Home

Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.6 for Linux

1. OK Cancel Figure 42 Management Console Configuring Container Adapter Parameters 5 In this window you can configure the following adapter parameters On the General tab of the Virtual Network Interface Properties window Change the MAC address assigned to the veth Ethernet interface inside the Container by entering the needed MAC address in the Enter manually field Connect the Container virtual network adapter to a Virtual Network by clicking the down arrow in the Connection to field and selecting the desired Virtual Network on the context menu Detailed information on how to connect Containers to Virtual Networks is provided in the Connecting Containers to Virtual Networks subsection On the IP Settings tab of the Virtual Network Interface Properties window configure the network adapter IP addresses a Select the Obtain IP address via DHCP radio button to make the adapter automatically receive its IP address and the information on the default gateway through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 223 b Select the Get IP address from pool radio button to make the adapter automatically receive its IP address from the IP addresses pool configured on the Hardware Node Detailed information on IP addresses pools is provided in the Configuring IP Addresses Pool subsection c Select the Enter IP addresses manually radio button and use the Add button
2. vzctl set 101 iptables ip_table iptables iptable_ filter iptables ip_conntrack iptables iptable nat iptables iptable mangle save This command will tell Parallels Virtuozzo Containers to load the ip_table iptable_filter ip_conntrack iptable_nat and iptable_mangle modules to Container 101 if they are loaded on the server during the Container startup forbid the usage of all the other iptables modules listed above i e ip6_table ip table_filter ip table_mangle ip_conntrack_ftp ip_conntrack_irc ip_nat_ftp ip_nat_irc inside Container 101 even if they are loaded on the server during the Container startup This information will also be saved in the Container configuration file thanks to the save option Loading a new set of iptables modules does not happen on the fly You must restart the Container for the changes to take effect Advanced Tasks 310 Sharing File System Among Containers This section provides a simple example of what can be done with the help of Container action scripts You need a basic BASH shell language knowledge to understand the examples Remember that when you source configuration files in your action script you have two environment variables that show the path to Container file areas SVE_ROOT and SVE_PRIVATE You need to use VE_ROOT since the VZFS file system does not follow mount points in the Container private area In other words if you mount a directory to
3. Figure 19 Scheduling Container Backups Choosing Files to Back Up 100 Operations on Container By default all the Container files and folders are included in the backup archive To leave out a file or directory from the backup process clear its check box in the Included files table You can also select the Matching the following criteria check box and use the Add Edit Remove buttons to set the parameters to be met by the file folder to exclude it from the backup process You can specify the full path to the corresponding file folder enter its name or define any filter compatible with standard Linux masking rules i e with standard globs For example you can indicate usr MyDirectory MyFile txt to exclude the MyFile txt file from the backup process or type bmp to leave out all files with the bmp extension Note The Included files table is not shown if you are creating a backup task for several Containers 4 Next you should specify the main backup parameters Operations on Container 101 Schedule Backup Task for Container s 25 x Specify Backup Options This window allows you to specify the backup options Backup Node Server Default Backup Node Change Backup Type Full Choose this option to create a full backup containing the entire Container private area configuration files actions scripts and quota information Incremental Choose this option to create an incremental backup co
4. This command will restore the latest backup of Container 101 stored on the Backup Node with the IP address of 192 168 200 200 to the Node where you have run the command If you wish to restore a certain not the latest Container backup you should use the b option and specify the ID of the created backup instead of the Container ID You can find out what backup ID is assigned to this or that Container backup using the 1 and f options of the vzarestore command You can also restore only certain files from the backup archive of Container 101 using the files option For detailed information on all options which can be used with the vzarestore utility see the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Operations on Container 69 Managing Backups in Parallels Management Console Parallels Management Console deals with three kinds of Nodes the Source Nodes the Nodes where Containers are hosted during their backing up the Backup Nodes the Nodes where Container backups are stored and the Destination Nodes the Nodes where Container backups are restored Restore Container 101 These Nodes are singled out by their functionality only In reality one and the same Hardware Node may perform two or even three functions Usually the Source and Destination Node are represented by one and the same Hardware Node because you will likely want the Containers you back up to be restored to their original Node However setti
5. seseeeseeeseseeesseeeessstrreeresteerssrerrsserrreerrenreseeressrrees 227 TnStalline ACen Se ears a a E eee es ater et eee ton Sle ae 228 Updating Licenses n chess teptectecncts ieee ueesee tou cian shay seetugei steed R A sees E N 231 Transfering License to Another NoOd6 iccsc css cess eesee cuisine ES E R 232 Viewing Current Licenses ein ian E a a igasbens ewes pln age A Ula ateeetint 233 Managing FieSkernroneen eon a a e R A N aie E eee a a atlanta 236 Uploadins Files to Noder renie a A E N R E teere ed ababeati ee 238 Downloading Files to Local Computer sissien siese ai 241 Setting Permissions for Files on Node sosisini noessinere sieisen t eisson sse sinire ss 242 Managing IP Addresses Pool on Node isian aan neato R RE N R 243 Configuring Hardware Node IP Addresses Pool seseeseessesesesseserereresreeresresrssrrrrsresreeresrenrsseeees 244 Viewing Allocated IP Addresses s s ccsvisces sseessesedvnceepchpessatesentbes sspeeedsasnes vngussansieuhdes caessdesebebeveeeaees 246 Advanced Tasks 248 Configuring Capabilities se occ cseesleceseblsseevs ep se Aavech os scize sveeouplooytoaay eee ebevaecs cyan E NAE vers dhdesdoadvedetleetivedss 248 Creating VZFS Symlinks Inside a Container cece eeeceeeceeeeeeecesecesecnecaeceaecsaecaeeeaeseneeeeeees 249 Available Capabilities for Container eee cesecesecsceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeecensecesecsecsaecsaecsaecaeeeaeseneeeeeees 250 Migrating Physical Server to Container 00 0 0 ec eeceeeeeseesceee
6. GI Bandwidth values are specified in Kb s It is recommended to increase this value in 8 Kb s chunks and to set it no lower than 8 Kb s The RATEBOUND variable specifies whether the network bandwidth available to the Container for outgoing traffic is limited by the bandwidth specified in the RATE variable The possible values of the RATEBOUND variable are yes and no the default is no In this case the Container is allowed to take free bandwidth from the TOTALRATE pool T The actual network bandwidth available to the Containers depends on the number of Containers and the total sum of the RATE values and normally does not coincide with the bandwidth specified in their own RATE variables If the RATEBOUND variable is set to yes the Container bandwidth is limited by the value of the RATE variable T If the Container configuration file does not specify any of these parameters the values from the etc vz vz conf configuration file are taken By default Parallels Virtuozzo Containers does not set RATEBOUND which corresponds to no and RATE is set to eth0O 1 8 The network bandwidth management in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers works in the following way The bandwidth pool for a given network class configurable through the TOTALRATE variable in the global configuration file is divided among the Containers transmitting data proportionally to their RATE settings If the total value of
7. ccescesecesecseeeseeeseeeeeeeeceseeeseceseeaecsaeesaeeaee 176 Using Charts Repr sentations nsiet iener a T e erep N rE EE E EEREN EE 177 Using Table Representation eee eee eecesecssecssecssecseecseeeseeeeeeeseseeeesecnsecaeesaecsaesaaecaaeeaeseneseneees 185 Contents 5 Subscribing to Parallels Management Console Alerts 0 ecceseesecsecseeereeeseeeeeeeseeseeesecesecaecsaecsaecnaesaee 186 Managing Services and Processes 189 What Are Services and Processes 0 ceceeeessesceseeeseeescesecesecsecsaecsaecsaecaeecseseneseaeeeaeseeaesseesuecnaecsaesaee 190 Main Operations on Services and Processes ceeceseescessceseceeceseceseceeecaeecseeeseseaeeseeeeeesecsecsaecsaecnaesaee 191 Managing Processes and Services cc eeceeseesseeceeeeeeeesecesecesecesecsaecsaecsaecaeecseseseseaeeeseesesecsecsasesaecsaesaes 192 Viewing Active Processes and Services 0 cece ceeeseeceeeceeeceseceseeeseeseeesecsecsaecsaessaecaeeeaeseneseetees 193 Monitoring Processes in Real Time nirre e en S a a E E S E 196 Changing Services Mode nresnani S R A E ron E S E 199 Determining Container Identifier by Process ID eseseeseeeeeeesesrestrererrsreeresrerrsserrenesrenresreersseeees 200 Starting Stopping and Restarting Services seeeseesesseesesreerstrrreresresrrstentesrrrrsrerresesreneseerrssene 201 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 203 Managing Network Adapters on Hardware Node sesseseeeseeesesees
8. ec eeeeeseceseceseceneeeeeeees 289 Accessing Devices From Inside Container cesceeecescceseeeseeeeseeeseeeseecseecsaecsaecnaeceaeenseenes 291 Moving Network Adapter to Container cece ceeceseceseceseeesneeeseesseesaeecseecsaecsaecaecnaeeeseenes 293 Enabling VPN for Container ssit ss 2sertstcceetede Lectelataeesesdeagivtetacessesshcbehcasoesoel ctteustotagdes ENEE 294 Managing Hardware Node Resources Parameters cceecceeseeseeeseeeseeeneecsecaecnseenseenseeees 295 Setting Immutable and Append Flags for Container Files and Directories 0 cece 296 R creating Service Contam er soe sive sets cag phe os ie ernia Leo tsk Ue ete 296 Customizing proc meminfo Output Inside Container 0 ee eee eeeeseeseecseecseecnsecnsecnseeeseeees 297 Creating Local Repository Mirror for vzup2date 00 ee eee eeeeeeseeeneeeneeeeecaeceaecnaeceseenseeees 299 Loading iptables Modules cece essecssecsseceseceseceseceseeeseeeseesseescaeecaeeesaecsaecsaecsaecsaeceaeenseeess 308 Sharing File System Among Containers 00 ce eeceeseeeseeereeeseecseecaecaecaecsaeesseeeeeeseeesneeees 310 Creating Configuration File for New Linux Distribution 0 eee eeeeseeereeeneecnseeneeenneees 312 Rebootine Container s 5 2 0 s06 e ieee cated E K ede E E E TERN hire 313 Managing Graphical Applications Inside Container ce ceeeeseceseceseeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseeeneeenaes 313 NZIS V2 sees cde AE cae cuaccige cl A E A a oxeRoctra
9. Notes 1 Enabling this or that mode for a Container does not exert any influence on the real resources allocation to the Container It is only used to modify the way the proc meminfo output will look inside this Container 2 The output of the proc meminfo file cannot be customized if the new SLM functionality is enabled on the Parallels server In this case the cat proc meminfo command executed inside a Container always displays the amount of memory set for this Container using the slmmemorylimit option of the vzctl set command During the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation the output of the proc meminfo virtual file is set to the non virtualized mode i e running the cat proc meminfo command inside any Container will show the information about the memory usage on the Parallels server You can use the meminfo option with the vzct1 set command to switch between different modes To set the output of proc meminfo inside Container 101 to the virtualized in pages mode issue the following command vzctl set 101 meminfo pages 2000 save The amount of memory that will be displayed by running the cat proc meminfo command inside Container 101 is defined by the data specified after the meminfo option pages tells the vzctl set command that you wish to enable the virtualized in pages mode for the proc meminfo output and simultaneously denotes the units of measurement to be used for settin
10. In This Chapter Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Licenses eeeeeeceereeeseeeeeeseeeseecaecnaecnaeenaeens 227 Manasina Piles sissies ea EEE ies tee E AE oes Bane oe bet Se cere heed Rata 236 Managing IP Addresses Pool on Node cee cesceseceseceseeceeceeesseeeseeeseecaaecsaecsaeeeaaecaeenseeess 243 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Licenses The given section provides information on managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers licenses In particular you will know how to view the current license status to install a new license on your Hardware Node or to update an existing one to transfer the license from one Node to another etc Managing Hardware Nodes 228 Installing License Depending on the way you have obtained your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license it can be installed on the Hardware Node as follows Ifyou have obtained the license in the form of a product key you can install it on the Node using the p option of the vzlicload command For example you can execute the following command to install the 5SBVMF2 560MM0 D28DQA B5 9NTE 10H4HG product key on your Hardware Node vzlicload p 5BVMF2 560MM0 D28DQA B5 9NTE 10H4HG Processing product key 5BVMF2 560MM0 D28DQA B59NTE 10H4HG License VZSRV was loaded successfuly 1 of 1 licenses was loaded If you have obtained the license in the form of an activation code you can install it on the Node using the a opti
11. Define what iptables modules are to be used inside the Container Detailed information on iptables is provided in the Loading iptables Modules section p 308 Specify whether the Container is to be started on the Hardware Node boot Save all the defined parameters as a configuration sample file to be used in future for creating new Containers on its basis The information on Container samples is provided in the Managing Container Resources Configuration section p 164 Consult it to gather more understanding of these topics Creating a new Container may take some time You can see the progress in the Actions pane After you have created for example Containers 101 102 and 103 you can see them in the right pane of the Management Console window gt Parallels Management Console 4 0 gt oj x Fie Action View Help d E ICOC Parallels Management 1D Hostname IP Address Status ii Local Server i01 server 01 cT101 10 17 17 101 Running a File Manager 192 server 02 cT102 10 10 17 102 Running Monitor H 103 serverl03 CT103 10 10 17 103 Running Lig Services S Logs amp Templates Backups L Total number of CTs 3 Running 3 Stopped 0 Suspended 0 Mounted 3 Under repair 0 7 Figure 8 Management Console Checking Newly Created Container Operations on Container 44 Select any of the newly created Container and choose the Prope
12. Do not create users on the Hardware Node itself You can create as many users as you need in any Container Remember compromising the Hardware Node means compromising all Containers as well 31 CHAPTER 3 Operations on Container This chapter describes how to perform day to day operations on individual Containers taken in their wholeness Note We assume that you have successfully installed configured and deployed your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system In case you have not refer to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Installation Guide providing detailed information on all these operations In This Chapter Creating New Containers eiee ede te nn Get ead hi Hanae eae EOE AE aes 31 Configuring Contae serere oiean i a EREE gees teeta an TEE ET eee taea aes 44 Starting Stopping Restarting and Querying Status of Container eeseeeeseeeeerrereereereee 47 Listing C ntamefSs ianen a a A a a ai ae Mies 49 Setting Name for Comtaimer cnisnensi ainiai a ria eia a a i i e 52 Storing Extended Information on Container sseseesseeeeesesreeresresresrtsserrrestsrtrsrestrsresresressene 54 Migrating Container sesrerereen oean e a a a a a a a a 55 Moving Container Within Hardware Node eseeeeeeeeeesseeeeesssreesrsressesrissrrsrssresresresresrresesens 62 Copying Container Within Hardware Node cee ceecesscesceeeeceseeeeseeeseecsaecsaecaecnaecnseenseeees 64 Backing Up and Restoring Containers 00 ee ceeceeceseceseces
13. sscssscssscessssseseses 197 Figure 35 Management Console Managing Processes and Services sssscssssessseees 201 Figure 36 Management Console Listing Network AdaptelS cscscssssscssscesssssseees 205 Figure 37 Management Console Creating VLAN Adapter scccssscssscsssscsesssesssees 207 Figure 38 Management Console Creating Virtual Net work cssccsssscsssssssssscssssceees 211 Figure 39 Networking vernet0 MOd scssssccssssssssscesssscssssccsssscssesssssecsssscssssssssescsssssenes 215 Figure 40 Networking veth Mode u ssssccssssscsssscsssssssscssssccssscscsssssssssssssescsssscssssssssscsssses 217 Figure 41 Management Console Managing Container Adapters c ssccssscssssscssssseees 220 Figure 42 Management Console Configuring Container Adapter Parameters 222 Figure 43 Management Console Managing Files on Nod e scssscssssssscssscsssesscsees 236 Figure 44 Management Console Uploading Files to Hardware Nod sssssssesees 240 Figure 45 Management Console Logging In to Physical Server sssccssssssssscsssecees 264 Figure 46 Management Console Reviewing Physical Server Configuration 265 Figure 47 Management Console Customizing Server Migration csscssscsssssssseses 266 Figure 48 Management Console Stopping Services cscsccsssssssssccsssssssssssssscsssecees 268
14. 290 Action Scripts 24 66 76 109 286 309 Adjusting Colors and Styles 179 Adjusting Periodicity of Refreshing Information 177 Adjusting Representation Scale 178 Administrator Container 115 Hardware Node 23 28 129 system 117 Advanced Tasks 247 Advantages of VZFS v2 321 Alerts 185 371 Applications 19 21 25 131 133 255 312 315 317 Applying New Configuration Sample to Container 170 Assigning Default Backup Node 71 Assigning External IP Addresses to Containers 326 Associating Container Files With Application Templates 133 Available Capabilities for Container 249 Backing Up and Restoring Containers 66 Backing Up Group of Containers 82 Backing Up Single Container 78 Backup configuration file 22 Container 28 66 353 355 copy 109 directory 22 full 66 incremental 66 Node 66 353 354 searching 97 timeout 353 Basics of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Technology 21 Before You Begin 32 378 Browsing Backup Contents 86 C Capabilities Defined by POSIX Draft 249 Changing Services Mode 198 Changing System Time From Container 282 Checking Quota Status 129 Checking That Logging Works 365 Choosing Container ID 33 Choosing OS EZ Template 35 Choosing Updates for Downloading 304 Cleaning Up Containers 131 Computing Memory Usage in SLM 150 Configuration Files backup 22 Container 22 55 109 117 118 120 135 147 163 25
15. Operations on Container 33 Choosing Container ID Every Container has a numeric ID also known as Container ID associated with it The ID is a 32 bit integer number beginning with zero and unique for a given Hardware Node When choosing an ID for your Container please follow the simple guidelines below ID O is used for the Hardware Node itself You cannot and should not try to create a Container with ID 0 This version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers uses ID 1 for the Service Container Note The Service Container is a special Container running the Parallels Agent software responsible for managing all the Containers of the given Hardware Node via Parallels tools i e Parallels Management Console Parallels Virtual Automation and Parallels Power Panel In general you are allowed to perform the same operations in the Service Container context as you would perform in the context of a regular Container However you are not recommended to change the default configuration of the Service Container e g install your own applications templates into or store your private files inside this Container Changing the Service Container configuration may affect all the other Containers residing on the Node The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software reserves the IDs ranging from 0 to 100 Though Parallels Virtuozzo Containers uses only IDs 0 and 1 from them the next version might use additional Containers IDs for internal needs To facilitat
16. Remove The path on the server for uploading files g Browse oo ay It is a four step wizard On the first step of the wizard you should define the Hardware Node s and the path on this Node these Nodes where the files will be uploaded Click the Add button to open the Select Hardware Node s window and select the Hardware Node you wish to add to the upload list Repeat this sequence for every Hardware Node where you wish to upload files and then click OK After that you should enter the path where the files are to be uploaded or browse for this path on the remote Node Click Next when you are finished On the second step of the wizard you should specify the local files you wish to upload to the Hardware Node s that you specified on the previous step Managing Hardware Nodes 239 Upload Files Wizard 24 x Select Files to Upload On this screen you are supposed to define the files to be uploaded to the Hardware Node Specify one or more files to upload to your server Selected files Add Directory Delete On the first step of the wizard you should specify the local files you wish to upload to the Hardware Node Click the Add button and select a file or a group of files from a single directory for uploading You can also upload the whole directory by clicking the Add Directory button If you need to upload files from various local directories click the Add button the required num
17. can be retrieved on the basis of the Container configuration sample indicated in the very first option detailed information on Container configuration samples is provided in the Managing Container Resources Configurations section p 164 After you have decided on the Container configuration sample you are supposed to define the number of Containers you wish to create in the Number of Containers to create field By default you are offered to create one Container Besides you can Operations on Container 40 specify a name for your Container s in the Containers Name field this name can then be used along with the Container ID to refer to the Container while performing this or that Container related operation on the Hardware Node In the case of creating several Containers at once you should use the VEID placeholder which is automatically replaced with the ID of the Container being created For example if you are creating Containers in the range from 101 to 103 and enter MyCTSVEID into the Container Name s field your Containers will have the following names MyCT101 MyCT102 MyCT103 provide the description of the Container s in the Description field You can enter any Container related information you consider reasonable Under the Container ID group you can select the variant the Container ID assignment Select the Assign Container ID automatically radio button to automatically assign the first unocc
18. etc vz conf CT_ID or in both You can set them by manually editing the corresponding configuration files by using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers command line utilities or through Parallels Management Console These parameters can be divided into the disk network CPU and system categories The table below summarizes these groups Group Disk Networ k CPU System Description This group of parameters determines disk quota in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers disk quota is realized on two levels the per Container level and the per user group level You can turn on off disk quota on any level and configure its settings This group of parameters determines Container the management of network bandwidth available to different Containers network shaping You can turn on off network shaping and configure the settings for different Containers This group of parameters defines the CPU time different Containers are guaranteed to receive This group of parameters allows you to easily and effectively configure and control all memory related parameters inside Containers Parameter names DISKINODES TRAFF IC_SHAP DISK_QUOTA DISKSPACE T QUOTATIME QUOTAUGIDLIMIT IOPRIO ING BANDWIDTH RATE RATEBO EQCPUUNITS PUUNITS CP URST_CPULIM URST_CPU_AV HowWwWad slmmemorylim UND US IT TOTALRATE ERAG E_USA
19. 117 MB 393 MB NO Architecture i386 2025 MB Name Intel R Xeon TM CPU 2 80GHz SS 1435 MB Speed MHz 2792 589 MB Number 1 Units 0 Action Name Figure 3 Management Console Main Window Below the view pane on the right there is also a small Actions Messages Operations pane You may switch between the Actions and Messages modes by clicking buttons to the right of this pane The Actions pane displays the progress of Management Console actions The Messages pane displays the detailed diagnostics of various Management Console errors The Operations pane shows the result of various asynchronous tasks performed with Containers You can view the summary page for every Hardware Node Click on the name of the Hardware Node you are interested in in the tree in the left pane of the Management Console main window or double click the name of the Hardware Node in the list of Nodes in the right pane Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 27 The upper part of the view pane contains shortcuts to the most important tasks you are likely to do However all the actions and operations are accessible via the Management Console toolbar Action menu and context menus The bottom part of the view pane includes three tabs System Network and Disks The System tab describes the OS distribution and kernel version CPU s RAM swap information etc The Network tab describes the Hard
20. Detailed information on all options which can be used with the vzctl set command to manage Container adapter parameters is given in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide and the vzct 1 manual pages Note For detailed information on all parameters that can be configured for each default Container network adapter i e for the adapter operating in the venet 0 mode please turn to the Configuring Container section p 44 To configure the aforementioned adapter settings in Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Select the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 222 2 Right click the Container whose network adapter settings you wish to configure and select Properties on the context menu 3 In the displayed window go to the Network tab and select the Network Adapters item in the left part of the window A list of network adapters currently existing inside the Container will be shown in the Interfaces table in the right part of the window 4 Select the network adapter the network settings of which you wish to configure and click the Properties button at the bottom of the Interfaces table Virtual Network Interface yzneti Properties General IP Settings ID yznetl 2x Virtual Network Connection to Not Connected x MAC Obtain automatically Enter manually
21. IP Address Select Al O jj local Server 10 30 18 193 Deselect Al_ 2 On the upper left drop down menu choose the Container parameter by which you want to search for the corresponding Container backup 3 Enter the value of the parameter in the text field on the right All the Containers with the corresponding parameter including the specified value as its part will be found For example if you enter 100 as the value for Container ID the backups of Containers 100 1000 1001 1002 2100 3100 and so on will be searched for Check those Nodes where you want to search for the backups Click the Search button Operations on Container 98 The Search results table presents the following information about the found backups Column Name Description Name The name of the Container whose backup has been found Source Node The Node where the Container was hosted during its backing up Date of Creation The date and time when the backup was created Type The backup type Detailed information on all backup types is given in the Defining Default Backup Type subsection p 76 Backup Node The Backup Node the Node where the backup has been found Description The backup description Double clicking on a Container backup in this table brings about the Container Backups dialog where you can view extensive information about the current Container backup including all its full and incremental backups as
22. If the vps reinstall script finishes successfully the Container is started and the vps configure script is called At this moment the old private area is mounted to the old directory inside the new one irrespective of the skipbackup option This is done in order to let you use the necessary files from the old private area in your script which is to be run inside the running Container For example you might want to copy some files from there to regular Container directories After the vps configure script finishes the old private area is either dismounted and deleted or remains mounted depending on whether the skipbackup option was provided If you do not want to run these reinstallation scripts and want to stick to the default vzct 1 reinstall behavior you may do either of the following 1 Remove the vps reinstall and vps configure scripts from the etc vz conf directory or at least rename them 2 Modify the last line of the vos reinstall1 script so that it would read Operations on Container 108 exit 128 instead of exit 0 The 128 exit code tells the utility not to run the scripts and to reinstall the Container with the default behavior Operations on Container 109 Deleting Container You can delete a Container that is not needed anymore with the vzctl destroy lt CT_ID gt command This command removes the Container private area completely and renames the Container configuration file and action scripts by appending the
23. In such a way you can view the Network and Processes groups for a particular Hardware Node and the Network Processes Resources and Quotas and Usage groups for a particular Container Choose any of these groups either in the Management Console main window or in a Container manager window to see the real time information about the selected parameters in the form of a table For example if you choose Network under a Hardware Node tree you may see the following window Parallels Management Console 4 0 oj x File Action View Help e SB e0 els Management Console E Total C Incoming Outgoing methi ocal Server hccp2 hccp3 qa sw ru File Manager Monitor Logging Period Setu al Charts SACP and Memory S Network Traffic Summary hil Top Resource Const 3 Processes eServices Logs Templates Backups Adapter Name l Incoming Bytes sec Dugoing Bytes sec Incomit A E Scheduled Tasks hi piigi hoy I yenetO 2628 Bis 3084 B s Container Samples S lf gt Virtuozzo Containers e oc 5 v Action Name Progress E Bm gt Oa Sao 4 E il Figure 32 Management Console Monitoring Traffic Parameters The graphic chart in the Management Console right pane shows the values for the incoming and outcoming traffic rate in bytes per second and packets per second for all the network interfaces present on the Hardware Node R
24. Management Console Monitoring Active Processes The column names and their description is presented in the table below Column name Description pid The identifier of the process Scpu The CPU time in percent used by the process Smem The memory used by the process ni The nice parameter weights the overall scheduling priority for the process pri The kernel scheduling priority for the process rss Number of resident pages for the swap out guarantee the resident set size stat The process current status Can be R running S sleeping waiting for wake up call D uninterruptable sleep Z zombie waiting for parent process T stopped or traced Sometimes the second symbol may appear W process swapping N niced process L process has pages locked into memory If the lt sign is displayed after the status it means that this information was returned by the Parallels Agent software which in turn got this information from the ps tool time The total CPU time the process has used user The user who has launched the process veid The ID of the Container where the process is running Managing Services and Processes 198 command The command that invoked the process To view the processes inside a Container double click on its name and select Monitor gt Processes Note Starting with Virtuozzo 3 0 the IDs of the processes running inside your Containers displayed by selecting Monit
25. Properties Remove Details Figure 50 Management Console Defining Network Parameters In this window you can do the following Advanced Tasks 271 View and configure the settings of the venet 0 virtual network adapter that will be created inside the Container venet 0 is the default network adapter created inside each Container on the Node You can change the IP address to be assigned to the venet0 adapter by default the IP address of the physical server is set by selecting the adapter name in the Interfaces table clicking the Properties button and in the displayed window entering the needed IP address es Create additional virtual network adapters for the Container by clicking the Add Interface button and entering the necessary information in the displayed window For example if the physical server has obtained its TCP IP settings through the DHCP protocol you may need to create a new virtual network adapter set it to work in the bridged mode and attach the adapter to the corresponding physical network adapter on the Node to provide network connectivity for the resulting Container For detailed information on how to create and manage Container virtual network adapters please turn to the Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network chapter p 203 In the next step you can specify a number of additional network settings for the Container ry Migrate Physical Server to Container Specify Network
26. The processes in this group and the my sq1 one provide the main workload of any Container mysql also referred to as group 3 this group includes the MySQL database server only The processes in this group and the httpd one provide the main workload of any Container By default any new process inherits the group from its parent process For example all children of the httpd process are placed to the httpd group whereas all children of the mysql process are included in the mysql group However the group of a process can be changed during its forking and or execution on the basis of special SLM pattern rules The default SLM pattern rules are specified in the etc vzslm d default conf file on the server in the table having the following four columns first_column the name of the process to which the rule is to be applied second_column a bitwise set of values defining the scheme on the basis of which the process is to be moved to the corresponding group third column the group the process belongs to before the rule is applied The 1 value if specified means any group fourth_column the group where the process will be moved after the rule is applied The flags field represents a number containing one or several of the following bitwise values Hexadecimal Binary Notation Description Notation 0x0001 I _O_I_0_I_O_I_O_I_O_I_O_I_O_I_1 This bit if set to 1 indicates that the rule is to be applied to t
27. To change the settings click the Back button and make the necessary corrections After you click Next the uploading process begins The operation progress is graphically displayed in the window of the Upload Files Wizard You can see how each of the selected files is being consecutively uploaded to the Hardware Node Please wait for the operation to finish After the uploading process has finished you will get informed of the results of the operation The table in the displayed window lets you view the results regarding every file uploaded to the Node Click Finish to exit the wizard Managing Hardware Nodes 241 Downloading Files to Local Computer Parallels Management Console allows you to download any file or directory located on the Hardware Node to the computer where Management Console is installed To do this do the following 1 Expand the File Manager item under the corresponding Hardware Node name 2 Select the file directory you wish to download to your local computer you can use CTRL Click to select or deselect the file directory SHIFT Click to select a range of files directories CTRL A to select all files directories Right click it and choose Tasks gt Copy To Local Computer on the context menu 4 In the displayed window specify the directory where you wish to download the selected file directory 5 Click OK Managing Hardware Nodes 242 Setting Permissions for Files on Node Parallels Management Console allows
28. When executed the utility tries to connect to the Parallels Key Authentication KA server and to retrieve a new license in order to install it on the Node So before starting to use this utility you should make sure that the Hardware Node where you wish to update the license is connected to the Internet After that you can issue the following command to update your license vzlicupdate Start updating license 6EH62 3D01 6BEC E8D7 CE42 4517 68CB E102 By default vzlicupdate tries to access the KA server having the hostname of ka parallels com However you can explicitly specify what KA server is to be used by passing the server option to the utility vzlicupdate server ka server com In this case the vzlicupdate utility will try to connect to the KA server with the hostname of ka server com to get a new license from this server and to install it on the Hardware Node where vz1icupdate has been executed Note In the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can update licenses installed on the Hardware Node with the help of activation code only If you wish to update a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers product key contact a Parallels sales representative to learn how you can do it To update a license in Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Make sure that the workstation where Management Console is installed and the Hardware Node where you are planning to update the license are con
29. dest royed suffix to them Note You can also use the vzctl delete command introduced in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 to remove Containers from your Hardware Node This command has the syntax identical to vzct1 destroy and is meant to replace the latter in the future A running Container cannot be destroyed with the vzct1 destroy command The example below illustrates destroying Container 101 vzctl destroy 101 Destroying Container private area vz private 101 Container is currently mounted unmount first vzctl stop 101 SECMOLMG COMraimMeie 455 Container was stopped Container is unmounted vzctl destroy 101 Destroying Container private area vz private 101 Container private area was destroyed vzctl status 101 VEID 101 deleted unmounted down If you do not need the backup copy of the Container configuration files with the destroyed suffix you can delete them manually Containers can be deleted by using Parallels Management Console Parallels Management Console allows you to delete Containers that are not needed anymore To delete a Container select it in the Containers table in the right pane of the Management Console main window You can use CTRL Click to select or deselect an entry SHIFT Click to select a range of Containers CTRL 4A to select all Containers Then right click the selected Containers and choose Delete Operations on Container 110 Parallels Management Console 4 0 lt Nam
30. i e with the period specified in the field opposite the option name checked and if there were any alerts gathered during the set time the corresponding notification will be sent to your e mail address The alert checking time is measured in seconds and can be set either by using the spin button or entering the needed period by hand 4 After you have chosen the right option click OK to save the settings 189 CHAPTER 6 Managing Services and Processes This chapter provides information on what services and processes are the influence they have on the operation and performance of your system and the tasks they perform in the system You will learn how to use the command line utilities and Parallels Management Console in order to manage services and processes in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers In particular you will get to know how you can monitor active processes in your system change the mode of the xinetd dependent services identify the Container ID where a process is running by the process ID start stop or restart services and processes and edit the service run levels In This Chapter What Are Services and Processes cccssesssscssecesecssecsseceseeeseeseceseneeeneeeaeeeaeecsaecnaecsaeeaeenaeens 190 Main Operations on Services and Processes ccscescesceseeeseeeeseeeseeeseecaeecaecaeceaecnaeenseeees 191 Managing Processes and ServiCes v scscccceeusscci enone secs joes a r aeae ie 192 Managing Services and Proc
31. occur during your work with the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software Documentation Conventions Preface 12 Before you start using this guide it is important to understand the documentation conventions used in it The table below presents the existing formatting conventions Formatting convention Special Bold Italics Monospace Preformatted Monospace Bold Key Key Type of Information Items you must select such as menu options command buttons or items in a list Titles of chapters sections and subsections Used to emphasize the importance of a point to introduce a term or to designate a command line placeholder which is to be replaced with a real name or value The names of commands files and directories On screen computer output in your command line sessions source code in XML C or other programming languages What you type as contrasted with on screen computer output Key combinations for which the user must press and hold down one key and then press another Example Go to the Resources tab Read the Basic Administration chapter These are the so called EZ templates To destroy a Container type vzct1 destroy ctid Use vzctl start to start a Container Saved parameters for Container 101 rpm V virtuozzo release Ctrl P Alt F4 Besides the formatting conventions you should also know about the document organization convention applied to Parallels do
32. resource consumption etc In the most general case you may get a list of all Containers by issuing the following command vzlist a CWI NPROC STATUS IP_ADDR HOSTNAME al T35 rinmi LO LOL GO 7S localhost TOL S runnin LO LOL GS ib ct101 parallels com 102 7 cuana 10 101 66 15 ct102 parallels com 103 scoaxecl LO 10L 66 10s ct103 parallels com The a switch tells the vzlist utility to output both running and stopped Containers By default only running Containers are shown The default columns inform you of the Container IDs the number of running processes inside Containers their status IP addresses and hostnames This output may be customized as desired by using vzlist command line switches For example vzlist o veid diskinodes s s diskinodes s CIIG DOILNODES S al 400000 101 200000 102 200000 This shows only running Containers with the information about their IDs and soft limit on disk inodes with the list sorted by this soft limit The full list of the vz1ist command line switches and output and sorting options is available in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Very often you may want to get an overview of the Containers existing on the given Hardware Node and to get additional information about them their IP addresses hostnames status etc In Parallels Management Console you may display a list of all Containers by clicking the Parallels Containers item Operations on Con
33. stopped for the time of the physical server migration Select the service s to be stopped before migration Name Description C 3 sendmail Sendmail is a Mail Transport Agent whi Semen Ala Finish Cancel Figure 48 Management Console Stopping Services The next screen allows you to specify the Container main parameters Advanced Tasks 269 Migrate Physical Server to Container 20x Specify Basic Container Parameters In this window you should specify basis parameters for your Container s Container Configuration Use precalculated configuration C Use the following Container Sample Description Container Name Description Container ID Assign Container ID automatically i a C Container ID o K Hostname C Assign hostname automatically Hostname my_server parallels com Figure 49 Management Console Specifying Container Basic Parameters In this window you can do the following should provide information in the following fields Select the Use precalculated configuration check box to create the Container by using the configuration file that was automatically generated by the wizard on the basis of the resources consumption on your physical server Select the Use following Container sample configuration check box to create the Container on the basis of one of the Container configuration samp
34. this case you would naturally like to perform reinstallation in such a way so that the broken Container is reverted to its original state as determined by you and not by the default behavior of the vzctl create command To customize reinstallation you should write your own scripts determining what should be done with the Container when it is being reinstalled and what should be configured inside the Container after it has been reinstalled These scripts should be named vps reinstall and vps configure respectively and should be located in the etc vz conf directory on the server To facilitate your task of creating customized scripts the Containers software is shipped with sample scripts that you may use as the basis of your own scripts When the vzctl reinstall lt CT_ID gt command is called it searches for the vps reinstall and vps configure scripts and launches them consecutively When the vps reinstall script is launched the following parameters are passed to it veid The ID of the Container ve_private_tmp The path to the Container temporary private area This path designates where a new private area is temporarily created for the Container If the script runs successfully this private area is mounted to the path of the original private area after the script has finished ve_private The path to the Container original private area You may use these parameters within your vps reinstall script
35. 0 the specified policy will be applied to If you wish to set the updates approval policy for all architectures at once you should specify all instead of x86_64 The value of the MU parameter set to no signifies that no major updates are allowed for downloading to your Nodes The CU and TU parameters denote the maximal versions of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools and utilities that can be downloaded by the vzup2date utility to your Hardware Nodes Note Detailed information on all parameters that can be specified in the vzup2date mirrow configuration file including ApproveSystemUpdate is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Advanced Tasks 308 Now let us assume that you have downloaded the 2 6 9 023stab041 4 version of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel and the 4 0 0 201 version of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools and utilities to your local mirror have tested them on your test server and wish to make these updates available to the Hardware Nodes in your network To this effect you should configure the ApproveSystemUpdate section in the vzup2date mirror configuration file as follows lt ApproveSystemUpdate x86_64 4 0 0 gt MU no CU 2 6 9 023stab041 4 TU 4 0 0 201 lt ApproveSystemUpdate gt Loading iptables Modules The given section provides information on how you can manage iptables modules on the server and inside particular Conta
36. 192 168 200 102 IP packet for A IP packet for _ Container Container 00 0A C C 32 F 00 0A CC F1 FF vethi01 0 veth102 0 32 F1 BB AA100 0B CC 1 1488 AAl00 0B CC 1 tcc re eth0 i eth0 IP 192 168 200 101 IP 182 168 200 102 Q Container 1 Container 2 Figure 40 Networking veth Mode In the veth mode a separate veth virtual adapter is created for each Container on the server You are allowed to create several veth adapters for a Container Any veth virtual adapter consists of two interfaces An Ethernet interface inside the Container This interface represents a counterpart of a physical network adapter installed on a standalone server As any other physical adapter it has a MAC address e g 00 0A CC 32 F1 FF and 00 0A CC 32 F1 BB can be assigned one or more IP addresses e g 192 168 200 101 and 192 168 200 102 and included in different network environments etc Refer to the Configuring veth Adapter Parameters section for detailed information on configuring Ethernet interfaces inside Containers An Ethernet interface on the server This interface is responsible for the adapter operation in the server context and mostly used to maintain the interaction and communication between the server and the Ethernet interface inside the Container Each Ethernet interface on the server should be assigned a MAC address e g AA 00 0B CC 11 BB and AA 00 0B CC 11 CC Detailed inf
37. 2 Right click the Container the files folders of which you wish to restore and select Backup gt Restore Individual Container Files on the context menu The Restore Individual Container Files wizard opens Restore Individual Container ct101 Files om 7 x Choose Backup Node and Backup Archive On this step you should specify the Backup Node and backup archive to restore the Container files from The following backups have been found on the selected Backup Node Please select one of the backups to restore Container ct 101 from 120100909 05 49 55 full lt Back naa In the first step of the wizard you should Select the Backup Node This Node is the place where the Container backup is stored The Last Backup Date column in the list of Backup Nodes shows the date and time of the last backup if any of the selected Container on the corresponding Node Select the backup from which the Container files folders directories are to be restored Any Container may have any number of its backups made at different dates and of different types The second step of the wizard allows you to review and explore the contents of all the directories that were present inside your Container at the moment of the backup creation Operations on Container 91 Restore Individual Container ct250 Files 2 xi Choose Files to Restore Please choose one or several files to be restored inside your Container on the
38. AS cae vzctl exec 101 stat f imstileg Wye Ws O 0 Namelen 255 Type UNKNOWN 0x565a4653 Blocks Total 1000000 Free 252934 Available 252934 Size 1024 Inodes Total 90000 Free 9594 It is possible to change the first level disk quota parameters for a running Container The changes will take effect immediately If you do not want your changes to persist till the next Container startup do not use the save switch To set up per Container disk quota parameters using Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Click Parallels Containers in the Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties Click the Resources tab and select Disk Quota Double click the diskinodes parameter in the right part of the displayed window and enter the soft limit and hard limit values for this parameter in the fields provided For example Managing Resources 124 Resource Counter Properties 2 Ed Name Number of disk inodes _ Not limited Value Units Allowed range Soft Limit inodes 0 4294967295 Hard Limit 220000 inodes D 4294967295 _ Keep soft hard limit ratio so FS z Counter description The total number of disk inodes files directories symbolic links the Container can allocate Figure 23 Management Console Setting Up Container Disk Quota The hard limit is the limit that cannot be exceeded under any circumstances The
39. Container details Name Hostname IP Address es server 02 CT102 10 10 17 102 Title Type Size 4 Select All la Backup Contents of Container server1 02 We Local Disk C Documents and Settings J Inetpub J Program Files J Recycled Local Disk Directory Directory Directory Directory en Deselect ll Restore Selected Items Hide Backup Contents lt lt Close Figure 15 Management Console Browsing Backup Contents 3 Double click the directory to see its contents The information on any file directory inside the backup is presented in the table having the following columns tory Denotes whether the object is a file directory or Parallels Virtuozzo Containers file link i e a link to the corresponding file on the Node Column Name Description Title The name of the file direc Type Size The size of the file Modified The date and time of the last modification of the file directory Operations on Container 87 If you wish to restore any files and or directories from the backup to the actual Container select the check boxes near the corresponding files directories and click the Restore Selected Items button Detailed information on how to restore individual files directories is provided in the Restoring Container Files subsection Operations on Container 88 Restori
40. Detailed information on the quota limits is provided in the vzquota subsection of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide and in the Managing Resources chapter p 116 6 Executing the post migration scripts depending on the Linux distribution the physical server was running The names of the scripts to be run are read from the corresponding distribution configuration file in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Hardware Node The scripts themselves and located in the etc vz conf dists scripts directory on the Node They are needed to tune the Container to be able to start it Any script can be launched by executing the vzctl runscript CT_ID script_path command on the Node where CT_ID denotes the ID of the Container where the physical server has been migrated and script_path is the full path to the script on the Node 7 Stopping the physical server and starting the Container on the Node Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to complete all these steps in the following ways 1 by using the vzp2v command line utility 2 by using Parallels Management Console 3 by using Parallels Virtual Automation The aforementioned steps can be automatically performed while running the Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation migration wizards However if you wish to use the vzp2v utility to migrate a physical server to a Container you should manually create the configuration file by means of the vzhwcalc utility an
41. Hardware Node The physical server is running a Linux distribution Fedora Core Red Hat Debian SUSE etc Note None of the BSD operating systems is supported The Linux distribution installed on the physical server is supported by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers To find out if your Linux distribution can be recognized by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can check the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node and look for the configuration file of your Linux distribution It should have the name of Linux_Distribution_Name version conf where Linux_Distribution_Name and version denote the name of the Linux distribution running on your physical server and its version respectively e g redhat 5 conf In case there is no corresponding distribution in the directory you can proceed in one of the following ways Create a new distribution configuration file and place it to the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node Detailed information on how to create new configuration files is provided in the Creating Configuration File for New Linux Distribution section p 312 Start the migration process without having the right configuration file for your Linux distribution In this case the unknown conf distribution configuration file from the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node will be used for tuning the Container after the physical server migration However using the unknown conf configuration file means that you will not be able t
42. Ipkt s ethl in 0 000MB s Opkt s out 0 000MB s Opkt s sitos in 0 000MB s Opkt s out 0 000MB s Opkt s Disks OX Is am 0 000M3 s Gue O12Mis s root free 1964MB 50 972837ino 94 vz vz free 174234MB 97 47117046ino 99 sdal boot free 146MB 76 50155ino 99 GELp si SVM SKM PROC CRU SOCK FCNT MLAT IP IMO MOS 0 2 OSTE Z5S 0 07 100 4271256 0 I TIZ ots Lig ZOT This screen will be updated with the time interval equal to the value specified after the d delay option measured in seconds In the session above the statistics displayed will be renewed every five seconds If the d option is not specified the default interval equals 1 second As you can see the utility provides real time information on the number of Containers and processes in each and every state on the Hardware Node as well as on all the main resources subsystems pertaining both to the Hardware Node and to its Containers the disk network CPU and memory subsystems You may want to shrink the output of the utility by specifying the b brief option instead of the v verbose one or to do without any options to use the normal mode of displaying The following information is displayed per each Container Column Name Description CTID Container ID ST Container status If there are no failed counters and the latency values are normal the status is OK Otherwise it is displayed in red as You can sort Real Time Monit
43. Kbps Rate guarantee Kbps Shaping Enabled Disable Class 1 4000 8 Yes C Figure 27 Management Console Setting Up Traffic Shaping Parameters In this window you can do the following Enable disable traffic shaping by selecting deselecting the Enable traffic shaping check box Add edit delete a network class for traffic shaping Set up the BANDWIDTH parameter value for each Ethernet device Set up the TOTALRATE parameter value for each network class Set up the RATE parameter value which is the default network bandwidth guarantee for any Container sending data to the given network class The traffic shaping settings will take effect immediately on your clicking the OK button in this window Managing Resources 147 Configuring Network Bandwidth Management for Container The network bandwidth for outgoing traffic a Container receives is controlled by two variables in the Container configuration file etc vz conf lt CT_ID gt conf RATE and RATEBOUND Note Container incoming traffic cannot be controlled in the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers The RATE variable has the same format as TOTALRATI lt NIC gt lt network_class gt lt bandwidth gt This variable specifies the guaranteed outgoing traffic rate that the corresponding Container receives This rate can be specified differently for different network classes and network adapters use space to separate several rate descriptions
44. Managing Network Adapters on Hardware Node 202 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Licenses 226 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 202 Managing Processes and Services 191 Managing Resources 116 Managing Services and Processes 188 Managing System Parameters 149 Managing Users and Groups Inside Container 333 Managing Virtual Network Adapters 213 Managing Virtual Networks 208 Mastering Parallels Management Console 327 Migrating Container 55 Migrating Container to Physical Server 273 275 Migrating Physical Server to Container 251 261 Migrating Physical Server to Container in Command Line 256 Migrating Physical Server to Container in Parallels Management Console 263 Migration Container to Container 55 Container to physical server 273 274 290 physical server to Container 251 252 256 261 263 355 zero downtime 55 59 Migration Overview 251 Migration Requirements 254 274 Migration Restrictions 255 Migration Steps 252 273 Miscellaneous Problems 356 Monitoring Processes in Real Time 195 Monitoring Resources in Parallels Management Console 175 Monitoring Resources in Text Console 173 Mounting vz Partition via Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Script 285 Moving Container Files to the Cache Area 132 Moving Container Within Hardware Node 62 Moving Network Adapter to Container 292 Mozilla 28 319 N Network adapter 145 147 255 257 2
45. Node Restart the Container vzctl restart CT_ID IPTAI BI ES_MODULES parameter in the ES parameter in the To learn more on loading iptables modules please turn to the Loading iptables Modules section p 308 Troubleshooting 357 Miscellaneous Problems Corrupted Pseudographics in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Utilities Some Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities e g install vzup2date and others employ pseudographical instead of simple character output during their operation Certain terminal clients fail to display the pseudographics the way it was intended to be displayed This has nothing to do with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers but with locale settings either on the Hardware Node or in the terminal client You may try to solve this problem in one of the following ways Solution 1 Set the correct locale for your terminal Solution 2 Try to run the utility as LC_ALL C utility_name Solution 3 If you are connecting to the Node via a remote shell please make sure the locale set in the remote terminal is the same as in the local one Getting Technical Support Getting Assistance With Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Installation Parallels provides installation assistance for the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software Assistance with installation can be offered via e mail or by using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel tool While communicating via e mail the Pa
46. Parallels Containers item in the left pane Then right click the selection and point to Tasks gt Migrate to Another Hardware Node on the context menu Note that the target Hardware Node must be already registered in Parallels Management Console otherwise the migration option will not be available A migration dialog appears for example Operations on Container 61 Migrate Containers Select the destination Hardware Node where your Container s will be migrated Name IP Address Platform Architecture Virtuozzo Version Description glocalServer 10 30 16 120 BY Windows i386 4 0 0 Incompatible OSes a mecp3 ga sw tu mecp3 ga sw ru A Linux x86_64 4 0 0 Migration Type Live migration migrate the Container with zero downtime The iterative online migration mode most of the YE memory is transferred before checkpointing the VE Offline migration the expected Container downtime is about 30 seconds use to minimize the Hardware Node CPU load Do not start the Container after migration Force migration Remove the Container private area s from the source server after migration Help Migrate Cancel Figure 10 Management Console Migrating Containers In this window you can do the following Select the target Hardware Node where you want to migrate the selected Containers Select the Live migration radio button allowing you to migrate the Container using the
47. Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide All Linux distributions shipped with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers have their own configuration files located in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Hardware Node However you may wish to create your own distribution configuration files to support new Linux versions released Let us assume that you wish your Container s to run the CentOS 5 Linux distribution and therefore have to make the centos 5 conf_ distribution configuration file to define what scripts are to be executed while performing major tasks with Containers running this Linux version To this effect you should do the following 1 In the Container configuration file with the name of etc vz conf CT_ID conf specify centos 5 as the value of the DISTRIBUTION variable for example DISTRIBUTION centos 5 2 Create the centos 5 conf configuration file in the etc vz conf dists directory The easiest way to do it is copy one of the existing configuration files by executing the following command in the etc vz conf dists directory cp fedora conf centos 5 config In the example above we assume that the fedora conf file is present in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Hardware Node In case it is not you may use any other distribution configuration file available on your Node 3 Open the centos conf file for editing with the help of any text editor vi centos 5 conf 4 Inthe cen
48. Parotets dava Weed toties 1 Create In The Polder SD hittin tentoalictomet f ediad ode Type Total 9 id lew Soa Mar Sree Cone w Pa alk Sor ver 1 Oh taaetseretocenes Manapa lafrastrutera T taste ibaian Contains 1 G bihis T Unnan gt y Tab Aorumngteda ot the monet f atles inmin taia The main components the Parallels Virtual Automation interface include The left menu frame listing and allowing to access all your Hardware Nodes and Containers and the main types of operations to be performed on them with the help of Parallels Virtual Automation The toolbar on top of the right frame allowing to perform on your Hardware Nodes and Containers the actions most frequently called for in your routine management work and when necessary a few more buttons allowing to perform additional actions on the objects listed in the content part of the right frame Container backups packages updates etc The content part on the right frame displaying the currently accessed Hardware Nodes or Containers the key information their statuses configuration etc and links to advanced actions Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 29 Note Detailed information on Parallels Virtual Automation is given in its comprehensive online help system and the Parallels Virtual Automation Administrator s Guide Parallels Power Panel Overview Wherever Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is applied there are people that are su
49. Resources Parameters 0 0 0 ceceeseesceesceeecesecesecesecaeceaecsaecaeesaeseneseeeeeeeeseenes 295 Setting Immutable and Append Flags for Container Files and Directories ee ceeeeeeseceseeneeeeeenee 296 Recreating Service Container isien enserir resies ra se bsvess erio sasgesveesscessgpescascehasbasscebapestesssevatesSevsceendsoere 296 Customizing proc meminfo Output Inside Container 0 eee eee cee cee ceeecneeeeeeeeeeeeceeeensecsecsaecaecsaeeaee 297 Creating Local Repository Mirror for vZUp2date 0 00 ee ee eeeecceeeceeecesecesecesecaeceaeceaecaeeeseseseseeeeneeeaeenes 299 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Repository Structure ee eeeceeecesecesecnsecsseceecaeesseseaeseeeees 300 Creating Local Mirrors ssi enni Hiss Shee he ee AS eee A Se hein RE ee as 302 Choosing Updates for Downloading eee cece ceecseeeeeeeeceeeeeeceeseesecsseceaecsaecsaecaeeeaeseeeseneeaeenes 305 Configuring Updates Approval Policy cece csecseeeneeeeeeeeeeeecesecesecsecnaecsaecsaecaaseaeseeeseeeeseenes 307 Loading iptables Modules merre ienee e re r E TEE VSE E EEr EE E E GS 308 Loading iptables Modules to Hardware Node sseesseeeseseseeesesresesesrrsreerssrerrsserrenesrenresreersseeees 308 Loading iptables Modules to Particular Containers 00 0 0 eee ceceeeceescesecesecesecsaecaeecaeesaeeeaeeeeeees 309 Sharing File System Among Containers esseseesseesssseeesestsrtssrstesrssterrsseeesrsreetesreressrerreertrnesrenteseerrsser 310 Creating Configurat
50. SLM parameters All the resource parameters shown in the table are calculated with a 150 allowance as compared to their original values except for memory which is calculated with a 120 allowance to its original value i e to those values that were collected by the wizard while scanning your physical server However you should keep in mind that the resources consumption on the physical server may significantly differ depending on its loading So you may need to increase the Container resources parameters by double clicking them and entering new values in the appropriate fields Note While defining the right resources parameters you can resort to the help of the vzhwcalc utility allowing you to scan the main resources on the physical server for a long period of time and to find out their consumption during its maximal loading Detailed information on this utility is given in the Creating Container Configuration File subsection p 257 In the Modify Resources Configuration for Destination Container window you can also use the Scale Configuration and Verify Configuration buttons at the foot of the page to scale and verify the configuration of the Container respectively For information on how to scale and validate your existing configuration see the Managing Container Resources Configuration section p 164 After you have made the necessary changes click Next The last screen of the wizard allows you to review the migration settings made
51. STATUS EP_LADDE HOSTNAME dl 32 running T2756 O0 1 2 localhost 101 stopped i110 LZ 1 5 LOL vzctl set 101 bindmount_del tmp save Saved parameters for Container 101 Advanced Tasks 289 Preserving Application Data During Container Reinstallation A typical Container reinstallation creates a new Container instead of the broken one using the corresponding OS and application templates and mounting the filesystem of the broken Container to the t mp directory inside the new one which does not let the necessary data from the old Container get lost However a manual copying of the broken Container contents to the new Container may prove a tedious and time consuming task Beginning with version 3 0 0 SP1 The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software allows to automate this process by performing special scripts that would copy the relevant data to the appropriate places of the new Container after the reinstallation Naturally these scripts deal with the data of particular applications only in fact this functionality should be supported by application templates that should carry the reinstall scripts specific to them and install them to the etc vz reinstall d directory inside the Container Only then will Parallels Virtuozzo Containers be able to make use of them should the Container be reinstalled one day Let us consider a typical scenario of such an automation by the example of the Plesk application 1 The Plesk application templat
52. Tarea izLe COCE oan Container is mounted Setup slm memory limit Setup slm subgroup default Container start in progress Calculating Container disk usage Copying Container credentials Stopping Container Container was stopped Container is unmounted Old Container file system has been moved to old Taeka l EAEE CMOS lt x Container reinstallation completed successfully Note If any of the Container application templates cannot be added to the Container in a normal way the reinstallation process will fail This may happen for example if an application template was added to the Container using the force option of the vzpkgadd or vzpkg install command for more information on these commands see the Parallels Command Line Interface chapter in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide In order to retain the personal data inside the old Container the utility also copies the contents of the old private area to the old directory of the new private area unless the skipbackup option is given The personal data can then be copied to the corresponding directories of the new private area and the old directory eventually deleted vzctl start 101 Starting Container Operations on Container 106 Container is mounted Setup slm memory limit Setup slm subgroup default Setting devperms 20002 dev 0x7d00 Adding port redirection to Container 1 4643 8443 Adding IP address es to pool Adding IP a
53. Up iSCSI Environment in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Based Systems 283 Setting Up Monitor Node 361 Setting Up netconsole 365 Setting Up Per Container Disk Quota Parameters 123 Setting Up Second Level Disk Quota Parameters 127 Sharing File System Among Containers 309 SLA See Service Level Agreement SLM Modes 152 Specifying Default Backup Type 76 Splitting Hardware Node Into Equal Pieces 165 SSH See Secure Shell Standard Migration 56 Starting Messages Collection on Monitor Node 364 368 Starting Stopping and Restarting Services 200 Starting Stopping Restarting and Querying Status of Container 47 Storing Extended Information on Container 54 Submitting Problem Report to Technical Support 358 Subscribing to Parallels Management Console Alerts 185 Support 356 357 358 360 Suspending Container 113 Swap 26 173 331 Symlinks creating 248 T TCP 117 312 375 Telnet 335 Template alert 185 application 19 132 133 area 131 directory 131 files 131 OS operating system 19 22 252 261 overview 19 updates 133 Templates 19 Index 383 Timeout When Accessing Remote Hosts 354 Transferring License to Another Node 231 Troubleshooting 344 Turning On and Off Network Bandwidth Management 145 Turning On and Off Per Container Disk Quotas 120 Turning On and Off Second Level Quotas for Container 125 Cc BC See User B
54. Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide After you have completed the tasks above and in case you encountered a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers related problem you can do the following to get assistance from the Parallels support 1 Obtain a special certificate from Parallels which will uniquely identify you as a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers user Certificates are issued by Parallels in the form of files and should be installed on your Node by issuing the vzvpn sh key install certificate command where certificate denotes the name of the certificate file obtained from Parallels You can get a certificate in one of the following ways Visit the http www parallels com en support virtuozzo certificates web site fill up the Request Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Certificate form and click the Submit button After a while a certificate will be generated and sent to the email address you provided in the Request Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Certificate form Contact the Parallels support team via email or by telephone and ask for a valid certificate After you are ready with the certificate installation make sure your Hardware Node is connected to the Internet On the Node execute the etc init d vzvpn sh start command to establish a VPN between your Node and the Parallels support server Contact the Parallels support team by telephone or via e mail and inform them of the problem you encountered You should also
55. allows you to attain the smallest service delay Iterative lazy online migration This type of online migration combines the techniques used in both the lazy and iterative migration types i e some part of Container memory is transferred to the Destination Node before dumping a Container and the rest is transported after the Container has been successfully undumped on the Node Operations on Container 60 To migrate a Container by using the zero downtime migration technology you should pass the online option to the vzmigrate utility By default the iterative online migration type is used to move a Container from one Hardware Node to another For example you can migrate Container 101 from the current Hardware Node to the Destination Node named my_node com by executing the following command Note If the CPU capabilities on the Source Node exceed those on the Destination Node e g you migrate from a Source Node running the Pentium 4 processor to a Destination Node running the Pentium 3 processor the migration may fail and you will be presented with the corresponding warning message However if you are sure that the CPU power on the Destination Node is sufficient to start and run the Container s being migrated you can use the f option to force the migration process vzmigrate online require realtime my_node com 101 Enter password Connection to destination Hardware Node 192 168 1 57 is successfully established ovi
56. allows you to manage the services present in the Host Operating System of the Hardware Node or in a Container Click the Services item in the tree below the Hardware Node nameor the Container name A list of the Host OS or Container OS services should appear in the right pane gt Parallels Management Console 4 0 a Bre x File Action View Help aclel Management Nan DDD se 0 iia a My Node 7 acpid Oo St p l File Manager ge anacron amp Monitor se Restart Sg atd S audid Refresh amp Templates autots 2i Properties JBackups opped Stopped TEN L JL Total number of services 61 4 Figure 35 Management Console Managing Processes and Services To start stop or restart a service select its line in the table and either use the pop up menu or the buttons on the toolbar For xinetd dependent services the services having xinetd in parentheses beside their name you do not start and stop but enable and disable services The services enabled in this way are started and stopped on the basis of the corresponding state of the xinetd daemon Disabled services are not started whatever the x inetd state To edit the default run levels for the service use the Properties item on the context menu or just double click on the service name within the list When the Properties dialog is open select the check boxes of the run levels on which the service will start automatic
57. also Template Container or regular Container is a virtual private server which is functionally identical to an isolated standalone server with its own IP addresses processes files its own users database its own configuration files its own applications system libraries and so on Containers share one Hardware Node and one OS kernel However they are isolated from each other A Container is a kind of sandbox for processes and users Container 0 is used to designate a Hardware Node where the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software is installed EZ template is a template file that points to a repository with the packages that comprise the template Unlike standard templates EZ templates cannot be updated because the repository stays the same However the packages in the repository can be updated Hardware Node or Node is a server where the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software is installed for hosting Containers Sometimes it is marked as Container 0 Host Operating System or Host OS is an operating system installed on the Hardware Node OS template or Operating System template is used to create new Containers with a preinstalled operating system See also Template Package set is a synonym for Template Parallels Virtual Automation is a tool designed for managing Hardware Nodes and all Containers residing on them with the help of a standard Web browser on any platform Parallels Management Console or Managemen
58. also use Parallels Virtual Automation to view the IP addresses from a pool already allocated to Containers For more information on this web based tool see the Parallels Virtual Automation Administrator s Guide at http www parallels com products pva46 resources 248 CHAPTER 9 Advanced Tasks This chapter describes those tasks that are intended for advanced system administrators who would like to obtain deeper knowledge about Parallels Virtuozzo Containers capabilities In This Chapter Configuring Capabilities Asaetar ee eae E eria eR E Eea ee titen 248 Migrating Physical Server to Container eeseseeseeeeeseeerestesssresestessertssesrtsstesresresesressesens 252 Migrating Container to Physical Server e eseeeeseeeeeeeeeeseeeesresrrsessertssesrteseesresresresressesees 274 Creating Customized Contaihers sersan iaa iee i ia E E EEE E as 276 Changing System Time From Containet ice ceecescsseceseeeeeeeeseeeseeeaeecaeecsaecaecnaecnseenseeees 283 Setting Up iSCSI Environment in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Based Systems 284 Obtaining Hardware Node ID From Inside Container 00 eee eeeeeseeseeenceeneeeesecnseeeseenseeees 285 Mounting vz Partition via Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Script see eeseeeseceseceneeeeeees 286 Managing Mount Points Inside Container 00 0 0 cee eeceseceeeeseceeeeeeseeeseecseecaaecsaecsaecnaeenseenes 287 Preserving Application Data During Container Reinstallation
59. and stopping a Container running commands in a Container and adjusting the configuration parameters and limits for a Container For Containers only the Events and Alerts and Tasks Log logs are available in the corresponding Container manager window In order to view the logs do the following 1 Expand the Logs folder in the main tree under either the Hardware Node name or the Container name and click the needed log type Specify the time period for which you would like to view the logs 3 Click Search to display the list of log entries in the right pane of the window Mastering Parallels Management Console Container ct250 on My_Node Parallels Management Console 2 S AS Parallels Managemen a ct250 l File Manage Suonio l odv tom 0801 2008 Users and G Lig Services Logs Tasks Le 2008 01 08 16 46 16 ct250 mecp3 ga sw ru Templates 2008 01 08 16 46 11 ct250 mcecp3 qa sw ru JBackups 2008 01 08 16 42 18 ct250 mecp3 ga sw ru Scripts C ff gt Figure 56 Management Console Viewing Logs 340 Note You can adjust the level of logging verbosity by defining the log_level parameter from 0 to 2 in the global configuration file adjustable by selecting the Configuration item in the Hardware Node main tree Mastering Parallels Management Console 341 Managing Files Inside Container You cannot manage files directly on the Hardware Node by means of Parallels Manag
60. between the physical server and the Node are stopped This prevents the running services from modifying any files being moved However it depends entirely on you what services to stop The files directories etc transferred to the Container during the first rsync run are compared with those on the physical server and if any changes to the files have been made during the files migration they are copied to the Container once more by means of rsync allowing to transfer just the differences between the two sets of files This step is performed only if you chose the OS template for the Container creation on Step 3 Note If the migration process fails on this step the vz private CT_ID directory on the Hardware Node will contain all the copied files and directories and may occupy a great amount of disk space You can keep the directory which will greatly speed up the repeated migration procedure or manually remove the directory by using the rm utility Advanced Tasks 254 5 Migrating the disk quota limits imposed on the selected partition from the physical server to the created Container You may specify only one partition on the physical server which will be migrated to the Container on the Node together with all quotas imposed on it All the other partitions of the server will be copied without keeping their quota limits Moreover the quota limits of the migrated partition will be applied to the entire Container after the server migration
61. bin bash VZFS symlinks have no special meaning if the private area is not mounted over VZFS to the Container root directory If it is then instead of a VZFS symlink the users inside the Container will see the file located in the template directory in this particular case vz template redhat as4 bash 3 0 19 2 bin bash instead of the VZFS symlink If you try to create a VZFS symlink inside the Container you will get an error root ct101 root ln s redhat as4 bash 3 0 19 2 bin bash lmg Creating SyAnloyollae Link floeisin ie cedhat as4 bash 3 0 19 2 bin bash Invalid argument The reason for this restriction is security considerations If an intruder can correctly guess where the template area defined by the TEMPLATE variable in the global configuration file etc sysconfig vz is located he she can access any file on the server provided the path to the file is guessed correctly However in case it is necessary to allow the VZFS symlinks creation inside a Container it is possible to make use of the sys_rawio capability vzctl set 101 capability sys_rawio on save Unable to set capability on running Container Saved parameters for Container 101 After restarting the Container you can unpack VZRPMs inside the Container or simply create VZFS symlinks ssh root ct101 root ct101 s password Last lociim Mom Or 2e 23525358 2OOs mirom 10 100 40 is root ct101 root rpm2cpio bash 3 0 19 2 13
62. button Select the Transfer a license from another Hardware Node radio button in the Choose License Installation Method window and click Next In the Enter Product Activation Code window enter the activation code and click the Install button Management Console will connect to the Parallels KA server inform the server of its intention to transfer the license to a new Hardware Node get a new license file from the KA server and install it on the Destination Node You can check that the license transferal has completed successfully by means of the vzlicview utility For example to check that the U8 IK3F P6QJ8A 05 9NTE 42H6HL D5RO7H product key is now installed on Node 2 see the example above issue the following command vzlicview Show installed licenses VZSRV status ACTIVE version 4 0 serial 9BVMF2 560MNO F28DQA 05 9NTE 12H6HG expiration 05 01 2007 23 59 59 The command output shows that the 9BVMF2 560MNO F28DQA 05 9NTE 12H6HG license key has been successfully installed on Node 2 and you can start using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software on this Node Detailed information on the vzlicview utility and its output is provided in the Viewing Current License subsection p 233 Viewing Current License The given subsection familiarizes you with the way to view the information on the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license currently installed on your Hardware Node Managing Hard
63. by the starting IP address the ending IP address and the number of IP addresses within the range Obviously it is enough to know any two of these three parameters to deduce the third one The information on the operations you can perform using the buttons to the right of the IP address ranges in pool table is presented below Button Description Add Range Displays a window where you can define a new range for the IP addresses pool Delete Deletes the IP addresses range selected in the table Edit Displays a window where you can edit the parameters of the range selected in the table Displays a window where you can exclude a certain continuous subrange of IP addresses from the range selected in the table As a rule this brings about the appearance of two new ranges instead of the selected one Exclude Range Managing Hardware Nodes 245 You can also create and configure IP addresses pools using Parallels Virtual Automation For more information on this web based tool see the Parallels Virtual Automation Administrator s Guide at http www parallels com products pva46 resources Managing Hardware Nodes 246 Viewing Allocated IP Addresses Parallels Management Console allows you to view the IP addresses belonging to a pool and already assigned to your Containers To do this 1 Right click the corresponding Hardware Node name and choose Configure IP Addresses Pool 2 Click the Allocated tab IP Addresses Pool Configurat
