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Oasys Xdisp - Oasys Software

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1. ccccccccccssscsesssseneeeeeeeeeeeeesecseseeeneeeeeeeeeeeesseseesseeeneseeeeeeeeeenees 125 4 2 9 Ambig o s Selection csiis nsanra danaa aaa daa nianie adaa iaa kaaa sngaatnansccsndeeataiesecanaanciase 126 AS SD Gra hies VIEW acess e EE E a 127 44 CSV RENS File irina Ea EE EE E EE ETE 128 4 5 Exporting Building Damage Assessment Data asannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnn 130 5 Toolbars and Keyboard Accelerators 131 S O OO a ae 131 5 1 1 Standard Toolbar riches ee cece ache cannes deuce deeeap dees adieu bdcleadoade quads acacdpwatlesuaamuevoaweceetdeceunddecencateaduauacdteaneucssestsiveds 131 B12 PAM POO o T 1 EEEE EEEE AS eet ee ake ee ae et eer eee Sa see se 132 Dale SD GADMICS toolbar crisis R 133 514 xdisp Toobal osceni n E an a elai aio ee anne ie en easly 134 551 5 Graphical input MOON al erioa enaa aaea a aa aaran aae a ae e aaneen EEA 134 5 2 Keyboard ACCECICIAIONS acascsscsscccssetesscsccctacecactenreiasenccpatevenesesccneresachehwuucees aaa aa Ermina Ehi 135 6 List of References 136 Gil Referents esst a a O E EAEE S 136 Index 139 Copyright Oasys 2015 About Xdisp 1 About Xdisp 1 1 General Program Description Xdisp Excavation Induced Ground Displacements Xdisp calculates the ground movements induced by tunnelling embedded wall excavations or mining works in terms of three dimensional displacements and horizontal strains It also allows subsequent building and util
2. Lighting When this is checked light falls on the model from a pre defined position set by the program This button is enabled only when lighting is appropriate Picture area to exclude legend panel When this is checked the picture area that is used for the model excludes that of the legend Otherwise the legend is superimposed on the model s image Perspective view This toggles the view between orthogonal and perspective Ghost Image When this is checked a ghost image will be drawn when the elements are rotated This avoids time lag especially when there are many elements in the view Background Data Selects whether to view the background data that has been imported via DXF import Defaults This resets all the settings to the program s defaults and applies them to the 3D Graphics View Copyright Oasys 2015 s Oasys Xdisp 3 17 OK This applies the current settings from all the pages to the 3D Graphics View and closes the property sheet Undo This undoes the changes to all those pages that have been modified since the Apply button was last pressed Apply This applies the current settings from all the pages to the 3D Graphics View without exiting the property sheet More 3D Graphics View Set Exact Scale Utility Dimensions Utility dimensions define the internal diameter and the wall thickness of a utility Data may be input in tabular form in this table view or in dialog form by double cl
3. E v Displacement Entities E v Points F 1 Point 1 Contour y 2 Point 2 y 3 Point 3 w 4 Point 4 E v Labels E v Points y 1 Point 1 4 ie Contour interwal so mm Foin v 4 Point 4 Direction Resultant UndeFlected O Global Deflected O Global Display nodes O Global Z After performing an analysis results are available for the Points Lines and Grids specified in the Displacement Data table The 3D Graphics View can illustrate these results If no results are available then the locations of the proposed displacement data are shown Displacement Entities Points Lines and Grids to be viewed may be selected via the check boxes Labels labels of the entities selected for viewing will be displayed if the appropriate check boxes in the labels branch are selected Display nodes When this is checked the nodes on the grids and or lines will be highlighted with a small Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 33 cube Display values When this is checked the nodes will be annotated with displacement values This button is enabled only if results exist Undeflected shape When this is checked the undeflected positions of Points Lines and Grids are displayed This is required to view the locations of Displacement Data when there are no results Filled polygons When this is checked the deflected nodes on a grid form a surface wit
4. Generic 1 Mame Generic 1 Polvline Polyline 1 yt LIH values 0 1 0 16 0 25 0 4 0 63 1 1 58 2 51 3 98 6 31 Vertical Offsets Settlement Trough Limit Sensitivity O 98000001 1622906 m Damage Category Strains Burland Strain Limits T Poisson s Ratio 0 5999999 Fig 2 9000000 Default Properties Hogging sagging Distance of M A From Edge of Beam in Tension Distance of Bending Strain From M A 2nd Moment of Grea oer unit width The input of generic building may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog 3 20 2 6 Utilities 3 20 2 6 1 Specific Specific Utilities may be input graphically only when there are displacement lines available Specific Utilities may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View wa e Sculpt Utility Specific Utility when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode E w Specific Utility e the _ Generic Utility button on the Graphical Inout Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode Copyright Oasys 2015 104 Oasys Xdisp To input a building left click on a displacement line A specific utility with default properties will be added The properties of the utility may be edited via the dialog which subsequently pops up Specific Utility Data Utility 1 Pipe Type Dimension Criteria Gas LP Cast Iron lt 305rom trafficked Lead yarr Displacement Line Surface Assessment Pipe Assessment Interval
5. The angle of draw a in degrees for the upper and lower layers of strata The horizontal dimensions to the edges of the extracted area X1 Y1 X2 and Y2 These are measured from the origin 0 on the x and y axis Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input EGE 3 11 Polygonal Excavation Data A polygonal excavation defines the volume of a polygonal embedded wall excavation together with the ground movement curves that are to be associated with it Polygonal Excavations Name Excavation 1 New Copy Delete Rename Contribution Positive Surface level 100 If surface movement curves are selected apply them between surface and 0 Corners Coordinates and Stiffening sides Ground Movement Curves Aa Be c EG nu f i 3 Pe A r e d a Defaults Dae to ono 9 w 1000 soj ooo o S S e o S o 20000 10000 soooja ooo S S S S S 20000 20000 soooja ooo S S S S S a wo wo sooj O S S S S o E Name specifies the name of the excavation New creates a new excavation Copy copies the excavation currently displayed Delete deletes the excavation currently displayed Rename renames the excavation currently displayed Contribution specifies whether the excavation is considered to contribute positive to the displacements or to detract negative from them See Irregularly Shaped Excavations for further details Surface level specifies the ground surface level
6. di ng 1 Wst Facade 2 5 130 8487 150 0 148 150 0 lt 3 BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOWVBI NED SEGVENTS 1 Bui di ng 1 Wst Facade 3 1 50 150 0 64 3278 150 BE o ES BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui di ng 1 Wst Facade 3 2 64 3278 150 0 75 6722 150 0 2 BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOVBI NED SEGVENTS 1 Building 1 V st Facade 3 3 75 6722 150 0 114 3278 150 0 3 BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui I di ng 1 V st Facade 3 4 114 3278 150 0 125 6722 150 20 2 BDA RESULT UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui di ng 1 Wst Facade 3 5 125 6722 150 0 140 150 0 3 BDA RESULT COMBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui ding 1 VW st Facade 2 1 50 150 0 67 13972 150 0 BDA _ RESULT _ COMBI NED SEGVENTS 1 Bui ding 1 Wst Facade 2 2 67 13972 150 0 117 1397 150 0 1 BDA _ RESULT _ COMBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui I di ng 1 West Facade 2 3 117 1397 150 0 130 8603 150 0 2 BDA _ RESULT _ COMBI NED SEGVENTS 1 Bui l di ng 1 Vest Facade 2 4 130 8603 150 0 148 150 0 3 GPO NT_ RESULT 150 240 25 0 0 1 e 003 GPO NT_RESULT 150 250 25 0 0 1 e 003 LPO NT RESULT 50 150 0 0 4636086 0 0 3708869 LPO NT_RESULT 51 150 0 0 6526436 0 0 5438696 PO NT RESULT 5 150 0 0 9029427 0 0 7851676 PO NT_RESULT 55 150 O 1 227543 0 1 115948 4 5 Exporting Building Damage Assessment Data Bui
7. in the two equations for A L above the limiting values of bmax lim im the limiting value of A L whichever is the lowest in the two equations depends on L H E G and the position of the neutral axis For example during hogging the foundations are likely to offer considerable restraint causing the neutral axis to move downwards Burland and Wroth 1974 showed that hogging with the neutral axis at the bottom edge is much more damaging than sagging with the neutral axis in the middle a result that is well borne out in practice and illustrated by Burland and Wroth 1974 in a sequence of model brick wall diagrams given in their paper dmax A L for the deflection of simple beams are defined It is evident that for a given value of The Influence of Horizontal Strain Ground movements associated with tunnelling and excavation not only involve sagging and hogging profiles but significant horizontal strains as well Boscardin and Cording 1989 included horizontal tensile strain in the above analysis using simple superposition i e it is assumed that the deflected beam is subjected to uniform extension over its full depth The resultant extreme fibre strain is given by br 7 bmax tEh In the shearing region the resultant diagonal tensile strain can be evaluated using the Mohr s circle of strain The value of is then given by d where v Poisson s ratio The maximum tensile strain is the greater of a
8. 1982 i and Z in metres Before version 18 3 of Tunset Xdisp s predecessor the program referred to this method as the Attewell method c Boscardin Cohesive soils i 0 52 metres Granular soils i 0 252 metres i and Z in metres d Selby 1988 Clay overlain by sand i 0 43z 0 28z 1 1 metres Sand overlain by clay i 0 28z 0 43z 0 1 metres where Z thickness of upper layer Z thickness of tunnel stratum i Z and z in metres Embedded Wall Excavations Method This methodology follows that which is proposed in CIRIA Report C580 for ground movements beside embedded retaining walls It calculates movements due to the installation of an embedded wall and due to the excavation in front of the embedded wall An embedded wall excavation is defined by a polygon or circle in plan with top and bottom levels Re entrant internal angles i e greater than 180 are prohibited in the plan polygon Bottom levels Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 19 may vary from one corner to another for a polygonal excavation Circular excavations have single vertical and horizontal ground movement curves Polygonal excavations have multiple ground movement curves one for each side of the excavation Ground movement curves may be specified for movements at the soil surface and sub surface or for movements at the surface only The former are specified by a series of local x y and z coordinates while t
9. References Attewell P B 1978 Ground movements caused by tunnelling in soil Proc Conf on Large Ground Movements and Structures Cardiff July 1977 Ed Geddes J D Pentech Press London pp 812 948 Attewell P B and Woodman J P 1982 Predicting the dynamics of ground settlement and its derivatives caused by tunnelling in soil Ground Engineering November 1982 13 36 Copyright Oasys 2015 List of References 137 Attewell P B Yeats J and Selby A R 1986 Soil movements induced by tunnelling and their effects on pipelines and structures Blackie Boscardin M D and Cording J 1989 Building response to excavation induced settlement Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol 115 No 1 Burland J B Broms B B and de Mello V F B 1977 Behaviour of Foundations and Structures 9th ICSMFE Tokyo July 107 pp 495 546 Burland J B 1995 Assessment of risk of damage to buildings due to tunnelling and excavation Proc 1st Int Conf Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering IS Tokyo Burland J and Hancock R 1977 Underground Car Park at the House of Commons London Geotechnical Aspects The Structural Engineer 1977 55 2 pp 87 100 Burland J B and Wroth C P 1974 Settlement of buildings and associated damage Proc Conf On Settlement of Structures Pentech Press London England pp 611 654 CIRIA Report C580 2003 Embedded retaining walls guidance for economic design CIRIA Special Publication 69 1989 The
10. in the Gateway or via Data Units on the program menu Choose via the Problem Type dialog whether analysis is to be of tunnels excavations building damage assessment or of mines The Problem Type dialog is accessible by double clicking Problem Type in the Gateway or via Data Problem Type on the program menu Tunnels Excavations Building Damage Assessment 3 1 Specify any tunnels in the Tunnels table view That view is accessible by double clicking Tunnels All Data in the Gateway or via Data Tunnels on the program menu 3 2 Specify any embedded wall excavations in the Polygonal Excavations dialog or Circular Excavations dialog These are accessible by double clicking Polygonal Excavations or Circular Excavations in the Gateway or via Data Polygonal Excavations or Data Circular Excavations on the program menu If user specified Ground Movement Curves are required then specify these in the Ground Movement Curves view That view is accessible by double clicking Ground Movement Curves in the Gateway or via Data Ground Movement Curves on the program menu Or Mines 3 Specify any mines in the Mines table view That view is accessible by double clicking Mines in the Gateway or va Data Mines on the program menu 4 Enter in the Displacement Data table view the locations in the ground at which ground movements are to be calculated The Displacement Data table view is accessible by double clicking Displaceme
11. open or close the Gateway aii open the 3D Graphics View open the Tabular Output View a open the context sensitive wizard perform an analysis x delete the results 5 1 5 Graphical Input Toolbar The Sculpt Menu and the Graphical Inout Toolbar provide access to the following functions Analysis Tools Window Help w Input Define Current Grid Snap w Rotate Tunnel Excavation d Building Displacement Displacement Point Polyline Displacement Line Utility ko Displacement Grid Select Copyright Oasys 2015 Toolbars and Keyboard Accelerators 135 Graphical Input 9 2 ait ff v Polygonal Excavation Circular Excavation tit w Specific Building Generic Building xt Displacement point Displacement line v Displacement grid ipl JF l w Specific Utility TE Input toggles the mode of the 3DGraphics view between Input Mode and Output Mode Define Current Grid to define grid planes and grid layouts and thereby set the current grid Snap allows the cursor to snap to the nearest grid point Rotate is the default cursor mode and allows models in the view to be rotated Tunnels allows input of tunnels Excavations by accessing the drop down menu of this button the input mode can be set to polygonal or circular excavation to allow subsequent input of these elements Buildings by accessing the drop down menu of this button the input mode can
12. 2 4 1 Specific Building Damage Assessment lf building locations and properties are Known then Specific Building Damage Assessment may be performed to calculate damage categories for precise locations If precise locations and properties are not known or a rapid general assessment of likely building damage across an area is required without the need to input precise locations and properties then Generic Building Damage Assessment may be performed 2 4 1 1 Limiting Tensile Strain and Linear Elastic Isotropic Beams Cracking in masonry walls and finishes usually but not always results from tensile strain Burland and Wroth 1974 noted the following i The average values of strain at which visible cracking occurs are very similar for a variety of Crit types of brickwork and blockwork and are in the range of 0 05 to 0 1 ii For reinforced concrete beams the onset of visible cracking occurs at lower values of tensile strain in the range 0 03 to 0 05 iii The values of iN i and ii are much larger than the local tensile strains corresponding to tensile failure iv The onset of visible cracking does not necessarily represent a limit of serviceability Provided the cracking is controlled it may be acceptable to allow deformations well beyond the initiation of visible cracking Burland et al 1977 introduced the concept of limiting tensile strain as a serviceability Copyright Oasys 2015 32 Oasys Xdisp p
13. 2015 128 Oasys Xdisp 4 4 context menu of the vew The context menu is accessible by right clicking in the view or by using the context menu key on the keyboard Printing The view can be printed The 3D Graphics menu and toolbar presents other commands that are specific to the 3D Graphics View CSV Results File A comma separated value CSV file of results may be output by selecting File Export CSV Results File on the program menu This option is disabled if there are no results so an analysis must have first been performed On selection of that option the CSV output selection dialog will appear CSV Results File Output Selection Displacement Results Grids lines and points Contours Displacement Grid Resultant Contour interval direction Contour interval direction Contour interval z direction Contour interval Building Damage Results Uncombined Segments Combined Segments Copyright Oasys 2015 The CSV output file may contain any of the following e grid line and point displacements e alignments of displacement contours in any of x y z or resultant directions e building damage results for uncombined and or combined segments of Sub Structures lf a grid is selected for a direction that contains results that are all zero then that direction will be disabled One purpose of this output is to allow building damage segments categories and displacement contours to be plotted on d
14. 6 44094 848 418E 93 6 44094 10 3602 10 8087 8 66866 5 63674 3 04299 1 38122 0 531128 0 173868 0 0486152 0 00523942 0 0z07059 0 0708083 0 209532 to Line mum 607 689E 6 0 00217335 0 00663910 0 0172653 0 0380373 0 0704591 0 108358 0 135109 0 129502 0 0805118 10 6052E 9 0 0805118 0 129502 0 135109 0 108358 00 0704591 0 0380374 00 0172653 0 00663910 0 00217335 607 689E 6 152 781E 93 721 706E 9 2 99400E 6 10 897S5E 6 Angle of Line Parallel to Perpendicular to x Axis 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 4623 71745 71745 71745 7174S Principal tensile strain Major 0 00216199 0 00683827 0181101 0396884 0705220 0975328 0943393 0363862 0 0 0 0 7 45058E 9 0 0 0 0 0363862 0943393 0975328 0705220 0396884 0181101 0 00683827 0 00216199 249 715E 6 888 176E 6 0 00269982 0 00699054 Minor 0 0 232 831E 12 931 323E 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 72529E 9 0 0 0 0713864 0 181048 0 227763 0 181048 0 0713864 l1 86265E 9 3 72529E 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 931 323E 12 232 831E 12 0 0 16 2584E 6 70 S5331E 6 267 046E 6 883 7Z29E 6 Angle 81 81 81 2538 2538 2538 2538 2538 2538 2538 2538 74616 74616 74616 74616 74616 ao
15. Copyright Oasys 2015 Sample Files 69 Samples 2 W Segment Combinations 77 78 Selby 15 17 Wire frame display 80 Set Exact Scale 111 X Soil zone display 80 Specific Building Damage Assessment 31 74 Specific Building Data 74 Xdisp Toolbar 2 134 Specific Segment Combinations 77 Z Specific Utility Damage Assessment 39 89 Specific Utility Damage Assessment Graphs 118 Standard Toolbar 2 131 Zoom 127 Step by Step Guide 5 Sub surface Ground Movement Curve 69 Surface Movement Curves 3 18 64 T Table View 2 Tabular Output 2 Tabulated Output 107 Templates 111 Titles 45 Toolbars 131 Total Strain 43 Transects 52 Transparent 80 Tunnel Analysis Methods 6 Tunnel Settlement Trough Width 15 Tunnels 3 56 U Undeflected shape 80 Units 46 User defined k 15 User specifiedk 17 Utility Damage Assessment 38 89 Utility Displacement Line Graphs 118 Utility Parameters 87 V Vertical Displacement 26 Volume Loss 10 Copyright Oasys 2015 142 Oasys Xdisp Endnotes 2 after index Copyright Oasys 2015
16. Display nodes 80 the displacement line menu item PICTURE DisplacementEntities Button png on the Graphical Inout Toolbar 98 3 Display values 80 DXF 52 3D Graphical Output 127 E 3D Graphics 133 3D Graphics Toolbar 133 3D Graphics View 2 Embedded Wall Excavations 3 18 61 Excavations 3 18 61 A Export 128 Extrusion 48 Accelerators 131 E Acceptance Criteria 87 Analysis Methods 16 Annotation 80 Axial Strain 39 Filled polygons 80 Axial Strain and Pullout 39 Flexural Strain 40 B G Files 2 Gateway 2 General 110 General Assumptions 7 General Program Description 1 Generic Building Damage Assessment 37 78 Background data 52 80 Boscardin 15 17 Building Damage Assessment 4 30 74 Building Damage Interaction Charts 116 Building Data 74 G ic Buildina Dat 78 Building Displacements Graphs 115 Baits z TH S Generic Building Maximum Tensile Strain Graph C 117 Generic Segment Combinations 78 Generic Structure Data 78 Generic Utility Damage Assessment 44 90 Generic Utility Damage Assessment Graphs 122 Generic Utility Displacement Line Graphs 123 Gradient 37 Graphic Settings 80 Graphical Input Toolbar 134 Graphical Output 110 Centre of drawing 80 Centre of rotation 80 Combined Axial and Bending Strain 43 Combined Features 4 Combined Strain vs Distance 121 Combined Strain vs Distance Graph 121 Contour interval 80 Copyright Oasys 2015 mo Oasys Xdisp Graphics Toolbar 2 Gra
17. Distances along Displacement Line Lever Arm Pipe Line Length Brick Sewer tart End The input of specific utility may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog 3 20 2 6 2 Generic Generic Utilities may be input graphically only when there are polylines available Generic Utilities may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Utility Generic Utility when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Inout Mode w Specific Utility e the L button on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the raphics View is h Generic Utility lo he Grohe Toolb h he 3D Graphics Vi active and is in Input Mode To input a building left click on a polyline A generic utility with default properties will be added The properties of the utility may be edited via the dialog which subsequently pops up Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 105 Generic Utility Data Utility 2 Mame Generic Utility 2 Dimension Criteria Gas LP Cast Iron lt 305mm trafficked Lead warr Polyline Assessment Pipe Assessment Interval Lever rim Pipe Brick Sewer The input of generic utility may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog 3 20 3 Selection Selection of elements in the 3D Graphics View for editing or deletion is enabled only in the input mode and only when there are elements available The Selection Mode may be activate
18. J5 E Es N E C io Copyright Oasys 2015 Data input 55 Gackeround Data Background Data 4 Entity LiWPOLYLINE Elevation ol m E Defaults Fig Z3 Be 4 f ES E Backaround Data Background Data 7 Entity CIRCLE Geometry m x y z All Background data can also be deleted via the 3D Graphics View s context menu i e by right clicking on the 3D Graphics View and selecting Delete Background Data from the subsequent pop up menu Imported DXF background data in the 3D Graphics View can be displayed or hidden via the Graphic Settings property sheet Sample DXF files are supplied with the program See Sample Files for more information Xdisp Required DXF Entity Interpretation Element Name of DXF Layer Copyright Oasys 2015 56 Oasys Xdisp PONE ome DXF entity s vertices specify the tunnels end coordinates and levels of each tunnel tunnels all set to Om coordinates and levels of one tunnel Structures Buildings POLYLINE Series of sub The vertices of the POLYLINE specify structures the end coordinates and levels of each sub structure r oo POLYLINE but sub structure structures levels are all set to Om LINE Single sub The end points of a LINE specify the structure end coordinates and levels of one sub structure Excavations Excavations JPOLYLINE Base perimeter The vertices of the POLYLINE specify 4 of a single the end coordinates and levels of each
19. Line The horizontal displacement is reported in the direction of the Sub Structure rather than in the global x or y directions E B001 xdd Sub Structure Displacements Sub Structure Displacements B001 xdd Building VWvest Facade Vertical Offset for Vertical Movement 2 3 000m Vertical Displacement Horizontal Displacement E T T z ais a no O Distance fram start of building rm To access a graph of displacements for a Sub Structure o_o perform a successful analysis including structure data 2 display the Plan View 3 display the alignments of Sub Structures by choosing Graphics Toggle Items Structures Specific from the program s menu or by checking the Specific menu item present on the drop down menu of the Structures button on the Graphics Toolbar 4 activate the Line Graphs button on the Graphics Toolbar Copyright Oasys 2015 ne Oasys Xdisp 5 place the cursor over the Sub Structure for which you wish to view results the cursor will change to a cross hair and left click 6 select the required vertical offset for vertical movement calculations and click OK 7 check the Combined Segments check box if combined segments are available and required 8 select the Building Displacements Graphs radio button and click OK 4 2 5 Building Damage Interaction Charts A building damage interaction chart displays a plot of the point which defines
20. Save save the model to file Cut cut the data and place on clipboard Copy copy the data and place on the clipboard Paste paste the data from the clipboard into the model Print print the current view Print Preview preview the current view About opens the program s About Dialog e g to show version information Xdisp Home opens the programs home page on the internet Email opens an email to the Oasys support team Plan Toolbar The following graphical displays are available for the Plan View and can be displayed or hidden by toggling the individual icons on the Plan Toolbar or Graphics Menu x EASi z EEA 2 ie Ht HK be H Axis Provides an axis and defined grid upon which the plan is drawn 1p Engineering Scale This allows the user to toggle between the default best fit scale and the closest available engineering scale e g 1 200 1 250 1 500 1 1000 1 1250 1 2500 N Zoom Facility The user can select an area to zoom in to by using the mouse to click on a point on the drawing and then dragging the box outwards to select the area to be viewed The program will automatically scale the new view The original area can be restored by clicking on the restore zoom icon as shown here s Grids Lines Points and Line Plots All shown in blue as a grid or using crosses to define individual points and points along lines Tunnels and Mines Toggles the display of tunnels and mines
