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SN8 C Studio Manual V10(English)

1. with the SCM principle while coding with SCM Now let s discuss the codes which are generated by the compiler in C function calling actions Assume that the caller function call the callee function The name of callee function is SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page134 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studio AO NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual _callee_arg The interrogation is the number of the parameters For example int foo int a int b long c will generate _foo_data SEGMENT DATA INBANK OVERLAYABLE _foo_arg0 DS 1 inta _foo_argl DS 1 int b _foo_arg2 DS 2 long c The calling of previous bed function MOV A _clock min __SelectBANK _bcd_arg0 MOV _bed_arg0 A End push arg call _bed __SelectBANK _ clock min MOV clock min A You can get the process of argument passing by comparing C programme examples and assembler language examples easily user transfers the value of argument clock min to the formal parameter _bcd_arg0 and it will be evaluated in the called function We can see that the latest return value can be gotten from A Thus the return value is generated by the compiling system are there any regularities Or it is discretionary Of course there is some regularity How does compiling system works Generally the return values of basic data types can be put into fixed registers or virtual registers as shown in the followin
2. 3 This list is the same with the above assembler list and we store it in ROM Query this list by calling the array we have the detailed introduction in the following There is another kind of values will be modified constantly in the program For instance the program counter flags register will be changed while the program is running and these values are called variables Let s take a look at the way to define variables in an assembler language DATA org Oh templ ds 1 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page89 O Vem A RO A mR 2 A SN8 C Studio N ALFA SOHIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual temp2 ds 1 temp3 ds 1 temp4 ds 1 led_dp ds 1 step ds 1 current status The codes above define 6 variables templ temp2 temp3 temp4 led_dp step6 each of them occupys one Byte RAM memory and variable names can be used to read or write the corresponding memory Of course one variable name can be used to access two or more RAM memory in assembler language this is similar with the operation of query a list its definition is shown below Job_mode ds 2 Power_mode ds 4 The memory of variable job mode can be read and write by job mode and job mode 1 the variable power mode or other variables defined in RAM can be accessed by the same method Thus the way for defining variables in SN8 Assembler is using keyword DS to apply for a variable memory once a memory has been allocated it will be occupied throughout
3. 43h or MOV A 7C Block the Operand by If there is a bit operand then use to separate Example BOBSET 0X86 2 To set bit2 of 0x86 as 1 or BOBSET FC To default the constant value by system If operand is a memory unit numbers can be sued to represent its address If the number is a constant value then the number should start with Example SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page68 No BN Vis ef 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual BOMOV 0x80 3 RAM 0x80 3 Besides the symbol of represents current active complier program address Example JMP To represent unlimited loop JMP Equivalent to two NOPs More the symbol of can be used to obtain the byte in high h middle m low 1 of a label Example BOMOV X DATAI H X 0X12 BOMOV Y DATAI M_ Y 0X34 BOMOV Z DARAI L Z 0X56 MOVC ACC 0X90 R 0X78 ORG 0X123456 Datal DW 7890H Last the symbol of can also be used to define bit 14 17 label as high nibble Example BOMOV PFLAG Far_Lab J BOMOV PFLAG 30h JMP Far_Lab ORG 0XC000 Far_Lab 7 1 3 Comments In general and both represent the remarked statement A serial wording statement written after the symbol or until the end of line is remarked statement SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page69 No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D ASAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User
4. Locatio D swe Test Test001 Click the OK button Set the Project Options The pop up dialog box Project Setting displays for setting project options where the left window shows the project name created currently Project setting dialog box SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page50 S ROW pw ene vamaa SN8 C Studio N Ne BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Primary Setting Vse Software Emulator Target File I r General Build Setting V Generate Debug Informati Protect Project Varning Level 3 Log Setting Log Script Log File Debug Window Advanced Setting Watch variable case sensitive in Watch T Ena Choose the right chip type General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Chip Definition Definition Selected pmza OCOCOC S sS Description Chip List P2T0GA Setting code option and ICE MODE SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page51 N Y Van eo 44 at we OA mR A A SN8 C Studio Soy BA SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Code Option Settings ICE MODE Disable bd Security Fopu High_Cik Watch_Dog Noese_Fiter Click OK button thus you have created a project without any files In the Workspace window there i
5. N N Vas a 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Choose the Begin Debug command from the Debug menu or press Begin Debug button on the toolbar to begin the emulation The system will automatically stop the emulation if a break condition is met Otherwise it will continue emulating until the end of the application program The End Debug button on the toolbar is illuminated while the ICE is in emulation Pressing this button will stop the emulation process 9 7 Single Step The execution results of some instructions may be viewed and checked It is also possible to view the execution results one instruction at a time i e in a step by step manner The SN8 C STUDIO provides two step modes namely manual mode and automatic mode The manual mode executes exactly one step command each time the single step command is executed In the automatic mode the system executes single step commands continuously until the stop command is issued In the automatic mode all specified breakpoints are discarded There are 3 step commands namely Step Into Step Over and Step Out The Step Into command executes exactly one instruction at a time it will enter the procedure and stop at the first instruction of the procedure when it encounters a CALL procedure instruction The Step Over command executes exactly one instruction at a time however upon encountering a CALL procedure will stop at the next instruction aft
6. Save Workspace Save the current workspace Close Workspace Close the current workspace Save Write the active windows data to the active file Save All Write all windows data to the corresponding opened files Save File As Open a file dialog to allow entry of a new file name with which to save the active file This will rename the opened file Print Display the Print dialog for printing of an editor file 3 2 Edit Menu and Toolbar SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page14 OF Nem Hi mo wm AD A SNS C Studio N WN BANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Edit View Project Build Deb amp Paste Ctrlty X Delete Del 4 Fina Ctrl F Sh Find In Piles Replace Ctrl H Select All Ctrlta Configure Jee seawmlelml zie Undo Cancel the previous editing operation Redo Cancel the previous Undo operation Cut Remove the selected text from the file and place it onto the clipboard Copy Place a copy of the selected text onto the clipboard Paste Paste the clipboard information to the present insertion point Delete Delete the selected text Find SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel5 O KY Nem tek eo AR 2S A SN8 C Studio Nw NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Search the specified word from the editor active buffer Find In Files Search the specified word from specified directory Replace Replace the specified source word with the destination word in the editor active
7. You can use pragma ref id to inform SN8 C Compiler that x is called in the inline assembler void func void int x pragma ref x __asm SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page183 NODO Y a ann EOAR SN8 C Studio AO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The input and output variable x return Doing this can avoid the warning messages from SN8 C Compiler Another problem appears how to read and write the global variables in embedded assembly programme If we use a name which is defined in C programming language such as Unsigned int Ver1 Void func void Mov ver1 0x5a The compiling system will inform that there is an error there is no Ver1 We have defined the variable Ver1 already Why system show the error message While compiling compiler converses the embedded assembly codes as it is in C programmes This causes the error To see the conversion of the global variables in the embedded assembly example The global variable definition in C programming union flag Word2 unsigned int flagByte struct bitdefine2 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page184 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE MA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual unsigned bit0 1 unsigned bit1 1 unsigned bit2 6 flagBit led_dp unsigned int door_cnt unsigned int door _cntl unsigned int door_cnt2 They are conversed into assembly language as below Stabs led_dp G43 32
8. __SelectBANK _globalSW SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page172 O KY V oa a a EDARRA SN8 C Studio AD C ANBAN SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual BTS1 _globalSW 3 JMP L430 L450 push arg __SelectBANK _stabledata MOV A _stabledata 1 Select BANK __SelectBANK _captrueZero_arg0 MOV _captrueZero_arg0 1 A __SelectBANK _stabledata MOV A _stabledata __SelectBANK _captrueZero_arg0 MOV captrueZero_arg0 A End push arg call _captrueZero send of function call L451 stabn 0x44 0 587 L452 _procADC L452 jmp L431 There are three ways to judge the system register bits Firstly use the special purpose functions which are referred in the previous paragraphs if _bTest1 amp INTRQ 4 FTOIRQ _bCLR amp INTRQ 4 FTOIRQ 0 TOINT SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page173 O K V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO WR EMA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Secondly use the bit names which are defined by system if FTOIRQ I _bTest1 amp INTRQ 4 _bCLR amp INTRQ 4 FTOIRQ 0 TOINT Thirdly the bit operation method if INTRQ amp 0x10 FTOIRQ _bCLR amp INTRQ 4 FTOIRQ 0 TOINT j The efficiency of the three ways is different However the implementation results are the same They can carry out the branch decision 8 11 Preprocessors 8 11 1 Overview We had ever used the preprocessors begin with such as the include command include macro definition inst
9. a are a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 and a 4 5 The expression in the square brackets can not be a variable but it can be constant or constant expression for example define FD 5 void main int a 3 2 b 7 FD is legal but the following statements is wrong void main 6 Multiple arrays and variables are allowed in one type define statement For example int a b c d k1 10 k2 20 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page122 O V a a A RO ARAA SN8 C Studio DN DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 8 5 2 The Form of Arrays The basic cell in an array is the elements Element is a kind of variable it is denoted by array name and a subscript The subscript is the sequence of the element in the array The form of array is arrayName subscript The subscript can only be integer constant or expression When the subscript is decimal fraction C compiler will get integer part of the decimal automatically for example a 5 alitj a it are legal array elements Array elements are also called subscript variables In order to use subscript variables an array should be defined firstly In C subscript variables should be used one by one instead of using the whole array in a time The Assignment of Arrays The way to assign values to arrays including assign values to elements one by one the initialization and the dynamic assignment Initialization is to assign the initial values to elements while declar
10. s Manual unsigned int bed unsigned int clock_min bed clock_min unsigned int bed unsigned int input unsigned int result_buf result_buf input amp OxOf if result_buf gt 0x0a result_buf input 6 else result_buf input return result_buf The function which is shown above implements a fixed function and can be called anywhere in the programme In C we give the functions different parameters to get what we need In this way the codes amount can be decrease and the program can be reused In the following cases you can omit the declaration of the callec functions 1 When the return value type is int or char C compiler will handle return value as int by default 2 When a function has been defined before the main function the function does not have to be declared in main function 3 If functions had been declared before function definiation then the declarations for them SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page130 NOUO Y a a t EOAR SN8 C Studio Ie WR ELAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual can be omitted inside caller functions An example is shown below char str int a float f float b main You can see that in the first and second line the functions str and f are declared previously Therefore they can be called in functions without being declared again 4 When using the library function just include header files at the beginn
11. true and the following statements will be executed all the time This is allowed by C syntax Another instance if a b printf od a else printf a 0 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page108 NODO Y a a t EOAR SN8 C Studio AO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual b is assigned to a if the result is not 0 then print the value of a else print string a 0 This is the common use of if statement 2 The condition should be involved by parentheses and statements should terminate with semicolon 3 The statements are all single in the examples above If multiple statements should be executed when certain condition is evlued as true these statements should be involved in y to be a compound statement Please note that a semicolon is not allowed after For example if a gt b att 9 b else a 0 b 10 Nested if statement When the executive statement in an if statement is another if statement this is a situation of nested if statement The syntactic form is as following if condition If statement or if condition if statement else if statement SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page109 NODO Y a ann EOAR SN8 C Studio IO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The if statement been nested may be if else style too then there will be multiple if and else in the program if condition1 if contition2 stat
12. 1 projec ByPro b By EF Source E aaa asm E Header WE Project view BF Fite View By right clicking on the files or folders a popup menu will be displayed showing various options These options include functions such as adding files to the project creating new files opening the file in the editor etc The following sections describe these options in detail Popup Menu on workspace Item Add Project Properties Properties Display information for workspace Popup Menu on Project Item SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page25 S WOW se we HH M BDA MEA SN8 C Studio N V BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Set as Working Project New Folder Add Files Delete Project Save Project Build Clean Settings Properties Reorder File Set as Working Project Set the selected project as active one New Folder Create a new folder Add Files Append an existing file to selected project and classify it to the exactly folder Delete Project Remove the selected project Save Project Save changes for the selected project Build Build this project Clean Clean this project SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page26 N V AE T e SN8 C Studio N ON BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Settings Display a dialog to configure project settings Properties Display information for the selected project Reorder Files Change order for files within the pro
13. One of more files are out of date Would you like to build them before debugging If no error is issued during Make time it will be considered as a successful Make This also means that the compiler was able to produce an updated make exe file Warnings do not effect if the compilation was successful but they may be important when debugging the application in development 5 5 Build The Project Make sure that the following tasks have been completed before building the current active project The project options have all been set correctly especially the selected chip must match the declaration in the source file Run the Build command can divides into several steps Assemble the source files of the active project by calling SONiX Generic Macro Processor and Assembler Link all the object files generated currently and generate a map file and an out file Load the task file into the ICE Display building result in the build window SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page46 N N Vas 2 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual There are two commands related to the building of a project Build and Rebuild 5 6 Debug the Project After building the project several target files will be generated The file with extension name bin is the final executable file The file with extension name map describes where the segments and labels stay in ROM Output File out For debugging
14. SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Shi ft Fil ty Run to Cursor Ctrl Fi2 Pagel9 SN8 C Studio User s Manual ANAO DT WT e ew HRM OAM A SN8 C Studio N ON BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The Step Into command executes exactly one instruction at a time However upon encountering a CALL procedure it will enter the procedure and stop at the first instruction Step Over The Step Over command executes exactly one instruction at a time However upon encountering a CALL procedure it will stop at the next instruction after the CALL instruction instead of entering the procedure All instructions of this procedure will have been executed and the register contents and status may have changed Step Out The Step Out command is only used when inside a procedure It executes all instructions between the current point and the RET instruction including RET and stops at the next instruction after the CALL instruction Breakpoints Break at File name and Line no File Line No Address Address piace U Breakpoints Address Hit Count SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page20 S WOW eat ROAA SN8 C Studio AO NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Run to Cursor Run to the cursor line and make a pause Animate Step Into Run the program step by step automatically and the same to the subroutine Animate Step Over Run the program step by step automatically but don t run into the subroutine A
15. and value will be shown The user can change the displayed radix by left click the popup menu SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page29 N V AE T e SN8 C Studio S WN BAVA Sonix TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Watch Window and Popup Menu Mi Name to Address Value int_rs Ox0000064C Cannot eva test Ox0000000B Cannot eva int_main Ox00000T1C Cannot eva Watch 1 A Watch 2 h Watch 3 i Add Delete Radix Hex Decimal Binary Character Add Append a new expression to watch Delete Delete an existing item Edit Edit expression for Name column or value for Value column Radix Display value format depended on various radices SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page30 SN DOW see HH MB AME AT SN8 C Studio D wt Ba SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual 4 3 2 Variable Window Variable window displays values of local variables This feature is meaningful under C source program The displayed radix can be changed by left click the popup menu Variable Window xli Hane Lo Address Value Ox00000100 Ox64 Ran Ox00000101 Ox64 Popup Menu Decimal Binary Character 4 3 3 Memory Window The Memory window displays the contents of the program data memory space The contents of the RAM window can be modified directly for debugging purpose All the digits are displayed in hexadecimal format You can enter address in Goto field to go to the exact
16. the whole process of a program This means one more variable one less memory This is such a waste for singlechip who has only a few RAM memories How dose SN8 C Compiler define variables The scope of a variable should be mentioned when we talk about the variable of C The variables defined in assembler language are available through the program Values of the variables can be modified in anywhere of the program and the problem that the programmers usually meet is variable value is found invalid while debugging but it s impossible to decide where the value of the variable has been wrongly modified so the break points have to be set everywhere in the program and the problem may be found out eventually by debugging for many times This is the inconvenience of the way to define variables in assembler language The scope of variable in C are distinguished they are classified into global variables and local variables and the ways to distinguish them is easy just define them in different locations This is the same with standard C we will discuss it later SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page90 N N V e a 44 4k we REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The format for defining variables is Type Variable1 Variable2 for example Here are some variables defined in SN8 C unsigned int templ unsigned int temp2 unsigned int temp3 unsigned int temp4 unsigned int led_dp unsigned int step current
17. them in the function body Function should be declared before being called and this is similar to variabe declarations The aim of this action is to inform compiling system the returne value type of the called functions so that the compiling system can cope with the corresponding type There are also two formats for the declaration of the called functions One is in the conventional style Fuction Type Function Name It only indicates the type of return value the name of the called function and a parenthesis As there is no information provided about parameters this style is not convenient for compiler to check for errors The other format is the morden style Fuction Type Function Name Type parameter Type parameter Or Fuction Type Function Name Type Type There are parameter types and parameter names in the parenthesis or the parameter types only This can prevent frequently occur errors as they can be checked by the compiler easily this is a better style SN8 C supports the morden style Note Functions without return value should be declared as void to prevent memory reservation In C functions should be declared before being called Functions will be used are declared in the beginning of the program in standard C Then define them in the programme An example is shown below SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page129 No BN Vas 2 44 4k ED REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User
18. 0 0 led dp Stabs door_cnt2 G14 32 0 0 door_cnt2 stabs door_cnt1 G14 32 0 0 door_cntl Stabs door_cnt G14 32 0 0 door cnt There is a _ before each variable Then we can solve the problem In the assembly programmes add a _ before the variable when you want to read or write the global variables We can see that the led_dp in the former example is defined like this mov _led_dp a You can see that the variable led_dp is global variable and there is a _ before it The variable conversion syntax is not for programmers so it is will not introduced here Please reduce the using frequency of variable conversion and then the errors will be fewer When you want to use the variable conversions you should have a good knowledge of ASM files 8 13 Other Options This following section illustrates the restrictions about SN8 C Compiler 1 A token can have at most 1022 characters 2 A string literal can have up to 4095 characters SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page185 N No7 e a HEERE AKMA SN8 C Studio N N Ba SONTX TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 3 This compiler will support function pointer by using call HL If the target does not support HL the assembler will report this error and compiler does not check if the target is support HL 4 The function pointer can not pass any arguments gt Ex Character Class Tests lt ctype h gt String Functions lt string
19. 1 How to embed It similar to C programming language to use __asm two _ before you want to embed the programme to C programmes when using the SN8 C __asm code n __asm asm_text Both of he two ways of declaration can be embedded in C programmes The statements inside will be treated as one statement in C programmes When it is not embedded in other functions it can include any types of assembly codes and output them in assembly language The preprocessor can t preprocess the macros which are inside the asm_text Other C instruction statements can t be preprocessed too unless you select the compilation option cpp_noskip asmblock If cpp _noskip asmblock is selected it will process the cpp instruction statements and the macros The comments of asm_ text which are coded in C or C style will be omitted There can t be a in the asm_text unless it is attached to strings There is an example for reference if step ONE_PRESS CLOCK KEY C While regulating the timer time symbol flickering disp_blink 0x03 The flickering hour bit disp_blink amp 0x03 _ asm mov a 0x01 mov _led_dp a bs Ned_dp 1 The two points which lighted all the time j The generation assembly codes are shown below You can see how the embedded assembly SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel181 KY Nem tk eo AR 2 A SN8 C Studio AO NRE MA Sonix TECH
20. ATT 45 DAS MAKE imans a E E a a RA 46 5 9 BULD LAE PROJECT sirier iere ree Ete EEES EEEE EEEE EErEE ESE SE E EREEREER REESE EEE EE EEEE EREEREER EE 46 5 0 DEBUG THE PROJECT siitesscasssiceccestunuescstndcecosssnsatesseccanesiesstesits sosescseeatsssuceden LEERE EESE EENE EEE EEEE NEEE 47 6 QUICK START AS A E A EII EE AO O E O EIEE E 49 Os CREATE A NEW WORKSPACE ccsasccdssstecsasdsadsss vnsciees detest easteaisecsanasscnsdigessgatbasteedevaestegdess taei oio Re agis tigisi 49 0 2 CREATE A NEW PROJECT sisssssccstsecseastiasonssdayss onssiees og2tiestoasteaesesstaasscasdinrststbestexsdevseusstuess odatuags oii Neea aisia soi 49 0 3 CREATE A NEW SOURCE FILE sisasecdssssdisnngsnsessonstiees sdetionsoascevisessedass cgsnunsveganiese xsaeyseassniess onaduans odatedencasduatsocensarondaein 53 0 4 EDIT PROGRAM ssescscsatiss cssaayss cgstindSoastiasangeds css anscieds oiedasateastiniacsieness sstinsvedstbestexedeyseasstiess odaguags ocabeesdeastaassoeduinresaseiad 53 6 5 COMPILING AND BUILING issis scsnesessisacisnnssusssesssceeessdsdainescstevasesseaags seeauadeosateae cheaeassvestensssiedusss sdieri inais siariad 62 6 6 DEBUGGING tis icgsestecsaessscassass geuseddoastiasanseds css atciges oietueateastenisesienaas cnstinevesstbestexsdeysecsotiess odatuees ojiin eastaassoeeusnresaagi 63 0 7 SETTING BREAKPOINTS eissis cs2ssd dssgexsasgedsctsonaciads otetieasehscevisessoucas cheauureedsbuase aiieieo eaei iis scatdvededsguessoteteceeseaeiea 65 6 8 FRACE THE
21. Binary File bin Executable raw binary file Map file map Created by linker which describes addresses of symbols and locations of segments List file Ist Created by assembler Begin to Debug Click Begin Debug in main menu and Debug to start the debugger IDS will display a progress window to show the downloading percents After downloading task complete all the debug windows and simulator windows appeare and all opened documents are begin to be in read only state Tracing Project After Begin Debug you can see an indicator that locates at left side of the editor window The indicator points out the source line which represents the current program counter You can trace project by click debugging commands ie Step Into Step Over Run For each ending of tracing command the indicator indicates the next instruction which will be executed and all debug windows will update the results SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page47 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N EA SOHIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual Setting Breakpoints IDS provides breakpoints you may use to conditionally halt the execution of your target program It is common during debugging to reach a breakpoint where you require information from such as special register and IOs There are two ways to set break points The first one is by toggling a breakpoint from text editor The other way is set from breakpoints dialog When an instruc
22. IN BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual operation time and the code length are increased obviously When the program requires precision in calculation C compiler will call corresponding subroutines and add them into the present program Many inexperience programmers use a lot of unnecessary variable types which means the C compiler will call more functions in the library to handle with the increasing number of variable types This will cause the program become too huge and slow down the processing speed What s worse the program may become too large to be loaded into ROM while linking Thus the variable and data type should be chosen carefully As for the signed and unsigned variable types if both of them are used while coding then both types of the library functions will be involved Doing this will cause the allocated memory increase to double size Therefore if the operation speed is emphasized and the program dose not need negative data operations the unsigned type is preferred In standard C the data types are usually abbreviated to bring convenience while writing code and this is also allowed in SN8 C define uchar unsigned char define uint unsigned int uchar can be used instead of unsigned char and uint can be used instead of unsigned int while defining variables 8 2 2 Data Storage Type and Structures We had mentioned the storage of data in singlechip is devided into two part
23. NM OYR SN8 C Studio Layout Overview SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page22 SN WOW swe ew HH MD AME SN8 C Studio D WN BAVA Sonix TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual SHB C Studio LCD ASE DAR File Edit View Project Build Debug Tools Window Help DJJ HAXE 444K OKI J8 a la amp zix I Workspace Mywork 1 projec Lcd ASE D ByPro amp Source LCD_WRFS E aan asm nov a 0F5h E Header bOmov y 80fh bOmov 2 0ifh LCD_ F5_10 bOmevy YZ a decms z jmp LCD_ F5_10 bOmov YZ a bOmov y 0fh bOmov z 0ifh th Project View G File View Once a project is loaded the project area is filled with the project view The picture above shows the typical appearance of the SN8 C Studio window when run under Windows with a project loaded All the windows give corresponding information 4 1 The workspace Window The workspace window is blank when no project loaded The workspace window includes a project view window and a file view window providing information about source files You can switch them by clicking the buttons about their names at the bottom of this window They can be resized or hidden The user can click and drag the divider that separates it from the work space area To hide the project view either click on the close x button in the top right corner of the view or un choose workspace from the View menu To display the project windows select workspace from the View menu 4 1 1 Pr
