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Architecture Specification

1. Requirements by category Partner Design elements flagged the requirement Requirements for the overall system Non_functional 020 M CFR The user applications and the DVE system availability 24h 7 Non_functional 030 M CFR The user interface as provided by the three application categories for residential users the utilities and the network operators Non_functional 040 M CFR The gateway and the DVE user identification and authentication Non_functional 050 M CFR Applicable on all architecture components safety Non_functional 060 M CFR User applications system usability Local_Users 040 M CFR User applications and the DVE Utility 0030 M PPC The EMD Utility 0110 M PPC The user interface as provided by the three application categories for residential users the utilities and the network operators White_goods 0040 M IND The Gateway White_goods 0060 O IND The EMD White_goods 0080 O IND The M2M APIs of the Gateway and the EMD appliances control functions White_goods 0090 M IND The Gateway Requirements for the network Local_Users 030 M CFR The gateway and the user applications Operator 0070 M FT The Gateway Operator 0120 M FT The Gateway Operator 0130 M FT The Gateway The DVE and the user applications Operator 0140 M FT The Gateway The DVE and the user applications Operator 0150 M FT The Gateway Operator 0160 M FT The Gateway AIM consortium 2008 2009
2. activate service subscribe to EMD data for appliance 1 appliance data Appliance aggregate data l l l Subscribe to high level senor data i a i Subscribe to data from individual sensors I Data from individual sensor 1 update high level aggregate sensor data update aggregate amp contextualized energy data Figure 6 Remote monitoring 3 1 2 Remote control In the control use case the user or the AIM logic itself submits to the EMD a control request for for a specific appliance or a set of appliances and receives back an appropriate acknowledgment As it is depicted in the figure below the gateway has the role of request coordinator towards the appliances and that of the energy value aggregator and estimator whereas the EMD undertakes routing of the requested message toward the target appliance s and the reception of the corresponding responds 1 3 SRR Dashed lines return response messages Full lines originating messages AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 29 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Operator Service User Platform Gateway proxy Activate Service acknowledge 3 2 Operator l l l l Subscribe i Service Send control Command e g switcl off translated command t acknowledg translated command La acknowledg I ack
3. KNX supports several communication media Each communication medium can be used in combination with one or more configuration modes allowing each manufacturer to choose the right combination for the targeted market segment and application KNX as multi mediated protocol suites the following different information propagation media e Twisted pair KNX TP KNX is transmitted across a separate bus cable hierarchically structured in lines and areas e Power line KNX PL KNX is transmitted on the existing main network e Radio frequency KNX RF KNX is transmitted via radio signals Devices can be uni or bidirectional o JP Ethernet KNX IP This widespread communication medium can be used in conjunction with the KNXnet IP specifications which allow the tunnelling or routing of KNX frames encapsulated inside IP frames KNX can be coupled to other systems Several KNX manufacturers offer gateways to other networks i e to other building automation systems telephone networks multimedia networks IP networks etc KNX systems can be mapped to BACnet objects as documented in the international standard ISO 16484 5 or offer the possibility to interface with the DALI technology KNX is independent from any hard or software technology and can be realized on any microprocessor platform AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 99 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 3 System level communication solutions for services implementation
4. 4 2 4 Services accommodation 4 2 4 1 Energy management service discovery An AIM service directory is necessary for discovering or publishing the power management profiles and functionality of the various AIM controllable devices in the residential network When a device obtains an IP address the subsequent step is its discovery by other AIM entities When a new device is added to the network the AIM protocol allows the device to advertise its power management services to control points on the network Similarly when an EMD is added to the network the AIM discovery protocol allows the EMD to search for AIM devices for which their power attributes can be managed over the network The fundamental exchange in both cases is a discovery message containing a few essential specifics about the device or one of its associated services for example its type identifier and a pointer to a more detailed information dataware The AIM discovery protocol could be based on the Simple Service Discovery Protocol SSDP similar to UPnP 4 2 4 2 Energy management service advertisement An AIM device will advertise its power management profiles e g the energy consumed per function Devices should not only advertise these profiles but should also advertise their energy management capabilities services Moreover a device manufacturer should have the flexibility to implement in a standard way a subset of the AIM functionality In terms of the related d
5. An Echelon designed 8 bit processor the Neuron chip was initially the only way to implement a LonTalk node and is used in the large majority of LonWorks based hardware Much later the protocol was made available for general purpose processors a port of the ANSI CEA 709 1 standard to IP based or 32 bit chips However this was a relatively recent development and has not been widely adopted 6 1 4 Z Wave Z Wave is a low power wireless technology designed specifically for remote control applications Unlike Wi Fi and other IEEE 802 11 based wireless LAN systems that are designed primarily for high bandwidth data flow the Z Wave RF system operates in the sub Gigahertz frequency range and is optimized for low overhead commands such as on off as in a light switch or an appliance and raise lower as in a thermostat or volume control Because Z Wave operates out of the 2 4 GHz frequency of 802 11 based wireless systems it is largely impervious to interference from common household wireless electronics such as Wi Fi routers cordless telephones and Bluetooth devices As a result of its low power consumption and low cost of manufacture Z Wave can be easily embedded in consumer electronics products including battery operated devices such as remote AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 93 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 controls smoke alarms and security sensors Z Wave is currently supported by over 200 manufacturers worldwide and
6. There are several options in use for implementing communication services Among the most popular options are JINI CORBA WSDL and XML SOAP Each comes with its own strong points The communication between the AIM residential gateway and the AIM user applications will be constituted using a Web XML SOAP communication flow Our entire messaging will be XML SOAP based Bellow a brief overview of each available technology is listed 6 3 1 CORBA CORBA is a mechanism in software for normalizing the method call semantics between application objects that reside either in the same address space application or remote address space same host or remote host on a network CORBA uses an interface definition language IDL to specify the interfaces that objects will present to the outside world CORBA then specifies a mapping from IDL to a specific implementation language like C or Java Standard mappings exist for Ada C C Lisp Ruby Smalltalk Java COBOL PL I and Python There are also non standard mappings for Perl Visual Basic Erlang and Tcl implemented by object request brokers ORBs written for those languages The CORBA specification dictates that there shall be an ORB through which the application interacts with other objects In practice the application simply initializes the ORB and accesses an internal Object Adapter which maintains such issues as reference counting object amp reference instantiation policies object
7. AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 7 Interfaces functional specification In this section we provide the specification of the interfaces in the AIM architecture A figure that depicts the different interfaces can be seen below Wide af a n twork Cs SS a r 1 i 1 I Remote home f White goods amp FE ee user i Home automation s anh System Logic oe i z N i appliances r i Interface amp Interface E 7 R Service F platform Interface B Y Utility third party i service provider l Figure 65 Interface specifcication 7 1 Interface A Interface A is a remote access interface that makes it possible for users to access the AIM system for both control and monitoring when they are outside the home network Interface A will be an http web browser based interface as it should be accessible both from a mobile device supposedly a Smartphone with IP access and regular web browsing capabilities and also a PC sitting behind a corporate firewall typically for users who would wish to have access to control and monitoring of their home AIM system functionalities from their office PC if allowed by their company Interface A should give access to all the regular control and monitoring functionalities with possibility to restrict access to some of these functionalities only to specific categories of users The most privileged and security critical administration functionalities could be
8. JE SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Deliverable lt 2 2 gt Architecture Specification Editor Maurice Draaijer and Antonios Argyriou PHILIPS Deliverable nature Report R Dissemination level ublic PU Confidentiality Suggested readers C experts on ICT for energy efficiency home network provider and developers Version 2 0 Keywords _ energy management home network household appliances device _ operation modes Code of Conduct Abstract This deliverable provides a detailed description of the AIM architecture The appliances that are within the scope of the AIM project are white goods audiovisual equipment and communications devices First an overview of related projects is provided and then the AIM system architecture is introduced Subsequently important use cases that motivate the need for uniform residential energy management architecture like AIM are discussed At the core of this document is an analysis of the AIM architecture that is explained in terms of the functional components needed while their interactions are also described in detail Finally an account of functionalities mapping on actual AIM components is given AIM Deliverable D2 2 Disclaimer This document contains material which is the copyright of certain AIM consortium parties and may not be reproduced or copied without permission All AIM consortium parties have agreed to make this document available on request
9. The EMD control capability EMD 0070 M KEL DOE The EMD protocols EMD 0080 M KEL DOE The EMD protocols security EMD 0100 M KEL DOE The EMD protocols EMD 0110 M KEL DOE The EMD high level functions EMD 0120 M KEL DOE The EMD functions for standby devices EMD 0130 M KEL The EMD protocols EMD 0140 M KEL The EMD protocols EMD 0150 M KEL The EMD physical interfaces functions EMD 0160 M KEL The EMD and the gateway InterfaceE 0010 M DOE IND EMD and Gateway protocols InterfaceE 0020 M DOE IND EMD and Gateway protocols InterfaceF 0010 M DOE PHI EMD and Gateway protocols InterfaceF 0020 O DOE PHI EMD and Gateway physical communication interfaces InterfaceG 0010 M DOE IFX EMD and Gateway protocols InterfaceG 0020 O DOE IFX EMD and Gateway protocols InterfaceH 0010 M KEL FT EMD and Gateway physical communication interfaces Requirements for the appliances Local_Users 050 M CFR Applications for residential users White_goods 0020 M IND White good appliances White_goods 0100 O IND The protocols of the gateway White_goods 0110 O IND The washing machine appliances White_goods 0120 O IND The EMD Page 124 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 White_goods 0130 M IND The control logic of the gateway White_goods 0140 O IND The EMD and the gateway control function Audiovisua
10. ActionsType and EventsType Variables in general usually referred to current settings on the device whereas actions were used to influence these current settings The list of events might be used to classify or retrieve the allowed settings of the device variables e g a list of allowed settings for the current state lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt AIM device category Electrical Device xmilns AIM http www com dtu org DevicePAPI xmlns xsi http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http www com dtu org DevicePAPI DeviceProfile xed gt lt deviceType gt SiemensOven lt deviceType gt lt deviceName gt myOven 1 5 02 lt deviceName gt lt deviceVariables gt lt variable id CurrentState eventNumber 2148 gt 600 lt variable gt lt deviceVariables gt lt deviceActions gt lt actionID gt Start lt actionID gt lt actionID gt Stop lt actionID gt lt actionID gt Pause lt actionID gt lt deviceActions gt lt deviceEvents gt lt eventID desc Stand by gt 600 lt eventID gt lt eventID desc Programmed gt 601 lt eventID gt lt eventID desc Running gt 602 lt eventID gt Figure 41 Device example This excerpt depicts an example of the EPM2 Oven which included a single device variable and dedicated actions and events The figure shows that the device specific parameters were always designed as element attribute values in order to even
11. BeyWatch aims to design develop and evaluate an innovative energy aware flexible and user centric solution able to provide interactive energy monitoring intelligent control and power demand balancing at home block and neighbour level The system will interconnect legacy professional consumer electronic devices with a new generation of energy aware white goods in a common network where multilevel hierarchic metering control and scheduling will be applied based on power demand network conditions and personal preferences Moreover BeyWatch will optimize and integrate an innovative hybrid photovoltaic solar HPS system which will provide a hot water for white goods such as dishwasher washing machine in order to strongly decrease the energy consumption and the CO2 emissions at home by reducing removing the heating operational cycles and b generate electrical energy from Renewable Energy Sources RES which can be utilised at home and during peak periods even fed to the electricity network in a reverse power generation distribution business model Information from HPS system will be shared in the BeyWatch network and used for a new set of energy management rules in order to maximize energy savings and environmental savings at home block and neighbour level A 1 5 The AMI MOSES project The AmI MoSES project will develop an ambient intelligent monitoring system for energy consumption dedicated to manufacturing SMEs to provide compreh
12. In energy management example case The user sets a maximum energy consumption limit for the AIM topology and the AIM network restricts the appliance operational mode to that limit Appliance EMD RG Database User Set energy limit Safeguard limit Request energy Request status measurements Status Receive energy measurements Calculate real time energy consumption Higher than limit Yes Figure 25 Exchange of commands in the AIM architecture for limiting the energy consumption according to user requirements Page 48 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 2 2 Management of appliance functions Devices are managing their internal functions without explicit control from the network On the other hand they can export to the network higher level power consumption functionality modes that are allowed to be managed It is up to the device manufacturer and the devices themselves to decide on this The digital control system of each white good is able to manage its internal functions according to the value of external data acquired from the network and supplied by the gateway 4 2 2 1 External data used for appliance functions management The main external data used by the appliance control systems for managing internal functions are a Power threshold selected by the home user for avoiding to overcome low tariff limits b Power threshold proposed by the utility dur
13. and the variable that should be changed or retrieved The following example shows a request to change the status of a power switch POST UD 6 HTTP 1 1 HOST 192 168 2 1 80 CONTENT LENGTH 268 CONTENT TYPE text xml charset utf 8 USER AGENT JavaVM UPnP 1 0 Siemens UPnP Stack v1 1 beta SOAPACTION urn schemas upnp org service SwitchPower 1 SetTarget lt s Envelope xmlns s http schemas xmlsoap org soap envelope s encodingStyle http schemas xmlsoap org soap encoding gt lt s body gt lt u SetTarget xmlns u urn schemas upnp org service SwitchPower 1 gt lt newTargetValue gt 1 lt newTargetValue gt lt u SetTarget gt lt s body gt lt s Envelope gt UPnP example for service activation request In the example above the Control Point accesses the logical device which is assigned to the Control URL UD 6 In this case an UPnP BinarySwitch is assigned to the Control URL The POST parameter included in the HTML header specifies that the value to be changed is listed in the body of the request Inside the HTTP message body a SOAP envelope includes the UPnP action SetTarget and the argument newTargetValue that should be performed Also the value to which the related State Variable should be changed to is included In this example the State Variable Target should be changed to 1 In the case that the action could be performed without any failure the UPnP device
14. argumentList gt lt argumentList gt lt argumentList gt lt xml version 1 0 gt lt scpd xmlns urn schemas upnp org service 1 0 gt lt major gt 1 lt major gt lt minor gt 0 lt minor gt lt name gt SetTarget lt name gt lt name gt newTargetValue lt name gt lt direction gt in lt direction gt lt relatedState Variable gt Target lt relatedStateVariable gt lt name gt GetTarget lt name gt lt name gt RetTargetValue lt name gt lt direction gt out lt direction gt lt relatedState Variable gt Target lt relatedStateVariable gt lt name gt GetStatus lt name gt lt name gt ResultStatus lt name gt lt direction gt out lt direction gt lt relatedState Variable gt Status lt relatedState Variable gt lt serviceStateTable gt lt state Variable sendEvents no gt lt name gt Target lt name gt lt dataT ype gt boolean lt dataType gt lt state Variable gt lt stateVariable sendEvents yes gt lt name gt Status lt name gt lt dataT ype gt boolean lt dataType gt lt state Variable gt lt serviceStateTable gt e Service activation Example of a UPnP service description To use a specific service of a device the Control Point has to access the Control URL defined in the device description of that device Therefore the body of a HTTP POST request must specify the action Page 80 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2
15. f figures and or list Of tableSiscccs in a a a A E S E A a ra 8 Abbreviations eesriie iee i aE ath E eden EEE KEER A EEE ETE E E iE ET endl 10 DSTA OI SEE EAE AA E E E A N E E EE 12 1 General description of the AIM architecture s nsnssenenseeeeseesseeeesseeesssteseesetssesenssesressteseeseesseseesss 13 1 1 Identification of functional components ccesccescessceeeceeeeeeseescecseecsaeceseceseceeeseeeeeeeeeseenees 14 1 2 Operation Modes ennenen Sees ous devours cases A sn e E deat a e E sade tees Ea 16 1 2 1 Servicesand APpliGatOMs vice neina e a E A a n E 17 1 3 Security design of the AIM architecture cccccccccceesceseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeaeesaeceseeeseeeeeeseenes 17 1 3 1 Design of authentication identity and policy management cccccceesseeseeseeeeeees 17 1 3 1 Communication through firewall and NAT ccceccceseceseceseceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeneeestees 18 1 3 2 Security architecture and the H interface cecceecceesceeseeesceeeeeseeeneeeseecsecnecneeeseees 19 2 Analysis of state of the art and impact on AIM architecture ceecceeceeeceeeececeeseeeeceaeeaeeeseeaeeas 20 2 1 Introduction Trends in the area of energy saving technologies c ccesceeseeseeseeeeeeeeeeees 20 2 1 1 Trends in the area of low power components cccesccesecessceseceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeteeetseesaes 20 2 1 2 Trends in area of MicrOelectrOMics eecescesseecseeceseeseeseccecseeseceaecaeeeeeesecaeeneesecneeea
16. followed by RTL gate and layout The basic idea is that every specific stage of the design flow can help saving energy Page 20 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Every consumer electronics products today is designed in order to do accommodate more functions with reduced need for energy Squeezing more and higher performance logic into smaller areas requires power management including attention to packaging cooling heat absorption and dissipation 2 1 3 Trends in area of software In addition to choosing low power components and or reducing leakage current in their designs producer has started writing more efficient software control Inefficient software design and implementation can void power saving gain at component and system design stage As the power consumption of the involved component depends also by the software that control the frequency operation mode and pin states The most efficient power management scheme controls each component s power supply in a device through software shutting off power to components not needed or placing components in sleep mode A lot of focus appears to be on power aware physical implementation vendors including clock gating voltage domains power aware clock placement gate sizing and dual Vth optimization To deal with power management issues on power analysis and optimization at all levels in the design flow from architecture to sign off New comple
17. later infrared and short range radio mediums Over a six year period engineers representing international companies met on a regular basis and developed a proposed standard They called this standard CEBus pronounced see bus The CEBus standard was released in September 1992 CEBus is an open architecture set of specification documents which define protocols for products to communicate through Power Line wire low voltage twisted pair wire coax infrared RF and fibre optics 6 1 7 1 CEBUS Power Line carrier The CEBus standard includes such things as spread spectrum modulation on the Power Line Spread spectrum involves launching a modulation at one frequency and altering the frequency during its cycle The CEBus Power Line standard begins each burst at 100 kHz and increases linearly to 400 kHz during a 100 microsecond duration Both the bursts referred to as superior state and the absence of burst referred to as the inferior state create similar digits so a pause in between is not necessary A digit 1 is created by an inferior or superior state that lasts 100 microseconds and a digit 0 is created by an inferior or superior state that lasts 200 microseconds Consequently the transmission rate is variable depending upon how many of the characters are one and how many are zero the average rate is about 7 500 bits per second A 400 microsecond burst is an end of frame indicator and also saves time For example if the 32 bit destina
18. period of times in which it used specific devices according to e The day of the week typically week days week ends holydays e The time of the day the granularity may be quite coarse like e g half hour or hour From these data the learning system can extract some characteristics of the user habits in the form of probability distributions For example it can derive the probability distribution of the user presence at home during week days and week ends see Figure 44 the probability distribution of the presence in the living room the probability distribution of using the HiFi audio system etc If relevant the learning system can also extract joint probability distributions like for example the probability of using two devices at the same time 00 00 02 00 04 00 06 00 08 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 16 00 18 00 20 00 22 00 100 0 Figure 44 Example probability distribution of user at home during the week Based on this user profile characterization the system can take same decisions on the energy management settings for basically two main purposes Page 68 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Set the devices in a low power mode when the probability of being used is very low and set them in some active mode when the user will likely use them like e g activate screen remote control etc e Schedule activities requested by the user in periods of times that fits requirements like e g run t
19. presence event k restore list of appliances in standby Switch on command Figure 23 Standby implementation message flows A similar case is evident in AIM Switch off commanding which involves the AIM actors and the AIM database An AIM appliance notifies the AIM gateway on its standby state The AIM gateway registers this event in the database and finally sends a switch off command to the appliance A similar procedure switches on the appliance and registers the event in the database AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 47 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 2 1 5 2 Energy management in active mode using an AIM EMD User Services EMD logic M2M interfaces IP to KNX Bridge Bundle Drivers Appliance Bundle ww e any other type VMIEJ mwares KNX PHY ZigBee Interface IEEE802 1 Mains Status EMD Control KNX interface Status Control Figure 24 Showcasing the use of KNX for communication between the EMD and the AIM gateway Active mode energy management constitutes the core of the AIM architecture We should note that either Power line or pure COM interfaces may be used in this case The EMD logic consists of a energy monitoring b energy management standby management All other necessary EMD functions can be implemented either inside the AIM gateway in the controlled appliance or as an individual external electronic box component
20. provides an XML format for documents for this purpose The abstract definition of ports and messages are separated from their concrete use or instance allowing the reuse of these definitions A port is defined by associating a network address with a reusable binding A collection of ports define a service Messages are abstract descriptions of the data being exchanged and port types are abstract collections of supported operations The concrete protocol and data format specifications for a particular port type constitutes a reusable binding where the operations and messages are then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format In this way WSDL describes the public interface to the web service WSDL is often used in combination with SOAP and XML Schema to provide web services over the Internet A client program connecting to a web service can read the WSDL to determine what functions are available on the server Any special data types used are embedded in the WSDL file in the form of XML Schema The client can then use SOAP to actually call one of the functions listed in the WSDL XLang is an extension of the WSDL such that an XLANG service description is a WSDL service description with an extension element that describes the behaviour of the service as a part of a business process Resources or services are exposed using WSDL by both Web Services Interoperability WS I Basic Profile and WSRF framework 6 3 4 SOAP The AIM SOAP speci
21. underlying security such as SSL is already built in For human initiated actions security controls is supported through standard procedures such as password checks and SSL links This is the standard interface through which a user is subscribing or opting out of tele administration and monitoring by the external actor base 7 4 Interface D Interface D is the interface between the AIM EMDs and their controlling Gateway Since the AIM domestic network is essentially hierarchical most if not all flow control will be governed by an AIM Gateway The latter is the device that accepts commands from external actors and channels them to specific or grouped EMDs in the system making the controlled devices comply to the energy consumption pattern requested Interface D will support multiple wired wireless or Power Line communication technologies like Power Line ZigBee Wifi etc Requirements for the D interface are e the interface should be located at a high layer in the OSI stack and be PHY independent e the interface should rely on IP as the common network layer protocol Since the home gateway is the AIM central coordination point it should assume the role of a master with the connected appliances assuming the role of slaves Accordingly the AIM paradigm is that the master issues command messages and slaves reply For example regular events occurring at slave sites e g statistics counter increment are sent spontaneously by a slave
22. 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 3 4 3 Example usage scenarios Example N 1 Usage scenario during the workweek The user is a typical worker that lives in household only in the early hours of the day and come back in the house in late evening for dinner and the night The general objective of the user is to minimize incurred costs and to this purpose he sets the system with the following general system function Minimize energy consumption during a period of time i e 6 hours 24 hours week month Objective minimization of energy consumption during the specified interval of time We are in winter the day of the user start at 7 00AM when he wakes up He desires a pleasant temperature in the rooms that he visits in the morning for preparing breakfast and dressing himself before going out for the work He sets a temperature of 22 C in the bedroom bathroom and in the kitchen He doesn t want to warm up the living room because he doesn t use this room in the morning While the user is not in the house it is not necessary warming up any room over a specified threshold of temperature so at 8 00AM when the user goes out the system is free to manage temperature just considering the cost minimization objective and minimum temperature constraints Obviously user desires that at 7 00PM when he is back home the temperature in the house is again around 22 C like in the morning but this time in all the rooms The schedule of user
23. A 1 7 The E4U project E4U aims at fostering world leadership in ICT enabled energy efficiency in the EU through accelerating research and development for energy efficient ICT systems It will achieve this through the creation of a strategic research roadmap for power electronics in alignment with the national EU and international policy framework E4U will create impact through targeted interaction with the research community leading European industry and RTD policy makers at the national and European level E4U will also advertise the benefits of power electronics and ICT for energy efficiency to the broad public A 1 8 The GENESIS project So far several EU funded projects and other initiatives have taken up the challenge of Promoting sustainable development Ensuring security and diversity of energy supply Improving industrial competitiveness Enhancing economic and social cohesion furthermore very valuable research work has been carried out in the past but the gap to the market s and to the full inclusion of the nowadays technologies is still the main obstacle hindering the deployment of its economic potential In this context GENESIS project consortium will collect and analyse research results on efficiency and energy management systems EMS and identify opportunities for integration and applications to further complex or cross cutting areas The main aim is to provide the guidelines for economical sustainability of the industrialisati
24. S lt lt includes gt gt s Define schedule exeptions Set operational mode Figure 15 Detailed use case diagram of the energy use management AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 37 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Sensor network Identify user Detect presence Measure physical parameters Home user Environment Figure 16 Use case diagram of the sensor network Figure 16 shows the use case diagram of the sensor network that interact with home users to identify them and detecting their presence and with the environment to measure some physical parameters like e g the temperature the light level etc A sequence chart of the energy use personalization accessed locally by the home user is presented in Figure 17 Local service Home EMD user interface Gateway f Activate i i interface control mode i i command i Display default page O D 7777777777777 I i response i Set energy management Set energy management command j parameter mode service parameter mode p gt response oon ee pe Si aa a Aek command Display confirmation page ke l eee gt response er eSee sees es Senne ssw command 5 de activate interface PE i response Figure 17 Local management of energy use personalization sequence chart Page 38 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009
25. ZigBee advantages ZigBee is a wireless standard ZigBee devices are so low powered that a typical battery powered node can wake up check in send data and shut down in less than 30 ms This attribute leads to an extremely long battery life or extremely low mains power consumption For devices with a 30 s check in period or more the battery s shelf life will expire before the battery capacity runs out If a node is configured for use with a beacon frame and a guaranteed time slot then on air time is reduced to 3 ms This can be achieved with only one transceiver IC incorporating the Physical and some MAC layer functions and a light weight task running on the same medium powered 8 bit microcontroller used for the application The flash memory requirement for a ZigBee device ranges from 16 to 60 KB depending on the device s complexity the required stack features and whether or not it is an RFD or FFD device This is about a quarter of Bluetooth s requirements AES 128 bit security and a sophisticated MAC layer supporting CSMA CA clear channel assessment link quality indication optional acknowledgement and packet freshness are built in An addressing scheme can support more than 64 000 nodes per coordinator Multiple network coordinators can be linked which means extremely large networks are possible 6 2 2 Wi Fi Advantages The Wi Fi LAN has a broad application nowadays Because of its comfortable and quick installation people often rep
26. actual file locations etc Basing the storage of the different profiles as XML files inside a database is advantageous The structure of these registry files or profiles is dictated by a User profile template and a Device profile template both defined as XML scripts These two templates are conveniently interconnected by the SQL service for each associated AIM device The software architecture for the AIM gateway based on the OSGi architecture facilitated the design of special APIs provided by the profile functional group Therefore an OSGi bundle behaving as an OSGi service provider to other bundles published the requested profile API functionality while other bundles used the service provided by the previous one Two different APIs in the form of two different OSGi service bundles one for User profile operations and the other for Device profiles are executing AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 59 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 In order to integrate the XML handling operations within the RW OSGi bundles the JAVA API for XML Binding JAXB was used This API allowed the mapping of the structure defined by an XML Scheme into a tree of classes generated by the JAXB binding functionality Further operations allowed the mapping of XML documents compliant to the reference XML Scheme with runtime data structures compatible to the reference tree of classes obtained in the original binding 4 2 5 6 Technical approach
27. addresses the needs of remote monitoring and control over sensory network applications It enables broad based deployment of wireless networks with low cost low power solutions and provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries for a typical monitoring application Page 90 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 1 1 1 Basic ZigBee attributes Market Name ZigBee YMi FiT Bluetooth Standard 02 15 4 GSMYGPRS 802 11b 802 15 1 COMAY1xRTT Control amp Data Video Replacement Figure 59 Comparison between different short range wireless communications technologies ZigBee battery powered devices can sleep for hours or days The duty cycle of battery powered nodes within a ZigBee network is designed to be very low resulting in very low average power consumption Once associated with a network a ZigBee node can wake up and communicate with other ZigBee devices and return to sleep Representative time cycles are listed bellow e 30 ms typical new slave enumeration e 15 ms typical sleep slave to active e 15 ms typical active slave channel access While battery life is ultimately a function of battery type capacity and end use application ZigBee was designed to support very long life battery applications Users can expect multi year battery life when using standard alkaline batteries in a network supporting a typical application In applications that are