21. The segments that are to be combined will then be highlighted Click the Combine button to combine these segments into one The column labelled Combined Segment then shows the revised number of the combined segments To separate all combined segments for the displayed sub structure and vertical offset click Separate To separate all combined segments for all vertical offsets in all sub structures click Separate All These changes will not become persistent after the window is closed until Apply is clicked To perform building damage assessment calculations on these revised groupings of segments click Apply The results for both combined and uncombined segments will then be available in the for appropriate Line Plots and in the Tabular Output Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp 3 14 2 Generic Building Damage Assessment 3 14 2 1 Structure Data EE Generic building damage Generic Structures i iat ist Vertical Offsets 2 Di ia ice Damage Category Poisson s Default 2n 2 of N_A tanc of N A hoe en etor olylines Disp nent Strains Ratio me of of Bending p A i of of Bending frg cs imit Sensitivi p rain fro Area per rain fr h nit wi re of Beam in it wel as ave in ee has See Eas Polyline 1 0 1 0 16 0 25 0 4 0 0 100 Burland Strain Limits 0 200 2 600 Yes 0 Generic 1 Polpline 1 10 0 100 Burland Strain Limits 0 200 2 600 Yes 0 Cel
22. View BOO1 xdd ame e Humber of Name Coordinates Interval Length Displacement Points iw Daas a aai T O00 ae 100 200 0 100 100 0 50 000 100 000 Name specifies the name of the polyline Coordinates specify the end points of the segments that make up the polyline Interval specifies the interval at which transects are to be placed across the polyline Length specifies the length of transects Number of Displacement Points specifies the number of displacement points on each transect at which displacements are to be calculated DXF Import Geometric data may be imported from DXF files via File Import AutoCAD DF file from the program menu The purpose of DXF import is twofold firstly to allow tunnels structures or excavations to be created quickly from existing AutoCAD or GIS data and secondly to allow background lines and circles to be imported for display on the 3D Graphics View Alignments of tunnels structures or excavations may be traced in AutoCAD and provided they are saved in the appropriate entity types and named layers read into Xdisp to create complex geometries with minimal input by the user in Xdisp itself DXF files may be used only to specify the alignments and where appropriate the levels of tunnels structures and excavations Other non geometrical data are set to default values by Xdisp After the DXF file has been imported this data should be checked by the u
23. a ees A A O 94 3 20 22 1 Folygonal Excavations a a A a E a E NE 95 3 20 2222 QGrcu ular Excavata a a a a a sat veteran yenadie gto bewvee 96 3 20 23 I DISDIACE Ment ENUUeS airaa a a deeans Wand taiael vend teaser nested enesendaeiee 97 S20 A3 Displacement FON anea edi esd esas ata staal a E 97 3 20 2 3 2 DISDIACEMe Al LNE i A R A R 98 3 20 2 3 3 Displacement EN aa a i E ney ature Asay cocecbeneiaeetee 99 3 20 24 FPOVINOS eaa A AA A 100 22025 BUI NGIS cae a A A A 101 3 20 52 5 51 SPECI Traon a A E a a E 101 S202 AO E E a E E E EE AE E EEEE ETEA E ENEE AAE E PE AA ATEA A EE TTE 102 Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp 22026 oan Oe er eee ee eee 103 3 20 26 F APCE Cagsucsscs enna eet ena aa lera hak tune nena anc N 103 e 4 OAR 6 BP aia 1 21 f 6 am co TOE PS CR Eo E A ee 104 3 20 3S6le cliom sesccerSecdacencanpaieaceaceectee cancun aaa a nota 105 4 Output 107 Aii Tapular Quip Wb serrana a R A EEE RO ES E E E REEE 107 4 2 Graphical QUPUt cinin a a aeia a Eia iNT aini 110 AQ Geheral omna eiaa i aaa aa aA 110 42AT TOMNSIALCS aa a E E E A E E A E R 111 a eai E A o l Eee Se aC a AP E EE EE E EEE EA E E 111 AZZ Plan VIEW a EEREN 112 4 2 3 Dis Place MENT Lihe Graphs sacessssacscdicsecstesecessscceieaacdacauaacaskaete cise cacuatacdeiceaseiacacaaasatecdsadacssasaceassascacssancunavesteasacteiade 114 4 2 4 Sub Structure Displacement Line Graphs scccssisccascesnbancsecouscicdeaseaecersa cone ce dieeste
24. and Linear Hastic Isotropic Beams ccccccccccceccceccceccceeeceeceeceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeess 31 242 Emear Bastic Bottrop BAIS ics sis caxszacanean aksecvasnscanr ea A A A ee teens 33 2413 SAGGING ANG HOGGING a a a E a A E 33 2 4 1 4 The Influence of Horizontal Strain ee ceecceeccceeeceececeeeeceeecaeeecueeeneeecaececaeeesueesaueesaueeaeesaeseseesaeeesaees 36 2 4 1 5 neracio chalio sree etc een Oat he basalt atlas ees Pantie ids we veh ea a a d a a teaser uve veuaucheuet 36 2 4 1 6 Points of Inflexion Gradient and Radius of Curvature ccc cccccceeceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseueseeeeeeueeeeaeeeaeeeeeneenes 37 2 4 2 Generic Building Damage ASSESSMENT sensisse aaan anian n aaa eanan aaa daaa niiae 37 29 Utility Damage Assessment rrii a E a ARE RS Ea ERNEA 38 2 5 1 Specific Utility Damage ASs ss mentisson iaaiiai a iaaa ia aaaea aa ara aaa AN dina 39 2 5 1 1 Detaled Assessment at a Pom scsi eee vn eee ee N 39 25111 Axial Strain PMO Becca r a a a aa n EEEE aE 39 2 5 121 2 Pipe Joint Rotation and Flexural Stralis a e e a 40 2 5 1 1 3 Combined Axial and Bending Strain ccccccccccccccccesecssssseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeessseeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeeeeeessessesseseeeseeneeeeeens 43 2 5 2 Generic Utility Damage ASSESSMENT v esscesecessseeesseeessneessneeeseeeensneesseeesueeensneensaeeesuesenseeensueeaseesensceeasaesasneseneeenans 44 Copyright Oasys 2015 Contents l 3 Data Input 45 Sr AOS dacs ccanerianceuncassaces E sect caunvat
25. and discussion below from Fuentes and Dewiendt explains the implementation of this method through an example The input parameters which are required for this method apart from the geometry are e p the percentage of the 100 ground movement profile that occurs along the line which is normal to a wall adjacent to the corner of the excavation See figure below e p the percentage of the 100 ground movement profile that occurs along the line which is at an angle 2 to the line along which p is calculated Where is the angle at the corner of the excavation between the lines normal to the two retaining walls See figure below e Settlement at 100 A e Settlement at 100 B Copyright Oasys 2015 a Oasys Xdisp distance to wall m 2 r s E i J er ja haea 54 ee 3 100 8 a5 k Secfon 1 ZONE IV Section 2 x Secton 3 ZONE Ill pi B Section3 100 B r METHOD GEOMETRY AND EXAMPLE PARAMETERS p1 4 Pa Pb 100 50 1 67 ka iy a p 18 el AO iT degrees a 65 90 160 43 4 p 67 100 37 57 5 78 G 115 PLOT 1 CALCULATE p PLOT 2 CALCULATE p PLOT 3 CALCULATE pa pr 1 ALAN FOR 65 Zone Identification method s parameters geometry and plots Plot 1 calculation of p1 Plot 2 calculation of p2 Plot 3 calculation of pa and pb and example of method application The percentage factors that are to be applied to 100 movements in sides A and B to calculate the se
26. be Set to specific or generic building to allow subsequent input of these elements Displacement Entities by accessing the drop down menu of this button the input mode can be set to displacement point or displacement line or displacement grid to allow subsequent input of these entities Polylines allows input of polylines Utilities by accessing the drop down menu of this button the input mode can be set to specific or generic utility to allow subsequent input of these elements Generic Utility k Select allows selection of elements for modification Keyboard Accelerators Key Ctrl Num 1 Ctrl Num 2 Ctrl Num 3 Ctrl Num 4 Ctrl Num 5 Ctrl Num 6 Ctrl Num 7 Copyright Oasys 2015 Action Window bottom left Window bottom Window bottom right Window left Window middle full Window right Window top left 136 Oasys Xdisp Ctrl Num 8 Ctrl Num 9 Ctrl C Ctrl F Ctrl G Ctrl H Ctrl M Ctrl N Ctrl O Ctrl P Ctrl S Ctrl Shft S Ctrl V Ctrl W Ctrl X F1 Esc Tab Return Insert Delete Home Ctrl Home End Ctrl End Page Up Page Down Up Ltt Rt Dn Window top Window top right Copy Find Go To Replace Modify New Open Print Save Save As Paste Wizard Cut Context Help Quit Next Cell Next Cell Insert Delete Beginning of Cell Beginning of Table End of Cell End of Table Scroll up Scroll down Row Up Column Left Column Right Row Down List of References
27. been offset by each of the vertical offset distances Generic building damage results are thus calculated using each transect s horizontal displacements combined with each vertical displacements set to give n sets of results per transect where n is the number of vertical offsets See Points of Inflexion Gradient and Radius of Curvature for further information Each Sub Structure on a transect is divided into hogging and sagging segments and building damage results are calculated for each segment The following summaries are presented Results for All Segments lists results for each segment along each transect of each Structure Maximum Tensile Strain lists the maximum tensile strain along each transect for each offset Copyright Oasys 2015 no Oasys Xdisp Results for All Combined Segments lists results for each combined segment along each transect of each Structure The segment lengths that are listed are those before accounting for imposed horizontal strains However points of inflexion and therefore the segment lengths that are used in calculating deflection ratios and building damage categories take account of imposed horizontal strains Utility Damage Results Detailed Results for all Points lists the pullout rotation axial strain and flexural strain values at different points along the sub utility s length At each point it checks whether these values are within their respective threshold and limit v
28. d L E Building Damage Assessment Damage Category Strains v Specific Structures Segment Combinations v Generic Structures Segment Combinations v Results Warnings Displacements amp d d E x Building Damage Eal iFi This allows selection of what is to be viewed or printed When the subsequent Tabular Output view is active the Page Setup dialog can be re activated via the Wizard button on the Xdisp Toolbar in order to refine the output that is being viewed This output may include input data and results if an analysis has been performed The lists of tabulated output can be highlighted and then copied to the clipboard and pasted into most Windows Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp type applications e g Word or Excel Alternatively the output can be directly exported to various text or HTML formats by choosing File Export from the program s menu Tlg001 xdd Tabular Output Displacement and Strain Resuits Type No Name Dist m Line 1 3 04138 6 08276 9 12414 1655 2069 2483 2897 3311 3724 4138 4552 4966 5380 5793 6207 6621 7035 7449 7862 8276 Line Z 3 03506 6 07012 9 10519 Line l Line Z Coordinates x m 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 500000 000000 00
29. divided into segments based on the assessment interval The end points of those segments that satisfy the condition of having a pipe length of utility on either side of them are treated as assessment points 2 5 1 1 1 Axial Strain and Pullout These calculations consider the movement in the ground of adjacent points n and n 1 This movement is used to assess joint pullout and the axial strain and flexural strain in the pipe Change in Position and Axial Strain The original distance between the points n and n 1 is given by a Xin Fins j fr e Tian j ga ra ia T where initial position of the nt point Xn Y Zn In Y initial position of the n 1 point X nat in 1 Z n 1 The final distance between the points n and n 1 is given by Lia ne in eed ie Nea an T Copyright Oasys 2015 40 Oasys Xdisp 2 5 1 1 2 where Xo Yir Ze final position of the nt point X nat Yint 4 nay final position of the n 1 point f n 1 The change in distance DL is given by OL Le ne E The axial strain in the ground over the given interval n to n 1 is given by DL axial L Pullout The pipe pullout is calculated by applying the axial strain in the ground over the pipe length F Fiene X Sayial where P ena pipe length axial strain axial Note negative pullout means the pipes are being pushed together and positive pullout means the pipe joint is moving
30. drop down menus provide alternative units with their respective conversion factors to metric Standard sets of units may be set by selecting any of the buttons SI KN m kip ft kip in Once the correct units have been selected then click OK to continue SI units have been used as the default standard throughout this document Preferences The Preferences dialog is accessible by choosing Tools Preferences from the program s menu It allows the user to specify the units for entering the data and reporting the results of the calculations These choices are stored in the computer s registry and are therefore associated with the program rather than the data file All data files will adopt the same choices Preferences Numeric Format sa Bas Company Info Engineering significant Figures Decimal decimal places i i Page Setup Scientific significant Figures Smallest value distinguished From zero e006 Restore Defaults v Save File every minutes Show welcome screen Numeric Format controls the output of numerical data in the Tabular Output The Tabular Output presents input data and results in a variety of numeric formats the format being selected to suit the data Engineering Decimal and Scientific formats are supported The numbers of significant figures or decimal places and the smallest value distinguished from zero may be set here by the user Restore Defaults resets the Numeric Format specifications to pr
31. external brickwork and possibly a small amount of brickwork to be replaced Doors and windows sticking Service pipes may fracture Weather tightness often impaired Severe Extensive repair work involving 15 25 but also gt 0 3 breaking out and replacing sections depends on of walls especially over doors and number of cracks windows Windows and door frames distorted floor sloping noticeably Walls leaning and bulging noticeably some loss of bearing in beams Service pipes disrupted Very Severe This requires a major repair job Usually gt 25 but involving partial or complete depends on rebuilding Beams lose bearing number of cracks walls lean badly and require shoring Windows broken due to distortion Danger of instability Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 33 Notes In assessing the degree of damage account must be taken of its location in the building or structure Crack width is only one aspect of damage and should not be used on its own as a direct measure 2 4 1 2 Linear Elastic Isotropic Beams Burland and Wroth 1974 and Burland 1995 used the concept of limiting tensile strain to study the onset of cracking in simple weightless elastic beams undergoing sagging and hogging modes of deformation Burland 1974 demonstrated that the criteria for initial cracking of simple beams are in very good agreement with the case records of damaged and undamaged building Therefore in many circumstanc
32. for the selected utility baie aes Change Displacement Grids The user can move up or down to the results for different displacement grids 20 Annotation Allows the use of the cursor to annotate the contours Place the cursor over the required location and left click or press lt return gt Ifa displacement line is in the vicinity of a contour you wish to annotate then de select the displacement grids icon and proceed with the annotation ry Labels Toggles the display of labels for tunnels buildings and embedded wall excavations 5 1 3 3D Graphics Toolbar The 3D Graphics Menu and Toolbar provide access to the following functions eee Toos Window Help Perspective i SY T Scale to Fit i Orientation 2 View Settings Wizard VIEW Save Current Settings Y View z Isometric Copyright Oasys 2015 134 Oasys Xdisp 30 Graphics EJ x y z Bae og orientate the view so as to be looking down the X axis a orientate the view so as to be looking down the Y axis Z orientate the view so as to be looking down the Z axis i e a plan view orientate the view so as to be viewing an isometric view View the currently displayed view in perspective toggle on or off resize the view so as to be scaled to fit the available window size when in graphical input mode it also resizes the grid if extents are not locked 5 1 4 Xdisp Toolbar The Xdisp Toolbar provides access to the following functions fg
33. have Start Distance Along Line the distance along the Displacement Line that defines the start point of the utility End Distance Along Line the distance along the Displacement Line that defines the end point of the utility Copyright Oasys 2015 90 Oasys Xdisp 3 19 2 3 20 3 20 1 Pipe Segment Length the length of pipes that are used in the rotation pullout and strain calculations of utility damage assessment Lever Arm whether pipe or brick sewer calculations are to be used in determining the lever arm for strain calculations Assessment Interval the interval at which the assessment calculations are to performed Generic Utility Damage Assessment The following data is required for the input of a utility for generic utility damage assessment Data may be input in tabular form in this Table View or in dialog form by double clicking within a cell or by clicking the Wizard button on the Xdisp Toolbar ee B001 xdd Generic Utilities Seles Eo e en eee E ae Pipe Dimension Parameter Type Polyline Segment Lever Arm A Length nterval m m Defaults emr Genenc Utility mE Dimension 1 ani 1 im 1 3 000 1 000 1 Generic Utility 1 Utility Dimension 1 Criteria 1 Falyline 1 3 000 Pipe 1 000 2z o Polyline the Polyline whose transects are used to describe the locations for damage assessment For details of other data see Utility Damage Assessment Specific Graphical Input Eleme
34. in the table below Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input Analysis Sequence Used in the DYNA FE Analysis Analysis stage Place lining of tunnels drained Construct existing building undrained Switch to drained Stage 6 Demolish existing building Remove existing building surcharge floors at 17 5mOD and 13 77mOD and place temporary prop at 16 5mOD undrained Stage 7 Install secant wall for new building and fill gap between secant and existing walls undrained Stage 8 Install bearing piles remove former building base Slab at 10mOD insert temporary props at 17 5mOD and 10mOD undrained Stage 9 Apply percentage of new building loads on to plunge columns undrained Stage 10 Description Initialisation of the model drained Excavate for Central Line tunnels undrained Excavate to 1 9mOD top down construction undrained Model geological history of unloading to establish insitu Ko profile Assume 2 volume loss Wished in place existing building wall Slab and floors End ofthis stage represents current condition Existing building wall remains in place Displacements zeroed at this stage 1 18m diameter secant wall on the northern boundary and 0 88m elsewhere Straight shafted bearing piles of up to 2 4m in diameter with plunged columns The 1 18m secant wall on the northern boundary has male piles at 1 7m centres Install plunge columns Bottom up core constructi
35. metres 1 centimetres 2 millimetres 3 feet 4 inches Units information should appear in the file before the displacement results e g UNI T_DI SP 2 UNI T_LENGTH 0 LOAD _ RESULT 0 5 43 5 0 0 4967472 93 72664 47 38838 NTERMEDI ATE LOAD RESULT 0 5 43 5 2 587683439 0 0 38 77201 NTERMEDI ATE LOAD RESULT 0 5 43 5 4 0 0 34 85815 GPO NT_RESULT 80 90 0 32 98127 27 33411 0 5642965 NTERMEDI ATE _ GPO NT_RESULT 80 90 4 0 0 0 5535589 NTERMEDI ATE GPO NT_RESULT 80 90 6 0 0 0 5062072 LPO NT_ RESULT 70 80 0 41 05777 32 48021 6 13E 03 NTERVEDI ATE _ LPO NT_RESULT 70 80 4 0 0 3 54E 02 NTERVEDI ATE_LPO NT_RESULT 70 80 6 0 0 0 1545731 PO NT_RESULT 0 0 0 0 7738549 31 88898 30 52104 NTERMEDI ATE PO NT_RESULT 0 0 4 0 0 26 76711 NTERMEDI ATE PO NT_RESULT 0 0 6 0 0 23 55008 If units are not specified in the file then a dialog will be shown at the beginning of the import process for the user to specify the units of the data in the file These imported displacements may be viewed wa Data Imported Displacements from the program menu or via the Gateway Once imported they are non editable Imported displacements can be deleted by right clicking in the Imported Displacements Table View and selecting Delete All from the subsequent context menu In order that imported displ
36. on the program menu Building Damage Category Strains may be entered into Copyright Oasys 2015 6 Oasys Xdisp the Damage Category Strains table view that is accessible by double clicking Damage Category Strains in the Gateway or via Data Damage Category Strains on the program menu 9 lf Specific Utility Damage Assessment is required enter the utility dimensions via the Utility Dimensions table view the acceptance criteria and parameters wa the Acceptance Criteria Parameters table view and other information related to utilities via the Specific Utilities table view These three table vews are accessed by double clicking Utility Dimensions Acceptance Criteria Parameters and Utilities respectively in the Gateway They can also be accessed wa the program menu items Data Utility Damage Assessment Utility Dimensions Data Utility Damage Assessment Acceptance Criteria Parameters and Data Utility Damage Assessment Specific Utilities respectively 10 If Generic Utility Damage Assessment is required enter the utility dimensions via the Utility Dimensions table view the acceptance criteria and parameters via the Acceptance Criteria Parameters table view and other information related to generic utilities via the Generic Utilities table vew These three table views are accessed by double clicking Utility Dimensions Acceptance Criteria Parameters and Utilities respectively in the Gateway They can also be
37. or to detract negative from them See Irregularly Shaped Excavations for further details Surface level specifies the ground surface level at this excavation If either of the Ground Movement Curves that are associated with this excavation are of surface only type then displacements will be calculated only for disolacement points or points within displacement lines or Copyright Oasys 2015 oea Oasys Xdisp 3 13 grids that are at this level A warning will be given otherwise See the Embedded Wall Excavations method for more information If surface movement curves are selected this option is enabled only if any of the Ground Movement Curves that are associated with this excavation are of surface only type For such cases the displacements can be calculated for displacement entities below the surface too by checking this option and specifying the level up to which the curves are to be applied Displacements that are calculated are not adjusted for the depths of displacement points They are calculated merely based on the horizontal distance from the excavation so will be the same for a point at the surface or below it Base level specifies the level at the base of this excavation Circular excavations are assumed to have horizontal bases Diameter diameter of the excavation Centre x and y coordinates of the plan centre of the excavation Enabled if unchecked the excavation will be ignored in ground movem
38. s is set to zero c If the excavation has been associated with a curve of surface and sub surface movement and the displacement point is level with or below the top of that excavation Copyright Oasys 2015 22 Oasys Xdisp calculate the distance of the point from the wall excavation x calculate the depth D of the excavation at the side closest to the point calculate x D calculate the depth of the point from the top of the wall excavation y calculate y D calculate s D from x D and y D and the appropriate ground movement curve N OOP WON calculate s d If the excavation has been associated with a curve of surface and sub surface movement and the displacement point is above the top of that excavation s is set to zero The total horizontal and vertical displacement of the displacement point is calculated by a vector sum of the horizontal and vertical displacements arising from each excavation N B Warnings Plan of Multiple Excavations to demonstrate cautionary notes Excavation 3 Excavation 1 Excavation 4 Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 23 1 lf corner stiffening is not invoked then the displacements that are calculated for positions that are within the arc of an excavation s corner i e positions that cannot be reached by drawing a perpendicular line from any side of the excavation are based on the distance measured to the corner Hence the magnitude of the horiz
39. the Generic Building Damage Assessment Table following the Burland calculation method described in Specific Building Damage Assessment and the results reported in the tabular output Utility Damage Assessment The two types of utility damage assessment which can be performed are e Detailed Utility Damage Assessment e Generic Utility Damage Assessment Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 39 2 5 1 Specific Utility Damage Assessment lf utility locations and properties are known then Specific Utility Damage Assessment may be performed to calculate utility damage for precise location If precise locations and properties are not Known or a rapid general assessment of likely utility damage across an area is required without the need to input precise location and properties then Generic Utility Damage Assessment may be performed Xdisp performs detailed damage assessment of a utility by calculating the pullout rotation axial strain and flexural strain values at different points along the utility s length It then checks whether these values are falling within acceptance criteria 2 5 1 1 Detailed Assessment at a Point This section explains the process of detailed utility damage assessment at an assessment point n and the various calculations that are performed at that point Assessment points are calculated based on the assessment interval and the pipe length input by the user in the Utilities table view The utility is
40. the extent of rotation of joints pullout of joints and axial and flexural strain Mines are taken as excavations of rectangular cross section in rock Only one method of solution is available The equations used are based on an influence function zone area approach to subsidence and horizontal displacement calculation as described by Ren et al 1987 Stochastic influence functions are used Copyright Oasys 2015 2 Oasys Xdisp 1 2 1 3 Components of the User Interface The principal components of Xdisp s user interface are the Gateway Table Views 3D Graphics View Plan View Tabular Output toolbars menus and input dialogs These are illustrated below F Xdisp 19 3 T Standard Toolbar Xdisp 2 Toolbar 3D Graphics Tooolbar Graphics Toolbar Sees pH a SS E The Wea DIAR GS TAs nD Olea vo T amp EOO1 xdd Gateway x Mill itt0O01 xdd 3D Graphics Belts E Input Graphics Display Titles Graphical Input Toolbar Elements Units O E Tunnels Problem Type Excavations Displacement Data 6 SH Displacement Grids Polylines Displacement Lines Tunnels 1 S Embedded Wall Excavations Polygonal Excavations 2 Circular Excavations Ground Movement Curves Vertical 8 Horizontal 7 S Building Damage Assessment Damage Category Strains 1 3D Graphics View Specific Structures Generic Structures S Utility Damage Assessment Dimensions Acceptance Criteria Parameters Specific xdd oe Data S