24. RAMBANK n Model This model enables users to address a global variable or a static variable in the appointed RAM BANK For example SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page94 SON Vem ERR ARR A SN8 C Studio N ALF SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual SN8 C Compiler sets bank switch instruction every time before accessing variable in the specified bank number The assembler has the function doing optimization in order to delete some bank switch instructions un necessary 8 3 Basic Operators and Expressions There are a lot of operators and expressions in C and this is unusual in advanced languages These operators and expressions make the functions of C language completed This is one of the main features of C The operations in C have different priorities and they have another feature associativity In expressions the order of the operands been evaluated is decided not only according to the operators priorities but also according to their associativities Associativities are used for deciding whether the operands should be evaluated from left to right or the opposite This kind of associativity for operators dose not exsit in other advanced languages it increase the complication of C language too The operations in C language are classified into those categories 8 3 1 Arithmetic Operators and Expressions Arithmetic operators are used for calculating values There are seven of them addition substraction multi
25. The interruption implementation influences the timers and the counters directly so the function of programmes will be influenced too It is valueable to carry out the interruptions Then How to implement the interruptions in SN8 C programming 8 9 1 The Definition of Interruption Functions In the SCM based programming the interruptions are implemented by vector list leapings In standard C programming functions implement all the functional works When implementing the functional works there are some interruption functions such as int86 etc There are also interruption vectors in the interruption functions such as 0x80 etc In the 8 bit SONiX SCMs based programming there is an interruption vector 0x08 The following is an interruption example CODE SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page159 N N o y a g 41 REGA MEZ 24 SN8 C Studio aw LAN BA SONTK TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual org 00h jmp Main ST org 08H jmp int_ser int_ser int_ser0 bOxch a accbuf mov a pflag bOmov pflagbuf a nop int_serl0 bObts1 fp00ien jmp int_ser11 bObtsO fp00irq jmp int_ser20 The p00 interruption int_serll bObts1 ft0ien jmp int_serl9 bObtsO ftOirq jmp int_ser40 The tO interruption int_serl9 jmp int_ser9 int ser20 The p00 interruption bObclr fp00irg activation jmp int_ser9 int_ser40 The t0 interruption SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page160 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studi
26. a 00H Here are notes for do while statement 1 In if statement and while statement the expressions could not terminate with semicolon but a semicolon is required after the while condition of do while statement 2 do while statements can compose multiple loops and it can nest with while statements too 3 More than one statements in loop body should be involved by to form compound statement too 4 When swap do while and while statements the loop control should be altered too The difference between do while and while statement is that the do while loop guarantees that its statement is always executed at least once but for while loop unless the loop control evaluates to true the loop body is never executed Generally do while and while statements are interchangeable The for Loop Statement For loop statement is another widely used loop statement provided by C Its syntactic form is for init statement condition expression statement Tnit statement is usually used to initialize or assign a starting value that is incremented over SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel17 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual the course of the loop If an initialization is unnecessary or occurs elsewhere the init statement can be left off Condition serves as the loop control usually conditional or logical expressions Expression is generally used to modify th
27. auto variable which names a can also be defined in the statement 4 For the auto variables with construction types such as arrarys you can t initialize them 2 Declare the external variables using extern before them SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page143 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual External variables have been mentioned when introduced the global variables The following items are the additional explanations for the external variables extern variables 1 The external variables and global variables are the different names for the same variable in two points of view Global variable is in the view of its scope and external variable is in the view of its storage type which indicates its lifetime 2 When a source programme consists of more than one source files the external variables which you defined in one source file can be used in other source files For example a source programme consists of the source file F1 C and the source file F2 C F1 C int a b Definations of extern variables char c Declarations of extern variables main F2 C extern int a b Declarations of extern variables extern char c Declarations of extern variables func int x y The external variables a b and c are used both in the source file F1 C and F2 C In the source file F1 C variables a
28. b and c are defined as external variables In the source file F2 C variables a b and c are declared as external variables The declaration in 9 ei SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page144 O V a a a RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual F2 C indicates that the external variables are defined in other source files Then the compiling system won t allocate memory for the external variables a b and c For the external variables of construction type such as arrays you should initialize them when declaring them else the compiling system will give them the initial value 0 automatically 3 Static Variables Declare the static variables using extern before them Of course static variables belong to static storage type but the variables which are static store types are not all static variables For example the external variables belong to static storage type but not all of them are static variables You can define them to be static auto variables by using keyword static and they can also be called static external variables or static gobal variables Therefore you can change a variable storage type by adding a static before the variable name Static Local Variables You can add a static before the local variable declaration and the local variable will change into static local variable For example stati
29. being assigned to The rules are as below 1 Assign real type to integer type The decimals are abandoned The example 2 9 has shown this situation 2 Assign integer type to real type The value will not be modified but it will be stored as float type which means the decimal fraction will be added the decimal fraction is 0 3 Assign character type to integer type One character occupies one byte but one integer occupies two bytes Then the ASCII code of the character is put in the lower 8 bits of the integer higher 8 bits of the integer are all padded by 0 4 Assign integer type to character type Assign the lower 8 bits of the integer to the character Compound assignment operators and expressions 66__99 Add two operand operators in front of the assignment compose a compound assignment operator lt lt gt gt amp The format of a compound assignment operator is variable two operand operator expr this equals variable variable operator expr for example a 5 equals a a 5 x y 7 equals x x y 7 r p equals r r p SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page98 No BN Vis ef 4 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N EA SOHIX TECHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Beginners may not be used to the format of compound assignment operator but this can improve the efficiency of the compiling process and generate quality object code 8 3 6 Conditional Operator The conditional operator provides
30. buffer Select All Select all text in the active file Configure Configure the text color 3 3 View Menu and Toolbar The View menu provides users the following commands to control the window screen View Project Build De Toolbars Y Status Bar Y Workspace Message Debug gt Simulator gt Toolbars Display the toolbar information on the window The toolbar contains 5 groups of buttons whose function is the same as that of the command in each corresponding menu item When the mouse cursor is placed on a toolbar button the corresponding function name will be displayed next to the button If the mouse is clicked the command will be executed Status bar SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page16 S WOW se we HRM BD AMA SN8 C Studio D wt BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual Display the status bar information on the window Workspace Open or close Workspace Window Message Open or close Output Window Debug Open or close some windows about debugging 3 4 Build Menu and Toolbar The build menu provides the user several commands to build the source file and the build toolbar for quick building Build Debug Tools Window Help Ej Build Project FT E5 Rebuild Project Shi t FT eil Clean Project Byild All Projects Rebuild All Projects Clean All Projects Compile Current File Compile the active file for the working project Build Project Build the working project Rebuild Projec
31. careful that this method doesn t suitable with such source files which haven t been compiled successfully 4 2 2 Debug Message Window This window is set to show messages about debugging process 4 2 3 Find in Files Window When you execute Find in Files command from the Edit menu corresponding messages will appear on this window to show the finding result This menu let you search some words from some files specified by users 4 2 4 Popup Menu for Message Window Copy Select All Save As Copy Place a copy of the selected text onto the clipboard Select All Select all text in the active file Save As Save the content into a log file SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page28 N V AE T e SN8 C Studio D ON BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 4 3 Debug view After building successfully the user may begin to debug the program The debug view provides a friendly environment as the following figure for easy debugging After the application program has been successfully constructed in the debug mode the first execution line of the source program is displayed The IDS is now ready to accept and execute the debug commands Debug Window SW8 amp C Studio S89C0N ASE FE lile Eit View Project Build Bebug Tools indov Help lej x ar A r JES Ear a ae a al sae r a e E EOE EHH zix Jx ajd errr EEEE A Yorkspace Beno 2 projec 9 clr y Clear Ran fron 00 Ox3
32. ccccscsssesssesscsseesenseeneeseescesecaceseesseescsseeseesecaeesecsaeeeeaseaesaesaeeeeeeseees 96 8 3 3 Logical Operators and Expressions ccccccsccssssssssscssesecsseescuseeseeseescesecaceseesseesesaeeseesecaeesecsaeeeesaeesesaecaeesesaeeseees 96 8 5 BUWISE Operators soie E E A E E E gucassebdetagusseesaesgauansuea ieee 97 8 3 3 Assienment Operators concoa na E E O EE A ER E E E EERE S 97 8 3 6 Conditional Operator ssena sa EE RE E A R E E R 99 8 3 7 COMMA OPErAtOT iee n RNE TON ETETEN ETNE E EE EN ENE 99 8 3 8 Pointer OPEL ators eein a ean aN A E ET E E E ON E EEEE vuateguineds 100 8 3 9 The Siz Of Oper attiene inaa E R TNE E ON E E E thoueaeee 100 8 310 Special OP er ators eiccicesovicciscssan n A E EET E TE E ON EE EEEE E 100 6 311 Precedence Gnd ASSOCIGUHVILY ees E E E Mesias ba epee eee la ee 101 8 4 PROGRAM FLOW C ONTROL arius an cobescastecescucubessaussssssuucubesiavtsevssabeubescubisidedus dubaecuvisecsduveubuseavs 102 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page4 NODO Y eat venoamea SN8 C Studio AO NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 8 41 Sequential Struct r somieres aanne E E E EEE E E EAE r S E EEEE EE E 102 64 Condi ona OO E ara a r a aea e aE a aE a e a Ee aE O N eee a a 103 A3 Loop SUUCIUTE siara A R E R R 113 BD ARRAY Yoi ira ERE O R E ER E E EE R A E R E E E Aa 121 GIAL ATAY TV DOS siana su o R A S 121 6 9 2 The Form of ATTayS sicaire a eE a ea aa a e aan r aa aa apa a ese es 123 o POINTER EA A A E E E A A E A E 1
33. command executing Based on actual condition you can choose Step by Step mode or Step Over mode SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page65 No BN Vas eh 44 EEDA Om BD A SN8 C Studio D ASAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The system provides three manners to trace the program the Debug menu the Debug toolbar and hot keys The next section will mainly discuss the output files of the program tracing Emulation result After connecting the emulator and your PC correctly you are suggested to eliminate the Use Simulate option in project setting and connect the objected hardware Press the Debug button or hot key then you can get the programming result showed with the connected board If there are some station unexpected you can amend your program until the result is what you wanted Then the program can be downloaded correctly Download program file SN8 C STUDIO will generate the downloaded program file prefixed with sn8 automatically under the default catalog which is included by the current active project SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page66 N N Vis a 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Part2 Programming Languages and Development Tools 7 Assembler 7 1 Assembly Language In general the instructions in assembly language are made of four columns that can be separated by pressing space or tab The four columns are shown as follows LABEL INSTRUCTION OPER
34. define every bit in a byte via struct Please refer to the following example to find out more Struct bitDefine Unsigned bit0 1 Unsigned bit1 1 Unsigned bit2 1 Unsigned bit3 1 Unsigned bit4 1 Unsigned bit5 1 Unsigned bit6 1 Unsigned bit7 1 i To define some objects of the bitDefine structure Struct bitDefine flag1 flag2 flag3 To define each bit with corresponding name via macro definition For example define fkeypress flag1 bit1 The flag to indicate one key is pressed define fchatfinish flag1 bit2 The bit which is to judge whether the key Debounce accomplished SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page166 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio N f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual define fkeyProcessing flag bit3 When any key is processed this bit will be enable define FhandDelay flag1 bit4 define FhandDelayRQ flag1 bit5 define FreleaseKey flag1 bit6 When any key has been released this bit will be enable define FfirstAck flag1 bit7 When any key is being processed for the first time this bit will be enable Via such conversion we can use the macro names which are defined above to process each bit in the following programmes The processing methods referred previously are all used for the bits which are defined by users Another important storages are defined by the compiling system That storage is system register which is used freque
35. flag sgment bibi f segment shift beep request flag key press beeps 200ms once cook finished beeps 500ms 5 times segment shift beeps 500ms twice Question How s the implementation of SN8 ASM The implementation of SN8 ASM is as following Buzzer00 bObtsl key_bibi f jmp buzzer10 mov a buzzer_timel 200ms mov buzzer time a length of beeps mov a buzzer_not3 1 mov buzzer_not a beep times SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page107 O KY V a a EREDA RAaAA SN8 C Studio Ie WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual jmp buzzer40 buzzer10 bObts end bibi f jmp buzzer20 moy a buzzer_time2 500ms mov buzzer time a length of beeps moy a buzzer_notl 10 mov buzzer_not a sign reverse times jmp buzzer40 buzzer20 bObts segment bibi f jmp buzzer30 moy a buzzer_time2 500ms mov buzzer time a length of beeps mov a buzzer_not2 4 mov buzzer_not a Sign reverse times jmp buzzer40 Here are some notes for the if statement 1 The conditions after keyword if are expressions in these three if statement forms and the expressions are usually logical or relational Other kinds of expressions like assignment are also allowed it can be a variable too For example statements if a 5 if b are all allowed As long as the value of the expression is non zero true it is the following statements will be executed as well For instance the expression in statement if a 5 is always
36. in the source file directory Double quotation marks indicates to search the file in source file directory firstly if no match is found search in the included file directory Users can choose either of them according to the directory of user files 2 One include command can include only one file if more than one files must be included then the corresponding number of include commands are needed 3 Nest are allowed in files include command one file been included can include another file too 8 11 4 Conditional Compile Preprocessors provide the function of conditional compiling different parts of program can be compiled separately according to different conditions and generate different object files This is of great use to the transplant and debugging for programmes There are three conditional compilings The first form ifdef identifier Program 1 else Program 2 endif It means that if the identifier had been defined by define command then Program 1 will be compiled else Program 2 will be compiled If there is no Program 2 then else can be omitted SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page179 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The second form ifndef identifier Program 1 else Program 2 endif The difference from the first form is that ifdef is replaced by ifndef It indicates that if the identifier has not been define
37. is ready to begin installation SO NX Click Install to begin the installation If you want to review or change any of your installation settings click Back Click Cancel to exit the weard During the installation processing the dialog below will be shown to display users the status SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel0 S DOW pw ene nvamaa SN8 C Studio N ON ep NA Sonik TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Figure 2 6 SH8 C Studio Setup Status SNB C Studio Setup is performing the requested operations Finally click the Finish button to close the installation after the IDS is successfully installed and restart the computer Then you can run SN 8 C Studio now Figure 2 7 SHB C Studio e Setup Shortcut SNS C Studio Setup is almost complete Choose the options you want below _ would ike to launch SNS C Studio Click Finish to complete the Setup SETUP will create eight subdirectories BIN LIB SAMPLE C CHIP MANUAL TEMPLATE and TOOLS under the destination directory you specified SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagell S WOW see HH eM Bw AME A SN8 C Studio N J BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 3 Menus and Tool Buttons The menu bar provides you with menus for editing operations project maintenance development tool option settings program debugging window selection and window manipulation The toolbar buttons allow you to rapidly execute IDS commands Keyboard shortcuts allow you
38. memory space The field can receive decimal format or hexadecimal format Memory Window SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page31 S DOW pw ene vamaa SN8 C Studio N ON ep NA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Popup Menu Ascii Unit v BYTE Columns gt N RD DWORD I v Ascii s Unit gt Columns 8 16 Auto Ascii Display ASCII field Unit Display content based on various units Columns Display content by various column candidates SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page32 SON Nas 1 dk eo mR S A SN8 C Studio N N Ii SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 4 3 4 Register Window A H E 0x00 JE H 0x00 Rk 0x00 iT 0x00 hY 0x00 HX 0x00 PFLAG 0x00 RBANK 0x00 OPTION 0x00 Lop 0x01 gt AMPH 0x00 AMPCHS 0x00 oie The Register window displays all the registers defined in the separated chip selected in the project The picture above shows an example of the Register window The contents of the Register window can be modified for debugging The displayed radix can be changed by left click the popup menu Popup Menu T Radix Hex Customize Naciwal Binary Edit Edit register value Radix Display in different radices SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page33 S DOW see HH eM BDAME AT SN8 C Studio D wt BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual 5 Designing Project This chapter shows you the key steps of manage your project
39. needed we can use if else if statement The syntactic form is SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page105 O Vem A RO A mR 2 A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual if condition1 statement else if condition 2 statement 2 else if condition 3 statement 3 else if condition m statement m else statement n The meaning is evaluate the conditions in order when one condition is true the corresponding statement is executed then jump out of the if statement If all the conditions are false statement n will be executed Then go on executing the following programs The flow is as below ap a ga ig gg a ae A a ae ge cg my gage gee en ae eae Figure 4 3 Serial multiplied branches flow chart Nested if statement and else if statement in C SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page106 O KY V a a EREDA ee SN8 C Studio AO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual if key_bibi_f buzzer_time d_buzzer_ time length of beeps 200ms buzzer_not d_buzzer_not3 beep times 1 else if end_bibi_f buzzer 10 buzzer_time d_buzzer_time 2 length of beeps 500ms buzzer_not d_buzzer_notl beep times 10 else if segment_bibi_f buzzer20 buzzer_time d_buzzer_time 2 length of beeps 500ms buzzer_not d_buzzer_notl beep times 4 Explanation key_bibi f key press beep request flag end _ bibi f cook finished beep request
40. only cited here as reference 6 5 Compiling and Builing Choose the Compile Current File command in the Build menu or click the Compile button in the toolbar Besides you can use the hot key Ctrl F7 to start compiling your project The system will show error messages and warning messages in the Output window if there are errors or warnings You can make over your source file now if it is solecism double click the error message and the corresponding source file line will be highlighted If you finished compiling successfully the next step is to make building The processing of building will go with creating some needed configuration files and the system checks hardware station at the same time SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page62 N VA ATE TFE ST e SN8 C Studio D DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 6 6 Debugging Choose the Begin Debug command in the Debug menu or click the icon in the toolbar directly Then the system interface changes into the following appearance The Ram window Watch window Variable window Register window Call Stack window and Disassembly window are all to be used during debugging SW8 C Studio S89CON ASE ti Edit View Project Build Bebug Tools Hindow Help Asi l x DEBO BEX SF onal a p H 18 O a R e wR e D zix Jy DF Yorkspace r Deno gt projec Maa ta hee ae Clear Raa from p b Denel LLL LPP Tastruction Cycle by Dew clr
41. or ICE otherwise Choose to embed debug information to output file Choose to set protected attribute to code segment Choose to configure target file name This is not enabled for current version log setting SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page39 SN DOW bp wm HH eR BAMA SN8 C Studio N WN BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Set log script file generated by linker and log file for LOG directive and Simulator ICE will store memory log values or register value to the log file The file name configuration is not opened to user for current version Debug Window Set variables in watch window case sensitive Advanced Setting This capability is not enabled now 5 3 2 Chip Setting From the chip definition you can select the exact chip you want to use The Chip List gives all the IC in the serial you ve chosen The Description displays the choose result Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Chip Definition Definition Selected Description Chip List P2TOBA SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page40 AY Y Nas F dk eo mR S A SN8 C Studio N ON BNA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 5 3 3 Directory Setting Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Intermediate and Output Path Directory Prise Tater Standard Library Library Folder ove Additional Path and Libraries Include AE Librar
42. parameter introduction part we know that system allocates memory units for the formal parameters when they are called And the allocated memory units will be released at SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page136 NS DWoWeanntnvuwoamaa SN8 C Studio N BIAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual the end of calling action That is to say the formal parameters are active inside functions and can not be used outside the functions This valid region of variables are called variable scopes In C programming language all objects have their own scopes Variables defined in different styles have different scopes Variables in C programming language are devided into two types according to their scopes they are local variables and global variables 1 The Local Variables The local variables also called internal variables The local variables are declared inside the functions Its scope is inside the functions The variable calling is invalid outside functions For example int fl inta Function f1 int b c a b c The scope of variables a b and c inside function f1 int f2 int x Function f2 int y Z The scope of variables x y and z inside function f2 main int m n The scope of variables m and n There are three variables inside function f1 formal parameter a variables b and c SONiX T
43. s Manual 8 7 4 The parameters and Global Variables When you codes on a general computer system to modularize the programmes and reduce the coupling degree computer system communicate with other works by parameter transferences Then you can functionalize the functions and the functions can be reused for another time This is the advantage of C programming language Because of this advantage there is better encapsulation ability in C programming language The functions can be encapsulated into libraries and they can be called in the progammes easily Because of such advantages we choose C programming language SN8 C is 8 bit SCM core oriented The arithmetic capability 8 bit SCM core can not satisfy us While focus on the modularity the maintenance and the encapsulaion we must pay attention to the conversion efficiency and the running efficiency Because of the encapsulation of C programming language the programmes can be understood easily There will be many statements in for one adding operation in assembly language However for C programming language one statement in enough which makes C language more convenient to use However the C programme omits the characteristic of SCM can not be called a good programme For the structure characteristic of C programme you must define proper numbers of functions That is consilient with the C programming method and also consilient with the whole programming method We must consider both the C
44. s Manual Example This is an example of demo code This is an example of demo code Besides the symbol of can also be used to block a remarked statement which can be written in one or two lines Example this is an example of demo code 7 1 4 Chip Reserved Word Each SONiX 8 bit series MCUs has her own system registers and they have been defined in the assembler as the Chip Reserved Word already For example the H L register could write in the program directly without declaration in program And all bit map memory space is the same When the bit memory is used in program a F prefix should be add in the name of the memory For example if the GIE bit is to be set bObset FGIE is correct Please refer to datasheet for detailed system register names and description of each chip 7 1 5 Number Expression The first digital of the number should be 0 9 Example 255 Decimal expression OxFF Hexadecimal expression OFFh Hexadecimal expression 11111111b Binary expression 7 1 6 Arithmetic Operation Users can use Mes mM MeN ye amp a ae ys ree etc for arithmetic operations Example SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page70 O KY Nem tk eo AR 2 A SN8 C Studio ew We SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 14 The followings are the arithmetic meanings of the symbol in order of priority sub expression plus minus od not logic
45. storage is used broadly in C programming lauguage In C programming language if there is no storage type for a variable system will treat it as an automatical variable That is to say you can omit the key word auto in C programming language There are four attributes of the automatical variables 1 The auto variable scope is only in the object which defines them If a function defines them they can be used only in the function If a compound statement defines them they can be used only in the compound statement 2 All the auto variables are dynamic storage type so system allocates memory units for them when the functions which include auto variables are called Then the lifetime of auto variable begins When the calling action ends system releases memory units and the auto variable lifetime terminates Therefore the auto variable value can t be saved after the calling action The auto variable which are defined in the compound statements can t be used when they are out of their scope either Otherwise there will be errors 3 The auto variable scope and auto variable lifetime are both related with the objects functions or compound statements in which they are defined Hence it is allowed to give the different auto variables the same name in different objects For example there are one function and one compound statement in the function When an auto variable which named as a is defined in the function an
46. the Next button to continue setup or press Cancel button to abort Figure2 3 SH8 C Studio License Agreement Please read the following license agreement carefully So Ni ak LICENSE Use the program on a single machine and copy the program into ary progalladssierer eo or pinten fom or PaCRUP aaah a the program on the single machine Transfer the program and icense to another party the other party agrees to accept the terms and conditions of this Agreement If you transfer the program you must at the same time either transfer all copies whether in machine readable or printed form to the same party or destroy any copies not transfered this includes all modifications and portions of the program merged into other programs O geet Gils be tere cl bc Kiss eget lt Back After read the license agreement choose the above option to accept the terms of the license SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page9 NAO RUW o at eeoameaa SN8 C Studio N AG BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual agreement and click the Next button Specify the path you want to install the development system software and click the Next Button Figure 2 4 SN8 C Studio R Choose Destination Location Select folder where setup wil install fles SONEX Instal SN8 C Studio to C Sonix SN8_C_Studio_V1 2a1 Click the Install button to begin installation Figure 2 5 SH8 C Studio Ready to Install the Program The wizard