28. and the master must take care to check them out periodically The exception is only for unpredictable events which need immediate action Hence these following generic message types should be supported e REQUEST the master sends this message to the slave to ask for any data single value or value arrays or data structures etc e REPLY the answer of a slave to a request or to a command e COMMAND the master sends this message to a slave for immediate action e g switch power outlet off goto low power mode etc e EVENT this message is sent by the slave to the master in case of unpredictable events e g failure short circuit overflow etc The master might reply with a request e g send error counter If it is assured that each message is acknowledged by another message e g REQUEST REPLY hence the simpler RTP protocol can be used Otherwise the FTP protocol would assure that for example a COMMAND message has been received by a slave The message catalogue should be extensible in future As a consequence a slave or master should not issue errors or fail in case of reception of an unknown message type The messages should be human readable It is recommended that each D capable slave understands at least one message pair for example the lt REQUEST device ID gt The ID is returned via a REPLY message 7 5 Interface E Interface E is the interface between the AIM EMD Device and the white good White goods usually have th
29. by 7PM wash clothes during night etc The use case provide schedule allows to set the schedule of activities to be performed by the system and to inform the system about the presence of users at home or in some specific rooms of the home The use case set operational mode allows the user to set some predefined operational modes of the system like for example activate the night mode of the heating systems or the vacation mode of the global system etc The use cases provide schedule and set operational mode can also be accessed by the sensor network that can for example schedule some activities like e g run the washing machine or set an operation mode like e g turn off a set of devices off when it detects that the users are no longer at home and will likely come back when the scheduled activities are over The sensor network makes use of real time data sensed by sensor devices and historical data stored into user profiles Figure 15 shows the detailed use case diagram of the energy use management lt lt includes gt gt Set utilify function ee cost confort tradeoff Set ae param ys lt lt includes gt gt s F a Set application specific parameters lt lt includes gt gt Set operation gee 7 program for a device Provide oc task lt lt includes gt gt s a Set program specific parameters lt lt includes gt gt Provide normal eee 7 activity schedule Provide ger schedule
30. control of a shutter So one basic requirement is that the user interface should be always kept as simple as possible Nevertheless one basic rule should be that the information which is relevant for controlling the different services should always be available for the user interface The following sections describe the mapping of user interfaces on different devices and the aspects that relate to the nature of these devices Device independent user interface functionalities are described in section 4 5 5 1 Users outside the home These users will access the service by way of a mobile handset typically a smartphone with standard web browsing capabilities that will connect to the service platform The corresponding interface will be classical and adapted to the constraints of both the device itself and the portability across devices Adaption of content to mobile aspect ratios seems the best option in this case 5 5 2 Users inside the home fixed mobile Three interface modes could be proposed for users inside the home 5 5 2 1 Fixed classical interface This interface would correspond more or less to a large screen version of the mobile interface and it can be accessed anywhere from a desktop web browser 5 5 2 2 Fixed dedicated amp distributed interfaces These interfaces are distributed in the home and dedicated either to rooms or devices where they present information that is specific to this room or device There is a possibil
31. developed are likely therefore to have a longer life span offering better return on investment of the developed service Web Services also allow developers to use various programming languages such as Java C VBScript JavaScript or Perl In addition thanks to the use of standards based communications methods Web Services are virtually platform independent e Usability Web Services allow the business logic of many different systems to be exposed over the Web This gives your applications the freedom to use the Web Services that they need Instead of re inventing the wheel for each client you need only include additional application specific business logic into the client side This allows you to develop services and or client side code using the languages and tools that you want Reusability Web Services provide not only exploitation of the component based model of application development but the closest thing possible to zero coding deployment of such services This makes it easy to reuse Web Service components as appropriate in other services It also makes it easy to deploy legacy code as a Web Service Page 112 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Deployability Web Services are deployed over standard Internet technologies it enables Web Services to be deployed even over the firewall to servers running on the Internet on the other side of the globe Also due to the use of existing standards
32. energy control interface to household appliances An important aspect of the AIM system is management and control After an energy control point has retrieved a description of the device the EMD can send action commands to a device s service layer To do this an EMD sends a suitable control message Control messages can also expressed in XML using the Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP Like function calls in response to the control message the service returns action specific values The effects of the actions if any are modelled by changes in the variables that describe the run time state of the power management service An important factor in energy expenditure is the Standby mode also known as phantom power load which is responsible for an incredibly high amount of electricity consumption Practically every electronic device that is plugged into a socket continues to consume electricity after it is switched off Examples include phone chargers notebook power adaptors microwave ovens game consoles CD video and DVD players Worldwide surveys indicate that energy consumed by appliances in standby mode amount to 10 of the total energy consumed in households 5 3 1 1 White goods and EMD control White goods belong to the category regarding easily manageable appliances concerning instantaneous energy consumption However only some of appliances of this category can benefit from standby energy management For example a washing machine hav
33. functionalities of the system inside the boundary of the system rectangle with the actors external to the system who are involved in these functionalities The distinction between management maintenance and personalization of the system is explained at the beginning of this document AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 27 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 The distinction between three possible roles of the user is not set in stone and some users will obviously straddle all three roles depending on their inclination What is important is the idea that the system can be operated in default mode corresponding to the default home user role without any tinkering or even requiring reading a user manual The tech savvy home user does at least read the user manual and adapts the system to his her own preferences The expert user is able to engage in adaptations that are more technical and may update the system himself when e g new equipment is added The most difficult and or tedious maintenance tasks lifecycle of software correction of bugs etc are supposed to be performed by service providers For each user type a number of services are feasible concerning energy use management and energy use monitoring AIM System Vv E E ENN k lt lt extends gt gt Energy Use Management Utility Home user Energy Use Monitoring lt lt extends gt gt y lt lt extends gt gt Remote Mon Figure 5 Feas
34. intelligent devices since there will be a need for them to manage their energy consumption in relation to their environment Page 116 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Annex A A 1 Related research projects description A 1 1 The DINAR project The DINAR Decentralised Renewable Energy Supply Plants Technical and Economical Integration in the Grid Operation and Adaptation of Basic Conditions project aims at defining an energy management interface through which home users may select the source of the energy they consume judging on its real time price on the market The main goal of the project is the investigation and formulation of strategies for the integration of decentralised power plants into the control of the distribution network Technical as well as economical aspects are considered within the project An economical model will be developed in order to calculate economical consequences of different integration strategies Parallel to the economical investigations a Bidirectional Energy Management Interface BEMI will be developed which fulfils requirements regarding energy management as well as communication A 1 2 The DEHEMS project The Digital Environmental Home Energy Management System DEHEMS project aims to improve the current monitoring approach to levels of energy being used by households with an overall aim of reducing CO2 emissions across Europe DEHEMS will extend the current state
35. lifetime policies etc The Object Adapter is used to register instances of the generated code classes Generated Code Classes are the result of compiling the user IDL code which translates the high level interface definition into an OS and language specific class base for use by the user application This step is necessary in order to enforce the CORBA semantics and provide a clean user process for interfacing with the CORBA infrastructure Some IDL language mappings are more hostile than others For example due to the very nature of Java the IDL Java Mapping is rather straightforward and makes usage of CORBA very simple in a Java application The C mapping is not trivial but accounts for all the features of CORBA e g exception handling The C mapping is even stranger since it s not an Object Oriented language but it does make sense and handles the RPC semantics just fine Red Hat Linux delivers with the GNOME UI system which used to have its IPC built on CORBA now replaced by DBus A language mapping requires the developer user in this case to create some IDL code that represents the interfaces to his objects Typically a CORBA implementation comes with a tool called an IDL compiler which converts the user s IDL code into some language specific generated code A traditional compiler then compiles the generated code to create the linkable object files for the application This diagram illustrates how the generated code is use
36. message formats required to interact with the web services listed in its directory Overview The following diagram illustrates these protocols in their respective positions in the AIM communication protocol stack UDDI Service Publication and Discovery WSDL Service Description SOAP AMLsBased Messaging HTTP Network Figure 64 Web services protocol stack 6 3 6 Device profile for Web services In resource constrained environments the standard web service stack may be too large from a footprint perspective and too demanding on the CPU For these reasons a restricted version of the web service stack DPWS Device Profile for Web Services has been defined and is still in the standardisation process The device profile specifies a number of implementation constraints to enable web service functionality on light weight devices The device profile targets the following requirements e Identification of a minimal set of Web service specifications needed to enable secure messaging dynamic discovery description and event handling e Simplification of Web services protocols and formats in a way which allows their easy implementation on consumer electronics hardware e Specification of the set of minimum requirements for compliance without constraining richer implementations From a core functional perspective the device profile defines a set of Web service specifications which offer the following features e Sending secure messages from a
37. of energy control is proposed This document describes in detail the AIM architecture that consists of six basic components namely the gateway the EMD the home network the users and the appliances The energy consumers are controlled by an Energy Management Device EMD that works as the local hub of the AIM energy control EMD communicates through proper communication channels called Interfaces with all the energy consumption actors using one or more physical communication media and associated protocols The implicated communication technologies are based on wireless Power Line or Ethernet connectivity The interfaces are specified for communications channels among appliances white goods audiovisual and communications equipment on one side and users home users utilities and network operators on the other side EMD is in its turn controlled by an AIM Gateway through a bus interface ensuring access to multiple EMD s from a single access point either locally domestic users or offers a single access point for controlling the full system remotely The access point can be a TCP IP or a web service port to an extranet The Gateway is capable to become the transfer node between the Smart Home and the Smart Grid The main assets of this node from the utility point of view are the exchange and provisioning of information between utility and the customer that allow implementation of services for energy saving flexible tariffs reliable pow
38. of the art in intelligent meters moving beyond energy input models that monitor the levels of energy being used to an energy performance model that also looks at the way in which the energy is used It will bring together sensor data in areas such as household heat loss and appliance performance as well as energy usage monitoring to give real time information on emissions and the energy performance of appliances and services It will enable changes to be made to those appliances services remotely from the mobile phone or PC and provide specific energy efficiency recommendations for the household The impact will be to personalize action on climate change and so help enable new policies such as Personal Carbon Allowances as well as supporting the move towards increased localized generation and distribution of energy A 1 3 The Beaware project The project aims to contribute to the reduction of energy consumption a societal challenge of first order that requires combination of technical economical and social means So far energy conservation has focused on new often proprietary technologies and automation treating users as passive consumers However strong evidence suggests that users can adapt actively their behaviour to energy saving with suitable feedback support and incentives reducing significantly and cost effectively energy use without impacting adversely their comfort At present energy information flows are slow aggregated
39. or global controller for a different manufacturer s existing system There were other control network protocols in existence before and coinciding with the development of BACnet but they didn t meet all of the desired criteria at the time primarily that the standard had to be technically sound be able to handle buildings data be truly non proprietary and be easy to implement AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 97 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 2 Adopted technologies and rationale The communication between the AIM gateway and the EMDs can be constituted using a wide variety of protocols and technologies Our selection was based on cost factors easiness of implementation commercial availability popularity between appliance manufacturers energy consumption and compliance to regulations use of wireless mobile devices in home environments In our project we used the following communication sets e KNX Power Line communications e KNX wired communications e ZigBee wireless communications e Wifi 802 11g The AIM gateway offers middleware services which are in essence protocol independent and agnostic since additional protocols can be augmented in our platform according to market demand and technology shifts AIM devices are virtualised as well The above standards are used widely and enjoy substantial market penetration in Europe thus the rationale of using them as communication means in our project 6 2 1 Basic
40. powered from the mains the ZigBee energy consumption is trivial ZigBee was designed for the hostile RF environments that routinely exist in mainstream commercial and industrial applications Utilizing Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum with features including collision avoidance receiver energy detection link quality indication clear channel assessment acknowledgement security support for guaranteed time slots and packet freshness ZigBee s addressing scheme is capable of supporting over 64 000 nodes per network and multiple network coordinators can be linked together to support extremely large networks The logical size of a ZigBee network ultimately depends on which frequency band is selected how often each device on the network needs to communicate and how much data loss or retransmissions can be tolerated by the application 6 1 1 2 Insteon Insteon network basic attributes e Dual band RF and Power line AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 91 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Peer to peer networking is supported e Mesh topology net e Unsupervised network operation no routing tables Protocol All devices are two way repeaters Messages are acknowledged Broadcast retry if a message is not acknowledged Synchronized to Power Line It can bypasses wall floor and ceiling obstacles RF Device Installation e Plug in e Wire in e Battery operated X10 Compatibility e INSTEON compatible devices can send
41. responses with a HTTP OK message by repeating the executed action in the message body HTTP 1 1 200 OK Content Type text xml charset utf 8 Date Sat 01 Jan 2000 01 15 49 GMT Content Length 263 Server Allegro Software RomPager 4 34 lt s Envelope xmlns s http schemas xmlsoap org soap envelope s encodingStyle http schemas xmlsoap org soap encoding gt lt s Body gt lt u SetTargetResponse xmlns u urn schemas upnp org service SwitchPower 1 gt lt u SetTargetResponse gt lt s Body gt lt s Envelope gt UPnP example for service activation response AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 81 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 2 8 Physical interfaces and protocols used The physical interfaces provided are Ethernet or WLAN In order for the actions which are part of the Web based GUI to be transferred to the application server Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP is utilised The GUI is based on a Web based application that is residing in a Web Server and communicates with the OSGi bundles The Residential Gateway contains an Application Server which is based on dynamic Web pages The Web pages are stateless and executed whenever the user browses the AIM web based GUI The web pages contain Client Side components in DHTML Javascript which are executed at the client browser and Server Side components Server Pages which are dynamic controls executed at the web server In the context of the
42. to other framework programme participants The commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the proprietor of that information Neither the AIM consortium as a whole nor a certain party of the AIM consortium warrant that the information contained in this document is capable of use or that use of the information is free from risk and accept no liability for loss or damage suffered by any person using this information Impressum Architecture requirements specification WP2 System requirements and specification Document title Architecture requirements specification Editor Maurice Draaijer and Antonios Argyriou PHILIPS Work package 2 leader Andreas Foglar Infineon Estimation of PM spent on the Deliverable 32 5 Copyright notice 2008 2009 2010 AIM project consortium Page 2 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Executive summary The AIM project aims to foster a massively used technology for profiling and optimizing the energy consumption patterns of home appliances and it has to deal with two major challenges pursuing energy saving through concrete examples related to three application areas white goods audio video equipment and communication equipment and achieving results compatible with long term proof for sustained impact needs To do this a proper architecture allowing real time energy consumption monitoring and management plus virtualisation
43. used for systems integration but none of them has enjoyed a widespread adoption like SOAP SOAP is smaller and easier to implement than most of the previous protocols For example distributed computing environment DCE and CORBA took years to implement so only a few implementations were ever released SOAP however can use existing XML Parsers and HTTP libraries to do most of the hard work so a SOAP implementation can be completed in a matter of months which is why there are more than 30 SOAP implementations available SOAP doesn t have all the features found in DCE or CORBA do but this streamlined approach is what makes SOAP so readily available The primary use of AIM SOAP is for different programs and AIM applications possibly written in different languages and running on different platforms to communicate with each other The HTTP transport binding for SOAP makes it attractive for some uses SOAP fits right in the AIM architecture without the complex changes to the network other protocols require SOAP over HTTP can be managed with the same tools that manage other Web applications Most people use SOAP because it supports interoperability among many different environments and it supports HTTP which has led to SOAP becoming an industry standard 6 4 1 SOAP and security One of the first questions that newcomers to SOAP have usually revolves around how SOAP handles security Early on in the development of SOAP SOAP was seen as an HTTP ba
44. using proper semantics that will be built up in the context of the project The output of the device virtualisation environment is fed to the service personalisation amp creation component which undertakes incarnation of the energy management function in the form of singular service Finally the services born in the latter component are exploited as individual service components in the context of energy control monitoring or metering applications Internal appliances logic Control Status interfaces interfaces to to the powerline internal network appliance functions Energy Energy control monitoring logic enforcement logic Energy measurement amp encoding decoding logic IP Connectivity EMD RG Physical communication interfaces PLC wireless fixed Communication Residentianl Gateway Communications ectricity ce network network applications applications Figure 3 Instance of the AIM architecture The EMD functional entity is linked with AIM gateway functional entity via the IP connectivity component meaning that communication between the AIM gateway and the EMD is implemented over the IP protocol The EMD is the functional entity in charge for implementing energy management functions towards the household appliances As such it employs two types of communication interfaces a low level power line interface that allows physical communication with some appliance types and al
45. which will run locally on the EMDs and will allow an easy EMD configuration Realisation of power management applications shall be made possible through the involvement of the device virtualisation environment With this environment a user will be able to access and orchestrate the power management capabilities of his environment by using semantic representations having on one hand the possible administration functions e g monitor control etc and on the other the addressed household appliances types This device virtualisation environment will be accessible on the AIM gateway and its functions will be linked to properties such as service personalisation user identification and privileged access all offered by the ESTIA AIM gateway architecture discussed later on 4 2 1 3 The AIM device virtualisation logic The main building block of the AIM Device Virtualisation logic will be its Management procedures configuration environment Users will be able to create power management Page 44 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 procedures such as power consumption thresholds metering functions etc through the use of appropriate administration and appliance function semantic representations Virtualisation logic is used because it enables us to buffer out and mask hardware and software implementation specific attributes from the rest of the AIM architecture Virtualisation is defined as a
46. 0 M FT The identity management protocols of the gateway Operator 0110 M FT The DVE Operator 0190 M FT The home network Operator 0200 M FT The protocols of the gateway Operator 0220 M FT The protocols of the gateway Operator 0230 M FT The DVE Utility 0070 M PPC Utility applications Utility 0120 M PPC The UPnP functionality of the gateway White_goods 0030 M IND The DVE White_goods 0050 M IND The EMD White_goods 0070 M IND The EMD and the Gateway White_goods 0150 M IND The EMD White_goods 0160 M IND The appliances White_goods 0170 M IND The EMD and the appliances White_goods 0180 O IND The EMD White_goods 0190 M IND The EMD Audiovisual 0010 M PHI The EMD and the appliances Audiovisual 0020 M PHI The EMD and the gateway AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 123 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Audiovisual 0030 M PHI The EMD Audiovisual 0060 M PHI The EMD Audiovisual 0070 M PHI The EMD Audiovisual 0110 O PHI The audiovisual appliance and the EMD Gateway 0040 M KEL DOE The protocol stack of the gateway Gateway 0050 M KEL DOE The protocols of the gateway and the EMD EMD 0010 M KEL The EMD EMD 0011 M KEL The APIs of the gateway EMD 0020 M KEL The EMD EMD 0030 M KEL DOE The EMD EMD 0040 M KEL DOE The EMD EMD 0050 M KEL DOE The EMD metering capability EMD 0060 M KEL DOE
47. 2010 Page 121 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Operator 0170 M FT The home network Operator 0180 M FT The EMD Utility 0050 M PPC The Gateway Utility 0060 M PPC The Gateway Utility 0080 M PPC The Gateway Utility 0090 M PPC The Gateway Utility 0100 M PPC The Gateway White_goods 0010 M IND EMD and the database of the gateway Gateway 0010 M KEL DOE The protocols of the gateway Gateway 0020 M KEL DOE The physical communication interfaces of the gateway Gateway 0030 M KEL DOE The logic of the gateway profiling databases identity management EMD 0090 M KEL DOE The physical interfaces of the EMD InterfaceA 0010 M KEL DOE The gateway and the user applications of FT network operator InterfaceA 0020 M KEL DOE The communication interface between the utility FT and the network operator InterfaceA 0030 M KEL DOE The gateway security FT InterfaceA 0040 O KEL DOE The network physical communication FT interfaces InterfaceA 0050 M KEL DOE The M2M APIs of the gateway FT InterfaceB 0010 M KEL PPC The DVE appliances control logic InterfaceB 0020 M KEL PPC The DVE logic for the definition of energy strategy InterfaceB 0030 M KEL PPC The gateway the high level communication interfaces InterfaceB 0040 O KEL PPC The applications for utilities InterfaceC 0010 M KEL CFR The physical communication interfaces of the gatewa
48. 5 A technical fact is that future CMOS technology shrinks will have increased leakage current CMOS technology normally has no bias current and consumes energy only at low high high low transitions hence proportional to the clock Halting the clock or reducing it to very low values drove energy consumption to almost zero This advantage will be lost for ultimate nano scale CMOS technologies Instead a trade off between power dissipation area cost and performance will have to be carefully obtained for each application Another aspect is that all components of IT appliances are still under high cost pressure and time to market is still a major goal Who is willing to wait one more year for a low power home gateway while his colleague friend neighbour already benefits from the new functionality And will he accept the higher price Hence the advent of low energy chips will depend to a large extent on the consumer behaviour 2 1 2 Trends in area of microelectronics Today s trends in consumer electronics devices are leaning towards the integration of multiple functions in a system on chip design Battery life concerns require management of active and standby power as well The designs today address power issues from the very beginning Designers are now taking an architectural view of power Instead of relying solely on physical optimization techniques they are focusing on power closure early in the design cycle starting with the system level
49. AIM project physical the interfaces might need enrichment with new ones to allow support of the new appliance types Due to the modular architecture of the gateway this activity will not affect its internal components 5 2 9 Interfaces to other gateway subsystems The information contained in the different profiles must be accessible within the AIM gateway software architecture from other functional modules i e policy identity management or machine to machine interface Therefore an internal API is provided towards these other functional elements so that they can access and modify if necessary the information contained within the profiles All bundles in the Residental Gateway s OSGi architecture should be able to e Retrieve information from a User Device profile o Asa Java object or parameter o Asa XML formatted string e Modify information in a profile e List existing profiles 5 2 9 1 Interfaces to other gateway subsystems As explained above the PDP UI Consumer provides a simple interface that other modules may use for querying the PDP service PDP UI Consumer offers two methods for sending receiving XACML messages to from the PDP services e sendRequest method has been customized to generate and send valid XACML request suited for AIM purpose e getResponse method allows getting the XACML response back and to process it to only get the information that is relevant in AIM context Complementary methods are provided t
50. Home Ci i 3 jome Cinemas Equipment hons Set top boxes TV sets A White Goods AIV Equipment EHS KNX PowerLine Zigbee PoE el 7 Electricity Network Electricity Management Operator Outdoor N Services X e i ESTIA Networks gt n User Terminals hog ail AIM services point of access ateway 4 u User Terminal ESTIA Home Network Architecture 4 ae AIM services point of Architecture Figure 2 Instance of the AIM architecture as outlined in the technical annex To be able to identify such higher level logic and its relations with the lower layer network components we draw up a second instance of the AIM architecture which is depicted in Figure 3 This instance aims at illustrating organisation of the internal architecture components according to their intra and inter relations within or outside the frame of the two main components For reasons of maintaining an overview of the system requirements this second architecture instance has organised components in correspondence to the main requirements diagram set out in figure 1 of D2 1 This way it can be easily deduced which components are affected when for example requirements for the network are in question The main functional entities identified in the figure above are e The AIM core logic that will be hosted partially in the wide area network and partially in the AIM gateway e The EMD
51. IM basic profile com xmlns xsi http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http www AIM basic profile com Basin User Frofrile xsa gt lt user name gt Jose Soler lt user name gt lt login_name gt jose lt login name gt lt password gt AIMini lt password gt lt group gt administrator lt group gt lt category gt adult lt category gt User profile lements and types The result of the JAXB binding operation of this schema resulted into a series of java classes These classes were incorporated into the final API bundle as estia jar file within the bundle which allowed the different operations over the profile components AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 63 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 2 5 9 Device profile schema The main requirement for a device profile represented the development of a generic frame for many different kinds of devices Therefore the XML structure did not depend on element names specific to a single device document orientation Moreover simple data types of the device profile schema referred mainly to the type String or restricted String in order to guarantee compatibility with several vendors and description formats S Schema http swww com dtu org Devicel 5 Directives E Elements e device DeviceType ctionsType ActionType string E DeviceType EventsType EventType string YariablesType YariableType string Figure 39 Schema ty
52. IM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Both scenarios are standard internet repertoire and can be employed optionally 1 4 3 Security architecture and the H interface Before discussing the comments regarding the H interface it should be advised that during the implementation of the AIM architecture described in D2 2 the implementation of a physical interface H was discontinued This decision was taken in D3 3 1 submitted in September 2009 in section 2 3 As described in D3 3 1 section 2 3 a secure communication method to and from the operator network is possible An EMD with security capabilities can use a ssl ssh secure socket layer communication which would allow direct access through an opened port of the router s firewall This technology is a proven secure protocol with millions of applications today For EMDs without security capabilities a logical communication interface H can be created by connecting to the Residential Gateway RG and using the RG as a proxy for the EMD communication The security implementation for accessing the RG is then used for the access to the EMD Both approaches include the requirement of user empowerment In both cases the user decides to whom he gives the credentials keys certificates passwords necessary to access the EMD either directly or via the RG A detailed management of rules for access control can be implemented on each device This allows an administrator to define acce
53. Line KNX LonWorks etc Concerning the physical integration with household appliances the project will use information from appliance manufacturers in order to build a generic bus through which the various commands will be enforced The interworking of the AIM power management architecture with communication networks shall be made on the basis of exploiting the capabilities of the IP protocol of the EMD 4 2 1 5 EMD usage scenarios The EMD is used as primary means to interact with AIM appliances Below we present two cases that demonstrate how the EMD can serve this role More specifically we discuss the implementation of the standby and active modes through the EMD 4 2 1 5 1 Stand by mode implementation using an EMD IP to KNX ER gt i 2 es type Bridge Bundle Mains in KNX PHY Status Interface EMD Control Master KNX KNX interface Status Optionaj Com Interface VF 2 Figure 21 Implementation of an EMD with a KNX interface In AIM stand by is performed by switching off the power outlet to which an appliance is connected The EMD should be pre programmed so that it knows to which appliance it is connected At any given time the AIM gateway may choose to switch off the appliance by sending an execution command to the EMD The AIM gateway would only be allowed to execute this task for specific sets of appliances e g not for refrigerators and under specific events e g following a user
54. Profile Requirements Profile API Requirements define profilg template Java Coding Integration of JAXB Profile JAX8 binding operations within OSGi XML Schema Binary representation h of the profie template Enables access to Profiles to other functional modules within RG Enables Profile Creation and Management Profiles XML files Figure 36 Profile technical approach and implementation processes The technical approach of the basic profile APIs utilized the JAXB standard to manage XML based profiles via Java objects The User Device Profile API can be seen as two independent OSGi bundles that enabled profile management in basic functionality Other OSGi bundles take advantage of the basic profile management and or provided value added services 4 2 5 7 Basic bundles for profile management The User Device Profile API consists of two interfaces the API itself basic OSGi bundle and the JAXB enabled binding providing a representation of the Profile template In the following segment the XML schema definition of the User and Device profile is introduced The XML schema was used by the JAXB process to generate the dedicated class structure that was imported by the API 4 2 5 8 User profile schema A representation of the initial user profile is presented bellow as an example based on Eclipse s Web Tools project Editor Page 60 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Delivera