64. can be applied only to EZ templates and to the private areas of those Containers that are based on an OS EZ template or have application EZ templates added to them This has been done to further promote the usage of EZ templates in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers at the expense of outdated standard templates This does not mean that Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 installations are not able to work with standard templates as the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel provides backward compatibility with the previous version of VZFS Advanced Tasks 324 Upgrading VZFS It goes without saying that all new Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installations enjoy all the benefits of VZFS v2 without having to worry about compatibility with the previous VZFS version On newly installed systems both EZ templates and Container private areas are installed and created on the basis of VZFS v2 And even if you are upgrading your existing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system to version 4 0 and thus to VZFS v2 this process remains almost wholly transparent for the administrator Even if you do not know anything about VZFS and its versions the legacy Containers will continue operating as usual on VZFS v1 For newly created Containers to use VZFS v2 and all its advantages it is sufficient to issue a single vzpkg update cache command to recreate the caches of the installed OS EZ templates So what exactly happens to VZFS when a Virtuozzo 3 0 or 3 0 SP1 system is u
65. containing updated packages for particular Parallels Virtuozzo Containers components e g virtuozzo linux i386 4 0 0 TU 4 0 0 3 keeping updates for your current Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities Advanced Tasks 302 Creating Local Mirror The process of creating your local repository mirror which will be locally available to your Hardware Nodes includes the following main stages 1 Installing the apache application on the server where your local mirror will be kept if it is not yet installed Currently you can create HTTP based mirrors only so apache is needed to make your server function as a web server Note We recommend that you always store your mirrors inside individual Containers or on dedicated servers not to compromise the Hardware Node security Installing the vzup2date mirror RPM package shipped with the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers distribution using the rom i command Configuring the vzup2date mirror configuration file that will be used by this utility on the step of connecting to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository and deciding what updates to download to your local mirror Running the vzup2date mirror utility on the server where you are going to set up the mirror This will create a special directory on this server and download all the required packages from the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository to this directory Telling the vzup2date utility to use the local mi
66. description is given together with the default value for a Container Please note that it is easy to create a non working Container or compromise your server security by setting capabilities incorrectly Do not change any capability for a Container without a full understanding of what this capability can lead to Capabilities Defined by POSIX Draft Name Description Default chown If a process has this capability set on it can change ownership on on the files not belonging to it or belonging to another user You have to set this capability on to allow the Container root user to change ownership on files and directories inside the Container dac_override This capability allows to access files even if the permission is set on to disable access Normally leave this on to let the Container root access files even if the permission does not allow it dac_read_search Overrides restrictions on reading and searching for files and on directories The explanation is almost the same as above with the sole exclusion that this capability does not override executable restrictions fowner Overrides restrictions on setting the S_ISUID and S_ISGID bits on on a file requiring that the effective user ID and effective group ID of the process shall match the file owner ID fsetid Used to decide between falling back on the old suser or on fsuser kill Allows sending signals to processes owned by other users on setgid Allows group ID manipulation and
67. destination Hardware Node Included files Title Type Size Modified k Backup Contents of Container ct250 H E bin Directory 2008 01 08 13 554 w boot Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 J dev Directory 2008 01 08 16 44 r etc Directory 2008 01 08 16 42 ia home Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 ia initrd Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 a lib Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 L lib64 Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 J media Directory 2004 08 12 21 OZ gt H iz Figure 16 Management Console Restoring Container Files Wizard Double click the directory to see its contents The information on any file directory inside the backup archive is presented in the table having the following columns Column Name Description Title The name of the file directory Type Denotes whether the object is a file directory or Parallels Virtuozzo Containers file link i e a link to the corresponding file on the Node Size The size of the file Modified The date and time of the last modification of the file directory To enqueue this or that file directory for being restored you should select its check box You can restore all the files and subdirectories included in a given directory by selecting the check box next to this directory The last step of the wizard allows you to review the parameters provided by you on the previous steps of the wizard If you are satisfied with the specified parameters click Finish to start res
68. eeeeceesceeeceeceeseesecesecsecaecsaecsaecaeeeaeseneseaeees 154 Managing Disk I O Parameters 00 0 cece eeeeeceeeceeeeeeceeecesceesecsecsaecsaecsaecaeecaeseseseaeeeeeseeaecssecsaecsaessaeeaes 158 Configuring Container Disk I O Priority Level 0 0 eeeeceseeesceeeceseceseceneceaecnaecaeecneseneseeeees 158 Configuring the Disk I O Bandwidth of Containers 00 0 0 eceeeeeecesecesecenecsecaeecaeeeneeeneeeeeees 160 Viewing Disk I O Statistics for Containers cece ceeeseeeeceeeceeseeecesecseceaecsaecsaecaeeeaeeeneeeeeees 161 Detecting Disk I O Bottlenecks 0 0 eee cee cseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeseceeeeeeeesecsecsaecsaecsaecsaecaeecaeseneseneees 162 Managing Container Resources Configuration eee eecceecesecesecsseceecaeecseseneseeeeseesseeesecseesaecsaesnaeeaes 164 Splitting Hardware Node Into Equal Pieces ee ee eecesecssecseecseeceeeeseeeeeeeeesseensecsaeesaeesaessaeeaes 166 Scaling Container Configuration cece eecceeceescesecesecesecaecseecaaecseseeeseeeeseesseesseeseeasesaessaeeaes 167 Validating Container Configuration eee cee csecseecseeeeeseeeeeeeesseesecesecssecsaecaecsaecneesseseaeseeeees 169 Applying New Configuration Sample to Container cece eee eecceseceseceecenecaecsaecaeesaeeeaeeeeeees 171 Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 173 Monitoring Resources in Text Console 0 eeeeeeesceescesscesecesecesecsecaaecaeecaesesessaeseeeeseeeecsecsaecsaecsaeeaee 174 Monitoring Resources in Parallels Management Console
69. from one physical box to another Migrating Containers is possible if Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 is installed on two or more Hardware Nodes so you are able to move a Container to another Node Migration may be necessary if a Hardware Node is undergoing a planned maintenance or in certain other cases In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can choose one of the following ways to migrate a Container Migrating a Container using the standard migration technology In this case there is a short downtime needed to stop and start the Container during its migration from the Source Node to the Destination Node Migrating a Container using the zero downtime migration technology In this case the stop and start operations are not performed and the migrated Container is restored on the Destination Node in the same state as it was at the beginning of the migration This greatly reduces the migration time and puts it on the same footing as the delay caused by a short interruption in the network connectivity Both ways are described in the following subsections in detail Note Containers created under the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit version can be migrated to Hardware Nodes running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version for the x86 64 processors and cannot be moved to Hardware Nodes running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version for the IA 64 processors Moreover you can migrate Containers created under the c
70. gt pair defines the range of IP addresses for this class There may be several lines for each class Classes 0 and 1 have special meanings Class 0 defines the IP address range for which no accounting is performed Usually it corresponds to the server subnet the server itself and its Containers Setting up class 0 is not required however its correct setup improves performance Class 1 is defined by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers to match any IP address It must be always present in the network classes definition file Therefore it is suggested not to change the default line in the networks_classes file 1 00 0070 If your Containers are using IPv6 addresses you can also add the following line to this file DEESA Other classes should be defined after class 1 They represent exceptions from the matching everything rule of class 1 The example below illustrates a possible configuration of the network classes definition file containing rules for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses server Containers networks ONES ZAG SR OROy ake 0 fe80 64 any IP address all traffic OR OR 00 0 0 Class 2 clelieesees roe TINS WitoreiGim eee 2 10 0 0 0 8 2 DOO Clos s 3 54 inside foreign network there is a hole belonging to local traffic 1 10 10 16 0 24 1 ZOOL sclosi3ss33333 6e In this example IPv4 addresses in the range of 192 168 0 0 to 192 168 255 255 and IPv6 addresses in the range of fe80 to fe80 ffff
71. increment this number with each new section Edit the values of the PORT HOST and LOG parameters appropriately for each and every Hardware Node to be monitored and remove the hash marks before them Then modify the DAEMONS 1 2 line to include all the numbers separated by spaces you used in your sections after the PORT HOST and LOG parameters Save the file You may also consult the ttylogd 8 andttylog conf 5 manual pages Troubleshooting 366 Checking That Logging Works Now reboot the Hardware Node After the Hardware Node is up check the file on the Monitor Node where the messages are stored for example var log vzmessages hn1 The file should contain the messages printed by the kernel during the boot up Upon loading the watchdog module should produce to the log file the output similar to the one below MODULES SPRELOAD_MODULES vzfs vzmon vzdquota vzdev vzwdog x VZWDOG time 1034715427 628385 uptime 994993 Cay 0 Skewaisiuoms Lol N Bees CPUO Or VAS 5 IO APIC edg timer lee 2 IO APIC edg keyboard 88 al IO APIC edge rtc 14 2 IO APIC edge ide0 Zale 1999 IO APIC level tho 20k LLOSY IO APIC level aic7xxx alee 16 IO APIC level aic7xxx a lot of lines suppressed Setting Up netconsole The netconsole module allows you to send the console messages from the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel installed on the Hardware Node to the Monitor Node To prepare this module f
72. indicated in the Partition field will not be migrated In this case you will need to manually set the corresponding quotas by means of Parallels Management Console or special Parallels Virtuozzo Containers command line utilities after the physical server migration Detailed information on how to manage the Container quota parameters is provided in the Managing Disk Quotas section p 118 2 Although the partition migration with quotas proceeds smoothly in most cases we recommend that you check all the partition quotas after the physical server migration and adjust them if needed When you are ready with specifying the right Linux distribution and partition click Next Advanced Tasks 268 The next screen allows you to exclude certain files and directories on the physical server from being migrated to the Container and thus to avoid copying the data you do not need You may be already presented with a list of files and directories that are to be excluded from the migration process and that were automatically generated by the wizard You can also use the Browse button in the right part of the Select Files and Folders to Exclude from Migration window to additionally specify the files and directories you wish to exclude from being moved to the Container Click Next 3 Migrate Physical Server to Container 24 x Stop Running Services Before Migration In this window you can specify what services running on the physical server are to be
73. information How you can manage physical and VLAN adapters on the Hardware Node What Virtual Networks are and how you can manage them on the Hardware Node What the venet0 networking mode is and how to make your Containers operate in this mode What the veth networking mode is and how to make your Containers operate in this mode How to create veth virtual network adapters inside your Containers and configure their parameters How to connect Containers to LANs Local Area Networks and VLANs Virtual Local Area Networks In This Chapter Managing Network Adapters on Hardware Node eesceeseeseessecsseceseceseceseeeeeeseeeseeesneeses 203 Managing Virtual Networks ces ceseceseceseceseeeseeeeneeeneeeseesseecsaecsaecsaecsaecsaeesseeeeesseeeseeees 209 Managing Virtual Network Adapters eecesccssseeseeceeeeeseecseecsaecsaecssecssecesaeceesseeseneesaes 214 Managing Network Adapters on Hardware Node Physical and VLAN Virtual Local Area Network adapters installed on the Hardware Node are used to provide Containers with access to each other and to external networks During the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation all physical and VLAN network adapters on the Node are registered with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers which allows you to perform the following operations on these adapters List the adapters currently installed on the Hardware Node Create new VLAN adapters on the Hardware Node Connect adap
74. installed on the G server and their bandwidth totalrate This parameter defines the bandwidth to be allocated for G each and every network class It is active if traffic shaping is turned on rate If traffic shaping is turned on this parameter specifies the GV bandwidth guarantee for any Container ratebound If this parameter is set to yes the bandwidth guarantee the V global rate parameter is also the limit for the Container and the Container cannot borrow the bandwidth from the TOTALRATE bandwidth pool Managing Resources 142 Configuring Network Classes Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to track the inbound and outbound network traffic as well as to shape the outgoing traffic for a Container To provide the ability to distinguish between domestic and international traffic a concept of network classes is introduced It is important to fully understand this notion because network classes IDs are used in the values of some network traffic parameters A network class is a range of IP addresses for which Parallels Virtuozzo Containers counts and shapes the traffic Classes are specified in the etc vz conf networks_classes file The file is in the ASCII format and all empty lines and lines starting with the sign are ignored Other lines have the following format lt class_id gt lt IP_address gt lt prefix_length gt where lt class_id gt defines the network class ID and the lt IP_address gt lt prefix_length
75. more DNS servers the Container will use You may also wish to start the SSH daemon inside the Container The session below illustrates setting all these network parameters for Container 101 vzctl set 101 hostname serverl101 parallels com save Hostname for Container set serverl01 parallels com Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl set 101 ipadd 10 0 186 1 24 save Adding IP addresses to the pool 10 0 186 1 Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl set 101 ipadd fe80 20c 29ff fe01 fb08 save Adding IP addresses to the pool fe80 20c 29ff fe01 fb08 Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl set 101 nameserver 192 168 1 165 save File resolv conf was modified Saved parameters for Container 101 These commands will configure Container 101 as follows Set IPv4 address 10 0 186 1 with subnet mask 255 255 255 0 and IPv6 address e80 20c 29ff fe01 fb08 Note You can assign network masks to Containers operating in the venet0 networking mode only if the USE_VENET_MASK parameter in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers configuration file is set to yes T Set the hostname server101 parallels com Set the DNS server address to 192 168 1 165 The save flag saves all the parameters to the Container configuration file You can execute the above commands when the Container is running In this case if you do not want the applied values to persist you can omit the save opt
76. mount points for and remove them from stopped Containers only the mount points will become active inactive on the Container startup vzlist a CWI NPROC STATUS IP_ADDR HOSTNAME al 32 running LAT 60512 localhost 101 stopped 10 12 12 100 vzctl set 101 bindmount_add tmp noexec save Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl start 101 Starting Container Container is mounted Set up bind mount s tmp To check that the directory has been successfully mounted with the specified option you can run the following command vzctl exec 101 mount vzfs on type vzfs rw simfs on tmp type simfs rw noexec proc on proc type proc rw nodiratime The directories mounted inside Containers using the bindmount_add option are displayed as the ones of the simfs type So the command output above shows that the tmp mount point is currently available inside Container 101 and that this mount point has the following flags set for it rw and noexec Advanced Tasks 288 If a directory to be remounted does not exist inside a Container this directory is created under vz private CT_ID mnt Dir_Name on the Hardware Node where Dir_Name is the name of the directory you wish to mount and becomes visible from inside the Container under the directory For example assuming that there is no root MyTempDir directory inside Container 101 you can issue the following command to create such a directory inside the Container an
77. necessary Note VZASysbD is an integral part of the Parallels Agent software and cannot be monitored or configured using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software or standard Linux tools By default the VZASysD functionality is disabled for all Containers on the Hardware Node To enable VZASysD to keep a check on the CPU consumption of a particular Container you should open the etc vz conf CT_ID conf file for editing e g using vi and set the following parameters in this file 1 BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE the CPU usage limit in percent set for the Container This limit is calculated as the ratio of the current Container CPU usage to the CPU limit i e to the value of the CPULIMIT parameter set for the Container in its configuration file If the limit is not specified the full CPU power of the Hardware Node is considered as the CPU limit Upon exceeding the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE limit the VZASysD plug in sets the Container CPU usage to the value defined in the BURST_CPULIMIT parameter for the given Container see below 2 BURST_CPULIMIT the CPU power limit in percent the Container cannot exceed The plug in imposes the limitations from this parameter on a Container when this Container exceeds the limit set in the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE parameter Note You can also set the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE and BURST_CPULIMIT parameters in the global file etc vz vz conf in this case the specified lim
78. network connection you will be asked for the password of root to log in to the server and have to enter 3e5rrt4 which is in our case the password of the root user The etc ve conf file is read and the 101 conf file is created on its basis in the etc vz con t directory on the Node Container 101 is created on the basis of the 101 conf file and the redhat el x86 OS template All the data except for the usr games directory and the contents of the proc directory is copied from the physical server to Container 101 The iptables and crond services are stopped on the physical server The files copied to Container 101 are compared with those on the physical server and if any changes to the files were made during the 4th migration step these changes are copied to Container 101 The quota limits that were imposed on the private_data partition on the physical server are copied to the Container These quota limits are applied to the entire Container The post migration script specific for the RHEL 5 OS is executed The name of the script to be run is read from the rhel 5 conf distribution configuration file located in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node and is needed to tune the Container before its starting Advanced Tasks 264 Migrating Physical Server to Container in Parallels Management Console Parallels Management Console provides a special wizard allowing you to quickly and reliably migrate a stand alone physica
79. network class 2 will be created and displayed in the table on the Traffic Accounting and Shaping screen To edit or delete the newly created class or any other existing classes use the corresponding buttons on the Accounting tab in the Traffic Accounting and Shaping window Note After editing the etc vz conf networks_classes file manually i e without the help of Parallels Management Console you should execute either the etc init d vz accrestart or service vz accrestart command for the changes made to the file to take effect Managing Resources 144 Viewing Network Traffic Statistics Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to view the current network traffic statistics with the help of the vznet stat command The session below shows the traffic statistics for Container 101 vznetstat v 101 CTID Net Class Input bytes Input pkts Output bytes Output pkts TOL 1 2202448 19520 9081832 19584 101 2 0 0 0 0 In this case around 2 MB of data were uploaded to the Container and about 9 MB were downloaded from it All the traffic matches the definition of Class 1 and no data was exchanged with any hosts from Class 2 networks Without specifying a Container ID with the v parameter the command will display the statistics for all running Containers In Parallels Management Console you can view the current network traffic statistics for a Container by performing the following operations 1 Open the needed Container manager windo
80. on the server By default any Container on the server has the I O priority level set to 4 However you can change the current Container I O priority level in the range from O to 7 using the Loprio option of the vzct1 set command For example you can issue the following command to set the I O priority of Container 101 to 6 vzctl set 101 ioprio 6 save Saved parameters for Container 101 To check the I O priority level currently applied to Container 101 you can execute the following command grep IOPRIO etc vz conf 101 conf IOPRIO 6 The command output shows that the current I O priority level is set to 6 To configure the I O priority level of a particular Container in Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Click Parallels Containers in the Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties Click the Resources tab and then the Disk Quota item Double click the i oprio parameter Managing Resources 159 Resource Counter Properties Name Container priority for disk 1 0 operations Not limited Value Units Allowed range arts w Counter description The Container prionty for disk 1 0 operations The higher the Container 1 0 priority the more time the Container will get for its disk 1 0 activities as compared to the other Containers on the Node By default any Container on the Hardware Node has the 1 0 priority set to 4 Figu
81. on the previous steps You can also compare the configuration of the physical server to be migrated with that of the Container to be created Besides you can select the Shut down server and start Container after migration check box at the bottom of the screen to automatically stop the physical server and start the Container after migration This may be necessary to avoid the conflict of the physical and virtual servers due to the identical network settings If you are satisfied with the parameters set click Finish to start migrating the physical server to the Container Note If you click Cancel on certain steps and the migration wizard exits there may remain a temporary directory on the physical server that you should remove manually The name of the directory is var vzagent tmp Advanced Tasks 274 Migrating Container to Physical Server You may also wish to migrate an existing Container on your Node to a physical server on a network For example this may be useful in case you migrated your physical server to a Container on the Node performed some operations on inside this Container i e changed the content of some folders and directories and now wish to move all the data intact and changed back from the Container to the server Note User quotas inside the Container are not migrated to the physical server in the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Migration Steps The main steps performed while migrating a Cont
82. or equal to the number of entries in the Container etc passwd and etc group files Taking into account that a newly created Red Hat Linux based Container has about 80 entries in total the typical value would be 100 However for Containers with a large number of users this value should be increased When managing the QUOTAUGIDLI M T parameter keep in mind the following Jf you delete a registered user but some files with their ID continue residing inside your Container the current number of ugids user and group identities inside the Container will not decrease If you copy an archive containing files with user and group IDs not registered inside your Container the number of ugids inside the Container will increase by the number of these new IDs The session below turns on second level quotas for Container 101 vzctl set 101 quotaugidlimit 100 save Unable to apply new quota values ugid quota not initialized Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl restart 101 Stopping Container Container was stopped Container is unmounted Starting Container Container is mounted Adding IP address es 192 168 1 101 Hostname for Container set ct101 Container start in progress In Parallels Management Console second level disk quotas are controlled in the window that you may access by performing the following actions 1 Click Parallels Containers in the Management Console left pan
83. previous subsection To start using vzstatrep you should manually edit the vzstatrep conf configuration file located in the etc directory on the Monitor Node to define a list of Hardware Nodes whose resources consumption is to be analyzed and specify one or several e mail addresses where the Hardware Node statistic reports and graphics are to be sent In this file you can also set a number of other parameters e g the resources the usage of which will be presented in the graphical form with the help of the gnuplot utility or the path to the directory on the Hardware Node where vzstatrep will search for the logs to be analyzed Detailed information on the vzstatrep conf file and all its options is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide By default the vzstatrep utility is scheduled as a cron job to automatically run once a day When launched the vzstat rep utility performs the following operations Connects to the Hardware Node s to be monitored 2 Downloads the logs collected by the vzlmond utility and stored in the var log vzstat directory on the Hardware Node by default 3 Analyzes the downloaded logs and generates the statistic report and graphics on the basis of these logs 4 Sends the generated statistic report and graphics at the specified e mail address es Let us assume that you wish to analyze the resources statistics from the Hardware Node having the hostname of my_hardware_node com and to peri
84. read to the messages log file first and then proceed with the other files from the var log directory Subscribe to bug tracking lists You should keep track of new public DoS tools or remote exploits for the software and install them into Containers or at servers When using iptables there is a simple rule for Chains usage to help protect both the server and its Containers use INPUT OUTPUT to filter packets that come in out the server use FORWARD to filter packets that are designated for Containers Troubleshooting 348 Kernel Troubleshooting Using ALT SYSRQ Keyboard Sequences Press ALT SYSRQ H 3 keys simultaneously and check what is printed at the server console for example SysRq unRaw Boot Sync Unmount showPc showTasks showMem loglevel0 8 tErm kI11l killalL Calls Oops This output shows you what ALT SYSRQ sequences you may use for performing this or that command The capital letters in the command names identify the sequence Thus if there are any troubles with the machine and you re about to reboot it please press the following sequences before pressing the Power button ALT SYSRQ M to dump memory info ALT SYSRQ P to dump processes states ALT SYSRQ S to sync disks ALT SYSRQ U to unmount filesystems ALT SYSRQ L to kill all processes ALT SYSRQ U try to unmount once again ALT SYSRQ B to reboot If the server is not rebooted after that you can press the Power button Troubleshooting 349 Saving Kernel F
85. resources of the Container If the Container does not have any UBC parameters set SLM also undertakes the control over the consumption of these resources by this Container By default any Container created is functioning in the limited mode If your Container is working in another mode you can return it to this mode by executing the vzctl set command and passing the slmmode all option to it full mode In this mode the SLM functionality for the corresponding Container is enabled and can be used to the full extent for managing the amount of memory which can be allocated to and consumed by the Container Enabling the full mode automatically sets the values of all UBC parameters to unlimited When functioning in this mode SLM may significantly improve the resources allocation among individual Containers For example it allows you to avoid situations when the memory allocation for some application inside the Container fails although the system has a lot of free resources The full mode can be set by using the slmmode slm option with the vzctl set command compatibility mode In this mode the SLM functionality for the corresponding Container is disabled and the system resources control management is performed by using UBC parameters only numproc numtcpsock numothersock vmguarpages kmemsize etc Detailed information on all UBC parameters is provided the Administrator s Guide to Managing UBC Resources guide available at http www pa
86. result the configuration file will be created on the basis of the peak values reached by the resources during the time specified By default all the resource parameters are calculated by vzhwcalc with a 150 allowance as compared to their maximal values except for memory which is calculated with a 120 allowance compared to its maximal value However you can use the mem scale and disk scale options to set your own enlargement factor by which the calculated memory and disk space resources parameters will be increased in the configuration file After executing vzhwcalc you will be presented with a list of directories on the physical server which are highly recommended to be excluded from the migration process The names of these directories should be given as the value of the exclude option while running the vzp2v utility During the vzhwcalc execution the following warning messages may be displayed A message informing you that the distdetect common sh script has failed to determine the Linux distribution your physical server is running In this case you should manually specify your distribution name as the value of the DISTRIBUTION variable in the created configuration file Detailed information on how to work with the DISTRIBUTION variable is provided in the next subsection Advanced Tasks 259 A message informing you that your physical server has two or more network interface cards in
87. sdb1 and you wish to mount it to the vz directory on your Node this can be done as follows mount dev sdb1 vz Note If you have not yet partitioned your target you should partition it and create a filesystem on it using the fdisk and mk fs utilities prior to mounting the iSCSI device to your Node You can also automate the procedure of mounting your iSCSI partition on the Hardware Node boot by editing the etc fstab file For example if you wish to have the dev sdb1 partition automatically mounted on the Node boot and this partition is formatted to ext3 you can add the following string to the etc fstab file dev sdb1 vz ext3 defaults 0 0 Important If your iSCSI partition is formatted to ext3 make sure that you have this partition mounted to only one Hardware Node at a time otherwise the SCSI storage may become corrupted Obtaining Hardware Node ID From Inside Container The default Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation does not allow users inside a Container to obtain any information specific to the Hardware Node the Container is running on The reason is that no Container shall have knowledge about the corresponding Hardware Node A Container can be transparently migrated to another Hardware Node and if this Container runs any applications depending on the particular Node these applications might fail after the migration There are however situations when you have to provide some unique Hardware Node ID to so
88. select Tasks gt Move Container on the context menu You will be asked by the wizard to complete a number of tasks 1 On the first step you are to choose between two options The first option Change Container ID lets you specify a new ID for the corresponding Container in addition to specifying its new root and private area paths Note that if you choose this option you will not be able to preserve the old ID for this Container Operations on Container 63 The second option Change Container location on Hardware Node allows you to specify new root and private area paths without changing the Container ID 2 If you choose the first option you should specify a new ID for the corresponding Container on the second step of the wizard Please note that the old ID for this Container will be lost and all Container private data will be transferred to the vz private lt new_CT_ID gt directory where lt new_CT_ID gt denotes the new ID assigned to the Container e g vz private 111 for Container 111 3 Next you will presented with the Set New Container Root and Private Area Paths window Set New Container Root and Private Area Paths g This window allows you to change the curent Container root and private area paths Please enter a new path to the Container private area Path to Container private area Old path v2 private V EID Please enter a new path to the Container root directory Path to Con
89. services management is mostly disabled for the Hardware Node Practically all the services are read only you are able to view the information but you cannot perform any operation on them The reason is that many Red Hat packages determine a successful stop by looking up all the processes with a specified name If such processes exist elsewhere they are killed with the terminate signal Thus all the like services in all the Hardware Node Containers might be accidentally shut down because of this However there are some services that can be managed by a number of administrative tools offered in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers These tools allow a service to be managed and configured either by means of special Linux command line utilities or via Parallels Management Console You can do it either locally or from any server connected on the network Besides you can manage all the processes and services through Parallels Power Panel All the necessary information on managing services and operations in Parallels Power Panel is provided in the comprehensive online help system and the user s manual Parallels Power Panel is supplied with As for processes such utilities as vzps vztop vzpid enable you to see what a process is doing and to control it Sometimes your system may experience problems such as slowness or instability and using these utilities should help you improve your ability to track down the causes It goes without saying that in Parallels Vi
90. set an IP address of 192 168 144 123 for the eth1 adapter inside Container 101 You can also assign a network mask to the eth1 adapter For example to set IP address 192 168 144 123 and network mask 255 255 255 0 for the adapter you can run this command vzctl set 101 ifname ethl ipadd 192 168 144 123 24 save Saved parameters for Container 101 If you want to use the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP to make the et h1 adapter of Container 101 automatically receive TCP IP configuration settings you can issue the following command instead vzctl set 101 ifname ethl dhcp yes save Saved parameters for Container 101 Any static IP address assigned to the Container virtual network adapter can be removed by executing the following command vzctl set 101 ifname ethl1 ipdel 192 168 144 123 save Saved parameters for Container 101 You can also delete all IP addresses set for Container 101 at once vzctl set 101 ifname ethl1 ipdel all save Saved parameters for Container 101 You may also wish to set the following parameters for a Container network adapter The DNS server that the Container virtual adapter will to use vzctl set 101 ifname ethl nameserver 192 168 100 111 save Saved parameters for Container 101 The gateway to be used for routing the traffic of the Container virtual adapter vzctl set 101 ifname ethl gateway 192 168 111 1 save Saved parameters for Container 101
91. tasks that can be performed by means of the command line utilities and Parallels Management Console is given Managing Services and Processes 193 Viewing Active Processes and Services The vzps utility can be run on the Hardware Node just as the standard Linux ps utility It provides certain additional functionality related to monitoring separate Containers running on the Node namely you can use the E switch with the vzps utility to display the Container IDs where the processes are running view the processes running inside a particular Container vzps prints information about active processes on your Hardware Node When run without any options vzps lists only those processes that are running on the current terminal Below is an example output of the vzps run vzps PID TTY TIME CMD 4684 pts 1 00 00 00 bash ZOT joes 1 00 00 00 vzps Currently the only processes assigned to the user terminal are the bash shell and the vzps command itself In the output the PID Process ID TTY TIME and CMD fields are contained TTY denotes which terminal the process is running on TIME shows how much CPU time the process has used and CMD is the name of the command that started the process Note Starting with Virtuozzo 3 0 the IDs of the processes running inside Containers and displayed by running the vzps command on the Hardware Node does not coincide with the IDs of the same processes shown by running the ps command inside these
92. the Container private area the users inside the Container will not see this mount and you should use SVE_ROOT in your scripts This example shows how to create a configuration when two environments can share files and the necessary setup is automatically created at Containers startup Let us assume that both environments want to have their user home directories in sync For the sake of simplicity let Container 102 called test2 hold actual user directories and Container 101 called test1 use them as well In this case Container 102 does not need any action scripts All the necessary setup is done by the mount script of Container 101 It can look like the following bin bash 101 mount script to mount home dir of Container 102 if one of these files does not exist then something is really broken Sif cey SwSCoicse we l exit i Si Swi CON eI J esxiic iL i SCC SvVSCOmice we seripocs Syeicl Comat esit i source these files Note the order it is important etc sysconfig vz SVE_CONFFILE If home dirs are not mounted we exit with error mount bind vz root 102 home VE_ROOT home ezit This script is intentionally simplified to focus on the main idea of mounting one Container directories inside another However it can be developed further by adding checkups for the Container 102 mount status it is possible to call vzct 1 from the mount script but do
93. the Node in the Path field or click the button and select the desired directory in the displayed window Select the Back up to network share radio button to specify a backup directory on a network share i e on a Backup Node network drive To this effect you should enter the full path to the directory on the network drive in the Path field for example share backup_directory If the network drive where your backup directory is to be located is password protected you should additionally specify the user name and password to access this share in the User and Password fields respectively After you have specified the path to a new directory for storing Container backups click OK for the changes to take effect Note While defining the default backup directory make sure that the disk drive where this directory is to be located has sufficient disk space for housing multiple Container backups Operations on Container 74 Defining Default Backup Compression Level Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to configure the default backup compression level by setting it to one of the following None in this case the Container backup is created without any compression Using this level of compression you can greatly reduce the backup creation time However the size of the resulting backup file may significantly increase as compared to other compression levels Normal in this case the Container backup is created with a normal level of
94. the vz partition After editing your fst ab file may look as follows ABEL i ext3 defaults 1 1 ABEL vz vz ext3 defaults noauto 1 2 AABEL SWAP sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0 2 Make sure that the value of the VZMOUNTS parameter in the etc sysconfig vz file on the Hardware Node is set to vz as shown below VZMOUNTS vz From this point on the vz script will be used to automatically mount the vz partition after the Hardware Node boot During its execution the script will Search the etc fstab file on the Node for partitions having the noauto flag set Note As the etc init d vz script checks the etc fstab file for all partitions with the noauto flag set you can also have any other partition automatically mounted by this script after the Hardware Node boot rather than at the boot time by setting noauto for the corresponding partition in the etc fstab file and indicating the partition name as the value of the VZMOUNTS parameter in the etc vz vz conf file Check if these partitions are mounted If they are not it will a Run the fsck utility to examine the partitions and repair them if there are any errors or data loss please keep in mind that it may take a rather long run to check and fix a damaged file system b Mount the partitions If the vz partition has errors that cannot be corrected automatically by the script you can remotely log in to the Hardware Node and troubleshoot the problem Advanc
95. the RATE variables of all Containers transmitting data does not exceed the TOTALRATE value each Container gets the bandwidth equal or greater than its RATE value unless this Container has the RATEBOUND variable set to yes If the total value of the RATE variables of all Containers transmitting data exceeds the TOTALRATE value each Container may get less than its RATE value T The example below illustrates the scenario when there are two Containers 101 and 102 which have RATEBOUND set to no and Container 103 has RATEBOUND set to yes T T grep RATE etc vz conf 101 conf etc vz conf 102 conf RATE eth0 1 8 RATEBOUND no RATE eth0 1 8 RATEBOUND no grep RATE etc vz conf 103 conf RATE eth0 1 64 RATEBOUND yes Managing Resources 148 With the default TOTALRATE of 4096 Kb s bandwidth pool will be distributed according to the following table Container 101 Container 102 Container 103 Bandwidth consumed by Containers transmits idle idle Container101 4096 Kb s idle idle transmits Container103 64 Kb s transmits transmits idle Container101 2048 Kb s Container102 2048 Kb s transmits idle transmits Container101 4032 Kb s Container103 64 Kb s transmits transmits transmits Container101 2016 Kb s Container102 2016 Kb s Container103 64 Kb s After you have set up Container bandwidth settings activate your changes as
96. the VEFORMAT parameter in the global configuration file etc vz vz conf from vz4 tovz3 Upgrading Container private areas Upgrading templates is almost transparent and the only thing where a manual intervention is possible is upgrading existing Containers to VZFS v2 Please keep in mind that this upgrading is not at all necessary to maintain the proper of operation of these Containers Even though the corresponding EZ template has already been upgraded to VZFS v2 the Container can still use VZFS vl and be perfectly compatible with the template The process of upgrading such Containers can be regarded as an optimization only and as such can be planned for whatever convenient time after the upgrade of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Advanced Tasks 325 When upgrading a Container to VZFS v2 first make sure that it is based on an OS EZ template If this is not the case the optimization is senseless After you have decided on the Container you want to upgrade you should unmount it and use the vzpkg upgrade area and vzfsutil commands to upgrade this Container to VZFS v2 For example to upgrade Container 101 based on the fedora core 8 x86 OS EZ template to VZFS v2 you should Make sure Container 101 is unmounted vzctl status 101 VEID 101 exist unmounted down Upgrade the fedora core 8 x86 template area on the Hardware Node vzpkg upgrade area fedora core 8 x86 Check that the fedora core 8 x86 template area has bee
97. the changes since the last Container backup either full or incremental and therefore is much less in size and takes much less time than the full backup However after several consecutive incremental backups it is recommended to create a full backup anew and start the incremental backups chain from scratch A differential backup containing only the files changed since the last full backup As a rule this kind of backup requires less space than a full backup but more space than an incremental backup You can configure the default backup type by doing the following 1 Right click the respective Source Node and choose Backup gt Default Backup Node Configuration Y Default Backup Options for Local Server BHE Backup Node Server Local Hardware Node Change Backup Type Full Choose this option to create a full backup containing the entire Container private area configuration files actions scripts and quota information C Incremental Choose this option to create an incremental backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last backup be it full differential or incremental C Differential Choose this option to create a differential backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last full backup Compression Level Specify the compression level to be used for the backup creation Please keep in mind that the higher the compression level the sma
98. the name of xinetd and 8 originally belongs to group 0 move it to group 8 during the process execution 10 cron 00000018 0 If the process has the name of cron and 8 originally belongs to group 0 move it to group 8 during the process execution 11 crond 00000018 0 If the process has the name of crond and 8 originally belongs to group 0 move it to group 8 during the process execution 12 00000004 9 If the process originally belongs to group 9 0 move it to group O during the process forking As there is only one process belonging to group 9 init this rule will be applied to the init children only see 1 13 00000004 8 _ If the process originally belongs to group 8 1 move it to group during the process forking 14 00000004 1 If the process originally belongs to group 1 0 move it to group 0 during the process forking Note As all processes parents in rules 6 11 belong to group 1 the instances these rules can be applied to can only be children see rule 14 Managing Resources 157 During its life cycle any process running inside the Container is checked against the available rules in the etc vzslm d default conf file from top to bottom and the first matching rule is applied to it So if the following 2 rules are present in the default conf file Mince MOOOOOlE 2 Wisco OOWMOOOL it A the first rule httpd 0000001c 1 2 will be applied to all httpd processes inside all Containers on
99. the physical server migration This step is automatically performed by migrating a physical server to a Container using Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Tools Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation Creating a Container on the basis of the configuration file copied to the Node In this step you can also specify an OS template to be used for creating the Container Using an OS template for the Container creation enables you to save RAM and disk space used by this Container on the Hardware Node In case an OS template is not specified the mkvzfs command is executed during the Container creation which makes an empty private area with the name of vz private CT_ID on the Node In the next step all the physical server files including its system and application files will be copied to the vz private CT_ID directory Detailed information on OS templates is given in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Migrating the physical server to the created Container During the server migration the following operations are consecutively performed All the files directories etc are copied from the server to the Container on the Node by means of rsync a utility providing the fast incremental data transfer For more information on rsync please see the man pages for this utility All the services on the physical server except for the critical ones e g the sshd service needed to provide communication
100. the range of alert types registered during the time when alerts were collected e g if all types of alerts were registered the value of this parameter in the e mail notification will be set to yellow or red STIMERANGE the alert time the server time SCURVALUE the current value of the parameter at the alert generation moment SMAXVALUE the maximal value of the parameter during the time when alerts were collected SSOFT the parameter value barrier SHARD the parameter value limit Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 188 By default only one alert is sent per subscription and you have to resubscribe to an alert each time after its receiving However you can configure the default alert policy by doing the following 1 Click the Manage E mail Alert Subscription link at the Hardware Node dashboard In the Manage E mail Alert Subscription window click the Configure button In the displayed window choose one of the following options Stop sending alerts In this case after having received an alert you have to resubscribe to it again This option is selected by default Keep sending alerts In this case you will get alerts on a permanent basis without having to resubscribe to them each time after their receiving Collect alerts before sending for In this case alerts will be permanently collected by Parallels Management Console in a special database This database will be periodically
101. the server You can create your own SLM pattern configuration files with your own rules and apply them to particular Containers on the server For example if you want Container 101 to start using a configuration file different from etc vzslm d default conf you can proceed as follows 1 Create a new file with an arbitrary name and the conf extension e g by means of vi and place it to the etc vzsim d directory on the server 2 Make Container 101 use the newly created configuration file Assuming that the configuration file name is light conf you can do it by issuing the following command on the server pctl set 101 slmpattern light save Saved parameters for Container 101 Note If you want to make all Containers on the server use another SLM pattern configuration file you should specify the name of this file without the conf extension e g light as the value of the SLMPATTERN parameter in the etc vz vz conf configuration file Managing Resources 158 Managing Disk I O Parameters This section explains how to manage disk input and output I O parameters in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers systems Configuring Container Disk I O Priority Level Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides you with the capability of configuring the Container disk I O input output priority level The higher the Container I O priority level the more time the Container will get for its disk I O activities as compared to the other Containers
102. the wizard If you are satisfied with the parameters set click Finish to start restoring the selected Container files directories to the Destination Node Otherwise click Back and change the corresponding parameters Right clicking on a Container backup in this table and selecting Properties on the context menu brings about the Container Backups dialog where you can view extensive information about the current Container backup including all its full and incremental backups as well as delete any of these backups explore their contents i e the Container files and directories or restore the Container or any of its files directories by selecting their check boxes and clicking the Restore Selected Items button Operations on Container 97 Searching for Container Backups If you do not remember the place where you are storing the backup of a particular Container identified by its ID or its IP address or its hostname or by the date of its creation you can search for the backup across all the Hardware Nodes registered in Parallels Management Console To search for a backup do the following 1 Right click the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Backup Node name and choose Backup gt Search for Backups to open the Find Container Backups dialog Search for the Container backups matching the following criteria Container name contains Search Select one or more Hardware Nodes to search for your backups Name
103. this option to create a full backup containing the entire Container private area configuration files actions scripts and quota information Incremental Choose this option to create an incremental backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last backup be it full differential or incremental Differential Choose this option to create a differential backup containing only those changes that have occured since the last full backup Compression Level Specify the compression level to be used for the backup creation Please keep in mind that the higher the compression level the smaller the backup archive will be and the longer the backup will take to create None Normal High Maximum In this window you can configure the following backup parameters Backup Node This Node is the place where the Container backup will be stored You may leave the Backup Node offered by Parallels Management Console by default or use the Change button to specify the desired Backup Node For detailed information on Backup Nodes please consult the Assigning Default Backup Node subsection p 71 Backup compression level None Normal High or Maximum Detailed information on all compression levels is provided in the Defining Default Compression Level subsection p 74 Backup type It may be full incremental or differential Detailed information on backup types is provided in the Speci
104. time you start Management Console You also have the possibility to replay the charts for any specified period of time by using logs The sequence of your actions can be the following 1 To display the chart expand the Monitor item in the window you are working with either the Parallels Management Console main window or a Container manager window and click Charts to see the monitor grid in the right pane 2 Click the Add Counters button on the Charts toolbar In the Add Monitoring Counters dialog window select the set of counters from which you want to add one s by selecting the desired group on the Counter type drop down menu 4 Select the needed counters and click Add You can use the Ctrl and Shift keys to add a number of counters from a group When you select a certain counter with your mouse the counter description is provided in the lower part of the Add Monitoring Counters dialog window For example Counter type CPU usage B Counters Name CPU Limit CPU share used CPU used Idle Idle states System System states Description 5 Click Close after you have added all the desired counters Now that you have a number of counters on the grid you can see a red line indicating the current moment of time moving from left to right as time passes and new values of monitored parameters appear on the grid Now it s time to customize your view and learn the othe
105. to be present on the Hardware Node for the given Container to operate correctly The VZFS version is specified as the value of the VEFORMAT parameter in the Container configuration file If the Container private area is based on VZFS v2 the VEFORMAT parameter is set to vz4 it should not be migrated or cloned to a Hardware Node where Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 has not been installed There is no way to downgrade such a Container to VZFS v1 If you continue to have legacy Nodes in your Virtuozzo Group and you wish to maintain the ability to migrate your Containers to such Nodes you should not upgrade these Containers to VZFS v2 Moreover you can prevent the automatical applying of the VZFS v2 technology to all newly created Containers on Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Nodes To do this alter the value of the VEFORMAT parameter in the global configuration file etc vz vz conf from vz4 to vz3 Another thing to bear in mind is the possibility of a Container private area growing in size even a Container user has not added anything to their Container but rather deleted a file or just renamed it The explanation is simple as the structure of a shared directory has changed inside the Container VZFS v2 creates separate shortcuts for each file from the template area instead of having just one file for the whole directory Thus deleting a file from inside a Container might cause the Container to occupy more space on the Hardware Node
106. to manually set one or more IP addresses for the adapter specify the IP address of the default gateway to be used by the network adapter in the Default gateway address field this option is inaccessible if you select the Obtain IP address via DHCP radio button 6 Click OK twice Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 224 Connecting Containers to Virtual Networks With the implementation of veth virtual adapters allowing Containers to function as full participants on the network it has become possible to include Containers in a wide range of network configurations the most common of which are Ethernet networks and VLANs virtual local area networks The process of connecting veth virtual network adapters to an Ethernet network or to a VLAN is carried out using certain physical and VLAN adapters respectively available on the server and involves completing the following tasks 1 Creating a Virtual Network that will act as an intermediary between the veth adapters and the physical VLAN adapter 2 Connecting the veth virtual adapters you want to include in an Ethernet network VLAN to the Virtual Network 3 Joining the Virtual Network where the veth virtual adapters are included to the corresponding physical VLAN adapter After completing these tasks the Container virtual network adapters will be able to communicate with any computer on the network either Ethernet or VLAN where they are included and have no direct access t
107. value is incorrect set the DISPLAY variable in your Container environment as follows DISPLAY my_remote_computer parallels com 10 0 export DISPLAY 5 Launch the xclock application displaying the current time in an analog form by issuing the following command xclock If a clock is shown on the screen of your remote server you have successfully run the xclock application Note While running the commands in our example we assume that you work in the bash shell While working in other Linux shells you may need to use different commands to start your X server or to set the DISPLAY variable on your local server Advanced Tasks 318 Defining Window Manager to Run X Applications The layout of windows on the screen in the X Window system is controlled by special programs called window managers Window managers like twm wmaker fvwm2 etc are programs that sit between an X server and normal X clients and control the way the running X clients are positioned resized or moved on your screen Although a window manager decides to a great extent how X clients look and feel it does not affect what client applications do within the window defined by this window manager The main operations that can be performed by means of window managers are the following Start and terminate X clients Move resize and rearrange the vertical stacking of windows Refresh the screen s Determine which window is to receive input fro
108. you can configure and monitor for each Container The table below provides the name and the description for the CPU parameters The File column indicates whether the parameter is defined in the global configuration file G or in the Container configuration files V Parameter ve0Ocpuunits cpuunits cpulimit burst_cpu_avg_usage burst_cpulimit cpus Description File This is a positive integer number that determines the minimal G guaranteed share of the CPU time Container 0 the server itself will receive at its startup It is recommended to set the value of this parameter to be 5 10 of the power of the server After the server is up and running you can redefine the amount of the CPU time allocated to the server by using the cpuunits parameter with the vzct1 set command This is a positive integer number that determines the minimal V guaranteed share of the CPU time the corresponding Container will receive Note In the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can also use this parameter to define the CPU time share for the server This is a positive number indicating the CPU time in V percent the corresponding Container is not allowed to exceed The CPU usage limit in percent used by the Parallels Agent G V software when controlling the CPU consumption of all Containers currently running on the Hardware Node The CPU power limit in per cent the Container cannot G V exceed The l
109. you to view and or change the properties of the corresponding file or directory on the Hardware Node Under the corresponding Hardware Node name expand the File Manager item select the file directory whose properties you wish to display right click it and choose Properties The file directory Properties window opens Ri devices Properties Read Write Execute Owner x x x Group x _ x Other x x Only owners can delete files _ Execute as user setuid Execute as group setquid The information is presented on two tabs General This tab contains only one editable field Name where you can rename the current file or directory You can also view the type location size and the last modification date of the file or directory Permissions This tab allows you to set the owner and the group for the corresponding file directory and its standard Unix properties If you are working with a directory there are two other options on the tab They are described in the table below Option Description Only owners can This option is used to override the Write permission when it is given to delete files Group or Other If this is the case selecting this check box will allow the Group and Other members only to write the files in the corresponding directory but not to delete them Apply changes for If you select this check box the changes in ownership and permi
110. your screen must look something like the following 120pm up ie wclewAssy 9n 1 user load average 1 00 1 00 1 00 CENU iL jowocs Baye ix Cee eee D Of a Fee 0 CPU Woke is CTS ar CTO 50 user 30 sys 20 idle 50 lat ms 3 0 Mem CRIT total 3940MB free 958MB 0MB low high lat ms 1 0 Net OK tot in 0 001MB s l6pkt s out 0 000MB s Ipkt s Disks OK in 0 000MB s out 0 000MB s Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 176 CED ST SVM SKM PROC CEU SOCK FCNT MLAT IP i OK Sa0 Os 20 gt 0 78 256 0 0 100 42 1256 0 T 1926 168 18 207 The vzstat utility has a configuration file where you can set the values of different parameters indicating the warning and or the error levels for them If a parameter hits the warning level it will be displayed in yellow by the utility if it hits the error level in red Moreover if a parameter has hit the error level the CRIT warning is displayed instead of OK after the name of the corresponding subsystem CPU Memory Swap Net or Disks Thus for example if you see Swap CRIT on the screen it means that one or more of the Hardware Node swap related parameters the total size of swap memory used the swap in out activity etc has hit the error level The offending parameter s will be displayed in red Consult the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide for a complete list of command line options interactive keys and configuration file parameters o
111. zero downtime migration technology In this case the Container will be migrated using the iterative online migration type Select the Force migration check box to force the Container migration even if the templates necessary for the Container correct operation are not installed on the Destination Node However it will be impossible to start such a Container after the migration in case of the absence of the needed templates Select the Remove the Container private area s check box to delete the Container private area from the Source Node after the Container successful migration When you are ready click the Migrate button Migrating Containers With NFS and AutoFS Mounts Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 introduces the following improvements in the process of migrating Containers using the zero downtime migration technology You can migrate running Containers with one or more Network File System NFS directories mounted You can migrate running Containers with one or more AutoFS mount points including NFS directories managed by AutoFS Operations on Container 62 Moving Container Within Hardware Node The vzmlocal utility allows you to move Containers within your server Moving a Container within one and the same server consists in changing the Container ID and its private area and root paths You can use vzmlocal to change the ID of the corresponding Container only or to additionally modify its private area and
112. 0 cl8a8620 b6 52920 27lela8c 024ca03800000000 00000000 00000000 Aug 25 08 27 4 6 boar 00000000 00000000 cl18a3c00 00000202 c189e89400000006 00000000 O05cb7200 ibe AS WisIe2 734 Aug 25 08 27 4 Aug 25 08 27 4 Aug 25 08 27 4 Mog 2S WESA 54 ioe 2s Wie 27 su 6 ory Con ony es boar Call Trace boar lt f0ce64de gt clone_endiot 0x0 0xc6 dm_mod boar lt 02478825 gt bio_endio 0x50 0x55 boar lt 024ca038 gt __end_that_request_first 0x185 0x47c boar lt f0c7lleb gt scsi_end_request 0xla 0xa9 scsi_mod boar lt 02458f04 gt mempool_freet 0x5f 0x63 Troubleshooting 350 Nuc AD WELW SAS lewoewe Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt f0c713c3 gt scsi_io_completion 0x149 0x2f3 scsi_mod Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt f 0c333b9 gt sd_rw_intr 0x1f1 0x21b sd_mod Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt f0c6d3b9 gt scsi_finish_command 0x73 0x77 scsi_mod Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 024cbfa2 gt blk_done_softirg 0x4d 0x58 Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 02426452 gt _ do_softirgt 0x84 0x109 Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 0242650d gt do_softirqg 0x36 0x3a Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 024050b7 gt do_IRQ 0xad 0xb6 Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 024023fa gt default_idlet 0x0 0x59 Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 0240242b gt default_idlet 0x31 0x59 Aug 25 08 27 46 boar lt 024024b1 gt cpu_idlet 0x5e 0x74 IN 2s ORISA AS OENE AC 2S OBLATA booe Coes Sees 55 S1 o2 e7 56 09 CS 35 OD Q 00 T000 73 Se OG Wo G8 Se BS he 20 OW so AS OW Blo OW BY 44
113. 01 conf So you can use the following command to display the parameters assigned to the veth network adapter inside Container 101 grep NETIF etc vz conf 101 conf NETIF ifname eth1 mac 00 10 41 F0 AA B6 host_mac 00 18 51 A0 8A D7 As you can see the parameters set for the veth virtual network adapter during its creation are the following ifname the name set for the veth Ethernet interface inside Container 101 You specified this name when creating the Container virtual network adapter Usually names of Ethernet interfaces inside Containers are set in the form of ethAd_N where Ad_N denotes the index number of the created adapter e g ethO or eth1 however you can choose any other name you like and specify it during the virtual adapter creation mac the MAC address assigned to the veth Ethernet interface inside Container 101 host_mac the MAC address assigned to the veth Ethernet interface on the Hardware Node ifname is the only mandatory parameter that should be indicated when creating a Container virtual network adapter All the other parameters are optional and generated by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers automatically if not specified At any time you can remove the veth virtual network adapter inside Container 101 by executing the following command vzctl set 101 netif_del ethl1 save Saved parameters for Container 101 grep NETIF etc vz conf 101 conf NETIF In Parallels Management Con
114. 117 141 144 145 147 overview 116 117 system 117 192 263 Restoring Container Files 90 Restoring Group of Containers 92 Restoring Single Container 88 Restrictions 325 root operating system 21 partition 21 password 29 46 371 user 261 275 371 Routing table 335 RPM See Red Hat Package Manager Running Commands in Container 115 Running Graphical Applications in X Windows 313 Running Graphical Applications via VNC 319 S Saving Counters Configuration 181 Saving Kernel Fault OOPS 348 Scaling Container Configuration 166 Scheduling Container Backups 99 Scripts 18 19 47 66 109 252 259 311 317 345 364 Search Domain 343 Searching for Container Backups 97 Searching for Containers 342 Secure Shell 30 115 252 261 274 315 371 375 Service Level Agreement 20 Service Resources 25 29 47 192 254 295 Services changing mode 198 overview 189 190 restarting 200 starting stopping 200 viewing 192 xinetd dependent 188 190 191 198 200 Setting Default Backup Location 73 Setting Default Backup Parameters 70 Setting Immutable and Append Flags for Container Files and Directories 295 Setting Maximum Number of Backups for Parallels Power Panel 104 Setting Name for Container 52 Setting Network Parameters 45 Setting Permissions for Files on Node 241 Setting root Password for Container 46 Setting Startup Parameters 44 Setting
115. 15 x86 as in the example above so you can easily guess what OS template to use for your Linux distribution In case an OS template is not specified the mkvz fs command is executed during the Container creation which makes an empty private area with the name of vz private CT_ID on the Node This private area is then used to copy all the physical server files to it exclude Optional The path to the directories and files which will be excluded from copying to the Container This option allows you to avoid S Advanced Tasks 263 migrating the data you do not need To gain more understanding on this option please consult the man pages for the rsync utility Note We strongly recommend that you exclude the files and directories you were informed of while running the vzhwcalc utility on the physical server srvstop Optional The services to be stopped for the time of the physical server migration We recommend that you stop all the services on the physical server except for the critical ones e g the sshd service that is needed to provide communication between the physical server and the Node before the migration This will prevent the running services from modifying any files being moved In the example above the following operations are performed during the physical server migration 1 The vzp2v_ utility connects to the physical server with the IP address of 199 199 109 109 by using the root user name While establishing a
116. 170 Resource Counters alidation Results Qnhesources configuraion is valid Figure 30 Management Console Validating Container Sample In this example the configuration sample verification has passed successfully Managing Resources 171 Applying New Configuration Sample to Container Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to change the configuration sample file a Container is based on and thus to modify all the resources the Container may consume and or allocate at once For example if Container 101 is currently based on the basic configuration sample and you are planning to run the Plesk application inside the Container you may wish to apply the slm plesk sample to it instead of basic which will automatically adjust the necessary Container resource parameters for running the Plesk application inside Container 101 To do this you can execute the following command on the server vzctl set 101 applyconfig slm plesk save Saved parameters for Container 101 This command reads the resource parameters from the ve slm plesk conf sample file located in the etc vz conf directory and applies them one by one to Container 101 When applying new configuration samples to Containers keep in mind the following All Container sample files are located in the etc vz conf directory on the server and are named according to the following pattern ve lt name gt conf sample You should specify only the lt name gt part of the cor
117. 2 256 261 311 creating 257 311 editing 259 global 22 55 117 118 120 135 147 358 GRUB 363 LILO 363 Linux distribution 252 261 273 311 managing 163 ttylogd 364 vzrmond 371 Configuring Capabilities 247 Configuring Container 44 Configuring Container Disk I O Priority Level 158 Configuring Firewall 335 Configuring Hardware Node IP Addresses Pool 243 Configuring Network Bandwidth Management for Container 147 Configuring Network Classes 142 Configuring Number of CPUs Inside Container 137 Configuring Offline Management Parameters 328 Configuring Serial Console on Monitor Node 362 Configuring Serial Parameters on Monitor Node and Hardware Node 362 Configuring the Disk I O Bandwidth of Containers 159 Configuring Updates Approval Policy 306 Configuring veth Adapter Parameters 220 Connecting Adapter to Virtual Network 207 Connecting Containers to Virtual Networks 223 Container accessing 115 administrator 29 backing up 66 checking status 47 cleaning up 131 configuration file 22 135 163 166 168 256 259 275 311 configuring 44 46 CPU share 135 creating 31 32 33 39 destroying 109 disk quota 118 120 127 129 131 files 131 132 133 340 hostname 39 IP address 39 listing 49 migrating 55 251 261 263 273 275 mount point 337 network parameters 141 144 145 147 rebooting 312 reinstalling 105 107 restarting 47 re
118. 3 Note You may need to additionally install a number of Perl packagesto satisfy the vzup2date mirror dependencies For example if you are creating a local mirror in a Container based on the sles 9 x86_64 or sles 10 x86_64 EZ OS template you have to install the perl Crypt SSLeay package before installing the vzup2date mirror package inside this Container Edit the vzup2date mirror conf file It is located in the etc vzup2date mirror directory inside Container 101 This file is used by the vzup2date mirror utility to retrieve the path and the credentials to access the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository define what packages are to be downloaded to your local mirror define the place where the mirror is to be located You can edit this file according to your needs or leave the default settings For example your vzup2date mirror conf file may look like the following Server http vzup2date parallels com User userl Password sample H 2 IRON ANEIEIO 3 LOD SE 15 20 H P_PROXY_PASSWORD wer26sd2 H Re P_PROXY_USER Peter LocalRepositoryRoot var www html leases i386 4 0 0 irrorName MyMirror BUL 3 PD_CONFIG_FILE etc httpd conf httpd conf The aforementioned parameters define the behaviour of the vzup2date mirror utility during the local mirror creation as follows The Server User and Password parameters are used by the utility when connecting to t
119. 3 ts4 LOG3 var log console HOST3 log The value of the PORTX parameter is the UDP port number on the Monitor Node used to listen to incoming kernel messages from your Hardware Node The value of the HOSTX parameter is the name of the Hardware Node to be monitored This parameter is optional it is used for convenience The value of the LOGX parameter is the path to the file that will accumulate messages coming to the specified serial console from the Hardware Node You may use the S HOSTX variable to synchronize the name of the file with the name of the Hardware Node Troubleshooting 370 You must have as many such sections as the number of Nodes you wish to monitor Copy and paste the needed number of these sections in the tt ylogd conf configuration file Apply one and the same number after PORT HOST and LOG throughout each section and increment this number with each new section Edit the values of the PORT HOST and LOG parameters appropriately for each and every Hardware Node to be monitored and remove the hash marks before them Then modify the DAEMONS 1 2 line in this file to include only those numbers separated by spaces that are used in your sections after the PORT HOST and LOG parameters Save the file After you have configured the etc ttylog conf file you should restart the ttylogd daemon for the changes made to this files to come into effect service ttylogd restart Shutting down ttylog
120. 48576 BZ SAL 1026265 33 After that we copy the dummy file which is around 600 MB in size to the root of these Containers cp foo vz root 101 cp foo vz root 102 Now check the disk space once again df vz Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on dev hda3 13753796 2569060 I04A01355 207 vz vzctl exec 101 df Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 1048576 632430 416146 61 vzctl exec 102 df Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 1048576 632430 416146 61 We see that around 600 MB has been added to the space occupied by each Container and consequently around 1 2 GB has been added to the space used on the vz partition Now it s time to resort to vzcache to get rid of identical files inside the Containers vzcache v 101 102 Processing VZFSv2 Container 101 VZFSv2 Container 101 78 regular files Processing VZFSv2 Container 102 VZFSv2 Container 102 78 regular files During the command execution vzcache does the following Looks for identical files inside Container 101 and Container 102 Creates the CT_UUID subdirectory where CT_UUID denotes the Container unique identifier and can be determined by viewing the UUID parameters in the Container configuration file within the server template area vz template wvc by default for each Container Moves the identical files to the created subdirectories in the server template area Let us now tak
121. 51 Failure to Create a Container An attempt to create a new Container fails There is a message on the system console Cached package set XXX version YYY not found Solution 1 The necessary OS template might be absent from the server Copy the template to the server install it cache it and try to create a Container once again Solution 2 The Container private area might not be pre cached In this case the vzpkgcache utility shall be used Issue the command vzpkgcache The utility looks for the OS templates installed on the server and caches those that are not cached After this try to create a Container once again Troubleshooting 352 Failure to Start a Container An attempt to start a Container fails Solution 1 If there is a message on the system console parameters missing and the list of missed parameters follows the message set these parameters using the vzctl set save command see Configuring Container p 44 for instructions Try to start the Container once again Solution 2 If there is a message on the system console IP address is already used issue the cat proc vz veinfo command The information about the Container numeric identifier Container class number of Container s processes and Container IP address shall be displayed for each running Container This shall also demonstrate that your Container is up i e it must be running without any IP address assigned Set its IP address using the comm
122. 63 1 129 can t be established ROA RE Sealine Suajoneatiatc ais WileiteloSgeSie2ZoQgwO e ihe s ies aul one s Tels ilo ene g L413 Sil Are you sure you want to continue connecting yes no yes Warning Permanently added dhcp 129 parallels com 192 168 1 129 RSA eo tle ilasie of known hosts root dhcp 129 parallels com s password id_rsa pub 100 eRe See RE E l 235 00 00 Troubleshooting 373 Finally you should add the contents of the transferred file to the authorized_keys file in this very directory of the Hardware Node Log in to the Hardware Node go to the root ssh directory and issue the following command in it cat temp_name gt gt authorized_keys Now the Monitor Node should be able to log in to this Hardware Node as root without having to provide the root password You should copy the public RSA file of the Monitor Node to every Hardware Node to be monitored and add its contents to the authorized_keys file in the root ssh directory Using External Applications for Sending Alerts Along with sending e mail messages vzrmond allows you to use external instant messaging applications for sending alerts via other means of communication e g via ICQ or SMS Let us assume that you wish to configure the Centericqg application to send notifications about the Hardware Node state to your ICQ To this effect you should perform the following operations on the Monitor Node Install the centericgq package for exa
123. 68 200 200 and the credentials of backup_root and lqaz2wsx You wish to exclude the tmp directory inside Container 101 from the backup process You wish to provide the following description for the resulting backup archive The MySQL database latest changes To create a backup with the aforementioned parameters you can execute the following command on any Hardware Node with vzabackup installed and having the network connectivity to the Source and Backup Nodes vzabackup D The MySQL database latest changes C3 storage backup_root 1lqaz2wsx 192 168 200 200 source_root 1234qwer 192 168 0 15 e 101 exclude files tmp Sending private backup data Backup storage storing private backup data Backup storage filling resultant backup info Removing obsolete backups Checking parameters ee Ae Operations on Container 68 Dumping quota Backup storage preparing to backup Adjusting backup type full Backup storage receiving backup file Backing up private area 100 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OE oe Upon the command completion the created backup archive will be put to the backup directory on the Source Node by default this directory is vz backups Later on the Container backups may be restored from this directory You may specify any number of Hardware Nodes IP addresses in the command line You can also perform an incremental or a differential backup by additionally specifying
124. 8 12 21 02 ia dev Directory 2008 01 08 16 42 J ete Directory 2008 01 08 16 42 ia home Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 J initrd Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 ia lib Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 L lib64 Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 ia media Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 mnt Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 H m HHH HHH Excludes _ Matching the following criteria Add ji Edit Remove Figure 13 Management Console Choosing Files and Directories to Back Up By default all the Container files and directories will be included in the backup archive To leave out a file or directory from the backup process clear its check box in the Included files table You can also select the Matching the following criteria check box and use the Add Edit Remove buttons to set the parameters to be met by the file directory to exclude it from the backup process You can specify the full path to the corresponding file directory enter its name or define any filter compatible with standard Linux masking rules i e with standard globs For example you can indicate usr MyDirectory MyFile txt to exclude the MyFile txt file from the backup process or type bmp to leave out all files with the bmp extension 5 Next specify the main backup parameters Operations on Container 80 Back Up Containers 20x Specify Backup Options Backup Node Server Default Backup Node Change This window allows you to specify the backu