41. volume of the settlement trough per unit distance of tunnel advance the settlement being attributable to ground losses and not incorporating any longer term consolidation parameter defining the form and span of the settlement trough on the assumption that the semi transverse y axis settlement profile can be described by a normal probability equation Schmidt 1969 Peck 1969 Attewell 1978 It is the horizontal surface distance from a vertical line through the centre of the tunnel to the point of inflexion of the settlement trough X Initial or tunnel start point y 0 X face or final tunnel position y 0 G 2 l _ a function of the normal probability curve which is described by the following equation GF i el 8 Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods The two dimensional form of movements transverse to a tunnel reduces to D Se 0 5 Me 27 oa where S Settlement at horizontal distance y from tunnel axis S maximum settlement above tunnel axis alignment max Harris and Alvarado The Harris and Alvarado movement equations are applicable to sub surface movements only E a Maa to Pms az Wa L m y Sis hy erp et 2ilZiny Zh 27 e I Copyright Oasys 2015 4 Oasys Xdisp where S settlement at depth z at transverse horizontal distance y from tunnel axis and at longitudinal horizontal distance x start of tunnel being at
42. 00 80 00 90 00 100 0 110 0 Scale x 1 612 y 1 612 The Plan Toolbar presents commands for controlling the display on the Plan View Copyright Oasys 2015 oma Oasys Xdisp 4 2 3 Displacement Line Graphs Displacement line graphs can be selected from the Plan View BOO1 xdd Line Displacements Line Displacements Displacernent Line 1 Vertical Displacement Horizontal Displacement x Horizontal Displacement w E E Cc a E a a ao cL a m Distance fram 50 000 150 000 m To display these graphs perform a successful analysis which includes results for a displacement line display the Plan View toggle the display of displacements on by clicking the Grids button on the Graphics Toolbar activate the Line Graphs button on the Graphics Toolbar place the cursor over the displacement line for which you wish to view results the cursor will change to a cross hair and left click oR WD Line graphs are available for the display of the following displacement line results e vertical movement e horizontal movements Horizontal movements are reported in the global x and y directions Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 115 4 2 4 Sub Structure Displacement Line Graphs Sub Structure displacement line graphs display the settlement and horizontal displacement along a Sub Structure s length The settlement will correspond to that of the Sub Structure s Displacement
43. 0000 000000 000000 000000 Y m 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 400002 860001 320001 780001 m 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 x mm 0 00739286 0 0264400 0 0807681 0 210041 0 462745 0 857174 1 31824 1 64367 1 57547 0 979468 129 018E 3 0 979468 1 57547 1 64367 1 31824 0 857174 0 462745 0 210042 0 0807681 0 0264400 0 00739286 0 00517887 0 0204666 0 0699898 0 207110 Y mm 0 0480536 0 171860 0 524993 1 36527 3 00784 5 57163 8 56853 10 6838 10 2405 6 36654 838 618E 9 6 36654 10 2405 10 6838 8 56853 5 57163 3 00784 1 36527 0 524993 0 171860 0 0480536 794 243E 6 0 00313894 00 0107348 0 0317679 Displacements mm 0 0255793 0 101647 0 349322 1 03821 2 66849 5 93164 11 4027 18 9570 27 2555 8896 4421 8896 2555 9570 4027 5 93164 2 66850 1 03821 0 349322 0 101647 0 0255793 0 00Z260135 0 0112853 0 0427274 0 141397 Line mm 0 0486152 0 173868 0 531128 1 38122 3 04299 5 63674 8 66866 10 8087 10 3602
44. 000000 000 2 Water Ductile Iron rubber gasket joints 500 000 es 700 000 No Yes 1 500 No Yes 25 000 174000000 000 3 Water Steel 450 000 es 450 000 No Yes 1 500 No Yes 25 000 205000000 000 4 Sewer Cast Iron Lead yarn joints 100 000 es 1200 000 No Yes 0 100 No Yes 15 000 169000000 000 5 Sewer Ductile Iron rubber gasket joints 500 000 Yes 700 000 No 25 000 174000000 000 6 ewes Fac 500 000 No No 8000000 000 7 Sewer Vitrified Clay 100 000 Yes 1200 000 No 7 500 100000000 000 8 Sewer Concrete 100 000 es 1200 000 No 7 500 100000000 000 g Gas LP Cast Iron lt 305mm trafficked Lead yarn Yes 98 000 Yes 1200 000 Yes 0 160 98900000 000 z 1 Press lt TAB gt to start a new record Name specifies the name of the criteria parameters This might for instance be the pipe type Allowable Strain e Tension Check specifies whether tensile strain is to be checked against a limiting value as a measure of damage to the utility Value specifies the tensile strain in micro strain that is to be used as the limiting value e Compression Check specifies whether compressive strain is to be checked against a limiting value as a measure of damage to the utility Value specifies the compressive strain in micro strain that is to be used as the limiting value Rotation e Threshold Check specifies whether rotation is to be checked against a threshold value as a measure of Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp damage t
45. 2538 2538 2538 2838 2538 2538 2538 2538 s 71921 71957 72004 72067 1402 1753 2104 2454 2805 3156 3506 3857 4207 4558 4909 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 240001 700001 160001 620000 080000 540000 000000 460000 920000 380000 839999 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 500000 0 530329 17508 28302 73800 36650 66680 16666 66628 36545 73643 25091 0 0813526 0 180280 0 345720 0 573744 0 824049 1 02443 1 10256 1 02785 0 830899 0 584010 0 389412 0 409774 1 04251 2 33558 4 62591 8 14100 8233 2211 6188 3011 8162 1065 0 836532 18883 27939 78178 42940 74505 25098 74505 42940 73178 27938 35 1Z09E 6 100 247E 6 254 269E 6 576 32Z4E 6 0 00117212 0 00216029 0 00363310 0 00562560 0 00810292 0 0109640 0 0141073 71745 71745 71745 71745 7174S 71745 71745 71745 71745 71745 71745 0153430 0283302 0434550 0540728 0517540 0321475 3 72529E 9 0 0321475 0 0517540 0 0540728 0 0434550 0 00256109 0 00651567 0 0145974 0 0289119 0 0508813 0 0801457 113882 147617 176882 198851 213166 72156 72282 72467 72746 73168 73794 74616 75416 75804 75688 78351 NOOADANH AWN ek N
46. 3 Combined Axial and Bending Strain Total Strain The maximum strain in the pipe is a combined action of axial strain and bending strain The axial strain is combined with the positive value of the flexural bending strain in the extreme fibre under tension and with the negative value of the flexural bending strain in the extreme fibre under compression Due to slippage between the pipe and the surrounding soil a reduction factor RF is applied to the axial strain in the ground to calculate the axial strain in the pipe The total strain is given by total 7 IRF Siongitudan al J bending Copyright Oasys 2015 a4 Oasys Xdisp 2 5 2 Generic Utility Damage Assessment Generic Utility Damage Assessment allows a rapid assessment of likely utility damage over an area without the need to specify precise utility locations or properties A polyline is input whose transects are treated as plan alignments of utilities Transect Polyline s transect interval L Length of each transect Transects e These are perpendicular lines to the polyline created at an interval specified by the user in the Polylines Table View e The length and number of displacement points of these transects are specified by the user in the Polylines Table View e By default a transect is provided at the start point of the polyline e All transects are bisected by the polyline Utility Damage Assessment of each transect is performed and the r
47. 57434 74 21283 CONTOUR Y 1 60 48 88889 80 49 25906 79 62953 CONTOUR Y 1 60 49 25906 79 62953 50 79 4441 CONTOUR Y 1 60 49 77666 85 49 81781 84 90891 CONTOUR Z 1 0 50 0 4412712 48 84946 0 5752676 CONTOUR Z 1 0 48 84946 0 5752676 43 20705 0 CONTOUR Z 1 0 60 0 3418683 59 22948 0 3852612 BDA RESULT UNCOVBI NED _ SEGMENTS 1 Bui I ding 1 Wst Facade 1 1 50 150 0 66 96732 150 0 2 BDA RESULT UNCOVBI NED _ SEGMENTS 1 Bui I di ng 1 Wst Facade 1 2 66 96732 150 0 83 03243 150 0 1 BDA RESULT UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui I di ng 1 Wst Facade 1 3 83 03243 150 0 116 9676 150 0 3 BDA RESULT UNCOWBI NED _ SEGMENTS 1 Bui I di ng 1 Wst Copyright Oasys 2015 130 Oasys Xdisp Facade 1 4 116 9676 150 0 133 0326 150 0 1 BDA RESULT UNCOVBI NED _ SEGMENTS 1 Bui I ding 1 Wst Facade 1 5 133 0326 150 0 150 150 0 2 BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui ding 1 Wst Facade 2 1 50 150 0 67 15132 150 O BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOWVBI NED SEGVENTS 1 Bui di ng 1 Wst Facade 2 2 67 15132 150 0 80 84868 150 0 2 BDA RESULT UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui di ng 1 Wst Facade 2 3 80 84868 150 0 117 1513 150 0 ao BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui l ding 1 Vest Facade 2 4 117 1513 150 0 130 8487 150 0 2 BDA _ RESULT _ UNCOVBI NED SEGMENTS 1 Bui
48. D Graphics View is active e the Wizard button on the Xdisp Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active or e selecting Graphic settings from the context menu of the 3D Graphics View the context menu is accessible by right clicking in the view or typing the context menu key from keyboard The controls are separated into three different pages e Elements e Displacements e Preferences Each of these is described in detail below Elements Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input at Graphics Settings Elements Displacements General Elements and labelling Cire f ire Frame Elements E Polvgonal Excavations w PE1 Excavation 1 PE Excavation 2 PES Excavation 3 PE Excavation 4 E Labels H Polygonal Excavations w PE1 Excavation 1 PEZ Excavation 2 PES Excavation 3 PE4 Excavation 4 Elements elements to be viewed may be selected via the check boxes Labels labels of the elements selected for viewing will be displayed if the appropriate check boxes in the labels branch are selected Labels Radio Button Name No or No format for the display of labels Wire frame if this is checked then elements will be displayed as a wire frame Displacements The Displacements page specifies how the displacement results are to be displayed Copyright Oasys 2015 s2 Oasys Xdisp Graphics Settings Elements Displacements General Diaplacement data and labelling
49. Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode A tunnel or a series of connected tunnels may be input by left clicking at different points in the vew to specify the ends of the consecutive tunnels The end point of a tunnel or the end point of the last tunnel of the connected tunnels is marked through a double left click At this double left click the Tunnel Data dialog will pop up through which the other properties of the tunnel or connected tunnels can be edited The dialog will initially have default values While adding a tunnel the last input point left clicked point can be erased by pressing the lt ESC gt key While adding a tunnel a point which is already input can be deleted by e moving the mouse over the point so the cursor changes to a square e left click by holding the lt SHIFT gt key Copyright Oasys 2015 4 Oasys Xdisp Tunnel Data Tunnel 1 Geometry m Diameter End Point 1 End Foint 2 Analysis Parameters Ground Loss Surface Displacement Calculations k Derivation O Reilly and New Layers Sub surface Displacement Calculations Sail ak Tunnel Level Cohesive Granular Inout of a tunnel or series of tunnels may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog 3 20 2 2 Excavations Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 95 3 20 2 2 1 Polygonal Excavation Polygonal excavations may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via
50. Height the height of the sub structure from foundation to eaves level Vertical Offsets from Line for Vertical Movement the vertical offset to be applied to the displacement line before calculating vertical displacements for use in building damage assessments Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp A series of offsets may be specified in order to compare building damage results for different elevations e g for a piled building basement level equivalent pile level and pile toe level These vertical movements are used with horizontal movements at the level of the displacement line See Points of Inflexion Gradient and Radius of Curvature for further information More than one value may be entered separated by commas A negative value represents a reduction in elevation The Burland method of building damage assessment assumes that a building s fagade behaves as a beam in bending The follwing parameters in the table provide the information that is required by the Burland method to effect this approximation Damage Category Strains the set of Damage Category Strains that this sub structure is to adopt to describe the thresholds of each of the 5 damage categories 0 to 4 Poisson s Ratio the Poisson s ratio of the beam that is to represent the sub structure Values in the range of 0 2 to 0 3 are commonly adopted E G the Youngs modulus shear modulus ratio of the beam that is to represent the sub structure if the sub struc
51. OOADAN aA WNRe nononnnnnnnannnnnn nonononnnannnnaonnnnonn Displacement and Strain Results Name name of the entity Type No Dist provides a number for each Displacement Grid Line and Point or the distance along a displacement line if applicable Coordinates x y and z level Displacements in the x and y plan directions in the vertical z direction positive being downwards parallel and perpendicular to the Displacement Line and that Line s angle to the x axis An asterisk at the right of a row indicates that a result includes an imported displacement Principal Tensile Strain major minor and angle degrees Principal tensile strains and the strain angle for the x y plane are available providing the model contains no excavations no tunnels which use the Harris and Alvarado method or the Mair et al method and no imported displacements Building Damage Results Horizontal Displacements lists horizontal ground movements at all points along the displacement line that is associated with each Sub Structure Copyright Oasys 2015 Vertical Displacements lists vertical ground movements at all points along the displacement line that is associated with each Sub Structure once that line has been offset by each of the vertical offset distances Building damage results are thus calculated using each sub structure s horizontal displacements combined with each vertical displacements set to give n s
52. Xdisp Version 19 3 Oasys Oasys Ltd 13 Fitzroy Street London W1T 4BQ Central Square Forth Street Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3PL Telephone 44 0 191 238 7559 Facsimile 44 0 191 238 7555 e mail oasyS arup com Website http www oasys software com Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp Copyright Oasys 2015 All rights reserved No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means graphic electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording taping or information storage and retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and or registered trademarks of the respective owners The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document This document has been created to provide a guide for the use of the software It does not provide engineering advice nor is ita substitute for the use of standard references Th
53. accessed wa the program menu items Data Utility Damage Assessment Utility Dimensions Data Utility Damage Assessment Acceptance Criteria Parameters and Data Utility Damage Assessment Generic Utilities respectively 11 Perform an analysis by clicking the Analyse button on the Xdisp toolbar or via Analysis Analyse on the program menu 12 Xdisp performs a check on data for consistency Correct any errors that are shown in the subsequent report of warnings and errors 13 Inspect the results in the Tabular Output view the Plan View and or the 3D Graphics view These are accessible by double clicking the Output Tabular Output Plan Output 3D Graphics in the Gateway via View Tabular Output View Plan View 3D Graphics on the program menu or via the appropriate buttons on the Xdisp toolbar 14 Adjust data and re analyse as necessary Analysis Methods Tunnel Analysis Methods Xdisp s tunnel analysis method calculates the settlement profile above an excavated tunnel once the user has entered the estimated ground loss For the purposes of displacement calculations within the program and where describing analysis methods and their profile widths and depths elsewhere in this manual a local coordinate system is used This is shown in the diagram below The global x y and z coordinates that are used in the program s interface to specify tunnel and displacement grid locations are converted into th
54. acement predictions using influence function methods Min Sci Technol 5 pp 89 104 Schmidt B 1969 Settlement and ground movement associated with tunnelling in soil PhD thesis University of Illinois Selby AR 1988 Surface movements caused by tunnelling in two layered soil Bell et al Eds Engineering geology of underground movements Geol Soc Engineering Geology Special Publication No 5 pp 71 77 Simpson B 1992 Retaining structures displacement and design Geotechnique 42 No 4 pp 541 576 St John H D 1975 Field and theoretical studies of the behaviour of ground around deep excavations in London Clay PhD thesis Cambridge University 1975 Taylor R N 1995 Tunnelling in soft ground in the UK in K Fujita and O Kusakabe Eds Underground Construction in Soft Ground Proceedings of International Symposium no 3 New Delhi India 3 January 1994 International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Technical Committee TC28 pp123 126 Timoshenko 1957 Strength of Materials Part 1 D van Nostrand Co Inc London Yeates J 1985 The response of buried pipelines to ground movements caused by tunnelling in soil In Geddes JD ed Ground Movements and Structures Pentech Press Plymouth pp 145 160 Copyright Oasys 2015 Contour surface 80 index CSV 40 128 Curvature 37 D Damage Category Strains Data 79 Data Input 45 Detailed Assessment of Utility ata Point 39 Displacement Data 48
55. acements may be combined sensibly with displacements that are generated by Xdisp the following rules apply 1 All coordinates of data in the import file are imported whether a match is found for them or not in the displacement grids lines and points of the current Xdisp file 2 The checking of whether coordinates match those of the displacement grids lines and points in the Xdisp file is performed at the time of analysis The tolerance for coincidence is 1 mm in all of the x y and z directions Those coordinates which match any in the Xdisp file will have their results added to those of that Xdisp file after analysis 3 If there are multiple entries of displacements for the same point in the import file all those displacements will be added to those calculated by Xdisp for the displacement position whether that position is modelled by Xdisp as a displacement point or as a point within a displacement line or grid 4 Similarly if one point in the import file is matched with more than one in the data file e g if displacement points lines or grids contain coincident positions then the imported displacements will be added to each of the matching positions in the data file The diagram below illustrates a series of displacement coordinates in a CSV import file a Displacement Grid a Displacement Line and three Displacement Points in an Xdisp data file It Copyright Oasys 2015 Data input 51 shows how the results would be combine
56. ae Excavations Toggles the display of embedded wall excavation locations fit Buildings Toggles the display of building alignments W Specific Building w Generic Building Eh Utilities Toggles the display of specific and generic utilities ia w Specific Utility w Generic Utility Copyright Oasys 2015 Toolbars and Keyboard Accelerators 133 E Fj Contours Right click on the Plan View while either of these buttons is _ selected to choose the type of contour plot from the context menu Contour lines or solid coloured contours are available depending on which button is selected Vertical displacement w Horizontal displacement Major principal strain Minor principal strain Contours of major and minor principal strain are available providing the model contains no excavations and no tunnels which use the Harris and Alvarado method or the Mair et al method 14 Vectors Toggles the display of horizontal displacement vectors Right click on the Plan View while this button is selected to select the type of vector plot from the context menu w Horizontal displacement Strain crosses Strain crosses are available providing the model contains no excavations and no tunnels which use the Harris and Alvarado method or the Mair et al method ae Line Graphs Allows the user to plot the displacements along the selected displacement line building damage results for the selected building or utility damage results
57. alues and prints OK if passed and FAIL if failed Generic Utility Damage Results Utility damage results are calculated for all utilities on all transects Detailed Results for all Transects and all Points lists the pullout rotation axial strain and flexural strain values at different points along each utility on each transect At each point it checks whether these values are within their respective threshold and limit values and prints OK if passed and FAIL if failed Detailed Results for all Transects and all Points lists the maximum values of pullout rotation combined strain both in tension and compression and displacement obtained for each transect along the polyline 4 2 Graphical Output Graphical output of data and results is accessed via the View menu the Gateway or the Xdisp toolbar The following provides details of the available graphics options 4 2 1 General Wet Data Analysis This View menu allows selection of Graphical Output of the problem Toolbars w Status Bar w Gateway ees r m r Plan Tabular Output 3D Graphics Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 1 File Edit View Data Analysis Belen Window Help The Graphics menu is available if the Plan Jeo ie I Scaling gt View is active This menu allows the use of E cot templates to save graphical display set up E F r display of load or displacement data Save image l l i i annotation and scaling of
58. ame table of another data file Alternatively the sample file may be saved with a new name and opened to form the basis of a new data file The data values should be validated before use Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 89 3 19 Utility Damage Assessment The two types of utility damage assessment which can be performed are e Specific Utility Damage Assessment e Generic Utility Damage Assessment 3 19 1 Specific Utility Damage Assessment The following data is required for the input of a utility for specific utility damage assessment Data may be input in tabular form in this Table View or in dialog form by double clicking within a cell or by clicking the Wizard button on the Xdisp Toolbar BO01 xdd Specific Utilities Enah Distance Distance g Along Line Along Line Utility Dimension 1 Criteria 1 Surface 0 000 0 000 3 000 Pipe Utility Dimension 1 Criteria 1 Surface 0 000 99 999 3 000 Pipe Utility Name a name to identify a utility Sub Utility Name a name to identify a sub utility Dimension the Utility Dimension that is to be used to describe the internal diameter and the wall thickness of the utility Parameter Type the Parameters and Acceptance Criteria that are used in damage assessment Displacement Line the Displacement Line that is to be used to describe the alignment of the utility Line Length the length of the Displacement Line that is the maximum length that the utility can
59. ansactanccenaacaedeasoadentcsdedanteees 74 lt y P a Py eres a D A D gt Ee E E Og OT ote Oe Te E en ce A 74 3 14 12 Segment ConpinatghS sesia a E a a a 77 3 14 2Generic Building Damage ASSeSs Ment sssecssccecccascccacasiceeacedvendas catacsencantenucasdecdaisanddawaiddeomnacuaasacdeuacauuewstetuadecduins 78 Ae o tA A aa a a a a T CIAO te TART TOS a NOE mU NCP MD RCTS 78 31422 Segment COMMMIMAONMS nsh ala e Deut Aue sbdeam sted Suc eal manuel wansdon N Gdeueau besa 78 3 15 Damage Category Strains Data gt scsiscitccsiccsccctiseteicwicectncticettensiicewesticediieviceticetiietceeiceeesieindes 79 3 16 Graphic Seth S rasai iaa a a a Aa EEE AEK A EEEa 80 J17 YuUNyY DIMENSIONS scorie E aa e a AORN Ea A Ea ATRAN 86 3 18 Utility Acceptance Criteria Parameters ccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeensaeaseeenensaeeeonsneaeeeseenenes 87 3 19 Utility Damage Assessment sexcecscr en etepece ett aeertetcc ren dewseurertbemesesttesrctubestvecleudeteertiamereslboweseaiicueus 89 3 19 1Specific Utility Damage ASSESSMENT ccesscesssteesseeessceensneeesneeensneensaeeeseesensneensnesasnesenseeensaeeasuesenseeensaeeaseesenseeensas 89 3 19 2Generic Utility Damage Assess m ni a ae e aea aaa a eea eaaa iaaa 90 320 Graphical INPUT nsis a a onl ven a aai 90 3 20 IDe fiina Gr AS eee e a a a 90 3 20 21 UL Of Hememis rerien E a E E E a 93 se Ad 0 Eea E E aE E E E T E E N E A E E NA E TEI N A A eaeaemer ek 93 22022 EXCA Va llOn A eet ec mee eee tee
60. apart Pipe Joint Rotation and Flexural Strain Pipe Joint Rotation To calculate the rotation at a point n first the movement in x y and z direction is calculated at the ends of the pipe i e at points n L and n L where L length of the pipe n L_ point at a distance of L_ before the nt point n L p p n L point at a distance of L after the nt point Xdisp fits a cubic spline to the displacement results along a utility This allows it to estimate the displacement at any point along the utility even if the point is not a displacement point The horizontal offsets H and H_ between the ends of the pipe are given by Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods at Bee ee oe L n O n Betal 4 a 4 2 where Din displacement along the utility at nt point Diiin Lp displacement along the utility at n L point where L is the length of the pipe Diinstp displacement along the utility at n Ey point where L is the length of the pipe D a displacement perpendicular to the utility at nt point D Was displacement perpendicular to the utility at n Ly point where L is the length of the pipe D mate displacement perpendicular to the utility at n Le point where L is the length of the pipe The vertical offset V between the ends of the pipe is given by oe A ee cs es a a where Vin displacement along the utility at n point V n p displacemen