55. RG by mean of Machine To Machine M2M API In the M2M API a set of functions is available for managing every kind of device i e Turn On Turn Off Stand By Read State Read Energy consumption These sets of functions monitoring and control that are specific proprietary for every device are matched and translated with the functions stored in the knowledge base The DVE can manage all the devices according with the user profile and the generic operational mode of AIM system decided by the user The user operates on a defined set of functions available through the GUI The application after analysing the knowledge base returns a result action that is forwarded to the RG and the result is confirmed to the user by the GUI we Smart Capabilities Rules Engine oR Ontology Figure 26 Device virtualisation environment The actions available to the user on the GUI could be e User Login AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 51 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Set a mode for managing the entire system without more action by the user energy saving mode limit consumptions threshold mode vacation mode e Program a specific device to operate o Set a cooking program o Set a washing program o Set a desired temperature e Schedule an action for the system e Read Measure Total Device specific Energy Consumption Costs e Read the list of all devices connected to the system e Monitor the state of a device
56. SoG AAS EE A 114 TT E a E A E EATA TA A 114 Tes nterace Hodas aE E e Ea E A E A EE 114 A TEE ato s 0 Ke OEE AE ES A A A A EE E S ETI ted 115 9o CONCIUSTONS ea ee ie aea a eE ai T E a E E a 116 ADDER Ar mananaia ea aa e aar a a ales a e sks a a e e ae ei 117 A l Related research projects AeSCription c cesccesccesscessceeeceeeeeeseeeseeeseecseecseeeseecaueenaeenseeeaeees 117 A 1 1 The DINAR project estripat aeaaee ie aN ee eea aS aee aa Eae 117 A 1 2 ABADI n i ARS 23 o1 E ES 117 A 1 3 The Beaware projectie deduct sc cence sadecQetiaceraatadeBavd E EE EE E tees cae 117 A 1 4 The Beywatch project cccccccccssecsseessecssecssecssecesecnsecseeseeeseseeeeeceseeeseecaaessaecsaeenseceaeens 118 A 1 5 The AMI MOSES pr j Ct isena r e a E E A E AES 118 A 1 6 The DIADEM Project nienn shass cascacicess soeaveaveccevees Masa EA E E R 118 A 1 7 The FAU projecteer Secs Basak ann ag ane EE ca ae tele eet ne asada eed daa 119 A 1 8 The GENESIS project osniovesthacites a ted a a E 119 A 1 9 The INTUBE proje ni a a E E onc 2 EEA A NE A E 119 Ja G G BY T TE E A E E A hat eet la hls Mace T E E 121 B 1 Mapping of user requirements to design clement ccccecsceesseeseeeteeeteeesseeseeeneenseeeaeens 121 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 7 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 List of figures and or list of tables Figure 1 Conceptual model of the AIM architecture Figure 2 Instance of the AIM architecture as outlined in the techn
57. VE which the user may use in order to control energy consumption of the home environment The DVE supports set up and personalisation of user profiles Home users is abe able of defining energy management scenarios on individual basis and execute them at will and in personalised manner Interface C is the logical interface between the local users and the AIM Residential Gateway The users is allowed to alter the behaviour of the AIM topology using a host of devices like control boxes PCs WiFi PDAs and mobile phones The interface C is physically considered divided in 2 sides Interface C first side C1 is between local user and the DVE and the second side C2 is between the DVE and the AIM Residential Gateway The Interface C1 is a Web based Graphics User Interface GUI that allow the users to operate on the DVE The Interface C2 carried information are channelled to the AIM Residential Gateway using WiFi or Ethernet technologies Interface C1 Interface C2 Web Services WiFi Ethemet As above the users are allowed to access the DVE to setup their preferences through a GUI that will be useable by any terminal type available at home i e wireless PDAs PCs Web Services offer many benefits over other types of IP based services Interoperability This is the most important benefit of Web Services Web Services typically work outside of private networks offering developers a non proprietary route to their solutions Services
58. able equipment can also be used Reference model of integrating EMD in the home network Protocols and entities used for addressing KNX devices UPnP search procedure UPnP description procedure Source www upnp org AIM applications and identity management Interfaces to other gateway subsystems block diagram OSGi bundles Indicative internal architecture of the Energy Management Device EMD Indoor and outdoor communication scenario Comparison between different short range wireless communications technologies The CORBA mechanism A representation of concepts defined by a WSDL 1 1 document SOAP message Messaging Web services protocol stack Interface specifcication AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 9 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Abbreviations A list of abbreviations is strongly recommended ADSL AIM API A V CPU DECT DSL DSL Forum TR 69 DVD DVE EM EMD EnOcean ESTIA FCC GSM Hi Fi HTTP HTTPS ICT IEC IP IPV4 IPV6 LAN M2M MAC MID MMI MUC NAT OSGi OSI OWL DL PC PCF PDA PHY PLC PoC RDF Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line FP7 Project number ICT 224621 acronym Application Programming Interface Audio Video Central Processing Unit Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Digital Subscriber Line Broadband Forum Technical Report 069 a remote management protocol Digital Versatile Disc Device Virtualization Environment Energy Management Energy Management Device Enoce
59. ablished by the Konnex organisation in a convergence process with the former European Installation Bus EIB BatiBUS and European Home Systems EHS KNX is mainly downward compatible with these busses In the KNX standard for the physical layer the following transmission media are defined o Twisted Pair o Power Line 110 PL110 center frequency 10 kHz 1 200 Bit s EIB compatible o Power Line 132 PL132 center frequency 132 kHz 2 400 Bit s KNX EHS compatibility in KNX A mode o Radio frequency RF 868 MHz 38 4 Kbit s KNX brings a lot of comfort and flexibility to homes and buildings The KNX is called to be the world s only open STANDARD for Home amp Building control The first KNX Standard 1 0 was defined in 1999 It is specified in the European standard EN 50090 and the international standard ISO IEC 14543 3 The European Installation Bus EIB is the successor of Installation Bus Instabus It is a decentralized open system to manage and control electrical devices within a facility EIB allows all electrical components to be interconnected through a proprietary electrical bus Every component is able to send commands to other components no matter where they are located All devices within the network are connected with an electrical bus made of twisted pair cable The EIB bus topology is assimilated to home and building constructions It is based on a peer to peer network in combination with couplers The EIB is on
60. allation for the same time period AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 115 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 9 Conclusions In this document we described in detail a new system architecture proposed by AIM project consortium which intends as its major objective to reduce the energy consumption in a residential setting The focus is on the appliances that consume electricity To this aim we developed an architecture that utilises ICT components and described several functional components that are needed in order to realise this architecture The proposed architecture is centred on the concept of an Energy Management Device EMD that exercises the necessary monitoring and control functions when it interacts with individual appliances The EMD can also be interfaced with a residential gateway that hosts all the services and applications that will drive the behaviour of the EMD Users of such a system can be both utility and telecom operators that may easily deploy services remotely Finally we presented a potential realization of the proposed architecture that consists of actual hardware and software components One of our main conclusions is the importance of the EMD which plays a central role in the AIM architecture The EMD is one of the major differentiators that AIM introduces and its careful hardware design is critical for achieving real benefits and reducing energy consumption In the future we expect that such components would be part of
61. ameters like the temperature and the light 4 2 7 1 User profiling The user profiling process includes basically two functionalities a mechanism for recording some events that can characterize the way in which users interact with the home environment and the available appliances and a simple learning algorithm that allows extracting from all these data some reasonable settings of the energy management system that is expected to be the most appropriate meet user requirements Note that the reasoning and learning algorithms are topics orthogonal to the AIM project Nevertheless we expect that advances in these areas can enhance the potential energy reduction for the AIM system The final goal of the user profiling function is that of replacing some of the required system settings based on a manual interaction with a user interface with an automatic configuration procedure that can be performed on request To this extent this function must be able to provide inputs to the energy management system exactly in the same way a user could do through the user interface and it can be considered a plug in of the system that can be enabled of disabled by the user We point out that the user profiling function that is described here is different from the basic user profiling mechanisms described earlier that refer only on general information regarding the user The event recording system allows storing the presence of users at home and in specific rooms and the
62. amples of suppliers offering full lines of BACnet building automation products are Siemens Building Technologies Johnson Controls Inc Teletrol Systems TAC KMC Controls Contemporary Controls Ltd Reliable Controls and PRIVA Carrier has plans to transition completely over to BACnet in the next few product cycles BACnet is an entirely non proprietary system This means that there are no proprietary chip sets or protocols used Information regarding the comparison of BACnet and LonWorks a protocol technology often compared to BACnet is contained in an online white paper from BACnet International 1996 and an online white paper from Strata Resource Inc 2006 6 1 8 2 The Development of BACnet For many years as building automation systems became popular more and more users were demanding alternatives to proprietary systems which prevented competitive bidding or serviceability They objected to being locked in to one particular manufacturer A consensus and industry attitude has been developing to respond to this need Most solutions providing interoperability are proprietary gateways or converters For instance one particular manufacturer may have found a way to read the code of another manufacturer and produce a device that lets the two systems communicate Sometimes the development is a cooperative effort other times it is not The end result however is that one manufacturer could provide either a new or different operator s terminal
63. an Alliance FP6 Project number IST 27191 acronym Federal Communication Commission Global System for Mobile Communications High Fidelity Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure Information and Communication Technologies International Electrotechnical Commission Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Version 4 Internet Protocol Version 6 Local Area Network Machine To Machine Multiple Access Control Mobile Intelligent Device Man Machine Interface Multi Utility Communication Network Address Translation Open Service Gateway Initiative Open Systems Interconnection Web Ontology Language Description Logic Personal Computer Power Factor Correction Portable Digital Assistant Physical Layer Power Line Communication Push to Talk over Cellular Resource Description Framework Page 10 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 RG SIP SOA SOAP SSDP SSL TCP TCP IP UMPC UPnP WiFi Z Wave Radio Frequency Residential Gateway Radio Frequency Identification Session Initiation Protocol Service Oriented Architecture Simple Object Access Protocol Simple Service Discovery Protocol Secure Sockets Layer Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol User Data Protocol Ultra Mobile Personal Computer Universal Plug and Play Wireless Fidelity wireless networking Wireless Local Area Network Extensive Mark Up Lan
64. and hidden being operated by a market lacking incentives and proper service models The opaqueness discourages users to learn and apply conservation strategies in their everyday lives However novel ICT s offer opportunities for removing this bottleneck In particular ubiquitous interfaces and web services combined with low cost sensors support real time information from energy networks and consumption empowering users to learn and share conservation strategies The project studies how ubiquitous information can turn energy end users into active players by developing 1 ambient and mobile interfaces to integrate energy use profiles into users everyday life 2 an open and capillary infrastructure sensing wirelessly energy consumption at appliance level 3 value added service based platforms and models where consumers can act on ubiquitous energy information while energy producers and other stakeholders gain new business opportunities The expected impact focuses on 1 grounding the conservation potential to users cognitive constraints and AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 117 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 practices 2 ubiquitous computing applications for sensing wirelessly energy use and enabling users to act and 3 value added service models to innovate a new energy and multi utility market A 1 4 The Beywatch project Targeting environmental sustainability energy efficiency and new power distribution business models
65. and receive X10 commands e INSTEON compatible devices do not repeat X10 commands Security e Encrypted message payload 6 1 2 X10 X10 is an international and open industry standard for communication among electronic devices used for home automation also known as domotics It primarily uses Power Line wiring for signalling and control where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts representing digital information A wireless radio based protocol transport is also defined X10 was developed in 1975 by Pico Electronics of Glenrothes Scotland in order to allow remote control of home devices and appliances It was the first general purpose domotic network technology and remains the most widely available Although a number of higher bandwidth alternatives exist including KNX INSTEON BACnet and LonWorks X10 remains popular in the home environment with millions of units in use worldwide and inexpensive availability of new components 6 1 3 LonWorks LonWorks is a networking platform specifically created to address the unique performance reliability installation and maintenance needs of control applications The platform is built on a protocol created by Echelon Corporation for networking devices over media such as twisted pair Power Line fibre optics and RF It is popular for the automation of various functions within buildings such as lighting and HVAC 6 1 3 1 LonWorks origins and uptake LonWorks platform has its orig
66. appears in a broad range of consumer products in the U S and Europe Z Wave is a mesh networking technology where each node or device on the network is capable of sending and receiving control commands through walls or floors around household obstacles or radio dead spots that might occur inside the home Z Wave devices can work one at a time or in groups Some common applications for Z Wave include 6 1 4 1 Remote home control and management By adding Z Wave to home electronics such as lighting climate and security systems it is possible to control and monitor these household functions via remote control based on manual or automated decisions The control can be applied to a single device or group of devices in a single room or zone or throughout the entire home Z Wave devices can also be monitored and controlled from outside of the home by way of a gateway that combines Z Wave with broadband Internet access 6 1 4 2 Energy conservation Z Wave is envisioned as a key enabling technology for energy management in the green home As an example Z Wave enabled thermostats are able to be raised or lowered automatically based on commands from Z Wave enabled daylight sensors Grouped scene controls can ensure that unnecessary energy consumption is minimized by various on off states for systems throughout the home such as lighting appliances and home entertainment systems 6 1 4 3 Home safety and security systems Since Z Wave can transceive co
67. basic technology for green products featuring partial power up capabilities organised in user logic blocks Having devised a number of power modes for use by all home appliances and a technology for the virtualisation of their power consumption the project will work on profiling their energy consumption by associating the energy consumed by the appliance with the power mode it is in This will be made possible by processing the real time power consumption measurement being sent by the appliance over the home network to a central processing point i e a residential gateway with its current power mode Achieving this goal will allow the project to introduce accurate power metering services to be hosted in the home network e g on residential gateways as OSGi services or be offered on standard terminals through operator networks Having defined discrete modes of operation the project will be able to draw up a new state of the art activity that of establishing mechanisms for appliances functionality virtualisation using semantics technology With this new technology the user will be able to program alone energy resources distribution among the appliances at home by configuring energy consumption per appliance type and internal function Concerning the problem of stand by devices power consumption management the project will draw up a new state of the art power management technology that will feature intelligence in tracing and switching off
68. between the home network and the outdoor networks and the software substrate for the implementation of energy saving applications The building block is comprised of two functional entities the AIM gateway providing communication coupling between internal and external networks and the Energy Management Device EMD providing specialized logic for the implementation of energy management functions AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 41 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 1 1 1 The AIM gateway The AIM gateway has the roles of bridging the functionality of the home network with the user applications residing in the wide area network outdoor networks and providing harmonisation of communications between the users and the involved network components over the IP protocol Concerning realisation of energy saving applications in cases where the gateway is used as an active component it serves as the focal point of services exchanging information with the household appliances through exposure of an abstract high level application programming interface For scalability upgradeability and openness reasons the gateway should be implemented as an open standardised architecture To fulfil this requirement and to optimise system development the consortium has selected to adopt the ESTIA gateway which is based on the open services execution framework of OSGi Details on the internal architecture of the ESTIA gateway are provided in later section
69. ble D2 2 Schema http www estia basic_profile com 5 Directives e user_profile UserProfileType UserProfileType CategoryType string GroupType string NameType string PasswordType string Figure 37 User profile elements and types A single root element user_profile of complex type UserProfileType has been defined in the profile Other types have been also defined as they appear in the figure mainly NameType PaswordType GroupType and CategoryType These definitions responded to the differentiation of the different elements defined for the main type UserProfileType As shown the elements defined for this basic profile were the following e User _name the complete id of the user e Login name the chosen name within ESTIA for that user e Password the password associated to the user within ESTIA e Group an identification of the group membership of the user that allows to relate each user to different policies established in the ESTIA network e Category an identification of the category assigned to the user that allows relating each user to the different policies established in the ESTIA network UserProfileType e PasswordType E GroupType E CategoryType e user_name 1 NameType e login_name 1 1 NameType e password 1 1 PasswordType e group 1 1 GroupType e category 1 1 CategoryType Figure 38 User profile elements and typ
70. cal interface between KNX world and the IP world is represented by a bridge KNXnet IP Bridge This bridge translates mainly on the physical layer between KNX and IP To enable communication between the AIM Gateway and the electrical installation devices via standardized Page 76 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 protocols a second bridge was developed The UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge translates on application level KNX messages encapsulated in UDP IP telegrams into standardised UPnP messages and vice versa An Ethernet cable connects the bridge to the AIM Gateway and a standard IP is used for transmitting the UPnP messages The Gateway and the M2M interface are using standard UPnP mechanisms for communication with KNX devices in the AIM topology UPnP is an application layer protocol that requires all the underlying layers of TCP UDP on the transportation and IP network layer All UPnP methods are well standardized 5 2 6 Device discovery UPnP defines several methods to obtain knowledge of connected devices These methods are not limited to the simple discovery of a device and in addition specific methods are available to discover the different capabilities of a certain device For this device Discovery mode two methods are supported Discovery Advertisement Discovery Advertisement is used by a device when it is connected to the network In this case the device sends out a multicast message to a s
71. cccceesseesseesteeeteceteceeceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeses 71 5 Projection of functionalities on architecture components cceeeeceseseeeeeceseceeeeeeeceaeeaeeeeeeaeeas 72 5 1 Ap A ES a diastase arta a e a ails ela tegetaa hee ee Een 72 5 1 1 EAE E E EE E E Omg a 12 5 1 2 White 2000S reoi eat ie A E AE ti Ea a a a 73 5 1 3 Communication equipment cecceecceescesceesseeseeescecseecssecaecseceaeesseeseeeseeeeeseeeseeeseesaes 74 5 2 The AIM Sate way rane e E A E sone sbecdaatesueovaess Ea 74 5 251 Internalarchitecture s 2 ceccrcedecad cai leve aed agg a ive dibs cov ca dabeolo dads E Hebe e bode 74 5 2 2 Service execution machine to machine interfaces MOdule cceccesseeseesteesteeeeees 75 5 2 3 Service execution on household appliances c cecccessceeseeeseeeseeeteeeseeeseeesecneeneeeaeees 75 5 2 4 Physical interfaces and protocols US d c cccescceseceseceseceeceseceeecseeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeneeesaes 76 5 2 5 Physical interfaces and protocols USC ccccccesecessceteceseceeceeecseeeseeeeeseeeseesseeeseeesaeenaes 76 5 2 6 D VICE discovery ecis i E E Weeds A E E E a A a ested 77 5 2 7 Device descriptiOm eeiscvescssacesatesteestenadecssvadecasache cies 2ee toad ake cases AEE AE eaten othe 78 5 2 8 Physical interfaces and protocols USEC cccccescceseceseceseceseceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeseesseeeseeeeeeaaes 82 5 2 9 Interfaces to other gateway subsystems ccesceseceteceteceeceeceeeceeeeeeeeeeseeeseeesee
72. cient integration of e Robust and efficient gas monitoring systems e Advanced decision support planning systems which facilitate rapid high quality decision making based on rich domain expertise and large quantities of relevant information The resulting systems will contribute to safer and healthier environment in industrialized areas in different complementary ways e Mitigation of consequences of catastrophic chemical incidents through quick and reliable gas detection monitoring and extremely efficient decision making processes e Prevention of catastrophic chemical incidents and reduction of chemical pollution through planning based on collaboration of many experts and efficient use of advanced tools Page 118 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Prevention of chemical air pollution in industrial areas By being able to quickly detect and discover the sources of pollution the environmental protection agencies will able to enforce stringent regulations upon the industry This will be achieved through a unique combination of e Advanced approaches to information fusion and gas distribution models e A service oriented approach to modular information processing e Seamless integration of human based and automated reasoning techniques supported by multi criteria decision analysis and advanced human machine interfaces e And different existing tools will be integrated into various processing modules
73. col commands to switch WLAN on standby and off will be transported In standby mode the WLAN hotspot can sense WLAN clients and can send spontaneous EVENT messages to the home gateway which might then decide to command WLAN to switch on via the D Interface Other message types such as power level Request statistics counters etc are possible The DECT controlled power outlet will support in the first step the G protocol The basic message power on or off will be sent as special bits within a DECT frame In a second step the EMD will migrate into the DECT power outlet This needs the IP transport capability of then enhanced DECT standard called CAT iq Also the interpreter of the D messages will have to be ported to the power outlet which needs more processing power Another basic message pair will be implemented then the REQUEST lt current power supplied gt and the response REPLY lt current is x y Amps gt Other messages are possible 5 2 The AIM gateway The AIM gateway architecture consists of the following modules e The Machine to Machine interfaces module e The Identity Management module e The Services Synthesis module PL 802 11 Zigbee PL 802 11 Zigbee Appliances Sensor Network sao Energy User Status Profiles profiles Database consumption records status figures as those of appliances recorded in D23 per appliances Figure 50 Reference model of integrating EMD in the home network 5 2 1 I
74. command or time schedule e g past midnight or even automatically by utilising the AIM sensor network To implement an energy standby mode an EMD should be aware whether the connected appliance is about to enter a standby mode This information can be provided by the appliance itself by sending a command to the Gateway via the Power line network or I F2 eg WiFi ZigBee IEEE 801 11 etc or by an EMD implementation of real time energy consumption monitoring It is worth noting that the energy consumption of a KNX control box is very low in sleep mode 100 mWatts Page 46 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Appliance EMD RG Database User Request energy Request status measurements Status je Calc measur Receive energy measurements gt Agaregate for all appliances Report to the il Database with Poll energy timestamp figures Figure 22 Energy status polling To support this cause as can be seen in Figure 22 AIM provides a series of energy polling functions which are controlled by the AIM gateway reaching the controlled appliance An embedded database is used to log the responses and provide value threshold checks Status Sensor Appliance KNX RG Database Net Notify in standby J anesavant Is user programmed Yes store event absence event restore list of appliances in standby Switch off command
75. communication between RG and controlled appliance More details regarding each scenario are provided in section 5 of this document 4 1 2 The appliances Appliances are defined as the devices to be controlled by the architecture for energy saving purposes through their function modes Although only three appliance categories are about to be examined in the context of the project in terms of energy management the proposed architecture shall be useful for potentially any household appliance gathering the following characteristics e Expose a physical communication interface e Have discrete operation modes e Allow operation modes to be controlled through network commands 4 1 3 User interfaces Users shall have access to AIM services through applications compatible with any user terminal type In particular home users shall be able to access the services of the AIM gateway through wireless wired home terminals such as PDA and PC based consoles while outdoor users and third parties shall be able of accessing home environment through operator services making use of mobile phones and PC based consoles In some cases where security and service integrity is guaranteed by third parties operator networks outdoor users will be able of accessing their home environment without the need of using an operator network In all cases the user interface coincides with the user application hosted on the user terminal and allowing users to access the s
76. consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 85 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Concerning its buildings blocks the system offers three generic purpose interfaces one towards home communications networks one towards the mains power network and one for connecting to internal digital control buses of household appliances With these three general purpose interfaces the system will be able to integrate with virtually any network environment or household appliance and will provide two types of power management logic e Power monitoring This consists of power metering functions that are applied to power electronics of the household appliances an encoding logic that turns measurement results into digital values and a monitoring logic that buffers the obtained measurements following user configuration commands e Power control This consists of control logic taking into account the user commands as they have been decoded and submitted by the enforcement logic of a given appliance Based on this information the system performs selection of one of the several external interfaces to the household appliance Interfaces to the power Interfaces to internal household network appliance buses Power Metering Functions Measurements Control Encoding Selection logic Monitoring Logic Enforcement Logic Power Modes Encoding Decading logic Interfaces to external communication networks Figure 57 Indicative internal architecture of the Energy Managem
77. ctivate interface i i i 1 Request data set i l Application data i Return data set N EEE oes A E ga a Bley default page Application data i a asses R SS sass Application data i i wee ee ee ew ee ew em ew ee ew ee ee ee Redyestdetalled view Request data set Application data i Application data i Display detailed view Pa ten ots set S Application data Application data i l i de activate interface Application data E laa i Figure 13 Local monitoring of energy use sequence chart Home users can access to the energy use monitoring service of the AIM system through a local interface to the service using a terminal PC PDA etc that is connected to the home gateway via the home networks Data provided by the service is obtained in general aggregating and elaborating raw data provided by the EMD s The specific data provided and the way in which it is presented to the user depends on the monitoring energy use application that is installed in the home gateway 3 4 2 UC Local users 2 personalize energy use Home user Energy management Service AIM application that include control logic Personalize Energy Use 2 s7 lt lt includes gt gt 3S I lt lt ideludes gt gt _ Sensor lt lt inchudes gt gt S4 Network S Provide Provide task schedule A lt lt includes gt gt r 1 S
78. ctrical household appliance without increasing its industrial cost because it uses the same appliance s control system for sending coded data through its power cable by mean of a proper modulation of its power consumption For receiving and decoding such data a suitable plug with power metering feature is used being such plug installed between the appliance s power cable and a standard socket This plug called smart adapter is also able to communicate with a local network INDESIT is collaborating with an important Japanese manufacturer of microcontrollers for implementing in silicon as a microcontroller peripheral such inexpensive communication technology in order to liberalise it free use of the technology at appliance level The basic concepts of this very cheap communication technology are discussed in an article published by International Appliances Manufacturing in 2004 Such article is freely downloadable at the following link http www domoticainfo it atti_convegni FP_spazi_tecnologici_17_ 5 _04 Merloni Wrap IAM_ 2004 pdf AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 73 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 1 3 Communication equipment Two types of communication equipment will be used a wired WLAN hot spot and the DECT controlled power plug The WLAN hot spot has a wired 100Mb s Ethernet connection to the Home Gateway This connection will carry data and the D Interface protocol see section 7 4 Via this proto
79. cy has been criticized this means that objects residing in the same address space and accessible with a simple function call are treated the same as objects residing elsewhere different processes on the same machine or different machines This notion is flawed if one requires all local accesses to be as complicated as the most complex remote scenario However CORBA does not place a restriction on the complexity of the calls Many implementations provide for recursive thread connection semantics I e Obj A calls Obj B which in turn calls Obj A back before returning Design and process deficiencies The creation of the CORBA standard is also often cited for its design by a committee property There was no process to arbitrate between conflicting proposals or to decide on the hierarchy of problems to tackle Thus the standard was created by making a union of the features in all proposals with no regard to their coherence This made the specification very complex prohibitively expensive to implement entirely and often ambiguous A design committee composed largely of vendors of the standard implementation created a disincentive to make a comprehensive standard This was because standards and interoperability increased competition and eased customers movement between alternative implementations This led to much political fighting within the committee and frequent releases of revisions of the CORBA standard that were impossible to use wi
80. d within the CORBA infrastructure Page 100 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 client main server main Object reference Object implementation Generated skeleton code Generated stub code gt Object Request network Broker Object Request Broker Key ORB vendor supplied code F ORB vendor tool generated code User defined application code Figure 60 The CORBA mechanism 6 3 1 1 CORBA strong points CORBA brings to the table many benefits that no other single technology brings in one package These benefits include language and OS independence freedom from technology linked implementations strong data typing high level of tunability and freedom from the details of distributed data transfers Language Independence CORBA at the outset was designed to free engineers from the hang ups and limitations of considering their designs based on a particular software language Currently there are many languages supported by various CORBA providers the most popular are Java and C There are also C only SmallTalk Perl Ada Ruby and Python implementations just to mention a few OS Independence CORBA s design is meant to be OS independent CORBA is available in Java OS independent as well as natively for Linux Unix Windows Sun Mac and others Freedom from Technologies One of the main implicit benefits is that CORBA
81. ded since it was outside of the scope of the project and the module s functionality The following image presents a screenshot of the mentioned interface ESTIA user profile management Windows Internet Explorer DARJ O yv http localhost EstiaGUTfindex html vit X p s i i A we che esTIA user profile management ay H dh ip Page F Tools COM Welcome to the graphical interface for the ESTIA user profile Please select one of the following options e Create user profile e View user profile e Modify user profile v e Local intranet 100 Figure 42 ESTIA s user profile management interface 4 2 5 12 Web service interface of the User Device profile The Web Services bundle of the User Device Profile provided access to the overall profile information via the main identifier e Login name for the User Profile e Device type for the Device Profile Page 66 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 E http locathost axis services remoteUP method getUserProfilettloginN p g g Qatei Bearbeiten Ansicht Favoriten Extras 2 Oua O x A Ohn erore 2 gt Adresse http flocalhost axis servicesjremoteUP method getUserProfiles Eg Wechseinzu Links lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt soapenv Envelope xmins soapenv http schemas xmlisoap org soap envelope xmins xsd http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema xmins x