125. 86 vz rpm cpio id 94 blocks root ct101 root ls l bin bash See Nie 5 iL OCE root 519964 Occ 29 23335 bin bash root ct101 root ln s redhat as4 bash 3 0 19 2 bin bash root ct101 root ls 1 bash r rWXrWXrWwX L roor root HIIGA Cele ZO 23235 OaE As you can see both VZFS symlinks look like regular files for Container users If you need to unpack and work on symlinks themselves you have to create a Container that has a directory bind mounted over a regular file system such as EXT2FS EXT3FS or ReiserFS Remember that assigning this capability to non trusted Containers can lead to compromising the server The session below shows how a malicious Container administrator can get a copy of the server password database files root ct101 root 1n s etc passwd root ct101 root ln s etc shadow Advanced Tasks 250 root ct101 root ls 1 ioral 3 Ywxrwxrwx L roor root 1232 Oct 29 23756 OCIS IS Wiel r rWXrWXrwX root root SZ Sm OCE 29 2556 Smac While there is no easy way to substitute the password files on the server a malicious Container administrator could run a dictionary attack against the obtained files Available Capabilities for Container This section lists all the capabilities that can be set with the lt pct 1 gt command The capabilities are divided into two tables the capabilities defined by the POSIX draft standard and Linux specific capabilities For each capability its
126. 92 307 bandwidth 145 147 classes 145 147 configuration 331 connection 255 275 284 interface 259 parameters 117 141 263 358 public 315 traffic 141 144 147 Network Traffic Parameters 141 Node Index 381 Backup 66 92 97 Destination 55 Hardware 20 25 26 28 30 32 47 55 118 135 163 192 251 259 273 284 307 331 362 363 373 Monitor 361 362 363 371 373 Source 97 105 Target 55 O Obtaining Hardware Node ID From Inside Container 284 Operations on Container 31 Organization of This Guide 11 OS Virtualization 18 Overview 149 313 P Parallels Agent 25 254 295 353 375 Parallels Management Console 10 23 24 25 26 Parallels Management Console Network Architecture 25 Parallels Management Console Overview 23 Parallels Management Console Specific Features 24 Parallels Power Panel 10 29 190 Parallels Power Panel Overview 29 Parallels Virtual Automation 10 28 252 Parallels Virtual Automation Overview 28 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit version 55 64 bit version 55 configuration file 22 55 338 file system 19 installing 31 356 layer 21 license 23 logs 338 resources 116 support tunnel 360 technology 18 19 20 21 templates 19 utilities 22 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit vs Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit 17 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Configuration 22 Parallel
127. Choosing Files to Back Up ssssscsssseeee 100 Figure 20 Management Console Disabling Container c sccssscssssscsssssssssssssessssecees 112 Figure 21 Management Console Enabling Per Container Disk Quota ssssseee 121 Figure 22 Management Console Container Disk Quota Parameters scsscsssseses 122 Figure 23 Management Console Setting Up Container Disk Quota cscsssssssseeee 124 Figure 24 Management Console Turning Second Level Disk Quota On and Off 126 Figure 25 Management Console Setting Up Second Level Disk Quota Parameters 128 Figure 26 Management Console Viewing Container Quota Statistics csscssssesee 130 Figure 27 Management Console Setting Up Traffic Shaping Parameters 000 146 Figure 28 Management Console Configuring Container Disk I O Priority Level 159 Figure 29 Management Console Scaling Container Configuration csssscssssesee 168 Figure 30 Management Console Validating Container Sample ssscsssssssssssseees 170 Figure 31 Management Console Applying New Configuration Sample to Container 172 Figure 32 Management Console Monitoring Traffic Parameters scsscsssssssseses 185 Figure 33 Management Console Viewing Services scssssccssssssssssssssccsssscssssssssesssssesens 195 Figure 34 Management Console Monitoring Active Processes
128. Containers As you can see the standard vzps command just lists the basics To get more details about the processes running on your Hardware Node you will need to pass some command line arguments to vzps For example using the aux arguments with this command displays processes started by other users a processes with no terminal or one different from yours x the user who started the process and when it began u Besides you can pass vzps the E switch which is specific for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers to sort the processes by the Container IDs where they are running vzps aux E USER PID CPU MEM VSZ RS SARAS STAT START TIME COMMAND root iL 0 0 ISG Aas 2 S Ju1l14 Os Sy atsagtic root Br Ord eh 0 iS 2 S ANE aun les 003 lubstatdl root 6 O20 OI 0 Ome Jull4 3 20 kswapd 27 GY 3 0 0 0 0 2 S Ju1l14 0300 Toei msi root SE OO Orn 0 Ome S Ju1l14 0 00 kinoded Looe Ib7 0 0 Osi 213 140 prs 4 OMe SO 0 00 bash There is a lot more information now The fields USER CPU MEM VSZ RSS STAT and START have been added Let us take a quick look at what they tell us The USER field shows you which user initiated the command Many processes begin at system start time and often list root or some system account as the USER Other processes are of course run by individuals Managing Services and Processes 194 The CPU MEM VSZ and RSS fields all deal with system resources First you can se
129. ET E kos Sas 357 Getting Assistance With Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Installation sseeseeeeeeeeeseeereeeeerseeeeee 357 Preparing and Sending Questions to Technical Support eee eeceseceseceeceseceeceeeneeeeeeeeeees 358 Submitting Problem Report to Technical Support 0 0 cece eseeeeeeeeeeseeeseeesecssecaecsaecsaeeneeenes 359 Establishing Secure Channel to Parallels Support 0 0 0 0 eee ee ceceeecesecesecesecesecaecsaecaeesseseeeeeeeees 361 Setting Up Monitor Node isi ission sneren epin ee asda suvesehsssessce tevascensceyatge shonscebaseussesdanssdevcsussees ches SREP e 362 Configuring Serial Console on Monitor Node ec eeceeceeccesscesceecceseceecesecsaecsaecaaecaeeeseseneeeeeees 363 Setting Up netconsole sensar r a e Reo wo Beh REE ae 366 Preparing Monitor Node for Sending Alerts eee ceeeeeeeeeeceeeeesecesecesecaecsaecsaecaeeeneseneeeeeees 372 Using vzstatrep to Monitor Hardware Nodes cece eeeeeceeeceecceeeeeseceseceseceaecsaecsaecaeeeseseneeeeeees 374 Glossary 376 Index 378 Table of Figures Figure 1 Parallels Containers Technology cccscccssssssssscssssscsssccssssssssesssssssssscsssessssescsess 21 Figure 2 Management Console Network Architecture scsscssssssssscsscessccessscsssssssecees 25 Figure 3 Management Console Main Window scsscssscsssscssssscscssssscsscecsscesssssscessecees 26 Figure 4 Management Console Listing EZ OS Templates sccscccssscssscsssss
130. Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Table of Figures 9 Management Console Specifying Container Basic Parameters 00 269 Management Console Defining Network Parameters cssccssssssssssseeee 270 Management Console Specifying Additional Network Parameters 271 Management Console Specifying Resource Parameters scsscssssssssseees 272 Management Console Viewing Container Summary Page ccscsssscssseee 332 Management Console Firewall Configuration Dialog ccsscssscssssscsssees 336 Management Console Managing Mount Points csscssssscssssscssssesssscsssees 338 Management Console Viewing LOgs sssssscssssccsssscssssssssescssssscsssssssesssssees 340 Management Console Managing Files scssssccsssscsssssssssccssssssssssessesssssees 341 Submitting Problem Report Providing Necessary Information 06 359 Submitting Problem Report Sending Report to Parallels csscssssscssseee 360 10 CHAPTER 1 Preface In This Chapter About THS Guide sienu n REE AES SAA EEE 10 Getting Help esc net ee aie Sadie ee A A en ee 13 EEA D ACK AIEEE ESA E EE EE EAA ESEE EE A EAEE A 13 About This Guide This guide is meant to provide comprehensive information on Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 high end server virtua
131. Files Parallels Management Console provides you with a special file manager allowing you to perform various operations on files and folders located on the Hardware Node You can access the file manager by clicking the File Manager item under the corresponding Hardware Node name After expanding the File Manager item you will see a list of directories available on the Hardware Node 2 Parallels Management Console 4 0 File Action View Help Type Modified F My_ Node Directory 2008 01 08 16 42 Uy File Manager i Directory 2008 01 08 11 31 E vza Directory 2008 01 08 11 31 z B Directory 2008 01 08 16 40 A dav Directory 2008 01 08 17 46 D etc Directory 2008 01 08 11 39 home ini Directory 2008 01 08 11 31 initrd i Directory 2008 01 08 10 38 lib i Directory 2008 01 08 11 31 L lib64 a poss i lost found ia media Action Name Progress Jj misc y 7 4 H E Figure 43 Management Console Managing Files on Node The principles of working with the Hardware Node file manager are standard You can move through the hierarchy of directories by double clicking their names or selecting the necessary directories in the left pane Use the menu items toolbar buttons table view and context menus to perform the following tasks View the contents of simple text files View the principal information
132. G Tt Explained in Managing Disk Quotas Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth Managing Container CPU Resources Managing System Parameters Managing Resources 118 Managing Disk Quotas This section explains the basics of disk quotas defines disk quota parameters and describes how to perform the following disk quota related operations turning on and off per Container first level disk quotas setting up first level disk quota parameters for a Container turning on and off per user and per group second level disk quotas inside a Container setting up second level quotas for a user or for a group checking disk quota statistics cleaning up Containers What are Disk Quotas Disk quotas enable system administrators to control the size of Linux file systems by limiting the amount of disk space and the number of inodes a Container can use These quotas are known as per Container quotas or first level quotas in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers In addition the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software enables the Container administrator to limit disk space and the number of inodes that individual users and groups in that Container can use These quotas are called per user and per group quotas or second level quotas By default first level quotas on your server are enabled which is defined in the etc vz vz conf configuration file whereas second level quotas must be turned on for each Container sep
133. I command request over the TCP IP network to the target represented by a SCSI data storage system i e one or more SCSI storage devices The target processes the received request and takes the appropriate action To configure a Hardware Node to communicate with a target e g some SCSI storage device via the iSCSI protocol you should perform the following operations on the Node 1 Install the iscsi initiator utils RPM package providing the server daemon for the iSCSI protocol and the necessary utilities for its managing rpm ihv iscsi initiator utils 6 2 0 742 0 5 e15 i386 rpm 2 Discover your iSCSI target using the iscsiadm utility iscsiadm mode discovery type sendtargets portal lt target_IP_address gt where lt target_IP_address gt denotes the IP address used to access the target 3 Login to the target using the iscsiadn utility iscsiadm mode node login automatic This command saves the information about the target to the var lib iscsi nodes directory on the Hardware Node which allows your Node to automatically detect the iSCSI target on its boot After completing the operations above a new iSCSI device should appear under the dev directory on your Node You can find out the device name using the fdisk 1 or tail f var log messages command Advanced Tasks 285 Now you can mount the iSCSI device to your Hardware Node using the mount utility Assuming that your iSCSI device has the name of dev
134. IP address to a Container you can use the ext_ipadd option of the vzctl set command For example to set the external IP address of 10 10 10 101 for Container 101 you can execute the following command vzctl set 101 ext_ipadd 10 10 10 101 save Adding external IP addresses 10 10 10 101 Saved parameters for Container 101 The specified IP address should be set as the value of the EXT_IP_ADDRESS parameter in the Container configuration file So you can check the configuration file of Container 101 to ensure that the operation has finished successfully for example grep EXT_IP_ADDRESS etc vz conf 101 conf Bel AP APDRESS 0 TO VOLO Le At any time you can delete the added external IP address from Container 101 using this command vzctl set 101 ext_ipdel 10 10 10 101 save Deleting IP addresses 10 10 10 101 Saved parameters for Container 101 If Container 101 has more than one external IP address assigned you can delete all its external IP addresses as follows vzctl set 101 ext_ipdel all save Saved parameters for Container 101 328 CHAPTER 10 Mastering Parallels Management Console To leverage the full power of Parallels Management Console it is important to be aware of those tasks that are much more convenient to perform through the Management Console interface than through the command line The current chapter centers on the advanced Management Console features you can make use of whi
135. N button Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 207 General Base device eth0 VLANID f1 Virtual Network Connection to l Not Connected oK Gancet Z Figure 37 Management Console Creating VLAN Adapter 3 The VLAN Properties window allows you to set the following parameters for the VLAN adapter Base device choose the physical network adapter on the Hardware Node where the VLAN adapter is to be bound VLAN ID specify the VLAN ID an arbitrary integer number which will uniquely identify the virtual LAN among other VLANs on the Hardware Node 4 Click OK At any time you can remove any of the VLAN adapters existing on the Hardware Node by selecting its name in the Adapters table and clicking the Remove button at the bottom of the table Note By default all VLANs created on the Hardware Node by means of Parallels Virtual Automation Parallels Management Console or the vznetcfg utility are in the down state To enable a newly created VLAN assign a valid IP address to it and then bring the VLAN to the running state using the Linux ip utility Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 208 Connecting Adapter to Virtual Network Connecting a physical or VLAN adapter to a Virtual Network allows you to join all Containers included in the Virtual Network to the network either LAN or VLAN where the corresponding adapter is connected Let us assume the follo
136. Parallels Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 for Linux User s Guide Parallels Copyright 1999 2010 Parallels Holdings Ltd and its affiliates All rights reserved Parallels Holdings Ltd c o Parallels International GMbH Parallels International GmbH Vordergasse 49 CH8200 Schaffhausen Switzerland Tel 49 6151 42996 0 Fax 49 6151 42996 255 www parallels com Copyright 1999 2010 Parallels Holdings Ltd and its affiliates All rights reserved This product is protected by United States and international copyright laws The product s underlying technology patents and trademarks are listed at http www parallels com trademarks Microsoft Windows Windows Server Windows NT Windows Vista and MS DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Mac is a registered trademark of Apple Inc All other marks and names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners Contents Preface About TTS Guide ses cates Ses es a ee eek eee E EE Ee a PIERO EE Organization Of This Guide ee ee eecesecesecesecssecaecseecaeesseesseceeeeseeeeessseesecsaecsaecsaecsaecsaecaaeeaes Documentation ConventiOns csiccccosceods secede isecuseb ives co sadedusuean scacsaadecudubacsbuedbaseeaoueansduceadesuoebacveee e Getting HElp wcsis asec co Sissies sete hash ove acts le lawteenesh ovis da toh see a dol EEEE guide dcadoh Ses Bubs so lascteeeh auh
137. Parallels Virtuozzo Containers these packages are automatically installed on the Node Migration Restrictions Although Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to migrate virtually any physical server running a Linux distribution to a Container there is a number of limitations which should be taken into account before deciding on the migration process During the migration all the filesystems available on your physical server are joined to one filesystem inside the Container VZFS Virtuozzo File System Detailed information on VZES is provided in the Virtuozzo File System subsection p 19 If there are several IP addresses assigned to the physical server all these IP addresses will be reassigned to one and the same device on the Node venet0 a virtual network adapter used to connect all the Containers on the given Hardware Node among themselves and with the Node After the migration you can create additional virtual network adapters inside the Container and decide what IP address to be assigned to what network adapter For detailed information on how to create and manage Container virtual network adapters please turn to the Managing Virtual Network Adapters section p 214 During the migration process you may specify only one partition on the physical server which will be migrated to the Container on the Node together with all quotas imposed on it All the other partitions of the server will be copied without keeping their q
138. Settings In this window you can specify default gateway and search domains for your Container s DNS server addresses 10 30 0 1 Add Edit Remove Search domains parallels com Add Edit Remove lt Back Next gt Figure 51 Management Console Specifying Additional Network Parameters Finish Cancel Advanced Tasks 272 In this window you can use the provided Add Remove and Edit buttons for the corresponding operations on Container DNS servers and search domains After you have set the Container network parameters click Next to open the window allowing you to adjust the resources parameters for the Container cI Migrate Physical Server to Container Modify Resources Configuration for Destination Container This window allows you to modify the resources configuration for the destination Container Service Level Management mode Use both UBC and SLM simultaneously C Old style UBC resource management C SLM resource management Resource counters Hard Limit m Disk quota parameters H SLM parameters i Primary memory related parameters B Secondary memory related parameters i J Auxiliary memory related parameters Scale Validate lt Back Next gt Finish Cancel Figure 52 Management Console Specifying Resource Parameters All
139. This behavior is conditioned by the nature of VZFS v2 and is perfectly normal However it should be taken into account when deciding on Container disk quotas because the Container private area makes part of the disk space included in the quota Advanced Tasks 327 Assigning External IP Addresses to Containers In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 you can assign external IP addresses to Containers External IP addresses are considered valid IP addresses by the venet0 adapter so that the adapter does not drop IP packets coming from Containers and having external IP addresses set as source IP addresses However unlike normal IP addresses external IP addresses are not set as alias addresses in Containers and are not announced via Address Resolution Protocol ARP Moreover you can assign the same external IP address to several Containers which you cannot do with a normal IP address and the Containers may reside on both the same or different Hardware Nodes You may wish to assign external IP addresses to Containers when implementing load balancing configurations As a rule such configurations require that you assign one and the same virtual IP address the IP address where the service you plan to provide will live to several Containers You cannot do this using normal IP addresses but you can use the functionality provided by external IP addresses and assign the same virtual IP address to all necessary Containers To assign an external
140. U vztable U vzdquota U vzdev U autofs4 U hidp U rfcomm U 12cap U bluetooth U sunrpce U ipv 6 U xt_length U ipt_tt1 U XE Cems UW ajo INCEMISS iu sat _immlieajoeree U See Mimie U ae tos W ipt_REJECT U Xx _tables U video U sbs U i2c_ec U button U battery U asus_acpi U ac U lp U floppy U sg U pespkr U i2c_piix4 U e100 U jOBUEOVOIE _jOS U al 2c_core U parport U cpqphp U eeprol00 U mii U serio_raw U ide_cd U cdrom U ahci U libata U dm_snapshot U dm_zero U dm_mirror U dm_mod U megaraid U sym53c8xx U scsi_transport_spi U sd_mod U scsi_mod U ext3 U jbd U ehci_hcd U Olaesh_lavexel U Wilaverat_laxerel 10 Aug 25 08 27 4 Mure AS WIS 8 Mug 25 VERZIE NG 25 WOSSAIs Mure 2S ESATE 00000000 Nog 25 OSATA 0b483e38 Aug 25 08 27 4 Aug 25 08 27 4 task 05e3f2b0 Aug 25 08 27 4 00000000f0ce64 Aug 25 08 27 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 te 6 d 6 de Tyo ate CRU I VERUS i boar EIP 0060 lt f0ce6507 gt Tainted P VLI boar EFLAGS 00010246 2 6 18 028stab043 1 ent 1 boar EIP is at clone_endio 0x29 0xc6 dm_mod boar eax 00000010 ebx 00000001 ecx 00000000 edx boar esi 00000000 edi b6 52920 ebp cla8dbc0 esp boar ds O007b es 007b ss 0068 boar Process swapper pid 0 veid 0 ti 0b482000 ask ti 0b482000 boar Stack Ob52caa0 00000001 00000000 b6f52920 e 00000000 02478825 boar 0000000
141. Virtuozzo Containers official repository storing the latest versions of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software i e newest versions of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers core and utilities and used by vzup2date to keep your current Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation up to date You can also use this utility to make local mirrors of updated standard and EZ OS and application templates When executed vzup2date mirror completes a number of tasks connects to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository downloads the specified Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software updates or updated templates to the server where your mirror is located etc resulting in building a local mirror of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository The created mirror can then be used to update all your Hardware Nodes from one and the same location on your local network Building your own local repository mirrors results in less Internet bandwidth consumption and more rapid software updates deployments to your Nodes The following subsections provide information on how you can create your own local mirrors of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository using the vzup2date mirror utility Advanced Tasks 300 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Repository Structure Before starting to create your own local mirror it is important to you to have a clear idea of the structure of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository Th
142. Virtuozzo Containers Network chapter p 203 In the next step you should choose the OS template to be used as the basis for the Container creation Operations on Container 42 Create New irtuozzo Container ore 2 xi Specify OS Template In this window you should specify the OS template to base your Container s on You can use the following OS templates to base your Container s on Name Description L EZ Templates gr fedora core x86_6 Fedora Core for AMD64 Int Standard Templates redhat as3 minimal x8 20061020 latest Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS sy redhat as4 x86_64 20060815 latest Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS OS templates are used to create new Containers with a preinstalled operating system ei Re Fn Figure 7 Management Console Choosing OS Template All OS templates that are installed on the Hardware Node and can be used for the Container creation are listed in the table on the Specify OS Template screen To choose an OS template click its name in the Name column Detailed information on OS templates is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Template Management Guide You can click on the Finish button on this step of the wizard and create the Container with the configuration parameters specified in the configuration sample you chose on the first step of the wizard If you do not rely on any configuration sample click the Next button instead of Fi
143. Z template by running the vzmktmp1 utility and passing the corresponding options to it So you can use the post install option and specify the path to the post_install bash script from the example above to make an OS EZ template that will customize your application after installing it inside your Container Note The full list of options allowing you to specify what scripts are to be executed on what stage of the EZ template lifecycle is provided in the vzmktmpl subsection of the Parallels Command Line Reference Guide Install the customized OS EZ template on the server by running the rpm i command Cache the created OS EZ template by running the vzpkg create cache command Detailed information on how you can do it is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Create a Container based on the OS EZ template For example to create a Container which will run Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 RHEL 4 and have the customized mysql and apache applications installed inside it right after its creation you can do the following 1 3 4 Create a metafile for the RHEL 4 OS EZ template name it for example rhel_4 customized metafile and save in the root rhel4 directory on the server Make a script that will perform a number of custom operations after applying the mysql and apache application EZ templates to the Container and name it post_install bash Copy the script to the root rhel4 directory on th
144. _ecn 0 Extraneous Backups Visible to Container in Parallels Power Panel Sometimes the Back Up Restore Container page in Parallels Power Panel shows backups not belonging to the given Container Solution This happens when two or more Hardware Nodes have Containers with identical IDs hosted on them If such Containers are backed up onto one and the same Backup Node they will be able to see the backups of each other by means of Parallels Power Panel To avoid this situation you are recommended to have unique Container IDs throughout all your Hardware Nodes Problems With Physical Server Migration Troubleshooting 356 Failure to Start iptables Modules After Physical Server Migration iptables is broken in the Container after a physical server has been migrated Solution The iptables service can work properly inside the Container that has resulted from a physical server migration only if the ipt_st ate module is loaded both on the Hardware Node and in the Container in question The simplest way to do it is the following 1 2 3 Stop Parallels Virtuozzo Containers on the Node service vz stop Add ipt_state as another module name to the IPTABL etc sysconfig iptables config file on the Node Restart ipt ables on the Node service iptables restart 4 5 6 Start Parallels Virtuozzo Containers service vz start Add ipt_state as another module name to the etc vz vz conf file on the
145. a e i Mecca a A T a gdh 346 Kernel Troubleshooting ore cccecini aeria E a e A a i a es 348 Problems With Container Management 0 0 cee ceeceeceseceseeeseeeeneeeseeeaeecsaecsaecaecaecnseenseeees 350 Problems With Container Operation ce ceiceseceseceseceseceseeeseeesseeeseeeseecsaecsaecaecsaeenaeenseenes 355 Problems With Physical Server Migration ceecesceseceseeeseeeeeeeseeeseeeseecaecaecsaeeeseenseeees 356 Miscellaneous Problems reoite A E EE A Ea E E O E E ea 357 Getting Technical Support r ecesnen annn n iit a a a a a n 357 Setting Up Monitor Nodesisncssusiniaiisise eiii a hast A a 362 Troubleshooting 346 General Considerations The general issues to take into consideration when troubleshooting your system are listed below You should read them carefully before trying to solve more specific problems Make sure a valid license is always loaded on the server If your license has expired and the grace period is over all the Containers on your server will be stopped You should always remember where you are currently located in your terminal Check it periodically using the pwd hostname ifconfig cat proc vz veinfo commands One and the same command executed inside a Container and on the server can lead to very different results You can also set up the PS1 environment variable to show the full path in the bash prompt To do this add these lines to root bash_profile PS1 u h w export PS1 If the server sl
146. about a file directory available on the Hardware Node Upload any number of files or whole directories from your local computer the computer where Management Console is installed to any directory on the Hardware Node Download any number of files from the Hardware Node to your local computer Create new directories on the Hardware Node Copy files to another directory on the Hardware Node Move files to another directory on the Hardware Node Delete files directories from the Hardware Node a Rename files directories on the Hardware Node Managing Hardware Nodes 237 Set permissions for Container files Parallels Management Console provides a user intuitive interface for performing all these tasks Managing Hardware Nodes 238 Uploading Files to Node In Parallels Management Console you can upload any number of files or whole directories from the local computer the computer where Management Console is installed to any directory on the Hardware Node Under the corresponding Hardware Node name right click the File Manager item and select Tasks gt Upload Local File s on the context menu The Upload Files Wizard opens Upload Files Wizard 20 x Select Hardware Node In this window you should specify the Hardware Node and the location on this server where your files are to be uploaded Select the Hardware Node where you wish to upload files Title lt j dhep 10 30 16 222 sw ru Add
147. ailed information on backup types is provided in the Specifying Default Backup Type subsection p 76 If you are backing up a single Container and no backup of this Container has been found on the Backup Node the Backup Type group is not shown and a full backup is automatically created 6 In the next step of the wizard set the following parameters for the Container backup Provide the backup description in the Backup description field if necessary The description can be any text containing any backup related information e g the backup purpose Do not stop the Container backup even if any errors appear the Do not stop on errors check box is selected or break the backup process should any malfunction occur the check box is cleared Operations on Container 81 Do not stop the backup process if one or more of the Containers to be backed up is not present on the Source Node the Ignore non existent Containers check box is selected or break the backup process if any Container is absent the check box is cleared This option can be used when backing up several Containers at once 7 The last screen allows you to review the information provided by you on the previous steps of the wizard Click Finish to start creating the Container backup otherwise click Back to return to any step and correct the corresponding parameter Operations on Container Backing Up Group of Containers To back up several or all Containers from a s
148. ainer eeseesseeesesreesssreerseerrrerrsreerrsreeresesees His tins Containers one osdgu ete seesoeusagentsuneeroes cosas EEA dstpeeedaae stag A E S S E GU Settings Name for Container rss nnn se i e E E a S A E E A E ER tapesth seni des Storing Extended Information on Container seeesssseeesestserssrsreeresrestssterrssertestestestssrerrssertentestreresreeresenees Migrating Container rone era E E E ER S A E R AE S S A Sapbeaeensen Seth Standard Mipra tone morsan e a S E E e A E E S E E E E ES Zero Downtime MISA ON zeari ion e R EE A E ER RE A A E EAS Moving Container Within Hardware Node seeseseeeesseeseseersreresreerssrerrssesrrsresresresreetsserrensestenresrentnseeeeses Copying Container Within Hardware Node ssseesseeesseeseesrsrreresreerssterrssesrrerrsrestssrertssrnrsesteeresreeresreereet Backing Up and Restoring Containers essseesseeeeseeeesterresrsreeresteetssterreseeteetestestssrertssrrreesteeesreeeseerrnet Using vzabackup vzarestore Utilities eseeeeesseeseeeseseeesesteersserrresesresrrstenteseretssrrresresreeresrenresreersee Managing Backups in Parallels Management Console 00 ccceceecesecesecese cee ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneensees Contents 4 Reinstalling Contaime ry spen espeia E oror sonccadeadvevs cheese oadeed Mesh eesdes 105 Customizing Container Reinstallation 0 0 0 eee ceeeeeeeceesceeeceeceeeeesecesecesecsaecsaecsaecaeeeaeseneeeeeees 107 Deleting Containers kipee er ee
149. ainer to a physical server are the following 1 2 A network connection is established between the Hardware Node and the physical server The Container to be migrated is set in the stopped and mounted states in case it is running or stopped and unmounted A list of files and directories to be automatically excluded from the migration process is generated The script used to create such a list depends on the Linux distribution the Container is running The name of the script is read from the distribution configuration file in the etc vz conf dists directory and the script itself is located in the etc vz conf dists scripts directory on the Node You can also specify additional files and directories that you do not wish to move to the physical server The files directories libraries etc are copied from the Container to the physical server by using rsync This utility allows you to transfer only the differences between the two sets of files which significantly speeds up the process of copying data between the Container and the server in case they differ only slightly from each other The ldconfig command is executed on the physical server This command examines the copied shared libraries if any in the usr local lib usr lib and lib directories on the server and in the directories specified in the etc 1d so conf file and updates the links and cache to these libraries For more information on ldconfig please see the man pages for
150. aining any Container related information for example you can include the following in the Container description the owner of the Container the purpose of the Container the summary description of the Container Let us assume that you are asked to create a Container for a Mr Johnson who is going to use it for hosting the MySQL server So you create Container 101 and after that execute the following command on the Hardware Node vzctl set 101 description Container 101 gt owner Mr Johnson gt purpose hosting the MySQL server save Saved parameters for Container 101 This command saves the following information related to the Container its ID owner and the purpose of its creation At any time you can display this information by issuing the following command vzlist o description 101 DESCRIPLION Container 101 owner Mr Johnson purpose hosting the MySQL server You can also view the Container description by checking the DESCRIPTION parameter of the Container configuration file etc vz conf 101 conf However the data stored in this file are more suitable for parsing by the vz1list command rather than for viewing by a human since all symbols in the DESCRIPTION field except the alphanumerical ones a z A Z and 0 9 underscores _ and dots are transformed to the corresponding hex character code While working with Container descriptions please k
151. all be set to ethO 102400 eth1 102400 The TOTALRATE variable specifies the size of the so called bandwidth pool for each network class being shaped The bandwidth from the pool can be borrowed by Containers when they need more bandwidth for communicating with hosts from the corresponding network class It is used to limit the total available outgoing traffic Containers can consume the next section explains it in more detail The format of this variable is lt NIC gt lt network_class gt lt bandwidth_in_Kbits_per_second gt and defines the pool size per network class for a given network adapter Multiple entries for different network classes and adapters shall be separated by spaces The default value for TOTALRATE is eth0 1 4096 which corresponds to the pool size of 4Mb s for Network Class 1 on the first Ethernet adapter In the etc vz vz conf configuration file you can also define the RATE variable whose value amounts to the number of kilobits per second any Container is guaranteed to receive for outgoing traffic with a network class on an Ethernet device The default value of this parameter is ethO 1 8 which means that any Container is guaranteed to receive the bandwidth of at least 8 Kb s for sending data to Class 1 hosts on the first Ethernet device This bandwidth is not the limit for a Container unless the RATEBOUND parameter is set to yes in the Container configuration file the Container is able to take the needed bandwid
152. allels Management Console is installed to any folder of the given Container Download any number of files from the given Container to the local computer Create new folders in the Container Copy files to another directory in the given Container Move files to another directory in the given Container Delete Container files Rename Container files Mastering Parallels Management Console 342 Set permissions for Container files Parallels Management Console provides a user intuitive interface for performing all these tasks Mastering Parallels Management Console 343 Searching for Containers Sometimes there are a great number of Containers on your Hardware Nodes To quickly find the necessary Container 1 Right click the Parallels Containers item and choose Task gt Search for Containers The Find Containers window opens Search for the Container s matching the following criteria Container name contains Search Select one or more Hardware Nodes to search for your Containers Name IP Address Platform Select al O j Local Server 10 30 18 193 Windows P 2 Indicate the parameter by which you want to search for Containers on the upper left drop down menu and then the value of the parameter If you choose to search for Containers by their state status or ID you will be presented with a list of predefined values of these parameters It is co
153. allels Virtuozzo Containers 187 wi Manage E mail Alert Subscription 5 2 x Templates To Subject VZ gent TOTALMAXTYPE alert on Environment TITLE Template text COUNT TYPERANGE ID alert s TIMERANGE Current value CURVALUE CURTYPE Maximum reached MAXVALUE Soft limit SOFT Hard limit H4AD Configure Subscribe Cancel Z 2 Type the e mail address where the alert notification is to be sent in the To field 3 Click the Subscribe button Parallels Management Console uses a pre configured notification template This template includes special placeholders representing special symbols that will be substituted for in the actual message by the actual Container name parameter name etc The list of main placeholders is given below STITLE the name assigned to the Container If there is no name set for the Container its hostname is used SID the name of the resource parameter in the actual message it will be diskspace etc SCURTYPE the alert type at the alert generation moment The yellow alert means that the barrier value lies in the range from 90 to 100 and the red alert indicates that the limit value has been hit STOTALMAXTYPE the maximal alert type yellow or red registered during the time when alerts were collected SCOUNT the number of registered alerts from the time when the last e mail notification was sent STYPERANGE
154. ally Click the OK button to apply your settings If the service is dependent on xinetd you cannot choose its run levels as the latter are determined by the xinetd daemon Besides you cannot change run levels for certain services which means that they are critical and you are not allowed to change their run levels You can also manage i e start stop and restart services by using the command line For example you wish to start the ht tpd service To do this execute the following command root ct222 service httpd start Managing Services and Processes 202 where service is the standard Linux command httpd denotes the name of the corresponding service and start is the command that will launch this service In order to check that the httpd service was successfully launched you can either type the following Linux command root ct222 service httpd status or use the vzps utility when working on your server or the ps utility when working inside your Containers and passing them the x argument The output will tell you if the httpd service is running in your system or not 203 CHAPTER 7 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network The given chapter familiarizes you with the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers network structure enumerates Parallels Virtuozzo Containers networking components and explains how to manage these components in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based systems In particular it provides the following
155. ameters in respect of your Node The main licensed parameters are listed below The number of CPUs which can be installed on the Hardware Node please keep in mind that each of the Dual Core and Hyperthreading processors is regarded as one CPU The number of users which can simultaneously use Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation to manage the Hardware Node and its Containers The license expiration date Any license can be time limited or permanent Licenses have a start date and if they are time limited may also have an expiration date specified in them You shall have to set up your system clock correctly otherwise the license validation may fail The number of Containers the Hardware Node will be able to host The platform and architecture with which the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software is compatible Whether the Hardware Node can be managed by means of Parallels Virtual Automation Licenses can be shipped in one of the following ways As an activation code in this case you are provided with a special alphanumeric code which must be activated before starting to use Parallels Virtuozzo Containers on your Hardware Node During the activation the code is sent to the Parallels Key Authentication KA server which in its turn verifies the code generate a special license file sends it back to the Node and installs it there As a product key in this case you are provided with an alph
156. and vzctl set CT_ID ipadd IP_addr save where CT_ID represents the Container numeric identifier and P_addr represents an actual IP address Solution 3 Poor UBC parameters might prevent the Container from starting Try to validate the Container configuration see Validating Container Configuration p 169 See what configuration parameters have caused the error and set appropriate values using the vzctl set save command Solution 4 The Container might have used all its disk quota either disk space or disk inodes Check the Container disk quota see the Managing Disk Quotas section and increase the quota parameters if needed see Setting Up Per Container Disk Quota Parameters p 123 Solution 5 Run the vzfsutil utility to make sure that the VZFS symlinks inside the Container work correctly For example vzfsutil call t vz template vz private lt CT_ID gt The complete reference on the vzfsutil utility is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Solution 6 The Container administrator might have inadvertently modified replaced or deleted any file that is part of an application or OS template which has brought about the Container malfunction In this case restore the file s with the vzct1 recover command see the Recovering Container section for details Solution 7 Troubleshooting 353 Restore the latest operable copy of the Container by means of the vzarestore utility
157. and groups network settings action scripts mount points firewall configuration Management Console may monitor Containers as well as Hardware Nodes It also provides access to various system logs Alerts notify you of lack of resources or system failures Management Console supports all the Parallels template operations facilitating creating templates and or template updates uploading and installing templates and or template updates on the Hardware Node adding removing templates and or template updates to from Containers Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 25 Parallels Management Console Network Architecture Parallels Management Console uses a typical client server architecture The client Management Console program runs on either Microsoft Windows 2000 XP 2003 or Linux Fedora Core 4 5 6 Fedora 7 and 8 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 and 5 CentOS 4 and 5 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Ubuntu 6 workstation with X Window System The client application with the graphical user interface connects to the Parallels Agent software which is running in the special Service Container on the Hardware Node Parallels Agent communicates with the client via the well documented open Parallels Agent XML API and controls the Hardware Node itself and Containers Hardware Node Parallels Windows or Linux Agent workstation Service Container Parallels SSL encryption Management Console TCP IP connec
158. anumeric key which is installed on your Hardware Node directly without connecting to the Parallels KA server and exchanging any information with it Parallels Management Console Overview Parallels Management Console is a remote management tool for the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software with graphical user interface Parallels Management Console is designed for Hardware Node administrators having access to all the Containers on a particular Node It allows the administrator to control multiple Hardware Nodes to manage all sorts of Containers and to monitor the system Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 24 Parallels Management Console Specific Features Parallels Management Console provides tools for managing any number of Hardware Nodes and Host operating systems including the following groups of Hardware Nodes with unified space of Container IDs and IP addresses global Parallels Virtuozzo Containers configuration parameters services of the Host OS users and groups disk usage network bandwidth usage network traffic accounting mount points firewall configuration Management Console facilitates major operations on all kinds of Containers such as their creating and recovering starting stopping and deleting backing up and restoring migrating Management Console also provides flexible means for managing various Container parameters among which there are files services users
159. aranteed to receive about 4 of the CPU time even if the server is fully used or in other words if the current CPU utilization equals the power of the server Besides Container 102 will not receive more than 25 of the CPU time even if the CPU is not fully loaded vzctl set 102 cpuunits 5000 cpulimit 25 save Saved parameters for Container 102 vzctl start 102 Starting Container Container is mounted Adding IP address es 192 168 1 102 Container start in progress vzcpucheck Current CREUT TZ on ILSil 54 Power of the Node 125504 Container 102 will receive from 4 to 25 of the server CPU time unless the server is overcommitted i e the running Containers have been promised more CPU units than the power of the server In this case the Container might get less than 4 percent Note To set the cpuunits parameter for the server you should indicate 0 as the Container ID e g vzctl set 0 cpuunits 5000 save To view and or change the VEOCPUUNITS parameter using Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Right click the needed Node and select Tasks gt Manage Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Configuration on the context menu In the displayed window select the veOcpuunits parameter Enter the needed value and click OK Managing Resources 136 To view and or change the CPUUNITS or CPULIMIT parameter for separate Containers do the following 1 Click Parallels Containers in th
160. arately in the corresponding Container configuration files It is impossible to turn on second level disk quotas for a Container if first level disk quotas are off for that Container Parallels Virtuozzo Containers keeps quota usage statistics and limits in var vzquota quota lt CTI_ID gt a special quota file The quota file has a special flag indicating whether the file is dirty The file becomes dirty when its contents become inconsistent with the real Container usage This means that when the disk space or inodes usage changes during the Container operation these statistics are not automatically synchronized with the quota file the file just gets the dirty flag They are synchronized only when the Container is stopped or when the server is shut down After synchronization the dirty flag is removed If the server has been incorrectly brought down for example the power switch was hit the file remains dirty and the quota is re initialized on the next Container startup This operation may noticeably increase the server startup time Thus it is highly recommended to shut down the server properly Managing Resources 119 Disk Quota Parameters The table below summarizes the disk quota parameters that you can control The File column indicates whether the parameter is defined in the global configuration file G in the Container configuration files V or it is defined in the global configuration file but can be ove
161. are for services that are critical for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and yellow icons are for services that are not that critical Running services are indicated with bright icons Stopped services have shaded icons The Status column of the table duplicates this information in the text form The default run levels of services are ticked off in the corresponding table columns To facilitate working with services you can sort them by different parameters their name status etc Just click the column with the appropriate name to put services in the desired order Managing Services and Processes 196 Monitoring Processes in Real Time The vztop utility is rather similar to vzps but is usually started full screen and updates continuously with process information This can help with programs that may infrequently cause problems and can be hard to see with vzps Overall system information is also presented which makes a nice place to start looking for problems The vztop utility can be run on the server just as the standard Linux top utility The only features that distinguish the vzt op utility from top are the following vztop allows you to use the E option that monitors only the processes belonging to the Container whose processes you want to display You can use the e interactive command to temporarily view hide the CTIDs where the processes are running You can use the E interactive command to set the filter on the CTID fiel
162. at you make a copy of the Xclients file in case something goes wrong bin sh oclock geometry 75x75 1 1 amp xterm C geometry 80x12 0 0 amp emacs amp fvwm2 The clients will be launched in the order in which they are listed in the file the last line should specify the window manager where the started X clients will run 3 Save the file Advanced Tasks 319 In our example the Xclients file starts three applications xterm oclock and emacs and the fvwm2 window manager where these application are to be run The geometry options used in the example specify the size and shape of the window 80x12 0 0 means a window that is 80 characters wide and 12 lines high positioned at the upper left The and numbers give the location of the window The first number gives the X coordinate and the second one gives the Y coordinate The numbers start from the upper left of the screen the numbers start from the lower right of the screen So 0 0 means to put the xt erm application at the upper left corner Numbers greater than O are used to put things in the middle of the screen as in case with the oclock window a round clock in our example Advanced Tasks 320 Running Graphical Applications via VNC You may also wish to use VNC Virtual Network Computing to remotely run graphical applications inside your Container and display them on your local server The main features of VNC are the following The server and the clien
163. ation code you should use the vzlicupdate utility to move licenses between Hardware Nodes For example to transfer the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license that has been installed on Node 1 using the 9BVMF2 560MNO F28DQA 05 9NTE 12H6HG activation code to Node 2 you should do the following 1 Ascertain that Node 1 is shut down or the license is removed from this Node 2 Make sure that Node 2 is up and connected to the Internet 3 Log in to Node 2 e g via ssh 4 Execute the following command on Node 2 Managing Hardware Nodes 233 vzlicupdate t a IBVMF2 560MNO F28DQA 05 9NTE 12H6HG When executed vzlicupdate sends the 9BVMF2 560MNO F28DQA O59NTE 12H6HG license key to the Parallels KA server thus informing the server of its intention to transfer the license to a new Hardware Node The KA server verifies the received license key generates a new license file sends it back to Node 2 and installs it there To transfer a license from the Source Node to the Destination Node in Management Console perform the following operations Ascertain that the Source Node is shut down or the license is removed from this Node Make sure that the Destination Node and the computer where Management Console is installed are connected to the Internet In Management Console click the Destination Node name and follow the Manage License link at the Hardware Node dashboard In the Manage Licenses window click the Install License
164. ault OOPS You can use the following command to check for the kernel messages that should be reported to Parallels Virtuozzo Containers developers grep E Call Trace Code var log messages Then you should find kernel related lines in the corresponding log file and figure out what kernel was booted when the oops occurred Search backward for the Linux string look for strings like that Sep 26 11 41 12 kernel Linux version 2 6 18 8 1 1 e15 028stab043 1 root rhel5 32 build gcc version 4 1 1 20061011 Red Hat 4 1 1 30 1 SMP Wed Aug 29 11 51 58 MSK 2007 An oops usually starts with some description of what happened and ends with the Code string Here is an example Aug 25 08 27 4 virtual addres Aug 25 08 27 4 Mae 2S OGSA Nore AS OSSA Mag 25 Oss2ziys Mog 2 WssAs Noe 2S WEA 3 NOG ZS OGS ATE ip_vzredir U 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 S 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 boar BUG unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 00000038 boar printing eip boar f0ce6507 boar pde 00003001 boar Oops 0000 1 boar SMP boar last sysfs file boar Modules linked in snapapi26 U bridge U slm_dmprst U varecha UW vema UW vase CU a p_nat U vzcpt U ip_conntrack U nfnetlink U vzfs U vzlinkdev U vzethdev U vzevent U vzlist U vznet U vzstat U vzmo n U xt_tcpudp U ip_vznetstat U vznetstat U iptable_mangle U iptable_filter U ip_tables U slm_kill U slm_nofork U slm_core U slm_skill U slm_if
165. ber of times After you have added all the files and directories to be uploaded click Next The second step of the wizard allows you to specify file access permissions i e to set up certain attributes of the files to be uploaded Managing Hardware Nodes 240 amp Upload Files Wizard 20 x Specify File Access Permissions In this window you can change file access permissions to be set for the uploaded file s You can change a user owner and a user group for the file s to be uploaded by entering your own values in the fields provided or keep the default values You can also set special flags for the file s marking if the file is executable or not and if it is read only User name root User group name root X Mark uploaded files as executable X Mark uploaded files as read only Figure 44 Management Console Uploading Files to Hardware Node Each file in any Unix system must have a user owner and a user group The default values are root in both cases You may specify your own values in the fields provided A file has also special flags marking if the file is executable or not and if it is read only Depending on your choice the files may be uploaded with any values of these attributes Review the settings make the necessary corrections and click Next The next window lets you review all the information provided by you on the previous steps of the wizard Make sure the settings are correct
166. ber of ways 1 Using configuration sample files shipped with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers These files are used when a new Container is being created for details see the Creating and Configuring New Container section p 31 Currently the following configuration sample files are provided basic to be used for creating standard Containers confixx to be used for creating Containers that are to use the Confixx control panel slm plesk to be used for creating Containers with the Plesk control panel slm 256MB to be used for creating Containers with 256 MB of main memory s m 512Mb to be used for creating Containers with 512 MB of main memory slm 1024Mb to be used for creating Containers with 1024 MB of main memory slm 2048Mb to be used for creating Containers with 2048 MB of main memory Note Configuration sample files cannot contain spaces in their names Any sample configuration file may also be applied to a Container after it has been created You would do this if for example you want to upgrade or downgrade the overall resources configuration of a particular Container vzctl set 101 applyconfig basic save This command applies all the parameters from the ve basic conf sample file to the given Container When you install Parallels Virtuozzo Containers on your server the default Container samples having the ve lt name gt conf sample names are put to the etc vz con
167. ble to all Containers on the Hardware Node a Select the corresponding offline service from the list of available services and use the Enable Disable buttons to enable disable this offline service to the Containers on the Node b Use the Add Delete Edit buttons to add a new offline service to remove an existing offline service or to configure the properties of any offline service in the Offline services configuration table respectively If you have made some changes to any of the offline services and wish to restore the system default values click the Restore Defaults button 3 Click OK Mastering Parallels Management Console 332 Viewing Summary Pages You can view the summary page for every Hardware Node Click on the name of the Hardware Node you are interested in in the tree in the left pane of the Parallels Management Console main window or double click the name of the Hardware Node in the list of Nodes in the right pane The upper part of the information pane contains shortcuts to the most important tasks you are likely to do However all the actions and operations are accessible via the Management Console toolbar Action menu and context menus The bottom part of the Hardware Node summary page includes three tabs System Network and Disks The System tab describes the OS distribution and kernel version CPU s RAM and swap information The Network tab describes the Hardware Node network configuration interfaces and IP add
168. ble on the web site 1 Log in to Container 101 and start your vnc server by issuing the following command vncserver If you have never run a vnc server before you will be prompted for a password which you will need to use when connecting to this server All the vnc servers on your remote server will use the same password you can change it at a later time by using the vncpasswd command Type the password you consider suitable and press Enter 2 Execute the echo DISPLAY command to check what display number will be used by the vnc server to run graphical applications As you have learnt in the previous subsections the main X display of a workstation is usually indicated as 0 in our case it will read 0 the hostname is omitted because the vnc server is running inside the Container itself When you run a vnc server inside your Container it will appear as 1 as if it were just an additional display Normally the vnc servers will choose the first available display number and tell you what it is However you can specify your own display number for example 2 by typing the following vncserver 2 Advanced Tasks 321 You can also cause graphical applications to use a vnc server rather than the normal X display by setting the DISPLAY variable in the Container environment to the vnc server you want in the examples below we assume that the display number for the vnc server is set to 2 export DISPLAY CT101 2 or by startin
169. bled 0 the Container requesting functionality is disabled Indicates whether you are allowed to use the Parallels Agent functionality on the given Hardware Node t_all d e a aaa 1 the Parallels Agent functionality is enabled 0 the Parallels Agent functionality is disabled architecture The system architecture with which the license is compatible In Parallels Management Console you can check the current status of the license installed on the Hardware Node by doing the following 1 Follow the Manage License link at the Hardware Node dashboard 2 Choose Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license in the top part of the Manage Licenses window The full information about the installed license will be displayed in the License details table in the bottom part of the window License Statuses When viewing information on licenses pay special attention to their status It can be one of the following ACTIVE The license installed on the Hardware Node is valid and active VALID The license the utility parses is valid and can be installed on the Hardware Node EXPIRED The license has expired GRACED The license has been successfully installed on the Hardware Node however it has expired and is currently on the grace period i e it is active till the end of the grace period INVALID The license is invalid for example because of the Hardware Node architecture mismatch or corrupted Managing Hardware Nodes 236 Managing
170. box an incremental backup will be performed for those Containers whose full backups are already present on the Backup Node At any time you can configure any parameters of the scheduled backup task disable the task or even delete it To this effect choose the Scheduled Tasks item under the corresponding Hardware Node name right click the corresponding backup task in the Management Console right pane and select one of the following options on the context menu Disable to temporarily stop backing up your Containers on the set schedule Delete to permanently remove the scheduled backup task Properties to change the settings of the backup task Operations on Container 104 Setting Maximum Number of Backups for Parallels Power Panel Parallels Management Console allows you to configure the number of Container backups Container administrators are allowed to create on the given Hardware Node using Parallels Power Panel By default any Container administrator is allowed to create only one Container backup in Parallels Power Panel However you can increase the number of allowed backups by doing the following 1 Right click the Hardware Node where the Container for which you want to increase the number of allowed backups is residing and choose Backup gt Set Default Backup Options Y Default Backup Options for Local Server 24x Backup Node Server l Local Hardware Node Change Backup Type Full Choose this opti
171. by default are set to vz private lt dest_CTID gt and vz root lt dest_CTID gt respectively where lt dest_CTID gt denotes the ID of the resulting Container In the case of Container 111 these paths are vz private 111 and vz xroot 111 To define custom private area and root paths for Container 111 you can execute the following command vzmlocal C 101 111 vz private dir_111 vz root ct111 Moving copying Container 101 gt Container 111 Syncing private area vz private 101 gt vz private dir_111 Successfully completed ls vz private i Oil lai LLT ls vz root it EO ei wit To create a Container clone in Parallels Management Console click Parallels Containers under the name of the corresponding Hardware Node and as soon as a list of Containers appears right click the Container you are going to clone Select Tasks on the context menu and proceed with the Clone Container s option The Clone Container wizard will guide you through the process of cloning the Container 1 Operations on Container 65 First you will need to specify the number of Container clones to create and the starting Container ID FE Clone Container s 2 xi Specify Container ID In this window you should specify a unique ID for your Container You can create one or several copies of your Container Please specify the number of Container clones you wish to create Number of Containers to create 1 H Select this c
172. bytes per second 10K B sets the limit in bytes per second 10B To ensure that the I O speed limit has been successfully applied to Container 101 you can use one of the following ways 1 Check the configuration file of Container 101 grep IOLIMIT vz private 101 ve conf IOLIMIT 10485760 2 Use the vzlist utility vzlist 101 o iolimit IOLIMIT 10485760 At any time you can remove the I O bandwidth limit set for Container 101 by running this command vzctl set 101 iolimit 0 save Set up iolimit 0 Saved parameters for Container 101 Managing Resources 161 Viewing Disk I O Statistics for Containers In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 you can view disk input and output IO statistics for Containers To display the I O statistics for all Containers on the Hardware both running and stopped you can run the vzstat utility with the a option For example vzstat a Pelsom wis L cay 329 2 users load awemeces 0 00 O 0l 0 00 CENUMTZ joxeerciss i272 IR Eee ek ml te fea Oia OPTE 05 X 0 CPU le Oke ee he Us EG 1 user 0 sys 2 idle 98 lat ms L270 Mem OK total 1560MB free 627MB 402MB low high lat ms 0 0 ZONEO DMA size 16MB act OMB inact OMB free 11MB 0 0 0 ZONE1 Normal size 880MB act 76MB inact 104MB free 616MB 3 4 5 ZONE2 HighMem size 684MB act 116MB inact 153MB free 402MB 0 1 1 Men hats Gms ts AO OR ORO RO Od 3d Slab pa
173. ce teen note chceeg 321 Assigning External IP Addresses to Container s ceeeeesesseeeseeseceeesecesecesecnaeenseeeneeeeeees 327 Configuring Capabilities Capabilities are sets of bits that permit of splitting the privileges typically held by the root user into a larger set of more specific privileges The POSIX capabilities are defined by a draft IEEE standard IEEE Std 1003 le they are not unique to Linux or Parallels Virtuozzo Containers When the Linux or Parallels Virtuozzo Containers documentation says requires root privileges in nearly all cases it really means requires a specific capability This section documents the tasks that can be achieved using per Container capabilities in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and all configurable capabilities Advanced Tasks 249 Creating VZFS Symlinks Inside a Container Normally it is impossible to create a VZFS symlink from a Container The ability to create VZFS symlinks presents a serious security concern explained further in this subsection However there may be a situation when you need such an ability for example for testing created templates or creating VZFS mounts A VZFS symlink is a symbolic link starting with four slashes You can see VZFS symlinks in the private area of any Container as is illustrated below ls 1 vz private 101 root bin bash ILE WRIE RE 3K l roor voor 37 Jal 9 2008 y vz private 101 root bin bash gt cedhat as4 bash 3 0 19 2
174. central concept of the X Window System is the display an abstraction for the screen managed by an X server When an X client is invoked it needs to know which display to use Displays are named by strings in the form of hostname displaynumber screennumber and should be set as the DISPLAY environment variable on the server where X clients are to be run in our case inside the corresponding Container hostname specifies the hostname or the IP address of the machine to which the display is physically connected i e the server where the X server is running e g 198 112 45 11 0 0 An omitted hostname e g DISPLAY 0 0 would mean the local host displaynumber is usually used to refer to a collection of monitors that share a common keyboard and pointer mouse tablet etc Most workstations tend to have only one keyboard and pointer and therefore only one display In case a workstation has several displays i e several keyboards or pointer sets each display on this server is assigned a display number beginning at 0 when the X server for that display is started The display number must always be given in a display name screennumber Some displays share a single keyboard and pointer among two or more monitors Since each monitor has its own set of windows it is assigned a screen number beginning at 0 when the X server for that display is started If the screen number is not given screen 0 will be used For example if y
175. ces on your physical server makes a snapshot of their consumption and writes down this information to the server configuration file Besides the utility initiates the execution of the distdetect common sh script used to determine the Linux version installed on your server and to put this information to the generated configuration file So after you have copied the vzhwcalc and distdetect common sh files to the physical server you should run the vzhwcalc utility on it to create a configuration file for your server vzhwcalc scan time time p time d script_path where scan time is the time during which the vzhwcalc utility will be periodically making snapshots of the main server resources p denotes the interval with which the resources snapshots will be made by the vzhwcalc utility and d is the full path to the distdetect common sh script on the server The time and interval should be given in the dhms format e g scan time 1d2h30m40s means that the vzhwcalc utility will run on the server for 1 day 2 hours 30 minutes and 40 seconds While running the vzhwcalc utility please keep in mind the following The consumption of the resources may significantly vary depending on the server loading Therefore we recommend that you set the scan time of the vzhwcalc utility to 1 day or more During this time the utility will periodically i e with the interval specified check the resources consumption on the server As a
176. ceseceseceseceaecaeecaeecseseaeseaeeeeseseeaeeseesaecsaessaesaes 252 Mia eration OVeryie Wess ccs3 ssccestssassesteat ap ee eoetea sues dees sheet detup dura apro RENAE EEES RoE SPEE oR iS 252 Mi Sratlon Steps erret aaepe renon rea rera a araa Eeo E ESERE EE s Sa Ea O EESE eaP EEEn ESEE ERS S EREE EE Taas 253 Migration Requirements s sseiisc sssedsseaceeiscustes devs stehdesacsdekssecoetesssessasauesostevsess codon SPEIS Ee EDERSE EIS Tene 255 Migration Restrictions i sci ssess seuss sevisesdeciscyseesseesceescdeecs co Oena Ee SeS stag cbetsvsess dodsceaveesgeessgedacasbeaseoese 256 Migrating Physical Server to Container in Command Line 000 eee ee eee cee ceeeceeeseeeeeeeeeeeenes 257 Migrating Physical Server to Container in Parallels Management Console ce eeeeeeeeees 264 Migrating Container to Physical Server cece cseeseeeseeeeeeeeceeeeesecesecesecssecsaecsaecsaecaeesseseseseaeeseeeasenes 274 Migration SLEDS sc ssctisci sscssscasestsea ds cobasesegtaseastescassciiescspees dekauesoetesvnassedavasshsavessgedscesscesgeeabgesaedsbeaseoese 274 Contents 6 Misration REQUIreMents s 2s c esossesce sets cueesdeadead eer iae dee schessdonh av aeons pee N EE SEENE EE 275 Migrating Container to Physical Server cece ceecseeseeeneseeeeeeeeeeeesecesecaecaecsaecsaecaaeeaaseneseeeees 276 Creating Customized Containers kusessa S eesmise pee TNR O Ken pea e EN a sobavedeed save EEES KES PES EEEE 276 Using Customized OS EZ Temp
177. ch handles this situation T If you want a Container to be unable to initiate reboot itself add the ALLOWREBOOT no line to the Container configuration file etc vz conf CT_ID conf If you want to have Container reboot disabled by default and want to specify explicitly which Containers are allowed to reboot add the ALLOWREBOOT no line to the global configuration file etc vz vz conf and explicitly specify ALLOWREBOOT yes in the corresponding Container configuration files If the Parallels Agent software is not running on your Hardware Node for this or that reason an auxiliary way to allow Containers to reboot themselves is to uncomment the following line in the etc cron d vereboot file vi etc cron d vereboot beginning of file pe NBS Tee CiEISy W7A COMME WSIESIOOVON You can use any editor of your choice instead of the vi command Remove the hash mark on the last line to read x x x root etc vz conf vereboot Now you can issue the reboot command in a Container and the latter will be started on the next vereboot run Managing Graphical Applications Inside Container The given section provides information on how you can run X applications inside your Containers located somewhere on a TCP IP network and display them on your local server exploit window managers to customize the appearance of running X applications and use the vnc desktop software to remotely launch graphica
178. cified URL credentials and proxy server settings Create the var www html virtuozzo linux i386 4 0 0 directory inside Container 101 according to the values of the LocalRepositoryRoot and Releases parameters and copy all the packages contained in the subdirectories of the virtuozzo linux i386 4 0 0 directory of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository to the var www html virtuozzo linux i386 4 0 0 directory inside Container 101 Create a number of files in the var www html virtuozzo linux i386 directory e g index xml and index_4 0 0 xm1 containing the information on all major system update releases available for the 1386 architecture and on all minor update releases included in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 release Note To create a local mirror storing the latest versions of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers standard and EZ templates you should configure the vzup2date mirror conf file and specify the t or z option when running the vzup2date mirror utility respectively See the Choosing Updates for Downloading section p 305 and the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide for details 4 Set the value of the Server parameter in the etc sysconfig vzup2date vzup2date conf file on each Hardware Node where the vzup2date utility is to be run to http 192 168 0 101 From now on the vzup2date utility will use the created local repository mirror to update all Hardware Nodes in your local n
179. cking up and restoring Containers has sped up significantly Container backups occupy much less disk space than was the case with VZFS v2 The migration of Containers using VZFS v2 is performed much quicker Advanced Tasks 323 Inside VZFS v2 By its nature VZFS is closely related to two other Parallels Virtuozzo Containers notions namely templates and Container private areas Templates make use of VZFS to offer themselves for sharing among Containers and Container private areas obtain the possibility to create links to templates instead of regular files to save RAM and disk space In this respect VZES v2 has the following specifics The nature of private area links to templates is altogether different in VZFS v2 These were called magic links in the previous version of VZFS and lacked many characteristics of regular files from the point of view of the Hardware Node filesystem though they were seen as regular files from inside the corresponding Container In VZFS v2 these links are regular files even when seen from the Hardware Node context To indicate that these files in fact point to template files they are named shortcuts in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers as distinct from magic links in VZFS v1 and Virtuozzo 3 0 Whereas in the previous version of VZFS each and every file from a template had to be represented by its own magic link in a Container private area in VZFS v2 a single shortcut suffices for a whole directory inside a t
180. ckup is automatically created 5 On the next step of the wizard you can set the following parameters for the Container backup Operations on Container 102 Provide the backup description in the Backup description field if necessary The description can be any text containing any backup related information e g the backup purpose Do not stop the Container backup even if any errors appear the Do not stop on errors check box is selected or break the backup process should any malfunction occur the check box is cleared Do not stop the backup process if one or more of the Containers to be backed up is not present on the Source Node the Ignore non existent Containers check box is selected or break the backup process if any Container is absent the check box is cleared This option can be used when backing up several Containers at once 6 Next you should specify a number of parameters for the backup tasks being created Schedule Backup Task for Container s 24x Specify Task Properties This window helps you define the settings for your backup task Name Description Schedule Task Start Time Start Date Daily gt 04 05 45 AM le 1272572007 S1 Schedule Task Daily Every 1 S day s C Every workday Every weekend End Date No end date O EndDate 12 25 2007 X Enabled the scheduled task will be performed at the specified ti
181. cluded in this template For example if you wish your Container to run Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 and to function as a Linux based server only you can create the redhat as4 x86 server OS EZ template set and include only those packages in it that are needed for performing main server tasks So you can specify packages to be used for setting up file and print sharing and exclude all the packages for graphical interfaces GNOME and KDE To create a non base OS EZ template you should complete the following tasks 1 Create a metafile that will serve as the basis for your non base OS EZ template Any metafile for this kind of EZ template must contain the following information osname the name of the Linux distribution for which you are creating the OS EZ template set This name must correspond to that specified in the base OS EZ template For example if you are creating an OS template set of the base OS EZ template for RHEL 4 you must set the value of this parameter to redhat Sosver the version of the Linux distribution specified as the value of the sosname parameter This name must correspond to that specified in the base OS EZ template For example if you are creating an OS template set of the base OS EZ template for RHEL 4 you must set the value of this parameter to as4 osarch the system architecture where the EZ template is to be run This name must correspond to that specified in the base OS EZ template For example if yo
182. compression This compression level is set by default and suitable for backing up most Container files and folders High in this case the Container backup is created with the high level of compression The size of the resulting backup file is smaller than that of the backup file compressed in the normal and none modes however it takes longer to create the backup file Maximum in this case the Container backup is created with the maximum level of compression The size of the resulting backup file is the smallest and the time of the backup creation is the longest In general the optimal data compression level depends on the type of files to be stored in the backup archive For example it is advisable to use the normal and none compression types if most of the files to be backed up are already compressed e g the files with the zip and car extensions or can be compressed with a low degree of efficiency e g all executable files with the exe extension or image files with the jpg jpeg and gif extensions To configure the default backup compression level do the following 1 Right click the respective Source Node and choose Backup gt Set Default Backup Options Operations on Container 75 Y Default Backup Options for Local Server Backup Node Server Local Hardware Node Backup Type Full Choose this option to create a full backup containing the entire Container private area confi
183. ctively for which the updates are to be downloaded e g 1386 centos4 The easiest way to make three configuration files is to use the default etc vzup2date mirror vzup2date mirror conf file for system updates and create two copies of this file for EZ and standard templates updates Let us name these files vzup2date mirror z conf this file will be responsible for handling EZ templates updates and vzup2date mirror t conf this file will be responsible for handling standard templates updates and put them to the etc vzup2date mirror directory After creating three separate configuration files you should configure the Re leases parameter in each file to tell the vzup2date mirror utility to download certain system and templates updates only Configure the Releases parameter in the vzup2date mirror conf file by setting its value to 1386 4 0 0 vi etc vzup2date mirror vzup2date mirror conf Advanced Tasks 306 Releases i386 4 0 0 Configure the Releases parameter in the vzup2date mirror z conf file by setting its value to x86_64 centos 4 x86_64 fedora core 8 vi etc vzup2date mirror vzup2date mirror z conf Releases x86_64 centos 4 x86_64 fedora core 8 Configure the Releases parameter in the vzup2date mirror z conf file by setting its value to i386 centos4 vi etc vzup2date mirror vzup2date mirror t conf Releases i386 centos4 Now you can start downloading the specified updates To do this run the followin
184. cuments chapters in all guides are divided into sections which in their turn are subdivided into subsections For example About This Guide is a section and Documentation Conventions is a subsection Preface 13 Getting Help In addition to this guide there are a number of other resources shipped with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 that can help you use the product more effectively These resources include Getting Started With Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 for Linux This guide provides basic information on installing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 on your server creating new Containers and performing the main operations on them Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 for Linux Installation Guide This guide provides exhaustive information on the process of installing configuring and deploying your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system Unlike the Getting Started With Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 for Linux guide it contains a more detailed description of the operations needed to install and set Parallels Virtuozzo Containers to work e g planning the structure of your network and performing the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers unattended installation Besides it does not include the description of any Container related operations Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 for Linux Templates Management Guide This guide is meant to provide complete information on Parallels Virtuozzo Containers templates an exclusive Paralle
185. d OK Starting ttylogd 514 OK You may also consult the ttylogd 8 andttylog conf 5 manual pages Increasing Kernel Log Level To increase the kernel verbosity on the Hardware Node to get more informative kernel messages on the Monitor Node you can proceed as follows 1 Check the current kernel log level cat proc sys kernel printk 6 4 1 7 2 Set the log level to the maximum possible value echo 8 4 1 8 gt proc sys kernel printk 3 On Hardware Nodes running RHEL based distributions additionally edit the KLOGD_OPTIONS parameter in the etc sysconfig syslog file as follows KLOGD_OPTIONS x c 8 4 If your Hardware Node has an SMP kernel installed additionally execute the following command on the Node echo 8 gt proc sys kernel silence level You can permanently save the changes made to the kernel log level configuration by doing the following 1 Adding the following string to the etc sysct1 conf file on the Hardware Node kernel printk 8 4 1 8 2 Specifying the debug parameter in the boot loader configuration file etc grub conf or etc lilo conf on the Hardware Node On Hardware Nodes with SMP kernels you should also add the silencelevel 8 string to the boot loader configuration file on the Node Checking That netconsole Logging Works You can check that you have successfully set up netconsole by loading and unloading a certain kernel module on the Hardware Node and viewing the file on the Monitor No
186. d copy it to the Hardware Node before starting the migration process itself You may also use this utility previous to migrating a physical server in Parallels Management Console and or Parallels Virtual Automation to find out the resources consumption on the server during its maximal loading and set the right resources parameters on the corresponding steps of Management Console Infrastructure Manager wizards Detailed information on the vzhwcalc utility and on how to create and modify the configuration file for the Container where your physical server is to be migrated is provided in the Preparing Container Configuration File subsection p 257 Besides while using vzp2v you have to manually stop the physical server and start the Container on the Node after the server migration whereas Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation allow you to select the corresponding options in the last step of their wizards The migration procedure by means of Management Console and the vzp2v utility is described in the following subsections Detailed information on how to migrate a physical server to a Container by using Infrastructure Manager is provided in the Parallels Virtual Automation Administrator s Guide Advanced Tasks 255 Migration Requirements To avoid delays and problems while migrating your physical server to a Container on the Node please make sure that the following requirements are fulfilled in respect of the server and the
187. d from vznetworkl issue the following command vznetcfg if list Name Type Network ID Addresses etho mE 192 168 0 170 22 cline To join a physical or VLAN adapter to a Virtual Network in Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Right click the needed Hardware Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Network Adapters on the context menu 2 Inthe Hardware Node Network Configuration window select the name of the network adapter either physical or VLAN to be joined to a Virtual Network and click Edit button 3 Under Virtual Network choose on the drop down menu the Virtual Network where you wish to join the network adapter Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 209 ID Intel R PRO 1000 MT Network Connection MAC 00 0c 29 5c 10 92 Not Connected vznet1 4 Click OK To disconnect an adapter from the corresponding Virtual Network perform Steps 1 and 2 above and in the Properties window choose Not connected on the drop down menu Managing Virtual Networks A Virtual Network acts as a binding interface between a Container virtual network adapter and the corresponding physical or VLAN adapter on the Hardware Node allowing you to include your Containers in different networks local or VLAN Parallels Virtuozzo Containers enables you to manage Virtual Networks as follows Create a new Virtual Network on the Hardware Node and remove an existing one List the Virtual N