47. to execute IDS commands This section presents an item by item description of each SN8 C Studio menu 3 1 File Menu and Toolbar The File menu and toolbar provides menu items that relate to files used by SN8 C Studio To conform with other applications this menu also contains a preferences item and an exit menu item File Edit View Project Buils CD few Ctrl N Open Ctr1 0 Close Open Yorkspace Close Workspace fed Save Ctrl s Save As Save All Print Setyp Print Preview amp Print Ctrl P 1 S89COM ASM 2 SSOPRO ASM 3 SSQVEC ASM 4 SSSPA Demo azm Recent Workspaces gt Exit D gag x amp 7 New SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel2 SN DWoWne wet eeoa maa SN8 C Studio N INS BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Create a new file Click the file menu and a new dialog box will be displayed for the user to choose the new file s type Open Opens a file dialog to select a file to open directly in the editor Assembly File C File Binary Object File SHH O Asa t cx a Denoi Deno HAH T Asseably Files asm dis x Wit Close Close the source file which is being displayed currently in focus Open workspace Open an existing workspace SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page13 N V AE T e E SN8 C Studio S WN BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Open Vorkspace Epderol Deno gy Deno sp szw Po HAH T Workspaces x wsp mih
48. to the formal parameter keyPress The conversion codes spush arg __SelectBANK _keyFinishCHK_arg0 MOV A _keyFinishCHK_arg0 __SelectBANK _keyConvert_arg0 MOV _keyConvert_arg0 A End push arg call _keyConvert __SelectBANK _keyFinishCHK_arg0 MOV _keyFinishCHK_arg0 A send of function call From the codes which are shown above we can see that there is a media register A in the example When the return value is only one byte the media register is A but we can t find the gap There will be more obvious code consume when using other registers Because there are the global parameters and local parameters in C programming language we can reuse the finite RAM to save other resources At the same time it is separated from the bottom address and you can name the parameters as you like This is convenient for users However when we use the local parameters we must consider the occupy room of the excessive codes Then the rule decrease using global parameters in general computer programming is being challenged We must consider that either use the global parameters or the parameters in function definition For the SCM hardware oriented programming it is better to use the global parameters to transfer values This will lead to the high efficiency of generating codes The generation codes are similar with the assembly language SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page148 O K V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA
49. within interrupt function A7 Yes But when calling user defined function within both interrupt amp main SN8 C Studio would complain multiple function call problem SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page201 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Q8 Why in compiling it show error message Value 0xE6 was limited in this instruction A8 Due to some limitations in BOMOV M I instruction the immediate value I cannot be 0xE6 or OxE7 for those chips SN8P270X SN8P2604 SN8P2602 SN8P2501 Q9 Why in compiling it show error message Value 0x83 was in limited range of 0x80 OxFF A9 Due to some limitations in BOXCH A M the memory M can t be within address 0x80 0xFF for those chips SN8P270X SN8P2604 SN8P2602 SN8P2501 Q10 Why in compiling it show error message instruction at 0x08 is not jmp nor nop A10 For chips SN8P2501 SN8P2602 SN8P2604 SN8P2608 SN8P270X the rom address 0x8 must be instruction either jmp or nop Q11 Why in compiling it show error message address with mask OxFF must not equal OxFE or OxFF All For chips SN8P2501 SN8P2602 SN8P2604 SN8P2608 SN8P270X SN8P2714 SN8P2715 SN8P2711 the PCL can t be written at address with mask OxFF OxFE OXff Q12 Why in compiling it show error message XXX bank number of the fix up address must equal 0 A12 Due to SN8 instruction BOXXX limits the memory mu
50. words of a statement One or more blanks between keywords and identifiers are necessary to avoid syntax errors For instance write int a as inta and C compiler will consider inta as an identifier mistakenly 5 Constant The constant in C including number constant character constant string constant symbol constant and ESC 6 Comments Block comments The comments in C language are strings begin with and end with The statements between and are comments C compiler will do nothing with the comments Comments can exist in anywhere of a programme Comments are used for explaining the purpose of a programme The statements that will not be used while debugging can also be involved by and to make the compiler ignore them and and can be deleted after debugging Line comments line comments is begin with the parts after are comments 8 2 Data Type All C data types are supported by SN8 C but SN8 C is for 8 bit singlechip so the definition and length of data types should be taken into consideration SN8 C has its own specific definition and data length which should be distinguished Please refer to the following table Data Type Size Byte Range of the data Signed char short int 1 128 127 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page86 O V a a H RO AR 2s A SN8 C Studio N ALF SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD U
51. 0 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Linker has the responsibility Page195 No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D ASAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Item2 DumpAt 0x400000 Register Ram 0x0 0x10 0x20 Item3 DumpAt 0x4000a4 Register ALL_REGISTERS Ram 0x0 0x10 9 5 Error and Warning Messages 1 Put descriptions of error messages in module s resource file for future enhancement for multi language support 2 Please follow the syntax shown below The IDE will parse the syntax and show appropriate information on the message window and so the user can double click on the message line to jump to the source line on the editor Error Warning error_number error message description For example Error 2001 multiply defined global symbol symbol Warning 2001 multiply defined global symbol symbol second definition is ignored 9 6 Debugger During the development process the repeated modification and testing of source programs is an inevitable procedure The SN8 C STUDIO provides a debugging environment which allows single stepping symbolic breakpoints automatic single stepping trace trigger conditions etc After the application program has been successfully assembled and built emulation of the application program can begin by using debug commands Note that during the emulation of an application program the corresponding project should be open SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page196
52. 00 Project Projects SNG 1600 Project SNG 2T00A Sreies Static Library Project SNO 2600 Series Static Library Project SNG 2500 Series Static Library Project SNG 2200 Series Static Library Project SNG 1900 Series Static Library Project SNG 1800 Series Static Library Project lt Nene Locatio p ASNS Test test MyNew p Name Enter a name you want to create It has an extension name of PRJ Location Click the button to select an existing path SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page35 No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D f N Ba SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual Thus you have finished the processing of project setting Next you should to go deep into enrich the project established currently 5 1 2 Open and Close a Project The SN8 C Studio can work with only one project at a time which is the active project at any time If a project is to be worked upon the project should first be opened by using the Open command Then insert the project name directly or browse the directories and select a project name Use the Close command to close the project 5 2 Manage the Source File The user can use the New command to add or Edit command to remove source program files from the opened project The order of the source files displayed in the list box and it is the order of the input files to the Linker The Linker processes the input files according to the order of these files in the box The fo
53. 0h display 0 00 when electrified mov menu disp l a mov a 11111111b mov disp5 a This is the assembler program for the former C program and the two programs functions are all the same There is no jump or judgement in the sequential assembler language it is corresponding with the original program The logical relationship of them can be found out easily by this compare 8 4 2 Conditional Structure Except in the simplest programs sequential program is inadequate to the problem we must solve Special flow of control program statements allow for the conditional or repeated execution of a simple or compound statement which is based on the true or false evaluation of an expression The if Statement An if statement provides for the conditional execution of either a statement or statement block based on whether a specified expression is true 1 Basic syntactic form SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page103 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual if condition statement If the condition is true the statement followed will be executed otherwise do nothing 2 The if else form if condition Statement Else Statement2 If the condition is true statement will be executed otherwise execute statement2 Conditional Program Flow A Operation B Operation Figure4 2 Conditional Program Flow Simple conditional structure judges one cond
54. 1 Build Message WindoW cccsccssesssesecssesscsseencseescesecaseseescesecsaeesesecseesecaeesecsaeesesaecatesesacesecsasecesaeeeeeaesaeeseonaes 27 4 2 2 Debug Message Window csccsssssssscssessceseenenseescesecatesecscescsseesessecseesecueeseesaeesesaecasesesacesecsasenesaeeeeeassateeeenaes 28 ADS Find im Files Window isd E E A eh edocs cases E Bee ees ese ae shee SN cle bests se aks 28 4 2 4 Popup Menu for Message Window scsccsccsssssesscssecssesecssessceseessesesseesecueeseesaeeseaecatesecacesecsasecesaeeeeeaesaeeeeenaes 28 AS DEBUG VIEW AEE EIEE E EE EEE E AE E EAEE oid al aaa ae ee 29 A I WLC AO a a aE E a E a a a E R E a O eii 29 Aa a 1018 AUT 17110 a AE EEEE E E E EE A AE E E E EEE E A E ae E E A 31 4 3 3 Memory WiNdOW csresmseo isrener ir no ea a ae T EEE aE NEA ERE EE AE EEEE E Na VE NEON AE S EESE 31 4 3 4 Register WindOow c scsccsccssssssssensesecsceecceenssacesesecasesecsceseesaecsssecasesecaeeseesaeesesaseasusesaeeaeesaeeessaseneeaecaseseesee 33 5 DESIGNING PROJECT vsicsscsssscssssssvcssocssesccescssaccessssescosdeccsvessssosctssesosesseevescedceassecsesssedecssdssssesessodssosdeeseseaccescseesesse s 34 5 1 PROJECT MANAGE 6 sisesscccdiceads scnsnebecoieaies E ee ee 34 Dll Created New Project sciscevescdcssieousa shone e E E sea susncshastovats so raseduessguneacvanedveseseesy onyvedonpuenebbeawsnestes vies 34 Did 2 Open Gnd Close a ProjeCt onurga E Saned sabe eoeae Mass igus ae tha Goose eee aan E eae 36 552 MANA
55. 25 8 6 1 RAM ROM POMmte rs csscsccciticdecs cdsth2is naa a a a E 125 80 2 Generne POUNIER rinnen a AERA Rane a 126 8 7 FUNCTIONS gesessccesszeccccvszsteeduavocee tests tiznce0es deeds aeceveds EEE ENE EERE ESE EEA EEE REEE EE E EEEE EERE 127 6 7 1 Function Def mitom srasesionea n a a A E Gu laceteeusethiveuaes 127 6 72 Argument PASSING sci si gis scateatassecxitisstintiv a a e a a a a ei oan Saaai 132 6 7 3 Ihe Variable ScOplssiciissi ainina aeaii nai eea ai ia ean e ea eiaa bith cee ns 136 8 7 4 The parameters and Global Variables c ccceccsscssscsesecsseeseuseeseeseeseesecacesecsceesceaeessesecacesecseeeasaeeseeaeeatesesaaeats 147 8 8 THE APPLICATION OF STRUCTURES AND UNIONS IN SN8 C PROGRAMMING cssscccessceceessececeeaeeecseeeeeesneeeennes 149 Bs Gol SIT UCTUTES einne ition tuectucesnactaee a ebes Wane sues uke nied dane obs tints Shes a aa a E rE 149 SiO 2 ONIONS areae anena a e tune tues tawccbetucketees ae a a a tuck etbas eaa a ir tuctentectivessie Besos te 154 8 9 INTERRUPTIONS oreinen aen dalle eoceevivn tet atevuess alec sates waged E eee AE ORE ewee 159 8 9 1 The Definition of Interruption Functions ccccesccescese cess esse eseeeseeeneeseeeeceeeceaeceaecssecaaecaeeeseeeseeesaeeeeeeeeeaeenaes 159 8 9 2 Interruption ANGLYSIS oies sauevsensascevdedicsuyvesthovapsaavbucsbbesctestssutveeteetsosscussbattebuetessdasde E EAEE 163 8 9 3 The Interruption Function Structure ccccccccccscceescesecesecsecsseeseeeseesseesseeeeeesecesecesecaecsa
56. 2K 2K 2K gt SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page53 SONIX gt main ae or Ft Tek RE fe A PR A SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD SN8 C Studio User s KKK KK K K K 3K K K 2K K K 3K 3K 8 3K 3K FK 2K K K 2K 3K 3K 3K FK FK FK K K 3K 3K 3K 3K FK FK K K K 3K 3K 2s 3K FK FK FK K K 2K FK 2s 3K FK FK K 2 K ok 2 gt chip SN8P2604 extern code reset extern code mnkey extern code int rs extern code mnintgnd nolist includestd macrol h includestd macro2 h includestd macro3 h list data include Tsn8p2604 inc include custom h code user_seg segment code at 0x00 jmp main00 org 8 jmp int rs org 10 main00 mov a 0fh b0mov stkp a mov A 0c0h bOmov pflag a call reset Initial cpu register bObset fgie main10 rst_wdt SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page54 Manual N NOW ea AEREOS MA SN8 C Studio DO MBAN SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual call mnintgnd Interface between interrupt and main call mnkey main90 jmp main10 LLL tb_key if LLL chip sn8p2604 extern data keychat extern data aplcode extern code relaysw public mnkey nolist includestd macrol h includestd macro2 h includestd macro3 h include custom h list data include Tsn8p2604 INC EKK KK K K K 3K K K K 3K K 3K 2K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K 2K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K K 3K 3K K 3K K 3K K 3K 3K K K gt keyinbuf0 ds 1 bit0 gt key 1 bitl gt key 2 bit2 gt key 3 bit3 gt key 4 bit4 gt key 5 bits gt key 6 bit6 g
57. 3 Loop Structure key89 key89 key89 key89 key89 key89 SN8 C Studio press button to reserve Manual Loop structure is very important for a program Loop control statements support the repeated execution of a single statement or statement block while a specified condition holds true The condition is called loop condition the repeated statement or statement block are called loop body C provides different loop control statements to compose different loops SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel13 O KY V a a EREDA ee SN8 C Studio AO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Figure4 5 While loop flow chart The while Statement The syntactic form of while statement while condition statement For as much iteration as the condition evaluates as true the statement or statement block is executed While loops in C tempbuf 0 while tempbuf 15 tempbuf delay While loops in assembler Clr y Loop SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel14 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studio wow We SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual BOmov a y Cmprs a 15 Jmp 2 Jmp loop90 decms y delay jmp loop loop90 RET Here are notes for while statement 1 The condition in while statement is usually relational or logical expressions the while loop will loop until the expression is evaluated to false 0 2 More than one statements in loop body should be involve
58. 7 7 2 0 Definition of Programming Data seccsccssiessessecissessieserccsevesnesseseteeseessideseekvateebevesvousesetuetvenssveseeteeteebeteaveaverevtes 78 7 2 1 Bit Arithmetic FUNC OM cwesoeiccainsceatavensen eescetan teens sasnueutesevaive duu ecen E EE EE A E REER 79 TSA SSEMBLY DIRECTIVES eiorinn A A A 79 8 SN8 C LANGUAGE wu ssssscsessccsesesescssensssssnssecnsssesessssssssensssnsneesesssssossssensssssnoscosssssossssssessssnessessessossosssessssnessnsers 83 Be OVERVIEW R E E A sdendiessdontoas ide E E E E E 83 8 1 1 Structure of C Source CODE siieu noaei ia a leet eneadeasidvalegesieustesdienloveusraitestiet istvdesdeasttioiee 83 8 1 2 Character Set Of C Language sssusa irasos rieni e a rE SE aE E Ne iaai SEN EE Ee ia 83 8 1 3 Glossaries OF C LAN QUA LErni AE A E AE 84 OZ DATA TYPE ccein esere raitea aoa eiie E E EE EER EA E E TEE E EE NERE PE ESEETO EEA E a RE SEATS A 86 8 2 1 Constants and Variables isiscssesinsiirren siniese arai Eae e E E eae e Ea EERE RERE E ESR 87 8 2 2 Data Storage Type and Structures sissisota ciiisean iiano aiea aeaa E biai iaaa ieai 92 8 2 3 Bank CONPQULANON serin a E E A AE E AR 94 8 3 BASIC OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS sssscsessesesesssseseeeecscsescsesesececsenscsesesececsesessesesececsenassesesececsenaessseneceesenananes 95 8 3 1 Arithmetic Operators and EXPVeSSiONS cccssscssscssssscsseescuseeseeseeseesecaceecsseeseeaeeseesecaeesecsaeeeesaeesesaecaeeaeeneeaeees 95 8 3 2 Relational Operators and EXpPreSSions
59. A SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Click Debug button to debug the program all the hardware operations will be simulated by software in PC The way to debug and the files generated are the same with ICE simulation But the measure of voltage and electric current is not enabled and the performance of user hardware can not be examined but the rightly execution of the program can be ensured FAQs This chapter lists some questions users may meet with on the course of using the SN8 C STUDIO and how to deal with those questions Make good use of this section can greatly increase user s development efficiency Q1 For chip SN8P1909 SN8P1908 SN8P1829 why special registers within address 0x90 0x99 show incorrect value in debug windows A1 For those special register within address 0x90 0x99 the SN8 MCU require user use XMOV macro to get set value from in it when using EV chip ICE Mode 1 for chip SN8P1909 SN9P1908 SN8P1829 But ICE interface didn t implement XMOV macro to get set value from it Therefore those values show in debug window Register Watch Memory windows would be incorrect Q2 Why bit register operations demand such code size A2 SN8 C Compiler provide the following bit wise function void bSET unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page200 O V a a A eo AR 2S A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual void bCLR
60. A SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual 7 2 7 Bit Arithmetic Function Syntax BIT parameter INT parameter FIELD parameter Description regarding bit operand retrieve bit by BIT retrieve integral number by INT or retrieve bit column by FIELD Example P XOR EQU P14 BOBSET INT P_XOR 0X10 BIT P_XOR bObset plm 4s set up out mode MOV A FIELD P_ XOR MOV A 10H BIT4 XOR INT P XOR A XORP1 A TOGGLE PIN 7 3 Assembly Directives 1 Conditional Directives Conditional assembly directives let you test for a specified condition and assemble a block of statements if the condition is true They are enclosed with IF and ENDIF directives The optional ELSE block follows the IF directive and its statements Syntax IF expression_1 statements_1 ELSEIF expression_2 statements_2 ELSE statements_3 ENDIF SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page79 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Description the statements within the IF and ELSE statement can be any valid instructions or directives The preprocessor processes the statements following the IF directive only if the corresponding expression is true If the expression evaluated is false the preprocessor only processes the statements following the ELSE directive as the block contains the ELSE directive Otherwise the preprocessor process nothing The fol
61. ANDS COMMENTS Example START MOV A 0X35 A 0X35 ADD A 36H A 0X6B DAA A 0X71 JMP START There are some restrictions and rules to write the comments for label instruction operands and comments To see the following sections which show detailed description about the four parts 7 1 1 Label The first character of label should be A Z a z _ The rest of characters except the last character of label can be A Z a z _ 0 9 The last character of label should be written as symbol There is no limitation on how many characters for a label but label name can not be repeated In order to prevent using so many different label names the following instructions can be used to indicate the different label names SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page67 No BN Vis 2 44 4k we REZA SN8 C Studio D f N EA SOHIX TECHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Firstly use symbol of as a tentative label name and take use of this tentative label to indicate its previous label name and next label name Secondly use B to point out the previous label name located at right before the tentative label name of Thirdly use F to point out the next label name which is located right after the tentative label name of Example JMP F Jump to the next JMP B Jump to the previous 7 1 2 Operand If there are two operands they should be separated by a symbol of Example MOV A
62. CO LTD User s Manual clock_min bed clock_min unsigned int bed unsigned int input return result_buf Figure5 1 The Argument passing and returning The features of formal parameters and arguments in functions 1 When the formal parameters are called system allocates memory for them When the calling action is finished system will release the allocated memory Therefore the formal parameters are only available inside the functions they are invalid when the function had returned 2 The arguments can be constants variables expressions and functions etc When the functions use the arguments there must be a certain value for each argument to pass to the formal parameters Therefore an argument should be granted a value by assigning or inputing value 3 Formal parameters and arguments must accord with each other in amounts types and orders Otherwise there will be a Not Matched error 4 The functions calling action is unidirectional That is to say only the argument value can be passed to the formal parameter and the reverse is not right Therefore the formal parameter values will be changed but an argument will not be changed during a function call The function value is the return value of the caller function 1 The function value can only be gained by return expression The form of return expression SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page133 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D IN
63. Click the plus then the currently changed value will be red highlighted A B E 0x00 JEI H 0x00 Rk 0x00 a 4 OxTF T 0x00 x 0x00 PFLAG 0x05 KBANK 0x00 OPTION 0x00 Lop 0x09 gt AMPH 0x00 AMPCHS 0x00 ie Call Stack Window Call stack window is used to display the stack station and the AFR prs 2 You can judge whether the function calling is right or wrong SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page64 KF Nem tek eo AR Se A SN8 C Studio wow We SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 21x call mnapp call mnintgnd interface betwe Memory Window During running the procedure if you want to get the value of some specified Ram registers just input the address in the box behind Go to and click Enter to verify The Memory window will then display value of the specified register Disassembly Window The Disassembly window is used for watching the assembly code 6 7 Setting Breakpoints Put the cursor on the right line and choose the Breakpoint command to set a breakpoint in a program Then the program will stop right on the breakpoint without execute the instruction of the line int_rs push xch a accbuf bOmoy a pflag bOmoy pflagbuf a itest irq bObtsO fTimerirq amp jmp inttcO int_rs90 pop bOmoy a pflagbuf bOmoy pflag a xch a accbuf reti 6 8Trace the Program With the system debug tools users can trace the program so that keeping track of the
64. EBUG 7 Ouput file path name OUTPUT filename or SN8 C Studio OUTPUT full path name with space in it Example sdump all output a out dmp a out sdump debug output c path project 1 a out dmp a out Files SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page194 Manual No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED HOM BD A SN8 C Studio D ASAN SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 1 ELF formatted object and executable file 2 Archive file 5 4 File Format 9 4 Map File Format Executable File Output SonixDemo out Timestamp is Mon Jun 14 11 06 57 2004 Start Length Type Name Module 0X000000 0X0004 Code zeroaddr SONIXDEMO o 0X010000 OX009E Code __ codel SONIXDEMO o Start Length Type Name Module 0X000000 0X020E Data data SONIXDEMO o Address Type Size Publics Module Address Type Size Locals Module 0X000000 Section 0X000 DATA SONIXDEMO o 0X010000 Section 0X000 CODE1 SONIXDEMO o 0X010036 No type 0X000 test_start SONIXDEMO o 0X000100 Object 0X001 LAST KEYO SONIXDEMO o Log Configuration File Format IND The log file is an input for emulator to dump run time register values on emulation The log file records the location and registers or rams to be logged to log file to generate the log file with the name xxx out slg General StopAt 0x10000 LOG STOP_PROGRAM for ges exe Item0 DumpAt 0x3f Register x0 y0 x1 yl Ram 0x0 0x10 0x200 Item 1 DumpAt 0x4b Register ALL_REGISTERS Ram 0x10 0x20 0x30 0x4
65. ECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page137 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Variables a b and c will be available in function f1 The variables x y and z are also available inside the function f2 The variables m and n are only available inside the main function There are some notes about the variable scope as following 1 The variables which are defined inside the main function can be used only inside the main function They can t be used in other functions At the same time the main function can t call the variables which are declared inside other functions The reason is that the main function is also a normal function and it is parallel with other functions This is different from other programming languages 2 The formal parameters are the local variables of the called functions and the arguments are the local variables of the caller functions 3 The variables in different functions can have the same name They represent different objects and system allocates different memory units to them Such variables will not cause confusion In the example 5 3 it is allowed that both of the two variables are named n 4 You can define the variables in the compound statements These variables can only be called in the compound statement main int s a j Ee s a The scope of variables s and a
66. F Tastruction Cycle p LITET TTTITTTTITTTTITTITITIIIIIITLLLI 10 bOacv z clrran A lt i Il check raa bank O00h O7Tfh E SevtA Deno ase 12 clr raald write 0x55 to raa gt E Heater 13 eall n clr g clr y sis be M4 decat 2 bOeov 2 807Fh use dpOx hl elr_raald 6 zep s call wranSSaa 16 call x i decas z jap clr_ranil0 aT iT call wraaSSaa pr 8 eck Me ee check raa bank 10Gh 1Tth x Tass binos LAS L 0x00 20 bao x b mov 2 80FFh use dpOx hl p x 0x00 gt 21 clr_raa20 5 ne 22 clr_raa20 call wraa5SSaa T x00 23 eal decas z t 0x00 jap elr_ran20 wr Ont 24 call wraadS FLAG 24 decas z on es ISANE 0x00 25 yap c bOmov y 82 OPTION 0x00 bmov z 807Fh use dp x hl c Lope 0x09 26 al lt gt TT 0x00 v ACHE 0x00 y lt gt SBOP A Seuvec 29 sooro EA secom asu E kiami i Le Address i Valve OxO0OOOGAC Cammet eve watchs A Watch A watchs tocal Sieulater La I4 Col 1 Car mat 4 3 1 Watch Window The Watch window displays values of selected variables or watched expressions It is divided into three parts with different labels so that there is enough space to display variables The Watch window is only updated when execution is stopped at a breakpoint or exception occurs Values that have changed since the last break are highlighted To add a variable to the Watch window just select and drag it into the Watch window The variable name location address
67. GE THE SOURCE BIL By 35 5 s0iccsi dadesacnsceorcesvadeasuncancscaniydovecaeencdsansnusestnsanessauvedeecensan casunsndes saseanersaseaesesusuanecars 36 5 2 1 Creating a New Source File ccceccescesseesesssesseesscesecesecesecaecaecaaecsaeeseeeseeeeeeseeseecesesesessecaaecsaecsaeeaaeenaseneeeaees 36 D2 2 Add A SOURCE fil eieae a o a e e E E E e E E ateleronausde aE 38 D233 Delete A SOUrCE Pile xd cseseedstvenindeosanshacsadebsieossuasateteesnde citaoubenednesedsvebenoubstacundesceedaedweverbencabaaatnbacsieduadnesbasecsonbewae 38 5 3 CONFIGURE THE PROJECT cccssssccccccsesssscececccsesesseaececececsessaaececececsessaaececececsensaaeeecececsesaaesesececsessaaeaeeeesesensaeaeees 39 3 1 General SCMING inin a E E goutevmactuoesdoapaseunacasizenssauteuseautons E E EN 39 3 3 2 Chip SCUING ossiani E a o E e E E E E e E E E E E E AE T EAEN 40 3 3 3 Directory SeN E ioeie aiia E e E a E E e a E aE a a 41 5 3 A Assembler Senn seai E ee n AES a aan Nen a A E e E a E 41 3 33 Linker Seti opaga E E a E e a a E 43 3 30 Code Opon qopsan E e E e ne AS a e RAE a e Ea 43 5 4 COMPILE THE PROJECT cccesscsssissvecctessvesstevsevecveess sesetessencdevssvesedses cosvavscostecseveesduvevecssdesssoacendscssevesnedeteaacosveanseousects 44 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page3 S DOW eat ROAA SN8 C Studio AO AG ENA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 3 41 Compiling SOUTCE Fles sisses aaneen a nE E EE E e EEE S A EREE EE EE EREE 44 R EAI E AE A E A E E A E E AE
68. LE MENU AND TOOLBAR cccssssssecececsesssseceeeceesesnseeecececeessuueceeececsesauesecececeeseaaeseeecessessaueeececscceseaueaeeeesesensaeaeees 12 3 2 EDIT MENU AND TOOLBAR cccecscsccececsessseeseeececsensececececeessuaeceeececsesuaesecececeeseaueseeeceesesaaesesececeeseaaeaeeeesesessnaeaeees 14 3 3 VIEW MENU AND TOOLBAR n dcscescesiccesessdsdccec aevasssocsous REE ARE A E AE O E AEA EEEE ERS 16 3 4 BULD MEN AND TOOLBAR 5 03 s0sscsscee s0sesdevsesi EREA AEE EEEE RE AE 17 33 DEBUG MENU AND TOOLBAR kcisit ea ae RRE E A AREE EA EARE EE 18 3 6 TOOL MENU yiiscee se decesszsteescsesdes ova EEE EE E EE E E EEEE E EEA NEEE ES 21 3 7 WINDOW MENU fcszccedesszsSecacoecees e E EAEE AEE EEE E RE E EE E R EEES 21 3 8 HELP MENU seser sees itse EE EREE REEE chee css esate EE Ea O OERE E EEEE E EKOA IEOR EA EE 21 A WINDOWS OVERVIEW wssssisssctaccsssstocseessissscccnsovssscosessessesseseessssvivesosesssssodendesseiuscoesebasisscebassesscivesesssissseesssessscsesesses 22 4 1 THE WORKSPACE WINDOW ccecssssscecececeesssuececececeesssasceeececsensssesecececsesesaeseeececsesesaaseseeeceesenaaeeeecesesenneaeeeeeeeeeenees 23 AL di Project VIEW aerae e a e cade wera E E EE E lt apecudeu sade datoteabaseuut ousteetegetcouseguseaniganscacsaees 23 he TD PLC VIC ASPE EE ENE EEE E EEEE E AE EPEE E EET T 24 4 2 OUTPUT WINDOW eszsssccs seasesvcceescticcagengasteqeeonco qeuenccsgdaecnequnaesd tines egsauaevogstacesogatanessce duces RAE OSs RERAN Era eie ii 27 4 2