82. ding information other than address e Service A service groups together a set of related ports Service discovery AIM services are grouped into a common registry which allows network web services to publish their location and description Service discovery uses UDDI UDDI Universal Description Discovery and Integration UDDI is a global look up base for locating services in a universal set up to a managed service directory It is an XML based registry for Web Services which allows these services to list themselves advertise their presence and define how their related services or applications interact to one another over the Internet This directory is platform independent and consists of e White Pages address contact and known identifiers e Yellow Pages categorisations based on standard taxonomies Page 108 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Green Pages technical information and services exposed The UDDI standard specifies protocols for accessing a registry of Web Services methods for controlling access to the registry and a mechanism for distributing or delegating records to other registries i e the registry provides a standardised way to locate a service to invoke that service and to manage metadata about that service UDDI is designed to be interrogated by SOAP messages and to provide access to Web Services Description Language documents describing the protocol bindings and
83. ds private accessible only by classes in the same package protected accessible by sub classes or public OSGi extends this model by adding an extra level package private to the bundle which indicates these packages are only accessible by code inside the package but restricted by other bundles Bundles which are installed on an OSGi register their APIs in a registry server Other bundles may access this registry to look up functions offered by all the executing bundles in the platform By using Proxy Bundles this concept may be extended to services offered by other remote devices in the home network Page 56 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 a Import UPnP Devices 1 Discover 2 Instance UPnP device r 6 as OSGi service 3 Register gt 2 Export UPnP Devices OSGi World UPnP World 2 Export Figure 33 Using an OSGi base driver as service proxy For example the home network contains a Universal Plug and Play UPnP device such as a UPnP enabled Television Set of a Set Top Box In order to communicate with such devices a UPnP bundle is required to exist on the OSGi platform the so called UPnP base driver The UPnP base driver handles the communication over UPnP enabled protocols Following discovery the Universal Plug and Play UPnP base driver instantiates a corresponding OSGi device and registers this device in the OSGi registry The external UPnP device ma
84. e provided by the AIM gateway For wireless communication standards like WIFI DECT and GSM GPRS UMTS are used Other proprietary wireless communication standards are made for special applications The control of the home network will be done with a Home Control Center or via the internet This can be realized by a fixed installed terminal and by wireless devices like mobile phone or Personal Digital ssistant PDA or with a Web Browser The standard information exchange will be done by an IP based protocol This protocol will be used to monitor and control the home network The AIM Home network allow connectivity with any type of wired wireless communication standards like ZIGBee Bluetooth powerline Ethernet etc The information exchange with appliances and sensors will be done mainly via the KNX Standard KNX is an open standard for all applications in home and building control It is arised from the combination of the former European Installation Bus EIB BatiBUS and the European Home Systems EHS KNX brings a lot of comfort and flexibility to homes and buildings More details for different communication standards can be found in section 2 3 1 In house Communication technologies The home network should be available in the whole household and accessible by multiple monitor and control devices as well as by appliances and sensors External access to the AIM gateway and the appliances from utilities and service provider will be pos
85. e OSGi platform depends on the following conventions 1 on the registration of services in a registry 2 on the formal description of interfaces for functions and 3 on the communication of newly available functions or functions no longer available The same concepts apply to service discovery in local networks and wide area networks There are available components of technologies for zero configuration management in local networks such as UPnP Bluetooth SLT etc The same concepts apply to service discovery of wide area networks such as Web Services CORBA or peer to peer based discovery mechanisms such as JXTA Advertisement Modules a Offers Services e Modules e Applications Content e Content E Endpoints e Inventory Entity Endpoints for g Communication Inventory Cache with public Cache with private advertisements of Pi entries about other other entities entities Figure 35 Dynamic handling of supply and demand Page 58 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 The bundle server or functional entity which offers services or wishes to consume services is called an OSGi Entity An Entity may contain several modules i e services to offer such as routing capabilities or look up capabilities applications or just content An entity may contain knowledge about other entities in its cache but as such it is not verifiable to its exterior environment The only visib
86. e The appliances and the network part that concerns communication of the appliances with the EMD e The user applications and the network part that concerns communication of the users with the AIM gateway The components are the functional entities Among these components some are totally internal to the functional entity and some appear as traversing two or more functional entities behaving as links between the functions provided by each functional entity The AIM gateway and EMD Page 14 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 functional entities provide the core logic of the architecture In particular the upper layer functions of the communication substrate are offered by the AIM gateway and the IP connectivity components whereby it ensures communication with the users the EMD and the appliances On top of the latter two components there are the identity management and secured amp privileged access components Both components belong to the same functional level because they implement essential service access functions such as user recognition privileges identification for service access and secured communication with the components of the outdoor network On top of the identity management and secured amp privileged access components there is a device virtualisation environment whose purpose of existence is to enable residential users to define in an abstract way energy management functions
87. e appropriate EMDs and implements their requested configuration Management gt procedures Semantics Device k configuration Database Virtualization environment Logic Knowledge interpreter Attribute Database Context Knowledge Knowledge base basa Enhanced OMA Device Management Logic t Enhanced Device Management protocol EMD EMD EMD Figure 20 Device virtualisation logic architecture AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 45 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Below two simple examples for the virtualisation logic applications are given e Example 1 The home user selectes the washing machine the refrigerator and the oven and sets for them a cummulative upper energy consumption level beyond which the AIM logic should control them by means of switching them off or swithing to a less energy consumption program e Example 2 The home user selects the audiovisual equipment TV HiFi DVD players and sets them in a mode where the AIM logic checks whether they are not used throughout day time and switches them off The AIM logic may do the same in user programmable night hours e g after midnight until 12 00 pm 4 2 1 4 Design of external interfaces Physical integration within the AIM communication network dictates the adoption of a generic interface that will grant connectivity of an EMD to any physical medium no matter if it is wireless Zigbee Bluetooth WiFi GPRS etc fixed 802 11 PoE etc or Power
88. e the leading field busses in Europe for home and building applications EIB is an open standard and was developed to increase power savings security comfort and flexibility European Home Systems EHS defines architecture for device communication discovery and control Through the EHS network a white goods appliance can advertise its state and Page 24 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 services and can receive remote commands The European Committee of Manufacturers of Domestic Equipment CECED defines unified objects and actions for white goods appliances As transmission media are defined twisted pair powerline coaxial cable radio frequency Infrared BatiBUS presents one of the first field busses for home and building automation It was developed to control sensors actors and appliances and make communication between them possible Applications for this bus are climate and ventilation illumination and lighting and security and alarm technology Twisted pair cables will be used as transmission medium BatiBUS is standardized by CENELEC and under ISO IEC as JTC1 SC25 All these standards should be interoperable with the AIM EMDs and equipment It should be able to fit and be a part of the AIM architecture 2 4 Research projects A number of research projects are active in the field of energy management technologies Project Acronym Field of work DINAR Management of ener
89. ed 5 1 2 White goods The three white goods involved in the project are able to communicate through their PC port accessible on the back of the products A suitable adapter is used for connecting each appliance to the EMD device using a wireless link ZigBee should be preferable being the communication between such adapter and the appliance itself based on a proprietary protocol Through this communication channel each appliance receives from the network the external data sent by the gateway see 5 2 1 necessary for managing internal activities related to energy functions like power levelling and load shifting and sends to the gateway information about its working phase used for energy monitoring purposes and notifications related to possible low efficiency conditions of the appliance The adapter used to create a link between each appliance and EMD device is shown in the simple Figure below Figure 60 Sketch of the system configuration regarding white good equipments Even if the official communication link of each appliance is based on its IC port a cheaper communication technology should be convenient to explore in addition in order to increase the commercial potentialities of AIM Ready white goods To this purpose the applicability of a very low cost communication technology developed and patented by INDESIT will be tested during the project Such technology is able to add connectivity to an ele
90. ed approach in managing the energy of household appliances constitutes the bridging of functionality of home communication and power distribution networks with the aim to control the latter by the former through communication services The AIM gateway is a communication component that has the ability to host user services while serving communication with user terminals over the indoor and outdoor networks and implementing control of the power line network by employing special power line communication interfaces The AIM gateway has a key enabling role in coupling the two home network types Apart from providing bridging logic the AIM gateway implements the basic substrate for e The deployment of user services e The implementation of interoperability between network components such as sensors household appliances specialised network components etc and for e The accommodation of service creation and execution environments Thanks to the adoption of the AIM gateway the AIM architecture may host service requirements coming from diversified user groups and implement flexible interconnection schemes with the components needed for appliances energy control Concerning the last two issues given the current time and budget limitations in building up its architecture the AIM project will address mainly three user groups and three appliance categories Nevertheless to retain applicability of the resultant technology on other household appliance ty
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93. eir own proprietary interface which are not AIM conform The EMD communicate with AIM gateway over a standard AIM protocol and translate the information from and to the AIM Gateway in the proprietary protocol of the white good Depending on the manufacture different protocols and AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 113 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 commands may exist Usually there are commands for power and function control There are also multiple hardware interfaces which will be transformed to standard AIM interfaces In the AIM project white goods offers hardware interfaces like RS232 and PC ZigBee and Power line is also planed as an interface for white goods 7 6 Interface F Interface F is the interface between the AIM EMD Device and A V Audio Video equipment like radio and TV sets Radio and TV sets have multiple interfaces for the interconnection with the EMD Depending on the A V equipment there is TCP IP Ethernet WIFI and Infrared IR interfaces with proprietary command sets for power control and program selection For the realisation of power measurement and saving features sometimes additional devices are necessary In the AIM Project these devices will be connected to the EMD via a ZigBee connection The EMD translate the proprietary commands of the A V devices into AIM commands The data exchange between the EMD and the AIM gateway will be done with the AIM protocol 7 7 Interface G Interface G is the interface bet
94. elecom platform before reaching the households The DVE telecommunication operator communication is provided by a Web Service WS exposed by the DVE through the RG The WS communication is protected by three security levels 1 The GW that hosts the DVE software has a firewall that accept connections only from the telecommunication operator IP 2 The entire communication is based on the secure protocol HTTPS 3 The connection to the web server that hosts the DVE WS require a user and password authentication AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 17 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 The management of user identities in the AIM system in the household is handled on the RG by the DVE Each user of the DVE is assigned to a role which then determines his or her access to the system Three roles for the local GUI are already known today e administrator e advanced user access e basic user access Furthermore a user for external access can be seen For these roles a policy based access to devices in the DVE is established Each role is related to a different view of the local GUI When a user accesses the GUI he is automatically directed to the GUI view associated with his role e A basic user generally associated with a common user with little technological experience has access only to the simplest functions of the DVE i e program a new task on a device Major changes requested from the basic user require an administrator interven
95. elements The Header element namespace serves as a container for extensions to SOAP If this element is present it must be the first child of the Envelope element A Fault element that provides information about errors that occurred while processing a SOAP request This element only appears in response messages The following figure illustrates the contents of an AIM SOAP message Envelope Header Header Entry H Message Extensions Header Entry Body lt Message Payload Figure 62 SOAP message These elements are declared in the default namespace of the SOAP Envelope which is the root element of a SOAP message and defines the XML document as a SOAP message An example of an actual SOAP message is the following Page 106 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 lt soap Envelope xmlns soap http schemas xmlsoap org soap envelope soap encodingStyle http schemas xmlsoap org soap encoding gt lt soap Header gt lt extensions go here gt lt soap Header gt lt soap Body gt lt message payload goes here gt lt soap Body gt lt soap Envelope gt AIM SOAP messages rely on XML Namespaces As can be seen from the example above all elements are prefixed with the namespace prefix soap which is associated with the namespace URI http schemas xmlsoap org soap envelope All the elements in the message that are associated with t
96. eliverable D2 2 3 3 1 UC 1 Utilities flexible tariffs The utility wants to introduce an incentive based business model which means that the customer can directly participate in savings and benefits that the utility can generate through a flexible cost model To realize such a business model a communication path between the utility and the customers which provides the required information tariff pricing information has to be established and the customer needs to have a device which is at least capable of displaying the actual tariff information This functionality should be provided by the AIM gateway One possible way for introducing flexible tariffs is that the utility sends a pricing profile for the next day which includes the tariffs for every hour This would be just a finer differentiation of time slices In peak times the energy would be more expensive than in off peak times Now the customer knows when the more energy intensive services should be used Another way for flexible tariffs would be the possibility for customers to buy a certain amount of kilowatt hours for consumption This would require more communication between the utility and the customer since a purchase order must be carried out and the crosscheck whether the purchased amount of energy is already consumed needs more communication between customer and utility Nevertheless the AIM Gateway can be used as central device to organize the communication and informati
97. em configuration with an A V device An EMD will host all the functionality while the TV will not be modified The EMD will connect to a Zigbee mesh of wireless plugs and an infrared transceiver These plugs and equipped to switch the mains power to the A V equipment and readout the consumed electrical energy on the fly One energy management plug will be used because we only have on A V device The Infrared transceiver is capable of receiving and transmitting infrared signals like the Philips RC5 and RC6 standard In Figure 48 a schematic overview is depicted in order to show how the actual set up will look like Via Ethernet we have access to the EMD The interaction between the EMD and TV set will take place via Infrared RC5 and RC6 and electromagnetic fields Zigbee Mesh Zigbee Mesh Ethernet TV set Mains Plug Figure 48 Schematic overview of the Philips EMD connected with a TV Our approach is flexible This means that other A V equipment like a radio or other devices which are controlled via an Infrared link can be added to the system easily The number of plugs controlled and managed by our constructed EMD can be increased to 60 Another reason of using the remote control gives us the freedom to putting the device in almost any state possible Page 72 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Ethernet Audio set Mains Plug Figure 49 Audio equipment or other IR controllable equipment can also be us
98. ement The gateway provides user services with APIs for communicating with the EMD the device that mainly performs energy monitoring and management e Harmonisation of communication between indoor and outdoor components The low level communication substrates of the gateway are designed so that to integrate any IP communication interface seamlessly to the user services and applications hence enabling harmonisation of communication between indoor and outdoor networks 4 1 1 2 The Energy Management Device EMD The EMD realise an interface role to the energy control logic of the AIM architecture consisting of energy monitoring and management Energy monitoring consists of monitoring the energy consumed by the each appliance and reporting the value to the system logic via the AIM gateway Energy management consists of maintaining specific energy consumption thresholds set by home users by applying on household appliances various control models such as state alteration switching off and standby management Page 42 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 PL 802 11 Zigbee EMD f Appliance on the appliance 802 11 Zigbee PL Appliance on RG 802 11 Zigbee PL PL Appliances Figure 19 EMD hardware configurations Stand alone The EMD can either be hosted inside the controlled appliance be integrated inside the residential gateway or be an independent device mediating the
99. ensive information about the energy use and knowledge based support for improvements in energy efficiency Existing energy consumption data will be complemented by different information from AmI systems e g AmI systems for interactions between human operators and machines processes etc and process related measurements e g specific manufacturing line temperatures and fed to the SOA based platform The platform will allow to build different SW services using the measured and processed data such as On line diagnostics of energy related problems in an SME Continuous improvement of energy consumption etc The services will among other functionalities interactively provide suggestions of the appropriate actions for problem elimination and energy efficiency increase The decision making support for the energy efficiency increase will be also environmentally based meaning that the problem elimination suggestions will always take care about the environmental performance from the manufacturing SME sectors reducing the need for natural energy sources The consortium SMEs will provide industrial testing environments some of the major technical inputs including the energy measurement equipment energy consumption monitoring energy auditing and energy saving expertise A 1 6 The DIADEM project The resulting methods and tools will support environmental management in industrial settings In particular the resulting system will support seamless and effi
100. ent Device EMD The EMDs shall be accessible either locally through the AIM gateway or via external operator networks In the indoor communication scenario the EMD will offer power management services to applications hosted on the AIM gateway flow 1 or on PC terminals through the AIM gateway flow 2 or directly flow 3 via short range wireless interfaces or the GPRS network Page 86 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 User Application Indoor Residential Communication Gateway scenario 4 a User User Terminals Application AIM services point of access User __ 7 Application j Outdoor Communication Scenario Home Network Residential Gateway Figure 58 Indoor and outdoor communication scenario In the outdoor communication scenario an EMD will offer its services to users residing in public networks through operator services running either in cooperation with the AIM gateway flow 1 or in standalone flow 2 Privacy and confidentiality of user data circulated in the outdoor networks will be ensured by the application of proper encryption of messages exchanged between the EMDs and the AIM network Encryption will maintain user anonymity in the processing of energy consumption data by third parties by suppressing user identity The interfaces the EMD will exhibit to external communication networks will be of generic type so as to allow connectivity with any ty
101. environment virtualization The DVE which is the AIM system energy saving services provider needs all the information available about the domestic environment such as the description of the house in terms of rooms and theirs environmental parameters the description of managed devices the best management rules for each device and the user preferences about the device management In order to describe and manage such information the DVE is internally based upon an ontology that formally defines a homogeneous and flexible schema for the data to be managed Such ontology is implemented over Semantic Web technologies the logical language is OWL DL Web Ontology Language Description Logic based upon the RDF XML Resource Description Framework eXtensible Markup Language syntactic representation Thanks to this ontology we can also use logic expression to enable reasoning and logic rules The rule engine has the role to verify the correctness of the provided information and to infer missing information from the available knowledge A detailed description of the rule engine and the ontology will be provided in the Deliverable 4 3 1 Users interact with DVE using a Graphics User Interface GUI the user can select all the desired functions enforce actions on devices monitor status or simply ask for energy saving functions The GUI is a Web Based interface compatible with different HTTP browsers so the user can access the DVE from his
102. equently used data to improve application execution e The ServiceManager is the server component which handles the creation modification and execution of all other services Each service is implemented using the CompositeService class which has a collection Sorted List of execution primitives implemented using the PrimitiveService class e The DeviceManager handles a list of available energy controlled home devices e The IdentityManager is being used as an interaction tool with AIM users devices and service profiles or policies to provide personalised service components e The WebServices This is the interface to the user device service profiles and policies as well as to the M2M interface module e The Web Pages These pages are personalised and constitute the user interface e The STB Addin This server component is used for realising the superimposing text capability on the AIM Media Center AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 83 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 2 10 1 Service level external interfaces to other gateway subsystems The DeviceManager uses web services to access the M2M interface API The following figure depicts the Interfaces to other Gateway subsystems Figure 55 Interfaces to other gateway subsystems block diagram There is a uniform pathway between the AIM DeviceManager IdentityManaget and the AIM APIs All these services are exposed over a uniform web interface On the figure be
103. er consumption forecasts and the possibility to store energy if required Requirements on AIM architecture in respect to users utilities and network operators are divided into functional requirements on one side and technical and architectural on the other side Requirements concerning end users are further classified in functional and non functional requirements Technical requirements related to white goods including all possible internal appliance functions network and control functionalities have been specified considering also possibility to utilize power metering function On the audio visual side energy management requirements have been established where high level connection states between EMD and the devices have been defined Furthermore requirements on the logical interfaces have been specified in order to complete definition of overall needs for the AIM architecture The requirements are specified to make sure that future needs possibly posed by the need of integrating additional appliances will be embedded without jeopardising viability of the overall architecture AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 3 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 List of authors Power Plus Communication Page 4 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Table of Contents EEXCCULIVE SUIMIMIAN AAE EA A EEEE atthe anze ces EN EEA E Rees st A EEE SEE TE A PEE 3 Eistof authores orenen a a e a aa E a a e OaS E 4 List
104. er than usual if the user doesn t exceed a threshold of 2kW h when the maximum power allowed is 3 3 kW h The system operates to have an instantaneous total consumption of energy always below 2kW h The system has also the ability to operate at single connected devices levels and to manage for each one various power levels diversified for every function that the devices accomplish in every single moment of time With this kind of logic the system can power off single components of the device or power on the devices for a longer period of time but with smaller costs The user wants to cook a meal in the microwave oven and doesn t want to exceed a defined threshold of 2kW h The system knows the energy being used by the other appliances and threshold of 2kW h and it calculates the residual energy to reach the threshold Based on the available programs for cooking the meal and the residual energy the system chooses the best one AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 39 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 The user also asks the system to manage displays of all the devices based on the presence of the user detected by the sensor network Each device is described in the ontology by its components and the system knows if a display is available on them or not The system can simply power on the display when the user is in the room and power it off when the user leaves the room or it can perform more complex control functions considering for its deci
105. erProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt adh1 lt lstUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt ADLoginname lt listUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt Andreas lt lstUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt Bernie lt listUserProfilesReturn gt _ lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi tyne snanenc strinn gt daw lt istUserernfilesRetimn gt Figure 43 User profile and listing functionality provided over the Web services bundle 4 2 6 Appliance power modes This section contains information compiled from D2 3 More specifically we define here the required appliance power consumption modes that were identified as the most crucial in D2 3 One of the results was there is no need to hard code the power consumption of specific appliance operating modes since it is impossible to do so given the plurality of devices that exist Therefore devices advertise their power profile modes to other devices and the EMD that are located in the home network Furthermore another level of categorization of the different power profile modes was adopted The following types of power management profiles were briefly discussed and proposed in D2 3 1 The instant of the power consumption is manageable flexible 2 The amount of power is manageable 3 Itis hard to manage the time instant and the amount of power consumed These po
106. ers the services When a bundle is stopped it is cleaned up registered services are removed and references to other services are removed Bundles can be notified when a service they depend on is unregistered and class path dependencies are managed This model allows long running applications with dynamic software updates A bundle is packaged as a JAR zip file containing e Java classes e Manifest with information about the bundle e Resources i e images libraries etc A bundle can also act like a DLL shared library The OSGi framework provides mechanisms to support continuous deployment activities for example a local console or an administration web page A bundle can go through various stages while the Framework is hosting it e Installation e Activation e Deactivation e Un installation This sequence is called the Bundle lifecycle and it is depicted in the following figure AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 55 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 install uninstall update uninstall Explicit transition Automatic transition Figure 32 Bundle lifecycle Once the bundle is activated the offered services can perform their intended functionalities When the service is no longer needed the bundle is deactivated and uninstalled One of the main advantages of the OSGi framework is that a bundle can be updated with a new version on the fly after its activation 4 2 5 2 OSGi in t
107. ervices of the home network To preserve solution generality and viability AIM leaves the matter of building user applications up to the potential users of the architecture Therefore any application implementation technology and message communication AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 43 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 method may be exploited as long as it has no impact on the protocols of the AIM gateway but structured access on the services of the platform is only possible through the APIs deployed on the AIM gateway 4 2 System functionalities The architecture is decomposed into a number of core functionalities These components are described in more detail in this section Several of these components need to be implemented in devices while others don t Furthermore we also distinguish different components based on their importance for realizing AIM services For example the advertisement of energy management service by a device is crucial for notifying the home network regarding its energy management capabilities 4 2 1 Energy management 4 2 1 1 Energy monitoring Monitoring is an essential feature of the AIM architecture For users without knowledge of their power consumption it is hard to save energy and energy costs without losing some living comfort Therefore it is important to have some monitoring feature for the AIM devices For low level monitoring each household appliance should have an indication for the curren
108. es Many other parameters could be also part of the user profile and will be added when required according to the respective scenarios Other parameters could be associated or even had varying multiplicity For example different AuthenticationTypes could be defined containing each a login_name and password and allowing a user to have multiple elements of this type The reason to define these different types was to allow modifications of the schema in a modular way AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 61 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 lt simpleType name NameType gt lt restriction base string gt lt minLength value 3 gt lt minLength gt lt maxLength value 30 gt lt maxLength gt lt restriction gt NameType definition In the same way the PasswordType has been defined as an 8 characters string element as shown below This is only a demonstrative example since the final requirements could be different lt simpleType name PasswordType gt lt restriction base string gt lt length value 8 gt lt length gt lt restriction gt Password Type definition The GroupType and CategoryType had been defined as enumerations of string elements with a set of predefined values as shown below Therefore three different groups of users were initially defined in ESTIA users that belonged to the ESTIA network with no administrator rights those that belonged and had administrator rights and those tha
109. es and time setting Special running modes are vacation holiday program economy program fast cooling and fast freezing Fast cooling mode is designed to cool down bottles of drinks as fast as possible and notify the user by generating a specific message on a variety of available terminals AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 75 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 For a washing machine we can choose among several different washing programs which dramatically affect the machine s energy consumption A desired washing program can be programmed remotely much in the same way as on the appliance itself A set of commands such as start pause and stop is available depending on the current status All the significant events are time logged on the Gateway General features of an oven could constitute the setting of cooking parameters a user might also start baking with delay and set the duration of baking 5 2 4 Physical interfaces and protocols used In the AIM project most of the communication between household appliances and the Gateway is handled by an EHS or KNX communication protocol using the Power Line as communication media The messages are exchanged between home appliances and the AIM gateway according to CECED CHAIN A Network Adapter NA functions as the interface to the Power Line network and transforms CECED KNX messages received from the appliance into EHS KNX packages sending them back to the Power Line The Gateway
110. esaeenaes 82 522 10 Supplementary Servet vis i ccchscestissceeslaaideddecssdeceosgheegdedteetesddaveseleaess n iaar ionnan as rak iieu 83 53 III Rar Sessa dears creme E A E E E a mean E eee 85 Die SHOME NEIWOTK 5 2c ice wet hale a R let ta es anata os 88 5 5 The User interfase a a e eai E E A a E A Uesedestboneases eaaa 89 5 5 1 Userso tside the Nome e i e ene E EE E A 89 5 5 2 Users inside the home fixed mobile ccccecccesecsseceseceseceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseesseeeeeeaeenaes 89 6 Network architectitre sss ssceccssteais ieccteds speech sacbeas aran a e sada Ta rE aE aAa ees 90 6 1 Available home networking technologies cccccccessessseesseeseeesseeneceseceseceseeeeeseeeeeeeeneeeses 90 6 1 1 PNG BOG EE S A EE E ides cd leet AE AE S ETE A PE A E S 90 6 1 2 OERA EE E EAE AA NE 92 6 1 3 EOnWOrk Siosan he aar a aa a a a a 92 Page 6 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 1 4 Lie G TEA E E N E oudcsuieds ovate Donsasutons te ateuaee site sieena vous eolocedees 93 6 1 5 KNX EIB n i deceale TEA cat nats vas Lacan eae cas cis detente alias eatetdeatee 94 6 1 6 HO MeP IG 2 3 cc chek csoee a ilansed A a a a ee E at 95 6 1 7 CEBUS insor tas Paget eso Lbs aa be ga vee Suede sas tag paneled A ete 95 6 1 8 BACING te xjoniccsh eheaecadienn slivers ecient alien eh E TEREE SEET EET A EEC 96 6 2 Adopted technologies and rationale ceeccecsceesceesseesceeceeeeceecnseceseceseeeeeeeaeeeseeeeecseeesaee
