(CJT) monitoring site, Hunan province. Catchment Manual
Contents
1. pH conductivity absorbency OD 254nm Colour OD 410nm the Al fractionation and total P should be performed as soon as possible after the monthly bulk sample aliquot is made Follow the instructions given in The local lab manual 3 5 Percolation lysimeters Collection frequency The five 5 L collection containers are left in the field for 1 one week before they are collected The vessels are replaced with new sample bottles Every 4 fourth week the samples from each lysimeter are mixed to a bulk sample 3 5 1 In the field IP 7 days after start of sampling bring the rinsed 5L graded polyethylene or polypropylene lysimeter bottles out to the respective percolation lysimeters ensuring that the marking on the bottles match the marking on the tubing Take time to record usual and unusual events which may have influenced the sampling Exchange the polyethylene or polypropylene lysimeter collection container with the rinsed container for the respective percolation lysimeter ensuring that the marking on the bottles match the marking on the tubing Write the sampling date on the 5L container Bring the samples back to the institute avoiding temperature changes to the sample 3 5 2 In the laboratory l 2 3 Measure weigh the amount of sample write the volume on the container and note the volume in the field log Store the bulk samples in a cold dark room refrigerator at about 4 C Every 4 fourth week a 1L2. IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 3 Click Export 4 Flowlink displays its progress on the bare in the status box The exported file is now ready to be opened in programs like Microsoft Excel 3 10 Temperature Minimum and maximum temperature is logged weekly Temperature is read on the electronic thermometers Record the minimum and maximum temperature value for outdoor in the top LCD window by pressing the min and max buttons respectively Blank the memory by pressing both buttons simultaneously Record the minimum and maximum temperatures on back side of the field log sheet 3 11 Litterfall 3 11 1 In the field 1 Litterfall is collected monthly 2 Upon sampling a numbered paper label is dropped into the bag 3 Ifthe bag is wet the bag is carefully removed from the frame and closed with a tie A new bag is attached to the frame as described If the bag and the litter are dry the bag can be opened in the bottom and the litter together with the label is dropped down directly into a paper bag 4 The four bags from each macro plot are brought to the laboratory and air dried 3 11 2 In the laboratory 1 Drying and air dry weighting The litter is air dried weighted bag by bag The weight 15 logged in the Sample log weekly sheet in the Fieldlog spreadsheet The samples are then stored in plastic bags in a cool and dry place In the case of wet litter it is dried together with the bag and then removed from the
3. litres x10 QY yy 10 Test button sampling line 2 11 Counter for volume through line 2 litres x 10 12 Gas meter Figure 6 Control unit front panel The control unit is equipped with test buttons 8 and 10 for each of the two sampling lines The light on the button tells that the corresponding sample line is activated By pushing the button without light air will be sucked through the corresponding sample line as long as the button is pressed The sampling line is immediately deactivated when the test button is released The test buttons are used to check the pressure and the counter The counters 9 and 11 give the air volume in units 10 litres through the two sampling lines These counters can be reset The gas meter 12 gives the total air volume and can not be reset Making the sampler ready for use The control unit and the pump should be placed in a room with electrical connections which must be grounded if the room contains water pipes The air intake i e the IMPACTS Field manual for CJT funnel and filter pack is mounted on a rack which is fixed to the outdoor wall when ambient air is measured The opening of the funnel must point downwards and the tubes from the funnels should be led through the wall to the control unit The distance from the ground to the funnel is usually 2 5 m The air intake and exhaust openings in the pump should be connected by 2 tubes to the corresponding nipples o
4. Prog key again will show you how many unused programming lines there are left Exit from any of these lines by pushing the clock key IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 2 6 Throughfall collectors The ground vegetation throughfall collectors Fig 8 as well as the forest canopy throughfall collectors Fig 9 are made by Chinese Academy of Forestry CAF in China according to a design modified from the Norwegian Forest Research Institute The original is made of a 2L plastic bottle a plastic funnel d 9 1 cm a connector with a filter nylon screen and mounting equipment For the ground vegetation throughfall collectors the funnel opening is located only 10cm above the ground They are placed in a PVC pipe d 12 cm Figure 8 3 ground vegetation throughfall collectors are positioned subjectively underneath the ground vegetation at intensive macro plots The forest canopy throughfall collector is situated 1m above ground Four forest canopy throughfall collectors are placed systematically in each intensive macroplot At relatively flat intensive monitoring plots the forest canopy throughfall collectors are positioned on the diagonal of the 30m x 30m square 2 m from each of the four corners At the steep plots the forest canopy throughfall collectors are positioned on the lower base line of the 30m x 30m plot at 1m 10 3m 19 7m and 29m from the left hand corner 10cm above ground Funnel N A p f j A Connector
5. X and filter unit PVC pipe d 12cm Figure 8 Ground vegetation Figure 9 Forest canopy throughfall collector throughfall collector 2 7 Lysimeters The lysimeters are installed at the four intensive macro plots in the genetic soil horizons There are two different lysimeters types Percolation and Ceramic cup lysimeters The difference is whether suction lt 0 5 atm is employed or not and in the material used e The Percolation lysimeter made at UiO are put together of 30cm x 30 cm plastic plate nylon screen and Perspex tubing Fig 10 e The Ceramic cup Fig 11 Ceramic Cup CERAMTEC Germany Tensiometer celle P80 20 12x67mm item 1 603112 00 00 http www ceramtec de Poresize 1 um is shaped as a bottle with a PVC part pierced by the Teflon tubing The Teflon tubing leads the soil solution from the IMPACTS Field manual for CJT bottom of the cup up to a pre evacuated approx 0 5atm vacuum pressure bottle at the soil surface Figure 10 Percolation lysimeter Note that the lysimeter drains freely through a tube connected to a 5 L collection container poly propylene which is graded to allow the field recording of the collected volume Cheramic cup PVC neck Shrink stocking Figure 11 Ceramic cup Silicate grease lysimeter Teflon tube 2 8 Soil temperature sensor Thermocouples are thermistors with extension cords obtained from Geonor http www geonor com Geonor AX2
6. are installed beside the canopy throughfall collectors see 2 6 The litterfall collectors are made in China by local field responsible under directions of central WPIII leader according to a modified design from the Norwegian Forest Research Institute NISK Fig 14 Modifications are made in order to allow the application of local equipment for their construction A litterfall collector consists of a squared 0 45m x 0 45m tree frame and bag made of brown or green Jersey fabric The frame is 1m above the ground on wooden posts One additional set of Jersey bags must be available to allow weekly changing of the bags Ring Height 30 mm Thickness 5 mm Inner diameter 44 8 Outer diameter 45 3 measuring area D 45 cm oh Material painted steel or aluminium The ring is mounted by use of 95 mm non corrosive nails on three wooden posts diam 5 cm Height above ground 100 The bag 100 x 145 cm is made of jersey fabric The bag is attached to the ring by use of tape stretched around the ring and lashed with a string to one of the posts Figure 14 Litterfall sampler a modification of this design from the Norwegian forest research institute 2 15 Nitrogen mineralization tubes Nitrogen mineralization tubes 15 cm long and 7 cm diameter pvc tubes are hammered into the top soil after the L layer is carefully removed note the F and H layer are not