69. LUE INSTR START TEXT MACRO lt SUBSTRING gt VALUE INSTR START VARIABLE lt SUBSTRING gt VALUE INSTR START ARITHMETIC lt SUBSTRING gt Description find out substring from string beginning with start position in which the first character is in position 1 If substring cannot be found value is to be 0 string For more information of the format of STRING please refer to TEXTEQU Example S1 TEXTEQU lt 12 34 56 gt V1 INSTR 1 S1 lt gt V1 equivalent to 3 V2 INSTR VI1 1 S1 lt gt V2 equivalent to 6 7 2 4 Section Definition Syntax CODE DATA CONST Description set current address as programming section CODE data section DATA or constant section CONST The size of programming section depends on the space of ROM size The size of data section depends on the space of RAM size There is no size issue in constant section Each section can be inter replaceable The system defaults the section as programming section CODE and its starting address is 0 Example CODE MOV A 0 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page75 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studio AO NRE MA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual DATA RAMO DS 1 Equivalent to ram0 equ 0 RAMI DS 1 Equivalent to ram1 equ 1 CODE DATA BUFO DS 2 Equivalent to buf0 equ 2 BUF1 DS 1 Equivalent to bufl equ 4 CODE ORG Syntax ORG NEW ADDRESS Description User can re set the programming address that is generally used to inter
70. NOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual statements are processed L125 __SelectBANK _ step MOV A _step 0 SUB A 0x10 JNZ L93 L128 __SelectBANK _disp_blink MOV A 3 XOR disp blink A L129 __SelectBANK _disp_blink MOV A 3 AND disp blink A L130 mov a 0x01 L131 mov _led_dp a L132 L133 jmp L94 The embedded assembly statements L130 L131 are the same as it in the C programme Of course the implementation result will be the right one 8 12 2 The Transference in Embedded Assembly Code It is known to all that the variable declaration is different between C programming and assembly programming The C codes void func void SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page182 NODO Y n a HERO ARRA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual int x __asm To get the local variable x j return The compilation result C sn8cc gt sn amp 8cc w prog c SN8CCWARN prog c 3 source warning local int x is not referenced prog c 0 error s 1 warning s In the previous example because sn8cc treats the variable x as unused SN8 C Compiler doesn t check the inline assembly code the option w allows sn8cc to report the warning messages System also can t allocate memory space for x Hence the address which is stored in the embedded group codes is wrong To solve the problem using of preprocessing instruction pragma ref id is suggested
71. O you can assign 1 to the flag TCOENB TCOM bit7 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page171 No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio N f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual _bSET amp TCOM 7 When you want to stop the TC0 you can clear the flag TCOENB TCOM bit7 _bCLR amp TCOM 7 Both of the _bSET function and bCLR function are efficient The conversion codes are shown below PreBOSET 218 7 0 PreBOCLR 218 7 0 Both of the _bTest0 function and bTest1 function are discrimination functions They give the decision bit 1 or 0 and return an int type data value 8 10 3 Bit Comparison Application in the Flowing Control We often implement the programmes using flowing control mechanism and they are often depending on one or more conditions System will use flags to indicate whether the conditions are valid or not Hence the comparison and estimation of bits are so important For example if globalSW tareRQ While processing the zero bits system doesn t process the following ones captrueZero stabledata In the example the decision is via the bit globalSW tareRQ which is defined by users If this bit is 1 it will call the function captrueZero stabledata else it will omit the calling of function captrueZero stabledata Then it implements the following statements The conversion assembler codes are shown below
72. O V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual SN8 C STUDIO USER S MANUAL V1 0 SONIX reserves the right to make change without further notice to any products herein to improve reliability function or design SONIX does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others SONIX products are not designed intended or authorized for us as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body or other applications intended to support or sustain life or for any other application in which the failure of the SONIX product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur Should Buyer purchase or use SONIX products for any such unintended or unauthorized application Buyer shall indemnify and hold SONIX and its officers employees subsidiaries affiliates and distributors harmless against all claims cost damages and expenses and reasonable attorney fees arising out of directly or indirectly any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use even if such claim alleges that SONIX was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel SONIN ae or Ft Te BE O A PR 2 4 SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD SN8 C Studio User s Manual AMENDMENT HIS
73. OK button to confirm Breakpoint Setting Breakpoints Break at File name and Line no File j Line Mo Address Address mn eer Breakpoints Address Hit Count SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page198 N V AE T e SN8 C Studio S WN BAVA Sonix TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 1 0 Simulator SONiX ICE is an In Circuit Emulator designs to support all series of SONiX 8 bit Microcontroller It provides a powerful and reliable emulating environment And SN8 C Studio also integrates a function rich software simulator in order to bring convenience to development When simulated by the software hardware connection is not needed all the hardware functions are simulated by PC 10 1 Software Simulation In order to use software simulation project setting introduced before should be set the check box of Use simulator in Primary Setting component of General page should be checked as follows Simulator Setting Project Setting r bs a General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option jpary Setting Set this Software Emulaton check box arcet File Ls to be enable General Build Setting W Generate Debug Informati I Protect Project Varning Level 3 aa Log Setting Log Script E l Log File EAD pi Debug Window Advanced Setting Watch variable case sensitive in Watch r Click OK to confirm SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page199 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZ
74. PROGRAM lt 3 ssiesscssesssschcsstesctiesedncbegsaeseseess sosves REEPERI E EENE EREEREER Vaerestesdenases PRENER NENEVE EREE ERREN EERENS 65 PART2 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS sssesesseessesoroesesecceeosoeseseseecssesosseseeseoe 67 T ASSEMBLER i ississcacasccenscstsesecssscccsestsuceossessesesastucssesecsestesiescatedocenssussoasatessssestusveseosasascectuasdsasescosusetesetussesdscsesscastsssoase 67 TLASSEMBLY LANGUAGE seieren reirei eiiean nes n SEa r EA Ee EESE ETER ES EEEE R ESETE ARE E EEE RENEE E S EERE E 67 7 E B B A E E E E E E E E E E E 67 PAOA EEE E E T S 68 LAS COMMENTS eenia in areae E RE O E Ea E E a E EROE E EEA E O a SEEE 69 71 A Chip Reserved Word iisiniiera oisinn sonne annaa ese ER eee LA eae 70 Zx Number Expressi ON ci oes cassbise isbaccaceaghl de jabSeeguliaiia a eea a a aa E EEE aE EN aeaee OSOE aA a iE 70 7 160 Arithmetic Operationerne A E E E EOR 70 T2 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS sa s2csacesisavineedeqcdesesaseacedsstioosietseasesecddunsteasuastsaeafensGeais2ovsstshers feavegeecatadessieaveientoceders oaveaes 71 72 1 Program Start and ENG ose s25i ssa csehi shes phen cua ea a sh aces LAGAN ete conan code a ea ceed a A aN AR D Aaaa 71 2 2 User Define Me Title rnnr iene na seatacvces yee ves savedea neq EEE EE REEE 72 7 2 3 Variable CXPTESS ION sinear eE R A A E E AEAEE E AEAEE oubigues 72 V24 Section Definition ienn nAn NEEN T EE RT NN RE ERE sees 75 7 2 3 Definition Of Byte Data soscinsioieiinesini i inie EEEN EEEREN 7
75. S BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual return expression or return expression The function of this statement is to calculate the value of the expression After calculation it passes the value to the caller function There can be more than one return expression in one function However there should be only one return statement been executed so there is only one return value 2 The function value type should accord with the declaration type else the value will be the function value The system will transform the type to the function value if there is dissaccord 3 You can omit the type declaration in the function definition when the function value is int 4 When the function has no return value you can declare it as void type the declaration type is void void s int n Once a function is defined as void its return value can t be used by the caller function For example after defining s as void type it will cause an error to write the expression sum s n in main function To make the programmes readable and reduce errors users should define the functions which have no return value as void type However we all know that all the C programmes can be implemented by converting to assembly language How can SN8 C carry out the function transference Though it is an inner problem in compilers but if you want to get better programmes it will be helpful to get familiar
76. Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Of course it is exceptive when necessary 8 8 The application of Structures and Unions in SN8 C Programming Structures and unions play important roles in general C programming and they are the data encapsulation type of C programming language In C programming language it is convenient for you to use the data encapsulation types when you are facing to the hardware oriented programming 8 8 1 Structures Structure is a construction type and it consists of several members Every member can be a base data type or a construction type at the same time Structure is a constructed data type so you should define construct them before using That is similar to using of the functions When you want to call a function you should define them before calling action Structure Definition To define a structure struct structure name Member list There will be several members in the member list members are the necessary elements of structures You should declare the type of each member in a structure To declare a member Member type member name SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page149 O K V a a A RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual When you name a member member name should follow the naming rule of identifiers For example struct stu int num char name 20 char sex float score ie In the structure defini
77. TORY Date Description VER 1 0 14 02 2007 V1 0 first issue SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page2 NODO Y a ann EOAR SN8 C Studio IO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Table of Content TABLE OF CONTEN WD cssvsssssssscidscsosstevcavesssescsissebucsesuvescssveccasesndcesstsseceaesoscevostacessass sbessosdesesconsssesvobossessessestbacsesvecessssntes 3 PART1 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT cssscsccssssccsssscccssssccccssscccccssceccesseccsessseccsesssceseses 6 MIN TRO DU CHION AEA E E AE E E E E E OE EE 6 TL SY STEM OVERVIEW sssissssscssssssssssessesssssssocestecteseccessesssbessesestshsecasdessesesseusesssisvdnseossbsesesdeccesssdbsdecesesscesessessessscacsesss 6 1 1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ccccecsessssecceececsesesaececececeessaueseeececseuaassececececseuaeseescecseuaeeecececeeseaeaeescecsessneseseesecenensnaetes 7 2 INSTALLATION 6 scisecdssccsiesscccsessacccssondsosssesccveseonccesuscescschssassesaeceseuavevessadcedesctasessses dsesesedcsseessccsssssceessoncesssssaccsesesossossees 8 2 1 HARDWARE INSTALLATION cccecsessececececeesesececececsesssceeceeeceeseasnaeeececscsessuaeceeececsessuaeeeeececeeseaeaetececsessasaeeeeseeesenees 8 222 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION anea eee enan e a aa ide decay ssnenxuetecegvoenedenvectesasd uebeueeatesls EE EEEE E 8 3 MENUS AND TOOL BUTTONS wsssssscosssscecessvenccsssccuscssatecscestusescesonsesesssesssnsstesssvesesesdscevsessdsieustesetencsessusueceseeseceosss 12 3 1 FI
78. U VALUE or BIT Description fixed variables can not be modified Example TRUE EQU 1 FALSE EQU 0 PINI EQU P0 0 NUM1 EQU 0X20 0X3 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page72 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 2 Syntax VARIABLE VALUE BIT Description changeable variables can be modified Example TEMP 0 TEMP TEMP 1 TEMP 1 TPIN TEMP 7 3 TEXTEQU Syntax STRING TEXTEQU lt STRING gt STRING TEXTEQU TEXT MACRO STRING TEXTEQU VARIABLE STRING TEXTEQU_ ARITHMETIC Description text macro would be changed to use for the replacement of STRING The variable or arithmetic after would turn to be serial words Catstr substr sizestr instr can be used to express above four different serial words Example 1 lt STRING gt CLRA TEXTEQU lt MOV A 0 gt Example 2 TEXT MACRO CLRALU TEXTEQU CLRA Example 3 VARIABLE TEMP 30 STR1 TEXTEQU TEMP TEXTEQU lt 0x1E gt STRI TEXTEQU 0d TEMP TEXTEQU lt 30 gt STR1 TEXTEQU 0x TEMP TEXTEQU lt le gt Example 4 ARITHMETIC TEMP 20 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page73 O V a a A RO AR 2 A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual STRI TEXTEQU TEMP 6 TEXTEQU lt 0x1A gt 4 CATSTR Syntax STRING CATSTR lt STRINGI gt lt STRING2 gt STRING CATSTR TEXT MACRO 1 TEXT MACRO 2 STRING CATSTR VARIABLE1 VARIABLE2 Description joint two serial wo
79. _ram oo ess check ram bank O00h 0Tfh E S0ePA Dewe asa write 0x55 to ran D Header clr r elr y six b0aov 2 807Fh use dpOx hl clr_raal0 call wrandSaa 16 call x decas z jap clr rario 17 call wraa5 aa ra Ea check raa bank 100h 17 h A sS bOmov y l EL 0x00 20 bOmov x b0mov 2 80FFh use dpOx hl p r x 0x00 j clr_raa20 R xn clr_raa20 call wraaSSaa t x00 call decas z S w jap clr _zan20 t eg 11 PUG decas z ce Wramooas lt FAAYE O00 Jap E bOmov y 2 OPTION 0x00 bOmov 2 S07Fh use dpOx hl c Lom O0 call gt sire 0x00 E MCE 0x00 5 Lede Local Sisulater La 14 Col 1 car ma Watch Window Watch window is used to watch the specified variables Double click the variable you want to watch and drag it into the Watch Window then you can observe its value changing SN8 C STUDIO will set the value into red color if it really changed SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page63 S V Nas a F 4k mR S Al SN8 C Studio N WN BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 0x0000064C Cannot eva Watch 1 Watch 2 Watch 3 To facilitate your observing you can split the Watch window into three parts Variable Window Variable window is used to display the format and its content is manual change by users This window just shows you the changed local variable automatically Register Window Register window shows the current value of SFR which lie in the RAM space from 0x80 to OXff
80. a conveninent notational alternative to simple if else statements Conditional operator are and it has the following synatatic form exprl expr2 expr3 exprl is always evaluated and results in either true or false If it evaluates to true expr2 is evaluated otherwise expr3 is evaluated For example rather than write simple if else statement if a gt b max a else max b One can write max a gt b a b 66 99 The meaning of this statement is if a gt b is true then assign a to max else assign b to max Here are some notes when use conditional expressions 1 The precedence of conditional operators is lower than relational operators and arithmetic operators but it s higher than assignment operators Thus max a gt b a b can be written as max a gt b a b 2 The and in conditional operator is a couple and they can not be used separately 3 The evaluation of conditional operators is right to left 8 3 7 Comma Operator In C comma is an operator it is called comma operator A comma expression is a series of expressions separated by commas The synatatic form is exprl expr2 The result of a comma expression is the value of the expr2 For example SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page99 NS DOoW ewe uvueoamaa SN8 C Studio N BIAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual void main int a 2 b 4 c 6
81. a long type variable but it must be with constraint conversion For example long LL int 1 32767 j 10 LL long 1I j Q21 How to embed assembly code in the c code A21 Apply with the key words _asm can embed the assembly code in the c program For example 1 _asm X0 0x12 n 2 _asm SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page204 O K Nin a t DARA SN8 C Studio D p N BA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual X0 0x12 Y0 0x12 3 __asm X0 0x12 nY0 0x12 n 4 __asm X0 0x12 n Y0 0x12 n Q22 Why the variables which is case sensitive but have same name can not be seen in the watch window A22 Pitch on the Watch variable case sensitively in Watch Window option in the project gt setting gt general gt Debug Window menu Q23 What is float data type size what is it s precision A23 A float data type occupies 32 bits 4 bytes and gives about 7 digits of precision Example Float f 1 23456789 The f would display as 1 2345679 in watch window Q24 What is the value of 0x40 c when c 0x41 amp c is a unsigned char A24 Due to c is an unsigned char The result of 0x40 c is also a unsigned char OxFF Example unsigned char c d c 0x41 d 0x40 c d OxFF here if d lt 0 This would be false due to d is unsigned return 0 if 0x40 c lt 0 This would be false due to 0x40 c is a unsigned too return 0 Q25 Why the assignment of a viarable to a pointer will cause an err
82. advantages and the SCM characteristics How to carry it out You should be familiar with the hardware and the SN8 ASM We know how the parameter transference is implemented in assembly language In fact the parameter transference in assembly language is that the usage of the globalization characteristic The global parameters value is not changed when the programme calls different functions When the programme is implementing the sub functions you can also get the required parameter value When the sub functions change the parameter values you can get the original value of the paramter when return to the caller function The parameter transference mechanism is similar in SN8 C The compiler defines corresponding numbers of global parameters for the function parameters These global parameters will be used for transferring Doing this is a better scheme but when compared with the global parameters in the assembly language it is not efficient When passing the defined arguments to the parameters the problem occurs There are also plenty of codes waiting for converting SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel47 O V a a H em oA mR 2 A SN8 C Studio DN DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Firstly let s see it from the return value aspect An example on the return value conversion is as follws keyPress keyConvert keyPress In the statement keyFinishCHK it calls the function keyConvert and save the return value
83. agBit I To define a union to operate the byte and bit which share the same address It is the same usage when we programme in C FlagWord flag7 Flag7 flagBit bit2 1 Because it doesn t return to original location the motor continues working If flag7 flagBit bit2 motor_port 1 Else motor_port 0 Turn off the oven light If flag7 flagBit bit1 grill port 0 Stop roasting Else Flag7 flagByte 0 Cut off all the loads The codes in C is the can carry out the same operation with assembly codes It is allowed to define a union which consists of a long variable a structure with a long variable and two int variables An example is shown below union longtype SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page158 O V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N ALF SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual unsigned long longV struct inttype unsigned int int l int h yintV After the longType definition you can cope with a long variable You can not only operate the upper byte but also the lower byte Then the and operation or operation and the shift operation are unnecessary This usage of unions will occur frequently in 8 bit SCM programming It is not only having the advantages of C programming language but also the assembly flexibility This is the supreme advantage of using unions 8 9 Interruptions In the real time programmes interruptions play important roles
84. al not multiplication division modulo addition subtraction lt lt shl Logical shift left gt gt shr Logical shift right gt greater than lt less than gt greater than or equal to lt less than or equal to is equal is not equal amp and xor or amp amp logical and logical or 7 2 Assembly Instructions Directives give direction to the Cross Assembler specifying the manner in which the Cross Assembler generates object code at assembly time Directives can be further classified according to their behavior as described below 7 2 1 Program Start and End 1 Syntax CHIP SN8XXXX SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page71 No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual Description to select IC Users can know which IC is available currently from menu option gt chip info The command should be defined prior to any assembly language and could only be defined once Example Chip sn80211 2 Syntax ENDP Description force to end the program and the program written right after this command would then not be compiled assembled Example Endp 7 2 2 User Define the Title Syntax TITLE descritpion statment Description the statement written after the title is the description statement Example TITLE This is a demo code 7 2 3 Variable expression 1 EQU Syntax VARIABLE EQ
85. ameter and the other is non parameter Here we will have an introduction of the difintion and invocation of these two kinds of macro Non parameter Macro Definition There are no parameters behind the macro name of non parameter macro the syntactic form is define identifier character string The symbol indicates this is a pre process command The commands begin with symbol H are all preprocessors define is a macro definition command and identifier is the name of the macro character string can be constant expression and format string etc The constant definition we had mentioned before is a kind of non parameter macro definition Besides the repeating used expressions are usually defined as macros for example define M y y 3 y This definition defines M to be y y 3 y While programming all the y y 3 y expressions can be replaced with M When compile the source code a macro expansion will be done by preprocessor all the macro name M will be replaced by y y 3 y and this is done before compiling For example SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page175 N N V e 2 44 4k ED REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual s 3 M 4 M 5 M A macro expansion will make this statement to be s 3 y y 3 y 4 y y 3 y 5 y yt 3 y and we should note that the brackets beside the expression y y 3 y in marco definition chould not be o
86. and ends when the relay is off TOC t0int_val 1 To reload the interruption value of T0 _bCLR amp INTRQ 84 void p0Oints void 20ms _bCLR amp INTRQ 0 int f 1 if cntl1 gt 18 cntl1 0 flag2 flagByte OxffU t_ms 2 if t_ms2 50 t_ms2 0 flag10 flagByte OxffU cc Obviously the function interrupt is a simple one It judges the the interruption type according to the order and calls the corresponding functions The difference from assembly language is there is no 0x08 leapings and no push and pop actions for registers In the assembler language system backups all the registers in the interruption vector entrance point Then it restores all the backup registers when the interruption vector ends All of these are done by the compiler It is the advantage of C programming language Because it is not hardware based it is not SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel62 O K V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual associated with platforms When you have other backup requirements you should rewrite the function inline assemble __asm asmcod or _asm After doing that you can modify or accomplish the _pushInterruptSaveRegs and _poplnterruptSaveRegs in sn8 amp cc_macro asm 8 9 2 Interruption Analysis The programmers who are facing to the SCM based programming should understand what the compi
87. are too frequently the efficiency of program execution will be affected Therefore to avoid the function range exaggeration and reducement users must control the scope of the functions when we use them The scope should be suitable for each function All the function definitions are parallel including main function definition That is to say there can not be other function definitions in a function body or one function definition can not be nested in another one However the callings between functions are allowed and also can be nested The callers are named main functions The main function can call other functions but it can t be called by other functions Hence the executions of C programmes always start from the main function The C programmes always call the main function firstly and return to the main function when the callings of other functions are ended Then the execution of C programmes is ended Please pay attention to the fact that there must be and can only have one main function in a SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page127 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual C source programme The function definition form 1 The general Non Parameter Function definition Function Type Function Name Type Declarations Language Statements The Function Type and the Function Name is the head of functions The Function Type indicates the type of the return val
88. ates one single level in a programme put y in order with the first character of the same statement level and should take up a single line 3 The lower level of statements can indent some character from the higher level statements this makes the programme more clear Try to follow these rules to form a good coding style 8 1 2 Character Set of C Language Character is the basic element to comprise a language The character set of C language consist of letters numbers spaces interpunctions and special character Chinese characters and other figure notations can be used in character constants character string constants and comments SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page83 N N Vis a 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D IN BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 1 Letters Lowercase letters a z totaled 26 uppercase letters A Z totaled 26 2 Numbers 0 9 totaled 10 3 Blanks Spaces tabs and newline symbols are called by a joint name Blanks Blanks only work in character constants and string constants The compiler will consider the blanks appear in other place of the programme as intervals and ignore them so whether to use blanks in a programme has no effects while compiling but it makes a programme easy to read when the blanks are properly used 4 Interpunctions and special characters 8 1 3 Glossaries of C Language There are six kinds of glossaries in C language identifiers keywords operator
89. buf RLCM _keyinbuf RLCM _keyinbuf MOV A 0xfc AND _keyinbuf A L210 BOMOV A 0xd0 AND A OxFF amp 3 __SelectBANK ee scale _c keyscan LOCAL MOV ee scale c keyscan LOCAL 1 A L211 R3 _keyinbuf ee_scale_c_keyscan LOCAL 1 __SelectBANK _keyinbuf MOV A _keyinbuf 0 __SelectBANK _ee_scale_ c keyscan LOCAL SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page170 O K V a a H O ARAA SN8 C Studio D p N BA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual OR A _ee scale _c keyscan LOCAL 1 BOMOV R3 A BOMOV A R3 __SelectBANK _keyinbuf MOV _keyinbuf A L212 __SelectBANK _keyinbuf MOV A _keyinbuf BOMOV R3 A BOMOV A R3 XOR A 0xff BOMOV R3 A BOMOV A R3 __SelectBANK _keyinbuf MOV keyinbuf A The operation objects are the bits in the system registers System provides users some bit operation function prototypes void bSET unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset void bCLR unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset int bTest0 unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset int bTestl unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset The formal parameters address and bitOffset should be constants and they shouldn t be variables The virtual value of BitOffset 0 7 The high bit of address is bank number The function bSET is the bit setting function and bCLR is the bit clearing function They are used for the system registers When you want to start the TC
90. c int a b static float array 5 1 2 3 4 5 Static local variables are static storage type and there are four features of them 1 Static local variables should be defined inside functions This is different from the auto variables The auto variables exist during the calling time and they will be invalid when the calling action ends However static local variables exist all the time and their lifetime is during the whole process of source programme 2 Though the lifetime of static local variable is during the whole process of source programme its scope is the same with auto variables That is to say you can only use the static local variables inside the definition function When it is outside the definition function the static SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel45 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual local variables are exist but can t be used 3 It is allowed to initialize a static local variable If not the compiling system will initialize it as 0 by default 4 When variables of basic types are not initialized while declaring the compiling system will give them 0 as their initial values However the compiling system won t initialize the auto variables because their values are indefinite According to the characteristics of the static local variables you can see that their lifetime is through the whole source programme Although they are invalid when t
91. cription the preprocessor includes test codes from file filename The file can be an encrypted dbt file Syntax INIT For DSP only Description command preprocessor to include test codes defined in ini file This directive must follow CHIP directive Example CHIP SNL3XX For DSP SNL300 series INIT SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page82 N N Vis a 44 4k ED Hm BD A SN8 C Studio D IN BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual S SN8 C Language 8 1 Overview 8 1 1 Structure of C Source Code 1 C language source code consists of one or more source files 2 Every source file can be made up of one or more functions 3 No matter how many files are there in a source code there can be only one main function 4 Source code may have Preprocessor Instructions include instruction is just one of them preprocessor instructions are usually put in the front of a source file or source code 5 Every statements and comments should end with a semicolon except preprocessor instructions function head and the bracket 6 There should be at least one space between the key words or between identifiers if there is obvious space the blank is not necessary The rules to follow while writing a programme Follow these rules to make a programme easy to write read easy to be understood and maintained 1 There should be only one statement or comment in every line 2 The segment involved in usually indic