111. eseeeeeeeceseeeseecsaecsaecsaecsecesecsaeeeeeeeeeeeeneenses 41 4 1 Overall architecture and building blocks description cccceecceesceesceeseeeteeeeeeseeeneeeseeeeees 41 4 1 1 ThE AIM core logic kerena ate e a i e a i ii a 41 4 1 2 Phe appliances sisec scbstvea cases enen eae aa aeaoe Es anaana aE a a code aa oaia b aaas 43 4 1 3 User interface Seanno herien ia a aa eia nea lovedusd andsetbaplagsensseadeus seeduneeheszaeephadeths 43 4 2 System Unea HES a E a A n AE EAE 44 4 2 1 E ergy Management irisean eii e La celta Lata ea vn laste e o ea ia 44 4 2 2 Management of appliance functions 0 0 0 ce ceeceseceseceesceeeceesecseeceaeceaeceaeceseeeeeeeeeeeeseeaes 49 4 2 3 Device virtualisation environment and SCMANHICS ccescescessceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeaaes 50 4 2 4 SeTVICES ACCOMMOAATION 0 0 eeeeceeseeseceseeseeecesecseeecceaecaeeeceeseceecsaeeaeesecaeeaeseeceaecaeeeneeaes 52 4 2 5 Components offered by the ESTIA project cccccccseessecstecsteceteceneceeeeeseeeeeeeeeneeeaees 53 4 2 6 Appliance power MOdeS ccccesccsseceseceseeeseceeeceneceeeeeeseceaeeeseecseecsaecsaecuecnseseneenseeeseeeses 67 4 2 7 Adapting to USCIS won ee Bickel Matteo debe cde ould clhacdeituek ited eat 67 4 2 8 Anonymity and Security 1SSUCS cceccescesscessceeeceeeeeeseeeseeeseeeasecseecsaecaeceseceaeeneeeseenses 70 4 2 9 W Ser applications x zenn E A oflgeventhaatecete a E e 70 4 2 10 Supplementary functions e g sensor NetWOTk
112. esign work and due to several device specifications involved in the AIM architecture three different EMD configurations have been proposed The first one dictates integration of the AIM EMD within the controlled appliance This is applicable in cases where there is design access to the appliance prior to its manufacturing stage PL 802 1 1 Zigbee EMD Appliance on the appliance Figure 27 Communication between an EMD embedded in the appliance and the AIM gateway Page 52 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 In this case the EMD is nothing more than a PCB board or even specific firmware modules that can be integrated into a controlled device during manufacturing The second design option specifies a stand alone EMD which communicates with the AIM gateway over the Power Lines or uses some other kind of standardised wired wireless or serial communication protocol to connect to the AIM controlled device This is the typical design option in add on scenarios where we must adapt the AIM system to co operate with existing household devices utilizing potential communications and control links to the latter 802 1 1 Zigbee PL PL Appliances Stand alone Figure 28 Communication between an external EMD and the AIM gateway The final design specification is applicable in low end control applications where the EMD hardware is integrated inside the AIM gateway using standard commu
113. ess via a web browser with content adapted to small screens seems the best option in this case 4 2 9 2 Indoor users fixed mobile In the indoor communication scenario the AIM EMD will offer power management services to applications hosted on the AIM gateway or on other user IP terminals In all cases the EMD services will be accessible to users via web service interfaces as shown in the figure below User Application Home Network gt yf Residential es s Gateway 4 c 4 eB ere 7 User User Terminals Application AIM services point of access A Indoor Communication ji scenario Figure 45 Indoor Communication Scenario Page 70 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 The user application is hosted inside the AIM gateway and communicates through a web service to any of its connected EMDs or several in door control terminals like PDAs Laptops PCs mobile phones or autonomous touch screens 4 2 10 Supplementary functions e g sensor network 4 2 10 1 Sensor network The sensor network is a component that can be used for user profiling see Section 4 2 7 The basic function of the user profile is characterising the behaviour of users so that some settings of the energy management system can be made automatically The sensor network provides the basic tools for gathering the information on user behaviour and its interaction with appliances from the home environment Moreover t
114. essage A UDP response is sent for each connected KNX device and contains information about the device not about its available services HTTP 1 1 200 OK CACHE CONTROL max age seconds until advertisement expires DATE when response was generated EXT LOCATION URL for UPnP description for root device SERVER OS version UPnP 1 0 product version ST search target USN advertisement UUID UPnP Discovery Search Response message 5 2 7 Device description Following the discovery process the Gateway still knows little about its connected KNX devices Only the information that was included in the discovery message is known i e URL UPnP type unique identifier etc To learn more about the device and its services the Gateway can connect to the known URL Under this URL each device provides a detailed description of the device itself and its capabilities cantrol point root device service UPnP description for root device Figure 53 UPnP description procedure Source www upnp org In general an UPnP device description is split into two parts The first part contains the physical and logical containers of the device description while the second part describes the services and capabilities exposed by the device Page 78 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e Device description The UPnP device description contains several parts of vendor specific information Since a phys
115. et operational mode Figure 14 Diagram for personalized energy use The personalization use case is enabled by an energy management application that is installed into the home gateway and can be accessed locally through a service interface or remotly trough the service Page 36 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 platform provided by the network operator This application includes the energy management logic and allows the user to define the way in which home appliances operations are orchestrated by the AIM system The user is required to provide some inputs to the application and depending on the level of expertise it is also allowed to configure and personalize the control system The sensor network can simplify the task of the home user providing automatically some inputs to the system Figure 14 shows a more detailed use case diagram of the energy use management that includes a set of use cases that can be available to the users and the sensor network The use case set parameters considers all operations that allow a user to modify the parameters that are used by the system control logic such as for example the parameters of the utility function that define the cost comfort trade off the desired temperature levels of the various operation modes etc The use case provide task considers the operations for requesting the execution of a specific task to home appliances like for example cook the meal
116. eters of his services The Service platform offers a graphical interface to modify parameters If one or more parameters are modified the Telco bundles of the AIM gateway wake up service bundles A telecommunication API allows service bundles to upload new values of parameters AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 31 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 AIM Core Logic Change user parameters Services Update OSGI personalization API allows to know value of parameters p s Z gt Parameters update 7 A Service updated Figure 10 Service configuration 3 2 4 UC Operator 4 detailed invoice Mister Smith considers his electricity invoice too expensive He would like to understand why his home is so energy consuming and how he can reduce himself his invoice He has already subscribed to Orange services and has access to the Orange portal named MyHouseOrange com The portal allows him to subscribe to an energy consumption detailed service After the subscription process he receives a pack with one or more EMD If it is his first subscription to Orange home services he receives also an AIM gateway to connect to his broadband access If he has already an AIM gateway he doesn t need a second one After self and simple installation he can consult on the MyHouseOrange com portal a detailed description of use kW and Euro of each electric device or type of devices or by usage Page 32 of 125 AIM c
117. fication is using XML documents as messages usually over HTTP to a Web Service The AIM SOAP Specification contains gt The original acronym Simple Object Access Protocol has been dropped AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 105 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 A syntax for defining messages as XML documents which are referred to as SOAP messages A model for exchanging SOAP messages A set of rules for representing data within SOAP messages known as SOAP encoding A guideline for transporting SOAP messages over HTTP A convention for performing remote procedure calls RPC using SOAP messages An AIM SOAP message contains the following required elements An Envelope element that identifies the XML document as a SOAP message This element defines a framework for describing what exists inside a message The Envelope element serves as a container for the other elements of the SOAP message As it is the top element the Envelope is the message SOAP messages indicate their version by the namespace of the Envelope element The Body element contains the message payload In the case of a request message the payload of the message is processed by the receiver of the message and is typically a request to perform some service and optionally to return some results In the case of a response message the payload is typically the result of some previous request or a fault An AIM SOAP message may also contain the following optional
118. generalised way of managing the energy consumed by the appliances of the home environment in the context of the Device Virtualisation Environment DVE Appliance types and operation modes corresponding to certain energy consumption levels are semantics that can be utilised by home users through the GUI of DVE to define their own energy management strategies The process by which these semantics are composed with each other so as to build up a certain energy management strategy is called devices semantics or even resources virtualisation In this context proper semantics functions are the operation modes that appliances support and which are associated with specific energy consumption levels To implement the management procedure requested by the user the environment will output its content to a knowledge interpreter tasked to turn the incoming abstract descriptions into compatible OMA Device management DM logic In this process the Device Virtualisation logic will utilise two databases an Attribute database encompassing descriptions of the various semantics used by the Management procedure configuration environment and a Context database encompassing descriptions of the EMD supported functions Having turned the abstract procedure notations into OMA DM compatible commands the Device Virtualisation logic will forward the outcome of this process to the enhanced OMA DM logic block which distributes of the appropriate commands to th
119. guage Interoperable Wireless Communication Protocol AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 11 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Definitions Use case is a generic description of system functionality that may lead to a whole group of user applications through subsequent development For example the energy monitoring is a distinct function which can be exploited in building up energy monitoring applications for mobile phones PCs etc It must be noted that not all use cases defined in D2 2 will be implemented in the context of the AIM project but will be solely identified in form of platform capabilities in order to become available to actors wishing to implement them on individual basis using the AIM technology Demonstration scenario Is a use case that has been selected for demonstration in the WP5 This particular use case will be designed in the context of WP3 amp 4 A demonstration scenario has to be more specific than a use case which is the general behavioural description of a functionality a demo scenario will correspond to a detailed step by step walk through of a particular use case with all parameters being fixed not all actors of the corresponding use case being will necessarily be involved and not all potential branches will be taken Gateway maintenance s the process of a updating the software of the AIM gateway e g uploading new bundles b managing its communication interfaces or c modifying basic configuration se
120. gy sources and supply DEHEMS BEAWARE BEYWATCH Aml Monitoring technologies for CO mitigation MOoSES DIADEM INTUBE energy sparing E4U GENESIS Synergy creation and policy shaping of energy aware initiatives for Labelling CoC etc Table 2 Relative research projects and area of involvement AIM is mostly related to those projects working on monitoring issues and in particular with BEYWATCH and DEHEMS Both projects deal with technologies of household energy monitoring as well as with methodologies for connecting households energy consumption with CO emissions With regard to these two projects AIM offers the enabling technology that allows generic profiling and energy measurement of the appliances composing the home environment Moreover through its use cases AIM offers a generic methodology for appliances energy management and control that can be adopted by the two projects in the development of their monitoring solutions A brief description of these projects can be found in Annex Related research projects description 2 5 Challenges and identification of progress beyond state of the art The challenges in the state of the art affecting the project are summarised in chapter two of this deliverable where the trends in the area of energy saving technologies were identified specifically in low power components microelectronics and software Concerning the trends in the low power components they affect the desig
121. h e A single manufacturer independent design and commissioning tool ETS e A complete set of supported communication media Twisted Pair Power line Radio Frequency and IP e Acomplete set of supported configuration modes system easy and auto mode Page 94 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 KNX is approved as European Standard CENELEC EN 50090 and CEN EN 13321 1 e International Standard ISO IEC 14543 3 e Chinese Standard GB Z 20965 e US Standard ANSI ASHRAE 135 e This standard is based upon more than 15 years of experience in the market including its predecessors EIB EHS and BatiBUS 6 1 6 HomePlug HomePlug is an industry trade group for Power Line communication This organization of about 50 companies defines Power Line communication specifications HomePlug 1 0 and AV are the two versions of the specification for home networking technology that connects devices to each other through the Power Lines in a home HomePlug certified products connect PCs and other devices that use Ethernet USB and 802 11 Many devices have HomePlug built in and to connect them to a network all one has to do is to plug the device into the wall of a home Since surge protectors and similar devices may interfere with the high frequency signals used by HomePlug the directions included with HomePlug devices recommend plugging them directly into the wall outlets without using extension cords or outlet s
122. he soap namespace are standard elements of the SOAP message as are the attributes Any other elements are either related to the message extensions or the message payload The basic rule that governs an AIM SOAP message is that it must be encoded using XML the message must use the SOAP Envelope namespace it must use the SOAP encoding namespace it must not contain a DTD reference and it must not contain XML processing instructions In order for a network node to be able to perform service requests or provisions it must be able to build parse a SOAP message or both An AIM SOAP server is able to perform both these functions The following figure portrays the invocation of a service from an AIM service requester Service Requester Service Provider Application qd Application D Web Service D Response Request service invocation Figure 63 Messaging The Web server resides inside the AIM gateway whereas the application is hosted inside an AIM EMD unit or AIM device respectively The application residing in the service requester creates a SOAP message This message constitutes the request that invokes the web service operation and is provided by the service provider The SOAP component SOAP client interacts with HTTP to send the AIM SOAP message over the network infrastructure which delivers the message to the SOAP component on the server side SOAP server The message is then routed to the web service which is respo
123. he AIM gateway The OSGi framework is the spirit of the OSGi service platform which addresses issues caused by running multiple applications in a single JVM Its responsibilities include class loading life cycle management service registration and security issue e Class loading OSGi allows the solution to share classes among bundles instead of making them private This attribute lessens the bundle size and memory footprint e Life cycle management This component ensures that bundles are dynamically installed started stopped updated and uninstalled e Service registry A service registry is the object container for OSGi services Services are just Java objects published by one bundle so that other bundles can use them Associated Java objects could be anything even a HTTP server engine for instance is a Java object A Java object is registered with an interface name and a set of properties For example the OSGi HTTP Service would be registered with the org osgi service http HttpService interface name and properties such as vendor Oscar Service registry enables bundles to register their objects looking for matching services and being notified when services are coming in or going out Service registry therefore links bundles together and turns the OSGi service platform into a component framework e Security OSGi security is based on the Java 2 security model The access modifier in Java 2 security model makes classes methods and fiel
124. he sensor network provides measurements of some physical parameters like temperature and light that can be used by the system to perform some automatic adjustment of the energy management system like e g regulating lighting system according to the level of natural light from windows control the heating conditioning system to set temperature in the rooms according to the user profile etc The sensor network can also provide a mechanism for user identification so that different profiles can be created for the different users living in the same apartment house The sensor network can be implemented using several available technologies However wireless sensor networks are today considered the most promising and flexible technologies for creating low cost and easy to deploy sensor networks in scenarios like that considered in the AIM project For this reason in this project we will focus on this type of technology only The network considered is based on a multi hop wireless topology which can be a simple tree topology or a mesh topology depending on the scenario and the area to be covered see Figure 46 Tree topology Mesh topology Figure 46 sensor network architecture The network has three main protocol layers physical layer medium access control and routing Different protocol suites can be adopted including standard ones like ZigBee or Zwave The sensor nodes can be equipped with several sensing devices For the AIM scenario the m
125. he washing machine program before the user is back home heat the milk 5 minutes before the user comes in the kitchen etc In some scenarios the user profiling function can take advantage of some feedbacks provided by the user on some undesirable settings performed by the system automatically For example if the user is forced to activate manually a device that was set in power save by the system this can generate a penalty to the learning algorithm that can be translated into a modification of the parameters that determine algorithm decisions 4 2 7 2 User preferences The functions described below are the objective functions to achieve for the energy management in the house These functions need to coexist with specific functions requested by the users They are not intended to change the result wanted by the user but they manage energy allowing the user to have his her result at the time he she desires it and at the same time they have to pursue the objective of the settled function We assume the home environment populated by a user that has a defined set of devices connected to the system and also a defined set of actions available for each device The actions available in the home environment are e Manage temperature e Cook by microwave oven e Wash clothes by washing machine e Light up a room by multiple light bulbs Below there is a description of a set of discrete options available to the user for each generic action This op
126. hen such temperature increases Each appliance manages its power levelling function using two delay timers the first timer controls the delayed start of power reduction activity power decreasing delay PDD after a power levelling condition taking place the second one controls the delayed start of power recovering power increasing delay PID when power levelling condition is expired High priority appliance oven has a high PDD and a low PID low priority appliance washing machine has a low PDD and a high PID It means when a power levelling condition occurs the washing machine starts deceasing its power consumption quicker than the oven and the latter decreases power only if the power reduction done by the washing machine isn t enough for eliminating the power levelling condition The effectiveness of power levelling algorithm has been already checked Considering AIM white goods power levelling function is applicable only to washing machine and oven 2 Load shifting Load shifting function is driven by daily energy cost profile h and based on real time clock e If the user enables the load shifting function on the washing machine it starts working when the lower energy tariff takes place In other words the appliance activates AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 49 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 automatically a delay timer for reaching the first low energy rate period Load shifting function is applicable o
127. her Personal Computer mobile PDA Smartphone etc This kind of technology will allow further development for accessing DVE from other devices as TV or HiFi set or even any device with a display and that supports browsing An ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts An ontology is a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization It provides a shared vocabulary which can be used to model a domain that is the type of objects and or concepts that exist and their properties and relations Page 50 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 As shown in Figure 28 the DVE communicates with the AIM gateway and it can operate the changes to the devices connected to the AIM system The DVE is an application that includes different subjects Apart from the GUI there are three knowledge containers e An ontology that describes the home environment the devices connected and their relative functionalities e A MySql Database that stores users accounts and relative data about their preferences user profiles e A MySql Database that stores the sensor network data about the environment and the presence of the users The three containers interact with a Rules Engine through an application programming interface API for the databases and ontology The actions inferred from the Rules Engine are translated into actions for the
128. hese features normally tools assume clock signal Power down sleep modes and switch off of temporary unused blocks further improve energy saving For all wired equipment however energy saving was not an issue for decades Performance and time to market were the main goals both features having rather tendency to increase energy consumption Hence the potential for power saving for chips in wired applications is high But in practice power savings will need long time and will be costly Why 1 Low power CMOS technologies cannot be used for wired components They are too much optimised for power saving at the expense of performance New processes will have to be developed with power performance trade off optimised for the applications 2 Mobiles and handhelds have one single low voltage power supply In wired applications the environment has sometimes much higher voltage values Additional protection means are needed such as Sol silicon on insulator or higher breakthrough voltages 3 Although circuit level power saving means such as gated clock are known their application to existing circuits need complete rework of existing circuits In some cases building blocks would have to be redesigned from scratch This includes the costly regression tests and bears the risk of introducing new errors 4 In the past for the sake of reducing development time building blocks contained unused parts as their removal would have consumed more time
129. hus resources can be used across a network as if they were available locally Jini is based on Java and is similar to Java Remote Method Invocation but more advanced Jini allows more advanced searching for services through a process of discovery of published services making Jini more similar to the Service oriented architecture concept There are three main parts to a Jini scenario These are the client the server and the lookup service The service is the resource which is to be made available in the distributed environment This can include physical devices such as printers or disk drives and software services for example a database query or message service The client is the entity which uses the service AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 103 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 3 2 1 Using a JINI service The first step in creating a Jini service is for the service to find the lookup service LUS a process called discovery Once the LUS is found it returns a Service Registrar object to the service which is used to register the service in the lookup the join process This involves providing information about the service to be provided such as the ID of the service the object which actually implements it and other attributes of the service When a client wishes to make use of a service it too uses discovery to find the LUS either by unicast interaction when it knows the actual location of the LUS or by dynamic multicas
130. ible services for the AIM system 3 1 General sequence charts Following the description given above in this section we outline the sequence charts that convey the operation of the basic functions of the architecture In sections below the term remote is valid for both indoor and outdoor usage of AIM services Its adoption has been deemed necessary for the differentiation between the normal user appliance manual interaction and the envisaged AIM related user appliance through the network In the figures depicted below the dashed lines symbolise return response messages and the full lines originating messages 3 1 1 Remote monitoring The remote monitoring is a core AIM use case that involves all AIM entities In the monitoring use case the user submits a request for monitoring the energy consumption of the home environment a specific appliance or a set of appliances and receives back a real time energy consumption figure Page 28 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 As it is depicted in the figure below the gateway has the role of request coordinator towards the appliances and that of the energy value aggregator and estimator whereas the EMD undertakes routing of the requested message toward the target appliance s and the reception of the corresponding responds Sequence Diagram for Remote Monitoring Use Case AIM Core logic EMD Appliance Sensor network system Individual Sensors
131. ical device can embed several logical devices definitions on all the embedded devices can be included in a single description Within the AIM project the UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge as a single device represents all the KNX devices as logical devices entities Each device description contains among other things a user friendly name the device type a unique ID and in addition a list of the device s services A URL is assigned to each service Using this URL the Control Point can acquire detailed information on each service The following table shows an excerpt of the UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge device description In this case the description is related to a single logical device BinaryLight 1 lt xml version 1 0 gt lt root xmins urn schemas upnp org device 1 0 gt lt specVersion gt lt major gt 1 lt major gt lt minor gt 0 lt minor gt lt specVersion gt lt device gt lt deviceType gt urn schemas upnp org device BinaryLight 1 lt deviceType gt lt friendlyName gt Rauml Raumlicht lt friendlyName gt lt manufacturer gt lt manufacturerURL gt lt modelDescription gt lt modelName gt lt modelNumber gt lt modelURL gt lt serialNumber gt lt UDN gt uuid 7f26cfb9 baec 4f6c afc2 056cad2bc06a lt UDN gt lt UPC gt lt serviceList gt lt service gt lt serviceType gt urn schemas upnp org service SwitchPower 1 lt serviceType gt lt serviceld gt urn upnp org serviceld SwitchPo
132. ical annex Figure 3 Instance of the AIM architecture Figure 4 Example of responsibility use case Figure 5 Feasible services for the AIM system Figure 6 Remote monitoring Figure 7 Remote control Figure 8 Service provisioning Figure 9 Service subscription Figure 10 Service configuration Figure 11 Sequence diagram for flexible tariffs Figure 12 Sequence diagram for remote load control Figure 13 Local monitoring of energy use sequence chart Figure 14 Diagram for personalized energy use Figure 15 Detailed use case diagram of the energy use management Figure 16 Use case diagram of the sensor network Figure 17 Local management of energy use personalization sequence chart Figure 18 Generic system architecture Figure 19 EMD hardware configurations Figure 20 Device virtualisation logic architecture Figure 21 Implementation of an EMD with a KNX interface Figure 22 Energy status polling Figure 23 Standby implementation message flows Figure 24 Showcasing the use of KNX for communication between the EMD and the AIM gateway Figure 25 Exchange of commands in the AIM architecture for limiting the energy consumption according to user requirements Figure 26 Device virtualisation environment Figure 27 Communication between an EMD embedded in the appliance and the AIM gateway Figure 28 Communication between an external EMD and the AIM gateway Figure 29 Communication between an EMD co located with the AIM gatewa
133. ify the operation modes that the AIM architecture must support in order to retain compatibility with user requirements and give an account of its services and applications 1 3 Operation modes To enable services and applications implementation the AIM architecture has envisaged two basic modes profiles of operation monitoring and active control Formation of services will be implemented as combination or utilisation of either of these modes In the monitoring mode the home network only receives energy consumption figures of the connected appliances These figures may be made available to users wishing to monitor in real time the energy consumption of their homes or may be aggregated by applications exploited by institutions having interest in profiling energy consumption of neighbourhoods or larger geographical areas for better energy generation planning or statistical use In the energy monitoring mode power consumption values can be obtained in two ways distinguished by the ability of the appliance to communicate to the network the mode is in The first way relates to appliances of which power state cannot be sent to the AIM gateway by the appliance itself as either there is no possibility for external communication in form of primitives exchange or the protocols used for such purpose are confidential and therefore not beneficial for the project In this case the EMD is used for measuring in real time the energy that these appliance types cons
134. iles used to simplify and or automate the private environment can also be used to compile personal behaviour profiles and patterns of movement Therefore the AIM system needs to implement a standard way of handling privacy and security policy The requirements towards this concept are the following e Internal data such as personal settings definition of profiles and other personal information have to be kept in a secure environment The data should be encrypted before it is saved and only the user should have the possibility to access his private data e Internal communication between AIM Service Logic and EMD must be encrypted as well especially when the communication technology can easily be physically observed as e g wireless transmissions e External communication between AIM Service Logic and service providers must be encrypted 4 2 9 User applications The notion of a user in this section refers exactly to the entity that makes use of the basic AIM system that is in place In this project three types of users are considered namely the outdoor users operators the indoor users appliances and possible mobile users 4 2 9 1 Outdoor users fixed mobile These users will access the service by way of a mobile handset typically a Smartphone that will connect to the service platform The corresponding interface will be classical and adapted to the constraints of both the device itself and the portability across devices Acc
135. ing critical supplying conditions c Maximum admissible power peak according to the energy contract d Current total power consumption in home environment e Real time clock for managing load shifting function and also for giving to the home user an always updated information on day time f Ambient temperature and humidity g Current energy cost h Daily energy cost profile 4 2 2 2 Appliance functions types The main functions managed by the appliance digital control systems according to external data coming from the network are the following five 1 Power levelling The control system of each connected appliance continuously compares the value of the current total power consumption d with the current power threshold value it is the minimum value among a b and c and activates the power levelling function when it overcomes such threshold When a and b values have not been set c value is assumed as default threshold During the execution of power levelling function each appliance reduces its power consumption according to its priority level being such priority level dependent on appliance type and working status or program phase For instance the oven s priority is higher than the washing machine s one because eating is more important than washing similarly washing machine s priority during the heating phase is higher when the water temperature is cold and decreases w
136. ing finished its programme or an oven with expired timer can be switched off by the system 5 3 1 2 A V and EMD All A V appliances have standby modes that they can be switched on and off using a remote control Switching between standby and OFF states will be performed by the EMD taking into account usability factors such as e Presence of users at home e time zone amp movement of users between rooms e on permanent or long term leave 5 3 1 3 Communication equipment and EMD Communication equipment usually does not offer a standby mode Instead manufacturers encourage users to unplug the devices each time they do not use them For many devices the active mode is also the standby mode For example a DECT station in the absence of people at home could be safely switched off without any impact on user communication Others more energy consuming communication devices such as wireless access points or GRPS ADSL gateways recently introduced as a method for integrating mobile communications over fixed operator networks are said to be in standby mode although they remain active during nights or user absence periods 5 3 1 4 The EMD architecture The EMD shall have a unified architecture which will feature generic interfaces towards the household appliances the power network and the home network Due to its generic architecture the system can be realized in differing forms i e standalone external box or internal module AIM
137. ing the profiles of the appliances found in the home environment Page 16 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 1 3 1 Services and applications The AIM architecture is going to support a number of services and applications With the term service we identify the network logic concerted under the control of AIM gateway in order to yield particular types of network functions that can be made available to the users of the AIM system in the context of user applications For example the monitoring of appliances energy consumption is a form of service that network may offer to users Another form of service is the ability of the gateway to control internal appliance functions All services of the AIM system are accommodated on the AIM core logic that may be hosted by the AIM gateway or by a cloud based service platform so that the home users may manage them by removing modifying or designating no one s using the virtualisation environment With the term application we identify the piece of software that the user exploits in order to access the services of the AIM core logic Each application may use one or combinations of available services in order to yield desired functionality For better technical overview and user requirements visibility the project has categorised user applications in three use cases each one addressing the requirements of particular user groups According to those user requirements