188. d mount it with the noexec flag vzctl set 101 bindmount_add root MyTempDir noexec save Saved parameters for Container 101 ls R vz private 101 mnt vz private 101 mnt media root vz private 101 mnt root MyTempDir vzctl exec 101 1s root MyTempDir While working with mounted directories please keep in mind the following There are no restrictions on migrating a Container with one or several mount points inside Having been moved to the Destination Node the Container will have the same mount points with the same flags noexec nodev nosuid as it had on the Source Node before the migration The permissions set for the mounted directories are taken from the corresponding upper level directories e g the permissions for the MyTempDir directory inside Container 101 in the example above are derived from the root directory inside the Container If there is no upper level directory the directory permissions are set to 0777 meaning that owners groups and others have read write and search permissions in respect of this directory For mount points quota accounting standard per Container quota calculation rules are used since all bind mounts are located in the vz private CT_ID mnt directory on the Hardware Node At any time you can remove a mount point from a Container For example you can delete the tmp mount point from Container 101 by executing the following command vzlist a CWI NPROC
189. d that helps you display only the processes belonging to the given Container The vztop utility usually has an output like the following vztop E 101 L72S49305 vio ZO ckeiys 2Sesy ATS er S loccl awereeges nor 1 89 badd 305 processes 299 sleeping 3 running 3 zombie 0 stopped CPUO states 20 1 user 51 2 system 0 0 nice 0 0 iowait 28 1 idle CPU1 states 21 2 user 50 0 system 0 0 nice 0 0 iowait 28 1 idle Mem 1031088k av 969340k used 61748k free Ok shrd 256516k buff 509264k active 330948k inactive Swap 4056360k av 17156k used 4039204k free 192292k cached av ILI PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S sCPU 3MEM TIME COMMAND 1 il 27173 wooe 16 Q L616 604 1420 S 00 i OgWil 86 imie LOL 2755 cow 15 W20 624 1356 S amp 0 0 O11 Ws00 34 syweilogel IQ ATOSS WOOE 25 0 AOE LIOO S632 8 O 0 O 4 O200 04 sing IOL ZSSS 200g 25 Z068 860 1740 S O 0 O N E IOL 21570 wooe 16 1260 3180 6332S O20 O 7 OOS 78 Inicjoel 1 il Z75890 wooe 16 0 ZAS2 OSE 1528 S O 0 O 2 O300 34 cromel 1M 27590 z007 25 Aoa eA STOA S O 0 O 2 03000 seis lenie As you can see vztop provides an ongoing look at the processor activity in real time the display is updated every 5 seconds by default but you can change that with the d command line option or the s interactive command It displays a list of the most CPU intensive tasks on the system and can provide an interactive interface for manipulating processes It can sort the task
190. dded to a Container it will be enough to issue the ifup dev command inside the Container to read the settings from the file mentioned above Mind though that this will still not restore advanced network configuration settings such as traffic shaping or packet filtering rules The physical device inside a Container has no security restrictions typical for the venet virtual device Inside the Container it will be possible to assign any IP address to this device and use it to sniff network traffic in the promiscuous mode and so on Advanced Tasks 294 Enabling VPN for Container Virtual Private Network VPN is a technology which allows you to establish a secure network connection even over an insecure public network Setting up a VPN for a separate Container is possible via the TUN TAP device To allow a particular Container to use this device the following steps are required Make sure the tun o module is already loaded before Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is started lsmod Allow the Container to use the TUN TAP device vzctl set 101 devices c 10 200 rw save Create the corresponding device inside the Container and set the proper permissions vzctl exec 101 mkdir p dev net vzctl exec 101 mknod dev net tun c 10 200 vzctl exec 101 chmod 600 dev net tun Configuring the VPN proper is carried out as a common Linux administration task which is out of the scope of this guide Some popular Linux software for
191. ddress es 10 14 14 101 Hostname for Container set localhost localdomain Container start in progress vzctl exec 101 1s bin boot dev Porn Oee CliiceVerEOIZEG 5 o oI old Pon GOEIE Cis OIelaS 5 gt tmp usr var Both the vzct1 recover and vzctl reinstall commands retain the users credentials base unless the resetpwdb option is specified Note In the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Management Console does not support recovering Containers this functionality is accessible only through the command line on the Hardware Node Operations on Container 107 Customizing Container Reinstallation The default reinstallation as performed by the vzctl reinstall command creates a new private area for the broken Container as if it were created by the vzctl create command and copies the private area of the broken Container to the old directory in the new private area so that no file is lost There is also a possibility of deleting the old private area altogether without copying or mounting it inside the new private area which is done by means of the skipbackup option This way of reinstalling corrupted Containers might in certain cases not correspond exactly to your particular needs It happens when you are accustomed to creating new Containers in some other way than just using the vzctl create command For example you may install additional software licenses into new Containers or anything else In
192. de where the messages are stored The file should contain the messages printed by the kernel during the module loading unloading Assuming that all messages coming from net console are to be stored in the var log netconsole_logs file For example netconsole will send messages like the following during the loop module loading on the Hardware Node Troubleshooting 371 vein 22 A7sZe Qos SA scewiloeicl wi251 0 5 seemceel Jan 22 06 14 58 ts4 loop loaded max 8 devices Troubleshooting 372 Preparing Monitor Node for Sending Alerts The Monitor Node can also be configured to remotely check up the state of the Hardware Nodes if they are running or down as well as a number of vital parameters and to send instant alerts via e mail if anything goes wrong To do this it is necessary to install the vzrmon package on the Monitor Node which are located on your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers CD DVD or in your local distribution directory in the virtuozzo RPMS subdirectory For example rpm ihv vzrmon 4 6 0 3 i386 rpm Preparing HHEPEEPETTPREEETEPERE ETE EET ERT 1005 1 vzrmon HHETHEPEETPREEEREPHE REET L008 Note You might also need to install the gnuplot and mutt packages if they are not already installed If this is the case you will receive the corresponding notification These packages are not included with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers as they are part of a standard Red Hat Linux distribution After the vzrmon package
193. devd d SOL 2 B 6 30 syslogd m 0 Qala X Ss 0 00 usr sbin sshd IIZI V Ss 0 00 xinetd stayalive pidfile var run xinetd pid SAO 2 Ss 0 05 sendmail accepting connections ISAE R Ss 0 00 sendmail Queue runner 01 00 00 for var spool clientmqueue 9358 B 0 03 usr sbin httpd 9360 S 0 00 _ usr sbin httpd VSO R Ss 0 00 crond YSIS Z Ss 0 00 usr sbin saslauthd m var run saslauthd a pam A 2 9376 B 3 20 _ usr sbin saslauthd m var run saslauthd a jam m 2 GSI 2 Sst 0 00 sbin mingetty console 20396 Ss 000 vzeti DESA 20397 pts 0 Ss 0 00 _ basn ZOIS PESO R 0 00 Nr DS erai In our example two processes with PIDs 9301 and 9376 have spent the highest time in the B state 5 Run the cat proc PID io command and check the read_bytes and write_bytes values in the command output CT 111 bash 3 2 cat proc 9301 io pehes S266 wchar 854 Managing Resources 163 syscr 14 syscw 8 read_bytes 228672665 write_bytes 426542387 cancelled_write_bytes 0 CT 111 bash 3 2 cat proc 9376 io Benar DAG wchar 854 Sysers la syscw 8 read_bytes 286672 write_bytes 347606 cancelled_write_bytes 0 As the commands output shows process 9301 running in Container 111 the performance bottleneck on the Node Managing Resources 164 Managing Container Resources Configuration Any Container is configured by means of its own configuration file You can manage your Container configurations in a num
194. directory is meant for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers RPM packages and templates to be used on IA 64 bit platforms i e on servers with the Itanium 2 processor installed Each of the aforementioned directories contains a number of files holding the information on all update releases for the corresponding architecture e g index xm1 and on particular update releases e g index_4 0 0 xml or update_ids 4 0 0 The next underlying directories are the following The eztemplates directory containing a set of OS and application EZ templates for the corresponding microprocessor architecture This directory contains two files index xml and update_ids holding the information on all available EZ template updates The templates subdirectory containing a set of OS and application standard templates for the corresponding microprocessor architecture This directory contains two files index xml and update_ids holding the information on all available standard template updates A directory representing the major Parallels Virtuozzo Containers release version for the corresponding microprocessor architecture e g virtuozzo linux i386 4 0 0 for the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 release This directory contains the index xml and update_ids files holding the information on all available updates for the given release a number of additional xm1 files and subdirectories described below Advanced Tasks 301 A number of subdirectories
195. ds RRE no Be edback wisccs cs tech cote eee See Seats exe eee So Sees noch ce bcc Rea wee Reach taGd de tues recede eaten Sea E dh Wath a te cece nde cocoa bia toree ecu tettods Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy About Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Software seecesssecesneecsseceeneecsseceeneecsaeceeneecaeceeneecsaeceeneesaeeeeneees What is Parallels Virtuozzo Containers eeecessseceseceenceceseeeesseeeceeceaeceaeecsaeceeeeecaeceeaeecsaeeeeneecees Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit vs Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit eeeeeeeeeees Distinctive Features of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers eeeceeeseceeeeecsseceeneecsseceeeeecsaeceeneecsaeceeneeeaeceeneees OS Virtualization snene e E E EE caves A EEEE EEE E EEE a Virt ozzo File Systemin enone ose eon esie Seo ETE EE EErEE EEEE SEE EE E S bed Template S a e aE E a A E E cus E E E AE A EEE R Resource Manasement sinian en a e e EE E E E T E E a ii Main Principles of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Operation s eesseeeeseereeeesrsreerssreersserrrsresrreresreerrsreernee Basics of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Technology sseesseeeeseeesseesrsreerrsererssreresresreeresrenrrsrerrsse Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Configuration 0 cee ceeccescesecescesecesecneceaecaeecaeeeeeseeeeeeeeeseneennees Understanding Licensing nie 22 505 eioi eae ie reee basta cubes Sune Eea EAEE TE ETE E E eS eE Parallels Management Console Overview sssses
196. e Specify the name of the newly created distribution configuration file as the value of the DISTRIBUTION variable in the ve conf configuration file Detailed information on how to create new configuration files and set the DISTRIBUTION variable is provided in the Creating Configuration File for New Linux Distribution section p 312 You can also start the migration process without having the right configuration file for your Linux distribution In this case the unknown conf distribution configuration file from the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node will be used for tuning the Container after the physical server migration However using the unknown conf configuration file means that you will not be able to use standard Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities e g vzct1 for performing the main operations on the created Container such as setting the Container IP address or configuring the DNS parameters and have to manually complete these tasks from inside the Container Finally you should copy the resulting configuration file to the Hardware Node You will have to specify the full path to the configuration file while running the vzp2v utility Advanced Tasks 261 Linux distribution installed on the physical server is supported by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers To find out if your Linux distribution can be recognized by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can check the etc vz conf dists director
197. e 26 mail relay server 185 physical server 261 290 proxy server 358 Service Container 295 iptables 307 308 K Kernel 2 4 254 2 6 59 Kernel Troubleshooting 347 L License Parallels Containers 23 345 License Statuses 234 Linux Specific Capabilities 250 List of Supported Linux Distributions for Containers 36 Listing Adapters 203 Index 380 Listing Containers 49 Listing Virtual Networks 211 Loading iptables Modules 307 Loading iptables Modules to Hardware Node 307 Loading iptables Modules to Particular Containers 308 Logs 26 176 338 358 373 MAC Address 255 375 Main Operations on Services and Processes 190 Main Principles of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Operation 20 Managing Backup Node 94 Managing Backups in Parallels Management Console 69 Managing Container CPU Resources 134 Managing Container Memory Usage 153 Managing Container Resources Configuration 163 Managing Container Search Domains 343 Managing CPU Share 135 Managing Disk I O Parameters 157 Managing Disk Quotas 118 Managing Files 235 Managing Files Inside Container 340 Managing Graphical Applications Inside Container 312 Managing Hardware Node Resources Parameters 294 Managing Hardware Nodes 226 Managing IP Addresses Pool on Node 242 Managing Mount Points 337 Managing Mount Points Inside Container 286 Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth 141
198. e Hostname IP Address 101 ct101 cT101 10 10 100 101 Running Kis Fle Manager 102 Runnin E amp Monitor oo ERO ee lag Services Logs amp Templates id Backups F Scheduled Tasks You can also click the Delete button on the toolbar or select Delete on the Action menu In the displayed dialog click Yes to confirm your decision Deleting a considerable number of Containers may take some time The progress is displayed in the Actions pane Operations on Container 111 Disabling Container There may appear situations when you wish to forbid Container owners to use their Containers For example it may happen in case the Container owner uses it for unallowed purposes intruding into computers of other users participating in DoS attacks etc In such cases you can disable a Container thus making it impossible to start the Container once it was stopped For example you can execute the following command to disable Container 101 residing on your server vzctl set 101 disabled yes After the Container stopping the Container user will not be able to start it again until you enable this Container again by passing the disabled no option to vzctl set You can also use the force option to start any disabled Container For example vzctl start 101 Container start disabled vzctl start 101 force Starting Container Container is mounted Adding port redirection to Container 1 4643 8443 Adding IP add
199. e Network Configuration Network Adapters IPAddress Virtual Network SS AMD PCNET Family PCI Ethernet Adapter Physical 10 30 19 76 vznet1 Details Device ID AMD PCNET Family PCI Ethernet Adapter Type Physical IP Address es 10 30 19 76 Virtual Network vznetl MAC 00 0 29 d5 fe d5 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 205 Figure 36 Management Console Listing Network Adapters The Adapters table in the displayed window lists all the network adapters currently available on the Node To view detailed information on the corresponding adapter select its name in the Adapters table All adapter related data its name type the MAC and IP address assigned to the adapter etc will be shown in the Details table at the bottom of the Hardware Node Network Configuration window Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 206 Creating VLAN Adapter Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to create new VLAN adapters on the Hardware Node You can use these adapters later on to connect your Containers to any of the available Virtual Networks for more information on Virtual Networks please turn to the Managing Virtual Networks section p 209 VLAN adapters can be made using the vznetcfg vlan add command To create a new VLAN adapter you should specify the VLAN ID an arbitrary integer number which will uniquely identify the virtual LAN among other VLANs on the Hardware Node and the physical
200. e right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties Click the Resources tab and the Disk Quota item Double click the quot augidlimit parameter Managing Resources 126 Resource Counter Properties Egi xi Name Number of user group IDs X Turn 2nd level quota off Value Units Allowed range Counter description The number of usergroup IDs allowed for Container internal disk quota If set to 0 the UID GID quota will not be enabled You can configure the UID GID quota for Containers with the disabled UID GID quota only if they are stopped Z Figure 24 Management Console Turning Second Level Disk Quota On and Off 4 Clear the Turn 2nd level quota off check box enter the desired value in the Value field and click OK 5 Restart the Container if it is running for the changes to take effect Managing Resources 127 Setting Up Second Level Disk Quota Parameters Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides the standard Linux quota package for working inside Containers vzctl exec 101 rpm q quota GMoOre S W8 1 IL aoeuceul les This command shows that the quota package installed in the Container is built and shipped by Parallels Use the utilities from this package as is prescribed in your Linux manual to set second level quotas for the given Container For example ssh ct101 root ct101 s password iest loginis sart dull 5 OOSS7 307 2009 Tron LO LOC 40 e root ct101 r
201. e what percentage of the CPU the process is currently utilizing Along with CPU utilization you can see the current memory utilization and its VSZ virtual memory size and RSS resident set size VSZ is the amount of memory the program would take up if it were all in memory RSS is the actual amount currently in memory Knowing how much a process is currently eating will help determine if it is acting normally or has spun out of control You will notice a question mark in most of the TTY fields in the vzps aux output This is because most of these programs were started at boot time and or by initialization scripts The controlling terminal does not exist for these processes thus the question mark On the other hand the bash command has a TTY value of pts 4 This is a command being run from a remote connection and has a terminal associated with it This information is helpful for you when you have more than one connection open to the machine and want to determine which window a command is running in STAT shows the current status of a process In our example many are sleeping indicated by an S in the STAT field This simply means that they are waiting for something It could be user input or the availability of system resources The other most common status is R meaning that it is currently running Note For detailed information on all vzps parameters output fields states of processes etc please consult the vzps manual pages In the cu
202. e Features of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers cccccccccceeeeseseseseseseseseseseseeenes 18 Main Principles of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Operation eseesseesseceseceeceneeeseeees 20 Hardware Node Availability Considerations 20 0 0 ceeceesceeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeecaeecsaecsaecnaecnaeeesaeens 30 About Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Software This section provides general information about the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software and its applications Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 15 Whatis Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is a patented OS virtualization solution It creates isolated partitions or Containers on a single physical server and OS instance to utilize hardware software data center and management effort with maximum efficiency The basic Parallels Virtuozzo Containers capabilities are Intelligent Partitioning Division of a server into as many as hundreds of Containers with full server functionality Complete Isolation Containers are secure and have full functional fault and performance isolation Dynamic Resource Allocation CPU memory network disk and I O can be changed without rebooting Mass Management Suite of tools and templates for automated multi Container and multi server administration The diagram below represents a typical model of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based system structure Container Container Contai
203. e Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties Click the Resources tab and select CPU parameters Double click the corresponding parameter in the right part of the displayed window and if necessary enter the right value for the given Container Click OK twice Managing Resources 137 Configuring Number of CPUs Inside Container If your server has more than one physical processor installed you can control the number of CPUs which will be used to handle the processes running inside separate Containers By default a Container is allowed to consume the CPU time of all processors on the server i e any process inside any Container can be executed on any processor on the server However you can modify the number of physical CPUs which will be simultaneously available to a Container using the cpus option of the vzctl set command For example if your server has 4 physical processors installed i e any Container on the server can make use of these 4 processors you can set the processes inside Container 101 to be run on 2 CPUs only by issuing the following command vzctl set 101 cpus 2 save Note The number of CPUs to be set for a Container must not exceed the number of physical CPUs installed on the server In this case the physical CPUs notation designates the number of CPUs the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel is aware of you can view this CPU number using the
204. e by constantly checking up the current state of the Node verifying that the main Hardware Node parameters do not exceed their specified limits and sending instant alerts via e mail ICQ or SMS if anything goes wrong on the Node By running the vzstatrep utility on the Monitor Node This utility periodically analyzes the main resources consumption of one or several Hardware Nodes generates statistic reports and graphics based on the analyzed information and sends these reports and graphics at your e mail address You can then examine the received e mail message to find out whether the Hardware Node is functioning trouble free or a number of corrective actions should be performed in relation to some of its components By using the netconsole module This module can be configured to send console messages from the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel on the Hardware Node to the Monitor Node However in this case the process of monitoring the system and collecting kernel messages is started only after the kernel has been successfully loaded on the Hardware Node The following subsections describe each of these ways in detail Troubleshooting 363 Configuring Serial Console on Monitor Node To set up a serial console on the Monitor Node you have to complete the following tasks Install Linux on a dedicated server that is to be served as the Monitor Node This server shall meet one requirement you must be able to install a Linux distributio
205. e default Backup Node compression level etc This backup mode does not allow you to exclude any files from the backup archive C Custom Choose this option to manually specify the backup configuration parameters Help lt Back Next gt Cancel 3 In the first step of the wizard choose the Container backup mode Default select this radio button to back up the Container using the default backup mode When run in this mode the default backup parameters are used for creating the Container backup You can only set the backup description and configure the default backup policy Note Detailed information on what default backup parameters are and how to manage them is given in the Setting Default Backup Parameters subsection p 70 Custom select this radio button to manually set the parameters to be applied to the resulting backup archive In this case you will have to go through a number of steps Steps 4 and 5 of the Back Up Containers wizard and set all the parameters of the Container backup one by one 4 In the second step of the wizard specify the files and directories to be included in the backup Operations on Container 79 Choose Files to Back Up Please check one or several files to include in the backup You can also specify the mask for the files to be excluded Type Size_ Modified Entire Contents of Container ct250 H A E bin Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 J boot Directory 2004 0
206. e is repackaged to include the necessary reinstall scripts Note Usually it is up to the application vendor or the template maker to provide this kind of scripts However if you have a certain experience with making application templates yourself you may do it on your own The reinstall scripts should be first packaged into an RPM which should in its turn be added to the template 2 A new Container is created and the Plesk application template is added to it Part of this addition consists in copying the reinstall scripts to the etc vz reinstall d directory inside the Container 3 A Plesk license is manually copied to the appropriate place inside the Container and installed 4 The Container administrator performs typical day to day tasks with the help of the Plesk control panel The local Plesk database gets filled up with all kinds of objects servers domains hostnames IP addresses logs etc 5 Some day the Container gets broken and wouldn t start The Container administrator clicks the Reinstall button in Parallels Power Panel At this point Parallels Virtuozzo Containers a Creates a brand new Container with the necessary templates added to it This means that Plesk is also added and the etc vz reinstall d directory with the Plesk scripts is created b Mounts the filesystem of the broken Container to the mnt directory inside the new Container c NB Launches scripts from the etc vz reinstall d directory These scripts are
207. e process has the name of init move it 9 to group 9 during the process execution irrespective of the group it originally belongs to As there is no default group numbered 9 it will be created when this rule is first applied 2 httpd 0000001c 1 Ifthe process has the name of httpd move it 2 to group 2 during the process forking and execution irrespective of the group it originally belongs to 3 httpsd 0000001c 1 If the process has the name of httpsd move it to group 2 during the process forking and Managing Resources 2 execution irrespective of the group it originally belongs to 4 lighthttpd 0000001c 1 If the process has the name of lighthttpd 2 move it to group 2 during the process forking and execution irrespective of the group it originally belongs to 5 mysqld 0000001c 1 If the process has the name of mysqld move 3 it to group 3 during the process forking and execution irrespective of the group it originally belongs to 6 syslogd 00000018 0 If the process has the name of syslogd and 8 originally belongs to group 0 move it to group 8 during the process execution 7 sshd 00000018 0 If the process has the name of sshd and 8 originally belongs to group 0 move it to group 8 during the process execution 8 inetd 00000018 0 If the process has the name of inetd and 8 originally belongs to group 0 move it to group 8 during the process execution 9 xinetd 00000018 0 If the process has
208. e server Execute the following command on the server to create the RHEL 4 OS EZ template vzmktmpl root rhel4 rhel_4 customized metafile Advanced Tasks 278 post install root rhel4 post_install bash This command will create an OS EZ template for RHEL 4 and put it to the root directory e g root redhat_customized as4 x86 ez 4 0 0 1 noarch rpm 5 Install the resulting OS EZ template on the server rpm i root redhat_customized as4 x86 ez 4 0 0 1 noarch rpm 6 Cache the installed OS EZ template vzpkg create cache redhat_customized as x86 Complete Packing cache file redhat_customized as4 x86 tar gz Cache file redhat_customized as4 x86 tar gz 14M created 7 Create Container 101 on the basis of the new OS EZ template vzctl create 101 ostemplate redhat_customized as4 x86 config basic Creating Container private area redhat_customized as4 x86 Container is mounted Postcreate action done Container is unmounted Container private area was created Delete port redirection Adding port redirection to Container 1 4643 8443 So you have just created Container 101 having the customized mysql and apache applications installed inside it Advanced Tasks 279 Using EZ OS Template Set Another way of creating customized Containers is to make a non base OS EZ template also known as an OS EZ template set differing from the corresponding base OS EZ template in the number of packages in
209. e server is actually several times greater than the value specified in the command line because Containers normally do not consume all the resources that are guaranteed to them To illustrate this idea let us look at the Container created from the configuration produced above vzctl create 101 ostemplate redhat el5 x86 config mytest Creating Container private area redhat el5 x86 Container is mounted Postcreate action done Container is unmounted Container private area created Container registered successfully vzctl set 101 ipadd 192 168 1 101 save Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl start 101 Starting Container Container is mounted vzcalc 101 Resource Current Promised Max Memory ORS 190 6 44 As is seen if Containers use all the resources guaranteed to them then around 20 Containers can be simultaneously running However taking into account the Promised column output it is safe to run 40 50 such Containers on this server There is a possibility to create a suchlike configuration sample file using Parallels Management Console 1 Right click the Container Samples item in the Hardware Node main tree and select Slice Hardware Node on the context menu 2 Follow the instructions of the wizard Note If you generate a Container configuration sample using the vzsplit command line utility the resulting Container sample is put to the etc vz conf directory This sample can then be used by
210. e subsection of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Create one or more scripts that will be executed on different stages of the application EZ template lifecycle and customize your applications to meet your demands For example you can create a postinstall script with the name of post_install bash and make it perform a number of customization operations on your application after installing this application in your Container Create a customized application EZ template by running the vzmktmp1 utility and passing the corresponding options to it So you can use the post install option and specify the path to the post_install bash script from the example above to customize your application in accordance with your needs after installing it in your Container Note The full list of options allowing you to specify what scripts are to be executed on what stage of the EZ template lifecycle is provided in the vzmktmpl subsection of the Parallels Command Line Reference Guide Install the customized EZ template on the server using the rpm i command Create a new Container configuration sample file and include the customized EZ template in this file Detailed information on Container configuration sample files is provided in the Managing Container Resources Configuration section p 164 Create a customized Container on the basis of the configuration sample The following example demonstrates how to create Containe
211. e the final look at the disk space usage df vz Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on dev hda3 15153096 1953053 ILOLISEZ 16S we vzctl exec 101 df Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 1048576 15105 1033471 vzctl exec 102 df Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 1048576 LSLE 1033438 Ba h Managing Resources 133 As you can see both the server and the Containers have each gained more than 600 MB of disk space In real life the disk space is gained by caching not one huge file in two Containers but a number of identical files across many Containers The operation of the vzcache utility may be customized to a certain extent by using vzcache command line switches see the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide for details Associating Container Files With Application Templates It may often happen that a security update should immediately be applied to a package installed as a template on the server and added to a number of Containers hosted there However it takes certain time to prepare a template update so the server and or Container administrators are not inclined to wait for it and they install the original security update directly inside the Containers As to the template update it becomes available a few days afterwards In other cases a Container administrator might not know that there is a certain template installed on the server so they install the corr
212. e to go through a number of steps Steps 3 and 4 to of the Back Up Containers wizard and set all the parameters of the Container backup one by one Specify the files and folders to be included in the backup Operations on Container 83 Choose Files to Back Up Please check one or several files to include in the backup You can also specify the mask for the files to be excluded Excludes _ Matching the following criteria f Add Edit F Remove Figure 14 Management Console Choosing Files to Back Up By default all the Container files and directories are included in the backup archive However you can select the Matching the following criteria check box and use the Add Edit Remove buttons to set the parameters to be met by the file directory to exclude it from the backup process You can specify the full path to the corresponding file directory enter its name or define any filter compatible with standard Linux masking rules i e with standard globs For example you can indicate usr MyDirectory MyFile txt to exclude the MyFile txt file from the backup process or type bmp to leave out all files with the bmp extension 4 Next specify the main backup parameters Operations on Container 84 Back Up Containers 20x Specify Backup Options Backup Node Server Default Backup Node Change This window allows you to specify the backup options Backup Type Full Choose
213. e upgrading do not create Containers with IDs below 101 The only strict requirement for a Container ID is to be unique for a particular Hardware Node However if you are going to have several computers running Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 we recommend assigning different Container ID ranges to them For example on Hardware Node 1 you create Containers within the range of IDs from 101 to 1000 on Hardware Node 2 you use the range from 1001 to 2000 and so on This approach makes it easier to remember on which Hardware Node a Container has been created and eliminates the possibility of Container ID conflicts when a Container migrates from one Hardware Node to another Another approach to assigning Container IDs is to follow some pattern of Container IP addresses Thus for example if you have a subnet with the 10 0 x x address range you may want to assign the 17015 ID to the Container with the 10 0 17 15 IP address the 39108 ID to the Container with the 10 0 39 108 IP address and so on This makes it much easier to run a number of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities eliminating the necessity to check up the Container IP address by its ID and similar tasks You can also think of your own patterns for assigning Container IDs depending on the configuration of your network and your specific needs Before you decide on a new Container ID you may want to make sure that no Container with this ID has yet been created on the server The easie
214. eal Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 186 Subscribing to Parallels Management Console Alerts Parallels Management Console allows you to subscribe to e mail notifications about resource overusage system alerts The subscription to this kind of alerts consists in specifying the e mail address to send notification to However prior to subscribing to alerts you need to provide your e mail relay server IP address to send e mail notifications through To do this 1 In Parallels Management Console click the Manage E mail Alert Subscription link at the Hardware Node dashboard 2 Inthe Manage E mail Alert Subscription window click the Configure button wi Manage Configuration for E mail Alerts i EIEI Configuration E mail relay server Before subscribing for alerts you should provide your e mail relay server IP address to send e mail notifications thru E mail relay IP address Notification policy After your alert is sent do the following Stop sending alerts C Keep sending alerts C Collect alerts before sending for fi K seconds Help OK Cancel 3 In the displayed window enter the IP address of the mail relay server in the E mail relay IP address field 4 Click OK Now that you have set the e mail relay server IP address you can subscribe to an alert 1 Click the Manage E mail Alert Subscription link at the Hardware Node dashboard Real Time Monitoring in Par
215. eancounters DP See User Data Protocol nderstanding Licensing 23 pdate template 131 pdating License 230 Jpgrading VZES 323 ploading Files to Node 237 ser Container 18 30 115 level 117 managing 333 Parallels Containers 360 quota 118 123 129 252 261 273 root 261 275 315 ser Beancounters 263 375 ser Data Protocol 335 sing ALT SYSRQ Keyboard Sequences 347 sing Charts Representation 176 sing Customized Application Template 280 Jsing Customized OS EZ Template 276 Jsing External Applications for Sending Alerts 372 sing EZ OS Template Set 278 sing Table Representation 184 sing vzabackup vzarestore Utilities 67 sing vzstatrep to Monitor Hardware Nodes 373 sing X Windows to Run Graphical Applications 315 Utilities coco coco qac 4 oe Ga GCOC Ee Index backup management 22 Container management 44 46 47 49 105 109 115 license management 23 migration management utilities 55 252 256 261 273 275 Node monitor 373 resources management utilities 120 123 125 127 129 132 133 135 144 145 147 Service Container creation 295 V Validating Container Configuration 168 venet 255 257 375 venet0 Mode 214 veth Mode 216 Viewing Active Processes and Services 192 Viewing Allocated IP Addresses 245 Viewing Current License 232 Viewing Disk I O Statistics for Containers 160 Viewing License 233 Viewing Netw
216. eck_period parameter in the Parallels Agent configuration file var vzagent etc vzagent conf For example you can do it as follows 1 Right click the Hardware Node name in the Management Console left pane and select Tasks gt Manage Parallels Agent Configuration on the context menu In the Parallels Agent Configuration window expand the vzasysd key and select the configuration subkey Double click the cpu_check_period parameter in the right pane In the Edit Parameter window enter the value you want in the Parameter value field Click the OK button and then the Apply button Managing Resources 141 Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth This section explains how to perform the following tasks setting up network classes viewing network traffic statistics turning on and off network bandwidth management setting up the bandwidth limit for a Container Network Traffic Parameters The table below summarizes the network traffic parameters that you can control The File column indicates whether the parameter is defined in the global configuration file G in the Container configuration files V or it is defined in the global configuration file but can be overridden in a separate Container configuration file GV Parameter Description File traffic_shaping If set to yes traffic limitations for outgoing traffic are set G for Containers The default is no bandwidth This parameter lists all the network adapters
217. ed Tasks 287 Managing Mount Points Inside Container The previous versions of Virtuozzo 3 0 and earlier provide you with the ability to remount any part of the Hardware Node file hierarchy and to have it automatically mounted to unmounted from a particular Container on its startup shutdown using special system wide or per Container mount umount action scripts In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 this can also be done with the help of the vzct1 utility Along with defining what part of the Hardware Node file hierarchy is to be automatically mounted inside a Container on its booting you can also use vzctl to configure certain options or flags to be applied to the mounted directories Currently you can set the following options for mounted Container directories noexec This option does not allow the execution of any binaries in the mounted directory nodev This option does not allow to interpret character or block special devices in the mounted directory nosuid This option does not allow set user identifier or set group identifier bits to take effect You can manage the mounted directories inside Containers and as a consequence the aforementioned directory options using the bindmount_add option of the vzctl set command For example you can execute the following command to set the noexec flag for the tmp directory inside Container 101 thus forbidding the execution of any binaries in this directory Note You can set
218. ed information on this command line utility is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Operations on Container 94 Managing Backup Node Any Hardware Node may perform the functions of the Backup Node i e store the backups of any Containers of any Hardware Nodes To see a list of Container backups stored on a Hardware Node expand its name in the left pane of the Management Console main window and select the Backups item Ses Parallels Management Console 4 0 mee 5 C3 3h Action View Help Parallels Management Consol jj Local Server ei Scheduled Tasks wv Container Samples The table in the right pane presents the following information about the Container backups stored on the current Backup Node Column Name Description Name The name of the backed up Container Source Node The Node where the Container was hosted during its backing up Last Backup Date The date and time when the last backing up of the Container took place Humber ot The number of Container backups on the Node Backups Description The backup description The backup manager window allows you to perform the following operations Restore a single Container from its backup You should right click the needed Container backup and select Restore Container on the context menu to start the Restore Container wizard In this wizard you should select the Destination Node i e
219. eeeseeesseeeseeeneecaaecsaecsaecaeesaeeseeees 66 R installine Container n s acest hes HA ee a E EAE riae 105 Deleting Container ena nE sah vege aceasta belles yade ee EE beee te gelled ste ei 109 Disabling Container sir estire Ahit an eae aae ae pease taney eaaa iE a a pastes 111 Suspending Container siena aeei eri bets a ea a e e E aa E Acie chia Weed 113 Running Commands in Container seseeeseeeeeseseeeseseteserteseesrsstestestesertrsseestesestestesreseessesens 115 Creating New Container This section guides you through the process of creating a Container We assume that you have successfully installed Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and prepared at least one OS EZ template If there are no OS EZ templates prepared for the Container creation see the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide first Operations on Container 32 Before You Begin Before you start creating a Container you should Check that the Hardware Node is visible on your network You should be able to connect to from other hosts Otherwise your Containers will not be accessible from other servers Check that you have at least one IP address per Container and the addresses belong to the same network as the Hardware Node or routing to the Containers has been set up via the Hardware Node To create a new Container you have to choose the new Container ID choose the OS template to use for the Container create the Container itself
220. eep in mind the following You can use any symbols you like in the Container description new lines dashes underscores spaces etc Ifthe Container description contains one or more spaces or line breaks as in the example above it should be put in single or double quotes As distinct from a Container name a Container description cannot be used for performing Container related operations e g for starting or stopping a Container and is meant for reference purposes only To provide a description for a Container in Management Console you should perform the following operations Operations on Container 55 1 Choose the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node right click the Container for which you wish to set the description and select Properties on the context menu 2 On the General tab of the displayed window type the necessary information in the Description field 3 Click OK Migrating Container The Hardware Node is the system with higher availability requirements in comparison with a typical Linux system If you are running your company mail server file server and web server in different Containers on one and the same Hardware Node then shutting it down for hardware upgrade will make all these services unavailable at once To facilitate hardware upgrades and load balancing between several Hardware Nodes Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides you with the ability to migrate Containers
221. els Management Console together with their IP addresses If the default Backup Node already exists for the given Source Node it is selected in the table Select the Node you want to be the default Backup Node for the given Source Node and click OK 4 Click OK The assignment of the default Backup Node brings about the following effects When backing up Containers from the corresponding Source Node in Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation using the default backup mode the backups will be automatically placed onto the default Backup Node When backing up Containers form the corresponding Source Node in Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation using the custom backup mode you will be automatically suggested to place the backups onto the default Backup Node Operations on Container 72 When a Container administrator backs up their Container by means of Parallels Power Panel the corresponding backup is automatically placed on the default Backup Node There are no restrictions as to which Hardware Node may be the default Backup Node It just must be registered in Parallels Management Console otherwise it will not be displayed in the table on the Backup Storage screen and have sufficient disk space for housing multiple backups Notes 1 You can use any Hardware Node as a Backup Node irrespective of a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers version installed on this Node So you can back up a C
222. ely share available Hardware Node resources among Containers guarantee Quality of Service in accordance with a service level agreement SLA provide performance and resource isolation and protect from denial of service attacks simultaneously assign and control resources for a number of Containers manage a multitude of Hardware Nodes in a unified way by means of Parallels Management Console and Parallels Virtual Automation collect usage information for system health monitoring Resource management is much more important for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers than for a standalone server since server resource utilization in a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based system is considerably higher than that in a typical system Main Principles of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Operation This section describes the basics of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers technology and discusses the main tools for managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based systems Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 21 Basics of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Technology In this section we will try to let you form a more or less precise idea of the way the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software operates on your computer Please see the figure below Container 1 Parallels Templates Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Layer Host Operating System Figure 1 Parallels Containers Technology Physical Server 1 This figure presumes that you
223. em under the corresponding Hardware Node name Managing Resources 138 2 Right click the Container for which you wish to change the number of available CPUs and select Properties on the context menu 3 In the Parameters table on the Resources tab of the displayed window double click the cpus item Resource Counter Properties 24 x Name Number of CPUs X Not limited Value Units Allowed range 0 pes 0 100 Counter description The number of CPUs used to handle all the processes running inside the Container By default any Container is allowed to consume the CPU time of all the processors installed on the Node 4 Clear the Not limited check box and specify the desired number of CPUs in the Value field 5 Click OK twice Managing Resources 139 Controlling Container CPU Usage With VZASysD Plug in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides you with a special plug in VZASysD allowing to automatically control the CPU consumption of any Container on the Hardware Node This plug in is automatically installed on your Node during the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation and gets started once the installation has successfully completed When launched the plug in runs in the background of your system collects the information on the Container CPU usage limits compares the gathered information with the current CPU consumption by the corresponding Containers and limits the Container CPU usage if
224. ement Console but you can do it inside each and every Container by means of the Container manager window After you click on the File Manager item in the Container main tree you will see the list of folders and files of the Container root directory Thus this item corresponds to the directory of the selected Container gt 3 Container ct101 on Node_2 Parallels Management Console File Action wiew Help p Modified Directory 2007 04 02 10 31 Directory 2007 04 02 10 28 Directory 2007 12 21 02 43 Directory 2007 12 21 02 43 Directory 2007 04 02 10 28 Directory 2007 04 02 10 31 Directory 2007 04 02 10 28 Directory 2007 04 02 10 28 amp amp amp amp H A Action Name Figure 57 Management Console Managing Files The principles of working with the Container file manager are standard You can move through the hierarchy of Container folders by double clicking the folders names or selecting the necessary folders in the left pane Use the menu items toolbar buttons table view and context menus to perform the following tasks View the contents of simple text files View the principal information about a file folder symlink located in every directory and subdirectory of any depth in the given Container Upload any number of files or whole directories from the local computer the computer where Par
225. emplate together with all its subdirectories files and symlinks This shortcut contains all the information on the structure of a directory from the template area If a Container user modifies a shared file inside their Container VZFS v2 just creates a private copy of this file inside the Container private area On the other hand if a Container user modifies the structure of a shared directory by adding deleting or renaming some file s in it VZFS v2 replaces the shortcut representing this directory with a number of shortcuts each representing a single subdirectory file or symlink from the template area A single shortcut is no more sufficient because the structure of the directory inside the Container private area has come to be different from that inside the template area In VZFS v2 symlinks are included in a template in the same way as regular files and directories In the previous version of VZFS only regular files and directories were installed in a template area and thus represented by their magic links in Container private areas whereas symlinks were simply copied to the private areas VZFS v2 extends the copy on write COW mechanism on symlinks as well EZ templates based on VZFS v2 are backwardly compatible with private areas based on VZFS v1 though in this case VZFS v2 advantages are not available before the conversion of the private areas to VZFS v2 is performed VZFS v2 is not applicable to standard Parallels templates it
226. ent Console also provides means for setting up second level disk quotas in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers You should perform the following steps 1 Open the needed Container manager window by double clicking the corresponding Container line in the right pane of the Parallels Management Console window Select the Users and Groups item in the left pane of the Container manager window 3 In the right pane select either the Groups or Users tab to see the list of Container registered groups or users respectively Managing Resources 128 4 Double click the name of the group user for whom you want to set up the quota parameters The group user Properties window appears 5 Click the Disk Quota tab in this window N root Properties sange Wuotaiimts Figure 25 Management Console Setting Up Second Level Disk Quota Parameters 6 Select the needed quota parameter either diskinodes or diskspace and click the Change Quota Limits button In the displayed window enter the quota settings of your choice for the current group user 8 Click OK to close the Second Level Disk Quota window then click OK to close the group user Properties window Managing Resources 129 Checking Quota Status As the server administrator you can check the quota status for any Container with the vzquota stat and vzquota show commands The first command reports the status from the kernel and shall be used for running Containers The second command reports the s
227. er you should execute the following commands cd root vz_download vzsveinstall f d virtuozzo RPMS c client s 10 100 105 1 Creating Container private area skipping most of the vzsveinstall output Advanced Tasks 297 Customizing proc meminfo Output Inside Container The proc meminfo virtual file allows you to view the information about memory usage both physical and swap on the system In the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can customize the output of this file inside a particular Container and set it to one of the following modes WNon virtualized In this case running the cat proc meminfo command inside a Container will display the information about the physical memory on the server total used free shared etc in kilobytes Virtualized in pages Setting the proc meminfo output to this mode allows you to specify what amount of total memory in kilobytes will be displayed while running the cat proc meminfo command inside this or that Container Virtualized in privvmpages Setting the proc meminfo output to this mode also allows you to arbitrarily specify the amount of total memory in kilobytes to be displayed while running the cat proc meminfo command inside this or that Container As distinct from the previous mode the amount of memory to be shown in this mode is calculated on the basis of the value of the PRIVVMPAGES parameter set in the Container configuration file
228. er quotas which may be avoided by putting all the identical files to the server template area and creating symlinks instead of real files inside the affected Containers The problem like the one described above can be solved in two ways 1 A special subarea is created inside the server template area vz template vc for housing the files identical among multiple Containers with the help of the vzcache utility 2 If the application or application update installed directly into one or more Containers has a corresponding application template or template update installed on the server the real files inside the Containers are replaced with symlinks to the template files on the server with the help of the vzpkglink and vzpkg link utilities These utilities are used to create symlinks to application standard and EZ templates respectively Managing Resources 132 Moving Container Files to the Cache Area We will illustrate the effect produced by vzcache by copying one and the same huge dummy file into two Containers First let us learn the disk space occupied by the whole vz partition and by the two Containers Container 101 and Container 102 df vz Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on dev hda3 LST DS TNE 13945292 11622123 iil wee vzctl exec 101 df Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on VAES 1048576 22 1026265 3 vzctl exec 102 df Filesystem 1K blocks Used Available Use Mounted on WAS 10
229. ere are many counters being simultaneously displayed on the grid it might be difficult to quickly single out the needed one Parallels Management Console provides a means for highlighting any one of the counters at a time 1 Click the name of the corresponding counter in the table of displayed counters below the grid 2 Click the Highlight Counter button on the toolbar The selected counter will be highlighted on the grid with a broad white line Parallels Management Console 4 0 Ta a Ioj x File Action View Help Di Md Parallels Management XIA gi Local Server 4 l File Manager Monitoring Counters Monitor 100 7 Logging P 80 60 Lig Services 40 Logs amp Templates 20 Backups 1 oe P Scheduled Ta o LAWINE WY i l Container Sa Parallels Virtu _ _ E p mMm Ey D gt Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 182 Saving Counters Configuration You can save the information about the current set of counters in the Parallels Management Console configuration file to call this information the next time it is needed sparing the labor of adding the counters one by one again Only one set of counters can thus be saved Just right click the counter you want to save and choose Save Counters When you alter the counters configuration for example when you restart Parallels Management Console all the counters are erased and want to
230. erl assigned Saved parameters for Container 101 You can also set a name for Container 101 by editing its configuration file In this case you should proceed as follows 1 Open the configuration file of Container 101 etc vz conf 101 conf for editing and add the following string to the file NAME computer1 2 Inthe etc vz names directory on the server create a symbolic link with the name of computer pointing to the Container configuration file For example ln symbolic etc vz conf 101 conf etc vz names computer1 When specifying names for Containers please keep in mind the following Names may contain the following symbols a z A Z 0 9 underscores _ dashes spaces the symbols from the ASCII character table with their code in the 128 255 range and all the national alphabets included in the Unicode code space Container names cannot consist of digits only otherwise there would be no way to distinguish them from Container IDs If it contains one or more spaces the Container name should be put in single or double quotes After the name has been successfully assigned to Container 101 you can start using it instead of ID 101 to perform Container related operations on the Node For example You can stop Container 101 with the following command vzctl stop computer1 SECMOLIMNG COmradimeie 2 5 Container was stopped Container is unmounted You can start Container 101 anew by issuing the fol
231. ers the requests automatically and serves the hypertext and multimedia documents over the Internet using HTTP When working with services you should keep in mind the following During the lifetime of a service it uses many system resources It uses the CPUs in the system to run its instructions and the system s physical memory to hold itself and its data It opens and uses files within the filesystems and may directly or indirectly use certain physical devices in the system Therefore in order not to damage your system performance you should run only those services on the Hardware Node that are really needed at the moment Besides you should always remember that running services in the Host OS is much more dangerous than running them in Containers In case violators get access to one of the Containers through any running service they will be able to damage only the Container where this service is running but not the other Containers on your Hardware Node The Hardware Node itself will also remain unhurt And if the service were running on the Hardware Node it would damage both the Hardware Node and all the Containers residing on it Thus you should make sure that you run only those services on the Hardware Node that are really necessary for its proper functioning Please launch all additional services you need at the moment inside separate Containers It will significantly improve your system safety Notes 1 In Parallels Management Console
232. es it the perfect solution for easily maintaining monitoring and managing virtualized server resources for consolidation and business continuity configurations Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 17 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit vs Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit The 32 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers has been ported to support the x86 64 and IA 64 processors which allows you to use virtually any Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools and utilities under the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit versions in exactly the same way as you would use it on the servers with standard 32 bit processors However while working with the 64 bit versions of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you should keep in mind a number of peculiarities specific for the corresponding Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version and described in the table below Functionality 32 bit 64 bit for x86 64 64 bit for IA 64 Creating Containers on the basis of 32 bit OS yes yes no templates Adding 32 bit application templates to your yes no no Containers Note You can add 32 bit application templates to Containers created under the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version for the x86 64 processors and based on 32 bit OS templates Migrating Containers based on 32 bit OS templates yes yes no Migrating Containers based on 64 bit OS templates no yes yes Note You can move Containers created under the corresponding Parallels Vir
233. es since it may cause the Container to resume improperly You can reinstall the suspended Container You can back up the suspended Container You can restore the suspended Container from its backup After restoring the Container it is brought to the suspended state again You cannot clone the suspended Container You cannot change the ID of the suspended Container You cannot change network settings of the suspended Container You cannot perform operations on the users accounts inside the suspended Container You cannot repair the suspended Container Operations on Container 115 Running Commands in Container Usually a Container administrator logs in to the Container via network and executes any commands in the Container as on any other Linux box However you might need to execute commands inside Containers bypassing the normal login sequence This can happen if You do not know the Container login information and you need to run some diagnosis commands inside the Container in order to verify that it is operational Network access is absent for a Container For example the Container administrator might have accidentally applied incorrect firewalling rules or stopped the SSH daemon Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to execute commands in a Container in these cases Use the vzctl exec lt CT_ID gt command for running a command inside the Container with the given ID The session below illustrates the situatio
234. esponding application directly inside their Container To eliminate cluttering up the Container disk space with application files that are present as part of an application template on the server the vzpkg link and vzpkglink utilities are used The vzpkg link utility is used to link your Container to the application EZ templates installed on the server For example you can use the following command to replace the openssl files inside Container 101 running Fedora 8 with symlinks to these files in the vz template fedora core 8 x86 config app openssl directory on the server vzpkg link 101 The vzpkglink utility is used to replace real files inside your Containers with symlinks to application standard templates installed on the server The following session illustrates how to do this First check if the Container files are compatible with the template version installed on the server For example vzpkglink t vv 101 openss1 20061118 Jf this test performs successfully you can drop the t switch and replace the openssl files inside Container 101 with symlinks to these files in the vz template openss1 directory on the server vzpkglink vv 101 openss1 20061118 Issuing the vzpkgls 101 command now will let you ensure that the openss1 template has been added to the Container configuration file Managing Resources 134 Managing Container CPU Resources The current section explains the CPU resource parameters that
235. esses 190 What Are Services and Processes Instances of any programs currently running in the system are referred to as processes A process can be regarded as the virtual address space and the control information necessary for the execution of a program A typical example of a process is the vi program on a Linux Node running on your Hardware Node or inside your Container s Along with common processes there are a great number of processes that provide an interface for other processes to call They are called services In many cases services act as the brains behind many crucial system processes they typically spend most of their time waiting for an event to occur or for a period when they are scheduled to perform some task Many services provide the possibility for other servers on the network to connect to the given one via various network protocols For example the nfs service provides the NFS server functionality allowing file sharing in TCP IP networks You may also come across the term daemon that is widely used in connection with processes and services This term refers to a software program used for performing a specific function on the server system and is usually used as a synonym for service It can be easily identified by d at the end of its name For example ht t pd short for HTTP daemon represents a software program that runs in the background of your system and waits for incoming requests to a web server The daemon answ
236. etwork At any time you can run vzup2date mirror to check if there are any updates available to your local mirror The second and all subsequent times you run the utility it will download only those packages that are currently absent from your mirrored releases or the MDS5SUM check sum of which differs from that of the packages in the mirrored releases and will put them to the corresponding directories As for the aforementioned example all changed packages for the 4 0 major release will be downloaded to the var www html virtuozzo linux i386 4 0 0 directory inside Container 101 Advanced Tasks 305 Choosing Updates for Downloading When executed without any options the vzup2date mirror utility downloads all the available system updates for all architectures and releases to your local mirror If you wish to download all available EZ or standard templates updates you should additionally pass the z or t option to vzup2date mirror respectively You can also make the utility download particular system and templates updates only This can be done by editing the Releases parameter in the vzup2date mirror conf file Let us assume that you wish to get the following updates from the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository all system updates for the 32 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 all updates for the centos 4 and fedora core 8 EZ templates intended for use on the 64 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Contai
237. etworks currently existing on the Hardware Node and configure their properties Delete a Virtual Network that you do need any more from the Hardware Node These operations are described in the following subsections in detail Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 210 Creating Virtual Network Virtual Networks serve as binding interfaces between the veth virtual network adapters inside Containers and the physical VLAN adapters on the Hardware Node allowing you to connect the corresponding Containers to different LANs and VLANs New Virtual Networks can be created using the vznetcfg utility For example to make a new Virtual Network with the name of vznetwork1 you can issue the following command vznetcfg net new vznetworkl To check that vznetwork1 has been successfully created on the Hardware Node you can execute the following command vznetcfg net list Network ID Status Master Interface Slave Interfaces vznetworkl active You can see that the vznetwork1 Virtual Network is now available on the Node Each Virtual Network is associated with some bridge which is automatically made on the Hardware Node during the Virtual Network creation and serves as the basis for the Virtual Network functioning To find out what bridge is associated with what Virtual Network you can Issue the following command vznetcfg if list Name Type Network ID Addresses etho gla vznetworkl 192 168 0 150 22 cline br0O bridge vznetwor
238. example we set the root password for Container 101 to test and you can log in to the Container via SSH as root and administer it in the same way as you administer a standalone Linux server install additional software add users set up services and so on The password will be set inside the Container in the et c shadow file in an encrypted form and will not be stored in the Container configuration file Therefore if you forget the password you have to reset it Note that userpasswd does not requires the save switch the password is anyway persistently set for the given Container While you can create users and set passwords for them using the vzctl exec or vzctl set commands it is suggested that you delegate user management to the Container administrator advising him her of the Container root account password Operations on Container 47 Starting Stopping Restarting and Querying Status of Container When a Container is created it may be started up and shut down like an ordinary server To start Container 101 use the following command vzctl start 101 Starting Container Container is mounted Adding port redirection to Container Hi 4643 8443 Adding IP address es 10 0 186 101 Hostname for Container 101 set test parallels com Container start in progress To check the status of a Container use the vzct 1 status command vzctl status 101 VEID 101 exist mounted running Its output shows the following i
239. executed Create the non base OS EZ template by running the vzmktmp1 utility and passing the corresponding options to it if needed So if you created one or several scripts in the previous step you can use special options and specify the path to these scripts during the command execution For example you can use the pre install option and specify the path to the pre_install bash script to make an OS EZ template that will customize your application before installing it inside your Container Note The full list of options allowing you to specify what scripts are to be executed on what stage of the EZ template lifecycle is provided in the vzmktmpl subsection of the Parallels Command Line Reference Guide Install the non base OS EZ template on the server using the rpm i command Cache the created OS EZ template by running the vzpkg create cache command Detailed information on how you can do it is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Create a Container based on the OS EZ template Advanced Tasks 281 Using Customized Application Template If the number of customized applications inside your Containers is relatively small you can also use the following way of creating customized Containers 1 6 Create a metafile that will serve as the basis for your customized application EZ template Note Detailed information on how to create metafile is given in the Creating Metafile for EZ Templat
240. executed one by one in the alphabetical order They take care of copying both the Plesk license and the Plesk database to the new Container and installing the license d Dismounts the old filesystem from the mnt directory Advanced Tasks 290 6 The Container administrator gets their working Container again with the Plesk application having retained both its license and database so no manual copying is involved in the process When launching the vzctl reinstall command from the command line you have the option to drop certain scripts from the reinstallation procedure This can be done with the help of the scripts option vzctl reinstall 101 scripts script1 script2 In this example only the scripts named script1 and script2 will be launched at the end of the reinstallation and all the other scripts from the Container etc vz reinstall d directory will be discarded Advanced Tasks 291 Accessing Devices From Inside Container It is possible to grant a Container read write or read write access to a character or block device This might be necessary for example for Oracle database software if you want to employ its ability to work with raw disk partitions In most cases providing access to the file system hierarchy for a Container is achieved by using bind mounts However bind mounts do not allow you to create new partitions format them with a file system or mount them inside a Container If you intend to delegate dis
241. f directory As you first start working in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers these samples are automatically copied to the var vzagent etc samples directory leaving the original samples versions intact where they are converted to a special XML based format that can be understood by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools Parallels Virtual Automation and Parallels Management Console In this connection you should keep in mind the following when working with Container samples When you create a Container by means of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools and base it on some Container sample this sample is taken from the var vzagent etc samples directory When you create a Container using the vzct1 create command utility and base it on some Container sample this sample is taken from the etc vz conf directory If you modify an existing Container sample or create a new sample using Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools the changes are made to the corresponding sample located in the var vzagent etc samples directory or the resulting Container sample is put to this directory 2 3 Managing Resources 165 If you modify an existing Container sample or create a new sample using specific command line utilities e g vzsplit vzcfgscale the changes are made to the corresponding file in the etc vz conf directory or the resulting Container sample is put to this directory Using specific utilities for preparing configuration files in the
242. f the vz stat utility Monitoring Resources in Parallels Management Console You can exploit the Monitor feature of Parallels Management Console for monitoring resources This feature provides either the whole Hardware Node resources monitoring or the monitoring of resources consumption by a single Container depending on whether you use the Management Console main window or a particular Container manager window To open the latter it is enough to double click the necessary Container in the Container table in the right pane of the Management Console main window The principles of working with these two kinds of monitors are essentially the same only the set of the parameters that can be displayed is slightly different therefore they can be described together You can access the Management Console Monitor feature by selecting the Monitor item in the left pane of the window you are working with Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 177 Using Charts Representation The charts section of Parallels Management Console lets you display a number of charts for monitoring various kinds of resources on a single grid It offers means for better visualization of charts like assigning colors and line styles to all the elements of the grid and charts or choosing a peculiar representation scale for each chart You can save and load a set of counters you would usually monitor thus avoiding the necessity of adding the counters one by one each
243. ffff ffff ffff are treated as class 0 addresses and no accounting is done for the traffic from Containers destined to these addresses Class 2 matches the following IP addresses Managing Resources 143 IPv4 addresses from 10 0 0 0 to10 255 255 255 with the exception of addresses in the sub range of 10 10 16 0to10 10 16 255 which are treated as class 1 IPv6 addresses from 2001 db88 to 2001 db88 ffff ffff ffff ffff with the exception of addresses in the sub range of 2001 db88 3333 to 2001 dqdb88 3333 ffff ffff ffff ffff which are also treated as class 1 All other IP addresses both IPv4 and IPv6 belong to class 1 To set up network classes by means of Parallels Management Console 1 Right click the needed Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Traffic Accounting and Shaping on the context menu On the Accounting tab of the displayed window click the New IP addresses range button to display the Add IP Range window Fill in the fields provided the Class ID Start IP address and Subnet mask fields are mandatory and click OK The example below illustrates how to create network class 2 matching all IP addresses in the range from 10 0 0 0t010 255 255 255 Class ID 2 S Start IP address l 10 ad 0 D0 Subnet mask 25 0 0 0 Comment Class 2 includes all IP addresses in the range from 10 0 0 0 to 10 255 255 255 After you click OK in the Add IP Range window
244. file transparently for the user Thus the modifications do not affect the other users of the file Main benefits of VZFS are the following VZFS saves memory required for executables and libraries A typical Container running a simple web site might consume around 20 30 MB of RAM just for executable images Sharing this memory improves scalability and total system performance VZFS saves disk space A typical Linux server installation occupies several hundred MB of disk space Sharing the files allows you to save up to 90 of disk space VZFS does not require having different physical partitions for different Containers or creating a special file system in a file setup for a Container This significantly simplifies disk administration Disk quota enables the administrator to limit disk resources available to a Container on the fly Disk quota for users and groups inside Containers is also supported Templates A template or a package set in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is a set of original application files repackaged for mounting over Virtuozzo File System Usually it is just a set of RPM packages for Red Hat like systems Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides tools for creating templates installing upgrading adding them to and removing them from a Container Using templates lets you Share the RAM among similar applications running in different Containers to save hundreds of megabytes of memory Share the files c
245. for Container 0 Editing the etc vz conf 0 conf file with your favorite text editor e g vi and setting the value of the ONBOOT parameter in this file to yes Note Detailed information on all resource parameters that can be changed in respect of your Hardware Node is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide If you have made a number of changes to Hardware Node resource management parameters and wish to reset them to the values specified in the etc vz conf 0 conf file you can proceed as follows vzctl set 0 reset_ub UBC limits were set successfully Advanced Tasks 296 Setting Immutable and Append Flags for Container Files and Directories You can use standard Linux utilities chattr and lsattr to set extra flags for files and directories inside your Containers and to query their status respectively Currently two of these extra flags append and immutable are supported For example you can execute the following command to set the immutable flag for the root MyFile file inside Container 101 root ct101 root chattr i root MyFile To check that the mmutable flag has been successfully set use the following command root ct101 root lsattr root MyFile SSeS SSS S coot MyFile Note For detailed information on the chattr and lsattr utilities see their manual pages Recreating Service Container The Service Container should be created on every Node you are goin
246. forged group IDs on socket on credentials passing setuid Allows user ID manipulation and forged user IDs on socket on credentials passing Advanced Tasks 251 Linux Specific Capabilities Name setpcap linux_immutable net_bind_service net_broadcast net_admin net_raw ipc_lock ipc_owner sys_module sys_rawio sys_chroot sys_ptrace sys_pacct sys_admin sys_boot sys_nice sys_resource sys_time sys_tty_config mknod lease Description Transfer any capability in your permitted set to any process ID remove any capability in your permitted set from any process ID Allows the modification of the S_ IMMUTABLE and S_ APPEND file attributes These attributes are implemented only for the EXT2FS and EXT3FS Linux file systems and as such this capability has no effect for Containers running on top of VZFS However if you bind mount a directory located on the EXT2FS or EXT3FS file system into a Container and revoke this capability the root user inside the Container will not be able to delete or truncate files with these attributes on Allows to bind to sockets with numbers below 1024 Allows network broadcasting and multicast access Allows the administration of IP firewalls and accounting Allows to use the RAW and PACKET sockets Allows to lock shared memory segments and mlock mlockall calls Overrides IPC ownership checks Insert and remove kernel modules Be very careful with setting th
247. fying Default Backup Type subsection p 76 If you are backing up a single Container and no backup of this Container has been found on the Backup Node the Backup Type group is not shown and a full backup is automatically created 5 In the next step of the wizard set the following parameters for the Container backup Provide the backup description in the Backup description field if necessary The description can be any text containing any backup related information e g the backup purpose Do not stop the Container backup even if any errors appear the Do not stop on errors check box is selected or break the backup process should any malfunction occur the check box is cleared Operations on Container 85 Do not stop the backup process if one or more of the Containers to be backed up is not present on the Source Node the Ignore non existent Containers check box is selected or break the backup process if any Container is absent the check box is cleared This option can be used when backing up several Containers at once 6 Review the information provided by you on the previous steps of the wizard Click Finish to start creating the Container backup or click Back to return to any step and correct the corresponding parameters Another way of backing up a number of Containers from the given Source Node is the following 1 Expand the Source Node item in the left pane of the Management Console main window and click the Paralle
248. g Number of CPUs Inside Container es sssessseeesesreesesteseeresreeresrerrssrerreestenresreerssreees 137 Controlling Container CPU Usage With VZASysD Plug in oo cece eee cesecee cree ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenes 139 Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth cee eesceenceesseceerceeseceseeeenaeceeeeeneeceeeeeneeceeeeeenaeeenees 141 Network Traffic Parameters scsccssisces sesessteeit yes ve voseksdessbseeg s s T a ep E EE ETE rT E Eese rii 141 Configuring Network Classesisc scssscsstssescspesseeebsgse op onsessdeveobibes er eesse r EOE TEESE TETERE E EERS 142 Viewing Network Traffic Statistics 0 cseeseeeeceeeeeeeceeceseeeeeeseessecesecsaecsaecsaecaeesaeseneseeeees 144 Turning On and Off Network Bandwidth Management 00 eee ee eecesecesecese esse cneecneeeneeeneeeneees 145 Configuring Network Bandwidth Management for Container eee ceeecreeereeeeeeeeeeeeeees 147 Managing System Parameters eider iiieoo ne eare T EErEE ES E eE EEE EErEE EEE EEEE E e nS 149 ON aA TEA AEE EE E E EEE E E EEST 149 Computing Memory Usage in SUM eee cee csecseeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecnsecaeceaecsaecaaecaaeeneseneseneees 150 Controlling Memory Usage by Container cece ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceecesecsaecaecsaecsaecaeecneseneeeeeees 151 SEM Modesisaccinsieajndenteeetiin aileron selina ea eee tee 152 Managing Container Memory Usage e eee csecseecneeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeesecnsecsaeceaecsaecsaecaaeeaeseneeeeeees 153 Grouping Applications Inside Container 20 0 0 cece