92. cscesesscsscosescasesoessesssisssssedesssessescasssesssesees cdssec eseaesesisaasssseausaesens 190 9 1 WHAT THE LINKER DOES secs si dcceccesscsactesdckee set vaguaeseceevscesuetesiadeduesteviecy EEEE EEE EA oe E EEE EEEa eie Eies Eest 190 IZ LINKER OPTIONS crearse E E E E E E e EER 191 J Z FUNCTIONALITY ieie e E E E ances E i EEE 192 52 Bes OA iY 1 1 ene RT a a a a a a a aE a Ea Aa a riS 192 DD DE ADV OTA eenn e a EE E R E E S a E E R a te 193 DSS DUMP Utility siiis Bo ce ieee deb EEE AE A EOR EEEE EEEE EA ETEA E TEE ty 194 JA MAPIBILE FORMAT irera A A E E R E A E A REEE 195 9 5 ERRORAND WARNING MESSAGES oega n Eaa Eoi EE E Ea EEE Eeee ERE EEEE REPES hese ieee eet E EE 196 9 6 DEBUGGER ao 2 are EE E a EE E E E E eee 196 JT SINGLE STEP serrie Ee E EE E os eae I A EEE A E E 197 OS BREAKPOINTS aerie A E ES A E AE EE AE ens E eeesaeeee e 197 ILORS MALONEY KO A TE E AE A ETE E A A AE E 199 10 1 SOFTWARE SIMULATION cccsessecesssscecsesseeecenseecsssuececssseececuaeecsesaeeecsesaececeesseceesuececsesaesecaaeeceesaeeecensaeeessseeeees 199 AOS S E N S EE A EE S E A A 200 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page5 O Vem A RO A mR 2 A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Part1 Integrated Development Environment 1 Introduction 1 1 System overview The SN8 C Studio is Windows based software development platform that combines a robust editor project manager and make facility This article explains how to setup an opera
93. d by to form compound statement 3 The condition should be chosen carefully to avoid dead loops void main int a n 0 while a 5 printf d n j The condition here is the assignment expression a 5 which is always evalued to be true and there is no other means to terminate this loop in loop body so this loop will execute forever to be a dead loop 4 Another while statement is allowed in the repeated statement in a while statement which forms a double loop situation The do while Statement The syntactic form of do while statement do statement while condition SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page115 NS DOWreanenuvueoamaa SN8 C Studio IO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The statement is loop body condition is the loop condition The meaning of do while statement is Statement is executed before condition is evaluated If condition evaluates as false the loop terminates Figure 4 6 Do while flow chart Do while in C unsigned int pyz unsigned int 0x7f do pyz 0x00 Si ywhile i Do while in assembler ClrRAM clr Y Select bank 0 bOmov Z 0x7f Set YZ address from 7fh SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel116 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual ClrRAM10 clr YZ Clear YZ content decms Z 3z z 1 skip next if z 0 jmp ClrRAM10 clr YZ Clear address 0x00 mov
94. d by define command then Program 1 will be compiled else Program 2 will be compiled This is an opposite situation to the first one The third form is if constant expression Program 1 else Program 2 endif It means that if the value of the constant expression is true non zero then Program 1 will be compiled else Program 2 will be compiled Therefore different functions can be accomplished according to different conditions Conditional compiling introduced above can be implemented by conditional statements too However conditional statements will result in the compiling of the whole source code and the object code will be very large whereas if conditional compiling is used only Program or Program2 will be compiled according to the conditions the object code generated is short relatively Thus if the conditional code is long then the use of conditional compiling is necessary 8 12 Embedded Assembly Though there are advantages of C programming language there also some limitations There are some hardware based operations can t be implemented and also spending more space and time when implementing Therefore it is more efficient to use assembly language Assembly can SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page180 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio bs IN BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual cope with the hardware based issues efficiently and SN8 C programmes can be embedded in C programmes 8 12
95. dif keyin90 ret SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD User s keyinbuf Clear the scan content bObts keyl_p Inspect the key station keyinbuf 0 key2_p keyinbuf 1 key3_p keyinbuf 2 key4 p keyinbuf 3 key5_p key5_p keyinbuf 4 AKK KK KK K K K K K 3K K 3K is K 2K K 3K K 3K K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K 2s K 2K K 3K K 3K K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K K K ok K 3K K gt check keyinbuf AND keychkbuf i AKK KK KK K K K 2K K 3K K 3K 3K K 2K K 3K K 3K K K 2K K 3K K 3K K K 2K K 3K K 3K K K 2K K 3K K 3K K 3K 2K K 3K K gt keychk bOmov xor jnz bObts1 jmp a keyinbuf Confirm the depressing of keys a keychkbuf keychk10 If it is the same keystat 0 Process with a key quit keychk90 f Wait chatter SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page57 Manual SONIN bOmov jnz flutter buf bOmov the key station bOmov bObcelr jmp keychk10 bOmov bOmov bObset mov bOmov keychk90 ret as 2 44 4k BED A OM BS A SN8 C Studio SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual a keychat Check keychat keychk90 Whether have finished eliminating a keychkbuf keycvtbuf a keystat 0 keychk90 a keyinbuf keychkbuf a keystat 0 a 7 keychat a Key bounce time 0 copy chk buf into cuv Finished eliminating flutter and store Clear the flag of key processing Deal with eliminating flutter Set key processing Constant of eliminating flutter AKK K K K K 3K 2 3K ais 3K 3K K 3K 3K 3K 2s 3K 3K K 3K 3K 3K o
96. e you can define a structure variable Please refer to the following example struct stu int num char name 20 char sex float score boy1 boy2 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page151 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 3 You can also decalare a structure variable Refer to the example as follows struct int num char name 20 char sex float score boy1 boy2 The difference between the second way and the third way is that in the third way of defining a structure variable you can define a structure variable without the structure name After declaring the structure variables boy1 and boy2 as stu type you can assign values to the data members of boy1 and boy2 In the definition of structure stu you can see the data members are base data types or array The data members also can be structures Then there will be a structure embedded in another structure and that is allowed In ANSI C structure variables of the same type can assign values to each other Generally assigning value action input action output action and computing action are all implemented through the structure variable members You can express a member of structure variable like this structure variable name member name For example the expression boyl num indicates the first boy s number Another expression boy2 sex indicates the second boy s
97. e akk ak ak 3k ak a ae ae afe akk akk akk ak 2 gt K ae x File Name SN8C_Ex c Test History V1 00 220 i describe test 2708 interrupt x ak ak ak ak ak a ae ake ak ak ak ak ak 2 ak ak ake 2 2 ake akk akk ak ak 3k fe ae a 2 2 akk akk ak ak 2 3 fe a ae 2 2 akk akk akk ak ak 3k fe a a 2 2 akk akk akk ak 2 3 fe ie ae 2s ake akk ak ak 2 include lt sn8p2708a h gt struct word unsigned fint 1 unsigned 7 intword unsigned int tcOcvalue 0x64 unsigned int accbuf 0x00 unsigned int pflagbuf 0 __interrupt intserv void The data will auto store _bCLR amp INTRQ 5 TCOC tcOcvalue intword fint 1 void initlO void void initINT void SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page60 N OWe eet HR ER BDA MAA SONi SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD void main void STKP 0x07 initlOQ initINT while 1 if intword fint 0 P1 0x00 P2 0x00 P3 0x00 P4 0x00 P5 0x00 PO 0x00 else PO Oxff P1 0xff P2 0xff P3 0xff P4 0xff P5 0xff void initIO void POM O0xFF P1M 0xFF SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page61 SN8 C Studio User s Manual 3 Ny V ax oh FF Ak RE A OR ZI SN8 C Studio D p N Ba SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual P2M OxFF P3M OxFF P4M O0xFF PSM OxFF void initINT void INTRQ 0x00 INTEN 0x00 TCOM 0x00 TCOM 0x20 TCOC 0x64 _bCLR amp INTRQ S _bSET amp INTEN 5 _bSET amp TCOM 7 _bSET amp STKP 7 j Note that the programs above is
98. e to be specified while declaring For example static int a 5 1 2 3 4 5 can be written as static int a 1 2 3 4 5 Dynamic assignment can be used while run time it will assign values to the array dynamically Two dimension Arrays The arrays indroduced previously have only one subscription they are called one dimension arrays The elements are called single subscript variables However many of the values in our actual life is two dimension or multidimensional and these multidimensional arrays are allowed in C Multidimensional arrays have more than one subscription to indicate the position of the element they are also called multi subscription variables We indroduce two dimension arrays SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page124 N N Vis a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual here and multidimensional arrays have an analogy to two dimension arrays The form of the declaration of two dimension arrays is as follws Type arrayName constant expression 1 constant expression 2 The constant expression indicates length of the first dimension and constant expression 2 indicates length of the second dimension For example int a 3 4 is allowed 8 6 Pointer 8 6 1 RAM ROM Pointer The variable of pointer type there are two leading underscore characters points not only to the pointer variable itself but also to the variable it points to In the opinion of the location it was set in i
99. e variables initialized in init statement and tested in condition All of them can be comma expressions which mean that they can be composed by multiple expressions They are all optional and can be left off The statement is loop body The order of evaluation is as follows 1 Init statement is executed once at the start of the loop 2 Condition is executed If it evaluates to true the compound statement is executed a false condition terminates the loop An initial false condition results in the compound statement never being executed 3 Expression is executed Typically this modifies the variable s initialized in init statement and tested in condition These three steps represent one complete iteration of the for loop Step 2 is now repeated followed by step 3 until the condition evaluates to false Here are notes for for statement 1 All the expressions in for statement can be omitted but the interval semicolon can not be omitted For example for init statement expression the condition has been omitted for init statement condition the expression is omitted all the expressions in for have been ommited 2 When the loop variable has been initialized init statement can be omitted if condition and expression are omitted the loop should be terminate inside the loop body 3 Loop body can be null 4 for statement can nest with while and do while statements
100. ecaeeeaeeeseeeeaeseaeeesenseeaes 163 8 OBIT OPERATION traes EA EEE td ieee okies Gate eet Meet ete 165 SLOT Bit D fimiti Onision a tees A E A E EERTE A EE E EE R E E E A 166 8 10 2 Bitwise Ope Qtr S asiesenarii iinei ieie EE EAE EET EE AA EES EETA AR E EE EA ERA 169 8 10 3 Bit Comparison Application in the Flowing Control ccccccccscesssessseescesscesecesecesecsecaeeesceeasenseeeeeenseneenaes 172 SI PREPROCESSOR Seenaa eee aa er E E e EE e E EE E 174 Oil scl COVE IVIEW aiea n a a a a a a a a a a A E 174 811 2 MG CIO Definitio sioaren n iE R E AEE cedure i E E E E ET E 175 OL SPOS INCU RAE AE E ea tases AEE E AE A a E E EEA A EEE A EE AE AEE AE E E EE EEEE E E 178 8 11 4 Conditional Compile i scccceccessssssecssesscssesscsssescesecseesecsceecsseeceaceseesecseesecsaesecsaeeceeaecaeesecaaeeseaeeeeaseaeeaeeneeats 179 8 12 EMBEDDED ASSEMBLY sissisecsececeis esineen a eoe a rean an eaa tar debs ee eiae aoa aE aE e TE aE E EEE E EErEE NEEN 180 BAZ 1 HOW 0A o Ae EA N E ENE EE E E A E E E E E E 181 8 12 2 The Transference in Embedded Assembly Programmes c ccssccscssscsseessssessceseeseesecceeecuseeeeeseesensecaaeeenaeaes 182 Ol SOUTER OPTION 5 sas acueschcautesfocecsseccctaceayecs a a a A faacoaacbuaadessveceete E Sotaoss E 185 8 14 CUSTOMIZED LIBRARY seccccscceis isindara eiorinn e aerae e ieaie sin Toae Eie Ea NEER Ae ETE aeei iein 186 S TS REFERENCES Jaee deea eE e E E a E E EE T 190 9 LINKER AND DEBUGGER iissssssssssssscsssssasstsecssssassc
101. ement else statement Here introduces a source of potential ambiguity referred to as the dangling else problem which if dose the else clause properly match up Is it or if condition1 if condition1 if condition2 if condition 2 statement statement else else statement statement2 In C however the dangling else ambiguity is resolved by matching the else with the last occurring unmatched if So the above example is comprehended as the first one B Parallel multiplied branches flow C provides the switch statement for choosing among a set of mutually exclusive choices SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page110 O Vem A RO AR 2s A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Figure 4 4 Parallel multiplied branches flow The usage of swith case in C is as follows switch expression case constant expression1 statement case constant expression 2 statement2 case constant expression n statement n default statement n 1 Evaluate the switch expression and compare the result with the constant expressions when the switch expression matches one of those constant expressions the statement follows the corresponding constant expression will be executed then jump out of switch clause and execute the next statement when none of those constant expressions are matched the statement following the default label is evaluated For example switch st
102. ep case0 press button once to set time SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page111 O KY V a a EREDA RAaAAI SN8 C Studio wow We SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual ks81 break case ONE PRESS CLOCK KEY C press twice to set the minutes ks82 break case TWO_PRESS CLOCK KEY C press for the third time to end time setting ks83 break case BESPOKE ING C press button to query pre set time ks84 break case SELECT TIME C set flag bespoke_f 1 if job_model DEFROST MODE C break else ks85 break case START _ING C query for the running time ifjob_model DEFROST MODE C ks86 break Here are some notes for switch statement 1 The constant expressions should be different or errors may occur 2 Multiple statements are allowed after case label the is not must 3 The sequence of the case and default clauses is alterable and the result of the program will not be affected 4 default label is an option The assembler mov a step bObts fz 0 press button once to set time jmp ks82 cmprs a ONE PRESS CLOCK KEY C jmp ks83 cmprs a TWO_ PRESS CLOCK KEY C jmp ks84 end time setting cmprs a BESPOKE ING C query time jmp ks85 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page112 NS DOW wp vweueeoamnaa MO NOE MA sonic TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s cmprs a SELECT TIME C jmp ks86 key81 jmp key82 jmp key83 jmp key84 jmp key85 jmp key86 jmp key89 ret 8 4
103. er Workbench for multiple source program files C source program file or assembly source program project All tools are included for the development debug evaluation and generation of the final application program code 1 1 System requirements PC with Pentium II or compatible processor OS Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows XP Memory 16 MB RAM minimum HD 20 MB free disk space SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page7 N OWn em HR MAME SN8 C Studio SON EX SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 2 Installation 2 1 Hardware Installation Plug the power adapter into the power connector of the ICE Connect the target board to the SN8 ICE by using the flat cable Connect the ICE to the host machine using the printer cable The LED on the ICE should now be lit if not there is an error and your dealer should be contacted 2 2 Software Installation Double click on the installation file There is a dialog pop up reminding you to continue the setup wizard of SN8 C Studio for SN8 VI ow SONEX Copyright c 2003 2005 SONiX Technology Co LTD Integrated Development System Attp www sonix com tw Figure 2 1 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page8 a 2 P 4k EED A MEZZA SN8 C Studio SOHIX TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual SONIX SH8 C Studio Welcome to the Setup Wizard for SN8 C Studio The Setup Wizard wil install SN8 C Studio on your computer To continue click Next Figure2 2 Installation Wazard Press
104. er the CALL instruction instead of entering the procedure All instructions of this procedure will have been executed and the register contents and status may have changed The Step Out command is only used when inside a procedure It executes all instructions between the current point and the RET instruction including RET and stops at the next instruction after the CALL instruction 9 8 Breakpoints The SN8 C Studio provides a powerful breakpoint mechanism which accepts various forms of conditional including program address source line number and symbolic breakpoint etc When an instruction is set to be an effective breakpoint the SN8 C Studio will stop at this instruction without executing it Although an instruction is an effective breakpoint the SN8 C SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page197 O OF Vem Hi Ro wm DR A SNS C Studio N WN BANA Sonik TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Studio may not stop at this instruction due to execution flow or conditional skips If an effective breakpoint is in the Data Space RAM the instruction that matches this conditional breakpoint data will be executed always The SN8 C Studio will stop at the next instruction Choose the Breakpoint command in the Debug menu the Setting Break Point dialog box will be shown for you to Designate the descriptive items of the breakpoint Set the file name you will set breakpoints at set the exact line number and choose the breakpoints type Press the
105. g table SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page135 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual return value types registers unsigned signed char A unsigned signed short A unsigned signed int A unsigned signed long A R float A R Y Z Figure 5 1 List table of differt registers for different return values We can see from the table that Firstly for different values types compiler will locate them to the corresponding registers Secondly when the programme returns from the functions the return values are stored in these registers From the two regulations which are shown above you can see the transference result of the bed function When the return values are data structures a connotative address for the parameter which will be passed to the called function is added by compiler The called function will locate the result to the specified location after executing return values can be gotten from that address when program returns from functions Though the argument passing seems the same between C programming language and assembly language the compiler will generate some redundant codes when generating the normal codes Hence for the SCM hardware oriented programming excessive argument passing and the complicated return values will lead to the low efficiency of code coverting Users should pay attention to it 8 7 3 The Variable Scope In the formal
106. gned long job_mode3 float powerValue float _RAM powerValue __RAM float powerValue SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page93 O KY Nem Hi Ro Hm AD A SNS C Studio AAA IIF SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual int temp1_1 signed int int RAM templ 2 __RAM templ 3 long temp2_2 The definitions above have the same effect define variables and put them into RAM The default value brought us convenience In RAM 80H FFH is for system registers The content of registers will differ from different chips but their definitions locations are the same Those registers are corresponding with the system resource of the chips SN8 C defines those registers according to the system resource The definitions are as below define L RAM unsigned int 0x80 define H RAM unsigned int 0x81 define R RAM unsigned int 0x82 define Z RAM unsigned int 0x83 define Y RAM unsigned int 0x84 define X RAM unsigned int 0x85 define PFLAG _ RAM unsigned int 0x86 These definitions are included in the corresponding header files h so users do not have to define the register names they can just include the header files at the beginning of the program include lt sn8p2708a h gt Note Those system registers are defined with capitals please pay attention to this while coding 8 2 3 Bank Configuration SN8P supports the RAM BANK configuration which can address the exact bank for variables
107. gt 0 is false When evaluates logical expressions C compiler considers 1 as true 0 as false On the other side when evaluates whether a value is true or false 0 indicates false and the non zero value indicates true For example 5 and 3 are both non zero values so the value of 5 amp amp 3 is true that is 1 Another example the value of 5 0 is true that is 1 The format of logical expression expr logical operator expr The expr above can be logical expression this is a kind of nested situation For example a amp amp b amp amp c as the operands are evaluated from left to right this expression can be write as a amp amp b amp amp c The value of a logical expression is the final evaluation of all the logical operations 1 indicates true and 0 indicates false 8 3 4 Bitwise Operators The operands are evaluated as binary digit There are six bitwise operators bitwise AND amp bitwise OR bitwise NOT bitwise XOR left shift lt lt right shift gt gt 8 3 5 Assignment Operators Assignments are used for assigning values There are three kinds of them simple assignment compound assignment and compound bitwise assignment amp 0 gt gt lt lt There are eleven bitwise operators in total Simple assignment ope
108. h gt SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page186 SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual SON Vin 4 4k RO a Rm eS A SN8 C Studio Is AALP Mathematical Functions lt math h gt SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page187 SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual SON Vin a 4 4k RO em eS A SN8 C Studio Is AALP Utility Functions lt stdlib h gt Variable Argument Lists lt stdarg h gt SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page188 N OW xz T A a a SONi nK FECHKOL IEN Gott Limits lt limits h gt lt float h gt FLT_RADIX FLT ROUNDS FLT_DIG FLT_EPSILON SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page189 SN8 C Studio User s Manual N N Vis a 44 4k ED A MREZA SN8 C Studio D IN BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual DBL MIN DBL MIN EXP Standard defined types lt stddef h gt ptrdiff t unsigned int size_t unsigned int Input Output data lt stdio h gt printf char sprintf char const char Before calling a printf function you must write a putchar function to predefine the output type of the printf function For example void putchar char ch 8 15 References LCC 1995 A Retargetable C Compiler Design and Implementation Christopher W Fraser David R Hanson The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc 1995 Spec 2004 SONiX SN8P C Compiler Specification C99 Programming languages C ISO IEC 9899 Second edition 1999 12 01 9 Linker and Debugger 9 1 Wha
109. he original type name contains the definition part The new type name is often in uppercase letters Sometimes you can define macros instead of typedef However macro definition is implemented while preprocessing and typedef is implemented while compiling Therefore typedef is more flexible 8 10 2 Bitwise Operators The bitwise operators bit setting bit clearing bitwise AND operator amp bitwise OR operator one s complement operator bitwise exclusive OR operator left shift operator lt lt right shift operator gt gt For the bits which are defined by users you can use the bitwise operators as follows SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page169 O KY V a a EREDA RAAI SN8 C Studio wow ie SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Fkeypress 1 Bit settings Fkeypress 0 Bit clearing The operators bitwise AND operator amp bitwise OR operator left shift operator lt lt and right shift operator gt gt are base data structure bit operations keyinbuf lt lt 2 tempbuf P0 amp 0x03 keyinbuf tempbuf keyinbuf keyinbuf The aim of these operations is to change or get the bit value of the basic data types You can also call them logical rulers The generated ASM files contain the logical operation instructions Refer to the following codes which are conversion of the previous codes L209 _keyinbuf _keyinbuf lt lt 2 __SelectBANK __keyin
110. hey are out of the functions where they are defined once you call the definition function static local variables can be used and they reserved the value from the former calling Hence you can use the static local variables when you call a function repeatly and you want to reserve the value of the variables Though the global variables also can implement this function but there will be some unexpected side effect In a word the static local variables are preferred Static Global Variables Declare the global variables using extern before them and then you can get the static global variables Global variables are static storage type so the static global variables are also static storage type The differences between static global variables and global variables a The scope of non static global variables is the whole source programme When there are more than one source files in a source programme the non static global variables are valid in all the source files b The scope of static global variables is restricted the static global variables are valid only in definition source file When there are more than one source files in a source programme the static global variables in other source files are invalid 4 The Register Variables It is the same usage for the register variables and auto variables for SN8 SCM SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page146 O Vaewmethk ek oA mR 2 A SN8 C Studio N Ie BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User
111. ial handled and have only one entry Here is an assembler list disp_automenu stable dw 0000h dw Oaelfh A 1 dw Oae2fh dw Oae3fh dw Oae4fh dw OaeSfh dw Oae6fh dw Oae7fh We can see that a word is defined by keyword DW in assembler list this list is stored SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page88 O Vem A RO AR 2 A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual in code segment and we use the head address of the list to obtain every corresponding value How to handle these lists in SN8 C Before relating the handle of the lists the keyword for defining variables should be mentioned When define variables in SN8 C the locations of the variables can be specified in RAM or in ROM they are specified by the keywords _ RAM and ROM See Unsigned int _RAMramVariable Store the variables in RAM __RAM unsigned int ram Variable2 Unsigned int _ROMromVariable Store the variables in ROM __ROM unsigned int romVariable2 We know that a value can not be modified when it has been put into ROM and this is constant in fact There are a certain variables in C that can be accessed via one head name Array is one convenient kind of them an array can be defined to store the values of the lists and then the values can be queried by accessing that array For example unsigned long _ ROM disp automenu table 0x0000 0x0ael f 0x0ae2f 0x0ae3f 0x0ae4 f O0xOae5f 0x0ae6f 0x0ae7f
112. ilable int b 3 int c 2 From the example you can see that bit field is a type of structure and the members of them are expressed in binary Type Definition Symbol typedef In C programming language there are various data types and you can also define the type definition symbol That is to say you can give a data type an alias The key word typedef can carry out such function For example there are integers a and b and you can declare them like int aa b SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page168 No BN Vas ef 44 EEDA MREZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual The key word int is used for defining integer type variables The integral form of int is integer To make the programmes more readable you can declare the integer type declaring symbol as typedef int INTEGER Then you can use INTEGER instead of int to define other integer variables For instance INTEGER a b equals int a b You can use typedef to define arrays pointers structures and other data types The key word typedef makes programmes simple and easy to read typedef struct stu char name 20 int age char sex STU The STU is a stu type structure and you can use STU to declare structure type variables STU body1 body2 The general form of using typedef typedef original type name new type name T
113. ing an array which is handled while compiling By this means the running time will be reduced and efficiency will be improved The form of initialization is static type arrayName constant expression valuel value2 value3 static declares the type is static In C only static array and external arrays can be initialized and the values separated by comma in is the initial value for elements For example static int a 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 indicates a 0 0 a l 1 a 9 9 Here are some notes for the array initialization in C SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page123 N N V e a 44 EEDA MREZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 1 The elements can be partly initialized If the number of values in is less than the number of elements only the anterior part of the elements are initialized For example static int a 10 0 1 2 3 4 means only a 0 a 4 are initialized and the posterior 5 elements are initialized to be 0 automatically 2 The elements can only be initialized one by one and the array can not be initialized as a whole For example to assign 1 to all the 10 elements the form can only be static int a 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 but can not be static int a 10 1 3 Ifan initialize able array is not initialized the values will be 0 by default 4 If all the elements are assigned in an array declaration then the number of the array elements dose not hav
114. ing of source file by include command and then the available library function declaration can be omitted In fact you can write function in assembly language as in C programming language An example is shown below The codes of the calling point mov a clock_min bOmov y a call bed mov clock_min a SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page131 O KY V a a H EREDA RAaAAI SN8 C Studio AO WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual The codes of the function bed bOmov a y Move the initial number to Y and a 0fh cmprs a 0ah nop bObts0 fc jmp 3 b0mov a y ret bOmov a y add a 6h Move the changed number to a ret From the above example we can see that parameters in assembly lauguage are passed by the user defined registers By the same means the result can be abtained from A after the function had been returned Please refer to the following codes mov clock_min a cmprs a 60h 8 7 2 Argument Passing In assembly language users should define registers to store the data of parameters and the return values of functions In C parameters are passed between corresponding arguments and formal parameters We can pass arguments to functions by calling them When the function has been executed the return values will be passed back to the calling point The procedure of argument passing SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page132 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY
115. is K FK K 3K K 3K K K ois K 3K K 3K ois 3K 3K K 3K 2 3K K 3K ok K J compare keycvt and keyold and find the different AKK KK KK K K K K K 3K K 3K 3K K K K 3K K 3K K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K K K 2K K ois K 3K K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K K 2k ok K ok K gt keycvt bOmov xor jnz jmp keycvt0 bOmov bOmov a keycvtbuf a keyoldbuf keycvt0 keycvt90 a keycvtbuf keyoldbuf a x ka Quit Check the new pressed key from table SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page58 D Ni Vas a 44 24 EOD A FR gt oJ SN8 C Studio aw LAN BA SONTK TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual bObts 1 keycvtbuf 0 Judge the key1_p station jmp keycvt10 call relaysw Run the relay jmp keycvt90 keycvt10 bObts keycvtbuf 1 jmp keycvt20 mov a 1 bOmov aplcode a jmp keycvt90 keycvt20 bObts 1 keycvtbuf 2 jmp keycvt30 mov a 2 bOmov aplcode a jmp keycvt90 keycvt30 bObts 1 keycvtbuf 3 ifdef key5 p jmp keycvt40 else jmp keycvt90 endif mov a 3 bOmov aplcode a jmp keycvt90 keycvt40 bObts 1 keycvtbuf 4 jmp keycvt90 mov a 4 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page59 N N o y a g 4 REGA FR 2 24 SN8 C Studio aw LAN BA SONTK TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual bOmov aplcode a jmp keycvt90 keycvt90 ret 2 OK OK KK KK K K K K K KKK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K FK 2K of ok K of K K K C source file 78 7 E k a ak ak ak ak ak a 2 ak ak ak ak ak ak ak ak ak ae 2 ake akk akk akk ak ak 3k a fe ae 2 ake e
116. ition to decide the following operation this is a simplest jugdement C implementation BCD code adjust SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page104 No BN Vas 2 44 4k ED REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual if result_buf gt 0x0a result_buf input 6 else result_buf input In C we use condition statement to implement this judging logic no matter what condition it is we just evaluate the true or false of its value If else is an excellent judge couple we can use them to accomplish these functions implemented by assembler SN8 assembler cmprs a 0ah nop bObts0 fc jmp 3 bOmov a y ret b0mov a y add a 6h put the adjusted value into a In fact we have some conditional choices in assembler too When the condition is a bit variable it can be judged by instruction bObts We can use instruction CMPRS to judge whether a condition satisfies a pre set value It can be judged by converted to flags too like using the SUB instruction to convert it to FC or FZ What s more A Serial multiplied branches flow Most of the time one single condition is insufficient to analyse complicated problems One result may require the combination of many conditions and every single condition results different outcome This is a serial of judgment The first two if statements are used for the condition which has two branches When the multiple branches are
117. j 2 Global Variables The global variables also can be called external variables and they are defined out of functions The global variables belong to no function but belong to a source programme file The SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page138 3 WY rA FU Ro Am A A SN8 C Studio Eon TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual scope of the global variables is the whole source programme file Global variables should be declared before calling them in the functions Only declared global variables can be used The declarator for global variables is extern When one global variable is declared ahead of the caller function the declaration of the variable can be omitted inside the caller function int a b The external variables a and b void f1 The function f1 float x y The external variables x and y int fz The function fz The scope of global variables a b x and y Obviously the variables a b x and y are all external variables You can see that the variables x and y are defined after the definition of function f1 There is no declaration of either variable x or variable y in function fl so variable x and variable y are not y 29 available in function fl Variables x and variable are defined in the beginning of the source programme file so they can be
118. ject 4 2 Output Window Output Window consists of building message window debug message window and find in files message window opyright c 2003 2005 SONiX Technology Co Ltd Sonix Generic Linker Version 1 00 039 loading file D SN8 Test Test001 MyPro aaa o SN8 Test Test001 MyPro aaa o error LI005 invalid machine specified ap file is generated D SN8 Test Test001 MyPro MyPro nap SN8 Test Test001 MyPro MyPro out 1 error s 0 warning s 3 s Caniy i SMR O I DEIVRimtRos Almas ave arrar wee T awnen aw l array i Build Debug Find in Files 4 2 1 Build Message Window Display detailed messages and results on the building process When error or warning messages appear on the window in an easy to read format you may look for them by double click on the message line and the errors will be highlighted Build Window SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page27 S DOW pw REEDA RAA SN8 C Studio N ON ep NA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual xi Sonix Generic Linker Version 1 00 039 tilloading file D SH8 Test Test001 MyPro aaa o SN8 Test Test001 MyPro aaa o error LI005 invalid machine specified ap file is generated D SN8 Test Test001 MyPro MyPro map SN8 Test Test001 MyPro MyPro out 1 error s O warning s Sonix SN8_C_ 1 2Al1 Bin Build make exe error nypro out error 1 2 error s 0 warning s T Build Debug A Find in Files Be
119. l 8 4 Program Flow Control Program flow control is the soul of a program only with a correct program flow control can a program be executed all right A well designed proceduce of program can make the program work effectively The flow control of a program is the part which desires most considerations in both C and assembler programming 8 4 1 Sequential Structure Sequential execution is the most basic flow in a program statements are executed in the sequential order in which they occur This is the initial mode for programming Sequential Program Flow Figure 4 1 Sequential Program Flow Chart This is a flow which has a clear direction and timing The evolution of A operation has only one direction that is B operation there is no repeat or jump B operation will be executed after A operation to a certainty We can see some instance executed by c language the initialization of a micro wave oven key_bibi f 1 beep once when electrified menu disp_h Oxf0U display 0 00 when electrified menu_disp 0 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page102 O K V a a H EROAREA SN8 C Studio AO NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual disp5 OxffU Those statements are initializations for different purpose The statements are executed in the sequential order in which they occur SN8 Assembler implementation bObset key bibi f beep once when electrified mov a 0f0h mov menu disp_h a mov a 0
120. language Level 1 is the highest and level 15 is the lowest The operators with higher priorities are evaluated before the lower priority operators in expressions If the operators beside the same operand have the same priority they are evaluated according to the associativity There are two associativities in C language left associative from left ro right and right associative from right to left Say the arithmetic operator is left associative the expression x y z y should associate with first the x y will be evaluated then the result z this left to right association is called left associative and the right to left association is right associative The typical right associative operator is assignment 6699 66 99 Z operator The expression x y z first assign z to y then the result of that to x There are a lot of right associative operators in C language we should pay attention to them to avoid the understanding confusion rT d 7 Precedence Operators Association l O gt left to right type sizeof right to left From x eft to right High s lt 22 eft to rig to amp amp eft to right low right to left right to left left to right Table 4 1 Precedence and Associativity of Operators SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel01 O V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N AO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manua
121. layFun though the parameter num to achieve our goal Void diplayFun unsigned int num Disvalue display Unsigned int disbuff 5 Display disarray num disbuff 0 display number disbuff 4 display weight1 disbuff 5 display weight2 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page153 N N V e a 44 4k we A REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Anther usage of structures in the hardware oriented programing is that to define bit field The definition way is like this struct structure name Unsigned bit0 1 Unsigned bit 2 Unsigned bit2 1 Unsigned bit3 1 Unsigned num 4 ie All the data member types are Unsigned in this structure and it is necessary The member 66 99 names also must match the name specification There is a colon after each data member name and next to the there is an integer This is different from other structures The integer indicates the number of the occupied bits For example the data member bitl occupys two bits num occupys three bits and other data members one bits In total the structure occupys one byte The application of such data type will be introduced in the following There are limitations in the SN8 C programming language compared with general C programming language sysetem can only allocate memory for the structure objects in SN8 C programming language Add __ RAM or __ ROM before the member names to
122. lect Add Files to add a exiting file to the selected project The new file will be added to the working project automatically 5 2 3 Delete a Source File If you want to delete a source file from the project click the right button on the file name and select Remove File item Deleting the source files from the project does not delete the file actually but refers to the removal of the file information from the project There are other two text files IDS supports Link file lk Linker script file by which linker locates segments in an order specifically SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page38 Y Nas F dk eo mR S A SN8 C Studio N ON BANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Instrument definition file def Instrument definition 5 3 Configure The Project Choose the setting command from Project menu and then Project Setting window will appear 5 3 1 General setting Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Primary Setting Vse Software Emulator Target File f m General Build Setting V Generate Debug Informati Protect Project Farning level 3 Log Setting Log Script PINSI Test test yHerWyProWyPro int af Log File PASH Test eest WylewWytroWyrro dep Debug Window Advanced Setting Watch variable case sensitive in Watch js Project Information Display project type and description Primary setting Choose to enable simulator
123. ler does when interruption occurs Then it will be efficient of SCM basad programming Figure7 1 The interruption procedure It shows us an interruption procedure When the programme runs to of main loop the interruption starts Then system runs the interruption programme To return from the interruption programme normally system saves the current status such as ACC PC etc before the interruption entry point Next step begin to run the interruption programme at point end at point Before returning to the main loop system restores all the status After doing that it returns to the main looping from the point One interruption ends 8 9 3 The Interruption Function Structure After the instruction of the interruption procedure you should be acquainted with the SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page163 N NOW ea HBR eM BOA MEA SN8 C Studio We NRE AA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual interruption function structure The interruptions are not only associated with the timers but it also occupys the running time of the main looping To protect the real time property of main looping the interruption running time should be shorter Therefore we should give an interuption programme fewer works At the same time there is not only one interruption source Hence when the interruption occurs you must judge the corresponding interruption according to the interruption sources We can get i
124. letters are allowed to 7 The data type can be indicated by macros too this can bring convenience to write SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page176 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studio AO NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Please note the difference between the data type defined in macro and the data declarator in typedef Macro definition is just a simple replacement of the character string which is done while pre processing and typedef is done while compiling it s not a simple replacement but the rename of typy declarators The named identifiers can be used as type declarators Though macro definition can indicate data type too it s just a replacement macro definition should be used carefully to avoid errors Definition of Macro with Parameters Macros are allowed to have parameters in C The parameters in macro definition are in the parameter list The parameters in macro invocation statements are arguments Parameter list will be replaced by arguments when a macro is called The syntactic form of definition of macro with parameters define macroName parameter list character string Character string involves the parameters in the parameter list The syntactic form for invocation of macro with parameters macroName arguments For example define M y y y 3 y macro definition k M 5 macro invocation Argument 5 will replace parameter y when the macro is called the statement being ex
125. llowing steps illustrate how to manage your source file 5 2 1 Creating a New Source File Choose the new command from File menu or Project menu Click Files button to create a source file then this file is bound to the working project There are several types of source files for you to choose Select an appropriate type to create your new file Create a New File SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page36 N V AE TES e SN8 C Studio S ON BAVA Sonix TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual File List Yorkspaces Binary File Projects Assembly file Collection of assembly instructions and directives C source file Collection of C instructions and directives Head file Symbol declarations shared and or included by assembly source files Text file For pure text Binary file For any binary data Press the source file type you wanted in the dialog box And then insert the source file name choose the drive and directory where the source files are to be located by using the browse SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page37 S DOW eat venvoamea SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Drives and Directories items Double click the OK button to add the source file to your project When the selected source file has been added this file name is displayed on the list box of the project Files 5 2 2 Add a Source file You can also right click the working project in workspace window and se
126. local variable And in the scope of the local variable the global variable is not available int vs int l int w extern int h int v v l w h return v SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page140 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D IN BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual main extern int w h int 1 5 printf v d vs 1 w int 1 3 w 4 h 5 In the example which is shown above external variables are defined at the end of the program Hence you should declare them in the preceding functions External variables 1 w have the some name with the formal variables w of function vs The external variables are all be ap initialized In the main function variable lI is also initialized When implementing the programme printf statemente calls the function vs The argument I is assigned value 5 in the main function The external variable I is not available inside the main function The value of argument w is the value 4 which is of the external variable w When the programme enter the function vs the variable h which is used in the function wvs is an external variable and its value is 5 Therefore the result of v is 100 and system output it when turn back to the main function The Storage Type of Variables Different there are different scopes for different variables The reason is that the s
127. lowing table shows other directives you can use expression is true IFE expression expression is false IFDEF symbol symbol has been defined previously IFNDEF symbol symbol has not been defined previously a 2 Include Directives Syntax INCLUDE filename INCLUDE long file path name INCLUDE lt long file path name gt Where INCLUDE is defined by the following INCLUDE INCLUDESTD INCLUDEOS INCLUDEBIN INCLUDE WAV INCLUDEPCM For SNC8X only INCLUDEMLD INCLUDEMD4 For DSP only Description the filename in the INCLUDE directive must be fully specified The files specified by include directives can be of DBT type dbt files The DBT file is a source file encrypted SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page80 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio bs INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual with internal encryption algorithm An include file may specify another include file The preprocessor processes the second include file before returning to the first Your program can nest include files as deeply as the amount of free memory allows If the specified include file is not in the source file directory the preprocessor will automatically searches the paths assigned in command line options or in the IDE option dialog box 3 File Control Directives Syntax LIST NOLIST Description the directives LIST and NOLIST decide whether or not the source program lines are to be copied to the program listi
128. me it defines the four bits in the head of flag7 Because of the hardware operating flexibility in assembly language we can operate a one byte variable easily and it is also easy to operate each bit in the byte Using the bit field definition way in structure type we can also operate the bits individually This operation is not associated with the and operation and the or operation We have defined a union as the following codes Unsigned int Flag7 Struct bitFlag Unsigned bit0 1 Unsigned bitl 1 Unsigned bit2 1 Unsigned bit3 1 Unsigned null 4 pFlag7 In the example I just defined a structure pointer which point to Flag7 but doing this is in vain How to carry out the functional operation in the assembler language There are many ways if you think it over It is a good idea to define a union In C programming language we can carry out the bit operation directly using the following structure Struct bitDefine Unsigned bit0 1 Unsigned bit1 1 Unsigned bit2 1 Unsigned bit3 1 Unsigned bit4 1 Unsigned bit5 1 Unsigned bit6 1 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page157 NS DWoWreantnvuweopamraa SNS C Studio AO NBAA Sonix TECHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Unsigned bit7 1 i Then we can declare another structure and locate it to a union The structure can coexist with an integer variable See the following codes to find out more union flag Word unsigned int flagByte bitdefine fl
129. mitted else an error will occur This should be paid much attention to when we define a macro and we should assure that no errors will be generated after macro expansion Here are some notes for macro definition 1 Macro definition is to indicate a character string with a macro name the macro name will be replaced by the character string while macro expansion This is just a simple replacement and the characters in the string can be any they can be constant or expressions no check will be done by the preprocessor If there are any errors they will be discovered only during the compile time of the expanded source code 2 Macro definition is not comment or statement the semicolon is not needed to terminate the definition or else the semicolon will be considered as part of the character string that need to be replaced too 3 Macro definition should locate out of the functions its scope is from the macro definition to the end of the source code To terminate its scope use the command undef 4 Macro name that included by quotation marks in source code will not be expanded while preprocessing 5 Nesting is allowed in macro definition the macro names have been defined can be used in the character string in a macro definition The macro expansion will be done by preprocessor layer upon layer 6 The macro name is indicated by uppercase letters customarily it is used to distinguish from variables However lowercase
130. ng file NNOLIST suppresses copying of subsequent source lines to the program listing file LIST restores the copying of subsequent source lines to the program listing file The default is LIST Syntax LISTMACRO NOLISTMACRO Description the directive LISTMACRO causes the Cross Assembler to list all the source statements including comments in a macro The directive INOLISTMACRO suppresses the listing of all macro expansions The default is NOLISTMACRO Syntax LISTIF NOLISTIF Description the directive LISTIF lists including conditional directives and NOLISTIF doesn t list conditional directives 4 System Environment Directives Syntax CHIP chipid Description target platform and include library path are assigned by this directive The target machine ID assigned here must equal to the chip ID assigned by command line MACHINE The SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page81 O KY Nem Hi eo wm DR A SN8 C Studio Ie WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual preprocessor locates the INCLUDEOS directory by searching for the OBJ_ DIR key with chipid section from the configuration ini file Example CHIP SNL3XX For DSP SNL300 series Or CHIP SN8XXX For MCU SN8 series Syntax SYS n For DSP only Description the preprocessor includes test codes from the encrypted dbt file DSP n dbt In debug mode the system includes source DSP n asm file Syntax SYS filename For DSP only Des
131. nimate Stop Stop running the program step by step Breakpoints Choose this command from the Debug menu to specify where you want to set breakpoints For each breakpoint you can click Condition button to configure skip times 3 6 Tool Menu Tools Window Help Customize Preferences Customize Customize tools You can customize displayed tool bars bit buttons user tools and hot keys Preferences Provide miscellaneous settings and format settings 3 7 Window Menu The Window menu provides several methods to arrange editor windows opened at present 3 8 Help Menu The Help menu help you to know information about this software and how to use it SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page21 Van eo 44 4k tp Am A a SN8 C Studio YA SONIX TEGHNOLOGY CO ATD User s Manual 4 Windows Overview This chapter introduces the structure of SN8 C Studio s main windows and how to find your way around it When a project has not been loaded into SN8 C Studio the project area in the centre is left blank Only the menus toolbar and status bar are visible Menus and toolbar buttons that are to control the project will be disabled The following picture shows a typical appearance of SN8 C Studio when a project has not been loaded SN8 C Studio Opened Without a Project Loaded Sonix Integrated Development Systeam Eile Edit View Project Build Debug Tools Window Help A a srest 2 aA AAA je RMAs o aa e o Po a D a Ln 9999 Col 9999 CAP
132. ntax LABEL DB STRING STRING Description define data in the program The date must locate between 0 Oxff or be a serial words blocked by the symbol of Every two data become a word Two bytes made up a word The fist byte is low byte and the second byte is high byte If the data can not be a word high byte is set to be 0 Example TEMP 45 DW 0X1234 5678H TEMP 3 2 5 DW ABCDEFG 23H HERE DW HERE SONIX SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page77 O K V a a A RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual BOMOV X HERE H BOMOV Y HERE M BOMOV Z HERE L MOVC ACC R R F 7 2 6 Definition of Programming Data DD Syntax LABEL DD D1 D2 Description define data in the program The date must locate between 0 Oxffffffff or be a serial words blocked by the symbol of Four bytes made up a dword that is often used to save label since data of label is over 64K Example TABLE DD L1I L2 L3 Ll DW HELLO L2 DW GOOD L3 DW SONIX DS Syntax LABEL DS SIZE Description DS is a general term to define the ram SIZE is a figure value to represent the pace in RAM The size would be arithmetic Example BUFFERI DS 4 XBUF DS 0 XBUF EQUIVALENT TO BUFFER2 BUFFER2 DS 8 CODE BOMOV H BUFFERI M BOMOV L BUFFERI L MOV A DPOX ACC BUFFER SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page78 No BN Vis 2 44 4k ED Hm BD
133. ntly The compiling system has defined the resource register and also given the names to the registers For the registers system also assigned fixed functions to them Users can use these functions when it is necessay The instruction of bit field definition 1 A bit field should be stored in the same byte and can t cover two bytes For example when the remained space is not big enough to store one bit field this field must be stored from the next unit And you can store a bit field from the next unit directly An example for reference struct bs unsigned a 4 unsigned 0 Whitesace bit field SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page167 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual unsigned b 4 Store from the next unit unsigned c 4 In the bit field definition a occupys the front four bits of the first byte the last four bits are 0 which indicates that they are unavailable b starts from the second byte and it takes up four bits c takes up four bits 2 You can t use a bit in two bytes so the width of a bit field can t be wider than a byte That is to say a bit field should shorter than eight bits 3 The unnamed bit fields can be existed these bit fields will be used for padding or adjusting position These unnamed bit fields are unavailable Please refer to the following example struct k int a 1 int 2 These two bits are unava
134. o AS WN BAVA Sonix TEGHHOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Double clicking those message line to locate them in source file and the relevant lines will be highlighted What you need to do is to modify the source file and recompile until there s no error Compiling Architecture asm D Generic Macro asm as Processor dep O asm as inc ins Assembler Assembly Parser Assembler Kernel ELF Writer Machine Info Manager iji g Ist 5 4 2 Linking Linking is the act of running the compiler with those relocatable object above and library files as input files It will produce one or more output files specified in the project placed into the project directory The link step can be run at most once when compiling The user can find the specified messages of linking in the Output Window SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page45 S WOW see HH eM Bw AME A SN8 C Studio DN wt BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual 5 4 3 Make Make will compile the project files performing dependency checking so that only source files that are out of date are recompiled and linking is only performed when necessary Before Make begins the project source files that are being edited will be checked to see if they have been modified The action performs when a source file has been modified which is specified in the dialog below As a rule you should choose Y to rebuild the project Modified Hint Dialog SH8 C Studio
135. o N NBAA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual bObclr ftOirq bObset tOint activation mov__ t0c 64h int_ser9 bOmov_ a pflagbuf mov pflag a bOxch a accbuf reti The codes implemented jumping from 0x08 to other address unit It also judged the interruption type according to the set priority order which is from int_ser10 to int_ser19 Then it implemented the interruptions from int _ser20 to int ser40 At the beginning of the interruptions push operation was called and at the ending time of the interruptions the pop operation was called In the SN8 C programming we can define a specified function to implement the same functional work The key word __interrupt begin with two _ indates that it will be a called function of interruption vector There is no parameter or return value for each interruption vector function The declaration of such functions __interrupt MyHandler To see an interruption function in SN8 C programming __interrupt ints void The entrance of the interruption programme Ims t if INTRQ amp 0x 10 tOints else if UINTRQ amp 0x01 pOOints Zeropoint passing interruption void t0ints void SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel61 Ver GA ENT EESE EREN SN8 C Studio AO NBAA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual _bCLR amp INTRQ 4 t loop f 1 if int_f cnt11 Timer starts when the external interruption triggers
136. of a single data type The individual objects are not named rather each one is accessed by its position in the array 8 5 1 Array Types In C arries should be type defined before using the syntactic form of array definition type arrayName constant expression Type is one of basic data or structure data type arrayName is a user define label for array the constant expression is the number of the data elements in an array it is also called array length For instance int a 10 the integer array a with 10 elements float b 10 c 20 the float array b with 10 elements and the float array c with 20 elements char ch 20 the character array ch with 20 elements Here are some notes for the type definition of arrays 1 The type of an array is actually the type of the elements in that array the type of elements is the same in one array 2 Name an array should follow the prescription of naming an identifier 3 The name of arrays can not be the same with other variables The codes void main SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel121 KY Nem tk eo AR 2 A SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual int a float a 10 will cause an error 4 Constant expression in the square brackets denotes the number of elements in an array For example a 5 means there are 5 elements in array a and its subscript is begin with 0 so the 5 elements in array
137. oject View The project view window provides the labels different projects associated with the application being developed It is placed to the left of the project workspace Project View SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page23 KF V o a eee oA mR BD A SN8 C Studio AO NRE AA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual W Project view File view Popup Menu on Project View Right clicking on the project name a popup menu will be displayed showing various options Set as Working Project Delete Project s Save Project s Properties Set as Working Project Set this project as active project Delete Project s Remove the selected project s from workspace Save Project s Save changes for selected project s Properties Display information for selected project 4 1 2 File View The file view window lists the names about source files and header files with a directory structure The folders are working under File View and SN8 C Studio will not create physical folders in SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page24 ae or Ft Tek BE O A PR A SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD SN8 C Studio User s Manual your disk Double click the label of the file name then the file will be opened and displayed At the top root of the structure is the output file The next level under this root are the file folders The folders contain the source files and header files associated with the project File View zx Workspace Mywork