7. bag 2 Sorting For each macro plot the monthly samples are pooled into 3 months 13 weeks samples and these 16 samples are sorted into 3 fractions 1 the coarse fraction consisting of branches twigs and cones 2 the masson pine needles and 3 the rest including leaves lichens and seeds 3 Weighting The three fractions coarse masson pine needles and the rest are dried for 48 hours at 65 The dried fractions are weighed and stored until the end of the year 4 Preparation for chemical analyses At the end of the year the samples are pooled into 12 samples one for each fraction and each macro plot The samples are sent to Wang Yan Hui at CAF for analysis at CRAES 5 Chemical analyses Perfomed at CRAES in Beijing The samples are analysed for the macronutrients N P S Ca K Mg as done with the foliar samples However it 1s not necessary to include ringtest material in these analyses Calculations All data is stored in the database as g m2 day 3 12 Measurement of soil temperature and soil water potential These measurements are done weekly simultaneously with sampling of throughfall water and lysimeter water chap 3 4 3 6 At each plot soil temperature is measured first Make sure that the cable is well connected to the thermometer In case of strong p 28 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT corrosion the metal tips must be cleaned e g by using a knife After the temperature has been measured at all depths a
8. information of importance to the local operator e g power failure If possible the period of no current shall be given 18 The field log should be sent together with the exposed glass sinters to the lab 3 4 Throughfall Collection frequency Samplers are left in the field for 1 one week before the collectors are bulked Every fourth week the samples from the ground vegetation and forest canopy throughfall collectors in each soil water plot and intensive macro plot respectively are mixed to 2 grand 4 weekly bulk plot sample 3 4 1 Inthe field 1 7 days after start of sampling bring graded 1 2 and 5L rinsed polyethylene or polypropylene transport vessels out to the respective plots ensuring that the marking on the bottles match the plot letter on the throughfall collector 2 Before handling the throughfall collectors put on disposable polyethylene gloves Collect the total volume of all four canopy throughfall collectors and three ground vegetation throughfall collectors per plot into the transport vessels Depending on the total volume of throughfall in the throughfall collectors choose the 1 2 or 5 L transport vessels After the total volume of a throughfall collector has been collected in the transport vessel the collection bottle funnel and sieve have to be rinsed twice with distilled water In case rinsing is not enough the equipment should be replaced more serious cleaning can be done in the laboratory The transport vess
9. maintenance During very p 23 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT dry conditions only those lysimeters that always collect water may be sampled A couple of typical problems and possible remedies will here be treated 3 7 1 The lysimeter looses its pressure without sampling water a b d During dry conditions the porous wall of the lysimeters are not saturated with water The lysimeters then become permeable for air and the vacuum will slowly be lost after gt 5 min If the problem is not constant the pressure must be reset frequently or the lysimeter temporarily abandoned The rubber membranes may begin to leak Check that the pressure remains stable after evacuating the flasks if not replace the membrane Avoid contamination of the inside of membrane Fit cap tightly The syringe from the lysimeter must be allowed to stand freely in the rubber membrane If not air will leak between the syringe and membrane The ceramic cups are fragile and may crack due to frost swelling or if stepped on organic surface layer If cracked replace with new lysimeter A forest animal may disjoin the Teflon tubing Rejoin the loose ends using the supplied tubing If more then one tubing are detached ensure that marking on syringe corresponds to marking at soil surface Check point c 3 7 2 The lysimeter does not sample any water but holds its suction a b The teflon tubing or the lysimeter surface may be plugged by organ
10. with a capacity of measuring runoff from 0 0 1408 m sec 507m h The limnigraph consists of e Flowlogger are delivered by ISCO http www ISCO com ISCO 4120 article no 68 4120 001 This probe uses an integral differential pressure transducer to measure the depth of the water and has a 7 5m sensor cable Fig 8 Logging height 0 3 05 m e Data collecting device consisting a Flowlogger recording unit and transformation to PC ISCO Model 581 RTD module article no 60 9004 027 ISCO SPA 939 article no 69 1780 008 which is an interface for 581 RTD and PC battery driven 12V with cable and a flowlink version 4 article no 60 2544 047 for programming all ISCO loggers emptying of data generation of graphs reports summaries from stored data and exports to PC programs like Excel for Win95 98 and NT The Chinese ISCO sales representative in China is North America Instrument Consultants Co No 140 Feng Tai Lu Kou Beijing 100071 China Figure 12 V notch weir and limnigraph Figure 13 ISCO Flow logger 2 10 Temperature sensors The electronic thermometer consists of two displays One showing the temperature at the thermistor connected to the extension cord 1 e outdoor the other to the internal thermistor i e indoor The termistor on the extension cord must be placed in open air and out of direct sunlight The thermometer has a memory function that stores the maximum and minimum temperature recorded s
11. 4L The sensors are used to measure soil temperature The soil temperatures are read by a hand held digital thermometer Geonor C9003 The thermocouples are installed along with tensiometers see below at the four intensive macro plots and are usually buried in the soil at the same depth as the lysimeters Measurements are made in C 2 9 Soil tensiometer Granular matriks soil water potential sensors Watermark are obtained from Eijkelkamp http www eijkelkamp com The tensiometers Eijkelkamp 14 27 05 are placed in the undisturbed soil in close vicinity of the thermistors see above The sensors are used to measure the strength at which water is held by the soil this is also called soil water potential Measurements are made using a hand held soil water potential meter Eijkelkamp 14 27 01 after temperature correction Readings are in centibar kPa Water saturated soil gives a reading of 0 centibar the drier the soil the higher the soil water potential and the measured value The maximum value is 200 centibar 2 10 Limnigraph The dam is located at the stream outlet from the catchment The dam is used to measure the discharge which must be determined in order to calculate catchment budgets The dam consists of a V notch weir a discharge logging device limnigraph and a small house for the logging device Fig 12 At Cai Jia Tang a IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 60 50 cm high V notch profile in iron is installed