61. ara mes E 45 3 2 Problem TYPO sires i a a a aE Ea AAD 46 cs i ADL D a eae EEA AAEE E O AAO a AAE E E A A AEA A AE E A ee ee AE A AE EAA 46 e E R od lt 2 2d oo 6 E E EE E TE ae EE EE AA S EN E EAA 47 3 9 Displacement Dala ti a e a e e aoaaa 48 3 6 Imported Displacements isernia e A a a Ea RE A EEEREN 49 Ot POWINES ca aa r a E E Eea OEE 52 Dio ORIN DOM pe a a meauas enact uence ts 52 3 9 BUNME Data cacti cst E ai es acca E E E E tocar c cua clone ieee SE E tc E haces kL 56 3 10 MING Datel itch tect Ae eteceh cate etch a ctet nt eet nel teas J eh chet eet teed oe aie Bs teeta 59 321 bP OlYGOnal EXCaValOM Dala sessa E EE vencsturen EAG 61 3 12 Circular Excavation Data isccescicte weet lace ctiesewesteetetbaniedeweeutedocectnesneeattesebeaecedewdaueeseceatecsreeatecbebes 63 3 13 Ground Movement Curve Data ccccccecceceeneeeeeeceeneeeeeeneeneeeeeeneeaeesneeaeenneeneeaeeaneeeeeaeeseeeaeeanes 64 3 13 1Ground MOVE MEeNt Curve Graphs scssccssseessseesseeessseenseeeeseeeenseeenseeeesesenseeessaeeaseeseneneessaeeaseesenseeessaeeesnesenseeenaas 66 3 13 2Sam ple Sub surface Ground Movement CUTIVE sccsssseeseeeesseeessneeesneeensneesseeeenesensceensaeeesuesenseeessaeeesnesenseeenans 69 3 14 Building Damage Assessment cceceeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeneeeeeeesasaseeeesnsaeeseesnsasaseeoesaeaseeseensaes 74 3 14 1Specific Building Damage ASSESS eGNit asiisccisasccscasccsazsssnscnstcatasens ancaecndanecaninaseatecsted
62. arameter which can be varied to take account of differing material and serviceability limit states Boscardin and Cording 1989 developed this concept assessing 17 case records of damage due to excavation induced subsidence They related the ranges of im tO the likely severity of damage Burland et al 1977 had previously assigned categories of damage severity to descriptions of typical damage The table below is the commonly used building structure damage risk classification table Summarising the above 0 Building Structure Damage Risk Classification Burland 1997 Damage Category Description of typical damage Approx Limiting Category of damage Ease of repair is underlined crack width tensile strain mm Negligible Hairline cracks lt 0 1 lt 0 05 Very Slight Fine cracks that can easily be lt 1 0 05 0 075 J treated during normal decoration Perhaps isolated slight fracture in buildings Cracks in external brickwork visible on inspection Slight Cracks easily filled Redecorating lt 5 0 075 0 15 probably required Several slight fractures showing inside of building Cracks are visible externally and some repointing may be required externally to ensure weather tightness Doors and windows may stick slightly Moderate Ihe cracks require some opening 5 15 or a number0 15 0 3 up and can be patched by a mason of cracks gt 3 Recurrent cracks can be masked by suitable linings Repointing of
63. at this excavation If any of the Ground Movement Curves that are associated with this excavation are of surface only type then displacements will be calculated only for displacement points or points within displacement lines or grids that are at this level A warning will be given otherwise See the Embedded Wall Excavations method for more information If surface movement curves are selected this option is enabled only if any of the Ground Movement Curves that are associated with this excavation are of surface only type For such cases the displacements can be calculated for displacement entities below the surface too by checking this option and specifying the level up to which the curves are to be applied Displacements that are calculated are not adjusted for the depths of displacement points They are calculated merely based on the horizontal distance from the excavation so will be the same for a point at the surface or below Copyright Oasys 2015 62 Oasys Xdisp it Corners Coordinates and Stiffening x and y specify the plan coordinates of one corner of the excavation Plans that specify re entrant corners are prohibited Base Level specifies the level of the base of the excavation at this corner Base levels represent the base of the excavation for excavation induced movements or the toe of the Embedded Wall for wall installation movements Stiffened specifies whether stiffening effects should be applied to t
64. ax excavation depth z 4 Surface and sub surface movements AL Distance from wall wall depth or maz excavation depth x Surface movements only Depth wall depth or max excavation depth y Curve Fitting Method Linear interpolation Polynomial Polynomial x order y order Significant figures for output Equation 4 41222E 7x y l1 47830E 5x y f 1 91162E dxi 1 Z0SS7E Sx y 3 SO766E Sx4y7 6 452 70E 3xyf 4 98795E 2y5 3 51 71 E 1 z e 17 18 14 Coeff of determination F 9 29988E 1 Vertical Horizontal specifies whether the curve defines vertical or horizontal movement Curve Name the title of the ground movement curve New creates a new ground movement curve Copy copies the currently selected ground movement curve Delete deletes the currently selected ground movement curve Rename renames the currently selected ground movement curve Pre programmed curves that are provided by Xdisp may not be edited In order to adjust one of those curves the curve should first be copied The copy can then be edited Copyright Oasys 2015 66 Oasys Xdisp 3 13 1 Surface and sub surface movements specifies that the curve is to provide data for both surface and sub surface ground movements so x y and z data will be required Surface movements only specifies that the curve is to be used to calculate surface
65. below ground surface distance from axis to point of inflexion at depth z S settlement at depth z and at transverse horizontal distance of y from tunnel axis as calculated in a above R radius of tunnel h horizontal displacement at depth z and at distance y from tunnel axis The calculation of h is based on the Taylor 1995 extension to Mair et al s method A warning is issued if z z is greater than 0 8 or z is greater than the depth to the tunnel crown In such circumstances calculations are moving outside the scenarios covered by the case study data on which the Mair et al method is based C New and Bowers 1994 This method assumes displacements are directed towards a ribbon of volume loss taking place at the tunnel invert level For details of this method see references This method may also be referred to as the Ribbon Sink method d Harris and Alvarado in preparation See also Three Dimensional Form of Movement Equations 2 1 4 2 k Derivation Methods a User specified k Typical user specified k values for soils would be Copyright Oasys 2015 18 Oasys Xdisp 2 2 Soil Range of k Stiff fissured clay 0 4 to 0 5 Glacial deposits 0 5 to 0 6 Recent soft silty clay 0 6 to 0 7 Granular soils above water table 0 2 to 0 3 See O Reilly and New 1982 b O Reilly and New 1982 Cohesive soils i 0 43z 1 1 metres Granular soils i 0 282 0 12 metres From Fig 4 of O Reilly and New
66. ble by clicking the View Graph button on the Ground Movement Curves dialog They illustrate the graph that is generated by Xdisp as a fit a ground movement curve s data points and that will be used in the calculations for displacement points affected by excavations walls that refer to that curve The style of graph that is presented depends on whether ground movement curve data has been specified for surface and sub surface movements or for surface movements only Formatting options are available by right clicking in the view Surface Ground Movement Only Curves Graph Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input E Sample sub surface ground movement data xdd Ground Movement Curve Excavation in front of high stiffness wall in stiff clay CIRIA 580 Fig 2 11 b Polynomial x order 4 Polynomial y order 0 Coefficient of determination 9 9991E 1 y z data Polynomial 3 50 Copy Copy Points Curve 1 y z data Style Show Curve 1 fy z data Symbols Hide Curve 1 y z data Chart Style Cursor Tooltip Rescale Zoom In Zoom Out Line Weight Hide Hide All Show All Save DXF Save JPEG Save PNG Save WMF 3 8 r a D 2 be x T E 5 E D 3 E D E oO T its Export Curves Open in SiGraph Distance from wall wall depth or max excavation depth x Surface and Sub surface Ground Movement Curves Relief View Copyright Oasys 2015 68 Oasys Xdisp W Sam
67. building with default properties will be added The properties of the building may be edited via the dialog which subsequently pops up Copyright Oasys 2015 102 Oasys Xdisp Specific Building Data Specific 1 Structure Sub structure 5ub Displacement Line Displacernent Line 1 Line Length Distances along Displacement Line Start End 31 2083 m Vertical Offsets Settlement Trough Limit Sensitivity Damage Category Strains Burland Strain Limits Poisson s Patio Ela Height Default Properties Hogging sagging Distance of M A From Edge of Beam in Tension Distance of Bending Strain From M A 2nd Moment of Area oer unit width The input of specific building may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog 3 20 2 5 2 Generic Generic Buildings may be input graphically only when there are polylines available Generic Buildings may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Building Generic Building when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode tit W Specific Building ire Generic Building button on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode To input a building left click on a polyline A building with default properties will be added The Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 103 properties of the building may be edited via the dialog which subsequently pops up Generic Building Data
68. cisededennstcedassecdeasoseesacheucstseeereons 115 4 2 5 Building Damage Interaction CHAPS i sisscctisccccscecscsseccsdecassscessnsssnaedencetevandsascasuseveadnsesancwesaeuesnue cacuddeadtesanauesaudaenae 116 4 2 6 Generic Building Maximum Tensile Strain Graph cssscsscsssesseseesseesseessesseesseesseesseenseeseeneeeneesnneeneeeees 117 4 2 7 Utility Damage Assessment GrapliS sissascissaceissccnvcccadccdcsacisdactousstusdeieencetanadacaveuscdvanadesajuseansbuvecuboneuvacsssesbaaeeinaas 118 4 2 7 1 Wulity Displacement Line Gr apn irci a isa iat A E ES tas ee eee Aantal 118 4 2 7 2 FRO FAUIONI VS LIS TANG c chasse lala cca oh ems NA E EE PE E A O ET 120 4 2 7 3 Pullout vs DIS AIAG Cac nE eee ee aerate case tao Aad aa eo ed at can ahaa enero 121 4 2 7 4 Combined Strain vs DISTANC Cicaitec ssevca vials oyeascten idavtiadncaa tet varvecisneee suai ktea anrr EEEa AA citensbadeesietae teva eueuaceds 121 4 2 8 Generic Utility Damage ASSESSMENT Graphs sssseseseeeseeeseeeseeeseessesseesseeeseesseesseesseesseeseeaaesseesseesseesseessnenaees 122 4 2 8 1 Generic Utility Displacement Line Graph cece cceeeenseneeeeeeeeeeeesseeseseeeaeeeeeeeeeeeseseseessneeeeaeeeeeeeeeeees 123 4 2 8 2 Maximum Rotation VS Onainae isorotan E A EE EE EEE 124 4 2 8 3 Maximum Pullout vs Chainage nnnnnneeeennnneeeeennnnnnnrereesererrrrtrrnnnnssssrerrrrnrrtrtnnnasssterrrrrrnnnnnntnnnneeeee e 125 4 2 8 4 Maximum Combined Strain vs Chainage
69. ck on the centre of the surface circle move the mouse and left click again on the circumference of the circle to complete the input The user can edit the properties of the excavation via the dialog which pops up at the end of the second click To cancel the input after the first click press lt ESC gt La a m Ca u 1 k u u a a a a m r m m n m T re T r 1 k 1 t CE 1 a 1 a m m m Fa m n Caa m a k al a S GT Lt u z u a r m m a m r m m r a k E Ea C pr E a T E gT a m m m m m m m m aa r gt F a g a re all S ta al l pae t l Tel u m uw De a i 1 es n DeL n m m mir A m n n r m r r m r m T r m r z l u a il e ta Ba m u a 1 F Bal el uu Ba as a m a m re a m re m r m r a g u nu u u t k u mu n 5 295201 m m m P m r e r mn m m u a k u ma a nan a m m r m m u Sone u P Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 3 20 2 3 Displacement Entities 3 20 2 3 1 Displacement Point Displacement Points maybe input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Displacement Displacement Point when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode ae y A A Displacement point Displacement line Ee ah l w Displacement grid e the Di
70. ctor V see Volume Loss Soil at Tunnel Level specifies the soil type cohesive or granular at the level of the tunnel If dual layered soils are specified i e the Selby k Derivation method is used to calculate surface movements then the soil in the layer above this is assumed to be of different type k Derivation specifies the choice of k derivation method that is to be applied to this tunnel Different methods may be chosen for surface and sub surface displacements See Tunnel Analysis Methods and k Derivation Methods If the Mair et al analysis method is chosen for sub surface displacements then a k derivation method is not required Layers specifies whether the tunnel lies beneath single or dual layered soil for surface displacement calculations only This field is not editable It is dependent on the k derivation method since only the Selby k derivation method is applicable to dual layered soil Other methods are applicable to single layer soils only Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input os Interface Level specifies the levels of the interface between the two possible layers of cohesive and granular soil These levels are specified directly above the tunnel end points They are only applicable if the Selby k derivation method is chosen k specifies the k value of the settlement trough See Tunnel Settlement Trough Width and Analysis Methods for further information Analysis Method specifies whether the New and Bowers or Mair
71. d 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 a Imported Displacements b Displacement Grid c DisplacementLine d Displacement Points Key O O Imported displacement data point representing a single row of the CSV importfile amp Displacement data point specified in data file whose results will notbe addedto any of the imported data points Displacement data point specified in data file whose results will be added to those of an imported data point Coordinates such as A are present in the CSV import file in one row of data only with one set of x y and z displacements Coordinates such as B are present in the CSV file in two rows of data and so have two sets of x y and z displacements Coordinates such as C are present only in the Xdisp data file and not in the CSV import file Their results will therefore only reflect the results from Xdisp s calculation of displacements Coordinates such as D are present in the Xdisp data file but also in two rows of the CSV import file Their results will therefore be the sum of those from Xdisp s calculation of displacements and the two rows of results in the CSV import file Coordinates such as E are present in the Xdisp data file and in one row of the CSV import file Their results will therefore be the sum of those from Xdisp s calculation of displacements and that one row of results in the CSV import file lf an imported result is intended to be added to results at each displacement poin
72. d to have a negligible effect on the design of the retaining walls and potential base heave during the proposed excavation Boundary Conditions The model extends from 17 5mOD existing ground level at Cheapside to 42mOD base of the Lambeth Clay The Lambeth Sand Thanet Sand and the Chalk layers were not included as they are Stiffer materials in which little movement was expected The horizontal base of the model was restrained in all directions All of the vertical boundaries were restrained in the x and y directions but are free to move vertically The vertical boundaries were sufficiently far from the excavation to have no effect on ground movements calculated along the Central Line tunnels Analysis Sequence The analysis sequence modelled the geological and historical development at the site to obtain an appropriate horizontal effective stress and strain state in the soil modelled using BRICK prior to modelling the anticipated construction sequence Displacements were zeroed prior to the construction stages Stage 6 onwards For simplification a single construction sequence was adopted around the perimeter of the site to model the support of the existing wall During the actual construction numerous sequences were adopted to support the existing basement retaining walls however assuming a single sequence has a negligible effect when considering displacements at depth The full sequence used in the DYNA finite element analysis is given
73. d via e Sculpt Select when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode e the Select button R on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode The selection can be made in two ways e selection of an individual element e selection by dragging the mouse to surround or intersect a group of elements Selection of an Individual Element Moving the cursor over an element will highlight a part or whole of the boundary of the element which is in the close vicinity of the cursor This is an indication that the element is available for selection Copyright Oasys 2015 106 Oasys Xdisp Select Edit Delete Right clicking on the highlighted element will pop up the selection menu The highlighted element can either be modified deleted or selected Clicking on Edit will pop up the corresponding data dialog Clicking on Delete will delete the element The element can also be selected so that editing and deletion operations can be performed later by right clicking in any part of the view The selection can be done via Select in right click menu on the highlighted element or by left clicking on the highlighted element Once elements are selected their boundaries are shown highlighted Selected elements can be modified via the Edit item in the menu which is presented by right clicking in any part of the view It can also be deleted through this menu or by pressing the l
74. e m Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 125 4 2 8 3 Maximum Pullout vs Chainage Maximum pullout vs Chainage graphs show the maximum pullout of each transect against location along the polyline It also plots the limiting values and threshold values of pullout Gas main assesment _TEST xdd Maximum Pullout Vs Chainage Maximum Pullout Ys Chainage Generic Utility 1 Maximum Pullout vs Chainacn Pullout Limit Pullout Threshold E 5 E CL 40 0 60 0 Chainage along the polyline m 4 2 8 4 Maximum Combined Strain vs Chainage These graphs plot maximum values of Combined Tensile Strain Combined Compressive Strain Allowable Tensile Strain and Allowable Compressive Strain of each transect against location along the polyline Copyright Oasys 2015 126 Oasys Xdisp ss testing xdd Maximum Combined Strain Ys Chainage Maximum Combined Strain Vs Chainage Generic Utility 1 Combined Tensile Strain Combined Compressive Strai Allowable Tensile Strain Allowable Compressive Strai strain micrastrain 20 0 40 0 60 0 50 0 Chainage along the polyline m 4 2 9 Ambiguous Selection When selecting an element from the Plan View in order to view a results graph if there is more than one element present at the cursor location then left clicking will pop up the Ambiguous Selection Dialog This dialog lists all the elements present at that location The element of interest may b
75. e Sculpt Excavation Polygonal Excavation when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode gt w Polygonal Excavation e the Siem cabal button on the Graphical Inout Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode To input a polygonal excavation then click at each corner of the excavation s surface polygon in a particular clockwise or counter clockwise order When the required surface polygon is established to complete the addition of the excavation double left click at the final point or right click in the view and select Add Excavation from the subsequent context menu The input may be cleared by selecting Clear from that menu Add Excavation Clear The Polygonal Excavation dialog will pop up after an excavation is added The properties of the excavation can be edited in this wizard Initially the dialog will have default values The input of the excavation may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog Copyright Oasys 2015 96 Oasys Xdisp 3 20 2 2 2 Circular Excavation Circular excavations may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View wa e Sculpt Excavation Circular excavation when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode t7 w Polygonal Excavation Circular Excavation e the button on the Graphical Inout Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode To input a circular excavation then left cli
76. e selected from that list The selection is ambiguous There is more than one entity at the position selected Please select From the list below the entity For which wou wish to view results Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 4 3 3D Graphics View The 3D Graphics View displays a three dimensional plot of the model and its available results TEBOO1 xdd 3D Graphics f j Ed Graphics Display Excavations Buildings Tunnels Grids Lines Points Elements TET Buildings O E Tunnels Excavations Displacement Grids B cia t Displacement Lines line 1 WY line 2 line 3 B in 4 B ine 5 Displacement Points B Point 1 B Paint 2 B Faint 3 B Paint 4 This view is dependent on parameters defined in the Graphic Settings property sheet Rotate The model can be rotated by holding left click and dragging the mouse Horizontal drag rotates the model with respect to its z axis Vertical drag rotates the model with respect to the axis parallel to a horizontal line through the centre of the view Zoom The model can be zoomed in or out by scrolling the mouse wheel or by lt ctrl gt drag up or down The model can be zoomed to its original scale by pressing z from keyboard Pan The model can be panned by dragging the mouse with the mouse wheel or middle button held down Saving the view The view point and zoom factor can be saved by selecting Save default view settings from the Copyright Oasys
77. e 4 20 00 20 00 100 000 20 00 70 00 Surface Line 5 20 00 0 00 85 000 20 00 100 00 Surface Paint 1 20 00 20 00 75 000 Surface Point 2 20 00 80 00 75 000 Surface Point 3 180 00 80 00 75 000 Surface Point 4 180 00 20 00 75 000 Surface Press lt TAB gt to start a new record Grids and lines may be horizontal vertical or inclined Grids are specified by extruding a line The Direction of extrusion is specified as one of the Global axes X Y or Z A Line for extrusion must be entered by specifying its end coordinates For example if Global X is the direction of extrusion then the table allows the specification of a line in the YZ plane Extrusion Depth Extrusion Depth Extrusion direction Global X Extrusion direction Globalt Extrusion direction GlobalZ The extrusion depth should not be zero Negative extrusion depth extrudes in the opposite direction to the global directions The number of intervals is specified across and along the extrusion as shown below Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input E 3 6 Point 2 Lines can be entered in any orientation by specifying the co ordinates of both ends Points are specified by single x y and z co ordinates Calculate specifies whether displacement calculations are to be performed for the displacement data item Surface Type specifies whether displacements due to tunnelling are to be calculated for this displacement data item using the Surface or Sub surface met
78. e Eu depth profile outside secant wall z increasing with depth from 10mOD Softening of the soil adopted on the passive side of the retaining wall f For the London Clay and Lambeth Group Clay the Ko profile varied with depth and was dependent upon the stress history modelled in the BRICK soil model An approximate average value is given in this table The finite element analysis used the constitutive soil model BRICK Simpson 1992 to model the behaviour of the London Clay and fine grained strata within the Lambeth Group Moderately conservative soil stiffness parameters Pillai 1996 were adopted in the analysis for the BRICK soil model The BRICK model is non linear and is strain dependent The shear stiffness strain soil properties used for the BRICK model are defined in the table below BRICK Model Material Properties for London Clay and Lambeth Clay oon em 6 09E 05 0 75 3 04E 05 0 92 Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp 0 000101 0 000121 0 000820 0 00171 0 00352 0 00969 0 02223 0 0646 A 0 1 K 0 02 1 0 0019 BG 4 BO 2 Gvh Ghh 0 5 Groundwater Conditions For both short and long term conditions in the London Clay and Lambeth Clay a hydrostatic water pressure profile was adopted starting from an elevation of 8 5mOD It was realised that a sub hydrostatic pressure profile exists in the lower part of the London Clay and Lambeth Group CIRIA 1989 Given the depth of the excavation this was considere
79. e beam in tension For sagging of a linear isotropic elastic beam a value equal to the height 2 is commonly used For hogging of a building with a rigid base slab a value equal to the height is commonly used 2nd Moment of Area per unit width adopting the above for Distance of Bending Strain from N A and for Distance of N A from Edge of Beam in Tension conventionally for an element of a structure undergoing hogging a value of d 3 is adopted For an element of a structure undergoing sagging a value of d 12 is adopted see Mair et al 1996 Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input The Segment Combinations dialog is available only if an analysis has been performed in order to determine the locations of hogging and sagging segments along a sub structure s length 3 14 1 2 Segment Combinations segments may then be combined in order to force short insignificant lengths of hogging or sagging segments to be absorbed into longer more significant neighbouring lengths BO01 xdd Segment Combinations Structures Sub structure Mame Building 1 resk Facade Vertical Offset For Building Damage 3 000m Segment Start m Length m Curvature Combined Segment 1 000 17 151 Hogging 13 697 Sagging 36 303 Hogging Sagging Hogging To combine two or more adjacent segments click the segment number that is to define the starting segment of the required combined segment then lt shift gt click the last segment of the required combined segment
80. e user is deemed to be conversant with standard engineering terms and codes of practice Itis the users responsibility to validate the program for the proposed design use and to select suitable input data Printed April 2015 Oasys Xdisp Table of Contents 1 About Xdisp 1 1 1 General Program Descriptio wiccscscciecsccececcics co cecrcdececaces tatiriedeeee cane ce etree etre nies aa aana ae a 1 1 2 Components of the User Interface cissed a a a a aa E 2 Wid DAMP Pile S esisiini a EEEE 2 t4 Program Features csucs E E E E A E Ra 3 14 1 T ee OOO a a ea ei eR et a cual oc rs 3 1 4 2 Embedded Wall Excavations vsssssssccsssssecccsesseeeceseseeeceeeseeeceeuseeeeenuseeeeeeseeeeeeuseeeeeeseeeneeaseeseneuseeeeneuseeseeeuseeseeeuseeseeanees 3 143 Mi s 0 eee eee eee ee eet ee eee eee rete een oe cet 3 1 4 4 Combined FeatureS ceccsicss seniors aaa nascent ca oes ec ate wc mice ce sca nan a eS sa nmmn nmn nnmnnn mnnn mnnn 4 1 4 5 Building Damage ASSESS MMe mnt cairai aaeain a aai dintaaialddesmudsnaceensausenatatedecsene masta dai 4 1 4 6 Utility Damage ASSESS mentere cris e A aaa SSE 4 tS Ste DY Step GU ee e asini i a e A 5 2 Analysis Methods 6 2 1 T nn l Analysis Methods iiiitesecrcne ceteris ecesecentinetietoiereceeteievibtocoreawsttesiintin ceca cvieeeateersessastestaeter 6 2 1 1 GEMEFAlASS UM PLO IS sciinda aa a aia ashushassulawue a a 7 DAS Voume OAE yk k aa aa a a aaa aa a aaea a e E aaa aani 10 2 1 3 Three Dimensional Form of M