249. g a graphical application with the di splay option xterm display CT101 2 amp 3 Now you should connect the vnc viewer running on your local server to the vnc server You can do it by executing the following command on your local server vncviewer CT101 com 2 where CT101 com is the hostname of Container 101 where the vnc server is running and 1 denotes the number of the display used by the vnc server to run graphical applications Note While using hostnames for connecting to a Container make sure that your Container has a valid DNS entry Otherwise you should replace its hostname with the corresponding IP address You can control the way graphical applications are positioned resized or moved on the screen of your local server by specifying different options for the vncserver command as you do it by using window managers while running X applications For example you can pass the geometry option to vncserver to set the size of the desktop to be created by default it is 1024x768 You can get a list of all options for the vncserver command by giving h as its option VZFS v2 Virtuozzo File System VZFS is an integral part of the virtualization technology developed by Parallels VZFS allows to share common files among multiple Containers Containers without sacrificing flexibility This sharing saves up to tens of megabytes of RAM and hundreds of megabytes of disk space for each Container On the other hand it remains pos
250. g commands on the server where your local mirror resides To download all system updates for the 32 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 vzup2date mirror To download all updates for the centos 4 and fedora core 8 EZ templates intended for use on the 64 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers for x86 64 bit processors vzup2date mirror z c etc vzup2date mirror vzup2date mirror z conf To download all updates for the centos4 standard template intended for use on the 32 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 vzup2date mirror t c etc vzup2date mirror vzup2date mirror t conf The c option in the last two commands tells the vzup2date mirror utility to use the necessary parameters from the specified configuration files instead of the default one Advanced Tasks 307 Configuring Updates Approval Policy The vzup2date mirror updates approval mechanism enables you to define the updates approval policy for deploying Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system updates to the Hardware Nodes in your local network By default all updates downloaded to your local mirror are automatically approved for installation on your Nodes However you can change the default policy and postpone the updates distribution to your Nodes until these updates are thoroughly tested by your IT department against the compatibility with your working environments Let us assume the following All Hardware Nodes in your local network are ru
251. g the amount of memory e g 4 Kb pages for Containers running 32 bit operating systems v Mem Mem Low Low Buf Cac Swa Hig Hig v Advanced Tasks 298 200 denotes the number of pages to be shown in the proc memin fo output In our case the proc memin fo output inside Container 101 may look like the following zctl exec 101 cat proc meminfo Total 8000 kB Free 5140 kB e tecule 8000 kB Free 5140 kB fers 0 kB hed 0 Teles pCached 0 kB hTotal 0 kB hFree O kB When working in this mode keep in mind the following The specified amount of memory in our case it is 8000 Kb is always shown in the MemTotal and LowTotal fields of the cat proc meminfo output The values in the MemFree and LowF ree fields are calculated automatically by the system All the other fields in the command output have the values set to 0 To set the output of proc meminfo inside Container 101 to the virtualized in privvmpages mode execute the following command zctl set 101 meminfo privvmpages 3 save The amount of memory that will be displayed by running the cat proc meminfo command inside Container 101 is calculated using the following formulas Privvmpages_Value 3 4Kb if Container 101 is running a 32 bit operating system OS or an OS for x86 64 processors and Privvmpages_Value 3 16Kb if Container 101 is running an OS for IA 64 processors where Privvmpages_Value denotes
252. g to manage with the help of Parallels Management Console Infrastructure Manager or Power Panel Note In general you are allowed to perform the same operations in the Service Container context as you would perform in the context of a regular Container However you are not recommended to change the default configuration of the Service Container e g install your own applications templates into or store your private files inside this Container Changing the Service Container configuration may affect all the other Containers residing on the given Hardware Node In case your Service Container starts experiencing problems for some reason or other and cannot be used to further manage the Hardware Node s and its their Containers you can recreate it using a special utility shipped with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers vzsveinstall The vzsveinstall utility takes the Service Container IP address and the path to RPM packages from your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers distribution as parameters and does all the necessary installation tasks By default vzsveinstall uses the redhat as3 minimal OS template to create the Service Container so you should have this OS template installed on the Hardware Node and cached Let us assume that you wish to create the Service Container with the IP address of 10 100 105 1 and the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers distribution is located in the root vz_download directory on your Hardware Node To make the Service Contain
253. ges 65MB 65MB ino 43MB de 9MB bh 2MB pb OMB Swap OK tot 2502MB free 2502MB in 0 000MB s out 0 000MB s Net OK tot in 0 005MB s 45pkt s out 0 000MB s Ipkt s lo in 0 000MB s Opkt s out 0 000MB s Opkt s ethO in 0 005MB s 45pkt s out 0 000MB s lpkt s sitO in 0 000MB s Opkt s out 0 000MB s Opkt s Disks OK in 0 000MB s out 0 000MB s Cw Sar IOUSED IOWAIT S IOSPEED IL OROK 14696 0 00 458 5 K8 S8 10 10 11 100 HOOK 0 00 0 00 2 100MB s 10 10 11 101 ENOK ooo 0 00 O 0 Ke s 10 10 T1 111 The information related to the Containers disk T O statistics is at the end of the command output The table below explains the displayed I O parameters Parameter Description IOUSED The percentage of time the disks are used by the Container IOWAITS The percentage of time when at least one I O transaction in the Container is waiting for being served IOSPEED The current speed of disk I O operations in the Container and the I O limit set for this Container if any The value can be displayed in bytes kilobytes megabytes or gigabytes per second depending on the units you used to set the I O limit Note For more information on vzstat and its options see the Monitoring Resources in Text Console section and the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Managing Resources 162 Detecting Disk I O Bottlenecks Like it is the case in an ordinary data center the disk I O subsystem may also become a bot
254. going to migrate into a Container The information on the server is divided into three groups for your convenience Advanced Tasks 266 The System Configuration group including information on the operating system the server is running the number and power of the processor s installed on the server etc The Network Configuration group containing information on the server hostname the IP address es of the default gateway used by the server to access other networks and so on The Disk Configuration group holding data on the partitions that the physical server has their name type disk space etc After you have reviewed the information on the physical server configuration and clicked Next the Customize Server Migration window is displayed cI Migrate Physical Server to Container Customize Server Migration Customize Server Migration Distribution The following distribution has been detected fedora core 4 A list of supported Linux distributions is provided in the table below Distribution fedora core 4 v Partition With Quota You can specify a partition on your physical server which has any user and or user groups quotas imposed on it The selected partition will be then migrated to the Container together with all its quotas Partition Do not migrate 7 Next gt l Finish Cancel Figure 47 Management Console Customizing Server Migration In this window you can
255. guration files actions scripts and quota information C Incremental Choose this option to create an incremental backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last backup be it full differential or incremental C Differential Choose this option to create a differential backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last full backup Compression Level Specify the compression level to be used for the backup creation Please keep in mind that the higher the compression level the smaller the backup archive will be and the longer the backup will take to create None Normal High Maximum Parallels Power Panel Settings Maximum number of allowed Container backups OK Cancel Z 2 Under the Compression Level group in the displayed window move the slider to the left or to the right to specify the desired compression level 3 Click OK Operations on Container 76 Specifying Default Backup Type Another parameter that you may wish to configure and that will be applied to all Container backups created using the default backup mode is the backup type Each backup file may be of one of the following 3 types A full backup containing the whole Container private area and its configuration file An incremental backup containing only the files changed since the full backup or the previous incremental backup An incremental backup may prove very useful because it records only
256. h Bab OH Blo 4S O4 BS O4 24 Bo 40 A Kos 40 28 So 4 24 O8 0r GS 8G OW OW OO ro 47 10 O1 75 Oa BS CF Aug 25 08 27 46 boar EIP lt f0ce6507 gt clone_endiot 0x29 0xc6 dm_mod SS ESP0068 0b483e38 Aug 25 08 27 46 boar Kernel panic not syncing Fatal exception in interrupt All you need is to put the oops into a file and then send this file as part of your problem report to the Parallels support team Finding Kernel Function That Caused D Process State If there are too many processes in the D state and you can t find out what is happening issue the following command objdump Dr boot vmlinux uname r gt tmp kernel dump and then get the process list ps axfwln le WUD PID PPID PRE NI VSZ RsS WCHAN STAT TTY TIME COMMAND 100 Q ZO iLs 2047 iy 2588 6GA IR 2 0 00 ps axfwln 100 0 iL 0 Ss O Seis S24 MSSE S 2 Q00 iaie 040 0 8670 al 9 01448 960 145186 S 2 0 00 syslogd m 0 040 OES TAS t 10 toie 10 Tiea R 0 00 crond Look for a number under the WCHAN column for the process in question Then open tmp kernel dump in an editor find that number in the first column and then scroll backward to the first function name which can look like this c011e910 lt sys_nanosleep gt Then you can tell if the process lives or is blocked into the found function Problems With Container Management This section includes recommendations on how to settle some problems with your Containers Troubleshooting 3
257. have a number of physical servers united into a network In fact you may have only one dedicated server to effectively use the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software for the needs of your network If you have more than one Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based physical server each one of the servers will have a similar architecture In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers terminology such servers are called Hardware Nodes or just Nodes because they represent hardware units within a network Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 is installed on a Linux operating system configured in a certain way for the full list of supported operating systems see the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Installation Guide For example such customized configuration shall include the creation of a vz partition which is the basic partition for hosting Containers and which must be way larger than the root partition This and similar configuration issues are most easily resolved during the Linux installation on the Hardware Node Detailed instructions on installing Linux called Host Operating System or Root Operating System in the picture above on the Hardware Node are provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Installation Guide Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is installed in such a way that you will be able to boot your computer either with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers support or without it This support is shown as Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Layer in the f
258. he Managing Resources 155 process if it is a daemon 0x0002 _O_ _O_ _0O_ _O_ _O0_ _0_ _1_ _0 This bit if set to 1 indicates that the rule is to be applied to the process if it is not a daemon indicates that the rule is to be applied to the process during its forking i e on the fork call 0x0004 _O_ _O_ _O_ _O_ _O_ _1_ _O0O_ _0 This bit if set to 1 0x0008 _O0_ _O_ _O_ _O_ _1_ _0_ _0_ _0O This bit if set to 1 indicates that the rule is to be applied to the process during its execution i e on the exec call 0x0010 _O_ _O_ _O_ _1_ _0_ _0_ _0_ _0O This bit if set to 1 _ indicates that the name of the process is to be checked before applying the rule Let us take as an example the following rule from the etc vzslm d default conf file Hacc CH OOOOOOle 2 and examine what processes are affected by this rule and in what way The flags in this rule 0000001c or _0_ _0_ _0_ _1_ _1_ _1_ __0_ __0_ in the binary notation involve checking the name of the process the fifth bit from the right equals 1 and if this name is httpd moving the process to the httpd group destination_subgroup 2 regardless of the group it originally belongs to source_subgroup 1 during the process forking and execution the third and forth bits from the right equal 1 The following table lists all the rules present in the etc vzslm d default conf file Rule Name Explanation 1 init 00000018 1 If th
259. he given section starts with the explanation of the two network modes venet0 and veth in which any Container can operate and then shows you the way to Create new virtual network adapters inside your Containers and delete existing ones Configure the parameters of an existing virtual network adapter e g assign an IP address to it Join Container virtual network adapters to Virtual Networks on the Hardware Node thus connecting them to external networks either LANs or VLANs All these operations are described in the following subsections in detail Container Networking Modes In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers any Container can operate in one of the two operating modes venetO yeth Detailed information on these operating modes is provided in the following subsections Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 215 venet0 Mode By default all newly created Containers on the server start operating in the venet0O mode which means that they are connected among themselves and with the server using a virtual network adapter called venet0 The picture below provides an example of the network structure when all Containers Container 1 Container 2 Container 3 are functioning in the venet 0 mode x 2 8 3 A Ey g z g Ao wo Bis ESS 5 A a gt 2 g g FS oN N D Container 1 Container 3 192 168 200 101 192 168 200 103 Container 2 192 168 200 102 Figure 39 Networking venetO Mode All C
260. he Hardware Node will contain all the copied files and directories and may occupy a great amount of disk space You can keep the directory which will greatly speed up the repeated migration procedure or manually remove the directory by using the rm utility Advanced Tasks 257 Migrating Physical Server to Container in Command Line Preparing Container Configuration File If you wish to migrate a physical server to a Container in the command line i e by using the vzp2v utility you should manually create the server configuration file and place it to the Hardware Node before starting the migration process itself The configuration file contains information on the main server settings its resource management parameters e g disk space and the number of inodes consumed by the server the server CPU power network related parameters e g the server IP address and hostname etc During the physical server migration information on the resources parameters from the configuration file is used to create a Container on their basis To prepare a configuration file for the physical server migration you should perform the following operations Copy the vzhwcalc utility from the Hardware Node to the server you will need vzhwcalc to create the server configuration file Copy the distdetect common sh script from the Hardware Node to the server this script is used to determine the Linux version your server is running Create the configurat
261. he Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository As a rule these parameters are set automatically and do not need to be modified The HITP_PROXY group of parameters should be used if you are connecting to the Internet via a proxy server The LocalRepositoryRoot and MirrorName parameters define the mirror location and name respectively The Releases parameter determines the list of updates to be downloaded to the local mirror from the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers repository For more information on how to configure this parameter please see the Choosing Updates for Downloading section p 305 The HTTPD_CONFIG_FILE parameter defines the functioning of your local mirror as an HTTP based server providing the path to the httpd configuration file By default this parameter is set to etc httpd conf httpd conf If you have not changed the default httpd conf file location you do not need to modify this parameter Note Detailed information on all the parameters that can be set in the vzup2date mirror configuration file is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Create a local mirror inside Container 101 vzup2date mirror Advanced Tasks 304 During the command execution vzup2date mirror will perform the following operations in accordance with the parameters set in the vzup2date mirror conf file Connect to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository using the spe
262. he apache Web server with the same set of modules and the same versions of system libraries In such cases the difference in memory usage may reach tens of megabytes The total amount of used memory and swap space in the system is computed on the basis of the memory consumption inside all Containers plus memory usage in the Host OS Managing Resources 151 Controlling Memory Usage by Container SLM has a number of means at its disposal allowing you to effectively control and configure the memory usage on the server and inside its Containers These means include a Using the free command to check the memory limit set for a Container and the current memory consumption inside this Container If the SLM functionality is disabled running this command inside your Containers will display the total and used memory on the server b Restricting the rate of creating new processes and threads inside a Container c Denying memory allocation requests from a Container d Sending the SISTERM signal to applications intensively consuming the memory and requesting them to terminate all their operations save the data and exit e Killing a dangerous application by sending the SIGKILL signal to it Various means of managing the Container memory consumption on the server makes SLM more application friendly as compared to the management scheme by means of UBC parameters the latter has only the methods described in items c and e at it
263. he same way as for real time monitoring The principal difference is that when replaying the counters the information for the charts is taken from the logs both the default logs and the logs accelerated in the Logging Period Setup section are used and not from real time monitoring To switch to the charts replaying mode 1 Click Charts under the Monitor item 2 On the Logged Counters tab click the Add Counters button on the toolbar to display the Add Logged Counters window 3 On the Data tab of the Add Logged Counters window click the Add button to add any of the available counters in the same way as they are added for real time monitoring 4 After adding the desired counters adjust the style of their visualization with the help of the corresponding options on the Data tab 5 Go to the Time tab of the Add Logged Counters window define the update period and the time span for which you wish to view the logs for the specified counters For example Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 184 a Add Logged Counters 20 50 48 15 11 2007 00 50 48 S 20 11 2007 Afe Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 185 Using Table Representation Besides charts it is possible to monitor many of the Hardware Node or Container parameters in real time as a list of lines each of which reflects the name and the value of a parameter as well as the attributes specific for this or that kind of parameters
264. heck box to automatically assign IDs to the cloned Containers from the Container IDs pool on the Master Hardware Node ou can also specify your own ID s for the cloned Container s X Assign Container ID automatically Assign Container IDs starting from 101 s Help lt Back Cancel The number of clones depends on the capacity of the Hardware Node This taken into account it is safe to create up to 100 Container clones at one time The default is 1 Similarly to creating new Containers the Clone Container wizard allows the simultaneous creation of several Container clones with IDs in a continuous series only The default starting Container ID which is automatically offered is the first unoccupied ID starting from 101 For example if you already have Containers with IDs from 101 through 105 and 107 the ID of 106 will be offered by default And if you are creating only one Container clone you may safely accept this number Or you can specify any other number and the system will check up if the ID is unoccupied However if you are going to create a number of Container clones it is recommended to decide on an unoccupied ID series in advance In the second step you will be asked to define a new name and a new hostname for the resulting Container Type an arbitrary name you consider suitable for the Container in the Name field and indicate its hostname if necessary in the Hostname field Operations on Contai
265. hes For more information on cached files see the Cleaning Up Containers subsection p 131 The following session moves Container 101 from the current Hardware Node to a new one named ts7 parallels com vzmigrate ts7 parallels com 101 root ts7 parallels com s password vzmsre Connection to destination Hardware Node ts7 parallels com is successfully established vzmsre Moving copying Container 101 gt Container 101 vzmsrc Container migrating mode first stage sync with tracking second stage sync with Container stopping vzmsrc Syncing private area of Container 101 vz private 101 100 NA EAT ASEAS EA TS TAS AT AS FASS aT AT TAS TAS BASAS EAS SAS TAT ATS A vzmsrc done vzmsre Stopping Container 101 vzmsrc done vzmsrc Fast syncing private area of Container 101 vz private 101 100 PRES REE AOS A Bie SIRE ALS IER AS Ae Ra RR Bia vzmsrc done vamser DSTs Sterre Comeecimere LOT vzmsrc DST done vzmsrc Successfully completed You can specify more than one Container ID simultaneously in this case all specified Containers will be moved to a new Hardware Node one by one Important For the command to be successful a direct SSH connection on port 22 should be allowed between the Source and Destination Nodes Operations on Container 57 By default after the migration process is completed the Container private area and configuration file are renamed on the Source Node by receivi
266. high value 3600 seconds which makes the search process to run for 60 minutes before showing a list of available backups on the Backup Node To reduce the time needed to display your Container backup list you should decrease the backup search value You can do it in the following way 1 In Parallels Management Console right click on the Hardware Node name and select Tasks gt Manage Parallels Agent Configuration on the context menu In the left part of the displayed window choose backm gt configuration gt timeouts Double click the search parameter in the right part of the Parallels Agent Configuration window and specify the desired time in seconds in the Parameter value field Note You are recommended to set the value of the search parameter to 300 seconds 4 Click OK Troubleshooting 355 Problems With Container Operation Timeout When Accessing Remote Hosts A host is unreachable by the Hardware Node or its Containers though it can be reached from other computers Solution Often these timeouts occur due to the fact that the Explicit Congestion Notification ECN mechanism of the TCP IP protocol is on by default in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and off in some other systems which leads to their incompatibility ECN is used to avoid unnecessary packet drops and for some other enhancements If Parallels Virtuozzo Containers cannot connect to a host turn off this mechanism sysctl w net ipv4 tcp_ecn 0 net ipv4 tcp
267. ics for the current Container in the right pane of the window Managing Resources 130 Container cti0l on Node 2 Parallels Management Console m UID GID quota imit The 2 nd level quota i tumed off Figure 26 Management Console Viewing Container Quota Statistics To check the second level disk quota parameters for any group or user of the given Container perform Steps 1 thru 5 as is indicated in the previous section Managing Resources 131 Cleaning Up Containers The first level quota assigned to this or that Container essentially shows how much space may be occupied by the Container private files i e not by the OS or common applications files The real OS and application files reside in the vz template directory on the server and practically do not add up to the Container quota except for the symlinks to them located inside the Container and occupying insignificant space However there are situations when one and the same application or application update is installed not as a template but separately inside each and every Container A good example of this is the CPanel application with its robust auto update features If a certain version of CPanel is installed in a number of Containers and then an update is released CPanel automatically updates itself in all these Containers thus creating a vast amount of identical files not symlinks already throughout the Containers These files tell dramatically on the Contain
268. if you are currently working with Container groups Then enter the group name and press To delete a group select its name in the table of groups and click the Delete button on the toolbar or select the Delete item from the context menu To add a new user open the list of users and click the New user button at the top toolbar Enter the user login user name This is the only mandatory parameter You may also specify the home directory the login shell set the user description and password add the user to one or more groups see the Member Of tab Then click OK Mastering Parallels Management Console 335 To edit an existing user double click on the user name in the table of users or use the Properties item from the context menu The user properties dialog is analogous to the New User dialog To delete a user select its name in the table of users and click the Delete button at the top toolbar or select the Delete option in the context menu Mastering Parallels Management Console 336 Configuring Firewall You can limit access of Internet users to your Hardware Node To enable the Hardware Node firewall right click the needed Node and select Tasks gt Manage Firewall Settings on the context menu i Hardware Node Firewall Properties 2 x General You can protect access to this hardware node from the Internet by enabling hardware node firewall _ Enable firewall protection list of services running on your hardware
269. ight behave unpredictably if they see an abrupt step forward or backward in the time once they find themselves on the new Node with different system clock parameters In the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can make use of the following types of zero downtime migration Simple online migration In this case a Container is dumped at the beginning of the migration i e all Container private data including the state of all running processes are saved to an image file This image file is then transferred to the Destination Node where it is undumped Lazy online migration Using this type of online migration allows you to decrease the size of the dumped image file storing all Container private data and transferred to the Destination Node by leaving the main amount of memory in a locked state on the Source Node and swapping this memory from the Source Node on demand Thus the migrated Container can be started before the whole memory is transferred to the Destination Node which drastically reduces the service delay of the corresponding Container When a process tries to access a page of memory that has not yet been migrated the request is intercepted and redirected to the Source Node where this page is stored Iterative online migration In this case the main amount of Container memory is transferred to the Destination Node before a Container is dumped and saved to an image file Using this type of online migration
270. igure above Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 22 However at this point you are not yet able to create Containers A Container is functionally identical to an isolated standalone server having its own IP addresses processes files users its own configuration files its own applications system libraries and so on Containers share the same Hardware Node and the same OS kernel However they are isolated from each other A Container is a kind of sandbox for processes and users Different Containers can run different versions of Linux for example Ubuntu 9 10 or Fedora 11 and many others Each Container can run its own version of Linux In this case we say that a Container is based on a certain OS template OS templates are software packages shipped with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Before you are able to create a Container you should install the corresponding OS template in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers This is displayed as Parallels Templates in the scheme above After you have installed at least one OS template you can create any number of Containers with the help of standard Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities configure their network and or other settings and work with these Containers as with fully functional Linux servers Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Configuration Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 allows you to flexibly configure various settings for the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system in gene
271. igure and control all memory related parameters inside Containers Note You can also set memory limits for and provide memory guarantees to Containers by configuring multiple UBC User Beancounter parameters numproc numtcpsock vmguarpages etc These parameters provide you with comprehensive facilities of customizing the memory resources in respect of your Containers however this way of managing system resources is more complex and requires more effort to be made on your part to adopt it to your system For detailed information on UBC parameters refer to the Administrator s Guide to Managing UBC Resources available at http www parallels com products pvc45 resources docs Overview Service Level Management SLM is a special system allowing you to configure and control the service levels provided to Container users SLM can be used to manage the Container memory resources i e to adjust the amount of memory that any Container on the server is allowed to consume The SLM scheme has been developed to replace the UBC scheme of managing system resources parameters thus simplifying the resources management inside Containers by uniting all memory related parameters into a single slmmemorylimit parameter Note Detailed information on all UBC parameters is provided in the Administrator s Guide to Managing UBC Resources guide available at http www parallels com products pvc45 resources docs SLM can be used to ensure that The memory c
272. ii eean eeano erea EOE EEES RE SEEI PESENE SSES 352 Failure to Access Container From Network esseseessseesssreesssrerresesresresteeresrerrnserrenrenrenresrenesserees 353 F ilure to Log Ir to Gontaiher ssis iverne tiepe aee iese aeo saa eE NE E Ea HES SEEI RES NR NES 353 Failure to Back Up Container in Parallels Management Console essssessseeeseerssesesrreresreerseeeees 354 Failure to Display List of Container Backups seessssessseeessseeesesesresresreeresrerrsserrenesrentesrenesseeees 354 Problems With Container Operation 0 0 eceecceeeeceeeceescesecesecaecsecsaecseecseseseseaeeseeeseesecseesaecsaecsaesaee 355 Timeout When Accessing Remote Hosts eee eeceeceesceseceeeeeseeeeesecsseesaecsaecsaecaeeeaeseneeeeeees 355 Extraneous Backups Visible to Container in Parallels Power Panel 0 cece cee eee ese eeeeereeeeeeee 355 Problems With Physical Server Migration ee eceescescesecesecesecesecsaecaeecsesesessaeeseeeseeseensesaecsaecsaeenes 356 Failure to Start iptables Modules After Physical Server Migration 0 c cc ceseeeeseeeeeeereeeeeeeeees 356 Mascellaneous Problems ss 0 c ssceseeciscssecscasssits Gyssede thes cdettseesssehsvesbusdavsss se shonsvchsseescedecescenssepabeebasaseseaseess 357 Corrupted Pseudographics in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Utilities eee eeeeeeeeeeee 357 Getting Technical Support ccsvesssiscsssectscesecssecasces decystezecoensseess SERS TESE E eo ASOS EES EE raO EEES SEET SEE S ERE
273. imitations set in this parameter are applied to the Container when it exceeds the limit specified in the burst_cpu_avg_usage parameter The number of CPUs to be used to handle the processes V running inside the corresponding Container Managing Resources 135 Managing CPU Share The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers CPU resource control utilities allow you to guarantee any Container the amount of CPU time this Container receives The Container can consume more than the guaranteed value if there are no other Containers competing for the CPU and the cpulimit parameter is not defined Note The CPU time shares and limits are calculated on the basis of a one second period Thus for example if a Container is not allowed to receive more than 50 of the CPU time it will be able to receive no more than half a second each second To get a view of the optimal share to be assigned to a Container check the current server CPU utilization vzcpucheck Cheese CPO wei lization iil i472 Power of the node 125504 The output of this command displays the total number of the so called CPU units consumed by all running Containers and server processes This number is calculated by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers with the help of a special algorithm The above example illustrates the situation when the server is underused In other words the running Containers receive more CPU time than was guaranteed to them In the following example Container 102 is gu
274. iners Loading iptables Modules to Hardware Node You can configure a list of iptables modules that will be loaded on the Hardware Node after its startup as follows By using standard means of your Host operating system On RHEL based Nodes by editing the etc sysconfig iptables config file with your favorite text editor e g vi and configuring the value of the IPTABLES_MODULES parameter in this file On SUSE based Nodes by editing the etc sysconfig SuSEfirewall2 file e g by means of the YaST2 configuration tool For example if your Hardware Node is running Red Hat Linux Enterprise 5 you can make the ip_conntrack_netbios_ns ip_conntrack modules load on the Node startup by modifying the IP TABL etc sysconfig iptables config file as follows IPTABLI E S_MODULI and ip_conntrack_ftp ES_MODULES parameter in the ES ip_conntrack_netbios_ns ip _conntrac k o CNE Ea By editing the etc vz vz conf file on the Hardware Node The IPTABLES parameter in this file determines the iptables modules that will additionally be loaded to the Node during the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers service startup For example you can indicate the following iptables modules as the value of this parameter to have them automatically loaded to your Hardware Node after the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers service startup IPTABLI ES ipt_REJECT ipt_tos ipt_limit ipt_multi
275. ing in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers explains the way to keep track of the resources consumption by running Containers and the Hardware Node itself in real time Chapter 6 Managing Services and Processes describes the operations you can perform on processes and services in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers by using both the command line utilities and Parallels Management Console graphical interface Chapter 7 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network familiarizes you with the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers network structure enumerates Parallels Virtuozzo Containers networking components and explains how to manage these components in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based systems Chapter 8 Managing Hardware Nodes centers on all those operations you can perform on Hardware Nodes Chapter 9 Keeping Your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers System Up to Date serves as a reference on the ways to keep all the software components of a Hardware Node up to date Chapter 10 Advanced Tasks enumerates those tasks that are intended for advanced system administrators who would like to obtain deeper knowledge about Parallels Virtuozzo Containers capabilities Chapter 11 Mastering Parallels Management Console focuses on those tasks that are most comfortably accomplished using not the command line utilities but Parallels Management Console graphical interface Chapter 12 Troubleshooting suggests ways to resolve common inconveniences should they
276. ingle Source Node right click the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Source Node and select Backup gt Back up Containers on the context menu The Back Up Containers wizard is displayed In this wizard you should 1 Choose the Containers from the Source Node you wish to back up Back Up Containers Choose Containers to Back Up In this window you should select the Containers to be backed up Title Parent Node Add Remove Help lt Back Next gt Cancel To schedule one or more Containers for backing up click the Add button in the top left corner and in the displayed window select the names of the appropriate Containers and click OK The selected Containers will be shown in the table on the Choose Containers to Back Up screen Click Next to proceed with the wizard Choose the Container backup mode Default select this radio button to back up the Container using the default backup mode When run in this mode the default backup parameters are used for creating the Container backup You can only set the backup description and configure the default backup policy Note Detailed information on what default backup parameters are and how to manage them is given in the Setting Default Backup Parameters subsection p 70 Custom select this radio button to manually set the parameters to be applied to the resulting backup archive In this case you will hav
277. ion File for New Linux Distribution s sesssseesseseeseeesereresresrssrerrsserrenerreneseeersseeers 312 Rebooting Container ig ccs ihe cbse nie Reales RAG A Ae RS ape A Sesh eee ena eee oe as 313 Managing Graphical Applications Inside Container ee ee cee cee ceeecseecseeeseeeeceeeeeseensecsecsaecnaeesaesaee 313 Running Graphical Applications in X Windows ec eceeeeesceeeeseeeeeesecesecaecsaecsaecaeeeaeseneeeeeees 314 Running Graphical Applications via VNC 00 ee eee eeeeceeeeceeeceseeeeeeeensecaecsaecsaecsaecaaesaeseaeeeeeees 320 VZES A niece ii oa aa nihteeen elke Gi cons nia E Adan oes 321 Advantages of VZES V2 sc csc seicselesceecs cS evine nae r ots o EEE Eea eE KER EO SOE EET EE Ee ERRES tubers 322 Inside VZFS V2 rono e a a eee ee ONS ees A ete SS LL Avie Rt Seah oee eia 323 Upgrading VZES ios ici scutes shi etna ot Sade es heed oases ALA nase tte de E he ee ces 324 Restrictions aier ngeses e e da nds ee ois Wa ants alee k wav aad EEan eE 326 Assigning External IP Addresses to Containers eee eeceecceeceseceseceseceecseecseeeneseeeeseeeeensecsecsaecnaessaeeaes 327 Mastering Parallels Management Console 328 Configuring Offline Management Parameters 2 0 0 0 cs eeeeeeeeeesceescesecesecesecaeceaeceaecsaecaeeeseseaeseaeeneeeaeenes 329 Viewing Summary Pages css whee seth o e T EE EE EEE has E EEE E E EEE cbevneestecbestoty 332 Managing Users and Groups Inside Container e eeseseseseeeseeeseseeerrsrerrsrtstestrstesrssrertsse
278. ion and the applied values will be valid only until the Container shutdown To check whether SSH is running inside the Container use vzctl exec which allows executing any commands in the Container context In Red Hat based distributions sshd is dependent on xinetd so your session might look like the following vzctl start 101 This command starts Container 101 if it is not started yet vzctl exec 101 service xinetd status xinetd is stopped vzctl exec 101 service xinetd start SicenecimeG zabawe OX il vzctl exec 101 service xinetd status xinetd is started The above example assumes that Container 101 is created on the Red Hat OS template For other OS templates consult their documentation For more information on running commands inside a Container from the Hardware Node see the Running Commands in Container subsection p 115 Operations on Container 46 Setting root Password for Container Setting the root user password is necessary for connecting to a Container via SSH or Parallels Power Panel By default the root account is locked in a newly created Container and you cannot log in In order to log in to the Container it is necessary to create a user account inside the Container and set a password for this account or unlock the root account The easiest way of doing it is to run vzctl start 101 This command starts Container 101 if it is not started yet vzctl set 101 userpasswd root test In this
279. ion at My Node 4 2 xi Usage Statistics Used IP addresses from pool 3 Total IP addresses in pool 101 Usage 3 Pool Configuration Allocated Allocated IP addresses IPAddress we Environment Hosted on 10 18 18 101 server 01 My Node 10 18 18 102 server 02 My Node 10 18 18 103 server 03 My Node Help Cancel 4 In the displayed window you can view the following information about your IP addresses pool The Usage Statistics section provides the following data Number of IP addresses from the pool already assigned to the Containers on the Node Total number of IP addresses in the pool Ratio of used IP addresses to the total number of IP addresses in the pool in percent The graphical representation of this ratio is also provided at the top of the IP Addresses Pool Configuration window The Allocated IP addresses table provides detailed information on the IP addresses already allocated to the Containers on the Hardware Node Column Name Description IP Address The IP address from the pool already allocated to some Container on the Node Environment The hostname of the Container to which the IP address was allocated Hosted on The name of the Hardware Node where the database of IP addresses the IP Managing Hardware Nodes 247 addresses pool is stored This is the name under which the Node is registered in Parallels Management Console You can
280. ion file by running the vzhwcalc utility on the server Edit the configuration file if needed and copy it to the Hardware Node As a result of the aforementioned operations a valid configuration file should be created in the format readable by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and copied to the Hardware Node This file will be used to create a Container on its basis and the path to the file should be specified as the value of the c option while running the vzp2v utility Advanced Tasks 258 Creating Container Configuration File To create a configuration file of your physical server you should first copy the vzhwcalc utility and the distdetect common sh script from the Hardware Node to the physical server By default vzhwcalc and distdetect common sh are stored in the usr local bin and usr local share vzlinmigrate directories on the Node respectively The vzhwcalc utility is used to create a configuration file containing information on the server main resource parameters and used to create a Container on its basis In its turn the distdetect common sh script is intended to determine what Linux distribution the server is running and to set the value of the DISTRIBUTION variable in the generated configuration file in accordance with the detected distribution You may copy the vzhwcalc and distdetect common sh file to any directory on the physical server When launched the vzhwcalc utility scans the main resour
281. ir entirety The tasks these utilities perform are described in the following subsections of this section The direct creating and editing of the corresponding Container configuration file etc vz conf lt CT_ID gt conf This can be performed either with the help of any text editor or through Parallels Management Console The instructions on how to edit Container configuration files directly are provided in the four preceding sections In this case you have to edit all the configuration parameters separately one by one Managing Resources 166 Splitting Hardware Node Into Equal Pieces It is possible to create a Container configuration roughly representing a given fraction of the server If you want to create such a configuration that up to 20 fully loaded Containers would be able to be simultaneously running on the given server you can do it as follows cd etc vz conf vzsplit n 20 f mytest Config etc vz conf ve mytest conf sample was created Notice that the configuration produced depends on the given server resources Therefore it is important to validate the resulted configuration file before trying to use it which is done with the help of the vzcfgvalidate utility For example vzcfgvalidate ve mytest conf sample Recommendation kmemsize lim kmemsize bar should be gt 253952 Cues nicdiy7 EZ 6918 Recommendation dgramrcvbuf bar should be gt 132096 currently 93622 The number of Containers you can run on th
282. is capability on for a Container if a user has the permission of inserting kernel modules this user has essentially full control over the server Allows to create VZFS symlinks over VZFS Allows to use chroot Allows to trace any process Allows to configure process accounting In charge of many system administrator tasks such as swapping administering APM BIOS and so on Shall be set to off for Containers This capability currently has no effect on the Container behaviour Allows to raise priority and to set priority for other processes Override resource limits do not confuse with user beancounters Allows to change the system time Allows the configuration of TTY devices Allows the privileged aspects of mknod Allows to take leases of files Default off on on on off on on on off off on on on off on on on off on on on Advanced Tasks 252 Migrating Physical Server to Container This section provides information on how you can migrate an external physical server to a Container Migration Overview Along with migrating Containers between your Hardware Nodes you may wish to move a stand alone physical server running a Linux operating system Fedora Core Debian etc to a Container on your Node The migration process includes copying the whole contents of the physical server i e all its files directories quota limits configuration settings and so on to a C
283. is installed To this effect select the Restore to local machine radio button and in the Path field specify the path to the folder whither the files will be restored Select the Container files directories that will be restored to the Destination Node Operations on Container 96 Restore Individual Container ct252 Files 21x Choose Files to Restore Please choose one or several files to be restored inside your Container on the destination Hardware Node Included files o Type Size Modified 4d Backup Contents of Container ct252 L bin Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 J boot Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 J dev Directory 2008 01 08 16 04 i etc Directory 2008 01 08 16 07 J home Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 ia initrd Directory 2004 08 12 21 02 J lib Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 i lib64 Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 i media Directory 2004 08 12 21 ueg ID m Figure 18 Management Console Choosing Files For Restoring The Choose Files to Restore window provides you with a tree view of the files and directories that you have backed up To enqueue this or that file directory for being restored you should select its check box You can select the check box next to the corresponding directory to restore all the files and subdirectories from this directory The Review Container Restoration Settings window enables you to review the parameters entered by you on the previous steps of
284. is installed the vzrmond daemon is started on the Monitor Node You should manually edit the vzrmond configuration file see the next subsection for details to define the list of Nodes to monitor and the way the alerts are sent However vz rmond needs to be able to remotely log in to the specified Node s without having to provide a root password Therefore you should provide each Node to be monitored with your authorized public SSH RSA key It can be done in the following way First you should generate a pair of SSH keys public and private ssh keygen t rsa Generating public private rsa key pair Enter file in which to save the key root ssh id_rsa root ssh id_rsa already exists Overwrite y n y Enter passphrase empty for no passphrase Enter same passphrase again Your identification has been saved in root ssh id_rsa Your public key has been saved in root ssh id_rsa pub The key fingerprint is COLILO GAS 22CGSTSILSISSSOI SOLAS eo Zoske oO sose Ty sie root dhcp 130 parallels com Note that you should leave an empty passphrase in the above procedure Next transfer your public key to each Hardware Node you are going to monitor to the root ssh directory use some intermediary name for the file not to overwrite the corresponding file on the Hardware Node scp root ssh id_rsa pub root dhcp 129 parallels com root ssh temp_name Was Avieineiaicieiicy Oi Inosic Vclocjo 129 josicellilels com 1921
285. is knowledge will be of service to you later on while running vzup2date mirror and specifying the part of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers repository for which you wish to create a mirror i e while deciding on what Parallels Virtuozzo Containers update release or what Parallels Virtuozzo Containers templates are to be downloaded The official Parallels Virtuozzo Containers repository is organized as a directory tree at the top of which the virtuozzo directory the root of the tree is located The further repository structure may be described as follows Beneath the root is the directory containing the information about the operating system the packages of which are stored in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers repository In our case it is Linux so the full name of the directory is virtuozzo linux Please note that you are not allowed to access the root of this directory The next underlying directory represents the microprocessor architecture for which the packages stored in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers repository are meant Currently you can make use of the following directories i386 this directory is meant for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers RPM packages and templates to be used on 32 bit platforms x86_64 this directory is meant for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers RPM packages and templates to be used on x86 64 bit platforms e g on servers with the AMD Opteron and Intel Pentium D processors installed ia64 this
286. ities traffic sniffing IP address collisions etc Therefore veth adapters are recommended to be used in trusted network environments only The veth mode has poorer scalability than the venet 0 mode This is caused by the fact that any broadcast packet meant for any veth virtual network adapter is duplicated and transmitted to all available veth network adapters which requires the CPU s on the server to process all the resulting broadcast packets and may degrade the system performance So we highly recommend that you create no more than 100 veth network adapters for every CPU on the server Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 219 Creating and Deleting veth Network Adapters By default any Container on the Hardware Node starts functioning in the venet0O mode right after its creation However at any time you can create additional virtual adapters for your Container and set them to work in the veth mode This can be done by using the netif_add option of the vzct1 set command Let us assume that you wish to create a new virtual adapter with the name of eth1 inside Container 101 and make it function in the veth mode To this effect you can execute the following command on the Hardware Node vzctl set 101 netif_add ethl save Saved parameters for Container 101 The settings of the newly created virtual adapter are saved as the value of the NETIF parameter in the configuration file of Container 101 etc vz conf 1
287. its Container priority quotatime 0 seconds Grace period of C quotauaidlimit Not limited Number of user g Properties Figure 22 Management Console Container Disk Quota Parameters 3 Double click the diskinodes parameter and select the Not limited check box to remove any limits on the number of disk inodes for the given Container Click OK twice If necessary repeat Steps 3 and 4 for the diskspace parameter to allow the given Container to have unlimited disk space Note You must change the DISK_QUOTA parameter in the global configuration file only when all Containers are stopped and in the Container configuration file only when the corresponding Container is stopped Otherwise the configuration may prove inconsistent with the real quota usage and this can interfere with the normal Hardware Node operation Managing Resources 123 Setting Up Per Container Disk Quota Parameters Three parameters determine how much disk space and inodes a Container can use These parameters are specified in the Container configuration file DISKSPAC Gl The total size of disk space that can be consumed by the Container in 1 Kb blocks When the space used by the Container hits the soft limit the Container can allocate additional disk space up to the hard limit during the grace period specified by the QUOTATIME parameter DISKINOD Gl n The total number of disk inodes files directories and symb
288. its will apply to all Containers on the Hardware Node if not redefined in the corresponding Container configuration file After setting the aforementioned parameters in the Container configuration file the VZASysD plug in will carry out one of the following operations depending on the obtained results for the given Container If the CPU usage consumption does not exceed the CPU limit set for the Container in the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE parameter no actions are taken on the VZASysbD part If the processor time is currently overused by the Container VZASysD places the restrictions set in the BURST_CPULIMIT parameter on the Container CPU usage On the next check the set limit is removed if the CPU usage does not exceed the value calculated by the following formula BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE x BURST_CPULIMIT 100 the value of the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE parameter multiplied by the value of the BURST_CPULIMIT parameter and divided by 100 the set limit is left intact if the Container CPU usage exceeds the aforementioned value Managing Resources 140 For example you can make the VZASysD plug in control the CPU usage of Container 101 by editing the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE and BURST_CPULIMIT parameters in its configuration file as follows BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE 80 BURST_CPULIMIT 60 From this moment on VZASysD will regularly check Co
289. k management to a Container administrator you shall use either the devices or the devnodes option of the vzctl set command The example session below illustrates the following situation you want to allow the root user of Container 101 to take responsibility for administering the dev sdb dev sdbl and dev sdb2 devices In other words you allow the Container 101 system administrator to repartition the dev sdb device and create file systems on the first two partitions or use them with any software capable of working with raw block devices such as Oracle database software First we are going to grant the Container the permissions to work with the needed block devices vzctl set 101 devices b 8 16 rw devices b 8 17 rw devices b 8 18 rw save Setting devperms Saved parameters for Container 101 This command sets the read write permissions for block devices with major number 8 and minor numbers 16 17 and 18 corresponding to dev sdb dev sdb1 and dev sdb2 If you are not sure which major and minor numbers correspond to the necessary block devices you may issue the following command ls 1 dev sdb 1 2 brw rw i oot disk Cy lo Jaa 30 3 24 eav solis ORN L iage disk By 17 Jan 30 13 24 dev sdbl Sew ora L roor disk ar 18 Jan 30 13 24 dev sdb2 Now let us create a 100 Mb Linux partition in addition to an already existing 2 GB partition on dev sdb1 from Container 101 root ct101 root fdisk dev sdb Comma
290. k1 The command output that the vznetwork1 Virtual Network is bound to the bro bridge on the Node Check the etc vz vznet conf file on the Node cat etc vz vznet conft VNID_brO vznetwork1 In the output above the name of the bridge brO is a component of the VNID_br0O parameter defining the Virtual Network name Note Detailed information on the vznetcfg utility and the etc vz vznet conf file is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide To create a new Virtual Network in Parallels Management Console you should perform the following operations 1 Right click the needed Hardware Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Virtual Networks on the context menu 2 In the Virtual Networks window click the Add button Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 211 Add a new virtual network Figure 38 Management Console Creating Virtual Network 3 Specify an arbitrary name for the Virtual Network in the Name field and provide its description if necessary in the Description field 4 Click OK Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 212 Listing Virtual Networks Sometimes you may wish to list all Virtual Networks currently existing on the Hardware Node To do this you should execute the following command on the Hardware Node vznetcfg net list Network ID Status vznetworkl active vznetwork2 active Master Interfac Slave Interfaces etho In the e
291. kernel inside the Virtuozzo section of the file For example kernel vmlinuz 2 4 0 stab1 2 777 ro console ttyS0 115200 console tty Note You must not remove any of the existing parameters in the kernel line of the grub conf configuration file Parallels Virtuozzo Containers includes a special watchdog module which is off by default However if you set up a Monitor Node it is very important to have this module running since it logs the kernel state every minute In order to make Parallels Virtuozzo Containers load this module automatically edit the etc vz vz conf file and change the value of the VZWDOG parameter from no to yes The corresponding line should look like the following grep VZWDOG etc vz vz conf VZWDOG yes Troubleshooting 365 Starting Messages Collection on Monitor Node The kernel messages from the Hardware Node may be collected by reading from the serial terminal on the Monitor Node The simplest way to collect and to store them is by executing the following command cat dev ttyS1 gt var log vzmessages hnl1 amp on the Monitor Node This way the messages will be stored in the var log vzmessages hn1l file However it is recommended to use the tt ylogd serial console daemon to maintain serial log files This daemon is launched by the etc init d ttylogd script on the system startup and uses the etc ttylogd conf file for the correct parameters Thus all you need to do to automate the messages collecti
292. l applications Advanced Tasks 314 Running Graphical Applications in X Windows Overview You may wish to run X applications X clients such as xclock xmms etc inside your Containers on a TCP IP network and display the resulting output on your local server This can be done with the help of the X Window System The X Window System is based on the client server model where an X server is the program responsible for controlling the display of the server on which you are working and an X client denotes an application program that communicates with the server sending it various requests such as draw a line or pay attention to keyboard input To run X applications inside your Container located on a TCP IP network and to display them on your local server you should take care of the following Install and configure a special software called an X server on the server where you wish X clients to be displayed Note In the following subsections we assume that you have successfully installed and configured an X server on your local server In case you have not please download the X server software packages e g from http www xfree86 org and install them by following the instructions shipped with this software Configure X clients X applications to direct their output to your local server where the X server is running You may also wish to specify a window manager of your choice to be used for displaying your X clients A
293. l server to a Container on your Node You can launch the Migrate Physical Server to Container wizard by right clicking the Parallels Containers item under the Hardware Node where you wish to migrate the physical server and choosing Tasks gt Migrate Physical Server to Container on the context menu You will be presented with the following window 1 Migrate Physical Server to Container 2 xi Log in to Physical Server In this window you should specify the IP address and login credentials to connect to the physical server for collecting information necessary for migration Server IP Address or Hostname User Name root User Password Help lt Back Finish Cancel Figure 45 Management Console Logging In to Physical Server The information you should enter in the fields provided is presented below Server IP Address or Hostname the IP address or hostname of the physical server you wish to migrate Advanced Tasks 265 User Name The user name used to log in to the physical server You can specify the root user in this field which is offered by default or may use any other account to log in to the server However in the latter case you should make sure that the specified user has all the rights and privileges of the root user User Password The password used to log in to the physical server by the user specified in the User Name field Clicking Next in the Log in Phy
294. late jo ccsccg csssse veces ivacadesssevsepensecoepsureecep sostuadend sa S EESK ESen ies 277 Using EZ OS Template Set isien assessed essnes scvocseavactapsssevsepessessdesdyevoup sonsuadpna gens ensessendeedettentiesges 279 Using Customized Application Template 0 0 cece eee eseecseeeeecaeecaeeeeeeeeeeseeessensecseesaeesaessaeeaee 281 Changing System Time From Container cece eeeeceesceesceseceeceseceseceaecaeecaeeesessaeseeeeaeenseeseesaesaessaeeaes 283 Setting Up iSCSI Environment in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Based System ceeeeeeseeeeeeeee 284 Obtaining Hardware Node ID From Inside Container 0 0 cece cece cee ceeecneeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseensecaecaeenaesaee 285 Mounting vz Partition via Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Script cece eeceesceeceeseeeecesecesecnseeeeeneeens 286 Managing Mount Points Inside Container eee ceeeeeeeeceeeceeecesecesecsecaecsaecnaecaaecaeecseseneseaeeneeeaeenes 287 Preserving Application Data During Container Reinstallation 2 eee ee cee eese cee ceeecneeeeeeeneeeeeeseeeeeenes 289 Accessing Devices From Inside Container cece cseeeseeceesceeseesecesecesecsaecsaecsaecaaecaeeeseseneseeeeeeeeaeenes 291 Moving Network Adapter to Container ce eeeeeecsecseeeseeeeceeseeeecesecesecsecsaecsaecsaecsaecaeeeseseeeseeeeneeeaeenes 293 Enabling VPN for Containers esesten 2555s se sees Uoesss ds bsvecs sheaves iodasnavcbescevsessacescedssbesk ce daseseeussesatesdaescoetdeoees 294 Managing Hardware Node
295. le administering your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system In This Chapter Configuring Offline Management Parameters 0 ee ceeceeecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseecaeecaesaeenaeenaeee 329 Viewing Summary Pages ses ispiker a a pa se saudetsesgessdegshlvess Aa E EEE si 332 Managing Users and Groups Inside Container 20 0 0 eeeeceeseeeeneeeseeeseeeseecsaecaecnaecnseenseenes 334 Configuring Fire Wall oireen ian abe E cu ce yet TE EE Ea a E A E E OE 336 Managing Mount Points ss 0 2 5 ceseci esis ete en east a reine aa 338 Viewing System and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers LOg cee eee eceeeceeeeenecreeeeneees 339 Managing Files Inside Container 0 cece ceseceseceseceseceseeeseeesneeeaeecseeeseecaaecaaecsaecnaecnaeenseenes 341 Searching for Containers sson nepen enat ea o aoea cet yeoset sasceeereseeasscpaabeat peaseeed 343 Managing Container Search Domains sss ssssssessesessessesetsessseseesessesessesessereenessesenersessesene 344 Mastering Parallels Management Console 329 Configuring Offline Management Parameters The offline management functionality ensures the Container manageability by means of one or more offline services from any browser at its own IP address When offline management is enabled for a Container this Container is said to be subscribed to one or more offline services which means that one or more ports of its IP address are permanently active whatever the Container state This is needed to en
296. le file as the basis for your Containers All these operations are described in the following subsections in detail Advanced Tasks 277 Using Customized OS EZ Template Let us first start with making a customized base OS EZ template which can then be used to create Containers with a set of application already tuned to meet your demands To make such a template you should perform the following operations 1 6 Create a metafile that will serve as the basis for your customized base OS EZ template Notes 1 Detailed information on how to create metafiles is given in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6Templates Management Guide 2 While creating a metafile for your new OS EZ template you should make sure that the value of either the osname parameter or the version parameter in the metafile differs from the names or versions of all base OS EZ templates installed on the server So if the base RHEL4 OS EZ template is already installed on your server these values cannot be simultaneously set to redhat and as4 Create one or more scripts that will be executed on different stages of the OS EZ template lifecycle and customize your applications to meet your needs For example you can create a postinstall script with the name of post_install bash and make it perform a number of customization operations on some application included in the OS EZ template after installing this application inside your Container Create a customized OS E
297. le files available on your Node All the Container sample files you can choose from are listed in the table in the centre of the displayed window Detailed information on Container configuration sample files is provided in the Managing Container Resources Configuration section Container ID enter the ID of the Container which will be created on the Node and where the physical server will be migrated Make sure that there is no Container on the Node with the ID specified in this field Hostname enter the hostname of the Container which will be used to identify the Container on a network Advanced Tasks 270 After you have selected the corresponding check box and specified the Container ID and hostname click Next The Specify OS Template window allows you to choose an OS template and its version the Container will be based on By default Parallels Management Console automatically searches for the most compatible OS template However you can select any OS template listed in the table on this screen and create the Container on its basis Clicking Next on the Specify OS Template screen displays the window where you are asked to specify the Container network parameters gt 3 Migrate Physical Server to Container 24 xX 9 Specify Network Settings for Container s This window allows you to create additional virtual network adapters for your Container s and configure their properties Connected to Add Interface
298. le may be of one of the following 3 types A full backup containing all Container data This kind of backup is the most time consuming space intensive and the least flexible one However full backups are the quickest to restore An incremental backup containing only the files changed since the last full differential or incremental backup Incremental backups record only the changes since the last Container backup either full differential or incremental and therefore are less in size and take less time to complete than the full and differential backups A differential backup containing only the files changed since the last full backup This kind of backup does not take into account available incremental and differential backup archives and always backs up all the files modified since the last full backup Operations on Container 67 Using vzabackup vzarestore Utilities A regular backing up of the existing Containers is essential for any Hardware Node reliability Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 is shipped with the vzabackup and vzarestore utilities allowing you to back up and restore your Hardware Nodes and their Containers These utilities can be run on virtually every Node in your network on the Source Node where the Container to be backed up is residing on the Backup Node a special Node intended for storing Container backups if you have any on any other Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based physical server in your
299. lization software for Linux based servers The issues discussed in this guide cover the necessary theoretical conceptions as well as practical aspects of working with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers The guide will teach you to create and administer Containers sometimes also called Virtual Environments or VEs on servers running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software and to employ both graphical and command line interfaces for performing various tasks Note The guide does not familiarize you with the process of installing configuring and deploying Parallels Virtuozzo Containers systems Detailed information on these operations is given in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Installation Guide According to the task oriented approach most topics of this guide are devoted to a particular task and the ways to perform it However Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is equipped with as many as three different tools to perform many administrative tasks the command line interface Parallels Management Console with the graphical user interface Parallels Virtual Automation with the web interface Parallels Management Console and the command line interface are considered the primary tools for administering Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and performing main administrative tasks on Hardware Nodes servers running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software and in the Container context Therefore when describing the ways to perform this or that ta
300. ll configuration for a Container is identical to managing the firewall configuration for the Hardware Node in respect of adding or removing rules To manage the firewall configuration for a Container click the Manage Firewall link on the summary page of the Container Manager Each IP packet coming to a particular Container passes 2 firewalls the iptables rules of the Host OS and the firewall rules of the given Container An administrator of the Hardware Node sets up the Host OS iptables rules and the end users have no access to these rules Mastering Parallels Management Console 338 Managing Mount Points You can manage mount points through Parallels Management Console both for the Hardware Node and for each and every Container To view the current list of mount points click the Manage Mounts link on the summary page of either the Hardware Node or the necessary Container Then use the Add button to add a new mount point the Remove From List button to delete an existing mount point or the Edit button to change an existing mount point For example after clicking the Add button you will be presented with the following window gt Mount Point E 2 x Device Partitions x File system auto 1 _ Permanent Active Hep OK Cancel 4h Figure 55 Management Console Managing Mount Points In this window you should specify the directory where your file system is to be mounted the Moun
301. ll screen mode However you can force the utility to run in the command line mode by specifying any option containing your contact information e g n denoting your name or the problem report description e g m used to provide additional information on your problem Detailed information on all the options that can be passed to vzreport in the command line is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide After running the vzreport utility in the full screen mode the Problem Report Wizard is opened which will guide you through a number of steps asking you to provide the necessary information to generate a problem report On the Welcome screen just click Next to proceed with the wizard You will be presented with the following window Your contact information and problem description Full name Company E mail Subject P Problem description Figure 58 Submitting Problem Report Providing Necessary Information In this window you should enter your name e mail and the name of your company into the corresponding fields Make sure that you type a valid e mail address otherwise the Parallels support team will not be able to contact you In the Subject field you should also specify what Parallels Virtuozzo Containers problem you encountered and may provide additional information in the Problem description field which in your opinion can help solve the problem Troubleshooting 360 Clicking Next in the Yo
302. ller the backup archive will be and the longer the backup will take to create None Normal High Maximum is Parallels Power Panel Settings Maximum number of allowed Container backups 1 g 4 2 Under the Backup Type group in the displayed window choose one of the following options Select the Full radio button to always create full backup archives containing the whole Container private area all Container related configuration files action scripts etc Operations on Container 77 Select the Incremental or Differential radio button to always perform incremental or differential backups respectively If an incremental or differential backup is performed and the corresponding full backup cannot be found a full backup is automatically performed 3 Click OK Operations on Container 78 Backing Up Single Container To back up a single Container on the Source Node do the following 1 In Parallels Management Console click the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Source Node to open the Container manager window 2 Right click the Container you wish to back up and select Backup gt Back Up Container on the context menu The Back Up Containers wizard opens Back Up Containers 21x 9 Select Backup Mode In this window you should choose the backup creation mode Container backup configuration Use default Back up the Container using the default backup options th
303. log window you can scale your current Container configuration by multiplying or dividing the corresponding parameter s by the specified scaling coefficient Increase configuration parameters by multiplying by scaling coefficient C Decrease configuration parameters by dividing by scaling coefficient 4 scaling coefficient can be an integer or decimal value greater than 1 e g 1 5 or 12 Scaling coefficient Apply scaling to X CPU usage configuration X Disk quota configuration X Old style UBC parameters configuration Current configuration Scaled configuration Ma CPU parameters Disk quota parameters J Primary memory related parameters SACPU parameters m Disk quota parameters D Primary memory related parameters B Secondary memory related parameters L Secondary memory related parameters J Auxiliary memory related parameters L Auxiliary memory related parameters I D WA ii gt 4 Patton soe e ath Heeft e at Figure 29 Management Console Scaling Container Configuration 168 Determine whether you want to enhance or attenuate the current configuration and specify the factor You may choose what groups of parameters will be scaled under the Apply scaling to group You are strongly encouraged to validate the resulting configuration with the help of the Validate button before clicking OK Click OK to save the change
304. lowing command vzctl start computer1 Seene NE COMECE eres You can find out what name is assigned to Container 101 in one of the following ways Using the vzlist utility vzlist o name 101 NAME computerl Operations on Container 53 Checking the NAME parameter in the Container configuration file etc vz conf 101 conf For example grep NAME etc vz conf 101 conf NAME computer1 Checking the NAME parameter in the etc vz names computerl file which is a symlink to the Container configuration file For example grep NAME etc vz names computer1 NAME computer1 You can also use Parallels Management Console to set names for Containers To this effect 1 Choose the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node right click the Container to which you wish to assign a name and select Properties on the context menu 2 On the General tab of the displayed window enter an arbitrary name in the Name field Click OK Operations on Container 54 Storing Extended Information on Container Sometimes it may be difficult to remember the information on certain Containers The probability of this increases together with the number of Containers and with the time elapsed since the Container creation The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software allows you to set the description of any Container on the Hardware Node and view it later on if required The description can be any text cont
305. ls Containers item to open the Containers manager window 2 Select the Containers you wish to back up Use the CTRL and SHIFT keys for selecting a number of Containers 3 Click the right mouse button and select Back up Containers on the context menu The aforementioned Back Up Containers wizard is opened directly at the second page because the first page Choose Containers to Back Up becomes unnecessary Browsing Backup Contents Operations on Container 86 Parallels Management Console allows you to browse the directory structure of any Container backup as if this backup had already been restored and restore only the needed files and directories if necessary To view the backed up files and directories of a Container backup you should do the following 1 Choose the Backups item in the Management Console right pane right click the Container backup whose contents you wish to browse and select Properties on the context menu In the displayed window select the corresponding backup in the Available backups table and click the Show Backup Contents button at the bottom of the window a Container server102 Backups The following backups for Container server 02 have been found on Hardware Node Local Server SCS C Available backups L 1x 2007 12 25 02 21 34 full Backup ID Source Node Backup Node Local Server Local Server 4 ll 1f4988d2 5c28 4359 a1 m J gt
306. ls com link 2 Register with the Parallels Helpdesk if you have not done so before by clicking the Get Access to Parallels RT link on the Helpdesk login page and following the instructions provided on the Activate Your Support Account screen 3 Log in to the Helpdesk using the received credentials At the top of the RT At Glance screen select the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers component your problem relates to on the drop down menu and click the New Ticket in button 5 On the Create New Ticket screen fill in the appropriate fields describe your problem and click the Create button to make a new support ticket Another way of getting help is to directly call us or visit one of our offices The information about phone numbers contact people and office addresses is available on the contact pages at http www parallels com en contact and http www parallels com en support phone Troubleshooting 359 Submitting Problem Report to Technical Support Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is shipped with a special utility vzreport allowing you to compile a detailed report if you have any Parallels Virtuozzo Containers related problems and to automatically send it to the Parallels support team After receiving your report the support team will closely examine your problem and make its best to solve the problem as quickly as possible vzreport has two modes of execution full screen and command line By default the utility starts in the fu
307. ls technology allowing you to efficiently deploy standard Linux applications inside Containers and to greatly save the Hardware Node resources physical memory disk space and so on Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 for Linux Reference Guide This guide is a complete reference on all Parallels Virtuozzo Containers configuration files and command line utilities Parallels Management Console Help This help system provides detailed information on Parallels Management Console a graphical user interface tool for managing Hardware Nodes and Containers Parallels Power Panel Online Help This help system deals with Parallels Power Panel a means for administering individual Containers through a common Web browser on any platform Feedback If you spot a typo in this guide or if you have an opinion about how to make this guide more helpful you can share your comments and suggestions with us by completing the Documentation Feedback form on our website http www parallels com en support usersdoc 14 CHAPTER 2 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy This chapter describes the general principles of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers operation It provides an outline of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers architecture and lets you understand the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers licensing policy In This Chapter About Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Software c0cccccccccseseseseseseseseseseseseseseseseseseeees 14 Distinctiv
308. m which the Container is to be restored Any Container may have any number of its backups made at different dates and of different types As a rule you choose the most recent backup unless you have reasons to restore an intermediary one In the Review Container Restoration Settings window Review the parameters provided by you in the previous step of the wizard Click the Finish button to start restoring the Container Operations on Container 89 Notes 1 During this operation the Destination Node is supposed to be the same as the Source Node For instructions on how to restore a Container to a Destination Node other than the Source Node see Managing Backup Node 2 If you wish to restore a Container residing on a Hardware Node running Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 from its backup stored on a 3 0 Hardware Node in Parallels Management Console you should invoke the Restore Container wizard for the Node where the Container backup is located i e for the 3 0 Node Operations on Container 90 Restoring Container Files Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to browse the directory structure of any Container backup as if this backup had already been restored and restore only the needed files and folders directories To this effect you should do the following 1 Expand the Source Node item in the left pane of the Management Console main window and click the Parallels Containers item to open the Containers manager window
309. m your keyboard or mouse Create and customize pop up menus to complete any of the aforementioned tasks You can change the default window manager used to control the appearance of your X clients by editing the Xclients and xinitre scripts located in the usr X11R6 lib X11 xinit directory either inside your Container or on your local server However you can launch only one window manager at any time So if you are already running a local window manager you cannot start the remote one i e it will complain and exit Let us assume that you wish to run several X applications xterm oclock emacs inside your Container and to use the remote fvwm2 window manager to manage their output on the screen To this effect you can edit the usr X11R6 lib X11 xinit Xclients script inside your Container in the following way Note We assume that you have successfully installed the vwm2 window manager inside your Container In case you have not please download the needed software packages e g from http www fvwm org and install them by following the instructions shipped with this software 1 Log in to your Container and open the usr X11R6 1ib X11 xinit Xclients file for editing vi usr X11R6 1ib X11 xinit Xclients This file is just a shell script containing commands that you wish to run when your X session starts e g xterm xclock 2 Remove the existing text in the file and add the following strings to it Note We recommend th
