applications of the HBV model The HBV model can be used to extend runoff data series or filling gaps for data quality control for water balance studies for runoff forecasting flood warning and reservoir operation to compute design floods for dam safety to investigate the effects of changes within the catchment to simulate discharge from ungauged catchments 7 to
19. essage will be displayed for information just continue and save the parameters as pmul mul unless you like to type in the values each time Other sets of parameter ranges might be saved in files with other names extension mul Use of groundwater observations Sometimes observed groundwater levels within the simulated catchment are available and it may be useful to include them into the analysis HBV light allows you to do this in a simple way Two more input files are required gw dat and gwinfo dat The observations have to be in the file gw dat using the format as follows header one line with any text followed by lines with tube ID integer date YYMMDD and observed level separated by comma Up to 10 different tubes with up to 1000 observations per tube are allowed All observations from one tube have be grouped together and for each tube the observations have to be sorted according to their date Example station date level 2 690810 2 81 2 690824 2 86 2 690907 2 81 2 690921 2 78 20 690806 9 06 20 690820 9 04 In the file gwinfo dat you have to specify by which box in the model you want simulate the GW level observations at a certain tube The format is a header one line with any text followed by one line per tube with tube ID and a number where the levels are simulated by SUZ for 1 by SLZ for 2 and by the sum SUZ SLZ for 3 Example station box Jan Seibert Stockholm University 14 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual
20. f No of days ae 0 The weighting function w Qo bs has to be defined by the user Menu items Overview Table 2 List over menu items Main menu Sub menu Topic Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN WORK NOT COMPLETE 9 HBV about Information about the program change HBV ini Change settings quit Quit program WORK Run Start a model run Parameters Change parameter values Catchment Change catchment RESULTS of number xxx Change the number to look on the results of a previous model run previous runs are only available if these runs were saved see HBV ini Graph Graphical output of the simulation Summary Summary of the simulation water balance and objective function values see Table 1 GW levels Plot of measured groundwater levels and simulated water levels in the two groundwater boxes SUZ SLZ Note only available if there is a file with groundwater data EXTRA Monte Carlo runs Multiple model runs with random parameters Batch runs Multiple model runs with parameters read from a file GAP optimisation Optimisation using a genetic algorithm and a subsequent local optimisation More information is given below ABV ini You have the possibility to choose a Whether you would like to save the results of the simulations advantage you can later look on the simulations again disadvantage this option increases the time needed for one simulation Further
21. g term mean evaporation can be corrected by using the deviations of the temperature from its long term mean Epor t 1 Cer T t Tm E pot BUT 2 Epot M 2 Epot t 2 0 Epot t potential evaporation at day t mm d Cer correction factor C T t temperature at day t C Tu long term mean temperature for this day of the year C Epot M long term mean evaporation for this day of the year mm d Jan Seibert Stockholm University 4 The HBV model Snow routine Crmax degree day factor mm C day Cer refreezing coefficient Tr threshold temperature C 1 Accumulation of precipitation as snow if temperature lt T Tr is normally close to 0 C 2 Melt of snow starts if temperatures are above T calculated with a simple degree day method meltwater CFMAX T TT mm day CFMAX varies normally between 1 5 and 4 mm C day in Sweden with lower values for forested areas As approximation the values 2 and 3 5 can be used for CFMAX in forested and open landscape respectively 3 The snow pack retains melt water until the amount exceeds a certain portion CWH usually 0 1 of the water equivalent of the snow pack When temperatures decrease below TT this melt water refreezes again refreezing meltwater CFRCFMAX TT T CFR 0 05 NOTE a All precipitation that is simulated to be snow is multiplied by a correction factor SFCF b These calculations are carried out separately for each elevatio
22. more you can decide to save the distributed simulations i e state and flows for the different elevation vegetation zones b the maximal number of time steps days of your PTQ file The highest possible number is 30000 unless your PC has too little memory OBS Only up to this maximal number are values read from the input files you have to restart the program after changing this value in order to read more values c the default for the number of time steps plotted on one graph 365 one year is a suitable value d the path to your working directory i e a directory where you have a subdirectory data with all the input data files and a subdirectory results where all the results will be saved If you change the path the new input data files will be read immediately Note that Jan Seibert Stockholm University 10 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light most ini settings as well as the simulation period are stored individually for each catchment working directory e whether you would like to use the standard version or an alternative model structure e g an alternative response function with a delay a three box version a one box version more or less semi distribution computations of the routines f which additional objective functions you would like the program to compute Reff_intervall Ref is computed using n day mean values of Qops and Qmin Where n is given by the user
23. n and vegetation zone Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV model 12 9 CFMAX 3 5 mm C day CFMAX 2 5 mm C day Q mm day Jun Jul Mar Apr May Figure 2 Example of simulations with different values for CFMAX thick line CFMAX 3 5 mm C day thin line CEMAX 2 5 mm C day Q mm day Jun Jul Mar Apr May Figure 3 Example of simulations with different values for TT thick line TT 0 C thin line TT 0 5 C Stockholm University Jan Seibert 6 The HBV model Soil moisture routine FC LP maximum soil moisture storage mm soil moisture value above which ET reaches ET mm BETA parameter that determines the relative contribution to runoff from rain or snowmelt TE a to soil moisture storage Fraction of rain or snowmelt groundwater recharge Soil moisture mm FC ae recharge _ e pa P FC Figure 4 Contributions from rainfall or snowmelt to the soil moisture storage and to the upper groundwater zone act evaporation pot evaporation FC LP FC Soil moisture mm Figure 5 Reduction of potential evaporation depending on soil moisture storage NOTE FC is a model parameter and not necessarily equal to measured values of field capacity Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV model 12 9 FC 150 mm FC 200mm Q mm day oO Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Figure 6 Exam