81. ela Generic a ae ee ce S Output No of No of Tabular Heenan peger able View Table View View fne Line for extrusion SEE Extrusion interval Plan p anor as a Second port actors depth long 3D Graphics as pope extrusion line extrusic re x 0 000 0 000 0 000 1000 1 000 0 000 10 1 000 Gateway Grid Grid 1 aha Lonn Lonn no 000 no oon nanna Lonn j Line Line T amp E001 xdd Plan DER LIT S e oo eet A E s T amp E001 xdd Tabular Output Vertical Settlement Contours Grid 1 level 100 000m Interval 10mm 420 000 Wanungs l have been specified 100 000 Tabular Output ulated by summing the d T ndividual excavation No account has been excavations e g overlapping zones of infl 80 0000 another 60 0000 f Displacement and Strain Resuits j t Plan View Type No Coordinates Name Dist x Y z 20 0000 m m m m Grid 1l Grid 1 10 000000 0 000000 100 009 10 000000 3 333333 100 00 0 40 0000 1 120 000 160 000 200 000 10 000000 6 666667 100 009 Seale x 1 1670 y 1 1670 10 000000 10 000000 100 00 10 000000 13 333333 100 00q 10 000000 16 666667 100 00 For Help press F1 Sample Files Sample files are provided during the installation process These demonstrate Xdisp s features By default they are installed in the folder C Program Files Oasys Xdisp n Samples where n indicates the version of the program These files may be opened and inspec
82. ements may be positive or negative settlement or heave Displacements are calculated for a grid or a line of points Output is available in tabular and graphical forms Displacements from other programs can be imported for inclusion in the building damage assessment calculation 1 4 5 Building Damage Assessment Building Damage Assessment is performed using the Burland 1995 assessment method Each sub structure wall or facade is given a location by association with a displacement line Horizontal displacements are calculated for the position of that displacement line Vertical displacements are calculated for three vertical offsets of the displacement line Building damage calculations are performed for each of those vertical offsets using the horizontal displacements calculated at the level of the displacement line Each sub structure is given a set of damage category strains to define the threshold of 5 damage categories based upon the geometry defined for the structure Either user defined damage category strains or pre defined values from Burland 1995 may be chosen Damage categories are calculated for each hogging and sagging segment along the length of each sub structure Adjacent hogging and sagging segments may be combined for damage category assessment as one segment Graphs of vertical and horizontal displacement may be viewed for each sub structure Damage category interaction charts may be viewed for each segment o
83. engineering implications of rising groundwater levels in the deep aquifer below London Devriendt M 2003 Ground Movement and Building Damage Assessments for the King s Cross Underground Station Redevelopment Project Tunnels and Tunnelling International July 2003 pp 24 27 Devriendt M Doughty L Morrison P Pillai A 2010 Displacement of tunnels from a basement excavation in London ICE Geotechnical Engineering Journal GE3 pp 131 145 2010 Fuentes R and Devriendt M 2010 Ground movements around corners of excavations An empirical calculation method Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvronmental Engineering Volume 136 Issue 10 pp 1414 1424 Harris D and Alvarado G in preparation Tunnelling induced volume loss strain and displacements a general formulation under constant volume conditions Loganathan N Poulos H G and Xu K J 2001 Ground and pile group responses due to tunnelling Soils and Foundations Vol 41 No 1 pp 57 67 Mair R J et al 1993 Subsurface settlement profiles above clay in tunnels Geotechnique 43 No 2 Mair R J Taylor R N and Burland J B 1996 Prediction of ground movements and assessment of risk of building damage due to bored tunnelling Proceedings of an International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground London pp 713 718 Martos F 1958 Concerning an approximate equation of the subsidence and its time factors In International strata con
84. ent and horizontal displacement along its length These are then used to calculate hogging and sagging zones deflection ratios and horizontal strains for input into the Burland Building Damage Assessment method Structures contain Sub Structures as buildings contain fa ades Thus the varying alignments of a building s fagades may be associated for reporting purpose The following parameters in the table define the geometry Structure Name a name to identify structure e g a building s name Sub Structure Name a name to identify a sub structure e g one facade of a building Displacement Line the Displacement Line that is to be used to describe the plan alignment of the sub structure Line Length the length of the Displacement Line that is the maximum length that the sub structure can have Start Distance Along Line the distance along the Displacement Line that defines the start point of the sub structure End Distance Along Line the distance along the Displacement Line that defines the end point of the sub structure Vertical Displacement Limit Sensitivity the minimum value that is to determine the extent of regions of settlement or heave for the sub structure s building damage assessment calculations This is an absolute value It allows settlement or heave profiles that tend towards zero very gradually to be curtailed for the purposes of establishing the end hogging or sagging zones in building damage assessment
85. ent and horizontal displacements along a Utility s length The settlement will correspond to the settlement of the Utility s Displacement Line The horizontal displacements are reported in the local x y axes of the Utility x is along the utility and y is perpendicular to the utility in xy plane rather than in the global x or y directions Copyright Oasys 2015 Disp Beta CRL test 1_Modifies_TEST_ALL xdd Utility Displacements Sele Utility Displacements Utility 1 l l _ Y ertical Displacement __ Horizontal Displacement x Horizontal Displacement y Displacement mm Distance from start of utility rm Copyright Oasys 2015 120 Oasys Xdisp 4 2 7 2 Rotation vs Distance Rotation vs distance graphs show the rotation of each assessment point against location along the utility It also plots the limiting values and threshold values of rotation XDisp Beta CRL test 1_Modifies_TEST_ALL xdd Rotation vs Distance i afk Rotation vs Distance Utility 1 l Rotation vs Distance Rotation Limit Rotation Threshold mm 7 mm oO Cc E mm Ci a Cc D ab _ cc cr 20 0 30 0 40 0 Distance fram start of utility rm Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 121 4 2 7 3 Pullout vs Distance Pullout vs distance graphs show the pullout of each assessment point against its location along the utility It also plots the limiting values and threshold valu
86. ent calculations It will have no effect on results Ground Movement Curve Data Ground Movement Curve input data is accessible via the Gateway or by choosing Data Ground Movement Curves from the program s menu Ground Movement Curves describe the horizontal or vertical movement of a point adjacent to the side of an embedded wall excavation They may be defined for both ground surface and sub surface movements or for ground surface movements only The former are functions of distance from the wall excavation depth below the top of the wall excavation and the wall excavation s depth The latter are functions of distance from the wall excavation and the wall excavation s depth only A number of ground movement curves for surface movement are provided by Xdisp to represent Figures 2 8 to 2 12 of CIRIA C580 However users may add their own surface movement curve data to supplement this set or add their own surface and sub surface data In order for Xdisp to perform movement calculations for displacement points in the model it will use in its calculations either a polynomial curve fit to these points derived by the least squares method or linear interpolation between them Ifa polynomial is required then the x and y orders must be specified A graph of the resulting curve that is to be used is available by clicking the View Graph button Xdisp uses these curves to calculate soil movements that result from whichever embedded wall excavations
87. entral point loaded beam having both bending and shear stiffness is given by Timoshenko 1957 as Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 35 pLi 18EIl f 1 ABE H where E Youngs modulus G shear modulus second moment of area P point load Burland 1974 established that considering structures behaving in pure bending the limiting relationship between A L and L H is not very sensitive to the form of load distribution The equation for A above can be re written in terms of the deflection ratio A L and the maximum extreme fibre strain nates follows A fl 3 Lo 12t 2yLHG Pmax where t distance of the neutral axis from the edge of the beam in tension y distance from the neutral axis to the position where strain is to be calculated see figure below for diagram illustrating y and t Definitions of y and t Neutral Axis Depth of beam at which Edge of beam in tension strain is to be calculated Similarly for the maximum diagonal strain the equation for A becomes dmax A HL 1 e L 18lE dmax Expressions are also obtained for the case of a uniformly distributed load with the diagonal strains Copyright Oasys 2015 36 Oasys Xdisp 2 4 1 4 2 4 1 5 calculated at the quarter points Therefore the maximum tensile strains are much more sensitive to the value of A L than to the distribution of loading By setting the value of or
88. es it is reasonable to represent the fa ade of a building by means of a simple rectangular beam 2 4 1 3 Sagging and Hogging The approach adopted by Burland and Wroth 1974 is illustrated in the figure below where the building is represented by a rectangular beam of length L and height H The problem is to calculate the tensile strains in the beam for a given deflected shape of the building foundations and hence obtain the deflection ratio A L at which cracking is initiated It is immediately obvious that little can be said about the distribution of strains within the beam unless we know its mode of deformation Two extreme modes are bending only about a neutral axis at the centre and shearing only In the case of bending only the maximum tensile strain occurs in the bottom fibre and that is where cracking will initiate as shown In the case of shear only the maximum tensile strains are inclined at 45 giving rise to diagonal cracking In general both modes of deformation will occur simultaneously and it is necessary to calculate both bending and diagonal tensile strains to ascertain which type is limiting Copyright Oasys 2015 34 Oasys Xdisp Hogging and Sagging Deformations and Definitions of A L and H Burland 1995 Actual building Bending deformation with cracking due to direct tensile strain Shear deformation with cracking due to diagonal tensile strain The expression for the total mid span deflection A of a c
89. es of pullout Disp Beta CRL test 1_Modifies_TEST_ALL xdd Pullout vs Distance Sele Pullout vs Distance Utility 1 Pullout v Distance Pullout Lirit E E OL Distance from start of utility m 4 2 7 4 Combined Strain vs Distance These graphs plot combined tensile strain combined compressive strain allowable tensile strain and allowable compressive strain values of assessment points against their locations along the utility Copyright Oasys 2015 122 Oasys xdisp 4 2 8 XDisp Beta CRL test 1_Modifies_TEST_ALL xdd Combined Strain vs Dist E BX Combined Strain vs Distance Utility 1 a Combined Tensile Strain Combined Compressive Strai Allowable Tensile Strain gt Allowable Compressive Strai rs E ak uw mm 2 E ak Le _ of Distance fram start of utility m Generic Utility Damage Assessment Graphs Generic utility damage assessment graphs can be selected from the Plan View To access a generic utility damage assessment graph 1 perform a successful analysis including generic utility data 2 display the Plan View 3 display the alignments of Generic Utilities by choosing Graphics Toggle Items Utilities Generic from the program s menu or by checking the Generic menu item present on the drop down menu of the Utilities button on the Graphics Toolbar 4 activate the Line Graphs button on the Graphics Toolbar 5 place t
90. esultant displacement may be chosen for display The contour surface or deflected shape will be based on this selection General Copyright Oasys 2015 a4 Oasys Xdisp Graphics Settings Elements Displacements General Centre of rotation F Transparent Centre of drawing Lighting Custom Picture area to exclude legend panel F Perspective view Ghost Image Labels Background data Name Background O Mo O Mo Mame Centre of rotation This specifies the co ordinate of the centre for rotating and zooming Centre of drawing When this is selected the centre of rotation is set to the centre of the model the resulting x and y co ordinates are displayed in the edit boxes These cannot be edited directly Custom When this is selected the edit boxes x and y are enabled so that the centre of rotation may be entered directly Labels Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 35 These controls specify how labels should appear Name Labels will display only the name of the entity No Labels will display only the index number of the entity No Name The entity s index number and name are concatenated Background When this is checked a white background is provided behind the text for all the labels in the view Transparent When this is checked the surfaces become semi transparent The transparency depends on the sequence of the drawing order
91. esults are reported in the Tabular Output Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 45 3 Data Input Data is input via options that are available from the Data menu or from the Gateway File Edit view EEE Analysis Tools window The information can be entered in any order though it is aek ea ae advisable to enter displacement lines before the buildings which ESAS titles refer to them Once the data has been entered the program B E amp v Displacement Data places a tick against that item in the menu list The section for Tunnels entry of Mining Data only becomes available on selection of a E Input ita Titles Embedded Wall Excavations MIning problem in Problem Ty pe Units Building Damage Assessment P Problern ed 3 1 Titles Upon creating a new file or opening an existing one the first window to appear for entry of data into Xdisp is the Titles window W TE001 xdd Titles Sele Job Number Initials Last Edit Date Bitmap Job Title Tunget Sample Files Subtitle Single Tunnel and Excavation Cale Heading Athewell Cohesive Sail only Witten by Tunset version 16 2 Notes Example file with single tunnel and single encay ation Remove This window allows entry of identification data for each program file The following fields are available Job Number allows entry of an identifying job number Initials for entry of the user s initials Last Edit Date thi
92. et al method is to be used for calculation of sub surface displacements Surface displacements are calculated using the O Reilly and New method See Analysis Methods for further information m specifies Harris and Alvarado s exponent m See Tunnel Settlement Trough Width and Analysis Methods for further information Ground Level specifies the level of the ground surface directly above each of the tunnel end points Ground levels are required only if the Mair et al analysis method is chosen for the calculation of sub Surface displacements 3 10 Mine Data The following data is required for input of a mine MINO1 xdd Mine Data DAR A B cj D E F G H l J E a eam lata ic ness ng eo raw KAC ion orea Name Width m x1 a 1 x2 im fm fm i i m O se Defaults Mine 1 MineT O 3 00 10 00 10 00 0 00 35 00 0 00 5 00 0 00 5 00 0 00 hgt gt Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp Depth 2 subsidence Trough Original Ground Level m Fi Subsided Ground Level Angles of draw Width of Panel in y direction o Thickness j Seam J Seam thickness on the z axis Seam width along the y axis This should extend beyond the proposed extracted area specified below The thickness or depth of the upper and lower layers of strata The lower layer of strata is deemed to reach the centre of the mined layer
93. ets of results per Sub Structure where n is the number of vertical offsets See Points of Inflexion Gradient and Radius of Curvature for further information Each Sub Structure is divided into hogging and sagging segments and building damage results are calculated for each segment The following summaries are presented Results for All Segments lists results for each segment of each Sub Structure of each Structure Critical Values for All Segments within Each Sub Structure lists the critical values of all segments within each Sub Structure These values may therefore be drawn from more than one segment and vertical offset in the Sub Structure Critical Segments within Each Sub Structure lists each Sub Structure s critical segment based on damage category and horizontal strain Results for All Combined Segments lists results for each combined segment of each Sub Structure of each Structure The segment lengths that are listed are those before accounting for imposed horizontal strains However points of inflexion and therefore the segment lengths that are used in calculating deflection ratios and building damage categories take account of imposed horizontal strains Generic Building Damage Results Horizontal Displacements lists horizontal ground movements at all displacement points along every transect Vertical Displacements lists vertical ground movements at all points along every transect once those transects have
94. excavation point on the base of the excavation s perimeter LWPOLYLINE Perimeter ofa As POLYLINE but the levels of the single excavation s base points are set to excavation Om CIRCLE Perimeter of The centre of the circular excavation circular and its diameter The base of the excavation excavation is set to Om 0 For each building a corresponding displacement line will also be created 2 POLYLINEs and LWPOLYLINEs may therefore be used to define all the facades of a real building In Xdisp each facade will be represented as a sub structure 3 POLYLINEs and LWPOLYLINEs can describe either a closed or an incomplete loop If Xdisp encounters the latter then it will close the loop by assuming a final side is intended between the first and last points of the _W POLYLINE 4 The top level of the excavation is set to be 10 m above the highest base point 3 9 Tunnel Data The following input data is required for the analysis of tunnels Data may be input in dialog form by double clicking within a cell of the Tunnel Table View Copyright Oasys 2015 BOO01 xdd Tunnels SS aS sess Sse Sas EE SRA Displacement Calculations Interface Level 28 tt pe fe 4 Endpoint JH Ground Name Diameter aie eae ar AE EAE SE ee Derivation en shine Layers intent evel n n im fm Defaults MOEN Tunnel m oo m oo m oo al oo m oo al oo al oo al 00 Tae Reilly and Hew Single FO O00 50 000 1 Tu
95. f each sub structure 1 4 6 Utility Damage Assessment Xdisp performs detailed damage assessment of a utility by calculating the pullout rotation axial strain and flexural strain values at different points along the utility s length It then checks whether these values are falling within acceptance criteria Each sub utility is given a location by association with a displacement line Each sub utility is given a set of cross sectional dimensions internal diameter and wall thickness Each sub utility is given a set of parameters and acceptance criteria to determine the damage limits Displacements are calculated for the position of the displacement line Sub Utility damage is calculated using those displacements to determine joint rotations pullout and axial and flexural strains along the length of the utility Graphs of rotation pullout and strains along the sub utility length may be viewed for each sub utility Copyright Oasys 2015 About Xdisp 5 1 5 Step by Step Guide To perform a calculation of ground movements due to tunnelling or due to installation of or excavation beside embedded wall excavations follow the steps listed below The data file should be saved at frequent intervals Item Description 1 Begin a new data file by selecting File New on the program menu 2 Set the preferred units for data input and output in the Units dialog That dialog is accessible by double clicking Units
96. g of the shield or TBM or driving on a cure C radial movements due to temporary loss of support at the rear of the shield or TBM during lining construction d closure of the ungrouted annulus around the newly completed ring non expanded type of linings e initial distortion of the completed tunnel ring due to gravitational loading N B Xdisp takes the volume loss to be volume loss per unit horizontal length However the user generally inputs volume loss per unit length of tunnel which means that for inclined tunnels total volume loss and hence settlements are underestimated Without modifying the Tunset code it is possible to divide the volume loss per unit length of tunnel by the cosine of angle of inclination of the tunnel to get the volume loss per unit horizontal length and input this into the program The Xdisp calculation will then be correct Three Dimensional Form of Movement Equations Either of two sets of three dimensional forms of movement equations may be used Attewell and Woodman 1982 surface and sub surface or Harris and Alvarado sub surface only The Attewell and Woodman equations are used in combination with a range of published k derivation methods Harris and Alvarado defines its own k derivation method Note that the_O Reilly and New 1982 and Mair et al 1993 Taylor 1995 Analysis Methods have their own definitions for the horizontal displacements transverse to the tunnel See Analysis Methods Copy
97. gorous analyses may take account of the stiffness of the structure in reducing the deformation allowing appropriately for the effects of the development of cracking in the structure on its stiffness Points of Inflexion Gradient and Radius of Curvature For building damage assessment calculations Xdisp must first determine the hogging and sagging zones along the length of a building Xdisp relies on the ground movement results for the displacement line that is associated with the building It uses horizontal displacements that are calculated at the position of the displacement line and vertical displacements that are calculated for three vertical offsets of this line It therefore performs building damage assessments for three sets of vertical displacements It fits a cubic spline to these results and by differentiation determines the curvature and points of inflexion which demarcate hogging and sagging zones Building damage calculations then proceed using these zones Points of inflexion and therefore the segment lengths that are used in calculating deflection ratios and building damage categories take account of imposed horizontal strains Points of inflexion are based upon vertical displacements on the offset lines Horizontal strains are calculated using the horizontal displacements at zero vertical offset between these points of inflexion Increasing or decreasing the number of intervals at which ground movement calculations are to be perfo
98. ground movements only so x and y data only will be required Curve coordinates lists the x y and z coordinates that define the ground movement curve Linear interpolation specifies that the curve that is to be fitted to the data points is to be calculated by linear interpolation between those points Polynomial specifies that the curve that is to be fitted to the data points is to be a polynomial Order of polynomial specifies the order of the polynomial that is to be fitted to the curve coordinates Significant figures for output defines the number of significant figures that are to be used when displaying the polynomial equation Polynomial equation displays the polynomial equation that Xdisp has calculated Coefficient of determination displays the coefficient of determination r of the polynomial equation Values closer to 1 0 than 0 0 indicate a better correlation between the coordinates that are used to create the polynomial equation and those that would be generated by the polynomial equation View Graph displays a graph of the currently selected ground movement curve Apply applies to the model s data all changes that have been made to the set of ground movement curves Undo restores from the model s data the set of ground movement curves thereby undoing any changes that have been made to since Apply was last executed Ground Movement Curve Graphs Ground movement curves graphs are accessi
99. h filled polygons When unchecked it displays polygons by outlines i e as a mesh This button is enabled only if results exist and when the Contour surface button is unchecked Filled Contour When this is selected filled contour surfaces are displayed with an interval specified in the Contour interval edit box This represents the deflection pattern on a grid This contour surface is drawn on an undeflected grid This button is enabled only if results exist Line Contour When this is selected line contour surfaces are displayed with an interval specified in the Contour interval edit box This represents the deflection pattern on a grid This contour surface is drawn on an undeflected grid This button is enabled only if results exist Background grid This check box is enabled only when line contour is selected The undeflected grid on which the line contours are drawn may be viewed by checking this Unchecking this option will display only the grid boundary and the contours Contour interval The value of the contour interval is automatically initialised with a default value based on the minimum and maximum extents of the deflection results The contour surface can be viewed at another contour interval by changing this value The minimum value that is required is such as to limit the number of contours to less than 50 The maximum value is the results range Direction The component of displacement in the x y and z directions or the r