138. ins with chip designs Power Line and twisted pair signalling technology routers network management software and other products from Echelon Corporation In Page 92 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 1999 the communications protocol then known as LonTalk was submitted to ANSI and accepted as a standard for control networking ANSI CEA 709 1 B Echelon s Power Line and twisted pair signalling technology was also submitted to ANSI for standardization and accepted Since then ANSI CEA 709 1 has been accepted as the basis for IEEE 1473 L in train controls AAR electro pneumatic braking systems for freight trains IFSF European petrol station control SEMI semiconductor equipment manufacturing and in 2005 as EN 14908 European building automation standard The protocol is also one of several data link physical layers of the BACnet ASHRAE ANSI standard for building automation China ratified the technology as a national controls standard GB Z 20177 1 2006 and as a building and intelligent community standard GB T 20299 4 2006 and in 2007 CECED the European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers adopted the protocol as part of its Household Appliances Control and Monitoring Application Interworking Specification AIS standards 6 1 3 2 LonWorks usage By 2006 approximately 60 million devices were installed with LonWorks technology Manufacturers in a variety of industries including buildi
139. its control system is turned off Devices that usually are in stand by mode like modem TV microwave oven and washing machine are also turned off Refrigerator and freezer stay in power on state in order to maintain food in good conditions A date time for the return of the user has been provided to the system by the user so it can restore the normal functioning of the devices before the user is in the house Page 40 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 Architecture specification Figure 18 gives an overview of the AIM reference architecture The architecture is decomposed into a number of core functionalities These components are described in more detail in this section Several of these components need to be implemented in devices while others not Furthermore we also distinguish different components based on their importance for realizing AIM services For example the advertisement of EM service by a device is crucial for notifying the home network regarding its EM capabilities A relation between the requirements set in D21 and the components of the architecture depicted in Figure 18 can be found in Annex B 1 4 1 Overall architecture and building blocks description AIM bridges the outdoor and indoor networks with the view to provide the means for controlling the functions of the household appliances through a number of different applications addressing three user categories the residential users
140. ity to use various ambient features such as the position of the user user presence in rooms etc 5 5 2 3 Mobile interfaces These interfaces use a mobile device that can be carried either inside or outside the home environment Users will be able to control the energy consumption of home environment by means of using a web browser that gives access to the functions of household appliances through the AIM logic AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 89 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 Network architecture The analysis of the communication and networking protocols selected for the AIM architecture is described thoroughly in this section More specifically first we describe existing home networking technologies while we also outline how these can be leveraged on the AIM architecture Next we present a concrete analysis of the particular subset of technologies that were selected for this project Subsequently we focus on analysing potential system communications technologies that could be adopted at the higher layers of the protocol stack Selection of technologies at this level is described in the final document section 6 1 Available home networking technologies In the international markets there are numerous home networking technologies on offer like ZigBee Z Wave Insteon Bluetooth Wibree LonWorks HomePlug EIB KNX X10 RS485 Modbus being applied over many network technologies standards and by industry consortiums like UP
141. ividual components will be traced down and will be resolved via regressive development in the context of the WPs in which each component has been designed The second phase pertains to the functional testing of the integrated AIM architecture Prior to evaluation experiments the functionality of the AIM architecture will be tested in its entirety in standalone fashion whereby operation of the allotted AIM components will be tested in laboratory environment In this phase work will involve definition and realization of test cases using dedicated project made test devices In combination with these devices supplementary test probes such as logging and trace files and logic execution breakpoints will have to be implemented on every major component of the architecture to allow for consistent measurement of the operation of the entire AIM architecture This phase shall also be performed in the context of WPS in task 5 1 and will result in regressive development activities in the frame of the design WPs 3 and 4 The third phase pertains to the evaluation of application usability aspects through the deployment and exploitation of the AIM architecture in real household environments In this phase validation of the integrated AIM architecture will be performed whereby the services and applications designated in WP3 and 4 will be used in pilot operation with the objective to prove platform s operation against the specification of the three use cases d
142. k and in customer premises This includes aspects of power supply system earthing and bonding methods of telecommunication equipment and supervision and monitoring of power and cooling systems e Definition of equipment practice for telecommunication equipment installed in telecommunication centres and outdoor enclosures and of the thermal management standards for the co location of equipment delivered by different suppliers in the same facility or ETSI rack Environmental activity in terms of ecological aspects covers the combination of climatic physical chemical and biotic conditions that may affect the growth and welfare of organisms and nature conservation In particular e The reduction of energy consumption in telecommunications equipment and related infrastructure e The alternative energy sources for powering telecom datacom equipment The main standards produced and maintained by EE are e EN 300 019 series Environmental conditions and Environmental tests for telecommunications equipment e EN 300 132 series Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications equipment e EN 300 119 series European telecommunication standard for equipment practice e EN 300 253 Earthing and bonding configuration inside telecommunications centres EE liaises with the major worldwide standard organizations e g ATIS IEC ITU T CENELEC on the fields covered by EE The EE Technical Committee comprises representatives from the Telecommunica
143. l 0040 M PHI The EMD Audiovisual 0050 M PHI The audiovisual appliances Audiovisual 0080 M PHI The EMD Audiovisual 0090 M PHI The audiovisual appliance Audiovisual 0100 M PHI The audiovisual appliance Communication_Equipment 0010 M_ IFX The EMD Communication_Equipment 0020 M_ IFX Communication appliances Communication_Equipment 0030 M_ IFX Communication appliances Communication_Equipment 0040 M_ IFX The EMD Requirements for the users Non_functional 010 M CFR User terminals Local_Users 010 M CFR User terminals Local_Users 020 M CFR The user interface Local_Users 060 M CFR The protocols of the user applications Operator 0010 M FT Operator applications Operator 0020 M FT Operator applications and the gateway Operator 0040 M FT The gateway Operator 0060 M FT The gateway Operator 0090 M FT The gateway protocols for user authentication Operator 0210 M FT User applications portability Operator 0220 M FT The communication protocols of the EMD and the gateway Operator 0230 M FT The DVE Utility 0010 M PPC Utility applications Utility 0020 M PPC Communication protocols of the gateway with outdoor networks Utility 0040 M PPC Utility applications AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 125 of 125
144. l businesses with Split phase wiring common in North America roughly half the 120 volt outlets in the building will be on each hot phase and HomePlug signals may or may not be able to get from one side to the other If one is unlucky this may prevent some rooms from being connected via HomePlug Among other things HomePlug brings back the ability to use Ethernet in bus topology This is achieved by use of advanced OFDM modulation that allows co existence of several distinct data carriers in the same wire The use of OFDM also allows turning off masking one or more of the sub carriers which overlap previously allocated radio spectrum in a given geographic region In North America for instance HomePlug AV only uses 917 of 1155 sub carriers 6 1 7 CEBUS CEBus short for Consumer Electronic bus also known as EIA 600 is a set of electrical standards and communication protocols which allow electronic devices to transmit commands and data It is suitable for devices in households and offices and might be useful for utility interface and light industrial applications In 1984 members of the Electronic Industries Alliance EIA identified a need AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 95 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 for standards that would provide more functions than the defacto home automation standard X10 X10 provided blind transmission of the commands ON OFF DIM BRIGHT ALL LIGHTS ON and ALL UNITS OFF over a Power Line carrier
145. lace old wired LANs with Wi Fi Such a connection allows us to move an AIM device around the place without losing TCP IP connection or other network resources The typical Wi Fi range of 50 75 meters inside the buildings is quite adequate to our project s scope Building a Wi Fi network is often the cheapest way to achieve the desired connection with the surroundings The price of a single wireless adapter is decreasing almost every day so making a large network area by means of Wi Fi is the most reasonable way You will not need to arrange all the wires around and you will profit by the minimal installation time Most of the Wi Fi adapters have user friendly configuration and diagnostic tools which can help you to adjust or change your WLAN settings or even can do everything for you plug and play Page 98 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 6 2 3 KNX advantages The KNX certification process ensures that different products of different manufactures used in different applications operate and communicate with each other This ensures a high degree of flexibility in the extension and in the modification of installations Product compliance is checked at neutral laboratories third parties KNX is the only home and building control open standard running global certification schemes for products training centres vocational and private institutions and even for persons electrical contractors building designers
146. le part of an Entity is its advertisements Advertisements contain the modules or functions offered to other entities including the communication capabilities of the entity protocol port and object reference it is using Advertisements may be locally hosted such as in Bluetooth devices or using entities which are specialised to handle other advertisements i e inventories of registries This generalised concept is far too abstract for any practical use in any implementation However it may help to portray the basic concepts behind dynamic service discovery and the mechanisms required to handle zero configuration networks across a multitude of existing technologies In this abstracted level OSGi is close to UPnP and wide area network concepts such as Web Services 4 2 5 4 Positioning within a broader scope The functional group handling User and Devices profiles within ESTIA s AIM gateway Residental Gateway was responsible for storing information related to the users of the ESTIA home network as well as the devices attached to the network Due to work decomposition and distribution at the early stages of the project it was decided to dissociate this information from that affecting the policies definition creation and management Nevertheless and in order to allow these operations the User and Device profiles would maintain per subscriber and per device a set of specific parameters allowing categorization and differentiatio
147. leType element lt complexType name UserProfileType gt lt sequence minOccurs 1 maxOccurs 1 gt lt element name user name minOccurs 1 maxOccurs 1 type AIM basic NameType default NEW_USER gt lt element name login name type AIM basic NameType default ali_ baba minOccurs 1 maxOccurs 1 gt lt element gt lt element name password type AIM basic PasswordType default 12345678 minOccurs 1 maxOccurs 1 gt lt element gt lt elem name group type AIM basic GroupType default homeUser minOccurs 1 maxOccurs 1 gt lt element gt lt element nam category type AIM basic CategoryType default child minOccurs 1 maxOccurs 1 gt lt element gt UserProfileType complete definition Once the different types were completely defined this profile was defined just as a single element of type UserProfileType as appears below lt element name user profile type AIM basic UserProfileType gt lt element gt User_profile element definition As it can be seen all the previous components appeared integrated in a single XML document conformant to the XML Schema XSD specification from W3C A namespace estia_basic has been defined to identify the elements conformant to this schema among different XML documents as it will be described later on lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt AIM basic user profile xmlns AIM basic http www A
148. llow we can elaborate on the AIM gateway architectural components All the functionality is enveloped in a series of OSGi bundles which expose a set of APIs allowing the access of sensor information in AIM energy control of White Goods A V and COMs Profiles of user and device attributes are virtualised in XML semantics There is a Database bundle available which is used to bind action requests with granted access rights and provides audit services An intermediate IP layer acts as a network bridge linking the OSGi bundles to the physical communication layers of AIM 4 Open Implementation OSCAR platform r Bundles Providers of comp PHY drivers RG manufacturers APIs provider of respective comp M2M interfaces Exist A ot g User Terminals Z amp Databases Figure 56 OSGi bundles Sa Tats 1 i f p A fione Cremas C ala TV sots AIV Equipment Networks home outdoor Page 84 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 3 EMD Networked electrical devices are being slowly introduced to the market Even if every new sold electrical appliance was networked and manageable it would take many years till all devices in households would get replaced Hence to speed up the process some intermediate solution must be provided to the markets This solution is the Energy Monitoring Device EMD In the scope of the project the EMD will provide an
149. lows HTTP connections to the outside through port 80 communication may be impossible unless the proxy server in question allows the HTTP CONNECT method or SOCKS connections as well At one time it was difficult even to force implementations to use a single standard port they tended to pick multiple random ports instead Due to such problems some users have made increasing use of web services instead of CORBA These communicate using XML SOAP via port 80 which is normally left open or filtered through a HTTP proxy inside the organization for web browsing via HTTP Recent CORBA implementations though support SSL and can be easily configured to work on a single port Most of the popular open source ORBS such as TAO and JacORB also support bidirectional GIOP which gives CORBA the advantage of being able to use callback communication rather than the polling approach characteristic of web service implementations Also more CORBA friendly firewalls are now commercially available 6 3 2 JINI Jini provides facilities for dealing with some of the Fallacies of Distributed Computing problems of system evolution resiliency security and the dynamic assembly of service components Code Mobility is a core concept of the platform and provides many benefits including non Protocol dependence One of the goals of Jini is to shift the emphasis of computing away from the traditional disk drive oriented approach to a more network oriented approach T
150. ly what AIM provides is an interface technology and not a de facto standardized semantically coherent set of device class specific interfaces Most of the times and for various reasons vendors do not expose the same machine interface format and technology even though the functionality it corresponds to is almost the same So an intermediate layer is needed between the user and the device which will implement a more abstract interface focusing on the functionality rather than the device specifics This is the exact role of the M2M interface to provide a unified interface from where devices can be controlled regardless of the brand or the protocol they use M2M can also be viewed as the glue layer between the real world physical devices exposed interfaces and the software world that integrates and enhances the device functionality based on those interfaces There are four groups of devices that are engulfed in the M2M interfaces Home Appliances KNX devices Set top boxes and User Terminals For each of these groups a dedicated interface is put in place The following paragraphs describe in more detail the specifics concerning these device groups 5 2 3 Service execution on household appliances A freestanding freezer provides a comprehensive number of features all related to energy management like setting set point temperatures for refrigerator and freezing ambient temperature monitoring possible use of special running mod
151. mentary tools have been developed as like as optimization platform for concurrently reducing the active and leakage power while maintaining timing and signal integrity 2 2 Proceedings of standardisation bodies industrial forums This chapter summarizes information on governmental private and industrial bodies working on energy saving applications and environmental impact mitigation strategies Details of these bodies have been extracted from the Methodology deliverable D1 of the ITU Focus Group on climate change http www itu int ITU T focusgroups climate Table 1 provides an overview of standardization work in progress This ranges from the development of standards for the collection of data that are used in climate models through to the labelling of products sold to the general public Further details of the work of the various bodies are given in the subsequent sections AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 21 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Organization Area International Others Policies UNEP and World European Commission OECD Bank International Energy Agency Indicators and statistics WMO OECD Data collection ISO TC 211 IEEE SCC 40 Environmental managem ISO TC 207 Corporate reporting ISO JTC1 SC7 Greenpeace GHG Protocol Initiative Energy efficiency of IEC ISO ITU T ATIS CENELEC Energy Star equipment ETSI Energy efficiency of ITU T Ethernet Alliance Energ
152. mentations available e g OmniORB Open source C and Python implementation that have many options for tuning threading and connection management features Not all implementations provide the same features Freedom From Data Transfer Details When handling low level connection and threading CORBA provides a high level of detail in error conditions This is defined in the CORBA defined standard exception set and the implementation specific extended exception set Through the exceptions the application can determine if a call failed for reasons such as Small problem so try again The server is dead or The reference doesn t make sense The general rule is Not receiving an exception means that the method call completed successfully This is a very powerful design feature Compression CORBA marshals its data in a binary form and supports compression 6 3 1 2 CORBA problems and criticism While CORBA promised to deliver much in the way code was written and software constructed it was much criticized during its history Some of its failures were due to the implementations and the process by which CORBA was created as a standard while others reflect problems in the politics and business of implementing a software standard These problems led to a significant decline in CORBA use and adoption in new projects The technology is slowly being replaced by Java centric technologies Location transparency CORBA s notion of location transparen
153. mmands based on real time conditions it is able to control devices in intelligent groupings and it allows novel extensions on traditional home security concepts For example the opening of a Z Wave enabled door lock can de activate a security system turn on lights when children arrive home from school and send a notification to a parent s PC or cell phone via the Internet Opening a Z Wave enabled garage door can trigger exterior and interior home lights while a Z Wave motion detector can trigger an outdoor security light and a webcam which would allow the end user to monitor the home while away 6 1 4 4 Home entertainment Z Wave s ability to command multiple devices under a unified event makes it well suited for home audio and video applications For example a simple Play DVD command on the remote control could turn on the needed components set them to the correct inputs and even lower motorized shades or dim the room lights 6 1 5 KNX EIB KNX Association is the creator and owner of the KNX technology an open STANDARD for all applications in home and building control ranging from lighting and shutter control to various security systems heating ventilation air conditioning monitoring alarming water control energy management metering as well as household appliances audio and lots more The technology can be used in new as well as in existing home and buildings KNX is a global standard for home and building control wit
154. n of users and profiles in order to apply corresponding policy operations in a consistent way and with a certain degree of granularity e g access rights to specific Gateway services An internal API was provided towards these functional elements so that they could access and modify if necessary the information contained within the profiles At the same time the profile functionality group provided a graphical user interface allowing profile management for the administrator of the AIM gateway or its users 4 2 5 5 Standards other specifications documents used The design of the profile functional group was based on an embedded SQL Server database management system DBMS such as the open source McKoi embedded Java SQL Server This SQL server was packed inside its own OSGi database bundle The SQL service constitutes an augmentation to the OSGi s registry service It is able to track a connected device s attributes and XML setup data from a unified and centralized repository This repository can be updated remotely using a web interface service When the actual profile to a device is sought an access to the SQL service yields XML templates which can be submitted to the OSGi registry service Minimal data on the device needed to be communicated e g device manufacturer and id the specific functional attributes are stored transparently and uniformly inside a database structure inclusive of XML scripts associated bundle information
155. n of the AIM low power home gateway Concerning the trends in the microelectronics the fact that every consumer electronics products today is designed in order to do accommodate more functions with reduced need for energy affects the project work in the sense that AIM architecture will make use of these functions to manage the energy consumption reduction Concerning the trends in the software the efficient power management scheme for controlling each device components power supply shutting off power to components not needed or placing components in sleep mode were considered in the AIM s Energy Management Device EMD Adopting as the baseline of its work plan the state of the art approach introduced by the ADSL Forum the project will extend the concept of using discrete power mode levels for mapping the AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 25 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 various communication modes of xDSL modems and DSLAMs in the operation of white goods refrigerators ovens washing machines dryers audiovisual equipment TVs DVDs Set top Boxes and home communication devices wireless routers DECT phones residential gateways modems and will introduce new power levels appropriate for mapping the modes of operation of all household appliances This way it will be made possible to associate the power consumption of each household appliance internal function with one metric the power mode level and thus devise the
156. n receiving the schedule of energy consumption for each household Here the telco operator would act as a pseudonymiser masking the DVE ID sent as identifier with a pseudonymous ID The utility would then only know that these households with their scheduled consumption exist and could address them for load saving request by their pseudonym The telco operator would be able to undo the pseudonymisation 1 4 2 Communication through firewall and NAT Communication between a home network running behind a router with dynamic IP addresses and a firewall is a standard problem for households using e g DSL connections Therefore several solutions for establishing communication with a node behind a firewall and NAT exist The easiest possibility is to open a pre defined port in the firewall The opened port is then re routed with NAT forwarding rules to the residential gateway RG Security in this scenario has to be provided by the RG Since the DVE external interfaces of the RG are based on Web Services the opened ports should be HTTP or HTTPS which is more secure Alternatively a virtual private network VPN can be established between the communication node on the outside and either the router itself or a VPN gateway in the network In the latter case VPN connections have to be re routed to the VPN gateway The security features of a VPN enable the external host s communication to be treated like a node on the local network Page 18 of 125 A
157. nP IGRS DLNA SPIA HGI NMRP Zwave X 10 LonWorks and CEBus We are going to list some additional information on the most important technologies on offer in international markets 6 1 1 ZigBee The ZigBee Alliance is a global ecosystem of companies creating wireless solutions for use in residential commercial and industrial applications The ZigBee Alliance companies work together to enable reliable cost effective low power wirelessly networked monitoring and control products based on an open global standard The ZigBee Alliance membership comprises of technology providers and original equipment manufacturers worldwide Membership is open to all ZigBee technology is suited to a wide range of energy management and efficiency building automation industrial medical home automation applications Essentially applications that require interoperability and or the RF performance characteristics of the IEEE 802 15 4 standard would benefit from a ZigBee solution Examples include e Demand Response e Advanced Metering Infrastructure e Automatic Meter Reading e Lighting controls e HVAC control e Heating control e Environmental controls e Wireless smoke and CO detectors e Home security e Blind drapery and shade controls e Medical sensing and monitoring e Universal Remote Control to a Set Top Box which includes Home Control e Industrial and building automation ZigBee is a wireless standards based technology that
158. nd to a Web service e Discovering a Web service dynamically i e without an explicit service directory such as UDD e Describing a Web service e Subscribing and unsubscribing to events from a Web service From this functional perspective DPWS is quite comparable to UPnP although there are some notable differences both in design philosophy and technical articulation WSDL is used in service specifications as opposed to the UPnP device description format The AIM security concept is based on protocol extensions as opposed to UPnP s security approach via the so called security device and event handling is based on the SOAP protocol as opposed to UPnP s Gena AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 109 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 In the current landscape of unmanaged networks both technologies have their place and are expected to coexist for quite a while 6 4 Adopted system level communication solutions and rationale The rationale of adopting a SOAP web interface between the AIM gateway and the AIM user applications has to do with the inherent protocol interoperability offered by this approach The most compelling feature of SOAP is that it has been implemented on many different hardware and software platforms This means that AIM SOAP can be used to link disparate systems within and external to the AIM architecture Many attempts have been made in the past to come up with a common communications protocol that could be
159. nd would help to integrate this kind of energy generation better into the whole system of energy generation and usage Utility Gateway EMD Refrigerator Authentication Upload available load resources Remote activation of load Remote activation of refrigerator Operation according to given parameters Information about availbale load resource Upload available load resources Figure 12 Sequence diagram for remote load control 3 3 3 UC3 Utilities remote control energy creation A special use case for remote control is to control distributed energy generation This would mean that the utility can build a virtual power plant by controlling the different available distributed energy generation sources from the customers connected to its distribution network 3 4 Local users According to the general use case diagrams presented above local users can interact with the system to perform a set of basic set of operations that include the monitoring of energy use the personalization of energy use and gateway maintenance for expert users only In the following we specify in more detail these use cases for local users and include also the interaction of the sensor network with the system 3 4 1 UC Local users 1 monitoring energy use AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 35 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Local service Home EMD user interface Gateway i A
160. ng home transportation utility and industrial automation have adopted the platform as the basis for their product and service offerings Statistics as to the number of locations using the LonWorks technology are scarce but it is known that products and applications built on top of the platform include diverse functions such as embedded machine control municipal and highway street lighting heating and air conditioning systems intelligent electricity metering subway train control stadium lighting and speaker control security systems fire detection and suppression and newborn location monitoring and alarming 6 1 3 3 LonWorks technical details Two physical layer signalling technologies twisted pair free topology and Power Line carrier are typically included in each of the standards created around the LonWorks technology The two wire layer operates at 78 kbit s using differential Manchester encoding while the Power Line achieves either 5 4 or 3 6 kbit s depending on frequency Additionally the LonWorks platform uses an affiliated IP tunnelling standard ANSI CEA 852 used by a number of manufacturers to connect the devices on previously deployed and new LonWorks based networks to IP Most LonWorks based control applications are being implemented with some sort of IP integration either at the Ul application level or in the controls infrastructure This is accomplished with web services or IP routing products available on the market
161. nication protocols to existing household appliances Appliance on RG Figure 29 Communication between an EMD co located with the AIM gateway 4 2 5 Components offered by the ESTIA project The ESTIA project contributes to the AIM project with the OSGi AIM gateway concept OSGi www osgi org represents a standardized java framework for software components These interworking components called bundles reside inside a micro computer architecture The OSGi framework contains all the necessary components to install new bundles actually java jar files activate or deactivate them remove them and most importantly use the functions of bundles installed on a platform by other bundles The AIM gateway Residental Gateway is the centre of the home network The Gateway provides the physical medium and the corresponding networking technologies for interconnection with the ESTIA home networking devices including PDAs WiFi phones DECT phones Fridges Ovens Washing Machines TVs amp Set top boxes Electrical installation devices etc The following graphic shows the Gateway as the centre connection point for several device classes AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 53 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Voice i Video Video Terminals Terminals WiFi Bluetooth IPT V STB foice Terminals h Figure 30 The residential gateway my host other functionalities besides the AIM core logic Bundles may be updated dynamicall
162. nly to washing machine 3 Energy monitoring The appliance control system allows the execution of this function by continuously sending its working status to the gateway The gateway executes energy monitoring function by using the appliance energy profiles stored in its database When a proprietary Power Metering Adapter is connected on the power line plug of the appliance energy monitoring function can be directly based on the measured values of the energy actually consumed by the appliance 4 Efficiency estimation This function takes place when a proprietary Power Metering Adapter is connected on the power line plug of the appliance Efficiency estimation is performed by comparing the measured energy consumption of the appliance with the expected one according to specific working phases 5 Performance monitoring amp alarm This function takes place when the appliance control system detects a low efficiency working condition for instance when an open door condition lasts for too much time depending on the appliance type In such a case the appliance control system sends an alarm message to the gateway in order to properly inform the user 4 2 3 Device virtualisation environment and semantics The Device Virtualization Environment DVE is a rule engine application that allows the residential user to interact in a smart way with the AIM system The process of domestic environment abstraction and description is called domestic
163. nowledg acknowledg EMD Appliance 1 Appliance x Figure 7 Remote control The following section presents in detail several use cases that are important for the telecom operators They are mainly focusing on the energy management related services Detailed UML diagrams are also provided 3 2 1 Description UC Operator 1 service provisioning This scenario describes the service provisioning It involves two entities the third party that has developed a service and the operator which checks the service bundles and can guarantee uploaded software in the AIM gateway Third party service provider Utility AIM Core Logic l Service definition a n y Service validation X Bundles check I N Services are available i for user subscription Figure 8 Service provisioning Page 30 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 3 2 2 UC Operator 2 service subscription Once services are available on the operator platform users can subscribe to a service He selects the service on the platform installs and activates the service AIM Core i User Service subscription gt Service intallation soe 3 Service activation l Service activation 3 Figure 9 Service subscription 3 2 3 UC Operator 3 service configuration The user can modify some param
164. nsible for processing the request message and create a response also a SOAP message this response is sent back to the service requester AIM SOAP defines a binding to the HTTP protocol This binding describes the relationship between parts of the SOAP request message and the various HTTP headers All AIM SOAP requests use the AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 107 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 HTTP POST method and specify at least three HTTP headers Content Type Content Length and a custom header SOAP Action The actual SOAP message is passed as the body of the request or response SOAP was chosen as our messaging protocol due to its simplicity to the fact that it is the standardised enveloping mechanism for communicating messages and remote procedure calls using XML and because it supports the publish find and bind operations mentioned above 6 3 5 AIM service description and WSDL Service description is used for describing the public interface of a specific web service The most commonly used interface format is WSDL The Web Services Description Language is used to describe the public interface to a web service It is an XML based service description on how to communicate using a web service i e the protocol bindings and message formats required to interact with the web services listed in its directory The supported operations and messages are described abstractly and then bound to a concrete network prot