24. ple of simulations with different values for FC thick line FC 150 mm thin line FC 200 mm LP 150 mm Q mm day Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Figure 7 Example of simulations with different values for BETA thick line BETA 2 thin line BETA 5 Dec Jan Stockholm University Jan Seibert 8 The HBV model Response function Simple linear reservoir The model of a single linear reservoir is a simple description of a catchment where the runoff Q t at time t is supposed to be S proportional to the water storage S t Q t k S t S storage mm Q outflow mm day t time day k storage or recession coefficient day A realisation of a single linear reservoir is a box with a porous outlet thus obtaining Equation from Darcy s law The water balance of the catchment is Pit E t Q t SO Ignoring precipitation and evapotranspiration gives 0 O t a and together with the differential equitation _ d aH 0 dt k Q with the solution function Q At e Jan Seibert Stockholm University The HBV model 9 Response routine of the HBV model recharge UZl lega orten Q0 K0 SUZ UZL SUZ te Q1 K1 SUZ t PERC LAKE siz Q2 K2 SLZ runoff Figure 8 Response function recharge input from soil routine mm day SUZ storage in upper zone mm SLZ storage in lower zone mm UZL threshold parameter mm PER
25. potranspiration Middle Amount of water in the soil box SM red Bottom Observed blue and simulated red discharge GW Q Top Amount of water in the upper groundwater box SUZ blue Middle Amount of water in the lower groundwater box SLZ black Bottom Observed blue and simulated red discharge GW levels Plot of measured groundwater levels against the water level in the upper and or lower groundwater box SUZ SLZ or SUZ SLZ depending on the setting in gwinfo dat upper plot and of time series of measured red circles and simulated green line groundwater levels where the simulated are calculated as a linear function of SUZ SLZ or SUZ SLZ Note that the regression coefficients and the coefficient of determination are calculated from the entire simulated period and do not change when different time periods are plotted For more information see Use of groundwater levels Monte Carlo Setting of ranges for all parameters start and end of the simulation period and start of the warming up period You may load or save your parameter values if you like to go back to old values or to keep a parameter set for later use Parameter values are chosen randomly within the given range and the model is run using these parameters The simulation results parameter values and values of the objective functions are stored in a file with the name multixxx dat where xxx is the Model Run No This file contains both parameter values and sim
26. sing the batch run option you can run the model for certain parameter sets The parameter sets are read from a file named batch par In the first row of this file there may be a list of the different parameters in the following lines there have to be the parameter values no TT CFMAX SFCF CFR CWH FC LP BETA PERC UZL KO K1 K2 MAXBAS CET 1 1 3 5 0 7 0 05 0 1 185 125 3 1 2 69 0 29 0 12 0 07 2 0 1 2 1 5 5 0 7 0 05 0 1 185 125 3 1 2 69 0 29 0 12 0 07 2 0 1 3 1 3 6 0 7 0 05 0 1 185 125 3 1 2 69 0 29 0 12 0 07 2 0 1 note the first column is a difference from earlier versions of HBV light The simulation results parameter values and values of the objective functions are stored in a file with the name batchrun dat The simulations may be stopped by pressing the Stop runs button which appears after the Start runs button has been pressed The batchrun dat file contains both parameter values and simulation results goodness of fit measures By checking the Save Qsim box you can store the simulated discharge values This may be useful if you want to compare simulations for a shorter period note that daily values are stored i e your file may get very large if you use too long periods The runoff values are stored in additional columns to the right of the other results timestep no in first row If you use the Batch Run option two vegetation zones you have to add the parameters TT CFMAX SFCF CFR CWH FC LP BETA for zone two
27. sults Jan Seibert Stockholm University 6 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light The program can be started from the Explorer hbv exe However it may be more comfortable to create a short cut to HBV light Data files input All the following files have to be located in the directory data PTQ file The PTQ file ptq dat contains time series of daily precipitation mm day temperature C and discharge mm day The name of the input file is always ptq dat and the format is as follows a a header of two lines the first one contains a name for the catchment no comma allowed in this line the second line is not used by the program b Date YYMMDD or YYYYMMDD precipitation temperature discharge in one row per day separated by commas example Hagaan Lurbo Date P T Q 950101 0 4 2 6 0 1 950102 0 1 7 0 08 950103 2 4 3 8 0 2 950104 5 7 1 5 Evaporation file The evaporation file contains values for the potential evaporation mm day The evaporation file may contain a 12 values i e long term monthly mean values and the daily values will be linear interpolated b 365 values i e long term daily mean values c As many values as time steps in the PTQ file i e one value for each day The name of this file is evap dat and it has the following format one line header followed by the values one value per row Example Pot evap 0 1 0 5 Jan Seibert Stockholm University Manual HBV lightIN
28. ulation results goodness of fit measures For creating dotty plots it is recommended to open the file in Excel Grapher or similar programs If you use the same Model Run No as before the old file will be overwritten The maximum number of model runs is given by No of model runs However the simulations may be stopped by pressing the Stop runs button which appears after the Start runs button has been pressed By checking the Save only if Reff gt box the number of stored model runs can be reduced Jan Seibert Stockholm University 12 IN WORK NOT COMPLETE Manual HBV light If you use the Monte Carlo option always with more than one vegetation zone you have to choose for each parameter whether its value for each zone should be compute by random only R or whether its value should be equal for all zones increase from zone 1 to 3 lt or decrease gt If there are different elevation zones the values for PCALT and TCALT are taken as shown in the Parameter window TIP Save your parameters into a file named pmul mul in the data directory This file will be if existing read whenever you start Monte Carlo If there is no file with this name an error message will be displayed for information just continue and save the parameters as pmul mul unless you like to type in the values each time Other sets of parameter ranges might be saved in files with other names extension mul Batch runs U
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