100. he corner in accordance with Fuentes and Dewrienadt If yes then the stiffening parameters in the following columns must be entered For further discussion of the use of these parameters see Corner Stiffening d the distance from the corner to the centre point of the side in plan or the distance to where plane strain movements start to occur whichever is the lesser p1 calibrated value of p1 for given ground conditions for corners that form a 90 angle where p1 is the percentage of the ground movements for the previous and next sides d in a section that passes through the corner and is perpendicular to the side p2 calibrated value of p2 for given ground conditions for corners that form a 90 angle where p2 is the percentage of 100 and 100 ex in a section that bisects the excavation at the given prev ious corner and where 100 and 100 __ are plane strain ground movements perpendicular and prev ious next behind the previous and next sides respectively The values of p1 and p2 may change for different ground conditions and should be calibrated for those for each particular predominant soil This calibration should be made by comparing the calculated corner movements to the observed movements at the corner However Fuentes and Devriendt shows values of p 67 and p 25 are reasonable for the case histories considered 1 Sides Ground Movement Curves Ground Movement Curves specify the vertical and horizon
101. he cursor over the Generic Utility for which you wish to view results the cursor will change to a cross hair and left click 6 select the required graph from the Generic Utility Results Graphs dialog which pops up after left clicking and click OK Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 123 Generic Utility Results Graphs Eg Generic Utility Results Graphs Displacements vs Chainage Rotation vs Chainage Pullout vs Chainage Combined Strain vs Chainage 4 2 8 1 Generic Utility Displacement Line Graphs This is a plot of maximum displacements registered in each transect against location along the polyline ss testing xdd Generic Utility Displacements Generic Utility Displacements Generic Utility 1 l l _ Yertical Displacement _ Horizontal Displacement x Horizontal Displacement E E a E a a ae oe i C Chainage along the polyline m Copyright Oasys 2015 124 Oasys Xdisp 4 2 8 2 Maximum Rotation vs Chainage Maximum rotation vs chainage graphs show the maximum rotation of each transect against location along the polyline It also plots the limiting values and threshold values of rotation E testing xdd Maximum Rotation Ys Chainage Maximum Rotation Vs Chainage Generic Utility 1 l Maximum Rotation v s Chaina _ Rotation Limit Rotation Threshold a Cc am ak _ co oF 60 0 Chainage along the polylin
102. he latter are specified by a series of local x and z coordinates only The x coordinates represent the ratio of point s distance from the wall or excavation to the depth of the wall or excavation The y coordinates represent the ratio of a point s depth below the top of the wall or excavation to the depth of the wall or excavation The z coordinates represent the ratio of the movement of the point to the depth of the wall or excavation Vertical and horizontal movements are specified independently A curve is fitted to these sets of coordinates either as a 2 dimensional line graph for surface movement data sets or a 3 dimensional surface graph for surface and sub surface movement data sets Positions at which soil movements are to be calculated are specified as for tunnels and mines via displacement grids lines and points The movement of each position is calculated as shown below This method is used to calculate both vertical and horizontal displacements lrregularly shaped excavations may be modelled following the procedure outlined in Irregularly Shaped Excavations Schematic Diagram of Excavation Surface displacement Sub surace displacement Ry lt _ _ _ Excavation y e bme e e e u a x distance to wall or excavation s movement due to wall installation or excavation either vertical or horizontal D wall or excavation depth d depth of sub surface point below top of excavati
103. he tunnel face is located at y i x i 0 with i representing the point of inflexion on the transverse profile equivalent to one standard dewation in a normal probability distribution The complete 3D form of a tunnelling induced settlement trough appears as illustrated in the figure Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 9 below after Yeates 1985 The equations that define the form and extent of the settlement trough will be discussed in the sections Volume Loss and Tunnel Settlement Trough Width 3D Schematic of the Settlement Trough from Yeates 1985 Extent of surface settlement trough Maximum Settlement Wmax Transverse distance Depth to tunnel axis Zo width approx 3i Trough half length Zo 2Zo excavated diameter D As identified in this figure the settlement profile in the direction of the tunnel advance is often described by analogy to a bow wave of an advancing ship In the direction of the tunnel axis this is termed the longitudinal settlement trough which can be obtained from a cumulative normal probability distribution In many practical situations it may be necessary to estimate ground movements on a plane that is not normal to or parallel to the tunnel axis Depending on the analysis method chosen the equations proposed by Attewell and Woodman 1982 surface and sub surface or Harris and Alvarado sub surface only are used in Xdisp for this situation in terms of a G functio
104. hod For more information see Tunnels Analysis Parameters and Tunnel Settlement Trough Width Imported Displacements Displacements from other programs may be imported from CSV files via File Import Displacements from the program menu The purpose of Imported Displacements is to combine the displacements from other programs together with those from Xdisp The combined displacements may then be shown on the Tabular Output the Plan View or the 3D Graphics View The import file should include rows of data beginning with one of the following keywords Each row of data contains displacement results for a single coordinate e LOAD_RESULT PO NT_ RESULT LPO NT_RESULT GPO NT_ RESULT NTERVEDI ATE LOAD RESULT NTERMEDI ATE _ PO NT_RESULT NTERVEDI ATE _ LPO NT_RESULT NTERMEDI ATE GPO NT_RESULT Whichever of these keywords is used the data will be imported and treated in the same way The range of keywords is to allow the import of CSV files that have been exported from Xdisp or Oasys Copyright Oasys 2015 oso Oasys Xdisp Pdisp which may contain any of these keywords Displacements follow the sequence Keyword x Coordinate y Coordinate z Coordinate x Displacement y Displacement z Displacement Units for data in the file are specified by the keywords UNI T_ DI SP and UNI T_LENGTH displacement and length units respectively followed by the index of the unit Length and displacement units indices are 0
105. icking within a cell or by clicking the Wizard button on the Xdisp Toolbar 6001 a nn CT Created _GAS xdd Utility Dimensions Internal Diameter Petals Utility Dimension ml oan ogg Utility Dimension 1 305 000 Name specifies the name of the dimension Internal Diameter specifies the internal diameter of the utility Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input Xdisp provides some sample dimensions via the sample file SampleDimensionsAndCriteria xdd These can be used by opening that file and copying the data from the Dimensions Table View into the same table of another data file Alternatively the sample file may be saved with a new name and opened to form the basis of a new data file The data values should be validated before use Wall Thickness specifies the wall thickness of the utility 3 18 Utility Acceptance Criteria Parameters The limiting criteria and parameters for utility damage calculations are input into this Table View either in tabular form or in dialog form by double clicking within a cell or by clicking the Wizard button on the Xdisp Toolbar BOO1 xdd Acceptance Criteria Parameters Pullout Reduction Tension Compressio Factor Poisson s Ratio Defaults Acceptance Criteria 98 000 Yes 1200 000 Yes 0 025 Yes 0 150 Yes 100 000 Yes 400 000 98900004 698 1 Water Cast lron Lead yarn joints 100 000 Yes 1200 000 Yes 0 050 es 0 100 No Yes 15 000 169
106. il model gpeak peak friction angle Introduction The Oasys program LS DYNA DYNA was used to carry out the 3D FE analysis The modelling Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp was used to establish ground movements around a deep basement constructed in Central London The site and proposed basement has maximum dimensions of approximately 105m north to south by 150m east to west and covers an area of 12 200m2 Displacements in the sample file were taken at the centre of one of the basement retaining walls at least 60m from any corner Therefore the displacements approximate to a plane strain condition Comparisons of the surface and sub surface displacements were carried out with the following case studies e British Library excavation ref Simpson 1992 e House of Commons car park excavation ref Burland and Hancock 1977 and St John 1975 e 3DLS DYNA finite element analysis of Crossrail Paddington Box in London carried out by Arup Reasonable agreement was obtained from these comparisons between the methods Therefore data from the FE analysis described here was used as data in the sample file It should be noted that all of the excavations were stiffly propped excavations carried out in London Clay Stratigraphy Ground and groundwater conditions were initially assessed from information compiled in a geotechnical desk study Following this two phases of ground investigations were carried out to gain Sufficient informati
107. int P Building Damage Assessment An approach to assessing the risk of damage to buildings and structures was described by Burland 1995 This approach is adopted by Xdisp For the purposes of this section the term building signifies a building s facade i e a sub Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 31 structure in Xdisp The methodology of considering the structure being assessed to act as a linear elastic beam and using the concept of limiting tensile strain derives from the approach proposed by Burland and Wroth 1974 and Boscardin and Cording 1989 This guide briefly describes the approach Interaction diagrams are plotted based upon definable building characteristics and parameters These relate contours of limiting tensile strain corresponding to boundaries between damage categories to imposed deflection ratio and horizontal ground strain determined from a ground movement assessment Xdisp assumes that the calculated average horizontal ground strain is transferred directly into the structure that is being assessed The Xdisp user should note that this is potentially an onerous assumption where e horizontal compressive ground strains are not completely transferred from ground to the structure ie a stiffened response to horizontal compressive strains and e a greenfield response of the structure results from vertical ground movements ie resulting in a greenfield deflection ratio structural response
108. is defined by a polygon or circle describing its plan area top and bottom levels and its associated vertical and horizontal ground movement curves It is used to model soil displacements caused by installation of or excavation in front of embedded walls The following features are available e Ground movement curves chosen from a library of pre programmed curves or specified by the user explicitly e Soil displacements arising from either installation of and excavation beside retaining walls by selecting appropriate ground movement curves e Multiple embedded wall excavations e Both embedded wall excavations and tunnels e Deformation data plots for lines of any orientation and level 1 4 3 Mines A mine is taken as an excavation of rectangular cross section in rock The following features are available e Overlying strata may form a two layer system but with a horizontal interface e Only one method of solution is available and results are only available at ground surface level e Deformation data may only be plotted for horizontal lines at ground level Copyright Oasys 2015 4 Oasys Xdisp 1 4 4 Combined Features The following features can be applied to tunnels embedded wall excavations and mines Tunnel and mine end points and embedded wall excavations plan positions can have any Spatial location The program calculates the three dimensional displacements and strains for pure tunnelling problems Vertical displac
109. is local coordinate system in order to apply the analysis methods Displacement Lines Grids and Points results are output in the global coordinate system Horizontal displacements that are shown graphically for sub structure displacement graphs are reported as those in the direction of the sub structure s alignment Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods k Local Coordinate System of Tunnel Advance gard 2 1 1 General Assumptions Greenfield calculations are typically based on the assumption that the settlement trough at the ground surface or at any level in the ground above the tunnel normal or transverse to the line of the tunnel can be approximated by an inverted normal probability or Gaussian curve as shown in the first figure below Vertical displacements in the longitudinal direction can similarly be approximated by a cumulative probability curve second figure below These are empirically based assumptions that have been developed in the past from consideration of monitoring case history data The two figures below are presented in a normalised form for a single tunnel Copyright Oasys 2015 8 Oasys Xdisp General Form of the Transverse Settlement Trough The geometry of the settlement trough is uniquely defined by selecting values for the volume loss and the width of the trough relative to the depth of the tunnel termed the trough width parameter In the figures above t
110. ity damage assessments to be carried out from the calculated displacements Tunnels are taken as cylindrical excavations in soil Several methods of solution are available to define the profile of the settlement curves The equations used are based on the normal probability Gaussian distribution theory The user is required to define the estimated Volume Loss V_ above the tunnel due to deformation Xdisp will then use this to define the settlement profile at the surface or specified depth Embedded wall excavations are described in plan as polygons with a level at each corner or as circles with a single base level Each wall of a polygonal excavation and each circular excavation is assigned horizontal and vertical ground movement curves that are used to calculate soil displacements Settlements and horizontal ground displacements may be calculated for the construction of retaining walls and for excavation in front of the retaining walls to form restrained cuts or basements Total displacements are calculated by summing those that result from each tunnel and embedded wall excavation Building Damage Assessment may be calculated using the Burland 1995 assessment method Sub structures are specified by their locations and bending properties and associated with lines of displacement points and a set of damage category tensile strains that define the thresholds of each damage category Utility Damage Assessment may be calculated by assessing
111. l Depth 2 Angles of draw Width of Panel in y direction o Thickness j Seam J 2 3 1 Vertical Displacement The method of calculation of vertical displacement is based on the use of an influence factor K2 The area of subsidence created due to the extraction of an element dA at the same depth of the mine is calculated The factor then defines the influence of the subsidence trough on the displacement grid points located at the surface Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods Subsidence Trough Full details of the derivation of the influence factor can be found in Ren et al 1987 The following describes the calculation procedure taken by Xdisp P H Influence Function Cure S i a i a Here the above statement is reversed Each displacement grid point P is deemed to be over a Copyright Oasys 2015 28 Oasys Xdisp point of maximum displacement The influence of the actual area of extraction within the mine is then determined 1 The vertical displacement at each displacement grid point is taken as S S S where S is the maximum possible subsidence above the excavation Subsidence Factor x Seam Thickness S is the influence of the mine subsidence on the displacement grid point A circle of influence is defined around each grid point P The radius R of this circle is taken as R Htana where H depth to the centre of the seam Cent
112. l A 1 The following parameters in the table define the geometry Structure Name a name to identify the generic damage assessment data Polyline the polyline whose transects are used to describe the plan alignment of assessment locations L H Values the series of L H values which make up the buildings to be analysed along each transect of the polyline These are input as comma separated values in the cell For details of other data see Specific Building Damage Assessment Structure Data 3 14 2 2 Segment Combinations The Segment Combinations dialog is available only if an analysis has been performed in order to determine the locations of hogging and sagging segments along a sub structure s length Segments of buildings with different L H values along a transect may then be combined in order to force short insignificant lengths of hogging or sagging segments to be absorbed into longer more significant neighbouring lengths Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input BOO1 xdd Segment Combinations Transect no D M vertical Offset For Building Damage O00 Segment Start m Length m Curvature Combined Segment 1 10 000 3 544 Mone 13 544 23 376 Sagging 2 Separate 36 920 26 160 Hogging Sagging Separate All None To combine or separate segments follow the procedure described in Specific Building Damage Assessment Segment Combinations 3 15 Damage Category Strains Data Damage Category Strains are required
113. lding damage assessment data comprising charts data results and summaries may be exported in a pre arranged folder structure by selecting File Export Building Damage Assessment Data on the program menu This option is disabled if there are no building damage results so an analysis must have first performed Tabular results are exported in CSV file format Graphical results are exported in JPG BMP or WMF file format This one click option avoids for instance the user having to select and open a graph of Sub Structure results for every Sub Structure in a model in order to save the graphical images for reporting purposes A comprehensive set of building damage results data and line graphs is made available for ready inclusion in reports The nature of the exported data is shown below along with the folder and file structure that is created during the export process Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 131 Folders Files Content Comments lt Run Filename gt folder name is the structure name Si Building Responsecsy 2222 l O SY Classification_of_Damage csv SY critical Sub_Structurecsy 0 l O The folder name is the sub structure name i Classification_of Damage csv C CSsSSSCSCsdS S strains_in_Sub_Structure Offseti csy O O O O0 O SY Strains _in_Sub_Structure_Offset_2 esv_ O o0 O SY Strains_in_Sub_Structure_Offset_3 cesv J SY Si Sub_Structure_Details esv O0 l O Sub_Structure_Resp
114. movement of each displacement grid point due to subsidence in the mine The calculation uses focal point theory and the same division of circles and sectors derived for the calculation of vertical displacement Focal point theory assumes that each extracted sector area dA exerts an influence on the surface point P by attracting P towards A by an amount dV This movement can be defined in terms of a horizontal radial vector dH and vertical vector dVz Using this assumption it is possible to calculate the horizontal displacements in conjunction with the subsidence Where focal point theory provides the direction of movement and influence functions provide the magnitude of subsidence Copyright Oasys 2015 EEN Oasys Xdisp 2 4 Extraction Element The use of these two components allows the amount of horizontal movement to be determined dH tan dV where c angle between the vertical and the line joining the surface point P with the extraction element dA dV vertical displacement The total horizontal displacement at point P is the summation of the horizontal movement vectors dH caused by extraction at each individual element In order to allow summation each movement vector is divided into its horizontal components x and y where dH dH COs a dH dH sina Therefore the total horizontal displacement at point P is H XdH H XdH These values are resolved to give the total movement vector an J at po
115. n obtained from the numerical integration of the normal probability function See Ihree Dimensional Form of Movement Equations for details of these equations The Attewell and Woodman equations are used in combination with a range of published k derivation methods Harris and Alvarado defines its own k derivation method Copyright Oasys 2015 10 Oasys Xdisp 2 1 2 Volume Loss The fundamental parameter that underlies all empirical methods of estimating tunnelling settlement is the volume loss Volume loss can be defined as the ratio of the additional volume of excavated ground removed V over the theoretical volume of the tunnel V when short term equilibrium has been attained It is usually defined in a two dimensional sense as a percentage of the excavated face area That is the volume loss is equivalent to a proportion of the cross sectional area Vi V V 100 V S additional excavated volume per m run A oxe A m or m m run Vo theoretical volume of tunnel ae actual excavated area A theoretical cross sectional area of tunnel excavation Short term volume loss may be separated into the following components a ground lost at the face due to movements in an axial direction face intrusion or face take b radial movements due to over excavation as a result of the use of a bead on a shield or over cutting on a tunnel boring machine TBM or due to diving pitching yawin
116. nd Thus for a beam of length L and height H it br is a straight forward matter to calculate the maximum value of tensile strain _ for a given value of m p in terms of t E G and v where a is the lesser of or This value can then be used in dmax bmax conjunction with the table in Limiting Tensile Strain and Linear Elastic Isotropic Beams to assess the potential associated damage Interaction Charts By adopting the values of associated with the various categories of damage given in the table in li Limiting Tensile Strain and Linear Elastic Isotropic Beams and by using the equations for A L and given in Sagging and Hogging and Ihe Influence of Horizontal Strain an Interaction Diagram can be developed showing the relationship between A L and _ for appropriate values of L H E G v y and t selected for the structure being assessed Xdisp calculates A L and parameters Copyright Oasys 2015 2 4 1 6 2 4 2 Analysis Methods for the structure or each hogging or sagging segment and determines damage categories by comparing these values with the category boundaries of the Interaction Chart This method is based on a prediction of the deformation of the structure which may differ from the green field deformation of the ground As a conservative initial assumption it is often assumed that the deformation of the structure will be the same as that assessed for the green field situation More ri
117. nnel 1 5 00 75 00 100 00 20 00 75 00 200 00 20 00 5 00 User specified k Singe 2 Tunnel 2 5 00 125 00 100 00 20 00 125 00 200 00 20 00 5 00 User specitied k Cell K 1 Kak EE a A a es a r Surface Displacement Calculations Sub surlace Displacement Calculations k Derivation L Interface Level_ Level Analysis Method k Derivation k m Ground Level ae apes suet Ht 1 lptettoce Level ae 2 End 2 ____ e Endl End2 Ss im m O Reilly and New Single a O00 a O00 J 40 uma and Bowers I specitied 0 40 0 50 Cohesive Userspeciiedk binge 0 40 New and Bowers User specified 0 40 User specitied k 0 40 New and Bowers User specitied 0 40 The parameters which define the geometry of the the tunnel are as follows vim End point 2 Bo 50 40 End point 1 30 wimi o a oa a Kh 50 60 FO 50 SO 100 110120130140 150160170 1 PLAH Copyright Oasys 2015 58 Oasys Xdisp Level mst Fa Ground FEOS C aR O Level gg 9E Granular G4 93 Interface Level G0 Cohesive og mia o4 4 Tunnel Centre Axis Level oe ol ELEY ATION Tunnel diameter m specifies the diameter of the tunnel Endpoint 1 and Endpoint 2 x y Z specify the locations of the end points of the tunnel s centre line m The tunnels may be skewed or inclined The parameters which define the anticipated volumetric ground loss due to tunnel collapse are as follows Ground Volume Loss Fa
118. nt Data in the Gateway or via Data Displacement Data on the program menu O Enter in the Polylines table view the areas in the ground over which Generic Building Damage Assessment and Generic Utility Damage Assessment are to be performed The Polylines table view is accessible by double clicking Polylines in the Gateway or via Data Polylines on the program menu 6 Inspect the 3D Graphics view to confirm that the geometry of input data appears to be correct That view is accessible by double clicking Output 3D Graphics in the Gateway via View 3D Graphics or by clicking the 3D Graphics button in the Xdisp toolbar 7 If Specific Building Damage Assessment is required enter details of the specific building in the Specific Buildings table view That table view is accessible by double clicking Specific gt Structures in the Gateway or via Data Building Damage Assessment Specific Structures on the program menu Building Damage Category Strains may be entered into the Damage Category Strains table view that is accessible by double clicking Damage Category Strains in the Gateway or via Data Damage Category Strains on the program menu 8 If Generic Building Damage Assessment is required enter details of the generic building in the Generic Buildings table view That table view is accessible by double clicking Generic gt Structures in the Gateway or via Data Building Damage Assessment Generic Structures
119. nts may be input graphically via the 3DGraphics view which can be switched to input mode by clicking the P on the Graphical Input Toolbar Defining Grids Elements are entered on to a horizontal grid A grid is a combination of a grid plane and a grid layout The grid plane defines the elevation of the grid whereas the grid layout defines the spacing between the grid points and the extent of the grid Grids are created using the Current Grid Definition dialog which may be accessed via e Sculpt Define Current Grid from the program s menu when the 3D Graphics View is active of e the Define Grid button onthe 3DGraphics Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input oot Current Grid Detinition Grid Plane Default wa Grid Plane Grid Layout Default Grid Layout The grid plane and the grid layout for the current grid can be selected from their corresponding combo boxes the default grid plane and default grid layout will be used otherwise Grid Plane A new grid plane can be created by clicking on lt new gt in the grid plane combo box The data of the new grid plane can be accessed edited via the button on the Current Grid Definition dialog Grid Plane Definition Grid Plane Grid Elevation Name specifies the name of the grid plane Grid Elevation specifies the elevation of the grid Copyright Oasys 2015 92 Oasys Xdisp The defa