165. nternal architecture The Machine to Machine interfaces module delivers a unified methodology and a common API for the implementation of Gateway based services incorporating the connected appliances It defines a novel mechanism that consolidates the different access and communication technologies under a single umbrella termed machine to machine interfaces or M2M in short Page 74 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 The Identity Management module is responsible for providing personalised applications to the AIM user According to the Device Profile with which the User Policies are associated the devices and the controls which the user is allowed to access are provided to the applications logic This way the applications are fully personalised based on user profiles device profiles and associated policies The identity management module is also responsible for user authentication identification The Services Synthesis module allows the creation of new composite services based on existing service primitives which are provided according to the user profiles device profiles and the associated policies The new composite services can be stored for future access and execution 5 2 2 Service execution machine to machine interfaces module Inside AIM energy controlled devices provide one or more machine accessible interfaces Utilising these interfaces a machine partner can access and control the operation
166. o get the status information of sent requests 5 2 9 2 Identity management subsystem The role of the identity management subsystem is to provide personalisation to the AIM applications This is achieved by authenticating identifying the AIM user first then based on the user profile and the available devices getting the device profiles attributes and finally based on the policies associated to the user providing the information required to the application level for personalised service execution The following figure depicts the concept Page 82 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 AIM APPLICATIONS Identity Management Policy Management APIs User Device Profile APIs Policy Profiles User and Device Profiles User Devices Profiles and Policies Figure 54 AIM applications and identity management 5 2 10 Supplementary servers This service synthesis is included in the component collection of the AIM gateway service platform which allows it to create a service or use an existing composite service The service management component is constituted by the following subcomponents e The StorageManager is a server component which provides functionality to store Session and Application data from the different users that access the AIM Web application All the other components are using the StorageManager to store component specific data The StorageManager implements also caching mechanisms for fr
167. ocol and message format WSDL is used in combination with SOAP and XML schema A client application can read the WSDL schema to determine what functions are available on a server and subsequently the client can use SOAP to call the functions listed The services in a WSDL document are defined as collections of network endpoints ports These messages are descriptions of data being exchanged their port types are collections of operations The protocol and data format specifications for a particular port type form a binding A port is defined by associating a network address to a binding A collection of ports constitutes a service The following elements are used in defining services e Type This element encloses data type definitions that are relevant to the exchanged messages e Message A message consists of one or more logical parts Each message is associated to some kind of type specification from a type system which uses a message typing attribute WSDL defines several message typing attributes e Operation An operation is accessible via the name attribute An end point can support one of four transmission primitives These are one way request response solicit response notification e Port Type A port type is a named set of abstract operations over the abstract messages involved e Binding Port A port defines an individual endpoint by specifying a single address for a binding A port cannot specify more than one address or any bin
168. of a device Moreover different vendors provide their own products addressing the need for a specific functionality For example there is a multitude of vendors that produce washing machines What makes these products belong in the same category is the existence of a common set of functions or operations that each and every one performs For instance all washing machines need to be programmed started and monitored for current status wash phase Thus it seems natural from a human or machine user s point of view that these devices be controllable without distinguishing whether the device belongs to one vendor or another The exact specification and standardisation of a coherent set of functions for a certain device class is not the focus of AIM The project makes use of existing standards where these are available and the functionally is comprehensive enough AIM however provides an abstraction layer the M2M interface which can readily use and be adapted to standardized sets of functions for the supported device types So the AIM M2M interface allows parameterisation of the M2M interface according to a set of common operations given by some standard This parameterisation may be of programmatic nature i e needs some programming In the long run one can envisage data driven mapping formalisms in such a M2M interface So from the semantic conceptual side AIM s M2M interface essentially constitutes a Meta Interface More specifical
169. on exchange between utility and customer Utility Gateway EMD Refrigerator Authentication Hourly Tariffs download Information request of EMD for planning of energy usage Download pricing information Internal information processing and resource planning Information about scheduled energy usage Upload planned consumption Figure 11 Sequence diagram for flexible tariffs 3 3 2 UC 2 Utilities remote load control In times of frequently changing prices and changing availability of additional power generation capacities the requirements for remote load control becomes a challenging aspect in power grid operation When a utility knows that in its network unused load which can be controlled remotely is available it could plan with that buffer to be able to buy cheaper energy Mr Schmitt owns a refrigerator which is capable of producing cold air and stores it in a separate part of the fridge to be released when required The required amount of energy for that operation is known to the utility In times where alternative energy generation is able to provide very much energy e g Page 34 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 strong winds for the windmills energy becomes much cheaper and cleaner which is an advantage for all parties This kind of remote control would allow the use of carbon dioxide free energy when it is available a
170. on of solution based on RandD current results to be mapped through two main steps e An analysis of the technical and scientific basis e And a further improvement of features following the cutting edge technologies and the market requirements The current proposal therefore aims to improve the RandD activities on technologies to make content more intelligent and self adaptive and therefore to improve the EMS environments by e Bringing together researchers and industrial partners of the EMS fields to explore potential synergies joint exploitation or the identification of further shared research paths among past and or ongoing projects in the domain e Defining a draft agenda that will outline the envisaged steps needed to let the RandD results potentialities comply as much as possible with the real applications needs e To favour the market exploitation of identified supported technologies through the access to private capital and other available financial products A 1 9 The INTUBE project The energy consumption in the operational phase of buildings is one of the major contributions to energy use in Europe The improvement of energy efficiency only in the renewed stock new and renovated buildings is too slow considering the ambitious goal to improve the energy efficiency by 20 before 2020 IntUBE will lead to increased life cycle energy efficiency of the buildings without compromising the comfort or performance of the buildings by integ
171. onsortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 a 2 m o Utility AIM Core Logic Energy costs Service activation EMD configuration 3 2 5 UC Operator 5 easy configuration Mrs Jones has already subscribed to the Energy pack service She would like to configure her service The service supports three modal interactions She can download the Orange widget to configure the service to send commands or receive status from devices She owns an innovative physical device to configure the EMD She has a dedicated application or an Instant Messaging client on her mobile She doesn t want to login each time she wants to consult or configure her service 3 2 6 UC Operator 6 outdoor location Mr and Mrs Niel have no kids and have a holiday house At the end of the weekend when they leave it the Orange Mobile network detects that they left the local GSM cell and go back to their main home Then the service switches off the heating system and electronic devices if necessary When the Orange mobile network detects they are going to their holiday home the service starts heating system in order they find a comfortable temperature 3 2 7 UC Operator 7 abnormal situation Mr Niel has configured his services with UC2 interface to receive an alarm when abnormal energy situation occurs He receives a SMS with abnormal situation description 3 3 Utilities AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 33 of 125 AIM D
172. ost relevant sensing devices include presence detection that can be simple radar based devices or sophisticated localization systems user identification like e g RFID readers temperature and light sensing Data collected by the sensor network are delivered to a sink node that is in charge of aggregating it and providing inputs to the user profiling module of the AIM logic AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 71 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 Projection of functionalities on architecture components In this section we provide a representative mapping of the AIM functionalities in actual hardware components First we focus on the mapping of functionalities to the various appliances and subsequently the mapping of functionalities to additional components In particular each appliance manufacturer has a slightly different allocation of functionalities to hardware depending on the capabilities of existing hardware 5 1 Appliances 5 1 1 A V A Philips flat screen TV set which is equipped with a RJ45 TCP IP connector is selected as the A V equipment The proposed mapping to hardware components is depicted in the Sketch of Figure 47 No effort is needed to adapt the software or hardware of the TV set since it will only support the operational modes that we analysed before A standard Philips TFT will be used The intelligence and required effort is centralised in the EMD Gateway EMD A V Equipment Figure 47 Sketch of the syst
173. parse a device that was not known yet Due to this generic structure device validation had to be clearly done at the client side of the Device Profile API since the device profile schema would accept all devices that followed the element structure and required parameters Required parameters were the device type the category and at least one device variable Events and actions were optional 4 2 5 10 User Device profile API and JAXB binding The User Device Profile API UPAPI DPAPI offered an OSGi interface to other subsystems in the AIM gateway It provided its functionality to other bundles within the OSGi architecture of the Residental Gateway Both API s used the JAXB binding and the generated JAXB java classes to interface with the file based XML storage AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 65 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 2 5 11 User profile management GUI The interface of the profile functionality module to users of the AIM gateway was based on a web graphical interface This interface was implemented as another OSGi bundle within the AIM gateway using the services provided by the previous User Profile API The interface exposed the API functionality and made it available to an administrator or user to access create or modify profiles The GUI was built on top of a Java Servlet container and required the HTTP OSGi bundle that was included in the Servlet container Jetty No security access verification had been inclu
174. pe of wired wireless communication networks like Zigbee Bluetooth Power Line Ethernet etc AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 87 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 4 Home network A home network is a residential local area network and is used to connect multiple devices within the home Devices are connected together to exchange information and to share common functions data and equipment All AIM appliances and sensors will be connected to the home network Ethernet and power cables are the standard medium for wired networks Often homes are more difficult to wire than office environments and special technologies are developed which don t require new wires Home networking may use Ethernet WIFI Coax cable TV Power Line and phone wiring Ethernet Power Line and WIFI are the most common standards The home network operates via the existing home wiring coax phone wires and Power Line and wireless Home networks may be connected to the internet directly or via a DSL provider This external connection can be served by the AIM gateway with server functions With the future evolution of networking technology and the realization of AIM results more electronic devices and home appliances will have Internet ability and become accessible by home network Wireless communication is comfortable for the users and easy to apply in the whole household The wireless access to the AIM home network will be accomplished by access points i
175. pes AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 13 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 such as water heaters solar panels etc the project will deploy generic solutions wherever selection between diverged technologies should be made 1 2 Identification of functional components Figure 2 shows a first instance of the AIM architecture as it has been conceived by the time of project preparation In this initial architectural diagram there are two main components with significant role in the organisation of communication between the appliances and the services of the network The EMD and the AIM gateway are not only key components in the implementation of interoperability between the appliances and the user services but also offer the basic communication substrate for the realisation of higher level logic that pertains to user operations management and the control of appliances functionality Intelligent power consumption metering AIM applications Add on Service Architecture AIM Energy consumption Services Monitoring amp control Device Virtualization Environment Personalized Services Creation amp Synthesis Secure amp Privileged Access sue z ESTIA Gateway Identity based user Internal management functions A He 3 wei ireless an amg sd E F Dect ASS Routers Phones Modems Dish IP Connectivity d Points Washers f C Phones Routers 3 Home Communications Washing Me Machines Refrigerators
176. pes within the device profile The type DeviceType represented the root for a single device whereas other types defined the inner structure of the device DeviceType category categoryType VariablesType al e variable 1 VariableType e deviceType 1 1 string E deviceName 0 1 string E ActionsType e deviceVariables 1 1 VariablesType ees e actionID 1 ActionType e deviceActions 0 1 ActionsType e deviceEvents 0 1 EventsType f EventsType sal e eventID 1 EventType Figure 40 DeviceType definition and references The DeviceType definition included several simple and complex XSD types e An identifier that classified the device into a category value of the attribute category e g electrical device white goods e An unique identifier for each device element deviceType e An optional vendor specific device name or number element deviceName e List of device variables that can be manipulated by events e List of device actions consisting of an action identifier and a reference to the device variable Page 64 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 e List of device events consisting of a event identifier and a dedicated event description The list of device variables device actions and device events were designed in the same way and consisted each of a compound element that was specified as a complex type see VariablesType
177. ppliances and alarm equipment different companies developed their own field busses Main standards in building automation are LON LCN BACnet KNX EIB EHS and BatiBUS In the following a short abstract of these technologies is given LonWorks LON is a field bus system owned by Echelon It is used for industrial building and home applications LON offers features like decentralized networks including routing facilities The used protocol is called LonTALK and is standardized in EIA 709 1 and ENV13154 2 The following transmission media are possible Twisted Pair Power Line Radio Infrared and fibre optic LCN stands for Local Control Network and is designed to fulfil all demands on modem building control and automation requirements It represents an automation system which can be easily implemented in any kind of building like private homes schools hotels hospitals office buildings of any size etc BACnet Building Automation and Control Networks was developed by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE BACnet is an American national standard a European standard and an ISO global standard BACnet defines multiple physical architectures to handle high and low speed networks as well as point to point connections This emulates the structure of most automation systems The Konnex KNX Technology is an open standard for all applications in home and Building control It was est
178. provides a neutral playing field for engineers to be able to normalize the interfaces between various new and legacy systems When integrating C C Java Fortran Python and any other language OS into a single cohesive system design model CORBA provides the means to level the field and allow disparate teams to develop systems and unit tests that can later be joined together into a whole system This does not rule out the need for basic system engineering decisions such as threading timing object lifetime etc These issues are part of any system regardless of technology CORBA allows system elements to be normalized into a single cohesive system model For example the design of a Multitier architecture is made simple using Java Servlets in the web server and various e time C legacy code can talk to C Fortran legacy code and Java database code and can provide data to a web interface AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 101 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Strong Data Typing CORBA provides flexible data typing for example an ANY datatype CORBA also enforces tightly coupled datatyping reducing human errors In a situation where Name Value pairs are passed around it s conceivable that a server provides a number where a string was expected CORBA Interface Definition Language provides the mechanism to ensure that user code conforms to method names return parameter types and exceptions High Tune ability There are many imple
179. rating the latest developments in ICT field into AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 119 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Intelligent Building and Neighbourhood Management Systems IBMS and NMS and by presenting new ICT enabled business models for energy information related service provision By using the existing building stock more efficiently with the help of the new tools and business models developed in IntUBE the potential to reach the goal is considerably increased The solutions will also be applicable to new buildings The results of IntUBE will benefit many actors in the building sector like the owners the users the energy service providers maintenance service providers etc in form of well performing buildings that use the natural resources especially energy optimally resulting in less environmental effects and reduced life cycle costs of energy The IntUBE consortium consists of universities research centres and companies from Southern to Northern Europe They all have established dissemination channels and the SMEs of the consortium will be able to extensively exploit the results in their business Page 120 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Annex B B 1 Mapping of user requirements to design elements The table below provides a mapping between the requirements set out in D2 1 and the elements of the AIM architecture that implement them
180. rawn up in the technical annex for residential users utilities and network operators Tracing of performance bottlenecks and malfunctions shall be captured in the context of real user applications with the help of test probes set for this purpose The phase will be hosted in WPS task 5 2 and will accommodate regressive developments in conjunction to task 5 1 in order to eliminate any potential malfunctions that will be diagnosed In the context of this final validation phase use cases realization is planned to happen in two procedures e In the first procedure the fully fledged system will be installed and tested in a prototype virtual home environment that is offered by France Telecom with real users around 50 in total of various profiles who will be invited to test several usability aspects for a time interval of two months The objective of this use case is to measure the ease in using the system by inexperienced users and its usefulness to assist users in their daily life e Inthe second procedure replicas of the fully fledged system will be installed in 3 households in Greece with real appliances that will be provided by the 3 appliance manufacturers The objective of this use case is to prove the efficiency of the system to perform energy saving by 20 as has been targeted in the technical annex To prove this figure utility bills paid prior to system installation will be compared with those that will be obtained after the system inst
181. restricted to the local interface i e interface C Interface A provides a means to transparently traverse the main home network gateway whilst maintaining security i e avoiding to open a permanent backdoor that could be taken advantage of by potential intruders This possibility is offered through the service platform that acts as both a proxy to functions of the AIM system that reside on the AIM gateway inside the home network and as a host to other AIM core functions the trade off between the two depending on implementations 7 2 Interface B Interface B is situated between the Utility and the AIM service Logic This interface is a logical interface and is independent from the way how the information between both entities is transported The main function of this interface is to provide the required information between the utility and the household The information exchange must use a standardized format or protocol as e g ODEL AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 111 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Since not all possible services are defined yet and a future proof and open architecture is one of the objectives of the AIM project Interface B has to be open and extendable if required 7 3 Interface C This interface represents the logical connectivity of the residential user with the services of the home network It conveys information about the energy management logic contained on the device virtualisation environment D
182. s The ESTIA gateway will host most of the energy management functionality including e Appliance capabilities discovery Appliances shall be traceable concerning the operation modes they support e g washing programs cooking programs e Appliances and user profiling Appliance profiles as defined in D2 3 shall be stored in a database within the AIM gateway to be exploited by energy management applications in the process of deciding which appliances shall be controlled and how In the same manner users will be also profiled so that to system is able to administer the energy management strategies set by each user judging from their privileges e Virtualisation environment This environment will enable the home user to access household s energy resources and exploit them in defining energy management processes such as maximum energy consumption levels priorities between appliances etc e Management of the user interface The gateway shall provide APIs towards the three user type services through which user terminals may access the functionality of architecture e Anonymization of energy consumption statistical data towards the outdoor networks The gateway provides a communication substrate that hides the identity of the household and the user This substrate is used for anonymizing energy consumption statistical data when it is processed by external actors such as utilities involved in energy generation e Energy monitoring and manag
183. s The FG is currently working on three deliverables D1 on terms and definitions D2 on gap analysis of existing standards and D3 on methodologies for the calculation of the impact of ICT on energy saving and CO emissions The AIM project has already performed a project presentation at the group s plenary meeting held on 1 September 2008 and three contributions to deliverable D2 Furthermore the project is co editor of Page 22 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 deliverable D2 and plans to continue contributions to D3 after D2 is finalised at the end of the year 2008 2 2 2 ETSI EE The Technical Committee EE is responsible for defining the environmental and infrastructure aspects for all telecommunication equipment in different types of installations The Environmental activity covers e Environmental conditions on the telecommunication equipment mechanical biological and climatic conditions e Active substances mechanical and chemical e Equipment acoustic noise emission e Environmental tests for all telecommunication equipment and facilities including customer premises e Observation of European environmental legislation in terms of ecological aspects and assessing its impact on Telecommunication infrastructure and equipment The infrastructure activity covers e Definition of the power supply interfaces of all telecommunication equipment installed in telecommunications centres access networ
184. s A group of services in Jini is called a federation 6 3 2 2 JINI limitations Jini uses a look up service to broker communication between the client and service Many falsely believe that because of this it is essentially a centralized model though the communication between client and service can be seen as decentralized and that it does not scale well to very large systems In a Jini network one scales up the look up service by running multiple instances that listen to the same multicast group As such the look up service is indeed scalable Since Jini is implemented in Java many applications require a Java Virtual Machine to be present 6 3 3 WSDL The Web Services Description Language WSDL is an XML based language that provides a model for describing Web services The current version of the specification is 2 0 By accepting binding to all the HTTP request methods not only GET and POST as in version 1 1 WSDL 2 0 specification offers better support for RESTful web services and is much simpler to implement However support for this specification is still poor in software development kits for Web Services which often offer tools only for WSDL 1 1 Page 104 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Abstract erations Concrete Figure 61 A representation of concepts defined by a WSDL 1 1 document The WSDL defines services as collections of network endpoints or ports The WSDL specification
185. s 98 6 2 1 Basic ZigBee advantage Soieta reserare dea aeia nr i ekana orae oaia 98 6 2 2 I AONE IDET AEE E E E Ri vbedateon Seaeees 98 6 2 3 KNX advantages onei ai a R E AE N E oT Gaede TE ames 99 6 3 System level communication solutions for services implementation cccceceeseeereees 100 6 3 1 CORBA sneti e eriaacaat naan a aa valves E a E i 100 6 3 2 JNE ereere n E EEEE EY EE E TEES E E aati eae 103 6 3 3 ST D PEENE E ET EEE 104 6 3 4 SOAP a a a a T T 105 6 3 5 AIM service description and WSDL c ccccccsessseesceesseeseecsseceseceseceseeeeeeeeeeeaeecsaeesaees 108 6 3 6 Device profile for Web SerVviCes ccccceccesseesseceteceeceseceseeeeceeeeseaeeeseeeseeeseeessecnsenseeees 109 6 4 Adopted system level communication solutions and rationale ccccesceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 110 6 4 1 SOAP And SOCULILY ss sesersesase sess sanseve lass a E E E E a3 TE E EA E 110 6 4 2 The value of an AIM XML Web service cccesccesscesseseeceeseeeseesseeeseeceeeaecssecnseenaeees 110 7 Interfaces functional specification cccecccesccesecessceesceeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeseeeseecsaecssecsaecaecneeeeeenseeeaes 111 Tal Interlace Aranesa e e a Gas E E EE 111 T nterface Bd Trendet o ea eane vo be eE ta daa oa gu gaan A ea e LE ou a E eE EN o 111 7 3 A E eA CERET AEE EA A E AE D A EERE 112 TA Interface Dornier e a a a E a E a E a E a a EEE AE E E aae 113 A E E a E A T E A bu Tad hag Den eat eT Sea aa os Neh 113 Om MNETHACE EAA T ERATE cet
186. s typical day can be provided to the system through a local interface or it can be estimated by the sensor network based on the analysis of the time series of user presence at home and in the rooms of the house The user also desires that when he is back at home in the evening the clothes that he putted in the washing machine in the morning are washed and dried Accordingly to the general settings of the system the goal is to reduce energy cost for washing the clothes The system can select an available program to reduce energy consumption considering the type of clothes to be washed The system is also capable of managing the schedule of the washing program considering its duration the constraints set by the users and the information of energy cost during the day Example N 2 During the workweek with discrete power levels in devices Like in previous example the user is a typical worker that lives in household only in the early hours of the day and come back in the house in late evening for dinner and the night The general objective of the user is to minimize incurred costs and avoiding exceeding a defined threshold of 2kW h The selected general function for the system is Allocate energy consumption in a period of time i e 24 h avoiding exceeding a defined threshold i e 2kW h Objective energy consumptions are allocated in 24h day to avoid peaks of energy requests to the provider The energy provider informs that energy is cheap
187. sed protocol so the assumption was made that HTTP security would be adequate for SOAP After all there were thousands of Web applications using HTTP security so surely it would be adequate for SOAP For this reason the current SOAP standard assumes security is a transport issue and doesn t address it However when SOAP expanded to become a more general purpose protocol that runs on top of a number of transports security became a bigger issue Fortunately the W3C is already working on security for XML documents so it s probably safe to assume that at some point in the near future the security issues addressed by the W3C will be used to define a security implementation for SOAP and this is important for our AIM architecture In the meantime SOAP can take advantage of the full range of security options available for HTTP Web applications 6 4 2 The value of an AIM XML Web service One of the most compelling uses of SOAP is to enable XML Web services An XML Web service is a function that is exposed through a SOAP interface so that other SOAP based application on the Web can call it to take advantage of the service There are two great advantages to using XML Web services e An XML Web service is a standard way to expose services to a large number of other users who need those services e XML Web services provide a way to combine services that other entities provide and use them to build one s own unique application Page 110 of 125
188. si http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance gt lt soapenv Body gt lt getUserProfileResponse soapenv encodingStyle http schemas xmlsoap org soap enco lt getUserProfileReturn xsi type soapenc string xmins soapenc http schemas xmlsoap org soap encoding xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 standalone yes gt lt estia_basic user_profile xmins estia_basic http www estia basic_profile com gt lt user_name gt Bernard lt user_name gt lt login_name gt Bernie lt login_name gt lt password gt XkI 2 lt password gt lt group gt quest_user lt group gt lt category gt kid lt category gt lt estia_basic user_profile gt lt getUserProfileReturn gt lt getUserProfileResponse gt lt soapenv Body gt lt soapeny Envelope gt elope w w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance gt jap org soap encoding gt lt listUserProfilesReturn soapenc array Type soapenc string 22 xsi type soapenc Array xmins soapenc http schemas xmlsoap org soap encoding gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt ad lt listUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt ad3 lt listUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt ad31 lt listUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUserProfilesReturn xsi type soapenc string gt adh lt lstUserProfilesReturn gt lt listUs
189. sible via internet For this access security features are necessary password firewall data encryption etc The home network should offer functionalities for energy control and monitoring like e security features e multiple user levels for any kind of user e automatic recognizing of new or removed appliances or sensors e multiple overviews for the energy consumption of all connected appliances price CO e tables and diagrams of each appliance with actual and historical power consumption e switch and control function for the entire household and each appliance e standard overlay profiles for normal use e special functions for holidays special events energy saving e remote access via internet for selected users Page 88 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 5 5 The User interface The user interface of a system like AIM is always a major point which can influence the success of a solution dramatically The main challenge is to provide a simple yet intelligent efficient and easy to use interface to the people who should operate the system The broad span of possible users raises the requirements additionally On the other hand the user interface is also strongly depending from the kind of service which should be controlled A complete energy profiling application including several automation steps and different possible scenarios would require more parameters and programming than a simple remote
190. sions also the time of the day and the estimated probability that the user will use a specific device Similarly the system can manage available discrete energy consumption levels associated to appliances internal functions or components based on the needs of the user his presence in the room and the probability of using a specific device based on user profile The user sets the system to manage automatically the lights in the rooms He decides to activate the functions that manage the light bulbs so that to compensate smoothly the growing darkness of natural light The light level in the room is detected by the sensor network Example N 3 On vacation The user leaves the house to go on vacation and his objective is the minimization of incurred costs to manage the house when he is away The objective function that is selected by the user is Minimize energy cost during a period of time i e 6 hours 24 hours week month Objective minimization of total energy consumption in a period of time without considering incurred costs It is necessary to define if the minimization is operated for a day week month or year The user can turn off some kind of services available in the house while they re not going to be used without him but he needs that some other services are also guaranteed during his holiday The system knows the devices that are available to be turned off completely or not The user doesn t need to manage temperature so
191. so facilitates real time measurement of energy consumption for the appliances that are connected to the same power line of the mains and a high level type that is employed solely for exchanging control and status information with household appliances implementing custom made communication protocols The latter interface may not necessarily be of power line type but is subject to the choice of the appliance manufacturer AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 15 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 In addition to the two core functional entities the architecture provides a group of household appliances encompassing functions which must be managed in terms of energy consumption and a number of user applications grouped in three use cases The two peripheral entities and the core functional entities are altogether connected via the IP protocol Moreover further enhancement of platform automated operations beyond the usual user configurable scenarios is achieved through the inclusion in the home network of a sensor network that allows detection of humans presence and movements at home With this addition the platform becomes capable of accommodating logic for more intelligent energy saving scenarios such as automated switch off of the communication equipment when there is no user at home All four functional entities outlined in this section are specified in detail in terms of internal logic in chapter 4 In the following two chapters we ident