310. mail service is now standalone For more information on the vzsetxinetd utility please consult the corresponding man pages or turn to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Note You cannot use the vzset xinetd utility to change the mode of the xinet d dependent services in Containers where the Debian 3 0 OS template is installed Managing Services and Processes 200 Determining Container Identifier by Process ID Each process is identified by a unique PID process identifier which is the entry of that process in the kernel s process table For example when you start Apache it is assigned a process ID This PID is then used to monitor and control this program The PID is always a positive integer In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can use the vzpid retrieve process ID utility to print the Container ID the process with the given id belongs to Multiple process IDs can be specified as arguments In this case the utility will print the Container number for each of the processes The typical output of the vzpid utility is shown below vzpid 12 Pid VEID Name 12 101 init In our example the process with the identifier 12 has the name init and is running in the Container with ID 101 Note You can also display the Container ID where the corresponding process is running by using the vzps utility Managing Services and Processes 201 Starting Stopping and Restarting Services Parallels Management Console
311. me In this window you are supposed to set the name for the backup task provide the task description if necessary Operations on Container 103 set the schedule for the Container backup specify the task start time set the time interval when the Container backup is to be performed etc define the date when the backup task is to be removed from the schedule You can also clear the Enabled check box if you wish to run the scheduled task during a certain period of time You can always enable the task later on by right clicking the task and selecting Enable on the context menu 7 On the last step of the wizard review the parameters provided by you on the previous steps of the wizard If you are satisfied with all the parameters click Finish to schedule the task Otherwise click the Back button to return to the previous steps and change the corresponding parameters On this step you can also do the following Provide the backup description in the Backup description field The description can be any text containing any backup related information e g the backup purpose Select the Do not stop on errors check box to make the Container backup not stop even if any errors appear during the backup execution If you clear the check box the backup process will be broken should any malfunction occur Select the Force full backup check box to always perform a full backup for the selected Containers If you clear the check
312. me applications For example you might want to license your application per Hardware Node In this case after the migration your customer will need to re apply the license for your application Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides access to the unique Hardware Node ID via the proc vz hwid file The default Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation makes this file accessible to Containers from 1 to 100 i e Containers with reserved IDs It is possible to change this range in the global configuration file For example this is the way to make the file visible in Containers from 1 to 1000 vi etc vz vz conf VZPRIVRANGE 1 1000 vzctl exec 101 cat proc vz hwid O0C3A 14CB 391B 6B69 02C9 4022 3E2F CAF6 The above example illustrates accessing the Hardware Node ID from Container 101 Advanced Tasks 286 Mounting vz Partition via Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Script If you experience problems with mounting or accessing the vz partition e g due to some data corruption and this interferes with the Hardware Node boot up procedure you can prevent the vz partition from being mounted at the Hardware Node startup and have it mounted by a special etc init d vz script only after the Node is up and running To start using the vz script for mounting the vz partition after the Hardware Node boot you should complete the following tasks 1 Open the etc fstab file on the Hardware Node for editing and set the noauto flag for
313. mention that you have launched the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel tool and established a VPN to the Parallels support server After that the Parallels support team will connect to your Node by using the secure VPN established closely examine your problem and make its best to solve the problem as quickly as possible Notes Troubleshooting 362 l Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel is implemented as a standard Linux service running in the background of your system Therefore to have this service running after your Hardware Node reboot you should set it to the auttoboot mode or start it manually again by executing the etc init d vzvpn start command 2 To close the VPN session with the Parallels support server you should issue the etc init d vzvpn stop command on the Node Setting Up Monitor Node A regular monitoring of Hardware Nodes is an important part of their maintaining administering and troubleshooting Parallels Virtuozzo Containers enables you to check the state of your Nodes in one of the following ways By using the Monitor Node as a serial console to log the kernel state of the Hardware Node This way of logging kernel messages is the most preferable one since it allows you to start monitoring the system and collecting messages right after the kernel boot process is started By running the vzrmond daemon on the Monitor Node This daemon provides the remote monitoring of the Hardware Nod
314. mes for a particular Container A search query is performed by attempting to use each item in the list in turn until a match is found Note that this process may be slow and may generate a lot of network traffic if the servers for the listed domains are not local and that the query might time out if no server is available for one of the domains The search list is currently limited to six domains with a total of 256 characters To view and or edit the list of search domains for a particular Container do the following 1 Click on the Parallels Containers item in the Parallels Management Console main tree 2 As soon as the list of the Containers on this particular Hardware Node is displayed right click on the necessary Container name and select Properties on the context menu In case you are working with the Container Manager click on the Manage Container Configuration link at the Container dashboard 3 Click the Network tab in the Properties of Containers window Under the Search domains group in the right part of the window use the Add Remove and Properties buttons to add delete or edit search domains respectively 345 CHAPTER 11 Troubleshooting This chapter provides the information about those problems that may occur during your work with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and suggests the ways to solve them including getting technical support from Parallels In This Chapter General Considerations s22 c seeipeeisehes a
315. meters for Container 101 The output of the above command warns you that vzct1 cannot apply changes in the capabilities to a running Container The Container has to be restarted before changes take effect vzctl stop 101 vzctl start 101 Stopping Container Container was stopped Container is unmounted Starting Container Container is mounted Adding IP address es 192 168 1 101 Hostname for Container set Containerl01l Container start in progress ssh root ct101 root ct101 s password test llogime Mom melo 23 23szZ5a58 2007 rrom 10 100 410 is root ct101 root date Mein Beg 28 29391207 ins 2007 root ct101 root date 10291300 Tue reb 29 13700 00 ESI 2007 root ct101 root date tue reo 2S 13300 0272 usr 2007 root ct101 root logout Connection to Containerl01 closed date Moe ele 29 is eOilssil ise 2007 The command session above shows the way to change the system time from Container 101 The changes will affect all the Containers and the server itself It is not advisable to have more than one Container with the sys_time capability set on NTP is described in Internet Standard RFC 1305 more information including client software can be obtained from the NTP web server http www ntp org Advanced Tasks 284 Setting Up iSCSI Environment in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Based Systems iSCSI Internet Small Computer System Interface is a TCP IP based protocol meant for tran
316. migration the expected Container downtime is about 30 seconds use to minimize the Hardware Node CPU load Do not start the Container after migration Force migration Remove the Container private area s from the source server after migration Help Migrate i Cancel Figure 9 Management Console Migrating Containers In this window you should do the following Select the Destination Node where you wish to move the Container Make sure that the Offline migration radio button is selected which allows you to migrate the Container using the standard migration technology You can also specify the following options for the Container to be migrated The Do not start the Container after migration check box if selected prevents the migrated Container from starting on the Destination Node after its successful migration This option does not have any effect if the Container was not running on the Source Node The Force migration check box if selected forces the Container migration even if the templates necessary for the Container correct operation are not installed on the Destination Node However it will be impossible to start such a Container after the migration in case of the absence of the needed templates Operations on Container 58 Select the Remove the Container private area s check box to delete the Container private area from the Source Node after the Container successful migration When you a
317. mmand vzctl resume 101 Starting Container Container is mounted Adding port redirection to Container 1 4643 8443 Adding IP address es 10 0 10 101 Container start in progress The Container state is restored from the vz private 101 dump Dump file on the Node Upon the restoration completion any applications that were running inside Container 101 at the time of its suspending will be running and the information content will be the same as it was when the Container was suspended To restore a suspended Container in Management Console 1 Select the Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name in the Management Console left pane 2 In the Management Console right pane right click the Container you wish to restore and choose Resume on the context menu While working with dump files please keep in mind the following Operations on Container 114 You can restore the Container dump file on the Source Node i e on the Node where this Container was running before its dumping or transfer the dump file to another Node and restore it there Note Before restoring a Container from its dump file please make sure that the file system on the Destination Node is identical to that at the moment of the Container dumping otherwise the Container restoration may fail You can use the file manager to view the files and directories inside the suspended Container However you cannot change any of the files and directori
318. mple rpm ihv centericq 4 21 0 1 i386 rpm Preparing HEPEEREREPEPREEEEEPEEREPEEREEEE EP 1005 1 centericg HHPEEREREREPREREREPEEREPEEREEE EEE HEE 1005 Configure the CUSTOM_ACTION and CUSTOM_LIST parameters in the etc vzrmond conf configuration file to inform vzrmond that it should use the Centericg application for sending messages For example CUSTOM_ACTION centericgq s msg p icq CUSTOM_LIST t 24359283 The parameters specified above mean the following The s option is used to denote the type of event to be sent in our case it is a message msg The p option is used to specify the destination instant messaging network icq The t option is used to indicate the ICQ UIN Unified Identification Number where the message is to be sent 24359283 Note Detailed information on all parameters that can be specified in the vzrmond conf file is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Troubleshooting 374 Using vzstatrep to Monitor Hardware Nodes The vzstatrep utility allows you to analyze the main resources consumption of one or several Hardware Nodes and to receive information on this consumption in the form of statistic reports and graphics at your e mail address es vzstatrep is included in the vzrmon package and automatically installed on the Monitor Node during the vzrmon package installation For more information on how to install vzrmon please see the
319. n Adding port redirection to Container 1 4643 8443 In this case the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software will create a Container with ID 101 the private area based on the redhat e15 x86 OS EZ template and configuration parameters taken from the ve basic conf sample sample configuration file If you specify neither an OS template nor a sample configuration vzct1 will try to take the corresponding values from the global configuration file etc vz vz conf So you can set the default values in this file using your favorite text file editor for example DEF_OSTEMPLATE redhat el5 x86 CONFIGFILE basic and do without specifying these parameters each time you create a new Container Please keep in mind that the symbol before the template name in the DEF_OSTEMPLATE parameter is used to indicate that the Container being created is to be based on an OS EZ template otherwise it will denote an OS standard template detailed information on OS standard templates and how to create Containers on the basis of these templates is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Now you can create a Container with ID 101 with the following command vzctl create 101 Creating Container private area redhat el5 x86 Container is mounted Postcreate action done Container is unmounted Container private area was created Delete port redirection Adding port redirection
320. n do it by opening the ve conf file for editing for example by means of vi and entering new values for the corresponding parameters Along with editing the resource parameters you should also look for the DISTRIBUTION variable in the configuration file used to define what post migration scripts are to be executed depending on the Linux distribution set in this file Ifthe DISTRIBUTION variable is present in the file Make sure that the distribution configuration file whose name is indicated as the value of the DISTRIBUTION variable is present in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node All distribution configuration files have conf as their extension added to the corresponding distribution name e g redhat conf In case there is no corresponding distribution configuration file in the etc vz conf dists directory create a new distribution configuration file with the name specified as the value of the DISTRIBUTION value in the ve conf file and place it to this directory More information on the distribution file creation see below Ifthe DISTRIBUTION variable is absent in the file meaning that the Linux version running on the physical server could not be detected you should do the following Create a new distribution configuration file for the Linux version running on the server and place it to the etc vz conf dists directory on the Nod
321. n on it Logging messages even from several Hardware Nodes requires neither a powerful CPU nor a large amount of RAM However if you plan to be connected to more than two Hardware Nodes you may need a special multi port serial card Among the popular makes of multi port serial cards are Cyclades Z Digiboard Specialix and Stallion Consult your Linux distribution vendor on multi port serial card compatibility issues Connect the Hardware Nodes to the Monitor Node via a null modem cable Configure serial parameters on the Monitor Node and the Hardware Node Configure the Hardware Node to send kernel messages to the Monitor Node Start the message collector on the Monitor Node Reboot the Hardware Node Configuring Serial Parameters on Monitor Node and Hardware Node First find out the serial port number used on the Monitor Node The first serial port COM1 in DOS is represented by dev ttyS0 the second one COM2 in DOS by dev ttyS1 and so on If you are not sure about which serial port the cable is connected to you may try on your own risk different ports in the commands given in this and next subsections It may not be completely safe if you have some other hardware attached to a different serial port If you have the null modem cable connected to the dev ttyS1 port issue the following command on the Monitor Node stty 115200 cs8 hupcl cstopb cread clocal crtscts icrnl ixon ixoff opost isig icanon iexten ech
322. n successfully upgraded and upgrade the private area of Container 101 vzfsutil upgrade ctid 101 t vz template vz private 101 To ascertain that Container 101 now uses VZFS v2 you can use one of the following ways Execute the following command on the Hardware Node ls 1 vz private CT_ID fs VERSION lrwxrwxrwx vz private 122 fs VERSION gt 005 004 The number 005 004 in the command output indicates that the Container uses VZFS v2 VZES v1 would be indicated by 005 003 instead By checking the VEFORMAT parameter in the Container configuration file cat etc vz conf 101 conf grep VEFORMAT VEFORMAT vz4 vz4 specified as the value of this parameter indicates that Container 101 uses VZFS v2 otherwise vz3 would be specified Advanced Tasks 326 Restrictions When EZ templates are upgraded to VZFS v2 they remain perfectly compatible with those Containers that are based on the previous version of VZFS As such upgrading EZ templates cannot cause any trouble as regards the Hardware Node or Containers functioning On the other hand the Containers based on VZFS v2 are not compatible any more with VZFS vl So if you for example have forcibly as Parallels Virtuozzo Containers will not allow you to do otherwise migrated such a Container to a Virtuozzo 3 0 Hardware Node it is not expected to start Parallels Virtuozzo Containers checks the Container configuration file to determine the VZFS version
323. n when the SSH daemon is not started vzctl exec 101 sshd is stopped vzctl exec 101 Searing sshns i vzctl exec 101 sshd pid 26187 etc init d sshd status etc init d sshd start OR 0 etc init d sshd status LS ENNA 4 5 o Now Container users can log in to the Container via SSH When executing commands inside a Container from shell scripts use the vzctl exec2 command It has the same syntax as vzct1 exec but returns the exit code of the command being executed instead of the exit code of vzct1 itself You can check the exit code to find out whether the command has completed successfully If you wish to execute a command in all running Containers you can use the following script for i in cat proc vz veinfo awk print 1 egrep v 0S do echo Container i vzctl exec i lt command gt done where lt command gt is the command to be executed in all the running Containers For example for i in cat proc vz veinfo awk print 1 egrep v 0S do echo Container i vzctl exec i uptime done Container 1 Re Aom Wo Cays 1s287 users loac average 0 00 0 00 0 00 Container 101 2 26pm up 6 days i eg so QO users load average 0 00 0 00 0 00 The rest of the output is skipped 116 CHAPTER 4 Managing Resources The main goal of resource control in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 is to provide Service Level Management or Quality of Service for Containers Correctly c
324. na eea e E e Tar E eenean REENE o EEEE CEAS RESES PESES RESENS 109 Disabling Container a ss erneer he snare enee ro e I Ee HAPEE SE EE OES ES KES RESTENE S 111 S spendin Cont iner severeso asee ee nE NE pesctheotaestoedysveeseseavedysadevevesentetensepitraseaedts 113 Running Commands in Containers sesoses eiaa oeo aen e yea roS EENE OES HE SSES KEES 115 Managing Resources 116 What are Resource Control Parameters isernia iaeoe E Ea N ASE EASE R pea 117 Managing Disk Quotas aneia n A EA A S R A E E E R da beonts 118 Whatare Disk Quotas Teroare aE a na ae E A rea E ER 118 Disk Quota Parameters ionerne ene esr e S TRE ea R e E teiededastegiereien ds 119 Turning On and Off Per Container Disk Quotas esessssesssseesesesseseesrrseeerssrerrsserrrnesrenresrenesseeees 120 Setting Up Per Container Disk Quota Parameters sssssesesssseesseresrsrrsrrsreersserrrsresrenresrenrrsrerseee 123 Turning On and Off Second Level Quotas for Container eee ee cesceseceecesecneecaeeeneeeneeeeeees 125 Setting Up Second Level Disk Quota Parameters 0 0 0 0 cece cee cseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesecesecaeesaeesaeaee 127 Checking Quota Status sess sepsee Gites svete owes e See suctesh conte S A A E S ES A 129 Cleaning UPiContalherS rann aee S a dei nE codec a E A E A ieeieueratorete 131 Managing Container CPU Reso rce Srnie oaaae ea Sa seed vende caus E A EE S SE bdaevenses 134 Managing CPU Shares ecse ier erete tE p eE EE EES a EE VEETEE E E e EE 135 Configurin
325. ncel 4 Enter the product key number or the activation code in the field provided and click Next 5 Inthe Review License Details window you can view detailed information on the license that will be installed on your Node Click the Install button to initiate the installation process If you are activating your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation by means of an activation key you should have an active Internet connection to successfully complete the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license installation Otherwise you will be presented with the corresponding warning message informing you of the steps you have to take to activate your license As a rule these steps include the following 1 Visiting the http www parallels com en support virtuozzo activate web page and activating the license manually 2 Providing the following information on this web page In the Product Code field specify your license activation code In the HWID field provide the ID of your Hardware Node You can find this ID in the Parallels Management Console warning message displayed after clicking the Install button in the Review License Details window 3 Clicking the Activate License button If you have entered the correct information on the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers License Activation page you will be provided with a link to a license file that you should download to and install on the Hardware Node to start using Parallels Virtuozzo Containers T
326. nd m for help p Disk dev sdb 255 heads 63 sectors 2231 cylinders Units cylinders of 16065 512 bytes Device Boot Siege End Blocks Id System dev sdb1 1 BES 2048256 83 Linux Command m for help n Command action e extended p primary partition 1 4 P pereit ron iolbimleere L4 s 2 Advanced Tasks 292 WIESE Cyiliinceie 2560 2201 Cerewihe 256 3 Using default value 256 Last cylinder or size or sizeM or sizeK 256 2231 cleiretile 223i 3 LOOM Command m for help p Disk dev sdb 255 heads 63 sectors 2231 cylinders Units cylinders of 16065 512 bytes Device Boot Sieg End Blocks Id System dev sdb1 1 255 2048256 83 Linux dev sdb2 256 268 104422 83 Linux Command m for help w After the new partition table has been written you can format it and mount inside the Container root ct101 root mke2fs dev sdb2 Output of mke2fs is skipped root ct101 root mount dev sdb2 mnt root ct101 root df Filesystem URIS LOGIE Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 1048576 149916 898660 15 ext2 101107 13 95573 1 mnt Remember that you have to specify all minors for the devices you want to delegate authority for allowing to access dev sdb grants the permission to create modify and delete partitions on it but explicit permissions shall be given for partitions you allow the Container to work with Advanced Tasks 293 Moving Network Adapter to Container By default all
327. nected to the Internet Follow the Manage License link at the Hardware Node dashboard In the Manage Licenses window click the Update License button Management Console will try to connect to the Parallels Key Authentication KA server retrieve a new license and install it on the Node Managing Hardware Nodes 232 Transferring License to Another Node Sometimes you may wish to transfer Parallels Virtuozzo Containers licenses from one Hardware Node Source Node to another Destination Node For example this may be the case if the Node where the license is installed starts experiencing problems for some reason or other or requires the hardware upgrade The procedure of transferring a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license from one Hardware Node to another depends on the license type and can be one of the following Ifyou have activated your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation by means of a product key you can transfer the installed license from the Source to the Destination Node as follows a Remove the installed license from the Source Node e g using the vzlicload r product_key command b Log in to the Destination Node Install the product key on the Destination Node Detailed information on how to install Parallels Virtuozzo Containers licenses is provided in the Installing License on Hardware Node subsection p 228 If you have activated your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation by means of an activ
328. ner Container Container 1 2 5 Root Root Roo Root Root 5 User Application Application Software _ Softwe J Application S System Software System Software System Software t System System Libraries Libraries Virtualization Layer Windows Linux oor System Libraries i System Libraries Poe PUP ERO OEOCOCCOCOCOCOSCOSOCOOSCOCOC OST Poe eee CUO CEO UCCOCCCOCCOCOSCOCOOOCOCOCCCOOCCCO CSET noo Libraries Host operating system Hardware Network The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers OS virtualization model is streamlined for the best performance management and efficiency At the base resides a standard Host operating system which can be either Windows or Linux Next is the virtualization layer with a proprietary file system and a kernel service abstraction layer that ensure the isolation and security of resources between different Containers The virtualization layer makes each Container appear as a standalone server Finally the Container itself houses the application or workload Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 16 The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers OS virtualization solution has the highest efficiency and manageability making it the best solution for organizations concerned with containing the IT infrastructure and maximizing the resource utilization The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers complete set of management tools and unique architecture mak
329. ner 66 3 In the Assign Network Settings to Containers window you can view and configure the virtual network adapters that will be available inside the Container clone Detailed information on all network parameters and on the way to manage them is provided in the Configuring Virtual Adapter Parameters subsection In the next step you can change the path to the private area and root directory of the Container clone by selecting the corresponding Override check boxes and entering the desired paths in the fields provided The last window lets you review the parameters provided by you on the previous steps You can also select the Start the cloned Container after its creation check box to immediately start the Container after its successful cloning Click Finish to start the copying process Parallels Management Console also allows you to create several copies of a Container at once To do this right click the Containers you are going to clone in the Management Console right pane select Tasks gt Clone Container s on the context menu and in the displayed window provide the necessary information for the cloned Containers Backing Up and Restoring Containers A regular backing up of the existing Containers is essential for any Hardware Node reliability Any Container is defined by its private area configuration files action scripts and quota information Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows to back up all these components Each backup fi
330. ners for x86 64 bit processors all updates for the centos4 standard template intended for use on the 32 bit version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers To make the vzup2date mirror utility download only the aforementioned updates to your local mirror you should first create three separate configuration files for vzup2date mirror one file per each update type system EZ template and standard template The necessity of creating three separate files is caused by the fact that the format of the Releases parameter for system EZ templates and standard templates updates is different For system updates the Releases parameter should be set in the arch Parallels Virtuozzo Containers_release format where arch and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers_release denote the microprocessor architecture and the major Parallels Virtuozzo Containers release version respectively for which the updates are to be downloaded e g x86_64 4 0 0 For EZ templates updates the Releases parameter should be set in the archlEZ_template_name format where arch and EZ_template_name denote the microprocessor architecture and the name of the EZ template respectively for which the updates are to be downloaded e g x86_64 fedora core 8 For standard template updates the Releases parameter should be set in the arch standard_template_name format where arch and standard_template_name denote the microprocessor architecture and the name of the standard template respe
331. net1 VS Connected defined locally Intel R PRO 1000 MT Network Connection He 2 The Virtual Networks window lists all the Virtual Networks currently existing on the Hardware Node Deleting Virtual Network At any time you can remove a Virtual Network that you do not need any more from the Hardware Node For example you can delete the vznetwork1 Virtual Network by running the following command vznetcfg net del vznetwork1 To check that vznetwork1 has been successfully remove from the Node issue the following command vznetcfg net list Network ID Status Master Interface Slave Interfaces vznetwork2 active Note Detailed information on the vznetcfg utility and all its options is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide and the vznetcfg manual pages To remove an existing Virtual Network from the Hardware Node in Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Right click the needed Hardware Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Virtual Networks on the context menu 2 In the Virtual Networks window select the name of the Virtual Network you wish to delete and click the Remove button Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 214 Managing Virtual Network Adapters Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides you with ample opportunities of configuring virtual network adapters inside Containers and including them in different network environments T
332. network The only requirements all the Nodes should meet to successfully run vzabackup and vzarestore on them is to have a server with the vzabackup package installed and to provide the network connectivity for this server to be able to establish connections to the Source and Backup Nodes if necessary The vzabackup package needs the Parallels Agent software to be installed on the Node for its functioning so you may need to install this software first The created Hardware Node and Container backups are stored on the Backup Node which can also be presented by any server in your network with the running Parallels Agent software Note The vzabackup and vzarestore utilities can be used to back up and restore Hardware Nodes running Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 and their Containers For information on how to create backups of Hardware Nodes with earlier versions of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installed and their Containers see the Running vzabackup vzarestore Utilities section vzabackup can be used to back up both the Hardware Node itself and all its Containers Let us assume the following You wish to create a full backup of Container 101 residing on the Source Node with the IP address of 192 168 0 15 The credentials to access the Source Node are source_root and 1234qwer The backup will be created with the high level of compression The Backup Node where the resulting backup archive will be stored has the IP address of 192 1
333. network adapter on the Node to which the VLAN is to be bound For example you can execute the following command to make a new VLAN adapter on the Node associate it with a VLAN having the ID of 5 i e with VLAN 5 and attach the VLAN adapter to the et hO physical adapter on the Hardware Node vznetcfg vlan add eth0 5 To check that the VLAN adapter has been successfully created on the Hardware Node you can execute the following command vznetcfg if list Name Type Network ID Addresses etho TA 192 TES 0 150 227 claeis eth0 5 vlan VLAN adapters can be easily identified by the vlan designation shown in the Type column of the command output As you can see there is only one VLAN adapter currently existing on the Hardware Node It is assigned the name of eth0 5 which is automatically generated on the basis of the specified VLAN ID and the name of the physical adapter to which the VLAN adapter is tied At any time you can delete the eth0 5 VLAN adapter and thus destroy VLAN 5 by issuing the following command on the Node vznetcfg vlan del eth0 5 vznetcfg if list Name Type Network ID Addresses etho nic 192 168 50 150 22 clays To create a new VLAN adapter in Parallels Management Console you should complete the following tasks 1 Right click the needed Hardware Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Network Adapters on the context menu 2 Inthe Hardware Node Network Configuration window click the Create VLA
334. nformation Whether the Container private area exists Whether this private area is mounted Whether the Container is running In our case vzct1 reports that Container 101 exists its private area is mounted and the Container is running Alternatively you can make use of the vzlist utility vzlist 101 CWI NPROC STATUS IP_ADDR HOSTNAME 101 20 ieuiainaliong 110 0 L8G LOL test parallels com Still another way of getting the Container status is checking the proc vz veinfo file This file lists all the Containers currently running on the Hardware Node Each line presents a running Container in the lt CT_ID gt lt CT_class gt lt number_of_processes gt lt IP_address gt format cat proc vz veinfo 101 2 20 10 05 16 LO 0 0 48 This output shows that Container 101 is running its class ID is 2 i e unlimited there are 20 running processes inside the Container and its IP address is 10 0 186 101 The second line corresponds to the Container with ID 0 which is the Hardware Node itself The following command is used to stop a Container vzctl stop 101 Stopping Container Container was stopped Container is unmounted vzctl status 101 VEID 101 exist unmounted down vzctl has a two minute timeout for the Container shutdown scripts to be executed If the Container is not stopped in two minutes the system forcibly kills all the processes in the Container The Container will be stopped in any ca
335. ng Single Container To restore a Container from its backup do the following 1 Expand the Source Node item in the left pane of the Parallels Management Console main window and click the Parallels Containers item to open the Containers manager window 2 Select the Container whose backup you want to restore from the Backup Node 3 Click the right mouse button and choose Backup gt Restore Container The Restore Container wizard opens Restore Container server102 RIES 9 Refresh Choose Backup Node and Backup Archive In this window you should specify the Backup Node and backup archive to restore you Container from Please select the Backup Node from where Container server102 is to be restored Name IP ddress Platform Last Backup Date a Local Server Local Server Py Windows 2007 12 25 02 21 34 e Node_2 4 The following backups have been found on the selected Backup Node Please select one of the backups to restore Container server1 02 from l Help lt Back Next gt Cancel In this wizard do the following In the Choose Backup Node and Backup Archive window Select the Backup Node This Node is the place where the Container backup is stored The Last Backup Date column in the list of Backup Nodes shows the date and time of the last backup if any of the selected Container on the corresponding Node Select the backup fro
336. ng copying Container 101 gt Container 101 Syncing private area vz private 101 100 POR PRR RIE RR He RRR IR Re Rae iN ve eee BM eo we done Suspending Container 101 done Dumping Container 101 done Migration completed The requir realtime option tells vzmigrate to move the Container by using the iterative online migration type only So if this migration type cannot be carried out for some reason or other the command will fail and exit If this option is omitted and in the case of failure while performing the iterative migration vzmigrate will try to move your Container by means of the simple online migration type or the lazy online migration type if the lazy option is given You can specify more than one Container ID simultaneously in this case all specified Containers will be moved to a new Hardware Node one by one If you wish to use another migration type for moving your Containers to another Node you should additionally pass certain options to vzmigrate Specify the noiter option to migrate a Container by using the simple online migration type Specify the noiter and lazy options to migrate a Container by using the lazy online migration type Specify the lazy option to migrate a Container by using the iterative lazy online migrate type To migrate one or more Containers in Parallels Management Console select these Containers from the list in the right pane after selecting the
337. ng the migrated suffix However if you wish the Container private area on the Source Node to be removed after the successful Container migration you can override the default vzmigrate behavior by changing the value of the REMOVEMIGRATED variable in the global configuration file etc vz vz conf to yes or by using the r yes switch of the vzmigrate command To migrate one or more Containers to another Hardware Node with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 using Parallels Management Console select these Containers from the list in the right pane after selecting the Parallels Containers item in the left pane Then right click the selection and point to Tasks gt Migrate to Another Hardware Node on the context menu Note that the target Hardware Node must be already registered in Management Console otherwise the migration option will not be available A migration dialog appears for example Migrate Containers 2h xs Select the destination Hardware Node where your Container s will be migrated Name IP Address Platform Architecture Virtuozzo Version Description glocalServer 10 30 16 120 BY Windows i386 4 0 0 Incompatible OSes rr mecp3 ga sw tu mecp3 ga sw ru A Linux x86_64 4 0 0 Migration Type Live migration migrate the Container with zero downtime The iterative online migration mode most of the YE memory Is transferred before checkpointing the YE Offline
338. ng up a dedicated Backup Node is recommended You should make sure that all the three Nodes are registered in Management Console before starting to work with them Parallels Management Console lets you perform the following backup related operations assign the default Backup Node for the given Source Node set the default backup location on the Backup Node back up a single Container from the Source Node to the Backup Node back up a number of Containers or the whole Hardware Node i e all the Containers on the given Node to the Backup Node restore a single Container from the Backup Node to the Destination Node restore a number of Containers or the whole Hardware Node from the Backup Node restore individual files from the Container backup on the Backup Node to the Destination Node directly manage the Backup Nodes search the backup of a given Container from the Source Node across all the Backup Nodes automate the task of backing up your Containers by setting Container backups to be run on a schedule Operations on Container 70 Setting Default Backup Parameters Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to specify a number of default backup parameters which can then be used when creating Container backup archives These parameters include the default Backup Node where Container backups are to be stored the default backup location on the Backup Node where Container backups are to be stored the default back
339. nish In this case you will have to go through a number of steps of the wizard and set all the parameters of the new Container separately However you can click Finish on every of the following steps of the wizard to start creating the Container All the pages of the wizard are self explanatory so there is no need in dwelling upon them here in detail You have the possibility to Choose the OS template as the Container base and the application templates to be added to the Containers Detailed information on OS and application templates is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Operations on Container 43 Change the default Container private area and root paths or leave them intact Specify one or more search domains and DNS servers and decide on the default gateway to be used by the venet 0 default network adapter Configure Quality of Service parameters The Quality of Service parameters are explained in the Managing Resources chapter p 116 consult it to gather more understanding of this topic Enable the offline management for the Container for it to be directly managed by its root from any browser at the Container IP address For information on the offline management feature see the Configuring Offline Management Parameters section Configure network shaping parameters For detailed information on network shaping see the Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth section p 141
340. nnected with the fact that there is a fixed number of Container statuses and Container IDs can be only of the integer type By searching for Containers by their name or IP address you can enter any string in the corresponding field In this case the search results will display all the Containers whose name IP address contain the specified string even if only as a part 3 Select the Hardware Nodes where you want to search for Containers with the specified characteristics Containers from different Nodes matching the search criterion will be displayed in one and the same search result table Once you have selected the Hardware Nodes click the Search button The table will be populated at the bottom of the window Mastering Parallels Management Console 344 The Containers in the Search Results table corresponding to the specified search criterion may also be sorted by a number of parameters among which are their ID name the Hardware Node they belong to their IP address etc To sort the Containers by a parameter click the corresponding column name Another click will reverse the sorting order From the Search Results table you may also open the Container manager window by double clicking the corresponding Container Managing Container Search Domains Search domains is the list for hostname lookup The search list is normally determined by the local domain name by default it contains only the local domain name You can add other host na
341. nning the x86 64 bit version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and have the following software installed the 4 0 version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers the 2 6 9 023stab041 3 version of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel the 4 0 0 200 version of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools and command line utilities All Hardware Nodes are configured to get system and templates updates from a mirror in your local network You wish to forbid your Hardware Nodes to obtain Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel tools and command line utilities updates higher than the versions currently installed on them from your local mirror e g until they are checked on your test server To make major versions of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software higher than 4 0 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers kernel updates higher than version 2 6 9 023stab041 3 and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools and utilities updates higher than version 4 0 0 200 invisible for the vzup2date utility that you will launch on the Hardware Nodes configured to get updates from your local mirror you should add the following section to the vzup2date mirror configuration file lt ApproveSystemUpdate x86_64 4 0 0 gt MU no QUS4 66 J WZ3Stalo4l 3 TU 4 0 0 200 lt ApproveSystemUpdate gt This section is opened with the lt ApproveSystemUpdate x86_64 4 0 0 gt tag denoting the system architecture x86_64 and the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers release 4 0
342. node and accessible to Internet users t 4 Name Protocol Chain Policy Source IP Mask Des 2 TCP Any Forward tcp FORWARD ACCEPT Any Any 2 UDP Any Forward udp FORWARD ACCEPT Any Any Virtuozzo Management Console Input tcp INPUT ACCEPT Any Ary Virtuozzo Management Console Output tcp OUTPUT ACCEPT Any Any Figure 54 Management Console Firewall Configuration Dialog Several default rules are set for the Hardware Node which are read only These rules are used to allow the Hardware Node to receive send IP packets from to different networks via TCP and UDP protocols and to enable Management Console connections to the Node In the Hardware Node Firewall Properties window you can Add your own rules with the Add button for example to provide access to certain services like SSH Telnet POP3 SMTP HTTP and FTP You can also define rules that are more specific Refer to your Linux documentation for more details on firewall configuration Mastering Parallels Management Console 337 Remove any rules except for the default ones form the existing list with the Delete button To disable the rule temporary unmark the check box opposite the rule name Change any of the existing rules except for the default ones using the Edit button Save any of the existing rules on your local computer with the Store Rules button or load new rules from a local file with the Load Rules button Managing the firewa
343. not call vzct1 with the same Container ID as the Container the mount script is being executed for It can source the Container 102 configuration file to determine correctly the VE_ROOT directory of Container 102 In order to be able to stop Container 101 you have to create the umount script dismounting SVE_ROOT home bin bash 101 umount a script to umount home directory of Container 102 Advanced Tasks 311 If one of these files does not exist then something is really broken E ere svsconiio yz I esir i SVE _CONFFILE exit i Source configuration files to access VE_ROOT etc sysconfig vz SVE_CONFFILE Dismount shared directory umount VE_ROOT home After starting Container 102 and 101 Containers will have a common home directory It is possible to use the same technique for mounting the Hardware Node file system sub tree into a Container to mount a block device into a Container for example a hard drive partition or a CD ROM and so on Advanced Tasks 312 Creating Configuration File for New Linux Distribution Distribution configuration files are used to distinguish among Containers running different Linux versions and to determine what scripts should be executed when performing the relevant Container related operations e g assigning a new IP address to the Container Detailed information on distributions configurations files is provided in the
344. ns Ubuntu 10 04 CentOS 5 5 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 3 OpenSUSE 11 3 Operations on Container 37 Creating Container After the Container ID and the installed OS EZ template have been chosen you can create the Container private area with the vzctl create command The private area is the directory containing the VZFS symlinks copy on write area and private files of the given Container The private area is mounted to the vz root CT_ID directory on the Hardware Node and provides Container users with a complete Linux file system tree The vzct1l create command requires only the Container ID and the name of the OS template as arguments however in order to avoid setting all the Container resource control parameters after creating the private area you can specify a sample configuration to be used for your new Container The sample configuration files are residing in the etc vz conf directory and have names with the following mask ve lt configname gt conf sample The most commonly used sample is the ve basic conf sample file this sample file has resource control parameters suitable for most Containers Thus for example you can create a new Container by typing the following string vzctl create 101 ostemplate redhat el5 x86 config basic Creating Container private area redhat el5 x86 Container is mounted Postcreate action done Container is unmounted Container private area was created Delete port redirectio
345. ns 12 Downloading Files to Local Computer 240 E Editing Container Configuration File 259 Enabling VPN for Container 293 Establishing Secure Channel to Parallels Support 360 Extraneous Backups Visible to Container in Parallels Power Panel 354 EZ Template OS 31 35 39 F Failure to Access Container From Network 352 Failure to Back Up Container in Parallels Management Console 353 Failure to Create a Container 350 Failure to Display List of Container Backups 353 Failure to Log In to Container 352 Failure to Start a Container 351 Failure to Start iptables Modules After Physical Server Migration 355 Feedback 13 Files 340 Finding Kernel Function That Caused D Process State 349 Firewall 115 335 G General Considerations 345 Getting Assistance With Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Installation 356 Getting Help 13 Getting Technical Support 356 Glossary 375 Grouping Applications Inside Container 154 H Hardware Node Availability Considerations 30 Hardware Node Main Window 26 Highlighting Counter 180 HN See Hardware Host OS 18 192 256 333 375 Hostname Container 28 39 97 173 256 263 315 Hardware Node 263 373 proxy server 358 HTTP See Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 358 Inside VZFS v2 322 Installing License 227 Internet Explorer 28 IP Address Container 21 32 49 173 251 311 315 Hardware Nod
346. ntainer 101 and compare its CPU usage with the value set in the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE parameter If the CPU consumption by Container 101 exceeds the value set in BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE i e 80 the plug in will keep the Container CPU usage under the limit specified in BURST_CPULIMIT i e under 60 If during the next CPU usage check the CPU consumption by this Container Becomes lower than the value calculated using the BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE x BURST_CPULIMIT 100 formula i e 80 x 60 100 48 of the CPU time the BURST_CPULIMIT limit will be removed Still exceeds 48 of the CPU time the plug in will continue keeping the Container CPU usage under the value specified in BURST_CPULIMIT In Parallels Management Console you can perform the following operations to configure the 1 4 BURST_CPU_AVG_USAGE and BURST_CPULIMIT parameters Click Parallels Containers in the Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties Click the Resources tab and select CPU parameters Double click the corresponding parameter either burst_cpu_avg_usage or burst_cpulimit in the right part of the displayed window and if necessary enter the right value Click OK twice By default VZASysD checks the Container CPU usage every 5 minutes however you can configure the check interval by editing the cpu_ch
347. ntaining only those changes that have occurred since the last backup be it full differential or incremental Differential Choose this option to create a differential backup containing only those changes that have occured since the last full backup Compression Level Specify the compression level to be used for the backup creation Please keep in mind that the higher the compression level the smaller the backup archive will be and the longer the backup will take to create None Normal High Maximum Q In this window you can configure the following backup parameters Backup Node This Node is the place where the Container backup will be stored You may leave the Backup Node offered by Parallels Management Console by default or use the Change button to specify the desired Backup Node For detailed information on Backup Nodes please consult the Assigning Default Backup Node subsection p 71 Backup compression level None Normal High or Maximum Detailed information on all compression levels is provided in the Defining Default Compression Level subsection p 74 Backup type It may be full incremental or differential Detailed information on backup types is provided in the Specifying Default Backup Type subsection p 76 If you are backing up a single Container and no backup of this Container has been found on the Backup Node the Backup Type group is not shown and a full ba
348. o lt dev ttyS1 gt dev ttyS1 This command will correctly configure the second serial port dev ttyS1 Use the appropriate serial terminal name instead of dev ttyS1 if the actual configuration differs Start the following command on the Monitor Node cat dev ttyS1 Now find out which serial port is connected on the Hardware Node side Issue the following commands to configure the serial line parameters on the Hardware Node and to send a message to the Monitor Node stty 115200 cs8 hupcl cstopb cread clocal crtscts ixon ixoff opost lt dev ttyS0 gt dev ttyso0 echo 123 gt dev ttySO The commands above assume that dev ttyS1 is used on the Monitor Node and dev ttyS0 is used on the Hardware Node Change the commands appropriately if the actual configuration differs If you did everything right you shall see 123 on the Monitor Node now Troubleshooting 364 Preparing Hardware Node for Sending Messages Now you should pass the console ttyS0 115200 console tty parameters to the kernel on each start of the Hardware Node In case you are using the LILO boot loader add the following line into the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers section of the etc lilo conf configuration file append console ttyS0 115200 console tty and run sbin 1ilo to activate the changes With the GRUB loader it is enough to modify the boot grub grub conf configuration file by adding the needed parameters to the line beginning with
349. o install the obtained license file on the Node do the following Run the vzlicload utility with the f option on the Hardware Node where the license file is to be loaded For example vzlicload f etc vzlicense This command will install the license file with the name of vz1license on your Node QO N a Managing Hardware Nodes 230 Using Parallels Management Console Follow the Manage License link at the Hardware Node dashboard In the Manage Licenses window click the Install License button Select the Upload the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license file radio button in the Choose License Installation Method window and click Next In the Specify Parallels Virtuozzo Containers License File window you can do one of the following Enter the path to the license file in the field provided or use the Browse button to specify the location of the license file Select the Paste the license text in the area below radio button and copy the contents of the license file in the field at the bottom of the window When you are ready click Next In the Review License Details window you can view detailed information on the license that will be installed on your Node Click the Install button to upload the license to the Hardware Node and install it there Managing Hardware Nodes 231 Updating License The vzlicupdate utility allows you to update the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license currently installed on the Hardware Node
350. o it By using the magic cookie mechanism xauth In this case the X server allows access from any host having an authorization record a magic cookie stored inside the server By forwarding X connections via ssh You can choose any of these ways to remotely run your X applications However by using the xhost and xauth mechanisms authority records needed to establish a connection between an X server and X application are transmitted over the network with no encryption whereas using ssh enables you to run X applications over encrypted connections So if you are worried that someone might snoop on your connections you can use the X forwarding mechanism as is shown in the example below Let us assume that you wish to run the xclock application inside Container 101 and display its output on your local server with the name of my_local_computer my domain org To do this perform the following operations Note Before running X applications inside a Container on a public network check that this Container is accessible from your local server where the X server is to be run 1 On the local server execute the start x command usr X11R6 bin startx This starts an X server with a basic terminal window the default xterm application on your server 2 Once xterm is open you should establish an ssh connection to a Container where you wish to run the xclock application ssh CT_IP_Address Advanced Tasks 317 where CT_IP_Address den
351. o the computers joined to other networks The process of creating new Virtual Networks and joining physical and VLAN adapters to these Virtual Network is described in the Creating a Virtual Network p 210 and Connecting an Adapter to a Virtual Network subsections respectively So in the example below we assume the following The ethO physical adapter and the vznetwork1 Virtual Network exist on the server The ethO physical adapter is connected to the local Ethernet network and to the vznetwork1 Virtual Network You want to connect Container 101 and Container 102 to the local Ethernet network To join Container 101 and 102 to the local Ethernet network behind the ethO adapter you should connect these Containers to the vznetwork1 Virtual Network This can be done as follows 1 Find out the name of the veth Ethernet interfaces inside Container 101 and 102 vzlist a o ctid ifname Cala IFNAME MONSE IZ STNO TOSH The command output shows that the veth Ethernet interfaces inside Container 101 and 102 have the names of eth1 and et h0O respectively Note To add a veth adapter to a Virtual Network you must use the name of its Ethernet interface inside the Container 2 Join the veth adapters to the vznetwork1 Virtual Network Add the veth adapter of Container 101 to the Virtual Network vzctl set 101 ifname ethl network vznetworkl save Saved parameters for Container 101 Add the veth adapter of Con
352. o the names of real RPM packages without indicating the package version release architecture and the rpm extension that are stored in the repository used for managing your EZ templates Advanced Tasks 280 Note You can also specify a number of additional parameters in your metafile For example you may wish to add one or several extra packages to your OS EZ template set which are not available in the repository used to handle the packages for the corresponding base OS EZ template For this purpose you will have to specify the smirrorlist parameter providing information on the repository where these extra packages are kept Detailed information on all parameters you can set in metafiles is given in the Parallels Command Line Reference Guide You can also although you do not have to create a number of scripts that will be executed on different stages of the non base OS EZ template lifecycle and customize your applications to meet your demands The path to these scripts should then be specified after the corresponding options while creating your OS template set For example you can create a preinstall script with the name of pre_install bash and make it perform a number of customization operations on some application included in the non base OS EZ template before installing this application in your Container Note If there are no scripts for a non base OS EZ template the scripts available for the corresponding base OS EZ template will be
353. o use standard Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities e g vzct 1 for performing the main operations on the created Container such as setting the Container IP address or configuring the DNS parameters and have to manually complete these tasks from inside the Container A network connection can be established among the physical server to be migrated and the Hardware Node ssh is installed on both the physical server and the Hardware Node ssh is used to provide secure encrypted and authenticated communication between the server and the Hardware Node You can check if the ssh package is already installed on the server by executing the ssh V command rsync is installed on the physical server rsync is used to copy the physical server contents to the Container If the physical server rsync happens to be incompatible with the Hardware Node use the statically linked rsync from the usr local share vzlinmigrate directory on the physical server as well The Parallels Agent application is started You can learn if Parallels Agent is running by executing the following command on the Hardware Node vzagent_ctl status VHagemir oilo 31556 31553050 as sbiMIMILAC s 5 5 If Parallels Agent is stopped start it vzagent_ctl start Advanced Tasks 256 The vzhwcalc vzlinmigrate and vzlinmigrate lib packages are installed on the Hardware Node During the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation or while upgrading your earlier version of
354. odically i e once a day receive this statistics report at the peter my_domain com e mail address To do this 1 On the Monitor Node open the etc vzstatrep conf file for editing vi etc vzstatrep conf 2 Inthe file set the STATS_EMATL and NODES parameters as follows NODES my_hardware_node com STATS_EMATL peter my_domain com 3 Save the etc vzstatrep conf file From now on an e mail message containing information on the Hardware Node resources consumption will be sent every day at the peter my_domain com e mail address However if you wish to get the Hardware Node statistic report at the current moment you can manually run the vzst at rep command on the Monitor Node vzstatrep plot sendmail Troubleshooting 375 As a result of this command an e mail message will be instantly sent to the peter my_domain com address containing the text information on the Hardware Node resources consumption on the memory and CPU consumption on the Node network statistics etc Besides you will get a number of attached files where the resources usage is presented in the form of graphics generated by the gnuplot utility Detailed information on all vzstatrep options including the plot and sendmail options used in the example above is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide 376 Glossary Application template is a template used to install a set of applications in Containers See
355. odule may slightly differ Listed below are examples of how to set up the netconsole module for the major Linux distributions To configure the net console module on a Hardware Node running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 or 4 1 Specify the IP address of the Monitor Node as the value of the SYSLOGADDR parameter in the etc sysconfig netdump file Assuming that your Monitor Node has the 192 168 0 100 IP address assigned you can do it as follows SYSLOGADDR 192 168 0 100 2 Execute the following command on the Hardware Node service netdump restart To configure the net console module on a Hardware Node running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 1 and Fedora 8 Note For instructions on how to load the net console module on Hardware Nodes running Red Hat Enterprise 5 0 please see the information below 1 Specify the IP address of the Monitor Node as the value of the SYSLOGADDR parameter in the etc sysconfig netconsole file Assuming that your Monitor Node has the 192 168 0 100 IP address assigned you can do it as follows SYSLOGADDR 192 168 0 100 2 Execute the following command on the Hardware Node service netconsole restart To configure the net console module on a Hardware Node running SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 1 Make sure that the netconsole tools RPM package is installed on the Hardware Node 2 Run the netconsole server utility on the Hardware Node and specify the Monitor Node IP address as its parameter For example netc
356. olic links the Container can allocate When the number of inodes used by the Container hits the soft limit the Container can create additional file entries up to the hard limit during the grace period specified by the QUOTAT IME parameter QUOTATIM Gl The grace period of the disk quota in seconds The Container is allowed to temporarily exceed the soft limit values for the disk space and disk inodes quotas for no more than the period specified by this parameter The first two parameters have both soft and hard limits or simply barriers and limits The hard limit is the limit that cannot be exceeded under any circumstances The soft limit can be exceeded up to the hard limit but as soon as the grace period expires the additional disk space or inodes allocations will fail Barriers and limits are separated by colons in Container configuration files and in the command line The following session sets the disk space available to Container 101 to approximately 1 GB and allows the Container to allocate up to 90 000 inodes The grace period for the quotas is set to 10 minutes vzctl set 101 diskspace 1000000 1100000 save Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl set 101 diskinodes 90000 91000 save Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl set 101 quotatime 600 save Saved parameters for Container 101 vzctl exec 101 df Filesystem ik oilkowkes Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 1000000 747066 25293
357. omprising a template among different Containers to save gigabytes of disk space Deploy applications simultaneously in many Containers Use different versions of an application on different Containers for example perform an upgrade only in certain Containers There are two types of templates in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 These are OS templates and application templates An OS template is an operating system and the standard set of applications to be found right after the installation Parallels Virtuozzo Containers uses OS templates to create new Container with a preinstalled operating system An application template is a set of repackaged software packages optionally accompanied with configuration scripts Parallels Virtuozzo Containers uses application templates to add extra software to the existing Container For example you can create a Container on the basis of the redhat OS template and add the MySQL application to it with the help of the mysql template For detailed information on Parallels templates see the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Templates Management Guide Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 20 Resource Management Parallels Virtuozzo Containers resource management controls the amount of resources available to Containers The controlled resources include such parameters as CPU power disk space a set of memory related parameters Resource management allows Parallels Virtuozzo Containers to effectiv
358. on of the vzlicupdate command For example vzlicupdate a 5K4N96 O5WRT4 P28A4R M65W3T VB4A7C where 5K4N96 O5WRT4 P28A4R M65W3T VB4A7C is the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers activation code When executed vzlicupdate connects to the Parallels Key Authentication KA licensing server and transmits the specified activation code there In its turn the licensing server generates a license file sends it back to the Hardware Node from where the activation code has been dispatched and installs it on this Node So before executing the aforementioned command it is necessary to make sure that the Hardware Node is connected to the Internet In Parallels Management Console you can install a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license using both a product key and an activation code by doing the following 1 Follow the Manage License link at the Hardware Node dashboard 2 Inthe Manage Licenses window click the Install License button 3 Inthe Choose License Installation Method window select the Enter a new Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license key radio button and click Next Managing Hardware Nodes 229 Install New Parallels Virtuozzo Containers License 2 x Enter Parallels Virtuozzo Containers License Key In this window you should enter the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers product or activation key Enter Parallels Virtuozzo Containers product or activation key ae Hep lt Back Next Ca
359. on on the Monitor Node is to install ttylogd and edit appropriately its configuration file First install the daemon on the Monitor Node The corresponding package can be found on your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers CD DVD or in your local distribution directory in the virtuozzo RPMS subdirectory rpm ihv ttylogd 3 0 0 2 swsoft i386 rpm Preparing AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE E PERRET TEE EET TT 1003 letev LOGE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE E EEEE E EEEE EEEE 1003 Now take a look at the etc ttylog conf file It must comprise a number of string sections of the following type Settings for ttySs0 PORT1 dev ttyso0 HOSTET ESA LOG1 var log console HOST1 log The value of the PORTX parameter is the serial console device on the Monitor Node The value of the HOSTX parameter is the name of the Hardware Node to be monitored This parameter is optional it is used for convenience The value of the LOGX parameter is the path to the file that will accumulate messages coming to the specified serial console from the Hardware Node You may use the S HOSTX variable to synchronize the name of the file with the name of the Hardware Node You must have as many such sections as the number of Nodes you wish to monitor Copy and paste the needed number of these sections in the tt ylogd conf configuration file Apply one and the same number after PORT HOST and LOG throughout each section and
360. on to create a full backup containing the entire Container private area configuration files actions scripts and quota information C Incremental Choose this option to create an incremental backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last backup be it full differential or incremental C Differential Choose this option to create a differential backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last full backup Compression Level Specify the compression level to be used for the backup creation Please keep in mind that the higher the compression level the smaller the backup archive will be and the longer the backup will take to create None Normal High Maximum C Parallels Power Panel Settings Maximum number of allowed Container backups 1 Help OK Cancel COK iere 2 Specify the number of Container backups the Container administrator will be able to create with Parallels Power Panel by typing the desired number in the Maximum number of allowed Container backups field or using the spin button 3 Click OK Keep in mind that the limit set on the number of Container backups concerns only the process of backing up Containers using the Parallels Power Panel tool There are no restrictions for any users creating Container backups by means of other Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools e g Parallels Virtual Automation or Parallels Management Console they are allowed to crea
361. onfiguration file of that Container which does not need quotas The session below illustrates a scenario when first level quotas are on by default and are turned off for Container 101 checking that quota is on grep DISK_QUOTA etc vz vz conf DISK_QUOTA yes checking available space on vz partition df vz Filesystem 1k blocks Used Available Use Mounted on dev sda2 3967295 1421982 TO2S24A IVR JVZ editing Container configuration file to add DISK_QUOTA no vi etc vz conf 101 conf checking that quota is off for Container 101 grep DISK_QUOTA etc vz conf 101 conf DISK_QUOTA no vzctl start 101 SieamtsngeC oniacnnnc rasan Container is mounted Adding IP address es 10 0 16 101 Hostname for Container set vel0l Container start in progress vzctl exec 101 df Filesystem 1k blocks Used Available Use Mounted on vzfs 8282373 747060 TOZGZAZ MOr As the above example shows the only disk space limit a Container with the quotas turned off has is the available space and inodes on the partition where the Container private area resides To view and or change the DISK_QUOTA parameter status in the global file using Parallels Management Console do the following 1 In the Management Console left pane right click the needed Node and select Tasks gt Manage Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Configuration on the context menu Managing Resources i irtuozzo Configuration for My Node Parameter Val
362. onfiguration file on the Node that was created on the physical sever by means of the vzhwcalc utility You may specify only the name of the configuration file if you run the vzp2v utility from the directory where this file is located q quota Optional The partition on your physical server which has any user and or user groups quotas imposed on it This partition will be migrated to the Container together with all quotas imposed on it Moreover these quotas will be applied to the entire Container after the server migration d dist Optional The Linux version your physical server is running The name of the version specified should coincide with the name of the corresponding distribution configuration file located in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node For example if you specify rhe1 5 as the value of this option the rhe1 5 conf file should be present in the etc vz conf dists directory on the Node You should obligatorily set this option if there is no DISTRIBUTION variable specified in the server configuration file In case the DISTRIBUTION variable is set in the configuration file and you have specified the d option the latter takes precedence t ostmpl Optional The OS template to be used to create the Container You may list all OS templates installed on the Node together with their updates by executing the vzpkgls command The names of OS templates usually correspond to those of Linux distributions e g redhat e
363. onfigured resource control settings prevent serious impacts resulting from the resource overusage accidental or malicious of any Container on the other Containers Using resource control parameters for resources management also allows to enforce fairness of resource usage among Containers and better service quality for preferred Containers if necessary In This Chapter What are Resource Control Parameters 0 0 0 ceeceecesceseceseeeseeeeseeeseeeaeecseecsaecaecsaecnseenseeees 117 Managing Disk Quotas cusses hie ke iin BARA eae adel eae ate Aa 118 Managing Container CPU ReSources escesceseceseceseceseceseeeseeeeneeeseeeseecaaecsaecsaecsaecnseenseenes 134 Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth eee ceececescceesseceeeeceeeeeceaeeeeaaeceeaeeceeeess 141 Managing System Parameters 0 cscesecssecsseceseceeceseeeseeeseeseneecaeeeseeeseecaaecsuecsaecaeenseenseenes 149 Managing Disk I O Parameters esc eeseceseceseceseceseceseeeseeeeneecneesseeeseecsaecsaecsaecnaeenaeenseenes 157 Managing Container Resources Configuration ce eeeeeeseeeseeeseceneecneeceseceseceseeseeeneeeeaeens 164 What are Resource Control Parameters Managing Resources 117 The system administrator controls the resources available to a Container through a set of resource management parameters All these parameters are defined either in the global configuration file etc vz vz conf or in the respective Container configuration files
364. onitor Node if you do not know how to find out the Monitor Node MAC address please turn to the next subsection If you wish the netconsole module to automatically load on the Hardware Node boot up you need to add the following string to the etc rc d rc local script on the Node sbin modprobe netconsole netconsole 6666 192 168 0 50 eth0 5140 192 168 0 100 00 17 31 D9 D7 C8 Determining Monitor Node MAC Address You can execute the following command on your Hardware Node to learn the MAC address assigned to the Monitor Node we assume that the Monitor Node has the 192 168 0 100 IP address assigned sbin arp n 192 168 0 100 Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Irae TIZ 5 LG S 0 5 ILO either Ol 7g Sil IDS RID SCs E etho In the example above the Monitor Node has the MAC address of 00 17 31 D9 D7 C8 assigned Troubleshooting 369 Starting Messages Collection on Monitor Node The kernel messages sent by the netconsole module on the Hardware Node may be collected by dumping the data received on a UDP port on the Monitor Node The simplest way to collect this data is by executing the following command on the Monitor Node nc 1 u 514 gt var log netconsole_logs This way the messages will be collected on the 514 UDP port this is the same port you specified when setting up netconsole on the Hardware Node and stored in the var log netconsole_logs file on the Monitor Node However the collected messages will have no
365. onsole server 192 168 0 100 To configure the net console module on Hardware Nodes running other Linux distributions please see the documentation shipped with these distributions Another way of loading and configuring the net console module on your Hardware Node is to use the modprobe utility The procedure of setting up netconsole using this utility is identical for all Linux distributions and can be used for the netconsole configuration irrespective of a Linux distribution installed on the Node However to configure the netconsole module with modprobe you have to manually specify a number of parameters when running this utility e g the Node IP address and the name of the network card installed on this Node For example you can issue the following command to prepare the net console module on your Node for sending kernel logs to the Monitor Node sbin modprobe netconsole netconsole 6666 192 168 0 50 eth0 514 192 168 0 100 00 17 31 D9 D7 C8 Troubleshooting 368 The parameters used in this command are explained below 6666 the port on the Hardware Node used for sending UDP messages 192 168 0 50 the IP address assigned to the Hardware Node etho0 the name of the network interface card installed on the Hardware Node 514 the port on the Monitor Node used to listen to incoming UDP messages from the Hardware Node 192 168 0 100 the IP address assigned to the Monitor Node 00 17 31 D9 D7 C8 the MAC address of the M
366. onsumption by every Container on the server does not exceed its instant memory limit The memory usage by every Container on the server does not exceed its average limit The total memory consumption by all Containers does not exceed the amount of memory available on the server and prevents the total memory from reaching the point when the server performance begins to significantly degrade The low memory usage by all Containers on the server does not leave the safe range Managing Resources 150 Computing Memory Usage in SLM As the server administrator you may often need to properly set the amount of memory this or that Container will be allowed to consume Therefore you should have a clear idea of the memory computation mechanism used in the SLM scheme On the whole the memory usage inside every particular Container for which the SLM functionality is enabled is calculated in the same way as it would be done on a standalone server It means that the same set of applications running inside a Container will require approximately the same amount of RAM for their functioning as it would require on any other standalone server Consequently the amount of memory to be allocated to any Container largely depends on the number of applications you are going to deploy inside the Container and their memory requirements For example if you are going to use your Container as a web server only there is no need to allocate much RAM to this Con
367. ontainer 3 In this window you should select a new sample file the Container will be based on and the parameters to be changed in accordance with this configuration sample If you wish to change all the parameters for the Container select the check box near the Applicable parameters item or click the Select All button to the right of the table Otherwise expand the Applicable parameters item and select the check boxes near the parameters to be configured 4 Click OK After you have selected a new configuration sample and clicked OK you may need to restart your Container depending on the fact whether the changes for the selected parameters can be set on the fly or not Note Before applying a new Container sample to your Container make sure you are aware of the resource values defined in this Container template and to be set for the Container Detailed information on Container samples is provided in the Managing Container Resources Configurations section p 164 173 CHAPTER 5 Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers In This Chapter Monitoring Resources in Text Console ceecesceseceseceseeeseeeeseeeseeeseecsaecaecaecnaecnseenseenes 174 Monitoring Resources in Parallels Management Console eseeseesseeseesseceseceseeeneeeseeees 176 Subscribing to Parallels Management Console Alerts 00 0 0 ceeeeeeeseeeseeeseeeseeensecnseceaeenseeees 186 Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 174 Monit
368. ontainer from the Node running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit version and store it on the Node running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version and vice versa 2 If you use Parallels Management Console 3 0 to set the default Backup Node for a Hardware Node running Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 this setting will not be taken into account by Parallels Management Console 4 0 Operations on Container 73 Setting Default Backup Location Parallels Management Console allows you to change the location of the directory on the Backup Node where all Container backups are to be stored By default the vz backup directory is used To set another backup directory to be used as the default one for storing Container backups you should right click the corresponding Hardware Node in the left pane of the Management Console main window and select Backup gt Set Default Backup Location on the context menu The following window is displayed BF Default Backup Location F 21x Back up to local Hardware Node Path v2 backups LJ Back up to network share Path User Password Help OK Cancel Figure 12 Management Console Setting Default Backup Location In this window you can do one of the following Select the Back up to local Hardware Node radio button to specify a backup directory on one of the Backup Node local disk drives To set a new backup directory type its full path on
369. ontainer on the Hardware Node After the server migration you will have its exact copy in a Container including the operating system running inside the Container the IP address es assigned to the Container the amount of available disk space and memory etc Advanced Tasks 253 Migration Steps Before you start migrating a physical server to a Container on the Node you should have a clear idea of the steps to be performed during the migration The main steps of the migration procedure can be described as follows 1 Creating the configuration file containing information on the main resources consumption on the physical server This file is meant to be used for creating a Container on its basis The data in the configuration file should be provided in the format readable by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers i e in the form of PARAMETER value Among other things the file should include information on the Linux distribution your physical server is running and the number of user group IDs allowed for Container internal disk quota Detailed information on quota limits and Linux distributions is provided in the Managing Resources chapter p 116 and in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide respectively Copying the configuration file made on the previous step from the physical server to the Hardware Node You may copy the configuration file to any directory on the Node the full path to this file should be specified during
370. ontainers on the server use the venet 0 virtual adapter as the default gateway to send and receive data to from other networks shown as the PUBLIC NETWORK in the picture above The procedure of handling incoming and outgoing IP packets can be described as follows All IP packets from Containers operating in the venet 0 mode come to this adapter and are redirected through a public IP address of the server to the corresponding server on the public network All IP packets coming from external networks and destined for Container IP addresses reach the public IP address of the server first and afterwards are sent through venet0 to the IP addresses of the corresponding Containers Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 216 The venet 0 adapter is also used to exchange the traffic among all the Containers hosted on the given server All the network traffic of a Container is isolated from that of the other Containers i e all Containers are protected from each other in the way that makes traffic snooping impossible Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 217 veth Mode You can also create veth virtual adapters inside your Containers and make the Containers operate in the veth mode The following figure represents an example of the network structure where all Containers Container 1 and Container 2 are operating in the veth mode PUBLIC NETWORK LOL O02 891261 JOUIEJUOD JO yoyDed dl IP packet for Container
371. oose the needed Virtual Network 21x gt irtual Network Interface yzadapter1 Properties General IP Settings DNS WINS ID vzadapter1 Network Adapter Type O Host routed Bridged Virtual Network Connection to vznetwork1 7 MAC Obtain automatically OK Cancel 5 Click OK twice To remove a Container virtual network adapter from the Virtual Network where it is currently included perform Steps 1 3 described above and in the Virtual Network Interface Properties window select Not Connected on the drop down menu Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 226 Note If you are deploying Parallels Virtuozzo Containers in a VMware ESX Server environment you should perform the following operations to make your Containers operating in the veth mode accessible from external servers Make sure that the value of the Promiscuous Mode field on the Security tab of the vSwitch Properties window is set to Accept Ensure that the ESX Server adapter always has one and the same MAC address assigned 227 CHAPTER 8 Managing Hardware Nodes The current chapter centers on all those operations you can perform on your Hardware Nodes You will learn how to manage your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers licenses to unite your Nodes into a group to view and configure a number of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers related parameters