12. Catchment Manual Ce oue eum GI monitoring site Hunan province IMPACTS project Integrated Monitoring Program on Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial Systems R D Vogt T Mortensen J Mulder S Solberg and W Aas Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Norway Norwegian Institute of Water research Oslo gt Norwegian Agricultural University Aas 4 Norwegian Institute of Forest research Aas Norwegian Institute of Air research Kjeller 02 2001 IMPACTS IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 1 INTRODUCTION iriiri ai E E EN ARCEN SAE ESS ESES CCE 3 2 INSERUMENTATION eret EE SEA SSE S 4 2 1 WET ONLY PRECIPITATION COLLECTOR 2 2 WEATHER STATION 2 3 7 2 4 SEQUENTIAL NO SAMPLER NILU SS2000 2 5 FILTERPACK SAMPLER NILU EK 2 6 THROUGHFALL COLLECTORS 2 7 LYSIMETERS sssssssosesesesessesosesese 2 8 SOIL TEMPERATURE SENSOR 2 9 SOIL TENSIOMETER 2 10 LIMNIGRAPH 2 10 TEMPERATURE SENSORS 2 11 MACRO CORE AND MESO PLOT AND TREE MARKING 2 12 LITTERFALL COLLECTOR ssssessesssssssessssosesseseosesseseeses 2 15 NITROGEN MINERALIZATION TUBES 2 16 INSTRUMENT LOCATION 3 PROCEDURES iesivscciscsscsisssessessdeiccssavcatecssesd dessssdesssceiccedaasetecsvestidsssvedcessudsdddsseccsvncsussetcassesesvessdstdssseasutseatestdssdetectesssdetedssaveases 19 JI PRECIPITATION M EE OD C em 19 3 1 1 In the field reto p RUD EE ERRO
13. ERATURE 28 3 11 LITTERFALL 28 3 11 1 Tithe field teh enm eet EE e ae e ape PE 28 3 11 2 the lab Oratory EM n 28 3 12 MEASUREMENT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOIL WATER POTENTL 28 3 13 MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN MINERALIZATION 4 29 3 13 1 In the field 29 3 13 2 In the 29 3 14 MACRO CORE AND MESO PLOT AND TREE MARKING eeeee eese seen eene neto stas enses etos as eaae 30 4 LOGGING BOOK HANDLING OF DATA IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 1 INTRODUCTION One important aspect of intensive monitoring is to follow the changes in water chemistry as it passes through the various compartments of the watershed In order to achieve this the water must be sampled on a routine basis from a set of stations within the catchment At the Cai Jia Tang CJT monitoring site the following sampling equipment are installed 1 weather station for recording the main meteorological parameters 1 wet only precipitation collector 1 three stage filterpack system for sampling main air components i e SO2 NO HNO NH3 1 sequential air sampler for sampling utilising the iodide method 1 passive sampler for ozone measurements 16 forest canopy throughfall collectors and 12 ground vegetation throughfall co
14. RES ERIT HUSSEIN CaaS 19 3 1 2 In the labOratOty 5 oerte cr rene ri qe n Ee a Om Ee re etta 19 3 2 CHANGING OF FILTERPACK 3 3 SEQUENTIAL NO SAMPLER Continue noting on the back side of the Daily air field log sheet from section 3 2 3 4 1 In the field 3 4 2 In the laboratory 5 3 5 PERCOLATION LYSIMETERS tp osas P os ESES oe E SS NUN VIE eaS o ass oea o oor errs SS 3 51 In the a Te Ce esee cet rer epi epe E E ie HRS 3 5 2 In the laboratory x 3 6 enoSAU 3 6 1 FE oh E Y 3 6 2 In the laboratory A 3 7 SOIL LYSIMETER PROBLEMS AND 23 3 7 1 The lysimeter looses its pressure without sampling water 24 3 7 2 The lysimeter does not sample any water but holds its suction sse 24 IUo 3 8 1 In the field 3 8 2 In the laboratory S9 LIMNIGRAPE o pkrscescevupkeonkprukeienvis Cork aere pe VE EU EERUFUAIUYR E CU REYA ETUR NE box AERE o ESS ribo o RET EUREN SoSo EE PR E SAVER EN TREES YS NENNEN KU MEER EV raS 3 9 1 Maintenance required for the Isco 4120 25 3 9 2 Retrieving data from the Isco 4120 26 3 9 3 Calibrate the Isco 4120 27 3 9 4 Editing Data 27 3 10 TEMP
15. ant Cartridge IMPACTS Field manual for CJT Desiccant Tube Location of Battery compartment Exterior of Chase and Quick desiccant Disconnect Box How to Open compartment Snap the desiccant tube from remove door and slide mounting clip and disconnect it desiccator cartridge from slot When to Desiccant behind Silica Gel Before all desiccant in the recharge inspection window tube turns PINK or every month turns PINK or every month How to Heat cartridge in a Pour desiccant particles into shallow recharge vented circulating pan Heat particles in a vented forced air circulating forced air convection convection oven ina oven in a well ventilated room well ventilated room Oven 150 C 150 C temperature How long to 3 hours 3 hours heat Desiccant is Desiccant behind the Desiccant particles turn BLUE recharged inspection window when turns BLUE When to The desiccant The desiccant particles no longer turn replace particles no longer BLUE when recharged turn BLUE when recharged 3 9 2 Retrieving data from the Isco 4120 Retrieve data from the Isco 4120 every month To retrieve data from the 4120 you either can use the RTD 581 Rapid Transfer Device or communication cable connecting directly to your portable PC Interrogate Isco 4120 Flow logger with RTD 581 Place the RTD 581 in the interrogator connector The yellow Power light will start pulsate After a few seconds the data transfer will s
16. d of every sampling period and hence the exposed filter pack must be replaced by an unexposed one and the corresponding air volume read in the counter before the next change of the sampling line Figure 6 shows the front of the control unit The manometer 5 shows the pressure behind the filter pack in exposure The measured pressure will reveal leackages and other problems with the sampling line The actual pressure will however depend on the filter type and the aerosol mass collected on the aerosol prefilter IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 1 Funnel sa an 3 2 Filter pack 3 Solenoid valve Ne 4 Air volume counters 2 5 Relay 6 Gas meter 7 Pump 9 k 7 Y 8 Timer 220 V P 9 Power switch on off 50Hz ry Figure 5 Sampling principle 1 Plug socket for the pump rear panel 1 M Em 2 Nipples for tubes from and x to the pump m 3 Timer 4 Nipples for tubes connecting the air intakes 5 Manometer 6 Fuses P 7 On off switch H 8 Test button sampling line 1 P am f 9 Counter for air volume through E line 1
17. de of PTFE teflon polypropylene borosilicate or polyethylene should be used in order to prevent entrance of precipitation at the sampling point Tubing The sampling tube connection between the air inlet and the absorption system should be as short as possible and made of PTFE teflon polypropylene borosilicate glass or polyethylene Filterholder with prefilter A filterholder with a filter should be used in front of the absorption system in order to remove particulate matter The filter must be inert to A teflon membrane filter with a pore size 1 2 um or a Whatman 40 cellulose filter or equivalent may be used The filterholder and the connections to the sampling line must be air tight The prefilter can be used for one week Absorption system A 4 mm thick sintered glass filter 25 mm i d with a porosity of 40 60 um enclosed in a glass bulb as shown in Fig 2 is used as a substrate for the impregnation The NO gas will be absorbed on the glass sinters which are treated with sodium iodide and other chemicals The glass bulbs should be connected to the sampling line using short pieces of silicon tubing Note that the sinter should be nearest to the tube leading to the solenoid valve During transport the silicon tubing must be closed by pieces of glass plastic rods or appropriate caps made of PP PE or PTFE teflon To manifold To solenoid valve Figure 2 Sintered glass filter in a glass bulb Measurement ra