192. ss rights different users When using the RG as single point of access the rights management can be performed by the device virtualisation environment DVE A single EMD with direct external SSL access has to be either synchronised with the RG or use separate access control mechanisms The concept of access control is a well known instrument in ICT Since its bearing on energy savings is limited it is not considered a primary concern for the AIM project The approach of using the RG as the single point of contact between outdoor network and home network allows enhancing the AIM architecture with access control at a later point in time AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 19 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 2 Analysis of state of the art and impact on AIM architecture 2 1 Introduction Trends in the area of energy saving technologies 2 1 1 Trends in the area of low power components For many years the situation in CMOS technology development was twofold For all portable equipment such as mobile phone or cordless phone energy saving it was a key issue not for CO reduction but for convenience to extend the operating time before recharging Significant effort was spent to that aim Special technologies and libraries have been developed with low power consumption at the expense of performance Circuit level means such as dynamic clock reduction and switched gated clock have been implemented Design tools have been adapted to support t
193. stand by devices autonomously by invoking special network controllable power switching devices This technology will be mainly based on the interception of events being sent over the home network to a centralised control point at the moment an appliance enters the stand by mode and in more intuitive scenarios on the processing of the power consumption measurement Page 26 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 3 Specification of use cases The functionality that will be offered by the AIM system is intended to be used by four different types of users namely utility providers telecom operators and third party service providers device manufacturers and of course the local users themselves This chapter provides representative use cases of the AIM system that were developed from these four distinct directions Note that we do not attempt to provide an exhaustive list The outcome of the discussion of this chapter will motivate the need for specific functional components in the AIM architecture AIM System Control Energy Use Home User Monitor Energy Use Personalize amp adapt System Tech savvy home us Environment Manage System Expert Home User i Third party service provider Maintain System network amp service operator Appliance Manucaturer Figure 4 Example of responsibility use case These diagrams represent as ellipses the top level use cases main
194. t did not belong to the ESTIA network but might use it as guest users visiting an ESTIA controlled home at a certain point in time lt simpleType name GroupType gt lt restriction base string gt lt enumeration value inhabitantUser gt lt enumeration gt lt enumeration value guestUser gt lt enumeration gt lt enumeration value administrator gt lt enumeration gt lt restriction gt GroupType definition The value inhabitantUser was kept in the profile but the final API used a value residentUser instead of the original one due to a modification of nomenclature during the API specification with the rest of partners In the same way the CategoryType was defined as an enumeration of predefined values child or adult which represent the two initial sets of user categories that would be used in the Policy Management Module in combination with the GroupType defined previously lt simpleType name CategoryType gt lt restriction base string gt lt enumeration value kid gt lt enumeration gt lt enumeration value adult gt lt enumeration gt lt restriction gt CategoryType definition Page 62 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 In this case the API provided a different value child corresponding to the kid value within the profile Once the different types had been defined it was possible to complete the definition provided on the UserProfi
195. t discovery After contacting the LUS the client is returned a Service Registrar object which it uses to look up a particular service It does this by consulting the lookup catalogue on the LUS and searching based on the type name or description of a service The LUS will return a Java proxy specifying how to connect directly to the service This is one of the ways in which Jini is more powerful than RMI which requires the service to know the location of the remote service in advance Using the Proxy the client may connect directly to the service implementation without further interaction with the LUS and use it as if it were a local service However there are some differences to the event model in that the order of events occurring across a network cannot be guaranteed Services in Jini will not necessarily be permanently available which leads to the concept of leasing When a service registers with a LUS a lease is granted having a certain duration Leases will need to be periodically renewed to check if a service is still alive which means that if a service fails or becomes unreachable it can be timed out Jini uses serialization to send Java objects across the network This means an entire Java object can be saved and sent and used remotely as if it were local as opposed to creating a specific format for sending data in each new implementation Jini services can be grouped together to allow a client to search for specific group
196. t state and power consumption so that the user can easily recognise its state This can be provided by the household appliance or the EMD More detailed information could be shown on local communication devices like PCs or mobile phones as well as web applications Depending of the functionality of the handhold device ASCII or HTML data will be transmitted either from the AIM gateway or for special functions from the EMD to the user communication unit It is important to show to the user the current and history of the power consumption of the AIM devices and if possible of the whole household For the user it is not comfortable to look all the time on his power consumption chart It will be more convenient to view the power consumption and the costs of the last day week month year on demand In parallel a profile of planed power consumption and offered user adjusted power tariffs from the utility or service provider should be shown After comparing the consumption with a former period new decision in behaviour controlling and tariff selection can be made 4 2 1 2 Energy control The pivot of energy control in AIM is the EMD unit Apart from its physical interfaces the AIM EMD employs a slim version of the IP protocol which allows it to communicate with high level user applications compatible with home protocol technologies like OSGi UPnP and HTTP Particularly the use of the HTTP protocol will allow implementation of a Web Server functionality
197. tandard IP address Control Points receiving this message can detect the device and its capabilities Discovery Search KNX devices will be connected via the UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge to the AIM Gateway The bridge is pre configured with assignments of all KNX devices to appropriate UPnP devices including user names and unique IDs Upon boot up of the AIM Gateway and or after a certain time period the Gateway must send an UPnP Discover Search message as UDP multicast search multicast control point root device service om responses unicast device service Figure 52 UPnP search procedure This message will be answered by the UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge with a response message Following this first message exchange a couple of further messages will be exchanged describing the different available device types and services available by the bridge The AIM Gateway must process the service descriptions in an appropriate way e g transfer them to the AIM personalised service database AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 77 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 M SEARCH HTTP 1 1 HOST 239 255 255 250 1900 MAN ssdp discover MX seconds to delay response ST search target UPnP Discovery Search message Discovery Search Response Following the Discovery Search message the UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge returns UDP response messages to the source IP address and port that sent the multicast m
198. the network operators and the energy generation utilities To realise this concept the AIM project adopts the architecture depicted in Figure 18 In this the indoor home network is bridged with the outdoor networks through the AIM system logic whereby users are enabled to manage the functions of household appliances thus being able of controlling the energy consumed in their households Home Network Wide area network Household appliances TVs White goods comm brown goods etc Operator Service Platform Gateway end user in the home Figure 18 Generic system architecture Mobile end user Context data acquired From sensors Context data acquired from external sources In the figure above the AIM gateway appearing as a building block of the AIM system logic may optionally host part or the whole of the AIM system logic In the case where the AIM gateway is used as a passive component service logic is hosted on the operator service platform The consortium has decided to adopt this flexible service realisation concept for purposes of preserving scalability and flexibility of the overall architecture Thus interested actors operators third parties and home users have more freedom in the implementation of energy saving applications 4 1 1 The AIM core logic The AIM system logic is the main building block of the architecture providing the interconnectivity means
199. the project will design and develop a number of applications in the context of the WP4 at least one per each use case to be used for the evaluation of the overall system 1 4 Security design of the AIM architecture 1 4 1 Design of authentication identity and policy management The residential gateway RG with the device virtualisation environment DVE is the main access point for the end user of the AIM system Therefore the realisation of authentication identity and policy management rests on the RG Access to the system is available e Locally by accessing directly the DVE via a web based Graphical User Interface GUI e Remotely by mobile phone service managed by telecommunication operator Local access The home access to the DVE services is possible through a Web GUI Access to the GUI is protected by a username and password login Since the local GUI is already located in a secure environment with limited access only family and guests this security mechanism is sufficient for local authentication For access over a WiFi network the communication channel must be protected by at least WEP or WPA security Remote access The telecommunication operator provides a mobile GUI in order to let the user access some DVE services when he she is outdoor Outdoor user identification for the AIM system is provided by the telecommunication operator He is able to recognize the users through their mobile SIM number and filter the request in the t
200. the system itself This learning process may entail explicit reinforcement on the part of the user but not necessarily so In the example of a person forgetting to turn off the lights personalisation could occur both ways Page 12 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 1 General description of the AIM architecture 1 1 Main conceptual model The main concept of the AIM architecture is to offer a harmonised technology for managing in real time the energy consumption of appliances at home interworking this information to communication devices over the home network and virtualising it with the final aim of making it available to users through home communication networks in the form of standalone or network operator services Figure 1 illustrates the initial conceptual model that appears in the technical annex of the project to serve the logical basis for underpinning the detailed AIM architecture Home Power Network Local energy network operator Local Grid Powered On Appliances Standby Appliances Decision Making Optimal Energy Energy eee amp enol Local Grid Production we Management Planning Bridge Unit Operator C sonicos X Services Communication Network Service Operator AIM core logic Virtualisation E i i Semantics nergy Managemen Logic Home Communications Network Figure 1 Conceptual model of the AIM architecture Main innovation of the propos
201. thout proprietary extensions Page 102 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Problems with implementations Through its history CORBA was plagued by shortcomings of its implementations Often there were few implementations matching all of the critical elements of the specification and existing implementations were incomplete or inadequate As there were no requirements to provide a reference implementation members were free to propose features which were never tested for the usefulness Implementations were further hindered by the general tendency of the standard to be verbose and the common practice of compromising by adopting the sum of all submitted proposals often created APIs that were incoherent and difficult to use even if the individual proposals were perfectly reasonable Working implementations of CORBA have been very difficult to acquire in the past but are now much easier to find The SUN Java SDK comes with CORBA already Some poorly designed implementations have been found to be complex slow incompatible and incomplete Commercial versions can be very expensive This changed significantly as commercial hobbyist and government funded high quality free implementations became available Firewalls CORBA more precisely IIOP uses raw TCP IP connections in order to transmit data However if the client is behind a very restrictive firewall transparent proxy server environment that only al
202. tion e An advanced user has more functions available than the basic user He has full control of the devices and environmental settings related to him They are both not able to access and modify system settings that are managed only by administrator Typically users and their policy are generated during installation phase of the AIM system Management of these policies itself has to be restricted to users with administrator role of course A detailed description of the authentication identity security and policy management in the DVE will be provided in the Deliverable 4 3 1 Another part of identity management is the management of the DVE identity when communicating with external networks for privacy reasons Controlling the information accessible from outside networks is already possible through the access limitations for different roles Privacy can also be ensured by removing the identifying information from the data This requires an intermediary node which shields information like IP addresses from the host in the outside network For the telco operator s services privacy is only limited to which information can be accessed as the telco knows the IP addresses assigned to the household and must connect the mobile GUI running on a smartphone to the matching AIM system For the utility operator a communication scenario with pseudonymity can be constructed The goal would be to deny the utility knowledge of specific household information whe
203. tion address field has some of its most significant bits zero they need not be sent the end of frame delimits the field and all receiving devices assume the un transmitted bits are zero CEBus transmissions are strings or packets of data that also vary in length depending upon how much data is included Some packets can be hundreds of bits in length The minimum packet size is 64 bits which at an average rate of 7 500 bits per second will take about 1 117th of a second to be transmitted and received 6 1 7 2 CEBUS other media Other media besides Power Line carrier are specified coaxial cable infrared radio frequency and optical fibre The initial offerings supported only a Power Line carrier 6 1 7 3 CEBUS addresses The CEBus standard involves device addresses that are set in hardware at the factory and include 4 billion possible combinations The standard also offers a defined language of many object oriented controls which include commands such as volume up fast forward rewind pause skip and temperature up or down degree 6 1 8 BACNet BACnet an ASHRAE building automation and control networking protocol was designed specifically to meet the communication needs of building automation and control systems for applications such as heating ventilating and air conditioning control lighting control access control and fire detection systems and their associated equipment The BACnet protocol provides mechanisms by which comp
204. tion network operators and equipment suppliers of Europe China Japan and the US Furthermore in the frame of the EE EE2 group powering and control monitoring interface ETSI has recently publicised the new standard ES 202 336 1 on the control monitoring interface for network technical environment in the telecom datacom premises This interoperable standard is open and using TCP IP http XML and so is in line with NGN TISPAN work and the IETF specification for alarm and performance supervision of internet network As the project build on the latest NGN technology in this specification and in the sections related to interfaces the consortium is evaluating this standard with the intention to adopt it in the implementation of the service management interface AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 23 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 2 3 Communication technologies 2 3 1 In house communication technologies There are many field bus communication technologies on the market for different uses like car technology industrial automation and home and building automation For the in house communication in the AIM project the short distance communication based on wires or wireless technology is the most relevant Wired networks like IEEE 802 11 and Power Lines are common In some cases special communication networks based on proprietary lines could be found For technical equipments of homes and buildings like heating climate lighting household a
205. tions impact on the AIM system giving to the system different degrees of freedom in which it can move its choices in order to achieve the goal selected by the user Selecting options number 1 AIM has more degrees of freedom to manage the system In case that the user selects also the options number 2 AIM is constrained to operate with a smaller number of degrees of freedom Manage temperature Air conditioning warm up cool to a specified temperature Air conditioning warm up cool to a specified temperature in multiple period of time Cook by microwave oven Set cooking program Execute the program selected for a specified time Wash clothes by washing machine Set washing program Execute the program selected for a specified time Lightin up a room by multiple light bulbs 3 Select light s positions A B C to be lighted up Select power consumptions to be used for specified light s positions A B C Auto compensate room natural light to a certain threshold Options and 2 offers the same numbers of degrees of freedom Options 1 2 and 3 cannot be activated at the same time AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 69 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 2 8 Anonymity and security issues Anonymity and security is a major requirement for a system which is so closely related to personal data and privacy issues Critics of systems like AIM always imply that the information which is required to offer services and the prof
206. trips 6 1 6 1 HomePlug operation Since the signals may travel a short distance outside the user s residence or business like many other network standards HomePlug includes the ability to set an encryption password As with many other networking products most HomePlug devices are secure by default The HomePlug standards require that all devices are set to a default out of box password Users should change this password To simplify the process of configuring passwords on a HomePlug network each device has a built in master password chosen at random by the manufacturer and hard wired into the device which is used only for setting the encryption passwords A printed label on the device lists its master password The data at either end of the HomePlug link is not encrypted unless an encrypted higher layer protocol such as TLS or IPSEC is being used only the link between HomePlug devices is encrypted Since HomePlug devices typically function as transparent network bridges computers running any operating system can use them for network access However some manufacturers only supply the password setup software in a Microsoft Windows version in other words enabling encryption requires a computer running Windows Once the encryption password has been configured Windows will no longer be needed so in the case of a network where all computers run other systems a borrowed laptop could be used for initial setup purposes In residences and smal
207. ttings e g modification of IP addresses configuration of NAT etc Gateway management Is the process of defining new energy saving services by means of using the AIM virtualisation environment As for the distinction between maintenance and management maintenance may be construed as either correction of internal faults or adaption to changes in the environment of the system whereas management may rather correspond to evolution of the system for the introduction of added functionality In both cases not only the gateways are involved but all parts of the system for which software may be remotely maintained amp managed Personalisation Is the process of personalising the energy saving services defined in the gateway to fit to personal usability requirements For example John has the habit of forgetting the lights of the living room switched on He then personalises the monitoring service of the gateway so that when the network detects that John leaves the home it switches off the lights at the living room A distinction should be made between personalization and self adaptation of the system explicit personalization is the result of direct control from the part of the user and will usually correspond to preferences e g in the cost vs comfort trade off or in interface settings whereas self adaptation will correspond to an automatic process of learning on the part of the system taking into account feedback from the environment acquired by
208. ume As is defined in D2 3 appliances of such type are profiled experimentally by measuring the consumed energy in each supported mode Following this method all experimentally measured energy consumption values are set in the database of the AIM gateway in order to be compared with the values that the EMD measures in real time The second way relates to appliances that understand the mode they are currently operating and also to the possibility of communicating it to the network in the form of known messages Measurement of the energy consumption of these appliance types does not involve the EMD The appliances make known their status to the AIM gateway which retrieves the actual consumption value from the profile record of the database In the active control mode the network has the ability to enforce changes in the status of the active or standby devices Such a feature is useful for the implementation of energy conservation services where a certain threshold of energy consumption is set by the user and the AIM gateway attempts to achieve it by masking particular appliance functions of which energy consumption exceeds the agreed threshold Switching of appliance internal modes in the active control mode is achieved through the exchange of control primitives between the EMD and the household appliances The notion of which appliance function must be masked or replaced by any other lower consuming one is taken by the AIM gateway after pars
209. uterized building automation devices can exchange information regardless of the particular building service they perform As a result the BACnet protocol may be used by head end workstation general purpose direct digital controllers and application specific or unitary controllers with equal effect 6 1 8 1 BACNet history The development of the BACnet protocol began in June 1987 in Nashville Tennessee at the inaugural meeting of the Standard Project Committee SPC The first meeting produced a list of Page 96 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 desirable attributes of a good protocol and what the BACnet protocol eventually became Interoperability Efficiency Low Overhead Highest Common Multiplier Compatibility with other applications and networks Layered OSI model Network Flexibility Extensibility Cost Effective Transmission Reliability Apply to real time processes Maximum Simplicity Allow priority schemes Medium access fairness and Stability under realistic loads BACnet had an almost immediate impact on the HVAC controls industry which by 1996 was dominated by Siemens Building Technologies Although several manufacturers had developed BACnet devices in 1996 a smaller company Alerton announced a complete BACnet product line for HVAC controls from the operator s workstation down to small VAV controllers Automated Logic Corporation and Delta Controls soon followed suit Other current ex
210. ween the AIM EMD Device and Com devices like phones router FAX machines and so on COM devices have multiple interfaces to communicate among themselves and between other devices Main communication interfaces of COM devices are Ethernet WIFI DECT and Bluetooth AIM features are accessible via Ethernet WIFI or DECT The commands to control COM devices are proprietary The EMD translate the proprietary commands of the COM devices into AIM commands The data exchange between the EMD and the AIM gateway will be done with the AIM protocol 7 8 Interface H Interface H is an option to connect the EMD directly to the service providers for when there is no possibility to have a gateway with interface for remote control installed at the home network Page 114 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 8 Validation plan The process by which the AIM architecture will be validated is split in three phases all of which are to be hosted in WP5 The first phase will pertain to the integration of the AIM components work to be performed in WPS task 5 1 and will involve realization of interoperability tests among the components of the architecture that is the EMD the appliances the home network the virtualization logic and the user applications with the objective to prove components compliant operation with respect to the initial requirements In this process design malfunctions and operational problems observed in ind
211. wer 1 lt serviceld gt lt SCPDURL gt Switch xml lt SCPDURL gt lt controlURL gt UD 6 lt controlURL gt lt eventSubURL gt sub 6 lt eventSubURL gt lt service gt lt serviceList gt lt device gt root gt Excerpt of a UPnP device description e Service description The UPnP service description is related to the UPnP services provided by a device Each device can provide multiple services By accessing the Service URL embedded in the device description an AIM Control Point can obtain the service description This kind of description defines all the actions and their arguments state variables and their data types range and event characteristics for each provided service It is possible that a service may have zero or more actions Also an action may have zero or more arguments These arguments may be input or output parameters The following example shows the detailed service description of the service SwitchPower 1 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 79 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 lt specVersion gt lt specVersion gt lt actionList gt lt action gt lt argument gt lt argument gt lt action gt lt action gt lt argumentList gt lt argument gt lt argument gt lt action gt lt action gt lt argumentList gt lt argument gt lt argument gt lt action gt lt actionList gt lt sepd gt lt argumentList gt lt
212. wer modes should be advertised by each device so that the AIM system can correctly interact with the device 4 2 7 Adapting to users The ability of the AIM system to adapt to user specific requirements and preferences is a fundamental feature that may determine the level of satisfaction of users and the overall success of this kind of energy management systems It is commonly recognized that there are basically two issues that are important for user acceptance namely the perception that the system is under direct control all the time and that it is easy to use and AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 67 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 able to adapt automatically to needs without complex configuration processes In the AIM system the user direct control of the system is guaranteed on one side by the possibility to interact manually with all appliances and devices at any moment and on the other side by the definition of a set of user preferences that allow enforcing some specific behaviour This is obviously not enough for providing an easy to use system and for this reason the AIM system includes also user profiling in order to self adapt to user habits and to the normal way it uses home appliances User profiling can take advantage of the supplementary functions provided by a sensor network which can provide some inputs to the system on user identification user presence at home and in a specific room and the level of some physical par
213. with its built in Power Line network adapter receives this information package and performs the reversed procedure handing the CECED message over to the OSGi bundle which processes the received information and takes further action according to the implemented usage scenario Messages are delivered via HTTP protocol thus an OSGi framework must include a bundle responsible for delivering and receiving messages to from the client side A complete list of messages with mandatory optional and proprietary values is available at CECED CHAIN AIS and KNX specifications In the initial phase of connected household appliances development we should provide a functional profile for each individual group of appliances The prime methods of energy management are on off switching and dimming Depending on its device class each device supports specific actions and status variables 5 2 5 Physical interfaces and protocols used Originally the KNX protocol was developed as an interaction tool between electrical installation devices only No communication with IP based networks was planned To connect KNX devices to an IP based home network several protocols and intermediate network entities are needed The following picture gives a corresponding overview g 1 i 5 mi installation UPnP KNXnet IP Bridge KNXneviP Bridge devices Electrical UPnP based communication ye Figure 51 Protocols and entities used for addressing KNX devices The physi
214. y Figure 30 The residential gateway my host other functionalities besides the AIM core logic Figure 31 The concept of bundles and OSGi services Figure 32 Bundle lifecycle Figure 33 Using an OSGi base driver as service proxy Figure 34 Dynamic import and export of services using OSGi in combination with other technologies which support service discovery Figure 35 Dynamic handling of supply and demand Figure 36 Profile technical approach and implementation processes Figure 37 User profile elements and types Figure 38 User profile elements and types Figure 39 Schema types within the device profile Page 8 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64 Figure 65 DeviceType definition and references Device example ESTIA s user profile management interface User profile and listing functionality provided over the Web services bundle Example probability distribution of user at home during the week Indoor Communication Scenario sensor network architecture Sketch of the system configuration with an A V device Schematic overview of the Philips EMD connected with a TV Audio equipment or other IR controll
215. y InterfaceC 0020 M KEL CFR The interface between the EMD and the Gateway InterfaceC 0030 M KEL CFR The M2M APIs of the gateway InterfaceC 0040 M KEL CFR The gateway security protocols InterfaceC 0050 M KEL CFR The user terminals InterfaceC 0060 M KEL CFR The DVE and the identity management functions of the gateway InterfaceC 0070 M KEL CFR The protocols of the gateway Page 122 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 InterfaceC 0080 M KEL CFR The protocols of the gateway InterfaceD 0010 M BCT The EMD InterfaceD 0020 M BCT The EMD the gateway and the network physical communication interfaces InterfaceD 0030 M BCT The protocols of the EMD InterfaceD 0040 M BCT The protocols of the EMD and the gateway InterfaceD 0050 M BCT The protocols of the gateway InterfaceD 0060 M BCT The protocols of the gateway InterfaceE 0030 O DOE IND The protocols of the gateway and the EMD InterfaceH 0020 M KEL FT The M2M APIs of the gateway InterfaceH 0030 M KEL FT The EMD Requirements for internal architecture logic Local_Users 070 M CFR The use of a sensor network as a means of tracing user behaviour Local_Users 080 M CFR The DVE Operator 0030 M FT Gateway protocols Operator 0050 M FT Operator applications Operator 0080 M FT Applications for the residential user Operator 010
216. y networks Efficiency Inter Operator Collaboration Group FTTH Council IEEE P802 3az TIA Energy efficiency of Efficient Servers Green Grid data centres TIA Electronic waste Basel Convention MPPI amp PACE European Commission TTA Equipment labelling Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Programme CEN CENELEC Energy Star TCO Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool EPEAT Table 1 Overview of standardization bodies work As an extensive analysis of these standards will be made in the WP6 deliverables below we present two bodies that are mostly relevant to the work of AIM the ITU Focus Group on climate change and the EE group of the ETSI on the built up of environment aware communication technologies 2 2 1 The ITU FG on climate change The Focus Group has the scope of identifying from the standardization viewpoint within the competences of ITU T the impact of ICT on Climate Change in particular the reduction of ICT s own emissions over their entire lifecycle direct impact the mitigation that follows through the adoption of ICTs in other relevant sectors indirect impact and facilitating the monitoring of relevant climate parameters With respect to this scope the FG analyzes and identifies gaps in the areas of definitions general principles methodology and appropriate tools to characterize the impact of ICTs on Climate Change and support the development of appropriate international standard
217. y now be discovered and used by all other OSGi bundles on the platform This way the functions available outside OSGi through UPnP have been imported onto the remote OSGi platform using a Proxy bundle OSGi base driver In the opposite direction services contained on the OSGi platform could be exported or exposed to other devices In this case the Proxy bundle UPnP base driver looks up the functions in the service registry and advertises its related functions Import and export of services is not limited to local networks or home networks In the very same way the OSGi platform may connect services offered in the Wide Area Network WAN For the chosen WAN technology such as peer to peer technologies for services discovery respectively web services corresponding base driver bundles need to be installed This way services contained within the home network may be accessible from the WAN for remote operation or for remote configuration management AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 Page 57 of 125 AIM Deliverable D2 2 4 Import UPnP Devices I l l Instantiate UPnP i device as OSGi service Register WAN 2 Export UPnP Devices OSGi World UPnP World Figure 34 Dynamic import and export of services using OSGi in combination with other 4 2 5 3 technologies which support service discovery General concepts in service discovery Discovery of bundles within th
218. y without the need to shut down the framework which is probably the most essential feature of OSGi Such updates may be done by remote access to the framework This allows the provision of dynamic APIs i e a new bundle provides new functions which may be discovered and accessed by other modules without prior definition of a higher layer API This makes OSGi particularly suitable as a platform for AIM gateways Another key concept for home networks represents the usage of OSGi bundles as proxies for services which are not contained on the OSGi platform itself but hosted on other devices in the household Such applications may be used by OSGi bundles in the very same way as bundles which are installed locally Therefore the use of OSGI bundles which are native to other technologies such as Universal Plug and play Bluetooth etc may be used to offer functions contained in the existing OSGi platform and may be offered or published to other devices as native functions although they are not actually native This allows OSGi to support import and export services Page 54 of 125 AIM consortium 2008 2009 2010 AIM Deliverable D2 2 Figure 31 The concept of bundles and OSGi services 4 2 5 1 The concept of bundles and OSGi services A service is specified as a Java interface implemented by some bundles lookups can be used to track services from other bundles using a query language A bundle is the deliverable application It regist

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