138. on or jump out of a loop etc The gotostatement is the most deprecated feature of modern programming languages Use of the goto statement often renders a program s control flow difficult to understand or modify Most uses can be replaced with a conditional or loop statement If you do find yourself using a goto statement we recommend that it not span a wide program sequence 2 The break Statement A break statement terminates the nearest enclosing while do while for or switch statement Execution resumes at the statement immediately following the terminated statement The transfer direction of break statement is clear so no labels are needed The syntactic form of break statement is break Some previous examples use break statement to jump out of for loop and switch statement the usage of break make the loop or switch statememt have multiple exits this can make programming more flexible and convenient 3 The continue Statement A continue statement causes the current iteration of the nearest enclosing loop statement to SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page120 NAO DT WT o ew eee oa maa SN8 C Studio N ASFAN SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual terminate Execution resumes with the evaluation of the condition Unlike the break statement which terminates of the loop the continue statement terminates only the current iteration Its syntactic form is continue 8 5 Array An array is a collection of objects
139. or A25 A pointer is used for pointing the assignment of an uncertain value to it is illegal for example when char c a SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page205 N OA kA HERERO AMEA SON SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD is defined char cp c or char cp cp c are all illegal The right styles are char cp amp c or char cp cp amp c please refer to relative reference for more information SN8 C Studio User s Manual SONIX reserves the right to make change without further notice to any products herein to improve reliability function or design SONIX does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others SONIX products are not designed intended or authorized for us as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body or other applications intended to support or sustain life or for any other application in which the failure of the SONIX product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur Should Buyer purchase or use SONIX products for any such unintended or unauthorized application Buyer shall indemnify and hold SONIX and its officers employees subsidiaries affiliates and distributors harmless against all claims cost damages and expenses and reasonable attorney fees arising out of directly or indirectly any claim of pe
140. panded is k 5 5 3 5 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page177 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Here are some notes for the definition of macro with parameters 1 In the definition of macro with parameters blanks should not exist between macro name and parameter list 2 In the definition of macro with parameters no memeory will be allocated to the parameters so it s not necessary to specify parameter types The arguments in macro invocation are values which should be type defined this is a different case from functions In functions parameter and argument are two different values which have their own scope When a function is called arguments will replace parameters by passing argument However in the macro with parameters symbol replacement will occur instead of passing argument 3 The parameters in macro definition are identifiers but the arguments in macro invocation can be expressions This is different from function call in which an expression should be evaluated before granting to a parameter However in macro invocations the expression arguments do not have to be evaluated before granting 4 Parameters in character string are usually included by parentheses to avoid errors in macro definition Not only the paramenters but also the whole character string could be included by parentheses 5 Macro with parameters is similar to functions with parameters but they a
141. plication division remainder also called modular arithmetic increment and decrement Arithmetic expressions are formulas connected by arithmetic operators and brackets and here are some examples SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page95 N N Vis a 44 4k ED HOM BD A SN8 C Studio D DO BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual atb a 2 c xtr 8 atb 7 i sin x sin y 4i j 4 k 8 3 2 Relational Operators and Expressions Relational operators are used for compare There are six of them greater than gt less than lt equality greater than or equal gt less than or equal lt and inequality The format of realational expression is expr Realational operator expr For example a b gt c d x gt 3 2 a 1 b gt c a c d The value of the realational expression is true and false which are indicated by 1 and 0 29 For example the value of 5 gt 0 is true that is promoted to 1 The value of a 3 gt b 5 is false because 3 gt 5 evaluates to false that is promoted to 0 Character variables are evaluated by their corresponding ASCII codes As to the expressions which have more than one relational operators such as k j i 5 According to the left associative feature of operators the k j expression which evaluates to false will be evaluated firstly and the value of it is 0 then
142. rators and expressions 66__99 66__99 The operator is the expression connected by is called assignment expression The format of it is variable expression for example x atb w sin a sin b y it j The function of assignment expression is to assign the value of the right hand expression to the left hand variable Assignment operator is right associative so a b c 5 Can be considered as SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page97 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D IN BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual a b c 5 In other advanced languages assignment is considered as a statement it is called assignment 66__99 statement Whereas the is defined as an operator in C and it is an assignment expression Anywhere an expression can locate an assignment expression can locate For example x a 5 b 8 is legal it means assign 5 to a and assign 8 to b then assign the sum of a and b to x so the value of x is 13 Assignment statements can exsit in C too As C language prescribes any expression with a semicolon after it is considered as a statement For example x 8 a b c 5 are all considered as assignment statements If the right hand expression s type is not the same as the type of the object being assigned to an automatic type convert will be executed by compiler the compiler will implicaitly convert the type of the right operand to the type of the object
143. rd text macro to create a new text macro For more information of the format of STRING please refer to TEXTEQU Example S1 TEXTEQU lt 12 gt S2 CATSTR lt 0x gt S1 S2 equivalent to 0x12 5 SUBSTR Syntax STRING SUBSTR lt STRING gt START LENGTH STRING SUBSTR TEXT MACRO START LENGTH STRING SUBSTR VARIABLE START LENGTH STRING SUBSTR ARITHMETIC START LENGTH Description retrieve one of serial words from STRING START is the starting position of that retrieved serial words and the first character of serial words is in position 1 LENGTH represents the length of characters If omit the LENGTH the serial words would be retrieved up to the end of that serial word For more information of the format of STRING please refer to TEXTEQU Example S1 TEXTEQU lt 123456 gt S2 SUBSTR S1 4 2 S2 equivalent to 45 S3 SUBSTR S1 3 S3 equivalent to 3456 6 SIZESTR Syntax VALUE SIZESTR lt STRING gt VALUE SIZESTR TEXT MACRO SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page74 O V a a A ek oA mR 2 A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual VALUE SIZESTR VARIABLE VALUE SIZESTR ARITHMETIC Description uers can tell the string length form STRING For more information of the format of STRING please refer to TEXTEQU Example V1 SIZESTR lt 123456 gt V1 Equivalent to 6 7 INSTR Syntax VALUE INSTR START lt STRING gt lt SUBSTRING gt VA
144. re distinct indeed Other than the points mentioned above the results for a same expression executed by them may be quite different 6 Macro definition can define multiple statements which will be replaced in source code while macro invocation 8 11 3 Files Include Files include is another important function in the C preprocessor The syntactic form of files include command is include fileName We had used this command to include the header files of library functions The function of files include command is to insert corresponding files into its location and replace it This can connect appointed file and current file to be one source file Files include is very useful while programming one large program can be divided into many modules and SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page178 O V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual programmed by more than one programmers separately Some global symbols and macro definitions can compose one file which will be included by other files Time will be saved and errors will be reduced since these global symbols do not have to be defined in every file Here are notes for using files include command 1 File names in files include command can be included by double quotation marks or angle brackets Here is the difference angle brackets means to search the file in included file directory set while setting system environments rather than search it
145. restrict them However we can t restrict the structure data members if it is allowed to restrict the storage space there will be conflict The data member definition in the following example is invalid struct StuType int _ ROM data error For the member variables of a structure the storage locations depend on the structure itself 8 8 2 Unions There are similarities between structs and unions but they are different essentially For SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page154 O K V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual the structure members system allocates memory for each of them The length of a structure variable is the addition length of the members However for the unions all the members share the same memory space section The length of a union is the length of the longest member The feature of unions is that the members are stored in the same memory space section In fact when you call the union you are calling the same memory space by different names For example three ok types data member char int long and they compose a union This means that when you are modifying one of the three members the other two members will be affected 1 Union Definition The general form for union definition union union name Union member list There can be several members in the union member list You can define the members like this t
146. rsonal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use even if such claim alleges that SONIX was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page206 S K Nem tk eo AR 2 A SN8 C Studio NO Na MA Sonix TECHNOLOGY cotta User s Manual Main Office Address 9F NO 8 Hsien Cheng 5th St Chupei City Hsinchu Taiwan R O C Tel 886 3 551 0520 Fax 886 3 551 0523 Taipei Office Address 15F 2 NO 171 Song Ted Road Taipei Taiwan R O C Tel 886 2 2759 1980 Fax 886 2 2759 8180 Hong Kong Office Address Flat 3 9 F Energy Plaza 92 Granville Road Tsimshatsui East Kowloon Tel 852 2723 8086 Fax 852 2723 9179 Technical Support by Email Sn8fae sonix com tw SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page207
147. ruction define etc These commands are located out of the functions in source code and they are usually located in front of the source code They are called preprocessors Pre process is the work that should be done before the first pass of compiling scan for label definition and parsing Pre process is an important function of C it is implemented by preprocessors When compile a source file preprocessors are quoted by system to implement the pre process part When the pre process part has been done the compiling will be accessed automatically There are various pre process functions in C like macro definition file including SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page174 O V a a A RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual conditional compiling etc The program will pre process reasonable used is easy to read edit transplant and debug This also makes for modularized program design 8 11 2 Macro Definition An identifier is allowed to indicate a character string in C it is called macro The identifier which has been defined as macro is called macro name The macro name is replaced with the corresponding character string in the macro definition this is called macro expansion Macro definition is implemented by the macro definition command in source code Macro expansion is implemented by preprocessor automatically In C there are two kinds of macro one is with par
148. rupt the position of programming address If there is no specific programming address be set up at the beginning of program the system defaults the programming address is 0 Example MOV A 0FH BOMOV STKP A Disable interrupt and set stack to bottom BOMOV PFLAG 0 At the first 16k ROM JMP START ORG 8 The t0 tOc tlc pO interruption s starting address CLR INTRQ Clear all interrupt requests RETI START ORG _TMP ORG 15 amp OX3FFO Re position 16 times alignment DW ORG ORG _TMP 0X100 Re position 0x100 apart SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page76 O V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual ALIGN Syntax ALIGN NUMBER Description use ALGN to adjust the value of alignment for next instruction or variable Number must be 2 multiplier such as 2 16 256 and the maximum number is 65536 0x10000 Example TF ALIGN 16 SAME AS ABOVE ORG 15 amp OX3FFO THEN 16 7 2 5 Definition of Byte Data Syntax LABEL DB D1 D2 Description define data in the program The date must locate between 0 Oxff or be a serial words blocked by the symbol of Every two data become a word Two bytes made up a word The fist byte is low byte and the second byte is high byte If the data can not be a word high byte is set to be 0 Example DB 12 34 30 ABCD equivalent to DW 0X220C OX411E 0X4342 0X0044 Sy
149. s ROM and RAM they are called program memory ROM and data memory RAM They are declared by SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page92 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D INS BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual keywords code and data in assembler program SN8 series singlechips do not use extended memory they offer various chip types and you can choose the chip as your requirements Therefore the data is stored inside the chip and there is no need to distinguish inside or outside the chip while addressing The data memory RAM structure for SN8P singlechip is shown below Bank0O 0000H 128Byte User General Memory 007FH Memory 0080H 80H FFH is for System Registers OOFFH system registers Bank1 00100 More User Memory General Memory O1FFh Figure 3 2 RAM structure The size of general RAM in SN8P series singlechips differ from chips RAM is divided by BANKs the address in a BANK is 0OH FFH All the memories of 80H FFH in BankO are reserved for system registers The variables we mentioned above are data structures that stored in RAM Keywords RAM and ROM can be used to specify the location of variables as the definition of variables usually locates in RAM so the keyword RAM is default Let s take a look at those examples unsigned int templ unsigned int _ RAM temp2 __RAM unsigned int temp3 unsigned long job_ mode unsigned long RAM job _mode 2 __RAM unsi
150. s intervals constants and comments 1 Identifiers The names of variables functions and notations are called identifiers The library function names are defined by the system and other identifiers are all defined by the users As C language prescribes identifiers are the character strings only consist of letters A Z a z numbers 0 9 and underline and the first character of an identifier should be a letter or underline These identifiers are valid a x 3x BOOK 1 sum5 These identifiers are invalid 3s Begin with a number s T The is invalid 3x Begin with a subtraction sign bowy 1 Subtraction sign is invalid Here are some notes when using identifiers 1 Standard C does not have restrictions on the length of the identifiers However the identifier length is restricted by various versions of the C compilers and the specific machines For example one version of C prescribes the first 8 characters of an identifier SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page84 O V a a a eo AR 2 A SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual is available when two identifiers have the same first 8 characters they are considered identical 2 Identifiers are case sensitive BOOK and book are different 3 Programmers can define identifiers at will but it s commended that the name of an identifier has the corresponding meaning of its usage to make a programme easy to understand 2 Keywords Keywords are character string
151. s ROM or RAM there are four types of pointer variables available in SN8 C Compiler as list in table 8 5 Table 7 5 pointer Variable pointed declaration syntax of pointer to __RAM RAM TypeObject__RAM _ RAM PtrInRamToObjInRam _ RAM ROM TypeObject _ROM _ RAM PtrInRamToObjInRom __ROM RAM TypeObject _RAM _ ROM PtrlInRomToObjInRam __ROM ROM TypeObject__ROM _ ROM PtrInRomToObjInRom where TypeObject specifies the type that been pointed to it can be basic type for instance structure typedef pointer or more complex structure The qualifier RAM or ROM on the right side of the specifies whether the variable is located in a ROM space or a RAM space while the qualifier RAM or ROM on the left side of the specifies whether the variable been pointed to is located in a ROM space or a RAM space All the qualifier RAM are omissible To better illustrate the behavior of the pointers the RAM pointer denotes the pointer to SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page125 N OWnnrent neva RAA SN8 C Studio SON SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual object in RAM space ROM pointer denotes the pointer to object in ROM space GENERIC pointer denotes the pointer to object in RAM or ROM The pointers generally address RAM and are changeable unless those pre specified The pointers address ROM are un changeable Because the RAM pointer and ROM pointer address different memory space Generic poin
152. s that have specific meanings and defined by C The user define characters should not be the same of the keywords The keywords in C language are classified into several kinds Type declarator Used for the declaration and defination of variables functions or other kinds of data structures int double in the previous examples are type declarators Statements definition symbol Used for indicating the function of a statement The if else in EX 1 3 is a kind of statements define symbol for condition statements Preprocessor command word Used for indicating a preprocessor command include in the previous examples is one preprocessor command word Except the standard ANSIC C SN8 C Compiler adds a number of new keywords list in figure7 7 Figure 7 7 Keyword Related Chapter __interrupt Interrupt Functions __ RAM Memory Qualifier _ ROM Memory Qualifier progma bank Bank Configuration SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page85 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 3 Operators There are various operators in C language Operators variables and functions make up of expressions and they indicate the operation functions and comprise one or more characters 4 Intervals The intervals in C language can be comma or blank Comma is used in the type declaration and the parameter list of functions to compart the variables Blank is used as intervals among
153. s the currently created project in active note that the project name is over striking izi xl Workspace Test001 1 projec HyPro amp Source Header Mb Project view Fite view Open relevant folder and you will find the IDS has made some new files The suffixed with prj file is the project file Others are configuration files and header file for the project SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page52 N V AE ES e E SN8 C Studio D WN BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 6 3 Create a New Source File File List Yorkspaces Binary File Projects Name Locatio p ASNS Test TestO01 WyPro ue 1 Choose the New command in the File menu 2 Click the Files icon in the New dialog box and choose the Assembly File or C Source File from File List Finally please don t forget to fill in the file name in the Name edit box and specify its location in the Location edit box 3 Click OK button 4 Then SN8 C STUDIO shows an active edit window named as the source file which is created currently 6 4 Edit Program Now program the following assembly file The main control section Main asm is absolutely necessary which includes the Calling function and external variables Example TMM LT if S a pro asm MATHML TTT 0 RR 2g k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k K 3k 3k fg 2K K K 3k k k K K k fe fe K K 3K k k 2k K Fk fe fs 2k K 2S 3k 2k 2k K 2K fs 2s 2s 2K 2 2K
154. ser s Manual Unsigned char short int 1 0 255 Signed long 2 32768 32767 Unsigned long 2 0 65535 float double 4 Pointer 2 enum 1 Table 3 1 Data types and ranges 8 2 1 Constants and Variables While designing a programme we may have some referenced values or pre set values which expected not to be changed throughout the whole programme and we can use them in anywhere of the programme We use them to decide if certain standerds are met or not etc Refer to these values directly instead of defining them many programmers will do this while writing an assembler language programme It requires the programmers to remember the values and make sure they are uniform thoughout the whole program This is a process that errors may occurs easily and the readability of the program is decreased Then the edit and the maintenance of the program will become difficult any where of the program is not modified will cause the whole program to have a wrong result So it s strongly recommended to define these referenced and pre set values in advance name these values according to their meanings this is a constant definition process and the value is called constant In standard C the powerful CPU and the large capacity of memory can help us to ignore the constant location However for a singlechip system the RAM is so small and the system will put some tables into the ROM area The constants we defined will be replaced with the exac
155. sex If a data member is another structure you should find out the lowest level member and then you can use it For example boy1 birthday month indicates the the first boy s birth month The birth month which is a data member of boy1 and it can be used in programmes separately Assigning Values to Structure Variables In the former chapters we know that assigning values to structure variables is assigning values to the structure members Both the input statements and the assignment statements are used for this SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page152 O K V a a A RO ARA SN8 C Studio AO NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Strcture Variable Initialization When the structure variables are the global variables or the static variables you can initialize them and assign values while initializing However for the local structure variables and the automatical structure variables you can t assign values while initializing The system stores the structure data members in the definintion order Then the data members are put into a data block It is convenient to operate the data blocks of the programmes For example when you want to display 0 0 5 1 1 0 2 2 5 3 5 0 in the original order you can define a structure as follows Struct disvalue Unsigned int number Unsigned int Weight1 Unsigned int weight2 bs Disvalue disarray 0 0 5 1 1 0 2 2 5 35 0 We can use the disp
156. sion 5 3 6 Code Option SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page43 N V AE T E E SN8 C Studio D WN BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Code Option Settings Securty Fepu High_Ckk Watch_Dog Noise_Fiter There are two sections in the code option dialog At the top is the ICE MODE setting If the project is only need to do some stimulation then choose the enable option otherwise choose the disable option The bottom section is provided to set the value of six options including security Fcpu High clk Watch Dog Reset_Pin and Noise Filter Just clicking the corresponding value tab choose the value you want in the pull down menu 5 4 Compile The Project This section illustrates the way of compiling an opened project The project must have one file at least in the project able to be compiled 5 4 1 Compiling Source Files Compiling a source file is the act of running the compiler with a C file and the instruction set table file as the input files to produce a releasable object file and a list file The relocatable object file produced will be placed into the project directory Errors and warnings are issued by the compiler when the compiler detects an error or warning in the files being compiled The error and warning messages will be displayed in the output window SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page44 N NOWreaArntHeeeamaa SN8 C Studi
157. st be within bank 0 SN8 C Compiler show errors when those instructions use memory that are not in bank 0 Q13 Why in compiling it show error message Register value must and with 0x0 or Register value must with 0x80 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page202 N NOWrewrkepama a SN8 C Studio N INS BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual A13 Due to some SN8 bit register was limited amp it s value must be fixed as 0 or 1 The SN8 Assembler would complains above error if the bit registers were not properly set Q14 Why its wrong to specify a pointer point to a character string variable i e char string SNL320 A14 Because SN8 C Compiler defines character string variables as constant and they are placed in ROM space when compiling SN8 C Compiler usually use RAM pointer and ROM pointer separately these two type variables can access each other by _ GENERIC pointer the default value is often RAM pointer The right syntax is __ROM char string SNL320 or __GENERIC char string SNL320 Q15 Why it s wrong shifting an integer and assignment it to a long integer type variable i e long temp 0x200 lt lt 8 A15 When the length of an operand is no long than a word the compiler will default it as integer So you should particularly announce it a long integer type It s same with the dealing in ANSI C The correct variable announce should be Long _temp 0x200L lt lt 8 Where the symbol L is used to
158. status unsigned long job_ mode unsigned long power_model float powerValue int temp1_ 1 signed int type long temp2_2 Here are some notes when define variables 1 Variables of the same type can be defined after one type declarator Variable names are separated by commas There should be at least one space between type declarator and variable names 2 The last variable should end up with 3 Variables should be declared before being used The declarations are usually put at the begining of one function As we had mentioned the definition of variables in C not only distinguish the scope but also the types that have different length this has bring a lot of convenience to the programmers Compared with mathematic calculating computers the choice of the variable types and data types in singlechip is very important The processor for SN8 series singlechip is 8 bit and only the data of BYTE type is supported directly by processor For advanced programming language like C no matter what type the data is literally the operation for a single statement seems simple Whereas the C compiler needs a series of machine instructions to handle with the complicated variable types and data types The process is distinct even if only the variable types are different in the statements and the code generated is distinct too Especially when the float type is used the SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page91 SONIN 32 74 522 E a a SN8 C Studio N
159. switch 0X200 into long integer type Q16 Why it s not correct to assignment an int unsigned variable with an integer exceeding 255 A16 Because the default value of int unsigned variable length is only one byte Q17 Why it s not correct to assignment an unsigned long type variable with an integer longer than 65535 A17 Because the default value of unsigned long variable length is only one byte SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page203 O V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio N DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Q18 Why it s not correct to assignment a float double type variable with an integer exceeding 5 bytes A18 Because the default value of float double variable unit is 4 bytes Q19 Why the character string length must be one less than the array length when assignment the string to this array A19 Because the last bit of the string is set as a end mark with 0 which is placed together into the array For example char string 11 abcdefghiy Q20 Why the blank should be filled in with value 1 when right shift an negative integer A20 Because the compiler process the integer shifting as logical operation that is the left shift equal to x2 and the right shift operation is equal to 2 Q20 Why its wrong assignment a long integer type variable with the result of int type operands multiplication A20 Although the operation result of two integer type variables is placed in
160. t Delete all the output files and then build the working project SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel7 SN DOW ws we HH eB FRA A we Wee NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Clean all Delete all intermediate and output files for the working project Build All Projects Build all projects in workspace Rebuild All Projects Rebuild all projects in workspace Clean All Projects Clean all projects in workspace Stop Stop compiling building or rebuilding the active project 3 5 Debug Menu and Toolbar SN8 C Studio User s Manual In the development process the repeated modification and testing of source programs is an inevitable procedure The IDS provides many tools not only to facilitate the debugging work but also to reduce the development time Included are functions such as single stepping symbolic breakpoints automatic single stepping and trace trigger conditions etc SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel18 N OA kA HERERO AMEA SON SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Debug Tools Window Help K Exit Debug Shi t F5 Bun W Restart Ctrl FS P Step Into P Step Over IP Step Out hy Animate Step Into Oy Animate Step Over Breakpoints ALttFS Memory Tooling AlttF10 Debug Begin to debug the active project Exit Debug Stop debugging Run Run the executable file Restart Reset registers and ready to run the executable file Pause Make a pause and go on running the program Step Into