18. e remaining 6 tubes are excavated brought back to the laboratory At the same time 12 new tubes are installed again and 6 of these are excavated and brought back to the lab The other 6 are left in the field and are excavated 2 months later This procedure is repeated for one full year 3 13 1 In the field 1 Twelve tubes individually marked are hammered into the top soil after the L layer is carefully removed note the F and H layer are not removed The tubes can be placed along two 1 meter long lines about 10 cm apart with a distance of about 10 cm between the tubes The tubes should be covered with a plastic cap which has small holes to allow gas exchange 2 The 6 tubes situated along one of the lines are excavated and brought back to the lab while the remaining 6 stay in the soil for two months Important Make sure that the soil cores in the tubes remain intact during transport 3 Note date and time of installation 3 13 2 In the laboratory 1 Upon arrival in the lab the soil cores have to be removed from the tubes with as little disturbance of the structure as possible Use a piston to push the core out and collect it on clean laboratory tissue With a sharp knife the soil core is divided into F H A AB and BI horizon if applicable and the length of each section is measured and recorded 2 The soil sections are stored at 18 C until extraction with KCl 3 Samples of 10 gram from the organic horizons and 40 g of the min
19. els containing the throughfall of all throughfall collectors at each macro and soil water plot are brought to the institute avoiding temperature changes to the sample 3 4 2 In the laboratory 1 The volume is measured weighing 1g ImL Next the transport vessel is marked with its collection date and stored in the refrigerator Note amount of sample per plot for each week in field log sheet and take time to record usual and unusual events which may have influenced the sampling bird droppings etc The procedure described above is repeated every week for 4 four weeks Thus after four weeks 4 transport vessels per plot are stored in the refrigerator pad 5 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT Chemical analyses of throughfall is done using monthly bulk samples per plot For the monthly bulk samples we prefer to have a 1 L volume Mark this bulk sample with a log number that is retrieved from the EXEL field log spreadsheet To obtain this we take a fraction x from each weekly bottle where x 1 In this formula a b c and d are the pooled volumes in L of the four throughfall collectors for the plot in week 1 week 2 week 3 and week 4 respectively If a b c d lt 1L use the total volume of the 4 weeks After the weekly transport vessels have been emptied they are rinsed twice with distilled water and the sampling date written on the outside is removed Now the transport bottles are ready for re use
20. eral layers are weighed into 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and 50 ml 1M KCI is added The flasks are gently shaken 100 strokes per minute for 30 minutes Suspensions are filtered Blauband 125 mm Schleicher amp Schull Germany Filtrates are stored at p29 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 4 C until analysis which should be done as soon as possible Concentrations of NO3 and NH4 are determined using colorimetric techniques e g flow injection analysis For details see Torstveit 2000 3 14 Macro core and meso plot and tree marking Plot and tree markings have to be maintained Missing sticks must be replaced The 1 m plots must be kept undisturbed i e trampling collections of plants digging etc must be avoided All marking of corners must be kept intact The plots must be looked after regularly to ensure that the marking is kept intact but in a way that keep the plots undisturbed i e use the sketch maps and avoid trampling also inside 10x10m plots as far as possible If necessary supply with new markers but do not mark a plot if the position is uncertain just mark on the sketch map Always report to the Chinese and Norwegian WP leaders when markers have been removed from a plot or any other disturbance of plots Always mark on sketch maps and make notes on any disturbances and removal of markers Tree numbers and breast height points must be regularly checked and refreshed This is important as they are quickly vanishing due
21. f the sampling day is left in the window e g 1 Push the programming key Prog again Select disengage by pushing the hand key till the sign at the right appears Select stop time with the hour key h until e g 08 is shown Push the minute key m until correct stop minute 01 is shown The timer activates the filter selecting relay for only for one minute This relay has a toggle function which means that the selected sample line will be changed every time the relay is activated Select the day for sampling doing the same procedure as in number 5 6 and 7 Exit programming mode by pushing the clock key Programming irregular sampling intervals One assumes that the sampling shall commence at the same time on any chosen day and that the timer already is programmed to 24 hours intervals 1 2 Push Prog key once Select the first day when no new sample is to be taken with the Day key Push Sel key and the day number will begin to flash Advance to next day with Day key if this day is correct A wrongly selected day will be unselected by pushing the Sel key a second time Repeat the procedure until you have selected all days when a new sample is to be initiated Exit programming mode by pushing the clock key Push the Prog key once to check the first programming line Next line will be shown next time you push the Prog key and so on until you get to the first empty line The next time you push the
22. field log 3 Read the counter in the volume meter and record the volume in the field log 4 Remove unscrew the air intake or funnel covering the exposed filter pack and remove unscrew the filter pack 5 Dismount the covers from the new unexposed filter pack and mount them on the exposed filter pack 6 Mount the new unexposed filter pack and the air intake 7 Read the pressure behind the unexposed filter pack and record the reading in the field log 8 Reset if necessary the counter or volume meter of the new filter pack 9 Write the start of the exposure of the new filter pack in the field log 10 Activate or program the timer if necessary 11 Put the exposed old filter pack in a plastic bag seal it and put it in the refrigerator 3 3 Sequential NO sampler Collection frequency Daily samples Change seven samples once a week Continue noting on the back side of the Daily air field log sheet from section 3 2 1 Check that the filter being exposed and the present flow are correct Please note the sample number and exposure time and check that this coincides with your settings 2 Read and note all sample volumes in the field log The volumes appear one sample after the other when you press the lt RIGHT gt arrow Please observe that shortly after volume display the display will revert to the present active sample and you will have to press the lt RIGHT gt arrow the appropriate number of times to recall the sample you were
23. fter 2001 The different lysimeters are situated in the catchment according to Table 1 IMPACTS CaiJiaTang monitoring site CJT Figure 15 Map of the CJT catchment Letters refer to soil water plots and numbers refer to macro plots both described in Table 1 Red circle indicate location IMPACTS Field manual for CJT of weather and air chemistry WPI station Lysimeter tubing Nests with temperature Plastic sheet and soil moisture sensors Plate lysimeter Bedrock Figure 16 The field equipment in a soil water station The nests of temperature and tensiometers are located to the side of the lysimeters Nitrogen mineralization tubes not indicated Table 1 The location of the lysimeters in the catchment Depth Lysimeter Lys limit depth Numb Plot Location Horizon cm Easterly facing slope L 05 0 AO A approx 30 deg in side slope of Al valley approx halfway up western A2 vay A3 4 BO B deg high up on western ridge Bl MACRO PLOT 09 B2 B3 B4 South southeasterly facing slope 0 C0 approx 10 deg down in western Cl valley bottom C2 MACRO PLOT 02 C3 C4 Southwesterly facing slope approx 35 deg 5 meters below DO eastern ridge D1 MACRO PLOT 04 D2 D3 D4 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 18 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 3 PROCEDURES Print out a copy of the appropriate weekly field log sheet on both sides of a waterpr
24. ic or other fine material This may often be solved by gently applying positive pressure through the syringe The soil and the lysimeter are moist but the soil water potential is higher than the applied suction of 50 cbar Note that the soil water potential is measured weekly in cbar 3 8 Surface water Collection frequency weekly samples 3 8 1 In the field 1 2 Bring an empty clean polyethylene or polypropylene bottle 1 L with cleaned screw cap on to the sampling site The bottle should be marked with station name sampling type here surface water and sampling date Collect the sample close to the discharge runoff device Since a weir is present here sampling is done at some distance up stream from the weir because of the risk of chemical contamination from the weir material Samples are taken in such a way that contamination and sampling of surface film is avoided When filling the bottle keep the bottleneck against the current well below the surface Rinse the bottle and screw cap 3 times with sampling water prior to sampling a full bottle Avoid touching the inside of the bottle and screw cap p 24 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 8 Note in the field log that sample is collected and take time to record usual and unusual events which may have influenced the sampling 9 The sample is transported to the laboratory avoiding temperature changes to the sample 3 8 2 In the laboratory 1 pH conducti
25. ince last time the memory was cleared The electronic thermometer is installed in the small house for the logging device Measurements are made in C 2 11 Macro core and meso plot and tree marking Within the catchment there are 10 forest macro plots see Figure 15 Each forest macro plot consists of a 30x30m square with a few exceptions where the measures of the plots were slightly adjusted due to terrain obstacles The plot corners are marked with sticks with a painted band on top Positioned in the centre of each macro plot there a 10x10m core plot comprising the ground vegetation meso plots which is marked similarly Five 1 m meso plots are randomly placed in each 10x10m core plots ie a total of 50 1 m plots in the site All corners of the 1 m plots are permanently marked with subterranean eloxed aluminium tubes as well as by above ground white plastic sticks Yellow plastic numbers on the plastic stick marks the plot IMPACTS Field manual for CJT number of each 1 m plot in the lower left corner of each plot All 1 m plots are drawn into sketch maps for each of the 10x10m plots Inside the 30x30m plot all trees having diameter at breast height above 5 cm outside bark are marked with a tree number and a circular 2 5 cm point at brest height where all diameter readings are to be taken The exact position of corners trees and equipment are measured using x and y coordinates 2 12 Litterfall collector Litterfall collectors
26. introduced later The pump will then even work when the sampler is running from the back up battery Instrument layout The instrument is laid out in two sections Facing the instrument on a bench the left hand half is the sampling side while the right hand side contains the electronics the display and the pump The sample air manifold lies along the centre line of the case The lid is in two halves You would usually only access the sample side Memory module Mains filter Sample air manifold Glass sinter filter PLC 24 V DC Power supply Pump relay Solenoid valve unit Linear pump Solenoid valve unit Display unit Figure 3 Instrument lay out lid removed Display and operator panel commands The operator panel with display has its own real time clock with battery back up The PLC will use this clock rather than its own to keep track of time This is to enable the operator to adjust the system time without the need of a programming tool The display has 4 lines of 20 characters to display the system status The display will show the active sample number present flow time and accumulated sampling time for the active sample when the sampler is operating This is the main display The operator can check the accumulated volumes for each exposed filter by means of the lt RIGHT gt arrow The LEFT arrow will bring you back to the main display The display will also revert back to main window af
27. llectors 4 percolation lysimeters and 16 suction lysimeters 16 litterfall collectors 16 soil temperature sensors and 16 soil moisture sensors 48 nitrogen mineralization tubes 1 V notch weir The weather station and precipitation collectors are set up just outside the watershed Most equipment for measuring throughfall litterfall and soil water is placed in four macro plots i e well defined 10m x 10m squares in the catchment These four plots are called intensive macro plots Each of the four intensive macro plots has 4 litterfall samplers 4 forest canopy throughfall samplers and 3 ground vegetation throughfall samplers In addition there are 4 5 soil water lysimeters 12 nitrogen mineralization tubes 4 tensiometers and 4 soil temperature sensors The lysimeters are soil water sampling devices of two designs for details see below The tensiometers and temperature sensors are situated at similar depth as the soil lysimeters At all intensive macro plots nitrogen mineralisation rates will be studied All lysimeters are installed at different soil depths according to genetic horizons IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 2 INSTRUMENTATION 2 1 Wet only precipitation collector The wet only collector Figure 1 is from the Department of Meteorology at Stockholm University MISU Sweden It consists of a precipitation collector SL bottle a lid and a funnel The lid is opened when the sensor is activated by water A heating system drie
28. monthly bulk sample aliquot is taken for chemical processing Use the same procedure as for the monthly bulk throughfall samples 3 4 2 Mark sample aliquot with log number that is retrieved from the EXEL field log spreadsheet The sampling containers are rinsed and made ready for re use pH conductivity absorbency OD 254 4 Colour OD 410mm the Al fractionation and total P should be performed at as soon as possible after the monthly bulk sample aliquot is made Follow the instructions given in The local lab manual p 22 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 3 6 Suction lysimeters Collection frequency Samplers are left for 1 one week before the glass sample vessels are collected The vessels are replaced with rinsed pre evacuated sample bottles Every 4 four weeks the samples from each lysimeter are mixed to a bulk sample 3 6 1 In the field 1 Pre evacuate lysimeter glass bottles at Institute to gt 0 5atm 50 cbar suction Avoid touching the inside of the bottle and rubber membrane 2 7 days after start of sampling bring the glass bottles out to the respective lysimeters ensuring that the marking on the bottles match the marking on the syringes 3 Take time to record usual and unusual events which may have influenced the sampling in the field log 4 Exchange the glass lysimeter sampling bottles with the respective new pre evacuated lysimeter bottles 5 Observe if pressure is lost quickly by e g holding the bottle u