120. o the utility Value specifies the rotation in degrees that is to be used as the threshold value e Limit Check specifies whether rotation is to be checked against a limiting value as a measure of damage to the utility Value specifies the rotation in degrees that is to be used as the limiting value Pullout e Threshold Check specifies whether pullout is to be checked against a threshold value as a measure of damage to the utility Value specifies the pullout that is to be used as the threshold value e Limit Check specifies whether pullout is to be checked against a limiting value as a measure of damage to the utility Value specifies the pullout that is to be used as the limiting value Young s Modulus specifies the Young s modulus of the material that is used for the utility Poisson s Ratio specifies the Poisson s ratio of the material that is used for the utility Values in the range of 0 2 to 0 3 are commonly adopted Axial Strain Reduction Factor e Tension specifies the reduction factor that is used for the axial tensile strain e Compression specifies the reduction factor that is used for the axial compressive strain Pullout Reduction Factor the reduction factor that is used for the pullout calculations Xdisp provides some sample criteria via the sample file SampleDimensionsAndCriteria xdd These can be used by opening that file and copying the data from the Acceptance Criteria Table View into the s
121. ogram defaults A time interval may be set to save data files automatically Automatic saving can be disabled if required by clearing the Save file check box Show Welcome Screen enables or disables the display of the Welcome Screen The Welcome Screen will appear on program start up and give the option for the user to create a new file to open an existing file by browsing or to open a recently used file Copyright Oasys 2015 48 Oasys Xdisp 3 9 Company Info allows the user to change the company name and logo on the top of each page of print out To add a bitmap enter the full path of the file The bitmap will appear fitted into a space approximately 4cm by 1cm The aspect ratio will be maintained For internal Arup versions of the program the bitmap option is not available Page Setup opens a dialog which allows the user to specify the calculation sheet style for graphical and textual printing e g whether it has borders and a company logo Displacement Data The positions at which displacement results are required can be specified using grids lines or individual points THE001 xdd Displacement Data B c A Direction Line Line for extrusion Eh Description of extrusion ol m Global x 0 00 A 4 i Surface Grid 1 Global 0 00 0 00 100 000 200 00 i Surface Line 1 120 00 20 00 100 000 110 00 80 00 Surface Line 2 20 00 35 00 95 000 200 00 60 00 Surface Line 3 80 00 0 00 90 000 80 00 100 00 Surface Lin
122. olylines Polylines may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Polylines from the program menu when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode Lk e the ka button on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode A polyline may then be traced by left clicking at different points in the view to specify the ends of consecutive polyline segments The final input point is input by a double left click This marks the end of the polyline input and the Polyline Data dialog will pop up in which the other properties of the polyline can be edited The dialog will initially have default values Polylines Polline 3 Transect Interval Length Humber of Displacement Points Displacement Tolerance Limit The input of polyline may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input tor 3 20 2 5 Buildings 3 20 2 5 1 Specific Specific Buildings may be input graphically only when there are displacement lines available Specific Buildings may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View wa e Sculpt Building Specific Building when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode tit W Specific Building Generic Building e the button on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode To input a building left click on a displacement line A
123. on e soil position before wall installation or excavation o SOil position after wall installation or excavation If an excavation has a variable depth then the depth D is taken to be the depth of the wall or excavation at the position on the side from which a line drawn normal to that side will intersect the Copyright Oasys 2015 20 Oasys Xdisp displacement point Ground Movement Curve Surface Movements Only Distance from wallAvall depth Movementivall depth t Ground Movement Curve Surface and Sub surface Movements Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 21 O Curve Fit Distance from wall Wall depth or max excavation depth Depth f wall depth or mas excavation depth z Settlement f wall depth or max excavation depth x Xdisp performs the following steps for each excavation to calculate the displacement of each displacement point a If the excavation has been associated with a curve of surface movement only and the displacement point is level with the top of that excavation calculate the distance of the point from the wall excavation x calculate the depth D of the excavation at the side closest to the point calculate x D calculate s D from x D and the appropriate ground movement curve calculate s oR WD b If the excavation has been associated with a curve of surface movement only and the displacement point is not level with the top of that excavation
124. on not modelled Stage 11 Place underslab drainage construct 1m thick B1 slab 0 8m underslab Copyright Oasys 2015 Oasys Xdisp and apply full new building load undrained drainage is placed below new building B1 slab Stage 12 Switch to long term condition drained Long term properties of concrete used 3 14 Building Damage Assessment The two types of building damage assessment which can be performed are e Specific Building Damage Assessment e Generic Building Damage Assessment 3 14 1 Specific Building Damage Assessment 3 14 1 1 Structure Data EEE Specific building damage Specific Structures Vertical Offsets from Line for Vertical ee Distance Distance Vertical Displacement eng Along Line Along Line Movement Limit Sensitivity Damage Category Strains Calculations Building Sub Surface 0 000 oooO 0 100 Burland Strain Limit Building 1 a000 100 000 0 000 0 100 Burland Strain Limit CO a a a Fress lt TAB gt to start a new record Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input Distance Poisson s of H A R atio i from Edge Area per of Beam in unit width Tension Area per unit width a 200 a B00 he OOO fyes a ae 0200 2600 10 000 10 000 10 000 3 333 5 000 rs es ee ee ee ee eee eee eee eee A structure s geometry describes the location of the structure and its sub structures its height and settlement trough limit sensitivity Its location is used to calculate the settlem
125. on to allow geotechnical design of the project On the basis of the desk study and site investigations the table below presents the design stratigraphy adopted for the geotechnical analysis Geotechnical Design Stratigraphy Top of stratum mOD Thickness m Made Ground a 17 5 ground level at north 5m of site a Assumed not to be present below the majority of the former basement Soil Parameters Geotechnical design parameters were derived for each stratum from the results of insitu and laboratory testing The proposed soil parameters for each stratum are Summarised in the table Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input below The Made Ground Brickearth and River Terrace Deposits were modelled in the analysis using the linear elastic perfectly plastic Mohr Coulomb model without dilation These materials were assumed to be drained in all stages of the analysis Summary of Geotechnical Parameters y kN c KN f Su kN E MN m2 Eu MN m2 m3 m2 peak m2 d a d DARA Made 18 25 10 Ground Terrace 20 36 30 0 4 Gravel London 20 Modelled 0 5 Clay using BRICK Lambeth 20 Modelled 0 4 Group using Clay BRICK b Su depth profile outside secant wall z increasing with depth from 5mOD C Su depth profile inside secant wall z increasing with depth from 2mOD adjusted to account for excavation d For the retaining wall analysis Lower values were used for considering settlements from pile or raft foundations
126. onse esv O Z O To Si Horizontal_Displacement esv 2 200 l O Si Vertical_Displacement_Offset_t csv O Si Vertical_Displacement_Offset_2 csv O Vertical_Displacement_Offset_3 csv Ci Gh BD Interaction Chart Offset 1 Seq nj One building damage interaction chart file is J BD Interaction Chart Offset 2 Segment nioa ceatedfor gach vera offset and segment Note chart title ak to structure and sub structure with segment details Graph of horizontal and vertical sub Gdi Sub Structure Displacement _Graph_ Offset _2 jpq ae A Rebecca A log file is created with the information of data that could not be exported This log is displayed automatically at the end of the export procedure lf results are not available for a Sub Structure then no damage data will be exported for the Structure 5 Toolbars and Keyboard Accelerators Toolbars Keyboard Accelerators 5 1 Toolbars Toolbars provide a short cut to the more commonly used commands Toolbars except can be docked attached to the application frame or floating free to be positioned by the user The toolbars can be switched on and off as required from the View Toolbars menu command 5 1 1 Standard Toolbar The Standard Toolbar provides access to the following common Windows functions along with some that are specific to the program Standard a ekhi x bG alld Copyright Oasys 2015 132 Oasys Xdisp New create a new model Open open an existing file
127. ontal and vertical movements of positions P and P in the plan above will be calculated to be equal 2 No adjustment is made to the calculation to allow for the distance of the point along the length of a side of the excavation Hence the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical movements of positions P and P in the plan above will be calculated to be equal 3 Multiple excavations may be specified The displacements resulting from these excavations are calculated by summing the displacements resulting from each individual excavation No account has been taken of the interactions between excavations e g overlapping zones of influence or shielding of one excavation by another Hence the horizontal and vertical displacement of position P in the plan above will be calculated as the sum of the results calculated for each of the four excavations 2 2 1 Corner Stiffening The ground movement curves are considered to represent 100 ground movement profile However this is not really true for retained cut excavations for instance basement excavations as there is increased stiffness at corners From case studies it has been observed that such effects result in smaller ground movements Xdisp considers such corner effects and adjusts the ground movement based on the method suggested by Fuentes and Dewiendt This method works for all corners except for re entrant corners Implementation of the Method The Zone Identification figure
128. ovement Equations ss ssssssssesnssnneunrnnrnunnnnnnnnnunnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn annman nunnana nnne 10 2 1 4 Tunnel Settle Ment Trough Width cccssscessseesseeessceesseeeeseeeenseeenseeeneeensneessueeesnesenseeensaeseseesensceensaeseseesenseeenans 15 2A TAMA SIS MeN S asics a n e bain su 2s eaa A acu eases ysincs snc dndsduneses vassustukaxtevesetonessteneyuentteeneees teasers 16 2 1 4 2 k Derivation Method S ccc cecces setictieae cence rece E a e eE E EE EA EAEE EEE wet EEEN 17 2 2 Embedded Wall Excavations Method cccccceceeeceeceeceeueeeceeceeuceeeeueuaneeceuacuaneeueeaneeneeuneanes 18 2 2 1 Corner SUtle Minn spka aaa aE aaa aaa Raai 23 22 2 Ihre quilarly Shaped Bteavations nocie aE ence chee enincade ava tntaoes cabeancenwevouaneniess 25 2 93 Mining Analysis Method siina aaa aa Aae aaa aE 25 29 1 Vertical DIS placement saseseeseseaiacaiasecetcccaatensisc sees tcusdbuansatvch vatua uteianudcudhsabesunebhsuaehiniivan temduauudusouelSWansbacestesuansenchneudisas 26 2 3 2 Horizontal Displacement cccssecessseesseessceesseeeeseeeenseeesseenseeensneessaeeasueeensceessaeeesueeensceeasaesasuessneneessaessanesensneenaas 29 2 4 Building Damage Assessment cecececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeesaeaeaeaeeeeaeaeasaseeeeeeseeeeesesesnsasasasasaeanananaes 30 2 4 1 Specific Building Damage ASSESS Mie it assis cciceaeccaeataca seca tase aacaee cance ea cc ten des doch ee ease dana AmE nania ninaa 31 2 4 1 1 Limiting Tensile Strain
129. phs 66 Grid 48 Ground Movement Curve Graphs 66 H Horizontal Displacement 29 Horizontal Strain 36 l Imported Displacements 49 Inflexion 37 Interaction Charts 36 116 Irregularly Shaped Excavations 25 K k Derivation Methods 17 Keyboard 131 Keyboard accelerators L 131 Legend panel 80 Lighting 80 Limiting Tensile Strain and Linear Elastic Isotropic Beams 31 Line 48 Line Plots 114 Linear Elastic Isotropic Beams 33 Mair 15 Mairetal 16 Maximum Combined Strain vs Chainage 125 Maximum Combined Strain vs Chainage Graph Maximum Pullout vs Chainage 125 Maximum Pullout vs Chainage Graph 125 Maximum Rotation vs Chainage 124 Maximum Rotation vs Chainage Graph 124 Maximum Tensile Strain 116 Maximum Tensile Strain Graph Mine Data 59 117 125 Mines 3 Mining Analysis Method N 25 New and Bowers Numeric Format O O Reilly and New p 15 16 47 15 16 17 Page Setup 107 Pipe Joint Rotation 40 Pipe Joint Rotation and Flexural Strain Plan 1382 Plan Area Plots Plan Toolbar Plan View Point 48 Polygonal Excavations Polyline 52 Polylines 52 Preferences 4 7 Printing 127 Problem Type 46 Program Features Pullout 39 Pullout vs Distance 121 Pullout vs Distance Graph R 40 112 132 2 61 3 121 Radius of Curvature 37 References 136 Results 107 128 Ribbon Sink 16 Rotate 12 7 Rotation vs Distance 120 Rotation vs Distance Graph 120 S Sagging and Hogging 33
130. ple sub surface ground movement data xdd Ground Movement Curve Ground Movement Curve Sub Surface Settlement wall depth or max excavation depth 2 0 3 Polknomial x order 6 Polynomial y order 6 Coefficient of determination 9 29986E 1 z data Curve Fit Distance from walls wall depth or mas wf View curve Fit w View data points View difference bars i 4 F Shrink data points ip r excavation depth Enlarge data points SEDEF Depth f wall depth or i max excavation depth Switch bo contour view te Horizontal movement i wall depth or mas excavation depth 7 We vi lt Surface and Sub surface Ground Movement Curves Contour View W Sample sub surface ground movement data xdd Ground Movement Curve Ground Movement Curve Sub Surface Settlement wall depth or mas excavation depth 23 3 Polynomial s order 6 Polynomial y order 6 Coefficient of determination 9 29986E 1 Distance from walls wall depth or max excavation depth Depth fall depth or mas excavation depth E PRN B ooi o2 DEANE B o 03 0 04 0 04 0 05 0 05 0 08 WY oog 0 07 late gt O 07 Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 69 Right clicking in the window opens a context menu to enable formatting of the vew The following options are available for the relief vew of surface and sub surface ground movement curves graphs View curve toggles the display of
131. ral point represents position of each extractec element a Angle of draw The circle is divided into 10 rings increasing in size around the centre The displacement at the central point is then determined by calculating the influence on the centre if extraction is made of each encircling ring e g Each ring has an area A and width r tor The amount of relative subsidence at the i 1 central point P after the ring is extracted is taken as Si the Annular Influence Factor Where Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 20 EOE 4 Each ring is divided into 64 sectors Each sector has an individual sector element influence factor Sis S 64 This indicates the amount of influence extraction beneath that sector exerts on the central point P at the surface In the example figure above the calculated values of Siis for each sector are Ring No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sis X 10 6 505 1423 2094 2430 2433 2195 1767 1315 905 577 5 Xdisp then calculates which sectors lie over the extracted panel If a sector is within the area of the panel then its element influence factor Sijs is summed to obtain the variable Sy Sp XS iis e g for the above example where two sectors in ring 9 and three in ring 10 are extracted S 28 9 3S i405 2 x 905 3 x 577 x 10 0 003541 6 Then settlement S at point P is S S So e g S 0 003541 x S 2 3 2 Horizontal Displacement Xdisp calculates the horizontal
132. rawings in other design programs e g AutoCAD The output file includes keywords to identify the content of each row of data Samples are given below which show the format Grid line and point displacements follow the sequence Keyword x Coordinate y Coordinate z Coordinate x Displacement y Displacement z Displacement Contour data lines follow the sequence Keyword Grid No Contour value x Coordinate 1 y Coordinate 1 x Coordinate 2 y Coordinate 2 They describe discrete segments of a contour line Building damage results data lines follow the sequence Keyword Building No Structure Name Sub Structure Name Offset No Segment No Segment Start x Segment Start y Segment Start z Segment End x Segment End y Segment End z Damage Category Dimensions for output data are chosen by the user in the Save As dialog that follows the CSV Results File Output Selection dialog Length and displacement units indices are O metres 1 centimetres 2 millimetres 3 feet 4 inches Units information should appear in the file before the results e g UNI T_DI SP 2 UNI T_LENGTH 0 CONTOUR_RESULTANT 1 10 30 22 94968 27 96293 23 98147 CONTOUR_RESULTANT 1 10 27 96293 23 98147 26 13617 25 CONTOUR_RESULTANT 1 10 26 13617 25 23 26587 26 63294 CONTOUR X 1 60 90 80 55464 89 26049 80 36975 CONTOUR X 1 60 89 26049 80 36975 88 89082 80 CONTOUR X 1 60 95 56882 75 91
133. refer to them in the Excavation Details dialog Included with the program is a sample file which contains an example data set named Subsurface for surface and sub surface movements This data has been sourced form a 3 dimensional finite element model for ground movements around an embedded wall excavation Ground conditions modelled comprised Made Ground overlying River Terrace Deposits overlying London Clay The finite element model used a Mohr Coulomb model to model the Made Ground overlying River Terrace Deposits and the BRICK soil model Simpson 1992 to model the London Clay The plan dimension of the basement was approximately rectangular in shape and 120m by 100m in plan dimension Displacements were taken normal to the secant pile retaining wall at 60m along one of Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 65 the boundaries It provides an example only for illustrative purposes and should not be used by 3rd parties for carrying out analysis It is recommended that surface and sub surface movement curves data for use in Xdisp be sourced either from field data or by finite element analysis Further details of the analyses performed to create this data can be found in Sample Sub surface Ground Movement Curve a Sample sub surface ground movement data xdd Ground Movement Curves Vertical Horizontal J eftaults ma p 3 A 5 Ecm To a 3 i m Ea ia da Ma Rename C Settlement 7 wall depth or m
134. right Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 11 Attewell and Woodman The following equations giving displacements and strains at any point are derived from Attewell and Woodman 1982 These are used for all ground movement calculations in combination with a specified k derivation method unless the Harris and Alvarado method for sub surface movements see below is chosen These equations are applicable to surface and sub surface movements v Hoel Ho e a oe to aale etree Shee S e S where X y Z Cartesian coordinates of any point in the ground deformation field z positive Copyright Oasys 2015 12 Oasys xdisp downward u v w ground displacements in the x y z directions respectively u and v are always towards the origin of the cartesian coordinate system w settlement is always positive downwards e ground strains in the x y z directions respectively These strains can change from l tensile positive to compressive negative depending upon position in the z deformation field Tensile ground strains are more likely to have a serious effect upon the brittle foundation of a building or upon a brittle pipe than are compressive ground strains yy ground shear strain in a horizontal plane Z depth of the effective source of ground loss taken as approximating to the tunnel axis n power of Z Z to which i i and i are proportional V
135. rmed on a displacement line will affect the definition of the cubic spline that is fitted to the results and so will affect the building damage assessment results too Curvature where y settlement of beam xX location of the displacement point Radius of curvature 1 es k Adjacent hogging or sagging zones or segments may be combined so that building damage calculations are performed for the aggregated zone This can only be specified after an analysis has been performed to determine the curvature of the displacement line See Segment Combinations Generic Building Damage Assessment Generic Building Damage Assessment allows a rapid assessment of likely building damage over an area without the need to specify precise building locations or properties A polyline is input whose transects are treated as plan alignments of sub structures Copyright Oasys 2015 EE Oasys Xdisp 2 5 Transect Polyline s transect interval L Length of each transect Transects e These are perpendicular lines to the polyline created at an interval specified by the user in the Polylines Table View e The length and number of displacement points of these transects are specified by the user in the Polylines Table View e By default a transect is provided at the start point of the polyline e All transects are bisected by the polyline Building Damage Assessment of each transect is performed for all L H values input in
136. s Toolbar 5 place the cursor over the Sub Structure for which you wish to view results the cursor will change to a cross hair and left click 6 select the required vertical offset for vertical movement calculations and click OK 7 check the Combined Segments check box if combined segments are available and required 8 select the Building Damage Interaction Chart radio button and click OK 9 if this Sub Structure has more than one hogging or sagging segment a dialog appears offering selection of the desired segment make this selection and click OK 4 2 6 Generic Building Maximum Tensile Strain Graph The maximum tensile strain vs chainage graph shows the maximum tensile strain of each transect against its location along the polyline MS testing xdd Generic Building Maximum Tensile Strain Generic Building Maximum Tensile Strain testing xdd Generic 1 vertical Offset for Vertical Movement 1 0 000m l l Max Tensile Strain Im E on ae E D m Location fram start of polyline m To access a plot of maximum tensile strain for a generic building 1 perform a successful analysis including generic structure data Copyright Oasys 2015 ons Oasys Xdisp 2 display the Plan View 3 display the alignments of generic sub structures by choosing Graphics Toggle Items Structures Generic from the program s menu or by checking the Generic men
137. s a relationship between the distance i and the depth to tunnel axis level Lower values lead to steeper and narrower troughs Higher values lead to wider shallower troughs The methods listed in the table below describe the relationship between k and i and the calculation of settlement and horizontal movement using those k or i values These methods have varying applicability Some apply to the calculation of surface displacements for single layered soil Some apply to the calculation of sub surface displacements for single layered soil One applies to surface displacements for two layered soil The table below summarises the applicability of each method k Derivation Method combination Copyright Oasys 2015 16 Oasys Xdisp 2 1 4 1 Three Dimensional Analysis k Derivation Applicability Form of Movement Method Method Surface Sub Dis placeme surface layered Soil layered Soil nts Displaceme nts Attewell and user spectiedk ial OReily andNew oo o oo scan v marta Le ee 7 e New and User specified k 4 v Bow ers Harris and Alvarado Harris and v v Alvarado When specifying sub surface displacement calculation points the user is presented with the choice of either the Mair et al 1993 method the New and Bowers 1994 method or the Harris and Alvarado method These are described in Analysis Methods The O Reilly and New 1982 Boscardin and Selby 1988 k derivation methods are de
138. s field is set by the program at the date the file is saved Job Title allows a single line for entry of the job title Subtitle allows a single line of additional job or calculation information Calculation Heading allows a single line for the main calculation heading Notes allows the entry of a detailed description of the calculation Copyright Oasys 2015 46 Oasys Xdisp The titles are reproduced in the title block at the head of all printed information for the calculations The fields should therefore be used to provide as many details as possible to identify the individual calculation runs 3 2 Problem Type This general data is required to define the type of analysis to be carried out THE001 xdd ProblemType See Problern Type Tunnelling and or Embedded wall Excavations Mining Selection of tunnelling or mining defines all the proceeding data entry 3 3 Units The Units dialog is accessible via the Gateway or by choosing Data Units from the program s menu It allows the user to specify the units for entering the data and reporting the results of the calculations These choices are stored in and therefore associated with the data file Quantity Conversion Factor Displacement 1000 per m Length level 1 per rm Stress 0 001 per Fa Time pers Reset Units Copyright Oasys 2015 3 4 Data Input Default options are the Systeme Internationale SI units kN and m The
139. scribed in k derivation methods Mair et al is applicable for surface displacements if a k value of 0 5 can be relied upon which would potentially be the case for clay Similarly it could be argued that the New and Bowers User specified method could be used for surface displacements as it has been validated for those the Heathrow Express Trial tunnel see New and Bowers 1994 Users should check movements below a 45 line from the invert of the tunnel are bench marked against case study data Analysis Methods All length dimensions in these equations are in metres Volume is in cubic metres a O Reilly and New 1982 k Fi haw Zo where y horizontal distance from tunnel axis Z the axis level of the tunnel to the ground surface Z distance from surface level to tunnel axis S Settlement at horizontal distance y from tunnel axis S maximum settlement above tunnel axis alignment max Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods horizontal distance from tunnel axis to point of inflexion of settlement trough Vs volume of soil displaced in settlement trough Vi volume loss can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100 h horizontal displacement at distance y from tunnel axis D tunnel diameter b Mair et al 1993 2 0175 0225 1 2 fa 0 325yS h _ where y horizontal distance from tunnel axis Zo distance from surface to tunnel axis level Z depth
140. ser and where relevant reset Copyright Oasys 2015 Data input 53 to appropriate values On importing data from DXF if Xdisp finds any DXF LINES POLYLINES LWPOLYLINES and CIRCLES that are not in a recognisably named DXF layer as specified in the table below Such entities will be imported as background data for display on the 3D Graphics View and in the Background Data Table View The Background Data Table View can be accessed via Data Background Data from the program menu or via the Gateway Once imported this data cannot be edited but individual or all records can be deleted by right clicking in the Background Data Table View and from the subsequent context menu selecting Delete to delete selected data or Delete All to delete all data Xdisp2 Background Data The Specification field corresponding to an entity in the Background Data Table View gives its condensed information Detailed information can be viewed wa the wizard which is accessed by double clicking in the cell or by clicking on the N button present on the Xdisp Toolbar A context sensitive dialog depending on the type of DXF data item concerned will then appear Copyright Oasys 2015 54 Oasys Xdisp BGackeround Data Background Data 1 Entity LINE Geometry m 5 Y End Point 1 344 001 23 090 End Point 2 415 564 23 00 Backeround Data Background Data 6 Entity POLYLINE Defaults Defaults oe 2z E 4
141. splacement point menu item on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode Left click at any desired point in the 3D Graphics View to complete the input A dialog will then pop up in which the properties of the point may be edited Displacement Data Type Mame Direction of extrusion Geometry m i z Mo of intervals across extrusion line Extrusion depth Ho of intervals along extrusion line Calculate Yes Surface type For tunnels Surface The input of the displacement point may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog Copyright Oasys 2015 o Oasys Xdisp 3 20 2 3 2 Displacement Line Displacement lines may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Displacement Displacement Line when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode ar y A Displacement point Displacement line l W Displacement grid e the Displacement line menu item on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode Left click at the ends of the displacement line to complete the input A dialog will then pop up in which the properties of the line may be edited To cancel the input of the displacement line after the first click press lt ESC gt Displacement Data Type Mame Direction of extrusion Geometry m x Y z No of intervals across extrusion line Extrusion dep
142. t DELETE gt key Multiple elements can be selected by holding the lt CTRL gt key while selections are made Multiple selections can only be deleted not edited lf there are multiple elements available for selection at the cursor position then the Ambiguous Deletion Dialog will pop up if the user tries to perform any selection operation This dialog lists all the elements in the wcinity The required element in the list can then be selected Ambiguos selection Multiple items are present in the vicinity of the clicked point Select the intended element Surface Mid upper Sub surface Grid at tunnel level Elements can be de selected by re selecting them individually Multiple elements can be selected by holding the left button down and dragging the mouse in the 3D Graphics View On releasing the button all the elements falling completely within the area are selected If the right button is pressed while dragging the mouse then those elements that are partially within the area are selected too Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input Shortcuts e Pressing lt DELETE gt button will delete all the selected elements e Pressing lt ESC gt will de select all the selected elements 4 Output 4 1 Tabular Output Tabular Output is available from the View menu the Gateway or the Xdisp toolbar Upon selecting the Tabular Output the Page Setup dialog will appear E Page Setup Select the items you wank bo view El
143. t along the utility at n Le point where L is the length of the pipe V Ta displacement along the utility at n Eye point where L is the length of the pipe n Lp Note in the sign convention positive V indicates vertical hogging and negative V indicates vertical sagging Copyright Oasys 2015 42 Oasys Xdisp For illustrative purposes the above diagram is shown in two dimensions However the calculations are performed for three dimensional movements The total offset H between the ends of the pipe is given by eet Haf ji ney vy From similar triangles the rotation in the pipe at joint n is 2 where is given by H o gin tt pt where Los final elongated pipe length which is effectively equivalent to the initial pipe length Bending Strain From similar triangles the bending strain in the pipe is proportional to the distance from the centroid to the outer edge of the pipe and to the radius of curvature The effective radius of curvature RAD of the deformed pipes is given by Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 43 L RAD a sin 2c length of the pipe where II rotation The flexural strain in the pipe is given by Yp Sbending PAD Lever arm Vis for pipes is given by Fda yp Yo J wt Lever arm Yp for brick sewers is given by Yp Fiia 2 it J where Pia Internal diameter of the pipe P wall thickness of the pipe 2 5 1 1
144. t in the Xdisp data file then care should be taken to ensure that the imported file contains one result for every data point When importing results from Oasys Pdisp this is most easily achieved by creating the same set of Displacement Grids Lines and Points in the two programs for export from one and import to the other Having created the Displacement Grids Lines and Points in one of the programs they can be input to the other by copying and pasting between the programs Displacement Data table views by highlighting the required cells and via the right click context menu options of Copy and Paste Note that the last columns in the Displacement Data for the two programs may display different data so only the first common columns should be copied Caution should be employed if results are inspected for which not all points of Displacement Grids Lines and Points have matching imported displacements The Tabular Output may be inspected for a summary of the displacements that have been imported and after analysis those which have been found to match displacement points in the Xdisp file Copyright Oasys 2015 52 Oasys Xdisp 3 7 Polylines Polylines are used to define areas over which generic building damage assessment and generic utility damage assessment are to be performed The following input data is required to define a polyline Data may be input in dialog form by double clicking within a cell of the Polylines Table
145. tal ground movement curves that are to be associated with this side of the excavation Enabled if unchecked the excavation will be ignored in ground movement calculations It will have no effect on results Notes l Reproduced with kind permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 63 3 12 Circular Excavation Data A circular excavation defines the volume of a circular embedded wall excavation together with the ground movement curves that are to be associated with it Circular Excavations Vertical ground movement Installation of planar diaphragm wall in stiff day CIRIA 580 Fig 2 9 b Horizontal ground movement Installa tion of planar diaphragm wall in stiff day CIRIA 580 Fig 2 9 a Contribution Positive Diameter Surface level 3 Centre x Base level Centre y If surface movement curves are selected apply them between surface and 0 Enabled Cancel Name specifies the name of the excavation New creates a new excavation Copy copies the excavation currently displayed Delete deletes the excavation currently displayed Rename renames the excavation currently displayed Vertical and Horizontal ground movement curves specify the vertical and horizontal ground movement curves that are to be associated with this excavation Contribution specifies whether the excavation is considered to contribute positive to the displacements
146. ted in Xdisp in order to become familiar with the typical input data that is required to create an Xdisp model The sample files are named to indicate the features of the program that they demonstrate DXF files are also provided to demonstrate DXF import Whilst dealing with utility related models the user can use the sample utility dimensions and criteria Copyright Oasys 2015 About Xdisp 3 provided by Xdisp by loading the sample file SampleDimensionsAndCriteria xdd and copying the required dimensions and criteria data from their respective table views in the sample file Alternatively the sample file may be saved with a new name and opened to form the basis of a new data file 1 4 Program Features The following features are separated into those applicable either to tunnels or mines and those applicable to both 1 4 1 Tunnels A tunnel is taken as an excavation of circular cross section in soil Several methods of solution are available to create the profile of settlement above the tunnels These include methods for the following e Analysis methods to model settlements in both fine cohesive and coarse granular grained soils Two layer systems with level or inclined soil interfaces Settlement profiles due to multiple tunnels Deformation and strain data plots for lines of any orientation and level above tunnel axis level Sub surface displacement methods 1 4 2 Embedded Wall Excavations An embedded wall excavation
147. th Ho of intervals along extrusion line Calculate Yes Surface type For tunnels Surface The input of the displacement line may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 99 3 20 2 3 3 Displacement Grid Displacement grids may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Displacement Displacement Grid when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode ae y A Displacement point Displacement line wee P i 7 Displacement grid l e the Displacement grid menu item on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode A displacement grid can be input only on the plane of the grid Left clicking at two opposing corners of the grid will complete the input The displacement data dialog will pop up after the input in which the properties of the displacement grid may be edited To cancel the input of the displacement grid after the first click press lt ESC gt Displacement Data Type Mame Displacement Grid 3 Direction of extrusion Geometry m x Y z Mo of intervals across extrusion line Extrusion depth Mo of intervals along extrusion line Calculate Yes Surface type For tunnels Surface The input of the displacement grid may be cancelled by clicking the Cancel button or by closing the dialog Copyright Oasys 2015 10 Oasys Xdisp 3 20 2 4 P
148. the calculated damage category from the calculated horizontal strain and deflection ratio of that segment for a hogging or Sagging segment of a Sub Structure The plot is made on a graph of the building damage category boundaries that are appropriate to that segment Maximum Tensile Strain is the maximum bending or shear diagonal strain after accounting for the horizontal strain See The Influence of Horizontal Strain for more information W 8001 xdd Building Damage Interaction Chart Building Damage Interaction Chart B001 xdd Building 1 vest Facade Vertical Offset for Vertical Movements 2 3 000m Segment 1 length 17 151 mj at 0 Megligible to 1 very Slight Cat 1 Very Slight to 2 Slight Cat 2 Slight to 3 Moderate Cat 3 Moderate to 4 Severe Max Strains 0 007502 0 001500 Ressut 000655 0 00077 Cat 3 a cs of c a ui a a oo 0 00200 0 00200 0 00100 0 0 00100 0 00200 Horizontal Ground Strain To access a graph of displacements for a sub structure Copyright Oasys 2015 s perform a successful analysis including structure data 2 display the Plan View 3 display the alignments of Sub Structures by choosing Graphics Toggle Items Structures Specific from the program s menu or by checking the Specific menu item present on the drop down menu of the Structures button on the Graphics Toolbar 4 activate the Line Graphs button on the Graphic
149. the curve that has been fitted to the data points View data points toggles the display of the data points that are used in deriving the curve fit View difference bars toggles the display of the difference bars illustrating the difference between the data point s z value and the z value calculated by the curve fit Shrink data points halves the size of the spheres used to display the data points Enlarge data points doubles the size of the spheres used to display the data points Switch to contour relief view changes the view from a coloured 2 dimensional contour view of values calculated from the curve fit and the 3 dimensional relief vew of the curve fit 3 13 2 Sample Sub surface Ground Movement Curve The following defines the modelling assumptions used for the three dimensional finite element analysis that was used to provide the displacements given in the sample data file Sample sub Surface ground movement data xdd Notation B1 lowest level of basement slab CG cohesion drained Young s Modulus Eu undrained Young s Modulus G tangent shear modulus Gmax maximum value of tangent shear modulus at very small strain Gvh Ghh ratio of vertical to horizontal shear stiffness Ko Coefficient of earth pressure at rest LGF lower ground floor slab mOD metres Ordnance Datum Su undrained shear strength Ol adhesion factor between pile and soil y unit weight K 1 BG and B constants in the BRICK so
150. the data displayed in Toggle items l the Plan View Grid results Templates Label elements Reset defaults 4 2 1 1 Templates The Templates function works by following the procedure below Set up the Plan View which you would like to repeat for other files in the future Select the Save as template option and save the view with a specific file name To reload the template select the Load template option To return to the original vew when the Plan View is open select Reset defaults ee 4 2 1 2 Set Exact Scale Selection of Set Exact Scale allows you to set any required scale for the Plan View This is done using the Specify Scaling dialog Specify Scaling Select scaling O User specified Best fit Engineering Independent 7 scaling Set scaletta 1 2 2959 Set r scale to 2058 Copyright Oasys 2015 12 Oasys xdisp 4 2 2 Plan View These plots show the plan area of the problem Tig001 xdd Graphical Output mek Vertical Settlement Contours Grid 1 dnterval 10mm ee a a L ar a ra i el A ma aa we Ti co OHS A eS 1P me Bere nas ane rim par ree I om eae cd as AM Scalex 1 612 y 1 612 Copyright Oasys 2015 Output 113 Tlg001 xdd Graphical Output Vertical Settlement Contours Grid 1 dnterval 10mm 75 00 70 00 65 00 60 00 55 00 50 00 45 00 40 00 35 00 30 00 25 00 70
151. to describe the relationship of damage category to deflection ratio and horizontal tensile strain for each of the four boundaries between damage categories This data is used to determine a building segment s damage category as plotted on the Building Damage Interaction Chart Copyright Oasys 2015 so Oasys Xdisp 3 16 i BOO1 xdd ea Strains O0 O E 0 Negi 1 Vay Slight 2 i 3 Moderate Hame i Raed kg Paa to 1 very Slight 2 SEN 3 E 4 Severe pria Paias Damage Categor Strains 0 000500 0 000750 0 007 500 0 003000 p 0 000400 0 000600 0 001200 0 002500 E Each sub structure is assigned a set of Damage Category Strains that will be used in the assessment of building damage A default standard set of values is provided that represents the values provided by Burland 0 Negligible to 1 Very Slight the value of horizontal strain that corresponds with a deflection ratio of zero in order to define the boundary between Damage Categories 0 and 1 etc Graphic Settings The Graphic Settings property sheet allows the parameters that govern the format and content of the 3D Graphics View to be specified These graphic settings are stored in the data file The Apply button applies the settings to the 3D Graphics View without closing the dialog The OK button applies the settings to the 3D Graphics View and closes the dialog This property sheet may be accessed via e Edit Wizard when the 3
152. trol congress Leipzig Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Sektion fur Bergbau pp 191 205 Melis M and Rodriquez Ortiz J M 2001 Consideration of the stiffness of buildings in the Copyright Oasys 2015 138 Oasys Xdisp estimation of subsidence damage by EPB tunnelling in the Madrid Subway CIRIA Response of Buildings to Excavation Induced Ground Movements pre conference papers National Coal Board 1975 Subsidence Engineers Handbook NCB Publications London New B M and Bowers K H 1994 Ground movement model validation at the Heathrow Express trial tunnel Proc Tunnelling 1994 IMM London pp 301 327 Nyren R J Standing J R and Burland J B 2002 Surface displacement at St James s Park Greenfield reference site above twin tunnels through the London Clay Chapter 25 of CIRIA publication Building response to tunnelling Case studies from construction of the Jubilee Line Extension London Vol 2 O Reilly M P and New B M 1982 Settlements above tunnels in the United Kingdom Their magnitude and prediction Proc Tunnelling 82 ed Jones M P IMM London pp 137 181 Pillai Kanapathipillai A 1996 Review of the BRICK model of soil behaviour MSc dissertation Imperial College London Peck R B 1969 Deep excavations and tunnelling in ground Proc 7th Int Conf Soil Mech and Found Eng Mexico 1969 State of the Art volume Ren G Reddish D J and Whittaker B N 1987 Mining subsidence and displ
153. ttlement at the point under consideration are calculated from this input The plots to be used to calculate these factors and the equation used to calculate the settlement depend on the zone in which the point lies The zones are illustrated in the figure above The table below from Fuentes and Devriendt lists the plots and equations used for different zones Plots and equations used for different zones Plot Input Zones I and V Zones II and IV Zone II l p and X 2 pi and p X 3 Pi P3 a and B X X 100 p 2 A i 4 p A P PI Pl da 4 Equations or or P Pa X DA p X B p B d 7 p p 00 p B dp Note d and d are the distances from the point where the ground movements are to be calculated to the position of d and d see figure below A and B represent the 100 A and 100 B sections The figure and table above are reproduced with kind permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 2 2 2 2 3 Irregularly Shaped Excavations Excavations with irregular shapes in elevation may be modelled by breaking them into sufficient cuboid constituents Each constituent is specified to have either a positive or negative contribution to soil displacement Xdisp will calculate the soil displacements arising from each These results are then summed The figure below demonstrates the method Ato x 4 t W Care sho
154. ture is solid isotropic linear and elastic then a typical value would be based on Poisson s Ratio v as 2 1 v so ranging from 2 4 to 2 6 if values of 0 2 to 0 3 are used for the Poisson s Ratio Burland and Wroth 1974 discuss the effect of E G ratios but draw no conclusions about appropriate values to use for typical masonry or concrete structures Mair Taylor and Burland 1996 state For the purposes of assessment of potential damage framed buildings on shallow foundations can be considered using the same methodology as for masonry structures It is more appropriate to adopt an E G ratio of 12 5 rather than 2 6 used for masonry structures Melis and Rodriguez Ortiz 2001 suggest for flexible buildings with big spans or steel structure the ratio E G can be as high as 12 or 15 Default Properties set Yes for Xdisp to calculate default values for 2nd Moment of Area and neutral axis distances as discussed below or No to provide specific values The following data is required for hogging and sagging zones of the building Distance of Bending Strain from N A the distance of bending strain to be calculated from the neutral axis For sagging of a linear isotropic elastic beam a value equal to the height 2 is commonly used For hogging of a building with a rigid base slab a value equal to the height is commonly used Distance of N A from Edge of Beam in Tension distance of the neutral axis from the edge of th
155. u item present on the drop down menu of the Structures button on the Graphics Toolbar 4 activate the Line Graphs button on the Graphics Toolbar 5 place the cursor over the Generic Building for which you wish to view results the cursor will change to a cross hair and left click 6 select the required vertical offset for vertical movement calculations and click OK 4 2 7 Utility Damage Assessment Graphs Utility damage assessment graphs can be selected from the Plan View To access a utility damage assessment graph 1 perform a successful analysis including utility data 2 display the Plan View 3 display the alignments of Utilities by choosing Graphics Toggle Items Utilities Specific from the program s menu or by checking the Specific menu item present on the drop down menu of the Utilities button on the Graphics Toolbar 4 activate the Line Graphs button on the Graphics Toolbar 5 place the cursor over the Utility for which you wish to view results the cursor will change to a cross hair and left click 6 select the required graph from the Utility Results Graphs dialog which pops up after left clicking and click OK Utility Results Graphs Utility Results Graphs Displacements vs Distance O Rotation vs Distance Pullout vs Distance Combined Strain vs Distance 4 2 7 1 Utility Displacement Line Graphs Utility Displacement Line graphs display the settlem
156. uld be taken when deciding on the cuboid constituents in order to ensure that the correct relationship has been specified This method is a geometrical approximation It is not based on published geotechnical engineering theory but may be considered to provide an adequate approximation to soil movement caused by irregularly shaped excavations Nevertheless the results should be reviewed to ensure they meet expectations Note The user should seek to validate the ground movements calculated by Xdisp against similar case studies or alternative methods of analysis when considering retained cut excavations This is particularly appropriate where irregular shaped excavations or those with re entrant corners are proposed Mining Analysis Method Mines are taken as being excavations of rectangular cross section in rock Xdisp calculates the subsidence at ground level due to deformation within the mine cavty at every specified displacement grid point Subsidence contours are then determined from the values at each point to define the whole area of the settlement trough The spacing of the displacement grids is therefore fundamental to the accuracy of any contour plots The subsidence calculations are divided into vertical and horizontal displacement at each point A single method of calculation exists in each case Copyright Oasys 2015 26 Oasys Xdisp subsidence Trough Original Ground Level m Fi Subsided Ground Leve
157. ult grid plane is named Default and is of zero elevation Grid Layout A new grid layout can be created by clicking on lt new gt in the grid plane combo box The data of the new grid layout can be accessed edited via the button on the Current Grid Definition dialog Grid Layout Definition Grid Layout 1 Lengths m Mame Grid layout 1 X y Automatic Extents Name specifies the name of the grid layout Spacing specifies the x spacing and y spacing of the grid lf Automatic Extents is checked the program automatically extends the grid based on the elements present in the 3D Graphics View The user can specify his own extents by de selecting the Automatic Extents Min Extent specifies the minimum x and y extents Max Extent specifies the maximum x and y extents The default grid layout has the following values e Name Default e Spacing 1 m 1m e Min Extent 0 5 m 0 5 m e Max Extent 10 5 m 5 5 m Copyright Oasys 2015 Data Input 93 3 20 2 Input Of Elements Elements may be input only when the 3DGraphics view is in the graphical input mode The user can switch between input and the normal mode of the 3DGraphics view wa the d button on the Graphical Input Toolbar 3 20 2 1 Tunnels Tunnels may be input graphically in the 3D Graphics View via e Sculpt Tunnel when the 3D Graphics View is active and is in Input Mode e the fa button on the Graphical Input Toolbar when the 3D
158. x end of tunnel being at x h horizontal ground movement in direction transverse to tunnel axis at transverse horizontal distance y from tunnel axis and at longitudinal horizontal distance x start of tunnel being at x end of tunnel being at x h horizontal ground movement in direction parallel to tunnel axis at transverse horizontal distance y from tunnel axis and at longitudinal horizontal distance x start of tunnel being at x end of tunnel being at x lt I volume of soil displaced in settlement trough distance from tunnel axis to point of inflexion at depth z distance from tunnel axis to point of inflexion at surface 12 5 metres Z depth below ground surface Z depth of tunnel invert below ground surface V Z e 30 metres f n 0 8 m user specified exponent for a typical London clay Harris and Alvarado recommend m of 0 5 Copyright Oasys 2015 Analysis Methods 2 1 4 Tunnel Settlement Trough Width The width of the settlement trough perpendicular to the tunnel is defined in terms of distance i in metres from the tunnel centre line to the point of inflexion on the curve Tunnel Settlement Trough Width 7 dcaud i o ai Vn z settlement w at Settlement w at poini of inflexion y i point of maximu Curvature AG U 223 Wmax 0 60 BW settlement vw Xdisp provides a number of options to calculate i va selection of a k Derivation Method A k value provide

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