161. t key 7 SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page55 D Ni Vas a 44 24 EOD A FR gt oJ SN8 C Studio ww We SONIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual bit7 gt key 8 keyinbuf ds 1 bit0 gt run_key keychkbuf ds 1 keycvtbuf ds 1 keyoldbuf ds 1 keystat ds 1 bit0 gt key processing bit gt pin processing bit7 gt clean key buffer Klt equ keystat 2 keychat ds 1 keycode ds 1 KK KK KK K K K 2K K 3K K 3K 2K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K 2 3K K K 3K K 3K K K ais K ois K 3K K 3K 2s K 3K K 3K K 3K 2k K ok gt code KKK K KK K 2K K 2K K 3K K 3K 2K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K 3K 3K K K 3K K 3K K K K K ois K 3K K 3K ois K 3K K 3K K 3K gt K K ok gt keyBoard scan KKK K K K K K 3K K 2K K 2K K K 3K 3K 3K 3K FK FK K K 2K 3K 3K 3K 3K FK FK K K K 2K 3K 3K 3K FK FK FK K 2K 2K FK K gt K ok J mnkey Scan key loop mnkey10 call keyin Read into in buf call keychk Read into check buf call keycyt Read into convert buf mnkey90 ret 0 KKK K K K K 3K K K 2K K K 3K 3K 3K 3K 2K FK K K K 2K 3K 3K FK FK FK K K 2K 3K FK 3K FK FK FK K 2K 2K ok 3K 3K 3K 2K K ok 3 keyoutport Scan output keyinport Scan input AKK K K KK K K K K K 3K K 3K 3K K 2K K 3K K 3K 2K 3K 2K K 3K K 3K K K K K FK K 3K 2K K 2K K 3K K 3K K K 2K K 3K K gt SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page56 D hY Vas a 44 aED A FR gt oJ SN8 C Studio ww We keyin clr bObset bObts1 bObset bObts1 bObset bObts1 bObset ifdef bObts1 bObset en
162. t arranged follow the steps of the flowing chart Processing Processing Processing Processing Interrupt 1 Interrupt 2 Interrupt 3 Interrupt n RETI Figure7 2 The Structure of Interruption Processing To avoid the long time occupying of the interruption source please do not write any long time occupying programmes in the interruption programmes How to solve this problem If there is long time occupying programmes you can place it outside the interruption programme Then just tell the main controller to know which interruption is being called SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel64 N V e a 44 4k ED REZA 3 OYA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD __ interrupt intserv void if INTRQ amp 0x10 _bCLR amp INTRQ 4 TOINT void INTround void unsigned int bitValue 0 if intStatus Word 1 ftcOint intStatus Word 1 ftcOint 0 SN8 C Studio User s Manual Add bit which on 10ms inferrupt will affect intStatus Word1 fkeyTimer 1 intStatus Word 1 fflashTimer 1 intStatusWord1 ThandDelay 1 else if INTRQ amp 0x20 _bCLR amp INTRQ 5 TCOINT aos void TCOINT void Void main void TCOC 0x64 intStatus Word 1 ftcOint 1 INTround Figure 7 3 The association between main loopin and interruption programme In the programme the interruption programme only judge the source interruption then it calls the interruption processing programme The interruption processing programme restore
163. t the Linker Does The linker accepts a number of ELF object and archive files and a link file which describes the location of the segments and generates executable binary and or ELF files along with an optional map file which records the fix up and relocation information The linker combines both code and data in the object files and searches the named libraries to resolve external references to routines and variables It also locates the code and data sections at the specified memory address or at the SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page190 N NOW ea HBR eM BOA MA SN8 C Studio We NEEM sonic TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual default address if no explicit address is specified Finally the linker copies both the program codes and other information to the task file It is this task file that is loaded for debugging The libraries included by the Cross Linker were generated by the Holtek library manager Linking processing ei Object Files l 0 Archive Files lib Linker U L U Simulation Log Executable Map File File ini ELF File map Linking process e Import and search include modules in library by resolving global symbols e Allocate segments e Resolve local and external references e Fix up relocatable addresses e Generate output file e Generate log file for simulation register dump 9 2 Linker Options The options specify and control the tasks performed by Linker The Project command pro
164. t values by compiler automatically We can leave this work to the computer Here we can see how to define constants in an assembler language For example door service c equ 80 80ms SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page87 O K V a a A EROAREA SN8 C Studio Ie we We SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual tOint c equ 224 t0 interupt time segment c equ 3 3 cooks at most Note the before the values which indicates an instant value is followed is one symbol of SN8 Assembler The code above defines 3 reference values that will be used in 3 programs By the way it s necessary to add comments while defining otherwise it may be possible to forget the usage of your last definition action In the definitions above the keyword EQU in assembler language is used The words before EQU will be replaced by the value after EQU while compiling The programmers loading is lightened by this action Here we can see how to define these constants in SN8 C For example define door service c 80 80ms define tOint c 224 tO interupt time define segment c 3 3 cooks at most The 3 values defined above are identical with the 3 values defined in previous assembler language These constants will be replaced by the corresponding values There is a special case the value list In assembler the items of the list are all put in Code and they are handled as Code These values are constants too but they are spec
165. ter is applied to access data regardless of the memory it is stored For example SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel26 N N Vis a 4 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual ptr ramptr O K value ptr get the value of ramptr i e RomData ptr romptr O K value ptr get the value of romptr i e RomData 8 7 Functions Functions are the basic elements of programes and they play important roles in C programming language The main structure of C programe consists of the function definitions and functions callings There are some differences between SCM Single Chip Micyoco based programming and general C programming There are two main differences The first one is between the selection of global variable and parameters the other is the differences between the selection of parameter types 8 7 1 Function Definition Functions are the code segments which can implement special works The significance of function occurrence they can implement the recycle of codes decrease the code generation amount However almost every function is related with the parameter transmition so there will occure code redundancy if we don t use them properly Besides all the callings of functions are related with the pop action and push action of stacks The pop action and the push action always occupy the resource of CPU and affect the real time ability of programmes If the callings of functions
166. the interruption status and define the flag bit as 1 for the corresponding interruption The main looping programme assigns the task to the INTround which tests the interruption flag ftcOint The main loop programme also calls the INTround Doing this can find out the interruption in time and cope with it and also resolves the long time occupying problem 8 10 Bit Operation Bits are the base storage units in computer languages and they are in binary In fact in the hardware based programming the data processings are all implemented via binary datas In the SN8 SCMs based programming the RAM spaces processing can be carried out by bit operation Therefore bit operation plays an important role in SCM based programming SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel65 O K V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO WR A Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 8 10 1 Bit Definition Because bit operation is so important in SCM based programming in many types of SCM C programming languages they all provide variable definition in bit type In SN8 C and ANSIC C there aren t any rules to follow when you want to define a bit type variable To mark every bit can make the programmes readable It can be classifed easily after marking each bit We are searching a way to define bits and give them an easy understandable name such as keyPress intl Oms etc The bit field definition is referred in the previous chapters Now let s
167. the expression O i 5 will be evaluated it evaluates to false either so the whole expression is evaluates to 0 8 3 3 Logical Operators and Expressions There are three logical operators in C language logical AND amp amp logical OR logical NOT Logical AND amp amp and logical OR have two operands and they are left associative Logical NOT has one operand and it is right associative Values of logical expressions The values of logical expressions are true and false and they are indicated by 1 and 0 The evaluating rules are shown below 1 The logical ADD amp amp operator evaluates to true only if both its operands evaluate to true For example 5 gt 0 amp amp 4 gt 2 the value is true because both values of 5 gt 0 and A4 gt 2 are true 2 The logical OR operator evaluates to true if either of its operands evaluates to ture It evaluates to false if both of its operands evaluate to false For example 5 gt 0 5 gt 8 evaluates to ture because the value of 5 gt 0 is true 3 The logical NOT operator evaluates to true if its operand has a value of false or zero otherwise it evaluates to false SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page 6 No BN Vis ef 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual For example the value of 5
168. tic Library Project SNG 2200 Series Static Library Project SNG 1900 Series Static Library Project SNG 1800 Series Static Library Project lt Name Locatio p SNS Testi fesd caca 6 2 Create a new Project After creating a workspace successfully there s none project in the Workspace window Therefore next step is to create a project according to the chip you have selected Choose the New command in the File menu and SN8 C STUDIO will default it to create a new project Choose the right chip matrix in the Project List window in the pop up New dialog box SN8 C STUDIO shows the catalog of the currently created workspace automatically in the Location blank It i s accustomed not to do modification on the default route Fill in the Name blank which is often same to the workspace name SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page49 S ROW bw ene vamaa SN8 C Studio N AO p A SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Choose the New command and click the right chip matrix Project List SHS 2700A Project SNO 2600 Project SNO 2500 Project SNO 2300 Project Yorkspaces SHB 2200 Project SHB 1900 Project SNG 1800 Project SNG 1700 Project Peatcct SNG 1600 Project PISSAR SNG 2T00A Sreies Static Library Project SNO 2600 Series Static Library Project SNB 2500 Series Static Library Project SNG 2200 Series Static Library Project SNG 1900 Series Static Library Project SNG 1800 Series Static Library Project lt Nane
169. ting environment The SN8 C STUDIO is a high performance integrated development environment designed around SONiX 8 bit MCU devices Incorporated within the system are the hardware and software tools necessary for user s rapid applications SONiX 8 bit serial MCU The key components are the SN8 C Compiler which provides a powerful C Compiler SN8 ICE which provides in circuit emulating The third are the SN8 OTP writers which provide the user with all the tools required to run your program in real time As for the software the SN8 C Studio provides a friendly workbench to ease the process of user s application by integrating all of the software tools such as Editor Assembler Linker library and symbolic debugger into a user friendly Windows based environment All fundamental functions of the SN8 ICE hardware are valid for the simulator More detailed information on the SN8 C Studio SN8_ 1 00 is contained within this manual SONiX provides regular amendments service packs These Service Packs which can be downloaded from the SONiX website There lists some of the special features provided by the SN8 C STUDIO lt Emulation Real time program instruction emulation Hardware Easy installation and usage Breakpoint mechanism Software SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page6 N N o y a g 41 REGA M2 4 SN8 C Studio aw JN BA SONTK TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Windows based software utilities Source program level debugg
170. tion the structure name is stu and it consists of four data members The first member is num The second is name which is character array The third member is sex which is a character variable The last one is score which is a float variable The semicolon which is next to the right curly brace is necessary When a structure definition ends you can declare variables Once you declare a structures using stu type they all will be consisted of the four members Therefore you can see that a structure is a complicated data type The member number is fixed in a structure and a member type can be different from another member type in the same structure Structure Variable Declaration There are three ways to declare structure variables We explain them using stu we defined above 1 Define a structure variable after defining a structure For example struct stu SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page150 N N o y a g 41 REGA MEZ 24 SN8 C Studio aw LAN BA SONTK TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual int num char name 20 char sex float score j struct stu boy 1 boy2 There are two structure variables boy1 and boy2 You can also define a structure using macro then there will be a symbol constant which indicates a structure define STU struct stu STU int num char name 20 char sex float score j STU boy1 boy2 2 While you are defining a structure typ
171. tion is set to be an effective breakpoint the simulator or ICE will stop before executing the instruction That is to say the instruction will become the first one to be executed next time when you start running Although an instruction is an effective breakpoint the IDS may not stop at this instruction due to execution flow or conditional skips If an effective breakpoint is in the Data Space RAM the instruction which matches this conditional breakpoint data will be executed always The IDS will stop at the next instruction Exit to Debug After users complete debugging their programs click Exit Debug to quit the debugger Then all opened documents release the read only lock SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page48 N EA ESE E E RM 2A SN8 C Studio N WN BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 6 Quick Start This chapter shows users a detailed description on how to construct and perform a project with SN8 C STUDIO This may avail to first time users in quickly familiarizing themselves with project development 6 1 Create a New Workspace Choose the New command in the File menu the New dialog box will display as bellow Project List SNG 2700A Project SNO 2600 Project SNS 2500 Froject SNO 2300 Project Workspaces SNG 2200 Project SNG 1900 Project SHB 1800 Project SNG 1700 Project SNG 1600 Project SNO 2T00A Sreies Static Library Project SNO 2600 Series Static Library Project Projects SNG 2500 Series Sta
172. to form multiple loops All the following nested statements are legal 1 forQ SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel18 N N o y a g 41 REGA MEZ 24 SN8 C Studio aw LAN BA SONTK TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual while a 2 do for oust while 3 while for 4 forQ for Transfer Statements The statements in a program are executed by the sequence of order or the sequence decided by the statements If the regular program flow needs to be altered the transfer statement can be used C provides 4 transfer statements goto break continue and return The return statement can only exists in the function been called it is used to return to the main function SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page119 O Vem A RO A mR 2 A SN8 C Studio DN DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 1 The goto Statement The goto Statement is called unconditional transfer statement its syntactic form is goto label where label is a user supplied identifier a label statement can be used only as the target of a goto and must be terminated by a colon C does not restrict the number of labels but label names could not be the same The goto statement provides unconditional branching within a function from the goto statement to a label statement somewhere within the same function Generally the gotostatement is used with conditional statements it is used to transfer from a certain conditi
173. torage type is different What is the storage type It is the way that how memories are allocated to variables We also call it storage mode There are two types of variable storage mode static storage and dynamic storage When you use the static storage variables system allocates memory to them when they are defined and the allocated memory units will not be changed until the programme ends Global variables are one of the static storage types For dynamic storage variables system allocates memory while the variables are called in an executing programme these allocated memory units will be released immediately after the calling action system A typical example for dynamic storage is the calling of formal parameters When you define the formal parameters system doesn t allocate memory for them However once a function calls the formal parameters system SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel41 O Vem ethk em oA mR 2 A SN8 C Studio DN DO BAVA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual will allocate memory for them and release the memory at the end of the calling action If a function is called more than once system will repeat the allocation action and release action From the description we can see that static storage variables are existed constantly but dynamic storage variables don t We call this kind of character that been generated by different variable storage types variable lifetime Lifetime indicates the time d
174. ue Type is the same with the type declarations in chapter 2 The Function Name is one identifier followed by parenthesis which has no parameters in The parenthesis is required and it can t be omitted The content in the is function body There are also type declarations in the function body and they are the declarations of all the variables inside the function body Non parameter functions are usually required to return certain values and then the Function Type can be void 2 The general form for the definition of functions which have parameters Function Type Function Name Formal Parameter List Formal Parameter Declarations Type Declarations Statements There are two differences between the Non Parameter Functions and the functions wich have parameters Firstly there is a Formal Parameter List Secondly there are Formal Parameter Declarations The parameters which are declared in the Formal Parameter List are called Formal Parameters They are the variables which can be any type of C programming language There should be a comma between each SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page128 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Formal Parameter The main function will give each Formal Parameter an actual value when the main function calls subroutines The Formal Parameters are variables so users must declare
175. unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset int bTestO unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset int bTestl unsigned long address unsigned int bitOffset it would generate code efficient assembler code However for the following direct assign of bit register FFD1 1 It would use structure to generate bit wise operation and result in inefficient code It is suggest that user use bit wise function instead of using bit register directly Q3 Does intrinsic function bSET _bCLR _bTest1 _bTest0 support XMOV macro A3 Yes Q4 Why using function pointer results in Instruction CALLHL not defined error A4 Due to function pointer is implemented by CALLHL instruction however only chip SN8P2604 SN8P2606 SN8P2607 SN8P2608 support CALLHL instruction As for other chips the assembler would prompt Instruction CALLHL not defined error Q5 Why calling user defined function within interrupt function would cause compiling error A5 Due to calling function from interrupt might result in multiple function call problems Currently SN8 C Compiler limit user by calling user defined function within interrupt function to avoid multiple call problems However user are allowed to use C standard library within interrupt function Q6 Does SN8 C compiler support multiple function call A6 Yes SN8 C Studio supports multiple function call for C standard library Q7 Can SN8 C Studio calling user defined function
176. uring which the variables exist Lifetime and scope are two attributes of variables and they describe variables in different ways The two attributes are associated and also different with each other To judge the storage mode of a variable both the scope and the storage type should be considered There are four types of variable storage declaration auto The automatical variables register The register variables extern The external variables static The static variables The automatical variables and register variables are dynamic storage variables and the external variables and static variables are static storage variables After the introduction of storage types you should not only declare the data type but also declare the storage type when you decalare a variable Therefore the integral form of variable declaration is Storage type data type variable name variable name static int a b Declare a and b to be static variables auto char cl c2 Declare cl and c2 to be automatical variables static int a 5 1 2 3 4 5 Declare a to be a static array SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel42 N N V e a 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D DG BANA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual extern int x y Declares x and y to be external integer variables To introduce these four storage types as follows 1 Declare the automatical variables using auto before them The automatical variable
177. used in functions f1 and f2 Variables x and variable y also can be called by the main function without declarations Global variables provide an effective way for data communication between functions There are some notes for the global variables 1 The declarations of external variables must be located inside the caller functions Through the SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page139 O K V a a H RO ARAA SN8 C Studio AO C NRE NA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual whole programme there can be more than one declarations of the same external variable The general form of external variable declaration extern variable type variable name variable name System will allocate memory units for external variables when they are defined You can initialize external variables when defining them When the external variables have been defined then they can t be initialized while declaring At this moment the declaration only indicates that one external variable will be called in the function For example int a b equals extern int a b 2 The external variables can enhance the connection among functions However the use of external variables will lead to the function dependency which is adverse to modularized program design Therefore please don t use global variables unless they are necessary 3 In a source programme file it is allowed that you can give the same name to a global variable and a
178. ut file OUTPUTFILE filename 8 Stack STACK size 9 Case sensitive CASE 10 Standard Library Version STDLIB version 11 Output Path OUTPUTPATH path 12 C Type CSource 13 Disable Data Overlaying NOOVERLAY gt Examples slink MACHINE SNC745 PATH c library a o b o c o Files 1 ELF formatted object file 2 Archive file Link File 1 The link command file Please refer to link file format specification 2 If there is conflict between command line options and commands in link file linker should select commands in link file and ignore command line options 9 3 2 Librarian slib Options files Options 1 Help H or HELP or 2 Target machine MACHINE id 3 List objects LIST 4 Output file name OUTPUT filename 5 Search Path PATH path SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page193 O KY V is on F ED ARAE N BIAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s 6 Extraction EXTRACT object 7 Insertion INSERT object 8 Deletion REMOVE object 9 Case sensitive CASE 10 Init file INI file_name 11 Output Path OUTPUTPATH path Examples slib MACHINE SN735 OUTPUT ar lib a o b o c o Files 1 ELF formatted object file 2 Archive file 9 3 3 Dump Utility sdump Options file Options 1 All information ALL 2 All Header information HEADERS 3 Section SECTIOIN sectionname 4 Symbol table SYMBOLS 5 Relocations RELOCATIONS 6 Debug information D
179. vides a dialog box Linker Options to specify these options to the Linker These options are Output This option displays specified location of the executable ELF File Map File This option is to specify whether the map file and it s relevant location will be generated or not The map file should record the following information e Executable file path name the map file is associated to SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Pagel91 S amp S NOWreeRw eR RBH RB A SN8 C Studio D O i SOHIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual e Time stamp which records the time and date the map file is generated Global symbol table that gives the information of global symbol s address type and residing file e Fix up records e The memory layout of segments and their basic information e Call tree information Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Linker Options Output Wap File V Generate Map Fil Steck Stack For the user to specify the level value of the stack 9 3 Functionality 9 3 1 Linker slink options files Options case insensitive 1 Help H or HELP or 2 Target machine MACHINE id 3 Link file LINKFILE file 4 Library search path PATH path 5 Init file INI file_name SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page192 NODO Y ean EOAR SN8 C Studio N BIAN Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 6 Map file MAP 7 Outp
180. with SN8 C STUDIO There are also directions on how to set the system options correctly 5 1 Project Manage 5 1 1 Create a New Project SN8 C Studio includes a project manager that makes it easy to design applications You need to perform the following steps to create a new project Step1 Choose the new command from File menu or toolbar a New dialog box will popup Create a New Workspace Workspace List Generic Workspace Yorkspaces Projects Name j Locatio D SNS Text test ien a Step 2 Click Workspace button to create a workspace file and name this new workspace Then a new workspace is created successfully and IDS will show the Workspace Window and Output Window SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page34 SON Van eo 44 at we OA mR A A SN8 C Studio Soy EA SOHIX TECHNOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual Step 3 Repeat the first step step 4 Click Project button to create a project file and choose the IC type to be used in the project Don t forget to name your project and locate it correctly Then this project is bound to the active workspace Otherwise you can skip the step of creating workspace You can create a project directly The IDS will create a workspace automatically and binds the project to the workspace Create a New Project Project List SNS 2700A Project SNO 2600 Project SNS 2500 Project SNO 2300 Project orkspaces SHB 2200 Project SNG 1900 Project SHB 1800 Project SNG 17
181. x y y x atb btc printf y d x od y x a lt 2 b lt 4 c lt 6 x lt 0 y lt 0 x lt atb y lt bt c In this instance y is the result of this comma expression its value is the value of b c and the value of x is the result of a b Heres are some notes when the comma expression is used 1 The exprl and expr2 in a comma expression can be comma expressions too For example expr expr2 expr3 This is a nested situation So the comma expression can be extended as exprl expr2 expr n The result of the comma expression is the value of expr n 2 When we write a comma expression generally what we want is not the result of the whole expression but the value of the expressions in the comma expression 3 Not all the commas in the program compose comma expressions For instance in the variable declaration statements the commas in parameter list are intervals between variables 8 3 8 Pointer Operators They are used for fetching content and fetching address amp 8 3 9 The Sizeof Operator The sizeof operator returns the size in bytes of an object or type name 8 3 10 Special Operators Parentheses subscript member etc SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page100 Tenri VA ETETETT ER T SN8 C Studio N ON ep NA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 8 3 11 Precedence and Associativity There are 15 different priorities for operators in C
182. y oOo oo ooo o Linked C Stand Library Set the standard OS kernel library version and path If the value is not assigned the compilers use one defined in INI file automatically Additional Path and Libraries Set included path library paths and libraries to be linked 5 3 4 Assembler Setting SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page41 NS DOW ETETETT ER T SN8 C Studio N ON ep NA SONIX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Macro Processor Options Defined List V Generate List File Defined Defining the macro processor so that the project can recognize and it will treat those defined symbols as defined List File Set to generate list file information SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page42 N V AEE T e E SN8 C Studio D ON BAVA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual 5 3 5 Linker Setting Project Setting General Chip Directory Compiler Assembler Linker Code Option Linker Options Output ENSS Text text WyHew MyProWyPre out fs Wap File V Generate Map Fil Stack Output Show the detailed path of the relevant output files Map file Set to create the general map file and display its exact path SN8 C Studio will name this map file same with the project extension map file By default each of these output file shares the same filename as the source file However each has a different file exten
183. ype member name The member name should follow the identifier specification For example union perdata int class char office 10 E SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page155 O KY V a a H EREDA RAaAAI SN8 C Studio Ie WR ELANA Sonix TECHNOLOGY CO LTD User s Manual There is a union perdata There are two members in it one is class which is an integer and the other is office which is a character array After the union definition you can decalare union variables If you declare the union variables as perdata type system will allocate memory for integer class or string array office When using of unions in the hardware based programming system can control the storage memory units easily Please see the following codes DATA flag7 ds 1 micro_on_off f equ flag7 0 grill on off f equ flag7 1 motor on off f equ flag7 2 uv_on_off f equ flag7 3 CODE bObsetmotor_on_off f Because it doesn t return to original location the motor continues working bObts motor on off f bObclr motor port Turn off the oven light bObts0 motor on off f bObset motor port bObts0 grill on off f jmp 3 bObclr grill port Stop roasting SONiX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Page156 No BN Vas 2 44 EEDA REZA SN8 C Studio D f N BA SONiIX TECHHOLOGY Co LTD User s Manual clr flag7 Cut off all the loads In the example it define a variable flag7 which occupy one byte memory space At the same ti

SN8 C Studio Manual V10(English)

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