372. oot edquota root Disk quotas for user root uid 0 Filesystem blocks SOs hard inodes soft hard dev vzfs 38216 50000 60000 45454 70000 70000 root ct101 root repquota a Report for user quotas on device dev vzfs Block grace time 00 00 Inode grace time 00 00 Bilkow kam lerrisates File limits User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace root 38218 50000 60000 45453 70000 70000 the rest of repquota output is skipped root ct101 root dd if dev zero of test dd writing to test Disk quota exceeded 23473 0 records in 23472 0 records out root ct101 root repquota a Report for user quotas on device dev vzfs Block grace time 00 00 Inode grace time 00 00 Block limits File limits User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace root J 50001 50000 60000 none 45454 70000 70000 the rest of repquota output is skipped The above example shows the session when the root user has the disk space quota set to the hard limit of 60 000 1KB blocks and to the soft limit of 50 000 1KB blocks both hard and soft limits for the number of inodes are set to 70 000 It is also possible to set the grace period separately for block limits and inodes limits with the help of the usr sbin setquota command For more information on using the utilities from the quota package consult the system administration guide shipped with your Linux distribution or online manual pages included in the package Parallels Managem
373. or gt Processes on the Hardware Node does not coincide with the IDs of the same processes shown when opening the Container Manager window and selecting Monitor gt Processes You can send different signals to process by right clicking a process and selecting the corresponding signal on the pop up menu Managing Services and Processes 199 Changing Services Mode xinetd is a service used to start and stop a variety of data communication services xinetd starts on the Hardware Node startup and waits for a connection request from a remote client that wants to connect to the server There can be a number of remote clients in the network and each of them can use different network protocols to establish connection to the server In order not to run all network services responsible for a specific protocol which will negatively influence the system performance the system starts only the xinetd service This service controls all other network services and at the connection time it starts the corresponding service to process this connection In such a way xinetd saves system resources allowing you to run only those network services in the system that are really needed at the moment The vzsetxinetd utility allows you to switch Container services between the standalone and xinetd mode The services that can be either standalone or dependent on xinetd are sendmail sshd proftpd and courier imap Whereas they are xinetd dependent by default in order
374. or use in your network environments you should perform the following operations 1 Set up the net console module on the Hardware Node to be monitored 2 Configure the Monitor Node to collect messages from the netconsole module on the Hardware Node Both operations are described in the following subsections in detail Notes 1 The netconsole module uses the UDP User Datagram Protocol transport protocol to send kernel messages from the Hardware Node to the Monitor Node As this protocol provides simple but unreliable message services you are highly recommended to have both Nodes located as close to each other as possible best of all in one and the same network segment to ensure that all kernel messages can reach the Monitor Node 2 Since the netconsole module allows you to monitor the system and collect kernel messages only after the kernel is successfully loaded and the corresponding NIC card is initialized we recommend that you set up a serial console and use it as the primary tool for monitoring your system Configuring the Monitor Node as a serial console enables you to start collecting the Node kernel logs right after the kernel boot process is started Troubleshooting 367 Preparing Hardware Node for Sending Kernel Messages First you should set up the net console module on the Hardware Node you wish to monitor Depending on the Linux distribution installed on your Node the operations you have to perform to configure this m
375. oring Resources in Text Console Parallels Virtuozzo Containers includes quite a number of means to monitor the Hardware Node and Containers resources One of the most powerful features in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is the ability to monitor resources in real time To do this you can run the vzstat utility on the Hardware Node for example with the following options vzstat d 5 v 2e Suom ws A cays tessy 1 user loacl averages 1 00 1 00 00 Cano i joreoos Zalgg Is 2 6 ey D Dip A On ole ee DA 0 Cru Ob Shs So CLO SOS user Bile sve 19S achle 50 tle ns 10 0 Mem CRIT total 3940MB free 962MB 0MB low high lat ms 1 0 ZONEO DMA size 10MB act OMB inact OMB free 2MB 0 0 0 EIEE soy Yrs a Gees yey bye A abel Sil ILA ably ahah 2a ZONE1 DMA32 size 2992MB act 1631MB inact 179MB free 957MB 5 7 8 Digeon adi bie 2 yal ess Oeil OrsS2 264 as AS iil 256 Sl2z 2SsilO2n ZONE2 Normal size 1008MB act 603MB inact 258MB free 2MB 1 2 2 Exesuoin lil Graz seed Sey Aw ihe SA Bwoa Alyse A VaG ZroikyZ sb OzZe Meron Jha Gris Ae AO OR OO OO Rd de Slab pages 243MB 243MB ino 84MB de 53MB bh 49MB pb 8MB Swap OK tot 1992MB free 1992MB in 0 000MB s out 0 000MB s Sweis lears si 0 07 0 ms s O 070 ms 0 0 Gor mS Swap cache add 0 del 0 find 0 0 Net OK tot in 0 002MB s 22pkt s out 0 000MB s Ipkt s lo in 0 000MB s Opkt s out 0 000MB s Opkt s ethO in 0 002MB s 22pkt s out 0 000MB s
376. oring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 175 Containers by their status to see the problem Containers first SVM Virtual memory usage in per cent to the total memory corresponding to the privvmpages parameter set in the Container configuration file The first number is how much privvmpages are being held and the second one is the privvmpages barrier SKM Kernel memory usage in per cent to the normal zone size corresponding to the kmems ize parameter set in the Container configuration file The first number is how much kmems i ze is being used and the second one is the kmemsize barrier PROC Running total maximal processes number The maximal number of processes represents the Container barrier You can sort the Containers by the number of running or total processes CPU CPU usage in per cent to all available CPUs The first number is how much of the CPU power is being used by the Container and the second one is its guaranteed share judging by the cpuunits parameter Note that the actual CPU usage may be higher than the guaranteed one SOCK Sockets usage corresponding to the sum of the numt cpsock and numothersock parameters set in the Container configuration file The first number is how many sockets are opened the second one is the sockets barrier FCNT The number of Container failed counters for all the resource parameters In the standard mode of displaying this number represents the increase of failed counters since the previ
377. ork Traffic Statistics 144 Viewing Summary Pages 331 Viewing System and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Logs 338 Virtual Network Computing 312 319 Virtual Private Network 293 360 Virtualization operating system 18 Virtuozzo File System 19 248 255 375 VNC See Virtual Network Computing VPN See Virtual Private Network VZES See Virtuozzo File System VZES v2 320 WwW What are Disk Quotas 118 What are Resource Control Parameters 117 What Are Services and Processes 189 What is Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 15 X X Window System 25 313 315 317 XML 25 Z Zero Downtime Migration 59 384
378. ormation on how to manage Ethernet interfaces on the server is provided in the Configuring veth Adapter Parameters section Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 218 Both interfaces are closely linked to each other which means that an IP packet entering one interface will always come out from the other one Differences Between venet0 and veth Modes The veth mode demonstrates the following differences as compared to the venet 0 mode Each of the Ethernet interfaces constituting a veth virtual adapter has a MAC address assigned to it while venet 0 does not have any Thanks to this fact Any Container can see all broadcast and multicast packets received from or sent to the selected network adapter on the server Using a veth virtual adapter inside a Container allows you to host a DHCP or Samba server inside this Container etc There is no more need to assign all network settings IP addresses subnet mask gateway etc to a Container from the Host OS All network parameters can be set from inside the Container veth adapters can be bridged among themselves and with other devices If several veth adapters are united into a bridge this bridge can be used to handle network traffic for the Containers whose veth adapters are included in the bridge Dueto the fact that veth adapters act as full members on the network rather than hidden beyond venet 0 they are more prone to security vulnerabil
379. orresponding Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version to Nodes running the same Parallels Virtuozzo Containers version for 64 bit processors Operations on Container 56 Standard Migration The standard migration procedure allows you to move both stopped and running Containers Migrating a stopped Container includes copying all Container private files from one Node to another and does not differ from copying a number of files from one server to another over the network In its turn the migration procedure of a running Container is a bit more complicated and may be described as follows 1 After initiating the migration process all Container private data are copied to the Destination Node During this time the Container on the Source Node continues running The Container on the Source Node is stopped The Container private data copied to the Destination Node are compared with those on the Source Node and if any files were changed during the first migration step they are copied to the Destination Node again and rewrite the outdated versions 4 The Container on the Destination Node is started There is a short downtime needed to stop the Container on the Source Node copy the Container private data changes to the Destination Node and start the Container on the Destination Node However this time is very short and does not usually exceed one minute Note Before the migration it might be necessary to detach the Container from its cac
380. ory on the Node The DISTRIBUTION variable in this file specifies what script is to be used to generate a list of files and directories which will not be moved from the Container to the physical server Advanced Tasks 276 Migrating Container to Physical Server To migrate a Container to your physical server the vzv2p utility is used Let us assume that you migrated your physical server to Container 101 three months ago the Container was on the go during all this time i e some of the old files and directories were changed certain configuration settings modified etc and now you wish to move Container 101 back to your physical server To this effect you should issue the following command vzv2p root 199 200 200 200 ctid 101 exclude home private The options passed to the vzv2p utility in the example above are explained in the following table Option Name Description ctid The ID of the Container on the Node to be migrated to the physical server exclude The directories to be excluded from being copied to the Container This option allows you to avoid migrating the data you do not need In our example the vzv2p utility connects to the physical server with the IP address of 199 199 109 109 by using the root user name While establishing a network connection you will be asked for the password of root to log in to the server and have to enter 3e5rrt4 which is in our case the password of the root use
381. otes the IP address or hostname of the Container where your X client is to be run As has been mentioned above an ssh connection is used to provide security and stronger authentication for an X protocol connection between the X server and the X client by tunneling the X protocol which is called X forwarding Moreover X forwarding automatically sets the DISPLAY variable inside the Container to point to your local server and directs the output of X clients running inside the Container to the X server on the local server X forwarding is enabled in ssh1 and ssh2 by default however you may additionally use the X option to enable X forwarding in case you are not sure that it is on 3 After executing the command you will be prompted for the password to log in to the Container Provide the root user name and their password to log in to the Container and press Enter 4 Now that you have successfully logged in to the Container execute the echo SDISPLAY command to check the value of the DISPLAY variable in your Container environment It should read my_remote_computer parallels com 10 0 Unlike the xhost and xauth mechanisms where the display number in the DISPLAY variable reflects a real number of displays connected to a server beginning at 0 ssh always uses the 10th display number a special X display created by ssh itself to pass X protocol information to your local server If you do not see any value when typing this command or the
382. ou to suspend any running Container on the Hardware Node by saving its current state to a special dump file Later on you can resume the Container and get it in the same state the Container was at the time of its suspending In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based systems you can use the vzct1l suspend command to save the current state of a Container For example you can issue the following command to suspend Container 101 vzctl suspend 101 Setup checkpoint Container is unmounted Checkpointing completed successfully During the command execution the vz private 101 dump Dump file containing the entire state of Container 101 is created and the Container itself is stopped Note You can set another directory to store dump files for your Containers by changing the value of the DUMPDIR parameter in the global file Detailed information on the global file and the parameters you can specify in it is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide In Parallels Management Console you can suspend a running Container by doing the following 1 Select the Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name in the Management Console left pane 2 In the Management Console right pane right click the Container you wish to suspend and choose Suspend on the context menu 3 Confirm the operation execution by clicking Yes in the displayed window At any time you can resume Container 101 by executing the following co
383. ount to hundreds of thousands of KBs and for CPU usage in percent You can adjust the scale for each parameter separately for their better visualization on the grid 1 Right click the name of the corresponding counter in the table of displayed counters below the grid and choose Properties General Data Counters Name Type CPU used CPU usage Memory used Memory usage Add lI Remove Col wien _ _ Scale 1 0 B Style oree doo Z 2 Select the necessary scale on the Scale drop down menu on top of the grid and click Apply Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 180 Adjusting Colors and Styles You can define the way a counter is displayed on the grid 1 Right click the name of the corresponding counter in the table of displayed counters below the grid and choose Properties Counters Disk Limit Disk usage Idle processes count Process info L1 Load average Memory free Memory usage Memory share used Memory usage Memory used Memory usage coor T With D eea arv 2 In the corresponding boxes adjust the color of the counter line its width and style as 3 desired Click the General tab and adjust the view of the grid elements The options on that tab are self explaining Click OK Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 181 Highlighting Counter In case th
384. our local server is known to the outside world as my_local_computer and located in the my domain org domain and you are running a normal X server on this server the value of the DISPLAY variable in the Container environment where you wish to remotely run X clients should be set to my_local_computer my domain org 0 0 Advanced Tasks 315 Advanced Tasks 316 Using X Windows to Run Graphical Applications The X Window System lets you start any X application inside any Container on a TCP IP network and have it show up on your local server where an X server is installed To run remote X applications you should first of all tell the X applications running inside your Container to direct their output to the display of your local server You can do it by specifying the DISPLAY environment variable inside the Container For example to run the xfig drawing program inside your Container and display its output on your local server with the IP address of 199 199 199 199 you should issue the following commands inside the Container DISPLAY 199 199 199 199 0 export DISPLAY xfig amp Along with setting the DISPLAY environment variable inside your Container you should also open permissions to your X server so that X applications are allowed to use your local display You can do it in one of the following ways By using the host list mechanism xhost In this case the X server maintains a list of hosts which are allowed to connect t
385. ous screen update whereas in the average mode of displaying it represents an absolute failed counters sum for the given Container MLAT Maximal scheduling latency for the Container in ms This parameter shows the maximal scheduling latency inside the given Container i e for how long at the utmost a process inside the Container awaits for the CPU IP HOSTNAMI GI The IP address or the hostname of the given Container You may switch between them by pressing the e key on the keyboard while vzst at is running The VM KM CPU and SOCK columns provide two values per column separated by a slash for each Container The first value indicates the real usage of the corresponding parameter by the Container and the second one the maximal value allowed for the Container The PROC column shows the number of processes in the corresponding Container in the following format running total maximal number of processes The great thing about the vzstat utility is its interactivity You can set the time interval manage the mode of displaying sort the Containers by a number of parameters and all this on the fly For example While vzstat is running press t on the keyboard enter the new timeout say 180 and press ENTER Press b to switch to the brief details level Press w to toggle the display of the swap information on the screen Press o and then r to sort the displayed Containers by the number of running processes Now
386. ows down use vmstat ps ps axfw dmesg top vztop to find out what is happening never reboot the machine without investigation If no thinking helps restore the normal operation use the Alt SysRq sequences to dump the memory showMem and processes ShowPc If the server was incorrectly brought down on its next startup all the partitions will be checked and quota recalculated for each Container which dramatically increases the startup time Do not run any binary or script that belongs to a Container directly from the server for example do not ever do that cd vz root 99 etc init d httpd status Any script inside a Container could have been changed to whatever the Container owner chooses it could have been trojaned replaced to something like rm rf etc You can use only vzctl exec vzctl enter to execute programs inside a Container Do not use init scripts on the server An init script may use killall to stop a service which means that all similar processes will be killed in all Containers You can check var run Service pid and kill the correspondent process explicitly You must be able to detect any rootkit inside a Container It is recommended to use the chkrootkit package for detection you can download the latest version from www chkrootkit org or at least run rpm Va grep S 5 to check up if the MD5 sum has changed for any RPM file You can also run nmap for example nmap p 1 65535 192 168 0 1 Star
387. p options Backup Type Full Choose this option to create a full backup containing the entire Container private area configuration files actions scripts and quota information Incremental Choose this option to create an incremental backup containing only those changes that have occurred since the last backup be it full differential or incremental Differential Choose this option to create a differential backup containing only those changes that have occured since the last full backup Compression Level Specify the compression level to be used for the backup creation Please keep in mind that the higher the compression level the smaller the backup archive will be and the longer the backup will take to create None Normal High Maximum In this window you can configure the following backup parameters Choose the Backup Node where the Container backup is to be stored You may leave the Backup Node offered by Parallels Management Console by default or use the Change button to specify the desired Backup Node For detailed information on Backup Nodes please consult the Assigning Default Backup Node subsection p 71 Decide on the backup compression level None Normal High or Maximum Detailed information on all compression levels is provided in the Defining Default Compression Level subsection p 74 Specify the backup type It may be full or incremental Det
388. perform the following operations Advanced Tasks 267 In the Distribution field indicate the Linux distribution your physical server is running by selecting the right Linux version on the drop down menu The wizard tries to automatically determine the Linux distribution installed on your server and to offer the most suitable variant If the wizard cannot specify what Linux distribution your server is running the value of this field is set to unknown In this case you should manually select the corresponding Linux distribution on the drop down menu otherwise you may get your Container in an non operational state after the physical server migration In case you cannot find the right distribution on the drop down menu you can proceed in one of the following ways Select the most suitable distribution available on the Node For example if your physical server is running Fedora 8 you can choose fedora core 8 the distribution configuration file for Fedora 8 or if the latter is also lacking fedora core the generic configuration file for all Fedora Core distributions However there is a slight chance that your Container may not work properly due to some differences which might be present in one and absent in another Linux version Create a new distribution configuration file and place it to the etc vz conf dists directory on the Hardware Node However to be able to select this configuration file on the drop down menu in the Distribu
389. pgraded to version 4 0 Upgrading templates The first thing to note is that the upgrade does not affect standard templates in any way Both these templates and Container private areas based on these templates will continue to operate on the previous version of VZFS and there is nothing the Hardware Node administrator can or should do in this respect As to EZ templates they are upgraded automatically to VZFS v2 and no additional actions are required for application templates However the OS EZ template caches on the basis of which new Containers are created will still use VZFS v1 So you need to complete the following tasks to make all newly created Containers on the Hardware Node automatically use VZFS v2 Make sure that the value of the VEFORMAT parameter in the global configuration file etc vz vz conf is set to vz4 grep etc vz vz conf VEFORMAT vz4 Recreate the OS EZ template caches on the basis of which new Containers will be created using the vzpkg remove cache and vzpkg create cache commands For example to upgrade the cache of the fedora core 8 x86 OS EZ template you can run the following commands on the Hardware Node vzpkg remove cache fedora core 8 x86 vzpkg create cache fedora core 8 x86 From this moment on when a Container is created on the basis of the fedora core 8 x86 OS EZ template its private area will use VZFS v2 At any time you can revert to VZFS v1 by changing the value of
390. plete copy of a particular Container in respect of all the Container data and resources parameters or a Container clone This saves your time because you do not have to think of setting up the Container configuration parameters and the like Moreover you can create a number of Container clones at a sitting In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based systems you can use the vzmlocal utility to copy a Container within the given Hardware Node For example you can issue the following command to create Container 111 and make it be a complete copy of Container 101 Note You can clone both running and stopped Containers vzmlocal C 101 111 Moving copying Container 101 gt Container 111 Syncing private area vz private 101 gt vz private 111 Successfully completed vzlist a CND NPROC STATUS IP_ADDR HOSTNAME il AZ moana ILO 0 L 1 localhost 101 10 cumaine 1060 10 LOL Containerl115 LLI SiropoSd 10 0 OMES Container115 As you can see from the example above a clone of Container 101 i e Container 111 has been successfully created However before starting to use Container 111 you should set another IP address and another hostname for this Container which are currently identical to those of Container 101 Please consult the Configuring Container section p 44 to learn how you can do it The vzmlocal utility also enables you to override the default private area and root paths of the destination Container which
391. port iptable_filter iptable_mangle ipt_TCPMSS IO ECO mMss djar cel dac Ikeingjiela All the specified modules will be loaded on the Node startup after you reboot the Hardware Node Advanced Tasks 309 Loading iptables Modules to Particular Containers The list of iptables modules that are loaded to a Container by default is determined by the iptables modules loaded on the server at the moment of the Container startup For example if your server has the ipt_REJECT ipt_tos ipt_limit ipt_multiport and iptable_filter modules loaded any Containers on this server will also have these iptables modules loaded after their startup However Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to prevent certain modules from being loaded inside a Container on its startup even if they are loaded on the server itself The full list of such iptables modules is listed below ip_table ip6_table iptable_filter ip 6table_filter iptable_mangle ip 6table_mangle ip_conntrack ip_conntrack_ftp a ip_conntrack_irc iptable_nat ip_nat_ftp ip _nat_irc To forbid the usage of any of the aforementioned iptables modules inside a Container you should explicitly indicate the names of the modules you wish to be loaded to the Container as the value of the IPTABLES parameter in the Container configuration file etc vz conf lt CT_ID gt conf or by using the vzct 1 command For example
392. pposed to be administrators of particular Containers only with no access rights to Hardware Nodes as such This is only but natural as it corresponds directly with the concept of a virtualization technology Such people can be subscribers to a hosting provider university students or administrators of a particular server within an enterprise Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is equipped with a web based tool for managing personal Containers called Parallels Power Panel Parallels Power Panel is a means for administering personal Containers through a common browser Internet Explorer Mozilla and others It is implemented by the vzcp package installed inside the Service Container during the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation The vzcpcon process running in the Service Container handles the client browser requests and passes them to the Parallels Agent software which is responsible for managing all the Containers of the given Hardware Node Parallels Power Panel allows Container administrators to do the following start stop or restart the Container repair the Container reinstall the Container back up and restore the Container change the Container root password start stop or restart certain services inside the Container access other control panels installed in the Container for example the Plesk control panel view a list of Container processes and send them signals view the current resources consumption and
393. proc cpuinfo command You can check if the number of CPUs has been successfully changed by running the cat proc cpuinfo command inside your Container Assuming that you have set two physical processors to handle the processes inside Container 101 your command output may look as follows vzctl exec 101 cat proc cpuinfo processor 0 vendor_id GenuinelIntel cpu family BAL model 2 04 model name Intel R Xeon TM CPU 2 80GHz stepping al cpu MHz E 2Y93 Dd cache size S 1024 XB processor il vendor_id GenuinelIntel cpu family Be ils model 74 model name Intel R Xeon TM CPU 2 80GHz stepping aal cpu MHz 8 AYSs 8b cache size g TOZA T5 The output shows that Container 101 is currently bound to only two processors on the server instead of 4 available for the other Containers on this server It means that from this point on the processes of Container 101 will be simultaneously executed on no more than 2 physical CPUs while the other Containers on the server will continue consuming the CPU time of all 4 server processors if needed Also notice that the physical CPUs proper of Container 101 might not remain the same during the Container operation they might change for load balancing reasons the only thing that cannot be changed is their maximal number In Parallels Management Console you can configure the number of CPUs to be available to a Container by doing the following 1 Select the Parallels Containers it
394. r After that Container 101 is brought to the stopped and mounted state and all the data except for the home private directory and directories that were automatically generated by the script defined on the basis of the DISTRIBUTION variable in the Container configuration file is copied from Container 101 to the physical server After the Container has been successfully migrated to the physical server you should execute the ldconfig command to update the links and cache to the shared libraries on the server Creating Customized Containers If you wish to run one or several customized applications inside your Containers and the number of such Containers is relatively large you may think of a way to automate the process of creating Containers that already have a number of applications installed and tuned to meet your demands So you do not need to manually install and customize your applications every time you create a new Container Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to create customized Containers having a certain set of customized applications installed inside them right after their creation in one of the following ways By making a customized base OS EZ template and using it as the basis for your Containers By making a non base OS EZ template and using it as the basis for your Containers By making a customized application EZ template adding it to a new configuration sample file and using this samp
395. r opportunities You may want to perform the following tasks Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 178 Adjust the periodicity of refreshing the information on the grid Adjust the representation scale for each counter Adjust colors and line styles for the visual elements Highlight a certain counter Save the current configuration of counters to be able to open it at any moment of time Use the grid to replay some past real time information about a set of parameters Adjusting Periodicity of Refreshing Information To set the time interval at which the information is refreshed for all the charts right click the Charts item in the Hardware Node or Container main tree and choose one of the following options Update Speed gt High Choose this option to set the time interval to 1 second Update Speed gt Normal Choose this option to set the time interval to 5 seconds Update Speed gt Low Choose this option to set the time interval to 15 seconds Update Speed gt Paused Choose this option to stop refreshing the information for the charts Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 179 Adjusting Representation Scale The value of any counter on the grid may vary from 0 to 100 These numbers are marked on the left of the grid But the weight of these numbers is different for each counter It is difficult to use one and the same scale for example for memory usage which can am
396. r 02 Local Server eselect By default all the backups of the Containers originally belonging to the Source Node are selected but you may exclude certain Containers from this list as well as include in it any other backups found on this Backup Node i e the backups of those Containers not belonging to the Source Node To include these other backups you first need to make them visible by selecting the Show all available backups check box 4 Ifthe Containers to be restored exist on the Destination Node you are presented with the Resolve Conflicts With Existing Containers window listing these Containers When deciding on whether to restore a Container keep in mind that during the restore process all Container current data will be overridden with data from the corresponding backup 5 On the Review Containers Restoration Settings screen click the Finish button to start restoring the Containers Note During this operation all the Containers will be restored to the Source Node i e to the Node for which you have invoked the wizard irrespective of whether the backed up Containers originally belonged to this Source Node or to any other Node You can also restore groups of Containers using these tools Operations on Container 93 Parallels Virtual Automation For more information on this web based tool see the Parallels Virtual Automation Administrator s Guide at http www parallels com products pva46 resources vzarestore Detail
397. r 101 which will run Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 and have the customized mysql application installed inside it right after its creation 1 Create a metafile for the mysql application name it mysql metafile and save in the usr mysql directory on the server 2 Make a script that will perform a number of custom operations after applying the mysql EZ template to the Container and name it post_install bash 3 Copy the script to the usr mysq 1 directory on the server 4 Execute the following command on the server to create the mysql EZ template vzmktmpl usr mysql mysql metafile 5 post install usr mysql post_install bash This command will create an EZ template for the mysql application and put it to the root directory e g root mysgql redhat as4 x86 ez 4 6 0 3 noarch rpm Install the mysql EZ template on the server Using the example above you can install the template as follows rpm ihv root mysql redhat as4 x86 ez 4 6 0 3 noarch rpm Advanced Tasks 282 6 Create a new Container configuration sample file and add the mysql EZ template to a list of templates that will be installed in Containers created on the basis of this configuration sample file For example you can create a new configuration sample with the mysql name by running the Create Configuration Sample wizard in Parallels Management Console and add the mysql EZ template to a list of templates in the Select Application Templates step of thi
398. ral as well as for each and every Container Among these settings are disk and user quota network parameters default file locations and configuration sample files and others Parallels Virtuozzo Containers stores the configuration information in two types of files the global configuration file etc vz vz conf and Container configuration files etc vz conf lt CT_ID gt conf The global configuration file defines global and default parameters for Container operation for example logging settings enabling and disabling disk quota for Containers the default configuration file and OS template on the basis of which a new Container is created and so on On the other hand a Container configuration file defines the parameters for a given particular Container such as disk quota and allocated resources limits IP address and host name and so on In case a parameter is configured both in the global configuration file and in the Container configuration file the Container configuration file takes precedence For a list of parameters constituting the global configuration file and the Container configuration files turn to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide The configuration files are read when The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software and or Containers are started However Parallels Virtuozzo Containers standard utilities for example vzctl allow you to change many configuration settings on the fly either without modifying
399. rallels com products pvc45 resources docs The compatibility mode can be set by using the slmmode ubc option with the vzctl set command Note You can also enable any of the aforementioned modes by editing the Container configuration file and setting the corresponding value all slm or ubc respectively of the SLM parameter in this file Managing Resources 153 Managing Container Memory Usage The SLM mechanism allows you to manage the amount of memory a Container can consume by configuring a single parameter slmmemorylimit This significantly simplifies the process of memory management on the server and inside its Containers and represents the main SLM advantage over the old memory management mechanism implemented on the basis of multiple UBC parameters You can set or configure the Container memory usage limit by means of the slmmemorylimit parameter of the vzct1 set command Let us assume that you wish to use SLM to manage the amount of memory which can be consumed by Container 101 and set its memory limit to 100 MB This can be done by executing the following command vzctl set 101 slmmemorylimit 102400000 Saved parameters for Container 101 By default the memory limit to be allocated to your Container is set in bytes however you can change the default units of measurement by adding the following symbols after the value K specifying this symbol after the value allows you to set the Container memory limit in kiloby
400. rallels support will attempt to answer any relevant questions you may have before the installation process is initiated This includes the following pre requisites list hardware compatibility software compatibility You can also install the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel tool on your physical server and use it for getting installation assistance from the Parallels support Detailed information on the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel tool is provided in the Establishing Secure Channel to Parallels Support subsection p 361 Troubleshooting 358 Preparing and Sending Questions to Technical Support In most cases the support team must rely on the customer s observations and communications with the customer to diagnose and solve the problem Therefore the detailed problem report is extremely important You can submit a support report by visiting the http www parallels com en support virtuozzo request web page and filling in the Online Support Form When describing the problem please do mention the following symptoms of the problem when the problem began including the circumstances of the failure any changes you made to your system other information that may be relevant to your situation e g the installation method specific hardware devices that may be relevant to your problem You can also make use of the Parallels Helpdesk support tool To do this 1 Follow the https helpdesk paralle
401. re 28 Management Console Configuring Container Disk I O Priority Level 4 In the Resource Counter Properties window you can view the disk I O priority level currently set for the Container and change it if necessary by entering the desired value from 0 to 7 in the field provided and clicking OK Managing Resources 160 Configuring the Disk I O Bandwidth of Containers In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 you can configure the bandwidth a Container is allowed to use for its disk input and output I O operations Limiting the disk I O bandwidth can help you prevent the situations when high disk activities in one Container generated for example by transferring huge amounts of data to from the Container can slow down the performance of other Containers on the Hardware Node By default the I O bandwidth limit for all newly created Containers is set to 0 which means that no limits are applied to the Containers To limit the disk I O bandwidth for a Container you can use the iolimit option of the vzctl set utility For example the following command sets the I O bandwidth limit for Container 101 to 10 megabytes per second MB s vzctl set 101 iolimit 10 save Set up iolimit 10485760 Saved parameters for Container 101 By default the limit is set in megabytes per second However you can use the following suffixes to use other measurement units G sets the limit in gigabytes per second 10G K sets the limit in kilo
402. re ready click the Migrate button Operations on Container 59 Zero Downtime Migration The vzmigrate utility allows you to migrate your Containers from one Hardware Node to another with zero downtime The zero downtime migration technology has the following main advantages as compared with the standard one The process of migrating a Container to another Node is transparent for you and the Container applications and network connections i e on the Source and Destination Nodes no modifications of system characteristics and operational procedures inside the Container are performed The Container migration time is greatly reduced In fact the migration eliminates the service outage or interruption for Container end users The Container is restored on the Destination Node in the same state as it was at the beginning of the migration You can move the Containers running a number of applications which you do not want to be rebooted during the migration for some reason or another Note Zero downtime migration cannot be performed on Containers having one or several opened sessions established with the vzct 1 enter CT_IDcommand Before performing zero downtime migration it is recommended to synchronize the system time on the Source and Destination Nodes e g by means of NTP http www ntp org The reason for this recommendation is that some processes running in the Container might rely on the system time being monotonic and thus m
403. resources overusage alerts view Parallels Virtuozzo Containers logs Access rights to administer particular Containers by means of Parallels Power Panel are determined by the Hardware Node administrator Detailed instructions on how to control access rights to particular Containers through Power Panel are provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Installation Guide Note Parallels Power Panel can also be used by the Hardware Node administrator for managing any Container on the given Node Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 30 Hardware Node Availability Considerations Hardware Node availability is more critical than the availability of a typical PC server Since it runs multiple Containers providing a number of critical services Hardware Node outage might be very costly Hardware Node outage can be as disastrous as the simultaneous outage of a number of servers running critical services In order to increase Hardware Node availability we suggest you follow the recommendations below Use RAID storage for critical Container private areas Do prefer hardware RAID but software mirroring RAID might suit too as a last resort Do not run software on the Hardware Node itself Create special Containers where you can host necessary services such as BIND FTPD HTTPD and so on On the Hardware Node itself you need only the SSH daemon Preferably it should accept connections from a pre defined set of IP addresses only
404. responding sample name after the applyconfig option slm plesk in the example above The applyconfig option applies all the parameters from the specified sample file to the given Container except for the OSTEMPLATE TEMPLATES VE_ROOT VE_PRIVATE HOSTNAME IP_ADDRESS TEMPLATE NETIF parameters if they exist in the sample file You may need to restart your Container depending on the fact whether the changes for the selected parameters can be set on the fly or not If some parameters could not be configured on the fly you will be presented with the corresponding message informing you of this fact To apply a new Container configuration sample to a Container in Parallels Management Console you should perform the following operations 1 Select the Parallels Containers item in the Hardware Node main tree 2 Right click the corresponding Container and choose Tasks gt Apply Container Sample on the context menu to display the Apply Container Configuration Sample window Managing Resources 172 Apply Container Sample 2 x From the list below select the Container Sample that will be applied to your Container s OS Template Description Please select the parameters from the Container Sample Name Description Select All H O Appli t H O Applicable parameters A Figure 31 Management Console Applying New Configuration Sample to C
405. ress es 10 144 144 101 Hostname for Container set Container_101 Container start in progress You can also disable enable a Container by means of Parallels Management Console To this effect you should select the Parallels Containers item under the Hardware Node name on the Management Console main menu right click the corresponding Container and choose Tasks gt Disable Enable on the context menu respectively For example gt Parallels Management Console 4 0 OF x File Action wiew Help S Xe 2 O Q2 8 000 Parallels Management et L Local Server GA Manage Can 10 19 19 101 Running re Node_2 a File Manager Stop a Monitor Restart Lig Services Suspend Logs E Templates it Disable Backups Connect with gt ly Apply Container Sample Copy to Clipboard gt ape Migrate to Another Hardware Node Backup gt 32 Move Container Templates gt 29 Clone Container s Manage Firewall Settings 3 Manage Mount Points Upload Local File s ed 0 Suspended 0 Mounted 1 Under repair 0 Operations on Container 112 Figure 20 Management Console Disabling Container You can use CTRL Click to select or deselect an entry SHIFT Click to select a range of Containers CTRL A to select all Containers Operations on Container 113 Suspending Container Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows y
406. resses The Disks tab describes available disks and their utilization You can also view summary pages for each and every Container To open the summary page in the Container Manager click on the name of the Container in the tree pane The summary page is similar to that in the main Management Console window 1 Container ct250 on My_Node Parallels Management Console File Action View Help S KF 2 O Q2 80000 Parallels Management Co Identifier 251 a File Manager Name ct250 Monitor Hardware Node My Node B Users and Group Hostname ct250 Ug Services Status Running Start on Hardware Node boot yes Slogs OS redhat as4 86_64 20060815 amp Templates Based on Container Sample Backups Description amp Scripts Network IP Address es 10 27 148 250 DNS Servers There are no DNS servers assigned to the Container Search Domainfs There are no search domains assigned to the Container Actions E Open Secure Shell Connection WS Manage Services Action Name Progress Figure 53 Management Console Viewing Container Summary Page Mastering Parallels Management Console 333 It contains information about the Container ID type of the Container OS template status e g mounted running Container class and hostname There is also a Network section describing the network configuration of the Container The
407. restore the saved configuration click the Load Counters button The saved set of counters will be loaded from the configuration file Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 183 Replaying Information From Logs The function of replaying the resources consumption information over a specified time span in the past is ensured by the background logging of all the parameters in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers The default periodicity of refreshing the resources consumption information in the logs is set to be 1 one hour You can have the logs collect the resources consumption information more frequently by accelerating the necessary logs with the help of the Log Setup folder under the Monitor item For example 1 Click Logging Period Setup under the Monitor item 2 In the right of the Management Console window double click the necessary log group in the Parameters table or right click it and choose Properties 15 x This dialog box allows you to decrease the logging period for the selected parameters Please define a new logging period Logaing period fq si sd minutes x t Change Logging Period on My Node Help Cancel 3 In the Change Logging Period window set the update period for the given group of logs 4 Click OK for the changes to take effect Logs are replayed using the same grid of the Charts function as for real time monitoring The counters are also displayed and configured in t
408. root path Let us assume that you wish to change the ID of your Container from 101 to 111 and modify its private area and root paths from vz private 101 to vz private my_dir and from vz root 101 to vz root ct111 respectively To do this execute the following command on the server vzmlocal 101 111 vz private my_dir vz root ct111 Moving copying Container 101 gt Container 111 LAy4 oxestyencey miy Chie y2 rooe ee Wabi Successfully completed To check if Container 101 has been successfully moved to Container 111 you can use the following commands vzlist a Cl WB NPROC STATUS IP_ADDR HOSTNAME 1 AS etaa 110 10 1 localhost SEII siropoed L0 0 10 101 myContainer ls vz private Lo my obie ls vz root ewiti As can be seen from the example above the ID of Container 101 has been changed to 111 its private area is now located in the vz private my_dir directory on the server and the path to its root directory is vz root ct111 Notes 1 You can perform a number of moving operations by a single invocation of the vzmlocal utility 2 You can run the vzmlocal utility on both running and stopped Containers In Parallels Management Console you can move Containers within your Hardware Node with the help of the Move Container wizard To invoke the wizard select the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name right click the Container you wish to change the ID of and
409. rrent version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can also use the vzps command to view the processes currently running inside any Containers on the Hardware Node The example below shows you how to display all active processes inside Container 101 vzps E 101 Gi inp PEDATTY TIME CMD TOL 2VLIS 2 00s OOE OL aumsic IO ZIS R 00 00 00 syslogd TOE ZIDDI R 00 00 00 sshd IOI 27565 2 00 00 00 xinetd LO ZISIG R 00 2000 netid LOL 27583 7 COs OOEOO ewige LOL ZIBA R 00 00 00 metoc TOL ZVI 2 00 00 00 crond IOL ZVI R 00 00 00 saslauthd In its turn Parallels Management Console allows you to monitor the services present in the Host Operating System of the Hardware Node or inside a Container Click on the Services item in the tree below the Hardware Node name The list of the Host OS or Container OS services should appear in the right pane Managing Services and Processes 195 Parallels Management Console 4 0 0 x File Action View Help DE arallels Management Consol Status 3 Node_1 i Started l File Manager Started e Monitor Stopped v Started S Logs ee Started amp Templates sT i ackups Started Scheduled Tasks Started L Container Samples Virtuozzo Containers L Local Server total rber of servis 63 Figure 33 Management Console Viewing Services The way the services are colored reflects the importance of a service for Parallels Virtuozzo Containers pink icons
410. rridden in a separate Container configuration file GV Parameter Description File DISK_QUOTA Indicates whether first level quotas are on or off for all Containers or GV for an individual Container DISKSPACE Total size of disk space the Container may consume in 1 Kb blocks V DISKINODES Total number of disk inodes files directories and symbolic links the V Container can allocate QUOTATIME Grace period for the disk quota overusage in seconds The Container V is allowed to temporarily exceed its quota soft limits for no more than the QUOTATIME period QUOTAUGIDLIMIT Maximum aggregate number of user IDs and group IDs for which disk V quota inside the given Container will be accounted If set to 0 the UID and GID quota are disabled Managing Resources 120 Turning On and Off Per Container Disk Quotas The parameter that defines whether to use first level disk quotas is DISK_QUOTA in the global configuration file etc vz vz conf By setting it to no you will disable Parallels Virtuozzo Containers quotas completely This parameter can be specified in the Container configuration file etc vz conf lt CT_ID gt conf as well In this case its value will take precedence of the one specified in the global configuration file If you intend to have a mixture of Containers with quotas turned on and off it is recommended to set the DISK_QUOTA value to yes in the global configuration file and to no in the c
411. rror for updating your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software instead of connecting to the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers official repository To do this you should replace the value of the Server parameter in the etc sysconfig vzup2date vzup2date conf file on each Hardware Node where the vzup2date utility is to be run with the path to your local mirror Let us clear up the aforementioned statements by following the example below In this example we presume the following You wish to create a local repository mirror that will store system files for the 32 bit version of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 release and use it to update all Hardware Nodes in your local network Your mirror will be located in the var www htm1 directory inside Container 101 Container 101 is started and has the IP address of 192 168 0 101 assigned to it i e it can be accessed from your local network using this IP address Note You can also assign a public IP address to the Container and make it accessible from your Hardware Nodes on other networks The apache web server is running inside Container 101 and the default document root for apache is var www html To create a local mirror and make it available to your Hardware Nodes you should perform the following operations 1 Log in to Container 101 e g via SSH and install the vzup2date mirror package there For example rpm ihv vzup2date mirror 4 6 0 3 noarch rpm Advanced Tasks 30
412. rties item on the Action menu or use the context menu if you like You will have the possibility to review and or change most of the configuration options for this Container as well as to set the root password using the Advanced tab Configuring Container Configuring a Container consists of several tasks setting Container startup parameters setting Container network parameters setting Container user passwords configuring Quality of Service Service Level parameters For all these tasks the vzctl set command is used Using this command for setting Container startup parameters network parameters and user passwords is explained later in this subsection Service Level Management configuration topics are discussed in the Managing Resources chapter p 116 Setting Startup Parameters The vzctl set command allows you to define the onboot Container startup parameter Setting this parameter to yes makes your Container automatically boot at the Hardware Node startup For example to enable Container 101 to automatically start on your Hardware Node boot you can execute the following command vzctl set 101 onboot yes save Saved parameters for Container 101 The onboot parameter will have effect only on the next Hardware Node startup Operations on Container 45 Setting Network Parameters To make a Container accessible from the network you should assign a correct IP address and hostname to it and configure one or
413. rtrnserrenreseeersserers 334 Configuring Firewall oaser ere E A donk Wb EE E E E E E EE 336 Managing Mount Points sessies seesteinen esee n a AE TEE TEA EEEE E E EE E ES sE iy 338 Viewing System and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers LOgs esssseesseseeseerseeeresesrssrerrsserrrnrrreereseeeresenees 339 Managing Files Inside Container ssiisisonieviisioosiieeiineirer einernie oa eken eE Ee tS Ee EREE SSES 341 Searching for Containers recie noer es eeri Eo EE E EE EEE EE EEA EE EE AES EE REEE EEEF 343 Managing Container Search DOMAainS s esssseesseesesseeeesesrrssrsteeresreersseertsestenrestentsseetntrtrsserrenteseeersserere 344 Troubleshooting 345 General Considerations ssn ae ohani neno iseina eaS ok ves sivas be AG oeno beroki k Eeoae sosea siooas Ee kosise 346 Kernel Troubleshooting rinrin aaee oero eere o Oe I EEO EE ave Ee aeee seee ESE eE EGS 348 Using ALT SYSRQ Keyboard Sequences ee eecesecesecssecesecneeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseensecssecaeesaecsaeeaes 348 Saving Kemel Fault OOPS is ic 2c scores ce aciscocnsoccus A dehs o e e aa Eaa ae eae i Sa aA 349 Finding Kernel Function That Caused D Process State cccceccscceseceseescneeeseesesssesecseeseeeeees 350 Contents 7 Problems With Container Management 000 00 ce ceeeceeceescesecesecesecssecseecaeecaeceseseaeseeeeeeaeesesaecsaessaesaes 350 Farlure to Creat e a Container oss sospes petiere eea aree aa sr E ESAE E ES KES EEE PE SEKRE 351 F il ret Start a Container S er peere ee
414. rtuozzo Containers you can perform all those operations on processes you can do in the common Linux system for example kill a process by sending a terminate signal to it In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers you can manage services and processes using both the command line and Parallels Management Console Further in this chapter both methods are described Managing Services and Processes 192 Managing Processes and Services In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers services and processes can be managed by using both the command line and Parallels Management Console In the command line you can manage the corresponding processes and services by using the following utilities vzps vzpid vztop vzsetxinetd With their help you can perform the following tasks Print information about active processes on your Hardware Node Display the processes activity in real time Change the mode of the services that can be either x inet d dependent or standalone Identify the Container ID where a process is running by the process ID Parallels Management Console allows you to manage the services present in the Host Operating System of the Hardware Node or in a Container It allows you to monitor and partially configure the services of the Host operating system at the Hardware Node By using Management Console you can start stop restart a service or edit its run levels Below in this chapter detailed information on all those
415. s Note If you modify an existing Container sample using Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools e g Parallels Management Console or Parallels Virtual Automation the changes are made to the corresponding sample located in the var vzagent etc samples directory This sample can then be used by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools when creating a new Container on its basis Managing Resources 169 Validating Container Configuration The system resource control parameters have complex interdependencies The violation of these interdependencies can be catastrophic for the Container In order to ensure that a Container does not break them it is important to validate the Container configuration file before creating Containers on its basis The typical validation scenario is shown below vzcfgvalidate etc vz conf 101 conf Error kmemsize bar should be gt 1835008 currently 25000 Recommendation dgramrcvbuf bar should be gt 132096 currently 65536 Recommendation othersockbuf bar should be gt 132096 currently 122880 vzctl set 101 kmemsize 2211840 2359296 save Saved parameters for Container 101 vzcfgvalidate etc vz conf 101 conf Recommendation kmemsize lim kmemsize bar should be gt 163840 currently 147456 Recommendation dgramrcvbuf bar should be gt 132096 currently 65536 Recommendation othersockbuf bar should be gt 132096 currently 122880 Validation completed success The utilit
416. s by CPU usage memory usage and runtime Specifying 101 after the E option allows you to display only those processes that are running inside Container 101 only Besides most features can be selected by an interactive command for example the e and E commands described above Note For more information on all vztop parameters consult its man pages Besides you can find information on some fields in the Viewing Active Processes subsection p 193 In Parallels Management Console you can view those processes that are currently running on your Hardware Node and or inside your Container s To display the processes click the Hardware Node name where you wish to monitor processes and then select Monitor gt Processes A list of the Host OS or Container OS processes should appear in the right pane Managing Services and Processes 197 1 Parallels Management Console 4 0 File Action View Help o ipid cpu Zmem ni pri 10615 0 0 0 1 D 21 l File Manager 10486 0 0 0 0 0 15 a as oD 17 oo a P l eure a 9014 0 0 1 8 D 22 SCPU and Memo i mt 3 0 0 1 7 0 23 Network a Traffic Summary Statistics w Top Resource Up time 16min Users 2 Load average 0 06 0 Total number of processes 176 Running 1 Sleeping 174 S Lig Services CPU usage 20 User 0 0 System 2 0 It SjLogs Used memory 427 MB Used swap 0 Templates Backups Action Name Progress Scheduled Tasks L Container Samples 4 Figure 34
417. s Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 14 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Repository Structure 299 Password Container user 30 root 46 261 275 315 371 setting 46 Plesk 29 163 333 Pool 145 Preface 10 Preparing and Sending Questions to Technical Support 357 Preparing Container Configuration File 256 Preparing Hardware Node for Sending Kernel Messages 366 Preparing Hardware Node for Sending Messages 363 Preparing Monitor Node for Sending Alerts 371 Preserving Application Data During Container Reinstallation 288 Problems With Container Management 349 Problems With Container Operation 354 Problems With Physical Server Migration 355 Processes monitoring in real time 195 overview 188 189 190 PID 199 viewing 192 Processor 64 bit 55 66 p 55 66 R RAID See Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives RAM See memory Real Time Monitoring in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 172 Rebooting Container 312 Recreating Service Container 295 Red Hat Package Manager 19 295 364 371 Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives 30 Reinstalling Container 105 Replaying Information From Logs 182 Resource Management 20 Resources 20 116 185 263 Index 382 configuration 163 165 166 168 CPU 18 20 117 135 263 disk space 20 117 118 119 123 125 127 129 263 memory 20 117 263 monitoring 173 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 184 185 network
418. s disposal This allows SLM to select the right means while deciding on the steps to be taken in respect of this or that application Among other things SLM takes into account the following characteristics the severity of a memory limit excess the duration and frequency of excesses Managing Resources 152 SLM Modes SLM is automatically enabled during the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation so you do not have to perform any additional operations to start using this functionality on your server After the installation you can manage SLM in one of the following ways Disable SLM on a global basis In this case no Container on the server will be able to make use of this functionality To disable SLM complete the following tasks Specify no as the value of the SLM parameter in the etc vz vz conf global configuration file Reboot the server shutdown r now Control the SLM mode for a particular Container on the server The current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to set one of the following SLM modes for your Container limited mode In this mode the SLM functionality for the corresponding Container is enabled and can be used to control the total and low memory consumption by all Containers on the server which prevents the memory from being overused and guarantees the reliable performance of the server At the same time you can use various UBC parameters to manage particular
419. s time limited The period during which Parallels Virtuozzo Containers grace_period Nae continues functioning after your license has expired in minutes The number under which the license is registered on the k b bn sole oe ae Parallels Key Authentication server The total number of central processor units CPUs which can cpu total be installed on the Hardware Node The total number of Containers which can simultaneously run 1 ct_tota on the Hardware Node The number of users able to simultaneously connect to the max_vzmc_users Node The number of users able to simultaneously connect to the max_vzcc_users a Node platform The operating system with which the license is compatible product The product name for which the license has been issued Managing Hardware Nodes 235 Indicates whether you can manage Containers residing on the given Hardware Node by means of Parallels Power Panel allowed VERES 5 1 the Parallels Power Panel functionality is enabled 0 the Parallels Power Panel functionality is disabled Indicates whether the backup functionality is enabled for the given Hardware Node backup_mgmt_allowed 1 the backup functionality is enabled 0 the backup functionality is disabled Indicates whether the Container requesting functionality is workflow_mgmt_allowe enabled for the given Hardware Node d 1 the Container requesting functionality is ena
420. s wizard 7 Create Container 101 by using the vzct 1 create command and the mysql sample file vzctl create 101 ostemplate redhat as4 x86 config mysql Creating Container private area redhat as4 x86 Container is mounted Postcreate action done Container is unmounted Container private area was created Delete port redirection Adding port redirection to Container 1 4643 8443 So you have just created Container 101 having the customized mysql application installed inside it Advanced Tasks 283 Changing System Time From Container Normally it is impossible to change the system time from a Container Otherwise different Containers could interfere with each other and could even break applications depending on the system time accuracy Normally only the server system administrator can change the system time However if you want to synchronize the time via Network Time Protocol NTP you have to run NTP software which will connect to external NTP servers and update the system time It is not advisable to run application software on the server itself since flaws in the software can lead to compromising all Containers on this server Thus if you plan to use NTP you should create a special Container for it and configure it to have the sys_time capability The example below illustrates configuring such a Container vzctl set 101 capability sys_time on save Unable to set capability on running Container Saved para
421. se even if it is seriously damaged To avoid waiting for two minutes in case of a Container that is known to be corrupt you may use the fast switch Operations on Container 48 vzctl stop 101 fast Stopping Container Container was stopped Container is unmounted Make sure that you do not use the fast switch with healthy Containers unless necessary as the forcible killing of Container processes may be potentially dangerous The vzctl start and vzct1l stop commands initiate the normal Linux OS startup or shutdown sequences inside the Container In case of a Red Hat like distribution System V initialization scripts will be executed just like on an ordinary server You can customize startup scripts inside the Container as needed To restart a Container you may as well use the vzct 1 restart command vzctl restart 101 Stopping Container Container was stopped Container is unmounted Starting Container Container is mounted Adding IP address es 10 0 186 101 Container start in progress Note You can also use Container names to start stop and restart the corresponding Containers For detailed information on Container names refer to the Setting Name for Container section p 52 Operations on Container 49 Listing Containers Very often you may want to get an overview of the Containers existing on the given Hardware Node and to get additional information about them their IP addresses hostnames current
422. see the Backing Up and Restoring Container section for details Failure to Access Container From Network Solution 1 The IP address assigned to this Container might be already in use in your network Make sure it is not The problem Container address can be checked by issuing the following command grep IP_ADDRESS etc vz conf lt CT_ID gt conf PEADD RES Swe O mr Omele ores Onl The IP addresses of other Containers which are running can be checked by running cat proc vz veinfo Solution 2 Make sure the routing to the Container is properly configured Containers can use the default router for your network or you may configure the server as rooter for its Containers Failure to Log In to Container The Container starts successfully but you cannot log in Solution 1 You are trying to connect via SSH but access is denied Probably you have not set the password of the root user yet or there is no such user In this case use the vzctl set userpasswd command For example for Container 101 you might issue the following command vzctl set 101 userpasswd root secret Solution 2 Check forwarding settings by issuing the following command cat proc sys ipv4 conf venet0 forwarding If it is O then change it to 1 by issuing the following command echo 1 gt proc sys ipv4 conf venet0 forwarding Troubleshooting 354 Failure to Back Up Container in Parallels Management Console An attempt to back up a Container
423. sessessecees 35 Figure 5 Management Console Creating New Container ssccsscscssscsssssssssssscesseees 39 Figure 6 Management Console Configuring Container Network Adapters 000 41 Figure 7 Management Console Choosing OS Template scsscssssssssscsssessssssssesssecees 42 Figure 8 Management Console Checking Newly Created Container scsscsssssssees 43 Figure 9 Management Console Migrating Containers csscssscssssscssscsscssscsessseessesees 57 Figure 10 Management Console Migrating Containers scsscssssscssscssssssssessseseseeees 61 Figure 11 Management Console Moving Container Within Hardware Node 63 Figure 12 Management Console Setting Default Backup Location csccsssssesseees 73 Figure 13 Management Console Choosing Files and Directories to Back Up 79 Figure 14 Management Console Choosing Files to Back Up ssccsssscsscsssescsssesssecees 83 Figure 15 Management Console Browsing Backup Contents ccscccsssssssscsssseeseeees 86 Figure 16 Management Console Restoring Container Files Wizard scscscsssssssees 91 Figure 17 Management Console Launching Restore Individual Container Files Wizard AEE E E AEA E E 95 Figure 18 Management Console Choosing Files For Restoring ccssccssssssssssesseees 96 Figure 19 Scheduling Container Backups
424. setting up a VPN over the TUN TAP driver includes Virtual TUNnel lt http vtun sourceforge net gt and OpenVPN lt http openvpn sourceforge net gt Advanced Tasks 295 Managing Hardware Node Resources Parameters Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to configure a number of resource management parameters defining the amount of resources to be allocated to the Hardware Node also known as Container 0 These parameters include all standard UBC parameters VMGUARPAGES KMEMSIZE OOMGUARPAGES etc as well as the ONBOOT parameter You can edit any of these parameters in the etc vz conf 0 conf file on the Hardware Node by means of your favorite text editor for example vi or emacs or by using the vzctl set command and specifying 0 as the Container ID For example vzctl set 0 kmemsize 12211840 14359296 save Saved parameters for Container 0 This command sets both the barrier and limit values of unswappable kernel memory in bytes which can be allocated to internal kernel structures of the processes on the Node The specified parameter values will be in force until the Hardware Node restart If you wish these values to be applied to the Node on its next booting you should additionally set the ONBOOT parameter in the etc vz conf 0 conf file to yes This can be done in one of the following ways Passing the onboot option to the vzct1 set command vzctl set 0 onboot yes Saved parameters
425. shortcuts to the most common operations are located at the bottom of the summary page in the Actions section Mastering Parallels Management Console 334 Managing Users and Groups Inside Container Parallels Management Console does not allow you to manage users or groups of the Host OS not to compromise the security of the Hardware Node However you can manage users and groups inside regular Containers with the help of Container Manager All users and groups are adjustable You can also add new users and groups To manage groups or users inside a Container open the main tree for this Container select the Users and Groups item and click either the Groups or Users tab respectively we Container ct102 on Local Server Parallels Management Console File Action View Help e 20 2 0 23 lol x Description 2 Guest 7 Built in account for guest access to the computer domain 2 Administrator Builtin account for administering the computer domain E S Logs Templates Backups Al users 2 4 To open the group properties dialog double click on the group name in the table of groups or select Properties on the context menu To add a new user to the group click the Add button To remove a user from the group select the user name and click the Remove button To add a new group click the New group button on the toolbar note that this button appears only
426. shown below etc init d vz shaperrestart Stopping shaping Ok Starting shaping Ok Set shaping on running Container Ok This command clears off all existing shaping settings and sets them again using the configuration files of running Containers By means of Parallels Management Console you can provide the network bandwidth settings for a particular Container on the Resources tab of the Properties of Container window which you can access by doing the following 1 Click Parallels Containers in the Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties 2 Goto the Network tab of the displayed window and select the Traffic Shaping item In the displayed window you can add edit delete a network class for traffic shaping setup the RATE guarantee parameter value for the given Container for any network class set the value for the RATEBOUND parameter for the given Container by selecting clearing the Rate guarantee is also a bound check box scale the traffic shaping configuration The traffic shaping settings will take effect immediately on your clicking the OK button in this window Managing Resources 149 Managing System Parameters The given section provides information on how you can manage the system resource parameters which a Container may allocate using the Service Level Management SLM system This system allows you to easily and effectively conf
427. sible for Container users to modify update replace and delete shared files When a user modifies a shared file VZES creates a private copy of the file transparently for the user Thus the modifications do not affect the other users of the file As an additional advantage VZFS does not require having different physical partitions for different Containers or creating a special file system in a file setup for a Container which significantly simplifies disk administration Parallels Virtuozzo Containers comes with a new version of VZFS Version 2 This section introduces the features of WZFS v2 and describes the upgrade path for existing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installations Advanced Tasks 322 Advantages of VZFS v2 Main benefits of VZFS v2 in relation to previous VZFS versions are the following The process of creating a Container takes much less time with VZFS v2 A Container created from scratch on the basis of an OS EZ template has much fewer files if VZFS v2 is used because it is not necessary any more to provide each and every file from the template area with a corresponding magic link in the Container private area The disk space occupied by any Container based on EZ templates is greatly reduced Full compatibility with third party backup tools is provided For example an Parallels specific modification of the common tar utility in order to be able to back up a Container is no more necessary The process of ba
428. sic conf sample vzcfgvalidate ve improved conf sample Recommendation kmemsize lim kmemsize bar should be gt 245760 currently 221184 Recommendation dgramrcvbuf bar should be gt 132096 currently 98304 Validation completed success Now improved can be used in the vzct 1 create command for creating new Containers It is possible to use the same technique for scaling configurations of the existing Containers Notice that the output file cannot be the same as the file being scaled You have to save the scaling results into an intermediate file In Parallels Management Console on the contrary the scaling results are not written into a new file If you scale the configuration of a Container its configuration file is changed without saving the original file If you scale a configuration sample file it is correspondingly modified That is why it is recommended to create a copy of the configuration sample file you are going to scale before scaling it To scale an existing configuration using Parallels Management Console do the following 1 Select the Container Configuration Samples or Parallels Containers option in the Hardware Node main tree 2 Right click the sample configuration file or the Container configuration file of which you are going to scale and select Properties 3 Go to the Resources tab and click the Scale button 7 Managing Resources Scale Container Configuration 2 xi In this dia
429. sical Server window starts the process of connecting to the physical server and collecting information on the server configuration The process is displayed in the progress bar of the Collecting Server Configuration window After the wizard has successfully connected to the physical server and finished collecting information on its configuration the following window is displayed 3 Migrate Physical Server to E Review Server Configuration The wizard has gathered the necessary information on your physical server System Configuration Operating System Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS release 3 T aroon Architecture i686 CPU 1 CPU Celeron Mendocino 534 MHz Memory Total 248 MB Used 246 MB Free 2256 KB Swap Memory Total 258 MB Used 0 Free 258 MB Network Configuration Hostname docstore sw ru Network interface s lo 127 0 0 1 ethO 192 168 1 57 Default Gateway 192 168 1 1 DNS server s 192 168 1 1 Disk Configuration Name Mount Point Type Block Size Disk Space Disk Inodes fdev hdal 7 ext3 4096 Total 4030 MB Total 524 K Used 3464 MB Used 159K Free 360 MB Free 365 K fdev hda3 vz ext3 1024 Total 7588 MB Total 8888 K Used 6440 MB Used 390 K Free 713 MB Free 8499K Help lt Back New gt Finish Cancel Figure 46 Management Console Reviewing Physical Server Configuration The Review Server Configuration window allows you to check the configuration of the server you are
430. sk we have provided the corresponding algorithms only for Parallels Management Console and the command line interface As to Parallels Virtual Automation a web counterpart of Parallels Management Console it is provided with a comprehensive online help system Besides there is another tool for managing Containers Parallels Power Panel This web based tool is mainly regarded as a means for individual Container customers to manage their personal Containers and also has its own online help system Preface 11 Organization of This Guide Chapter 2 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy is a must read chapter that helps you grasp the general principles of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers operation It provides an outline of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers architecture and main features of the way Parallels Virtuozzo Containers stores and uses configuration information and of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers licensing policy Chapter 3 Operations on Containers describes operations you can perform on Containers creating and deleting Containers starting and stopping them backing up and restoring Containers and so on You will also learn how to migrate Containers from one Hardware Node to another Chapter 4 Managing Resources focuses on configuring and monitoring the resource control parameters for Containers These parameters comprise disk quotas network accounting and shaping CPU and system resources Chapter 5 Real Time Monitor
431. smitting data over local area networks LANs wide area networks WANs or the Internet and providing location independent data storage and retrieval The iSCSI protocol is mainly used to interconnect hosts e g database servers with shared storage systems on SANs Storage Area Networks In this connection it aims at achieving the following goals Storage Consolidation Various storage resources from many servers around the network can be moved to one or more central locations e g data centers on the SAN which allows you to allocate storage resources more efficiently For example any server on the SAN can be allocated a new disk volume without making changes to the server resources Similarly any server upgrades or expansions can be performed without impacting the storage resources on the SAN Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity The iSCSI protocol can be used to allow for remote data replication and near real time data backup across vast distances providing a cost effective solution to disaster recover and business continuity The implementation of an iSCSI storage system in a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers environment does not differ from that in standard environments and is based on the three main components a TCP IP network an initiator and a target The interaction among the components in a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers based system may roughly be described as follows A Hardware Node acting as an initiator sends a SCS
432. soft limit can be exceeded up to the hard limit but as soon as the grace period expires the additional disk space or inodes allocations will fail Click OK If necessary repeat Steps 3 and 4 for the diskspace and quotatime parameters to define the disk space quota and its grace period for the given Container Managing Resources 125 Turning On and Off Second Level Quotas for Container The parameter that controls the second level disk quotas is QUOTAUGIDLIMIT in the Container configuration file By default the value of this parameter is zero and this corresponds to disabled per user and per group quotas If you assign a non zero value to the QUOTAUGIDLIMIT parameter this action brings about the two following results Second level per user and per group disk quotas are enabled for the given Container 2 The value that you assign to this parameter will be the limit for the number of file owners and groups of this Container including Linux system users Notice that you will theoretically be able to create extra users of this Container but if the number of file owners inside the Container has already reached the limit these users will not be able to own files Enabling per user and per group quotas for a Container requires restarting the Container The value for it should be carefully chosen the bigger value you set the bigger kernel memory overhead this Container creates This value must be greater than
433. sole you can create a new virtual network adapter or delete an existing one by performing the following operations 1 Select the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name 2 Right click the Container for which you wish to make the adapter and select Properties on the context menu 3 Go to the Network tab of the displayed window and select the Network Adapters item in the left part of the window Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 220 Properties of Container ct250 fl General gt Network Adapters LIP Addresses Offline Management Iptables Modules Traffic Shaping SD venetO Host routed 10 27 148 250 Properties Figure 41 Management Console Managing Container Adapters 4 In the right part of the window use either the Add Interface or Remove button to create or delete the virtual network adapter 5 Click OK Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 221 Configuring veth Adapter Parameters While functioning in the veth mode each Container virtual network adapter appears as a full participant on the network to which it is connected and needs to have its own identity on this network Fist of all to start functioning on a TCP IP network a veth virtual adapter should be assigned one or several IP addresses This can be done as follows vzctl set 101 ifname ethl ipadd 192 168 144 123 save Saved parameters for Container 101 This command will