29. n the left hand side of the control unit The tube from the nipple with the indication ut must be connected with the air intake of the pump Make certain that there is some space between the pump and the tubes otherwise the vibrations in the pump may eventually cause holes in the tubes The electrical cable from the pump is to be connected to the plug socket in the side of the control unit The tubes from the two air intakes must be connected to the nipples marked filterholder on the top of the control unit Filter pack 1 to be combined with system 1 The filter holder should be mounted dismounted in the laboratory During the in spection the filter pack which is not active and exposed during the previous sampling period should be replaced with an unexposed one User manual for Gr sslin digital timer for NILU s filterpack sampler Setting time and week day The timer retains its program and works for 140 hours without power The timer must however be reset and reprogrammed if subjected to long transport or storage time The resetting is described below 1 Turn off the filterpack sampler with the red switch at top of the front panel x 2 A new or empty timer will display four Ee s large zeros Seven digits 1 through 7 will flash on the top line of the display These Figure 7 Display of numbers represent the weekdays Grasslin s digital timer 1 Monday 2 Tuesday and so on Correct day and time will be displayed if the
30. nd the values have been recorded in the field log the measurement of the soil water potential may start Before connecting the measuring device to a tensiometer a check of the device should be performed Switch on the meter set the temperature to 24 C and press read and test simultaneously If the reading is between 95 and 105 the device is functioning well for details please consult the manual Next the temperature has to be set to the average value that was measured in the soil press read and temperature simultaneously to change the setting Only when the range in soil temperatures between the different depths is more than 2 C the temperature setting has to be changed for the respective tensiometers When the correct temperature is reached the surface tensiometer may be connected to the device Press read twice and note the value this is given in cbar in the field log Continue with measuring tensiometers 2 3 and 4 calibration or testing is not necessary now but possibly the temperature setting has to be changed 3 13 Measurement of nitrogen mineralization Collection frequency Measurements are done during only one complete year Sampling tubes are left in the field for 2 months before being collected So this means there will be 6 sampling occasions At time zero 12 tubes are installed per intensive macro plot 6 of these are immediately excavated and brought back to the laboratory After 2 months th
31. nge and sampling efficiency With a sample time of 24 hours a sample volume of 0 7m and an extraction volume of 4 ml you can detect between 0 1 and 10 ug of NO Nm in ambient air Exposed samples are stable for several weeks which allows transfer to a remote laboratory for analysis The sampling efficiency is greater than 98 with a flow rate of 0 5 Ipm at 15 RH The efficiency is better than 98 at 60 RH even up to 4 Ipm Flow control The present flow control is passive A glass capillary tube sets the flow The mass flow sensor records and stores the accumulated volume for each sample The flow meter 15 calibrated at 25 and 1013 25 mbar The flow meter should be checked with a reference flow meter like BIOS Pump A linear motor free piston pump draws in the sample air The only moving part in the pump is the piston The piston is pushed to one side by the internal spring The motor is driven by alternating current through an armature coil The half cycle of the current IMPACTS Field manual for CJT is rectified with a diode The active half cycle will push the piston to one side compressing the spring The air is drawn through the inlet valve and into the cylinder In the next half cycle the coil is idle and the spring will force the piston back while the air is expelled through the outlet valve This pump has a free flow capacity of approximately 6 lpm of air An electronic pump control is under development and will be
32. o the Isco 4120 Insert new measured liquid level in Isco 4120 1 Connect your PC to the instrument Use an interrogator cable to connect to Isco 4120 2 Click the Quick Connect button on the toolbar or press F11 in the Flowlink 4 1 program 3 Flowlink starts to communicate with the instrument 4 Go to the Measurements tab in the site picture The instrument will display the current level in a number entry box Set the calibrated liquid level in this box and click the apply button F9 3 9 4 Editing Data Start the Fowlink 4 1 Click on the Site Folder so the retrieved data will appear Click on the Site you wish to edit The Level and Flow rate will appear Double click on the Flow rate and a graph of the site will be shown To edit the time interval double click on the graph The graph properties will show up 6 Go to the Time Scale tab in the graph properties Choose the starting date and time for this plot in either relative or absolute terms Then enter the desired time span and summary interval 7 Click OK to get the new graph ua ES When a graph or table is active on the Flowlink desktop selecting File Export will export the series data shown on the graph to a CSV file comma separated values or comma delimited 1 To Export a CSV File from Flowlink menu select File gt Export 2 Type the path and file name or browse for the new location by clicking the Select button 27
33. oof sheet of paper to bring to the field and make sure by marking of on the sheet that all tasks are conduced Note down the sampling date and start and stop time for the fieldwork 3 1 Precipitation Collection frequency Wet Only weekly sampling every monday morning or another weekday between 07 00 and 09 00 3 1 1 In the field 1 Ifthere is any chance for the operator to touch the inside of the collecting funnel disposable polyethylene gloves should be put on 2 Bring an empty clean precipitation bottle and screw cap to the precipitation samplers 3 Exchange the collection bottle in the precipitation sample collector and put on a screw stopper Be careful not to touch the inner side of the bottle with the fingers 4 Open the lid adding a few drops of water on the precipitation sensor Examine the collector funnel for visible contamination such as insects leaves or tree needles organic debris If this is found remove the contamination Rinse the funnel twice using distilled water 100 ml This rinsing must be done even if there has been no precipitation in that collection period 5 After the distilled water has drained off put on the new collection bottle 3 1 2 In the laboratory 1 Take the collection bottle indoors to the room assigned to function as the sampling laboratory All the equipment used for measuring must be rinsed twice with distilled water before use 2 Measure the volume in a graduated cylinder Use a la
34. p side down and look for bubbles If so is the case refer to chap 3 7 for remedy and make note in field book 6 Bring the samples back to the institute avoiding temperature changes to the sample 3 6 2 In the laboratory 1 Measure the amount of sample and note the data in the field log 2 Pour the weekly sample from glass bottle to clean polyethylene or polypropylene 2L lysimeter 4 weekly bulk container ensuring that the marking on the glass bottles match the lysimeter number on the bulk containers Mark the bulk container with sampling date and sample volume Store the samples in a cold dark room refrigerator at about 4 C 5 Every 4 fourth week a 0 5L monthly bulk sample aliquot is taken for chemical processing Mark sample aliquot with log number that is retrieved from the EXEL field log spreadsheet 6 The glass lysimeter bottles and every fourth week bulk containers are rinsed and stored and made ready for re use 7 pH conductivity absorbency OD 254 4 Colour OD 410 the Al fractionation and total P should be performed at as soon as possible after the monthly bulk sample aliquot is made 8 Follow the instructions given in The local lab manual P During frost periods sampling must be stopped and bottles brought back to the institute 3 7 Soil lysimeter problems and remedies The sampling of soilwater above the groundwater table is not an easy task The lysimeters are problematic and need ongoing service and
35. reading Active sample will only read flow and not volume Write down volume and exposure time in the field log Hit lt STRT gt button to temporarily stop the sampling Check that the lt STRT gt and NON STOP gt light emitting diodes LEDs go off Change all the filters except the one that was active Close off inlet by pinching the silicone tube between manifold and intake filter Hit lt CONT gt The LEDs lights up and the pump starts Wait till the displayed flow drops to zero and hit lt STRT gt again to stop 0 Hit lt SHFT gt button and check that all 8 sample flows go down to zero The sampler will automatically shift through all 8 filters You will probably reach zero flow just as it changes to next sample 11 If not trouble shoot for leakages and test again p 20 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 12 Remove the pinch 13 Hit lt SHFT gt again and check that all 8 sample flows reach normal value i e 0 5 litres per minute The sampler will automatically shift through all 8 filters 14 If not trouble shoot for blockage 15 Mark in the field log that leaking has been tested 16 Hit lt CONT gt to continue sampling on the filter that was active Reconfirm that you are in NON STOP mode if that is your intention Selection is made with the NON STOP key You can get back to the main display by pushing the lt LEFT gt arrow 17 The Remarks column in the field log is used for
36. removed In total 12 tubes are installed per intensive macro plot The tubes can be placed along two parallel 1 meter long lines about 10 cm apart with a distance of about 10 cm between the tubes The tubes should be covered with a plastic cap to prevent precipitation water from entering The caps should have small holes to allow gas exchange The 6 tubes situated along one of the lines are excavated immediately i e the same day after installation and brought back to the lab while the remaining 6 stay in the soil for two months Important Make sure that the soil cores in the tubes remain intact during transport In the lab each soil core is divided into three groups of horizons F F A AB and B1 and their length is IMPACTS Field manual for CJT recorded The soil samples are stored at 18 C until extraction Note that the samples should not be dried before extraction 2 16 Instrument location Within the catchment Fig 15 there are ten macro plots and four intensive macro plots Each intensive macro plot consist of gt 4 forest canopy throughfall collectors gt 1 Soil water station consisting of Fig 16 e 3 ground vegetation throughfall collectors e 1 percolation lysimeter below the forest floor e 3 5 suction lysimeters situated at different depths in the soil profile e 4 soil temperature sensors e tensiometers gt 4 litterfall collectors gt 12 tubes 15 cm length O 7 cm for N mineralisation studies not until a
37. rge cylinder 0 250 ml for large samples and a small 0 25 ml cylinder for small samples Transfer a suitable aliquot 50 100ml to a storage bottle 3 The precipitation amount is measured within the nearest mL The amount is written on the weekly field log sheet If it hasn t been any precipitation 0 shall be written on the scheme 4 The storage bottles are marked with the station name date for sampling interval and total precipitation amount The bottles are put in plastic bags and stored in a fridge until transportation 5 Pour out the remainder of the sample rinse with distilled water and place the collecting bottle upside down in a clean place to dry Also rinse the graduated cylinders 6 Fill in the field sample registration form and take time to record usual and unusual events which may have influenced the sampling 7 pH and conductivity should be performed as soon as possible 8 Follow the instructions given in The local lab manual IMPACTS Field manual for CJT 3 2 Changing of filterpack Collection frequency Weekly samples Print out a copy of the weekly field log sheet on both sides of a waterproof sheet of paper to bring to the station and make sure by marking of on the sheet that all tasks are conduced Note down the sampling date and start and stop time for the fieldwork 1 Mark an unexposed filter pack with start date 2 Read the pressure behind the exposed filter pack and record the reading in the
38. s the sensor when it stops raining hence the lid closes again The collector is driven by a solar panel The sensor needs to be cleaned now and then with a tissue wetted with alcohol 1 litre rainwater is equivalent to 26mm precipitation hence the diameter of the collecting surface is approximately 221mm Figure 1 Wet only precipitation collector 2 2 Weather station It records Wind speed Wind direction Temperature e Relative humidity The data logger records averages for every 5 minutes however only averages of half an hour should be reported to CRAES 2 3 Ozone The diffuse sampler for ozone is from Passam Switzerland http www passam ch Ozone htm They are bought ready impregnated from their office in Beijing where the samplers are also sent after exposure for analyses The sampler is mounted vertically and the lower stopper is removed at the beginning of the sampling The plug is replaced at the end of sampling Sampling period is limited to one week The tubes are placed within a shelter made by Passam to protect from light and strong winds 2 4 Sequential NO sampler NILU SS2000 The sequential NO sampler is equipped for 8 samplers and the sampling flow is 0 5 1 corresponding to about 0 7 m in 24h The airflow through the sampler is measured with a dry gas meter in line between the solenoid valves and the pump IMPACTS Field manual for CJT Air inlet An inverted funnel ma
39. tart This is shown bay the green light starting to pulsate When the green light stops pulsate and shows a steady green light the data transfer is completed Take the RTD 581 to the laboratory and place it in to the RTD Interface witch is connected to a PC Start Isco Flowlink 4 1 The program has a Quick Connect button with a picture of the RTD 581 on it Click on this button and the transfer of data will start The data will automatically add the site to the workspace in the Flowlink 4 1 I 2 3 26 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT Interrogate Isco 4120 Flow logger with PC 1 Connect your PC to the instrument Use an interrogator cable to connect to 4120 2 Click the Quick Connect button on the toolbar or press F11 in the Flowlink 4 1 program 3 Flowlink starts to communicate with the instrument 4 To retrieve data press the Retrieve Data F8 button Flowlink adds the site to the workspace 3 9 3 Calibrate the Isco 4120 Every month when retrieving data it is necessary to measure the water level in the V notch This must be done to insure that the Isco 4120 is measuring the right water level in the V notch 1 Place the ruler in the bottom of the V notch 2 Aim on the top of the curve of the flowing water in the V notch and read the level in mm 3 Control the level inn the V notch against the Limnigraph reading If the digital reading and the manual reading do not collaborate insert the new value in t
40. ter 15 seconds without IMPACTS Field manual for CJT interference from the operator UP and DOWN arrows let you display text which may lie outside your field of view s Je Figure 4 Operator panel lay out SET correct DATE and TIME Push lt enter gt and hold until the display below appears Select TIM with the arrow keys Push lt enter gt again The cursor will appear on the day field Adjust the day with lt UP gt or DOWN arrow Hit lt enter gt cursor will move to month field The field is adjusted like the previous field Hit lt enter gt again You advance to next field by pushing lt enter gt Hit lt enter gt again if the field should remain as it is Finally you hit clear to exit the date adjust mode The new date will be effective after exit SET STRT set start time which will recur every 24 hours by pushing SET STRT gt i e the 5 key pad on the panel Push lt ins gt i e 0 key pad Enter hours for instance 07 with the key pads Hit enter Push SET STRT gt again and then ins Move to the minutes with the lt RIGHT gt arrow Enter the minutes for instance 15 with the key pads Then hit enter The display should now read Start time 07 15 display will automatically revert to the main display NON STOP This button will toggle between continuous sampling and single sequence sampling Single sequence will stop after the eight fil
41. ter is sampled In continuous mode the sampler will retain pertinent data for the active filter when you temporarily stop the sampling to change filters You simply push the lt CONT gt button to resume sampling on the active filter when the filters are changed Selected mode will show up as continuous with the green LED lit and single sequence when the LED is off STRT Starts the sampling This button toggles between start and stop So when you want to stop sampling for some reason like changing filters you actually hit lt STRT gt Please observe that the sample filter is incrementing with one every second time you hit lt STRT gt Start stop status is indicated with lt STRT gt LED lit when the sampler is running IMPACTS Field manual for CJT CONT Is used to resume sampling without advancing to next filter prn is used to print out all data from the display An optional printer will be introduced in a later version of the instrument You can however transmit the data to a computer by means of a terminal emulating program and an interface cable to the display unit 2 5 Filterpack sampler NILU EK The NILU EK http www nilu no products seq samplers seq s ek html air sampler collects aerosol and gas in ambient air in a filter pack which consists of an aerosol prefilter and one or more impregnated filters mounted in a filter holder http www nilu no products filter filter html The sampler consists of two funnels
42. timer is active Please note that the timer will revert to the main display after 15 seconds of inactivity 3 Firmly push the clock key at the left and hold while you push the hour key h to the right and repeat until the correct hour is displayed 4 Keep the clock key depressed and push the minute key m at the right until correct time is displayed in the window The numbers will advance at a higher speed if you keep the hour or minute key depressed instead of successive hits 5 Keep the clock key depressed and push the day key Day at the lower right of the timer until correct weekday is shown 6 IMPACTS Field manual for CJT When you release the clock key the weekday digits will stop flashing and the correct day and time will be shown with a flashing colon This indicates that the timer is working Programming weekly sampling interval N SION UM Pie 99 10 11 12 13 Push the programming key Prog to the left to commence programming Push the function key with the hand symbol at the top until the actuate sign appears in the lower left of the display e Push the hours key h until correct start time e g 08 Push the minute key m until correct start minute e g 00 Push the day key Day until first day that will not be a sampling day e g 2 Confirm that this day is no sampling day by pressing Sel Continue with 5 and 6 until only all 6 days are removed and only the day o
43. to heavy showers high temperatures and fast tree growth 4 LOGGING BOOK HANDLING OF DATA Registration and handling of field and laboratory data is conducted by means of an EXCEL spreadsheet Workbook The log book The EXCEL Workbook consist of 10 excel spreadsheets a Each EXEL Workbook contains data for a 4 week period b The first sheet is for daily fieldwork The next 4 sheets are weekly field log forms These are to be printed out and used in the field All white fields should filled inn c After fieldwork is completed a copy is made which replaces the form in the fieldlog The data in the form is punched into the EXEL file and the original copy is stored in safe place d The 6 and 7 sheet holds bookkeeping with sample date volume and log numbers e The 8 9 and 10 sheets are the main sheets containing all the data for the 4 week period f Inthe 11 sheet there are flags to be used in the remark boxes p 30
44. vity absorbency OD 25444 Colour OD 410 and the Al fractionation should be performed at as soon as possible after returning to the laboratory 2 Store the samples in a cold dark room refrigerator at about 4 C 3 Measurement of Alkalinity only on water with pH gt 5 and total P should not be stored for more than maximum one day before analysed 4 Follow the instructions given in The local lab manual 3 9 Limnigraph This chapter contains information about maintenance of ISCO data logger retrieving data calibrating and editing data 3 9 1 Maintenance required for the Isco 4120 1 Keep all unused connectors capped This prevents moisture from damaging the pins in the connectors 2 Change the desiccant every month 3 Replace the batteries every sixth month The Isco 4120 Flow Logger requires a 12 volt DC power source Use two 6 volt lantern batteries Use only alkaline lantern batteries or the flow logger will not work correctly Lantern batteries are available in local hardware stores Place an alkaline battery at each end of the battery compartment so that the springs contact the brass contact plates at the bottom of the compartment To complete the circuit the plates extend from one end of the compartment to the other A short section of nonconductive tape insulates the plates at the center of the compartment preventing the batteries from touching the wrong contact plate and creating a short circuit p 25 Desicc
45. with filter holders a control unit a pump a dry gas meter as well as a flow controller The pump draws air through the filters during a preset time period The EK air sampler has two parallel sampling lines each consisting of a funnel with a filter pack which are activated sequentially The start stop of each sampling line is set with the timer A solenoid valve is used to change from one line to the other at the preset time The volume of air sampled is read on an air volume counter connected to a dry gas meter Figure 5 gives a schematic overview of the equipment Air is drawn through the filters in the filter pack 2 when the pump 7 is operating The position of the solenoid valve 3 determines which of the two filter packs 2 is exposed The funnel 1 protects the filter pack against direct sunlight rain and snow and prevents large particles to reach the aerosol prefilter The air volume passing through the filter is measured with the gas meter 6 For every 10 litres of air the gas meter gives a pulse to that air volume counter 4 which corresponds to the open position of the solenoid valve 3 The solenoid valve 3 and the relay 5 is controlled by the timer 8 The sampling period is preset with the timer 8 and at the end of one sampling period the solenoid valve will change sampling line and the relay will switch to the second air volume counter The timer will initiate a switch from one sampling line to the next at the en
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