434. ssions files and folders that you have made for the current directory will be recursively recursively applied to all its subdirectories and files Managing Hardware Nodes 243 Managing IP Addresses Pool on Node The given section provides information on how you can manage IP addresses pools for your Hardware Nodes Managing Hardware Nodes 244 Configuring Hardware Node IP Addresses Pool After you have registered a Hardware Node in Parallels Management Console you can create and configure an IP addresses pool for Containers which will be hosted on the Node This helps you ensure a unified space of Container IP addresses within your Hardware Node To create a new IP addresses pool or configure an existing one do the following 1 Right click the Hardware Node name and choose Network Configuration gt IP Addresses Pool IP Addresses Pool Configuration at My Node E 2 x Usage Statistics Used IP addresses from pool 0 Total IP addresses in pool 0 we Usage 0 Pool Configuration Allocated IP address ranges in pool IP Addresses Amount Add Range Delet m Edit Exclude Range OK Cancel 2 On the Pool Configuration tab of the IP Addresses Pool Configuration window use the provided buttons to make a new pool or configure an existing one Pools are comprised of continuous ranges of IP addresses Every range can be characterized
435. ssseeseeeeesesreeresrssesresrsteersserersseresesreersrentesreernet Parallels Virtual Automation OvervieW cescessecssscesseeceseceeececaeceeeeecaeeeeneecaeeeeeeecaeeeneecsaeensees Parallels Powert Panel Overview eveilen ae ia ees coke EAA TEE EN onto sousavedhecbattounueevddecbentocues Hardware Node Availability Considerations sseseeseeesesestseeesesteerrsterrsseetrsresresrssrerrssertreesreeresreeresrerreee Operations on Container Creating New Containety s2 icin aii ketene MR estes ater AA Ae ase Meet be Before OUsBe Sith nisreen e eeu a Saha a a e De tg ean teen bch vo obw a Inoue tbo seabeb debe cecs Choosing Container Dis 002 52 8 Sekt beh SE OR Ee ete ee eS Choosing OS EZ Template iss s3 ev ccei testes lathes cuties ceants lolet ee Sateen e e Mepeed anlode seadeesaebeta ess List of Supported Linux Distributions for Containers eee eecesecee cess creecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeereneeesees Creating Container sesion eaea oero rier wise DOSE eis CoE rE E EE E IEEE tele Creating Containers in Parallels Management Console sssssesseeesseeseseeerrseessrsrrrrsserreerrsresresreerene Confisiiring Container seietara cusndoucusck Golo uscheusde tube soswiseevecbdebeades Setting Startup Parameters a a E R a E R E Sica EE SES Setting Network Parameters nsise n n E a E A A A E R E E E ES Setting root Password for Container sssri e eseve e amaS Ena en n a e e S ESES Starting Stopping Restarting and Querying Status of Cont
436. ssteersstrresestenresrerrssertrnserrenteseeeesserees 203 Listing AdaptefS rasieren eoa e E RAE Aaa ah ate EEE OSSE 204 Creating VLAN Adapte ania eee nre REA ie ie AE tebe 206 Connecting Adapter to Virtual Network 00 0 cece eceecseeseesecesecesceeeesecsecsaecsaecsaecaeesaeseaeeeeeeaeenes 208 Managing Virtual Networks vi lt cseseccecccysssevsepstsevecs sasiel as nena cass suvecyenrsstveep N E veka ede stevscbvestoedesugvesbeentes 209 Creating Virtual Networks stavseses Seesen enee vvech dedecsan ce secyuneestcssy deyteesh e fevaensydeoseennsessus pogeeerneeaeye 210 Listing Virtual NECWOrk iiei arene e a sevstnsetaceensus denen segeciavas e s 212 Deleting Virtual Network ccc cesetsenesdeescusosasads sageveesdedecsas SES KI Ea pe E eE NoE OESR oS A PEE ioe aeS 213 Managing Virtual Network Adapters e cescecssecesececssecesneecsaeceeneecsaeceeeecsaeceneecsaeceneecsaeceeneeeaeeesees 214 Container Networking MOd S 0 22 3 eneee eane a du Ees Kena eap e ae EE SE IAS ESES Re oS EI PEE ENES Eas 214 Creating and Deleting veth Network Adapters sseesseseeseseseeesssreseseesreseeersseersserrensesrenresreeesserees 219 Configuring veth Adapter Parameters essseessesesesrsseesesrerrrseerrestrtenrrsteeteseerrsserrrnenrenteseeeessenees 221 Connecting Containers to Virtual Networks esssssesssreesesrssrsresreserrenresreereseerrnsertentestenresreerssreees 224 Managing Hardware Nodes 227 Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Licenses
437. st way to check whether the Container with the given ID exists is to issue the following command vzlist a 101 Container not found This output shows that Container 101 does not exist on the particular server otherwise it would be present in the list If you use Parallels Management Console click on the name of your Hardware Node in the left pane and then on the Parallels Containers item The Management Console right pane will display a list of existing Containers on the Node Operations on Container 34 WARNING When deciding on a Container ID do not use the ID of any Container that was ever present in the system unless you are sure that no data belonging to the old Container remains on the server The fact is that the administrator of the newly created Container might have access to these data in this case i e to the backups of the old Container its logs statistics etc Operations on Container 35 Choosing OS EZ Template Before starting to create a Container you shall decide on which OS EZ template your Container will be based There might be several OS EZ templates installed on the server and prepared for the Container creation use the vzpkg 1ist command to find out what OS EZ templates are available on your system vzpkg list O redhat e15 x86 2009 05 21 23 59 44 fedora corces RoG 20095 AEI ASES The O option passed to the vzpkg list command allows you to list only OS EZ templates installed on the server As yo
438. stalled In this case all IP addresses assigned to several network interfaces on the server will be reassigned to one virtual network adapter on the Node venet0 This virtual adapter will be used by the created Container to communicate with the other Containers on the Node and with the outer world A message containing a list of peer to peer IP addresses that cannot and will not be migrated to the Container to be created A message informing you that the Linux OS installed on your physical server supports Native POSIX Thread Library NPTL For more information on NPTL please see the Migration Restrictions subsection p 256 The configuration file created by the vzhwcalc utility is placed to the same directory on the physical server from where you have run this utility and has the default name of ve conf However you can pass the o option to vzhwcalc and set a name of your choice for the resulting configuration file Advanced Tasks 260 Editing Container Configuration File After you have created the Container configuration file with the default name of ve conf you should check this file for the resources values listed in it As has been mentioned above the resource parameters in the configuration file are calculated on the basis of the physical server maximum load However you may wish to increase the resources available e g in case you wish to exploit the Container to be created more intensively than the physical server You ca
439. storing 66 starting stopping 47 understanding concepts 18 user 115 333 Container Networking Modes 213 Controlling Container CPU Usage With VZASysD Plug in 139 Controlling Memory Usage by Container 151 Copying Container Within Hardware Node 64 Corrupted Pseudographics in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Utilities 356 Creating and Deleting veth Network Adapters 218 Creating Configuration File for New Linux Distribution 311 Creating Container 37 Creating Container Configuration File 257 Creating Containers in Parallels Management Console 39 Creating Customized Containers 275 Creating Local Mirror 301 Creating Local Repository Mirror for vzup2date 298 Creating New Container 31 Creating Virtual Network 209 Index 379 Creating VLAN Adapter 205 Creating VZFS Symlinks Inside a Container 248 Customizing proc meminfo Output Inside Container 296 Customizing Container Reinstallation 107 D Defining Default Backup Compression Level 74 Defining Window Manager to Run X Applications 317 Deleting Container 109 Deleting Virtual Network 212 Detecting Disk I O Bottlenecks 161 Determining Container Identifier by Process ID 199 Determining Monitor Node MAC Address 367 Differences Between venet0 and veth Modes 217 Disabling Container 111 Disk Quota Parameters 119 Distinctive Features of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 18 DNS server 263 Documentation Conventio
440. sure the Container manageability in its down state The currently supported services are vzpp for managing Containers by means of Parallels Power Panel and vzpp plesk for managing Containers by means of the Plesk control panel integrated with Parallels Power Panel You can view the names of accessible services on your Hardware Node in Parallels Management Console by right clicking the needed Hardware Node name and selecting Tasks gt Manage Offline Services on the context menu Ej Offline Services Configuration on mccp2 Offline Services Parallels Power Panel Offline services configuration Name Service Port Service Container Default Enable Enabled isabl Enabled Disable gg Disabled Add Delete Edit Restore Default Help Cancel All offline services currently available on your Hardware Node are listed in the Offline services configuration table in the displayed window By default offline management is enabled for all Containers residing on the Node To disable the offline management for a Container do the following 1 Inthe left pane of the Management Console window select the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name Mastering Parallels Management Console 330 2 Inthe right pane right click the Container on the Container list and select Properties on the context menu 3 On the Network tab of the displayed
441. t Console is a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers management and monitoring tool with graphical user interface It is used to control individual Hardware Nodes and their Containers Management Console is cross platform and runs on both Microsoft Windows and Linux workstations Parallels Power Panel is a means for administering personal Containers with the help of a standard Web browser Internet Explorer Mozilla etc on any platform Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is a complete server automation and virtualization solution allowing you to create multiple isolated Containers on a single physical server to share hardware licenses and management effort with maximum efficiency Private area is a part of the file system where Container files that are not shared with other Containers are stored SSH stands for Secure Shell It is a protocol for logging on to a remote machine and executing commands on that machine It provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network Glossary 377 Standard template is a template file that has inside itself all the re usable files of all the packages comprising the template If newer versions of any of these packages appear a standard template can be correspondingly updated Compare EZ template Template or package set is a set of original application files packages repackaged for mounting over Virtuozzo File System There are two types of templates OS Templates are
442. t may be on different computer and on different types of computers The protocol which connects the server and the viewer is simple open and platform independent No state is stored at the viewer Breaking the viewer s connection to the server and then reconnecting will not result in any loss of data Because the connection can be remade from somewhere else you have easy mobility The VNC protocol is designed to adapt to the amount of bandwidth available which makes it ideal for thin client deployments To start using VNC you should perform the following operations Install a virtual X server vnc inside your Container The vnc servers are not associated with a physical display but provide a fake one X clients xterm mozilla etc can attach to Install a vnc client vncviewer on your local server to connect to the vnc server from anywhere on the network a Connect to the vnc server with the vnc viewer Let us run the xclock application inside Container 101 with the hostname of Container1l01 com located on a TCP IP network and display it on your local server by using VNC To this effect you should do the following Note We assume that you have successfully installed a vnc server inside your Container and a vnc client on your local server If you have not please download the needed software packages e g from http www realvnc com and install them by following the instructions shipped with this software or availa
443. t point field if the directory does not exist it will be automatically created after clicking the OK button choose the physical device where your file system resides in the Device list box If you mark a mount point permanent the Permanent check box is selected it means that this mount point will be automatically mounted on the system boot If you mark a mount point active the Active check box is selected it will be mounted after you click the OK button in the Mount Point window Mastering Parallels Management Console 339 Viewing System and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Logs Parallels Management Console allows to view the logs which are maintained on the corresponding Hardware Node both for the Hardware Node itself and for a particular Container The following log types are available for a particular Hardware Node in the Management Console main window Log type Description Alerts Resource management system messages generated in case a Container exceeds its resources limits or disk quotas Events All Container related events start stop migrate mount unmount etc Operations Asynchronous tasks performed with any Container of the Hardware Node Parallels Full Parallels Virtuozzo Containers chronicles i e system messages Virtuozzo Containers Actions All actions performed with the main Parallels Virtuozzo Containers management utility vzct1 creating a new Container destroying an existing Container starting
444. tainer e g no more than 50 MB At the same time running such memory intensive applications as MySQL Perl PHP requires the memory limit be set to no less than 300 MB The situation above provides only the general description of memory usage inside Containers In fact the process of memory computation used in the SLM scheme is more complicated It includes the calculation of the oomguarpages kmemsize lockedpages and socket buffer parameters and the unification of these parameters into a single slmmemorylimit parameter It also assumes a number of accounting rules to be taken into consideration while deciding on the amount of memory to be allocated to a Container The main rules are given below The memory allocated to a Container includes both memory itself and the swap space The memory consumption inside a Container is calculated by taking into account the data sharing among applications So if two Containers share one and the same memory page each Container is considered to consume half a page As the number of Containers sharing the same memory pages grows the memory consumption inside each of these Containers decreases Thus an application running inside a Container can consume much less memory than the identical application launched in the Host OS or on a standalone server Especially much data can be shared when Containers use the same versions of applications and shared libraries e g in the case of using the same versions of t
445. tainer uniting them into certain groups and ensuring a sort of isolation among these groups Such application grouping allows you to separately control each application group and if the Container exceeds its memory limit and some application group inside this Container overuses the memory to reduce the memory consumption only by the corresponding application group rather than to impose memory restrictions on the whole Container and all its applications For example this can help you keep the remote SSH connection to your Container in the case of the apache Web server misbehaviour or keep this Web service working if the dangerous application is the sendmail service In the current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers all applications processes inside a Container are by default included in one of the following groups other also referred to as group 0 this group contains all the processes not included in the daemons httpd and mysql groups The termination of any process belonging to this group affects certain usually uncritical Container functionality only and does not lead to the entire Container DoS denial of service daemons also referred to as group 1 this group includes init rc and all system daemons e g sshd The daemons group is the most important one and provides the basis for the Container functioning httpd also referred to as group 2 this group includes the apache Web server only
446. tainer 102 to the Virtual Network vzctl set 102 ifname ethO network vznetworkl save Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 225 Saved parameters for Container 102 After completing these tasks Container 101 and Container 102 will be able to access any of the servers in the network where the et h0O physical adapter is connected At any time you can disconnect the veth virtual network adapters of Container 101 and 102 from the vznetwork1 Virtual Network by executing the following commands To disconnect the veth adapter of Container 101 from the Virtual Network vzctl set 101 ifname ethl network save Saved parameters for Container 101 To disconnect the veth adapter of Container 102 from the Virtual Network vzctl set 102 ifname ethl network save Saved parameters for Container 102 In Parallels Management Console you can join a Container to any Virtual Network on the Hardware Node by performing the following operations 1 Click the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Hardware Node name right click the Container you want to join to the Virtual Network and choose Properties On the Network tab of the displayed window select the Network Adapters item 3 Double click the Container virtual network adapter to be connected to the Virtual Network In the Virtual Network Interface Properties window under Virtual Network select the Connect to radio button and on the drop down menu ch
447. tainer 50 Parallels Management Console 4 0 ae 15 x File Action View Help H gj Local Server 4 File Manager eo Monitor Lig Services E Logs amp Templates Backups E Scheduled Tasks i Container Samples You can see that currently Containers 101 102 and 103 exist on the Hardware Node All the Container vital information its IP address es hostname statuses etc is presented in the table having the following columns Column Name Description ID Name Hostname IP Address Status Resources The ID assigned to the Container The name assigned to the Container This name can be used along with the Container ID to perform Container related operations on the Hardware Node The hostname of the Container The IP address assigned to the Container The current status of the Container The circle opposite the corresponding Container reflects the current state of the resource parameters consumed by the Container If the resource consumption lies within 90 of the limits defined for the Container the green circle with a white tick is displayed It means that the Container experiences no shortage in resources required for the normal course of work Ifthe Container consumes between 90 and 100 of the limits defined for it the orange circle with a white exclamation mark is displayed If the Container is currently consuming 100 or more of
448. tainer root directory l Old path fyz root VEID Set Default Help lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 11 Management Console Moving Container Within Hardware Node This window is displayed in one of the following cases You selected the Change Container ID check box on the first step of the wizard and then specified a new ID for your Container and clicked Next in the Specify New Container ID window In this case the wizard will propose the default paths for you but will leave you the possibility to alter these paths To do it check the corresponding check box and type the new private area or root path in the field thereunder If have made some changes to the default paths and now wish to revert to these paths click the Set Default button You selected the Change Container location on Hardware Node check box and clicked Next on the first step of the wizard In this case you can manually enter the new private and root paths for the Container or click the Set Default button to display and use the paths proposed by the wizard 4 On the last step of the Move Container wizard you can review the settings made by you on the previous steps Click the Finish button to begin the moving process This process may take some time so be sure to wait for it to complete Operations on Container 64 Copying Container Within Hardware Node Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to create a com
449. tatus from the quota file located at var vzquota quota lt CT_ID gt and shall be used for stopped Containers Both commands have the same output format The session below shows a partial output of Container 101 quota statistics vzquota stat 101 t resource usage softlimit hardlimit grace 1k blocks 38281 1000000 1100000 inodes 45703 90000 91000 User group quota on active Ugids loaded 34 total 34 limit 100 Ugid limit was exceeded no User group grace times and quotafile flags type block_exp_time inode_exp_tim dgqi_flags user Oh group Oh User group objects ID type resource usage softlimit hardlimit grace status 0 user i1k blocks 38220 50000 60000 loaded 0 user inodes 45453 70000 70000 loaded the rest is skipped The first three lines of the output show the status of first level disk quotas for the Container The rest of the output displays statistics for user group quotas and has separate lines for each user and group ID existing in the system If you do not need the second level quota statistics you can omit the t switch from the vzquota command line To check the first level quota status for a Container in Parallels Management Console you should 1 Open the needed Container manager window by double clicking on the corresponding Container line in the right pane of the Management Console window 2 Expand the Monitor item and select the Quotas and Usage folder You can see the first level quota statist
450. te as many Container backups as they want to Operations on Container 105 Reinstalling Container Reinstalling a Container is used if a Container administrator has inadvertently modified replaced or deleted any file that is part of an application or OS template which has brought about the Container malfunction You can reinstall the Container in the two following ways 1 The vzctl recover command restores the original VZFS symlinks of the Container private area to the OS and or application template s as they were at the time when the Container was created and or when the application template s were added to the Container This command does not deal with any user files on the Container vzctl recover 101 Optimizing Container private area vzquota warning Quota is running for id 101 already Setting quota Container is mounted Setup slm memory limit Setup slm subgroup default Container is unmounted Recover OS template redhat el5 x86 Creating Container private area redhat el5 x86 Recovering Container completed successfully 2 The vzctl reinstall command creates a new private area for the problem Container from scratch using its configuration files and its OS and application templates Thus a clean working copy of the Container is created vzctl reinstall 101 Optimizing Container private area Calculating Container disk usage Creating Container private area redhat el5 x86 Starting Container
451. ters to Virtual Networks on the Hardware Node These operations are described in the following subsections in detail Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 204 Listing Adapters You can view the physical and VLAN network adapters currently installed on your Hardware Node using the vznetcfg utility For example you can execute the following command to find out what network adapters are available on your Node vznetcfg if list Name Type Network ID Addresses etho nic 192 168 0 170 22 Glncio As can be seen from the command output only one physical adapter ethO is currently installed on the Hardware Node The information on adapters produced by vznetcfg is presented in the table having the following columns Column Name Description Name The adapter name Type The type of the network adapter which can be one of the following nic denotes a physical adapter vlan stands for a VLAN adapter Network ID The ID of the Virtual Network where the network adapter is connected Detailed information on Virtual Networks is provided in the Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Networks section p 209 Addresses The IP address es and subnet mask s assigned to the network adapter In Parallels Management Console you can list all available adapters on the Node by right clicking the needed Hardware Node and selecting Network Configuration gt Configure Network Adapters on the context menu Hil Hardware Node My Nod
452. tes e g 1000K P specifying this symbol after the value allows you to set the Container memory limit in pages e g 200P M specifying this symbol after the value allows you to set the Container memory limit in megabytes e g 100M G specifying this symbol after the value allows you to set the Container memory limit in gigabytes e g 1G After the memory limit has been successfully set for Container 101 you can view it by running the free command inside this Container vzctl exec 101 free total used free shared buffers cached Mem 102400 46216 56184 0 10582 27748 buffers cache 17936 49748 Swap 204800 0 204800 As can be seen from the example above the specified memory limit is shown as the total memory available to Container 101 In Parallels Management Console to view and or change the amount of memory for a particular Container do the following 1 Select the Parallels Containers item in the Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties Click the Resources tab and select System parameters In the Parameters table double click the slmmemorylimit parameter and if necessary specify the right value for the given Container 4 Click OK Managing Resources 154 Grouping Applications Inside Container SLM provides a mechanism of classifying available applications or processes representing instances of these running applications inside a Con
453. th from the TOTALRATE bandwidth pool if it is not used by other Containers After setting up the above variables start bandwidth management as follows etc init d vz shaperon Starting shaping Ok Set shaping on running Container vz WARNING Can t get tc class for Container 101 we WARNING Cams acessa isle yvar r omn yz2 Ce classes Creating new one vz WARNING Can t get tc class for Container 1 Managing Resources 146 Now you have activated the network bandwidth limits To turn traffic shaping off temporarily use the etc init d vz shaperoff command If you want to disable bandwidth management permanently set the TRAFFIC_SHAPING variable to no in the etc vz vz con configuration file Parallels Management Console provides a convenient means for turning on off network bandwidth management on the Shaping tab of the Traffic Accounting and Shaping window which you can access by doing the following 1 In the left pane of the Management Console window right click the needed Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Traffic Accounting and Shaping on the context menu 2 Goto the Shaping tab of the displayed window Traffic Accounting and Shaping _ Enable traffic shaping N etwork interfaces shaping configuration Enable Interface Bandwidth Kbps Shaping Enabled Disable WS ethd 100000 Yes Edite N etwork classes shaping configuration Enable Class Total rate
454. the I or Tdiff option respectively If you indicate the I or Tdiff option and the utility cannot find the corresponding full backup a full backup is performed You can omit the indication of the Backup Node if you wish to use your local Node to store the backup archive Detailed information on all options which can be passed to the vzabackup utility is provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Before starting to restore any Hardware Nodes or separate Containers previously backed up you might want to view first the information about these Nodes or Containers This can be done by running the vzarestore utility on the Source Node or on any other Node where vzabackup is installed for example vzarestore list storage backup_root 1lqaz2wsx 192 168 200 200 Show existing backups Title Creation date time Type Size Containerl01 Z0O7 OZS1 Wri O7s OOO sewiulil 8 7 9 Nio localhost 2007 02 11 TI 1281070004 full 150 01 Mis MyContainer 2007 02 FIr II SSSL FO00A sili 8 Bal iis comp1 2007 02 11T110447 0004 full 8 68 Mb If you are running vzarestore on the Backup Node itself you may omit the storage option To do the proper restoring of Container 101 issue the following command on the Source Node or on any other Node where vzabackup is installed vzarestore 101 storage backup_root 1lqaz2wsx 192 168 200 200 RESTORE Eiiwiliconumeimice ConitanmecilOil rron IsGilacZi deas A9sil
455. the Containers on a Node are connected among themselves and with the Node by means of a virtual network adapter called venet 0 In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 there is a possibility for a Container to directly access a physical network adapter for example eth1 In this case the adapter becomes inaccessible to the Hardware Node itself This is done with the help of the vzct 1 command vzctl set 101 netdev_add ethl save Add network device ethl Saved parameters for Container 101 Mind that the network device added to a Container in such a way has the following limitations This network device will be accessible only to the Container whereto it has been moved but not to the Hardware Node Container 0 and not to all the other Containers on the Node The port redirection mechanism is not supported for this network device The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers class based traffic shaping if set for the given Container does not limit the bandwidth for this network device If such a device is removed from the Container by means of the vzctl set netdev_del command and added to another Container instead all the network settings of this device are purged To work around this problem you should store all the device settings in the ifcfg dev file and have this file available in the etc sysconfig network scripts directory inside all the Containers that may have access to this device including Container 0 After the device has been a
456. the E mail field of the Your contact information and issue description window Click the Cancel button if you do not wish to dispatch the problem report to the support team at the moment for some reason or other You can do it later on by manually sending the generated zip file to the Parallels support team The full path to this file is indicated in the Submit report window Troubleshooting 361 Establishing Secure Channel to Parallels Support Parallels Virtuozzo Containers provides a special tool Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel which allows you to establish a private secure channel to the Parallels support team server After establishing such a channel the support team will be able to quickly and securely connect to your Node and diagnose and solve your problem The secure connection to your server is achieved through a Virtual Private Network VPN created between the Parallels support team server and your Hardware Node To start using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Support Tunnel tool Make sure the openvpn version 2 0 and above and vzvpn packages are installed on your Node These packages are automatically installed on the Node during the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers installation Make sure that port 80 is opened on the Hardware Node Edit the etc vzvpn vzvpn conf file to specify the correct parameters for your proxy server if you use any Detailed information on these parameters is given in the Parallels
457. the corresponding configuration files or with their modification if you want the changes to apply the next time The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software and or Containers are started Some Parallels Virtuozzo Containers utilities have their own configuration files For example vzbackup which is responsible for backing up Container private areas and configuration files has its own global configuration file etc vzbackup conf and may have a number of per Node configuration files located in the backup directory This directory is defined in the backup global configuration file Both the global backup configuration file and per Node ones are located on a central backup node There are a number of other specific configuration files All of them are detailed in the Configuring Parallels Virtuozzo Containers chapter of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 23 Understanding Licensing To start using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 software and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers management tools Parallels Management Console Infrastructure Manager and Power Panel you need a special license Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license You should install the license on your server after or while installing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 on it Every Hardware Node hosting one or more Containers shall have its own license Licenses are issued by Parallels and define a number of par
458. the limits defined for it the red circle with a white exclamation mark is displayed A Container is allowed to consume more than 100 of its quota only in extreme situations If you do not solve the problem in a reasonable time applications running inside the Operations on Container 51 Container may be denied some of the resources so application crashes and other problems are most probable OS The OS template the Container is based on Architecture The system architecture of the Container Original Sample The name of the configuration sample the Container is based on Description The Container description To facilitate working with Containers you can sort them by different parameters listed in the table above their ID type hostname status IP address etc Just click the column with the appropriate name to put Containers in the desired order Operations on Container 52 Setting Name for Container You can assign an arbitrary name to your Container and use it along with the Container ID to refer to the Container while performing this or that Container related operation on the server For example you can start or stop a Container by specifying the Container name instead of its ID You can assign names to your Containers using the name option of the vzctl set command For example to set the computer1 name for Container 101 you should execute the following command vzctl set 101 name computerl save Name comput
459. the place whither the Container will be restored By default the Container Source Node is selected Only the Nodes registered in Parallels Management Console are shown Operations on Container 95 Restore one or several files and or directories from a particular Container backup You should right click the Container backup whose files directories you wish to restore and select Restore Individual Container Files on the context menu to start the Restore Individual Container Files wizard In this wizard you should Select the Destination Node i e the place whither the Container files directories will be restored Restore Individual Container ct252 Files 2 x Choose Destination Node On this step you should specify either the destination Hardware Node or the path on your local computer where your file s will be restored C Restore to local machine Path oss Restore to Hardware Node Please select the destination Hardware Node you wish to restore the files from Container ct252 to Name E My Node IP Address mccp 3 q swt Platform amp Linux Figure 17 Management Console Launching Restore Individual Container Files Wizard By default the Container Source Node is selected Only the Nodes registered in Parallels Management Console are shown You can also restore the files to your local computer i e to the computer where Parallels Management Console
460. the resources are grouped by their relations to several subsystems for you to easier find information on the resource that interests you CPU parameters Disk Quota parameters Primary UBC parameters Secondary UBC parameters Auxiliary UBC parameters and New SLM parameters The information on the Container parameters is presented in the table having the following columns Column Name Description Name The name of the resource parameter Soft Limit The quota on the consumption of the given resource by the Container In some situations the system may allow the Container to exceed this quota up to the Advanced Tasks 273 limit Hard Limit The quota on the consumption of the given resource by the current Container that cannot be exceeded in any circumstances Description The concise description of the given resource When setting Container system management parameters you can choose one of the following options Select the Memory related parameters button to use UBC parameters to manage Container system resources Detailed information on all UBC parameters is provided in the Managing UBC Resources in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Select the New Service Level Management parameters to use SLM parameters to manage Container system resources Detailed information on these parameters is given in the Managing System Parameters section p 149 Select the All parameters radio button to manage Container system resource using both UBC and
461. the value of the PRIVVMPAGES parameter set in the Container configuration file and 3 is an arbitrary integer coefficient which you can modify to increase decrease the amount of memory in the proc meminfo output Assuming that the privvmpages parameter for Container 101 is set to 10000 your output may look as follows vzctl exec 101 cat proc meminfo MemTotal 120000 kB MemF ree 78248 kB LowTotal 120000 kB LowF ree 78248 kB Buffers QO kB Cached O kB SwapCached O kB HighTotal O kB HighFree O kB As can be seen from the example above the displayed records comply with the same rules as the records in the virtualized in pages mode To revert the output of proc meminfo to the default mode execute the following command vzctl set 101 meminfo none save Advanced Tasks 299 Note If the value specified after the meminfo option exceeds the total amount of memory available on the Parallels server the cat proc meminfo command executed inside a Container will display the information about the total physical memory on this server The save flag in the commands above saves all the parameters to the Container configuration file If you do not want the applied changes to persist you can omit the save option and the applied changes will be valid only till the Container shutdown Creating Local Repository Mirror for vzup2date The vzup2date mirror utility allows you to create local mirrors of the Parallels
462. this command The vzv2p utility used to migrate a Container to a physical server allows you to automatically complete all the aforementioned tasks except for the last one i e you have to manually run the ldconfig command on the server after the Container migration Advanced Tasks 275 Migration Requirements Before starting the migration process please make sure that your physical server and Container meet the following requirements A Linux distribution Fedora Core SUSE Debian etc is installed on your physical server This distribution should correspond to that running inside the Container you are going to migrate A network connection can be established among your physical server and the Hardware Node ssh is installed on both the physical server and the Hardware Node ssh is used to provide secure encrypted and authenticated communication between the server and the Hardware Node You can check if the ssh package is already installed on the server by executing the ssh V command rsync is installed on the physical server rsync is used to copy the Container contents to the physical server If the physical server rsync happens to be incompatible with the Hardware Node use the statically linked rsync from the usr local share vzlinmigrate directory on the physical server as well The distribution configuration file for the Linux distribution running inside the Container to be migrated is present in the etc vz conf dists direct
463. time stamps and the redirection to the file will become broken in the case of a Monitor Node reboot So we recommend that you use the tt ylogd serial console daemon to maintain kernel messages on the Monitor Node Note Some Linux distributions e g SLES 10 SP1 include the netcat utility in their distributions instead of nc If this is your case use net cat to collect kernel messages coming from net console in the same way you would use the nc utility The ttylogd serial console daemon is used to effectively process kernel messages received from netconsole on the Monitor Node This daemon is launched by the etc init d ttylogd script on the system startup and uses the etc ttylogd conf file for the correct control parameters Thus all you need to do to automate the kernel messages collection on the Monitor Node is to install tt ylogd and to edit appropriately its configuration file First you should install the daemon on the Monitor Node if you have not done so before The corresponding package can be found in the virtuozzo RPMS subdirectory on your Virtuozzo Containers 4 0 CD DVD or in your local distribution directory rpm ihv ttylogd 3 0 0 2 swsoft i386 rpm Preparing HHTHTHEPETTEREEETEPET EET EET 100 1 ttylogd FE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE AE E PEER E TTT PEE 1003 Now take a look at the etc ttylog conf file It must comprise a number of string sections of the following type Settings for netconsole PORT3 514 HOST
464. ting nmap V 2 54BETA22 www insecure org nmap IMSS Scalise joes Om i192 iG 0 i The 65531 ports scanned but not shown below are in state closed Port State Service DAL ECTS open ftp BDI CCS open ssh 80 tcp open http LIA fee open sunrpc Troubleshooting 347 Nmap run completed 1 IP address 1 host up scanned in 169 seconds to check if any ports are open that should normally be closed That could however be a problem to remove a rootkit from a Container and make sure it is 100 removed If you re not sure create a new Container for that customer and migrate his her sites and mail there Check the var log directory on the server to find out what is happening on the system There are a number of log files that are maintained by the system and Parallels Virtuozzo Containers the boot log messages etc but other services and programs may also put their own log files here depending on your distribution of Linux and the services and applications that you are running For example there may be logs associated with running a mail server the maillog file automatic tasks the cron file and others However the first place to look into when you are troubleshooting is the var log messages log file It contains the boot messages when the system came up as well as other status messages as the system runs Errors with I O networking and other general system errors are reported in this file So we recommend that you
465. tion wit Hardware Node SSL encryption Agent Figure 2 Management Console Network Architecture The client may control multiple Hardware Nodes simultaneously by connecting to multiple agents as is shown in the figure above As the communications between the client and Parallels Agents are secure the Parallels Management Console workstation may be located virtually anywhere on the net Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 26 Hardware Node Main Window You will feel most comfortable with Parallels Management Console with the screen resolution of 1024x768 or higher The main window of Management Console consists of two parts the tree pane on the left and view pane on the right There is a list of Hardware Nodes in the tree pane The Hardware Node subtree represents various aspects of its management e g Services Logs Templates Backups etc The content of the view pane depends on the selected item in the tree pane 1 Parallels Management Console 4 0 iol x File Action view Help SKARI 55 Parallels Management Manage Containers Create Container la File Manager amp Manage OS and Application Create Container Sample E Monitor Lig Services S Logs amp Templates id Backups Operating System Name Microsoft Windows Server 2003 family E Release 5 2 3790 Service Pack 1 Build 3790 Virtuozzo 4 0 0 License ACTIVE 511 MB
466. tion field you should log off and log in to the physical server anew You can do it either by closing the wizard and starting it again or by clicking on the Back button until you return to the Login to the Server being Migrated window and then proceeding with the wizard in the way described above Detailed information on how you can create new distribution configuration files is provided in the Creating Configuration File for New Linux Distribution section p 312 In the Partition field specify a partition on your physical server which has any user and or user groups quotas imposed on it by selecting the right partition on the drop down menu The selected partition will be then migrated to the Container together with all quotas imposed on this partition Moreover the quota limits that were imposed on the selected partition on the physical server will be applied to the entire Container after the server migration For example you might have created a number of user accounts having access to a certain partition on your physical server and set the maximal amount of disk space these users are allowed to consume within this partition Specifying the name of this partition in the Partition field allows you to move the partition to the Container and to keep all users disk space quotas imposed on it Note 1 If your physical server has several partitions with quota parameters imposed on them the quota parameters for all the partitions other than the one
467. tleneck in a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system that is on the Hardware Node and can slow down the performance of other Containers or of the Node itself Such I O bottlenecks can often be caused by high disk activities in some of your Containers For example a high disk I O load can be generated when you transfer huge amounts of data to from a Container In Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 you can use the following procedure to find Containers that generate the highest disk I O load 1 Run the cat proc bc iostat command on the Node This command shows input output statistics for all Containers on the Node for example cat proc bc iostat SC ili rT 0 699 SS 3584 10143 42776 0 sca IOL 3 0 556 ANAL S007 TESS 40440 0 sda 0 10 O 30914 114739 879107 70227 2166282 0 hdc 0 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 In the command output examine columns 4 the number of queues with I O requests and 9 the number of completed I O requests The Container that has the highest values in these columns generates the highest I O load In our example this is Container 111 3 Enter the problem Container for example using the vzctl enter command or via SSH vzctl enter 111 entered into Container 111 Ci Od basin ora 4 Runtheps axf command inside the Container and look for the processes that are in the B state for a long time for example CT 111 bash 3 2 ps axf IP IED IPSEC STAT TIME COMMAND IER Ss OsOW aime S PLL 2 S lt s 0 00 sbin u
468. to Container 1 4643 8443 Operations on Container 38 In principle now you are ready to start your newly created Container However typically you need to set its network IP address hostname DNS server address and root password before starting the Container for the first time Operations on Container 39 Creating Containers in Parallels Management Console Parallels Management Console uses one wizard both to create a Container and to initially configure it You can launch this wizard by selecting the Parallels Containers item in the left pane and choosing the Create Container option on the Action menu Q Create New Virtuozzo Container 2 x Specify Container Parameters 9 In this window you should specify basic parameters for your Containers You can select a Container Sample from the list below to be used as the basis for the Container creation OS Template Architecture Description x86_64 x86_64 86_64 486_64 486_64 Number of Containers to create 1o B Container Name Description l Container ID Assign Container ID automatically C Assign Container IDs starting from Hostname Root password Assign hostname automatically Password O Hostname Confirm password Coa a Far oes Figure 5 Management Console Creating New Container The main Container parameters including the templates and resource management parameters
469. to consume less resources you may want to make them standalone due to the following reasons The CPanel application does not recognize sshd if it is dependent on xinetd sendmail does not process some rules correctly if it is dependent on xinetd A number of control panel applications and some others are not able to manage xinetd based services at all The courier imapd courier imapds courier pop3d and courier pop3ds services are provided by the courier imap service thus vzsetxinetd can manage these services via the courier imap service Let us assume that you wish to check the mode of the sendmail service and set it to standalone if it is in the xinetd mode First you should check the current status of the sendmail service To this effect type the following command in the command line vzsetxinetd s 222 sendmail where 222 is the Container ID sendmail denotes the name of the corresponding service and the s option gets the status of the sendmail service of the Container with ID 222 The output will tell you if this service has the standalone or x inetd mode sendmail is xinetd service In our case it is in the xinetd mode Now you can change the mode of the sendmail service to standalone To make it standalone type the following line vzsetxinetd 222 sendmail off sendmail is standalone service where off specifies that the sendmail service should be set to the standalone mode The output confirms that the send
470. toring the Container files folders directories otherwise click Back and change the corresponding parameters Note During this operation the Destination Node is supposed to be the same as the Source Node For instructions on how to restore Container files folders directories to a Destination Node other than the Source Node see Managing Backup Node Operations on Container 92 Restoring Group of Containers To restore several Containers of a single Source Node from their backups on the Backup Node 1 Right click the Parallels Containers item under the corresponding Source Node and choose Backup gt Restore Containers The Restore Containers wizard is displayed 2 Select the Backup Node on the Choose Backup Node screen This Node is the place where the backups of the Source Node Containers are stored The Backup Availability column in the list of Backup Nodes shows whether backups have been found on the corresponding Node 3 On the Choose Containers to Restore screen select the Containers you want to restore from the Backup Node O Restore ontainers 71x Choose Containers to Restore On this step pou shouid specify one or several Contaners to be restored on the destination Hardware Node I The wizard has detected backups for the following Contamers on Hardware Node Local Server Please select the Containeds you vash to restore on server Local Server ai SowceNode Tye Backup Date E HA seve Local Server W serve
471. tos 5 conf file go to the first entry and in the right part of the entry specify the name of the script you wish to be run on issuing the vzct1 command with the parameter specified in the left part of the entry For example if you wish the script to be executed while assigning a new IP address to your Container and the script has the my_centos_script name your entry should look as follows ADD_IP my_centos_script add_ip sh Note The information on all acceptable parameters and their description are provided in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide Repeat Step 4 for all entries in the file Place the scripts for the new Linux distribution to the etc vz conf dists scripts directory on the Node Make sure the names of these scripts coincide with those specified in the centos 5 conf file Advanced Tasks 313 Rebooting Container When you issue the reboot command at your Linux box console the command makes the reboot system call with argument restart which is passed to the server BIOS The Linux kernel then reboots the server For obvious reasons this system call is blocked inside Containers no Container can access BIOS directly otherwise a reboot inside a Container would reboot the whole Hardware Node That is why the reboot command inside a Container actually works in a different way On executing the reboot command inside a Container the Container is stopped and then started by Parallels Agent whi
472. tuozzo Containers 64 bit version only to Hardware Nodes running the same Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version So a Container created under the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers version for the JIA 64 processors can be migrated only to a Hardware Node with the same Parallels Virtuozzo Containers version installed Except for these points using Parallels Virtuozzo Containers for 64 bit processors does not differ from working with its 32 bit counterpart For example you can use any Hardware Node as a Backup Node irrespective of a Parallels Virtuozzo Containers version installed on this Node So you can back up a Container from the Node running the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 32 bit version and store it on the Node running any Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 64 bit version and vice versa More information on Container backups is provided in the Backing Up and Restoring Containers section p 66 Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 18 Distinctive Features of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers The concept of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is distinct from the concept of traditional virtual machines in the respect that Containers always run the same OS kernel as the host system Linux on Linux Windows on Windows etc This single kernel implementation technology allows you to run Containers with a near zero overhead Thus Parallels Virtuozzo Containers offer an order of magnitude higher efficiency and manageability than traditional
473. u are creating an OS template set of the base OS EZ template for RHEL 4 you must set the value of this parameter to x8 6 setname the name to be assigned to your non base OS EZ template You can specify any name you like for your OS template set This name will be added to the name of the base OS EZ template after the indication of the architecture where the OS EZ template is to be run For example if you are creating an OS template set of the base OS EZ template for RHEL 4 which is supposed to run on x86 platforms the name of your non base OS EZ template should look like the following redhat as4 x86 Template_Name 1 0 l noarch rpm where Template_Name is the name you specify as the value of the ssetname parameter This name will also be assigned to the directory which will store the meta data of your non base OS EZ template after the template installation on the server For example it will have the name of vz template redhat as4 x86 config os my_non_base_template after you set the value of this parameter to my_non_base_template created a non base OS EZ template for RHEL 4 and installed it on the server Spackages a list of RPM packages to be included in the non base OS EZ template This parameter allows you to specify what applications will be present inside your Containers based on this OS EZ template set right after their installation The names of the packages listed as the value of this parameter must correspond t
474. u can see the redhat e15 x86 and fedora core 8 x86 OS EZ templates are currently available on the server The time displayed beyond OS EZ templates indicates when the corresponding EZ template was cached You can also use the with summary option to display brief information on the installed OS EZ templates vzpkg list O with summary redhat el5 x86 Red Hat Enterprise Linux v 5 Server EZ OS template fedora core 8 x86 Fedora Core 8 EZ OS template For complete information on the vzpkg list command you can consult the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide In Parallels Management Console you only have to click the Templates item under the corresponding Hardware Node name and then the OS Templates tab to see a list of the installed OS EZ templates gt Parallels Management Console 4 0 aj My_Node amp 4 File Manager E Monitor Description D fedora core 7 x86_64 Fedora Core 7 for di redhat as3 minimal x86_64 20061020 Red Hat Enterpris Ap redhat as4 x86_64 20060815 Red Hat Enterpris Figure 4 Management Console Listing EZ OS Templates Operations on Container 36 OS EZ templates can be easily identified by the EZ inscription displayed in the Generation column next to the corresponding template name List of Supported Linux Distributions for Containers The current version of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers allows you to create Containers running the following Linux distributio
475. ue Description actionlogdir backups_mode bandwidth confiofile def_ostemplate BY disk_quota dumpdir http_proxy iptables ipv6 lockdir log_level logfile y z actionlog standard eth0 100000 basic fedora core 4 ves yvz dump ipt_REJECT ipt_tos ipt_limit i no fvz lock 0 var log vzctl log A 121 ii Figure 21 Management Console Enabling Per Container Disk Quota 2 In the displayed window you can view the current status of the disk_quota parameter and modify it if necessary 3 Click the Apply button Parallels Management Console does not let you enable disable disk quotas for separate Containers thus overriding the global setting If the first level quotas are on by default there is no way to rescind the calculation of quota data for a Container by means of Management Console However you can allow this Container to have an almost unlimited disk space and the number of inodes by doing the following 1 Click Parallels Containers in the Management Console left pane right click the needed Container in the right pane and choose Properties 2 Click the Resources tab and select the Disk Quota item Managing Resources 122 Properties of Container ct133 We CPU parameters saae Name Soft Limit Hard Limit Description ystem parameters diskinodes 200000 inodes 220000 inodes Number of disk in diskspace 1024 MB 1126 MB Total size of disk ioprio 4 un
476. ult backup parameters are used for creating the Container backup You can only set the backup description and configure the default backup policy Note Detailed information on what default backup parameters are and how to manage them is given in the Setting Default Backup Parameters subsection p 70 Custom select this radio button to manually set the parameters to be applied to the resulting backup archive In this case you will have to go through a number of additional steps Steps 3 and 4 of the Schedule Backup Task for Container s wizard and set the necessary parameters of the Container backup one by one 3 Specify the files and directories to be included in the backup Schedule Backup Task for Container s Choose Files to Back Up 2 x Please check one or several files to include in the backup You can also specify the 9 mask for the files to be excluded Type Size Modified Entire Contents of Container ct250 g L bin M boot M y dev M ete M g home A g initrd ib D ib amp 4 J media IJ mnt Excludes Matching the following criteria Directory Directory Directory Directory Directory Directory Directory Directory Directory Directory 2008 01 08 13 55 2004 08 12 21 02 2008 01 08 16 42 2008 01 08 16 42 2008 01 08 13 55 2004 08 12 21 02 2008 01 08 13 55 2008 01 08 13 55 2004 08 12 21 02 2004 08 12 21 02 Add Edit Remove
477. uota limits Moreover the quota limits imposed on the selected partition will be applied to the entire Container after the server migration While migrating your physical server running a Linux operating system with the security enhanced SE Linux kernel please keep in mind that the SE Linux kernel is currently not supported by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Therefore the Container where the server running the SE Linux distribution has been migrated will not support the SE security features If any of your files and or directories on the physical server have extended attributes associated with them these attributes will be lost after the server migration Raw devices on the physical server cannot and will not be migrated to the Container on the Hardware Node If you are running an application which is bound to the physical server MAC address you will not be able to run this application inside the Container after the server migration In this case you can do one of the following If you are running a licensed application you should obtain a new license and install the application inside the Container anew If you are running a non licensed application you can try to reconfigure the application and to make it work without being bound to any MAC address If the migration process fails on the step of transferring files and directories from the physical server to the Container by means of rsync the vz private CT_ID directory on t
478. up compression level p 74 the default backup type p 76 All the aforementioned operations are described in the following subsections in detail Operations on Container 71 Assigning Default Backup Node When you are backing up Containers from a Source Node you always specify on which Node the resulting backups will placed i e the Backup Node Parallels Management Console allows you to set the default Backup Node for the given Source Node i e for the Node for which the window has been invoked by doing the following 1 Right click the respective Source Node and choose Backup gt Set Default Backup Options 2 Click the Change button next to the Server field Ry Backup Storage a 2 x Specify the Backup Node where the resulting Container backup is to be stored Use local Hardware Node Choose Hardware Node from the list below N ame l IP Address j Local Server 10 30 16 120 gNode_2 10 30 16 222 gt Help Cancel 3 Inthe Backup Storage windows do the following If you do not want to use a dedicated Node for storing Container backups select the Use local Hardware Node radio button and click OK to set the Source Node as the default Backup Node If you are going to use a dedicated Node for storing Container backups select the Choose Hardware Node from the list below radio button The table below this radio button lists all Nodes registered in Parall
479. upied ID to the Container For example if you already have Containers with IDs from 101 through 105 and 107 the Container will be assigned the ID of 106 Select the Assign Container IDs starting from radio button to manually specify the ID to be assigned to the Container If you are creating several Containers at once the specified ID will denote the starting ID for the first created Container For example if you are making 2 Containers and indicate 110 in the field provided the first Container will be assigned the ID of 110 and the second one the ID of 111 provided you do not already have Containers with such IDs The Hostname group of options on the first page of the wizard shown above might help you make use of your DNS server If your DNS server has records for the IP addresses that will be assigned to the newly created Containers select the Assign hostname automatically radio button The hostnames will be assigned on the basis of DNS records found Selecting the Hostname radio button allows you to manually set a hostname for the Container As in the case of assigning names to your Containers you should use the VEID placeholder if you are creating several Containers at once This placeholder is then automatically replaced with the ID of the Container being created By default the root account is disabled in a newly created Container To enable this account you may enter the root password on the first page of the wizard If
480. ur contact information and issue description window starts collecting Parallels Virtuozzo Containers logs and information on your system and network settings into a special file This file will be sent to the Parallels support team upon the completion of the wizard The file does not contain any private information After the utility has gathered all the necessary information on your Node the Submit report window is displayed Figure 59 Submitting Problem Report Sending Report to Parallels In this window you can do one of the following Click the Submit button to send your problem report to the Parallels technical support team The report is dispatched directly to Parallels by using the HTTP protocol and port 80 However if you use an HTTP proxy server for handling all your HTTP requests and wish your problem report to be sent via this server you should specify the hostname or IP address of the server in the etc vz vz conf configuration file on the Hardware Node as the value of the HTTP_PROXY parameter After the problem report has been successfully sent to the Parallels support the Congratulations window is displayed informing you of the ID assigned to your report you should use this ID every time you communicate with the Parallels support via e mail or the Parallels Helpdesk support tool that an e mail message providing you with detailed information on your problem report has been sent to the e mail address you specified in
481. used to create new Containers with a preinstalled operating system Application templates are used to install an application or a set of applications in Containers See also Standard template and EZ template UBC is an abbreviation of User Beancounter User Beancounter is the subsystem of the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software for managing Container memory and some system related resources VENET device is a virtual networking device a gateway from a Container to the external network Virtual Environment or VE is an obsolete designation of a Container Virtuozzo Control Center or VZCC is an obsolete designation of Parallels Virtual Automation Virtuozzo File System VZFS is a virtual file system for mounting to Container private areas VZES symlinks are seen as real files inside Containers Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license is a special license that you should load to the Hardware Node to be able to start using the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers software Every Hardware Node shall have its own license Virtual Private Server or VPS is an obsolete designation of a Container Parallels Agent or Parallels Agent Protocol is an XML based protocol used to monitor and manage a Hardware Node The Parallels Agent software implements this protocol and is a backend for the Parallels Management Console Index A About Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Software 14 About This Guide 10 Accessing Devices From Inside Container
482. virtualization technologies OS Virtualization From the point of view of applications and Container users each Container is an independent system This independence is provided by a virtualization layer in the kernel of the host OS Note that only a negligible part of the CPU resources is spent on virtualization around 1 2 The main features of the virtualization layer implemented in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers are the following Container looks like a normal Linux system It has standard startup scripts software from vendors can run inside Container without Parallels Virtuozzo Containers specific modifications or adjustment A user can change any configuration file and install additional software Containers are fully isolated from each other file system processes Inter Process Communication IPC sysct1 variables Containers share dynamic libraries which greatly saves memory Processes belonging to a Container are scheduled for execution on all available CPUs Consequently Containers are not bound to only one CPU and can use all available CPU power Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 19 Virtuozzo File System Virtuozzo File System VZFS is a file system that allows sharing common files among multiple Containers without sacrificing flexibility It is possible for Container users to modify update replace and delete shared files When a user modifies a shared file VZFS creates a private copy of the
483. vzct 1 create when creating a new Container on its basis If you generate a Container sample by splitting Hardware Node resources via Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools the resulting Container sample is put to the var vzagent etc samples directory This sample can then be used by Parallels Virtuozzo Containers tools when creating a new Container on its basis Managing Resources 167 Scaling Container Configuration Any configuration or configuration sample file can prove insufficient for your needs You might have an application which does not fit into existing configurations The easiest way of producing a Container configuration is to scale an existing one Scaling produces a heavier or lighter configuration in comparison with an existing one All the parameters of the existing configuration are multiplied by a given number A heavier configuration is produced with a factor greater than 1 and a lighter one with a factor between 0 and 1 Note If you create a new sample on the basis of an existing sample using the vzcfgscale command line utility the resulting Container sample is put to the etc vz conf directory This sample can then be used by vzct 1 create when creating a new Container on its basis The session below shows how to produce a configuration sample 50 heavier than the basic configuration shipped with Parallels Virtuozzo Containers cd etc vz conft vzcfgscale a 1 5 o ve improved conf sample ve ba
484. w by double clicking the corresponding Container line in the right pane of the Management Console window 2 Expand the Monitor item and select the Network folder You can now see the network traffic statistics for the given Container in the right pane of the window Managing Resources 145 Turning On and Off Network Bandwidth Management Traffic shaping also known as network bandwidth management allows you to control what network bandwidth a Container receives for outgoing traffic Traffic shaping is off by default in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers and is controlled by the TRAFFIC_SHAPING variable in the etc vz vz conf global configuration file Note Container incoming traffic cannot be controlled in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers To turn traffic shaping on you need to complete the following steps Set the value of TRAFFIC_SHAPING to yes in the global configuration file Correctly set up the BANDWIDTH and TOTALRATE parameters values Start traffic shaping with the etc init d vz shaperon command The BANDWIDTH variable is used for specifying the network rate in kilobits per second of available network adapters By default it is set to ethO 102400 which corresponds to a 100Mb s Fast Ethernet card If your server has more network adapters installed you need to update this variable to list all the adapters participating in shaping For example in case of two Fast Ethernet cards this variable sh
485. ware Node network configuration interfaces DNSs IP addresses etc The Disks tab describes disks available on the Hardware Node and their utilization Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Philosophy 28 Parallels Virtual Automation Overview Parallels Virtual Automation is designed for Hardware Node administrators and provides them with the ability to manage multiple Hardware Nodes and all Containers residing on them with the help of a standard web browser on any platform A list of supported browsers is given below Internet Explorer 6 and above Firefox 2 0 and above Safari 3 0 and above Chances are that you will also be able to use other browsers but Parallels Virtuozzo Containers has not been extensively tested with them The Parallels Virtual Automation interface has been designed to let the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers server administrator quickly perform all possible tasks through an intuitive navigation system Parallels EEES lemina P Sn enrm Om Cmte Sabb atten hee ee oe O Kea Infrastructure E OD Te ery SY Hardware Medes Viua Irvrorrverts Qemoeceo Lop bechgpe Soorty A togat Yew amp Fein Overview arda indies and AOR EPEA in your Oat Pa CAN CITT Re Pyoerinved S Teme cee the TEDA HOS Of Dts Laure commen teas from the Tacks goo T esoarce Lerary Prius fnri semeris Overall Status Stshs Tashi Tah Techsebey Toish i A vre w franare es Dare romy Sena t Lo D Meihana 0 t sonl 3 I
486. ware Nodes 234 Viewing License In order to view the information on the license and find out its current status Parallels ships a special vzlicview utility When executed this utility checks the license currently installed on the Hardware Node and prints the license contents along with its status obtained from the kernel A sample output of vzlicview is given below vzlicview Show installed licenses VZSRV status ACTIVE version 4 0 serial 6BWMF2 560MM0 D28DQA C5 9NTE 10H6HG expiration 12 01 2006 23 59 59 graceperiod 86400 86400 key_number VZ 00000001 0000 cpu_total 64 1 eo potal e70n 4 max_vzmcpmc_users 128 max_pim_users 260 platform Any product Parallels Virtuozzo Containers vzpp_allowed 1 backup_mgmt_allowed 1 workflow_mgmt_allowed 1 vzagent_allowed 1 architecture Any The command output shows the full information about the Hardware Node license The main license parameters which may be of interest to you are listed in the following table Column Name Description The status of the license currently installed on the Hardware Node The information on all license statuses is provided in the status n Fi Parallels Virtuozzo Containers License Statuses subsection p 235 The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers version with which the version 3 license is compatible serial The Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license serial number expiration date The license expiration date if it i
487. well as delete any of these backups or restore them in the manner depicted above Operations on Container 99 Scheduling Container Backups Parallels Management Console allows you to automate the task of backing up your Containers by setting Container backups to be run on a schedule So you can specify certain time intervals when the Container backup will be automatically performed A schedule can be set for a Container to be backed up at different intervals daily weekly monthly It is also possible to specify a particular day of month for a Container backup to be executed Parallels Management Console provides you with a special wizard Schedule Task for Backing Up Containers helping you schedule the time when for your Containers are to be backed up To invoke the wizard right click the Scheduled Tasks item under the corresponding Hardware Node name and select Schedule New Task gt Back Up Containers on the context menu In this wizard you should 1 Choose the Containers to be backed up on the schedule you will set on the following steps of the wizard To this effect click the Add button in the top right corner of the Choose Containers to Backup Up window select the names of the corresponding Containers and click OK When you are read click Next to proceed with the wizard 2 Choose the Container backup mode Default select this radio button to back up the Container using the default backup mode When run in this mode the defa
488. window select the Offline Management item and clear the Enable offline management check box Properties of Container ct101 Enl General Network Adapters Select this check box to enable access to the Container by means of IL IP Addresses Parallels Power Panel E Offline Management Traffic Shaping _ Enable offline management Use system defautt rs OE coe toy l l On this screen you can also manage the offline services which will be available to the Container For this a Leave the Enable offline management check box selected b Click the name of the corresponding offline service and use the Enable Disable buttons to subscribe the Container to or unsubscribe it from this service If you have made some changes to any of the offline services and wish to restore the system default values click the Apply System Defaults button at the bottom of the Properties window 4 Click OK You can disable the offline management for all Containers residing on the Node at once 1 Right click the Hardware Node name and select Tasks gt Manage Offline Services Mastering Parallels Management Console 331 2 On the Parallels Power Panel tab of the Offline Services Configuration window clear the Enable Parallels Power Panel and Parallels Infrastructure Manager services check box On the Offline Services tab you can also manage the offline services which will be availa
489. wing The ethO physical adapter and the vznetwork1 Virtual Network exist on the Hardware Node For information on how to create Virtual Networks please turn to the Creating Virtual Network subsection p 210 The ethO physical adapter is connected to the local network Container 101 and Container 102 are connected to the vznetwork1 Virtual Network Detailed information on how to join Containers to Virtual Networks is given in the Connecting Containers to Virtual Networks subsection To connect the eth0O adapter to the vznetwork1 Virtual Network and thus to join Container 101 and 102 to the local network you should issue the following command on the Node vznetcfg net addif vznetwork1 eth0 To check that the eth0O physical adapter has been successfully added to the vznetworkl1l Virtual Network you can execute the following command vznetcfg if list Name Type Network ID Addresses etho nic vznetworkl 12 LG 0 170 22 cline As you can see the et hO adapter is now joined to the vznetwork1 Virtual Network which means that Container 101 and 102 whose virtual network adapters are connected to vznetwork1 can access the local network behind et ho At any time you can disconnect the ethO physical adapter from the vznetwork1 Virtual Network and thus detach Container 101 and 102 from the local network by running the following command vznetcfg net delif eth0 To check that the physical adapter has been successfully disconnecte
490. with a large amount of disk space e g 6 Gb by means of Parallels Management Console finishes with the following error message The request was timed out However the backup process continues running and the Container backup is successfully created on the Backup Node after a while which can be checked by exploring the vz backup directory on this Node where all Container backups are stored by default Solution The problem is caused by the fact that the timeout limit set by Parallels Agent for the Container backup process in Management Console has been reached This limit is equal to 3600 seconds by default You can increase the maximal backup timeout value by performing the following operations 1 In Management Console right click on the Hardware Node name and select Tasks gt Manage Parallels Agent Configuration on the context menu In the left part of the displayed window choose backm gt configuration gt timeouts Double click the backup parameter in the right part of the Parallels Agent Configuration window and specify the needed time in seconds in the Parameter value field 4 Click OK Failure to Display List of Container Backups You created a number of Container backups on the Backup Node and now wish to view them However the process of displaying your Container backups takes a very long time or even goes into infinity Solution By default the timeout limit for the Container backup search process is set to a very
491. xample above two Virtual Networks vznetwork1 and vznetwork2 exist on the Hardware Node The information on these Virtual Networks is presented in the table having the following columns Network ID Status Master Interface Slave Interfaces The name assigned to the Virtual Network Indicates the status of the Virtual Network It can be one of the following active the Virtual Network is up and running configured the information on the Virtual Network is present in the etc vz vznet conf file on the Hardware Node however the bridge to which the Virtual Network is bound is down or absent from the Node Note Detailed information on the vznet conf file is given in the Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4 6 Reference Guide The name of the physical VLAN adapter on the Hardware Node connected to the Virtual Network if any The name of the veth virtual network adapters joined to the Virtual Network if any To list the Virtual Network on the Node in Parallels Management Console you can do the following 1 Right click the needed Hardware Node and select Network Configuration gt Configure Virtual Networks on the context menu Managing Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Network 213 E Virtual Networks Eo oo 2 x Virtual Networks In this window you can define one or more Virtual Networks and connect them to the corespondig network interfaces Networks Name Connection Status Assigned Interface 2 vz
492. y checks constraints on the resource management parameters and displays all the constraint violations found There can be three levels of violation severity Recommendation This is a suggestion which is not critical for Container or server operations The configuration is valid in general however if the system has enough memory it is better to increase the settings as advised Warning A constraint is not satisfied and the configuration is invalid The Container applications may not have optimal performance or may fail in an ungraceful way Error An important constraint is not satisfied and the configuration is invalid The Container applications have increased chances to fail unexpectedly to be terminated or to hang In the scenario above the first run of the vzcfgvalidate utility found a critical error for the kmemsize parameter value After setting reasonable values for kmemsize the resulting configuration produced only recommendations and the Container can be safely run with this configuration You can also validate any configuration sample file the given Hardware Node has by means of Parallels Management Console For this do the following 1 Click the Container Sample item in the Hardware Node name right click the needed sample configuration file in the right pane and select Properties 2 Select the Resources tab and click the Validate button A window appears informing you of the results For example Managing Resources
493. y on the Node and look for the configuration file of your Linux distribution It should have the name of Linux_Distribution_Name version conf where Linux_Distribution_Name and version denote the name of the Linux distribution running on your physical server and its version respectively e g redhat 5 conf Advanced Tasks 262 Migrating Physical Server to Container Now that you have created the configuration file and copied it to the Hardware Node you can start the migration procedure itself To migrate a physical server to a Container the vzp2v utility is used Let us assume that you wish to migrate a physical server running the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 5 RHEL 5 operating system and having the IP address of 199 199 109 109 to Container 101 on your Hardware Node moreover you are supposed to use the root user name and the 3e5rrt4 password to log in to the server To this effect you should issue the following command on the Node vzp2v root 199 199 109 109 ctid 101 c etc ve conft q private_data t d rhel 5 redhat el5 x86 exclude proc exclude usr games S iptables crond The options passed to the vzp2v utility in the example above are explained in the following table Option Name Description ctid Mandatory The ID of the Container that will be created on the Node and where the physical server will be migrated You can specify any unoccupied ID on the Node 6 Mandatory The full path to the c
494. you can view all available services by clicking on the Services folder item in the tree below the Hardware Node name or the Container name or clicking on the Manage Unix Services link on the corresponding summary page 2 When working with the command line you can use the vzps or vztop utilities to display all the processes that are currently running in your system Managing Services and Processes 191 Main Operations on Services and Processes The ability to monitor and control processes and services in your Parallels Virtuozzo Containers system is essential because of the profound influence they have on the operation and performance of your whole system The more you know about what each process or service is up to the easier it will be to pinpoint and solve problems when they creep in The most common tasks associated with managing services in the Host Operating System of the Hardware Node or inside a Container are starting stopping enabling and disabling a service For example you might need to start a service in order to use certain server based applications or you might need to stop or pause a service in order to perform testing or to troubleshoot a problem For xinetd dependent services you do not start and stop but enable and disable services The services enabled in this way are started and stopped on the basis of the corresponding state of the x inetd daemon Disabled services are not started whatever the x inetd state The
495. you leave the Password and Confirm password fields blank the root account will remain disabled Clicking the Next button displays the window where you can specify the settings for Container virtual network adapters Operations on Container 41 Q Create New Virtuozzo Container 2 xi Specify Network Settings for Container s 9 This window allows you to create additional virtual network adapters for your Container s and configure their properties Interfaces Interface Type IP Address Connected to venetO Host routed Add Interface Properties Remove Details Figure 6 Management Console Configuring Container Network Adapters This window allows you to Assign one or more IP addresses to the venet 0 virtual network adapter which is the default adapter created for every Container on the Hardware Node To this effect select the adapter name click the Properties button and in the displayed window enter the needed IP addresses Create additional virtual network adapters for the Container by clicking the Add Interface button and entering the necessary information in the displayed window As distinct from the default adapter operating in the host routed mode all additional network adapters are set to work in the bridged mode For detailed information on what host routed and bridged modes are and how to manage virtual network adapters operating in these modes turn to the Managing Parallels

Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.6 for Linux

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents