Laser Diode Driver Manual
Contents
1. U S Nationally UL 61010 1 2 ed Recognized Testing Laboratory Listing ISA 82 02 01 Canadian CAN CSA C22 2 No Certification 61010 1 4 ed Additional IEC 61010 1 2001 Compliance Equipment Type Test and Measuring Safety Class Class equipment as defined in IEC60950 1 2001 Replaces 89 336 EEC Compliance demonstrated using high quality shielded interface cables shorter than or equal to 3 meters 3 Compliance demonstrated with CAB400 cable installed at the LD OUT port Emissions which exceed the levels required by these standards may occur when this equipment is connected to a test object 5 MOD IN port capped at IEC 61000 4 3 test Replaces 73 23 EEC amended by 93 68 EEC 32 2014 Thorlabs 5 Appendix 5 3 Warranty Thorlabs warrants material and production of the LDC200C Series for a period of 24 months starting with the date of shipment During this warranty period Thorlabs will see to defaults by repair or by exchange if these are entitled to warranty For warranty repairs or service the unit must be sent back to Thorlabs The customer will carry the shipping costs to Thorlabs in case of warranty repairs Thorlabs will carry the shipping costs back to the customer If no warranty repair is applicable the customer also has to carry the costs for back shipment In case of shipment from outside EU duties taxes etc which should arise have to be carried by the customer Thorlabs warrants the hard and soft2. 0 b O Laser Diode Controller LDC200C Series Operation Manual OPEN LIMIT j OTP DISPLAY MODE mm UM LIMI Q luv mu Q lo CAL Po X lt E ev ES ex m Occ PD RANGE 2014 ORLES Version 6 2 Date 31 Jan 2014 Copyright 2014 Thorlabs Contents Foreword 1 General Information 1 1 Laser Diode Protection Features LJ J gd D 1 2 Safety 1 3 Ordering Codes and Accessories 2 Getting Started 2 1 Parts List 2 2 Preparation 2 3 Operating elements co o OOo 100 A CQ 2 4 First Operation e 3 Operating Instruction 3 1 External Connections 3 1 1 Laser Diode Output 3 1 2 LD and PD polarities N 3 1 3 Interlock oo 3 1 4 Analog Out ES A 3 2 Setting the Current Limit A 3 3 Constant Current Mode CC ES A oa 3 4 Constant Power Mode CP 3 5 Calibration of Optical Power Display o 3 6 External Analog Modulation 3 7 Overtemperature Protection 0h NN 3 8 Disabling the Beeper 3 9 Remote Operation 4 Maintenance and Service 4 1 Line Voltage Setting N N o o N 4 2 Replacing Mains Fuses 4 3 Troubleshooting N N 5 Appendix 5 1 Technical Data N N A A 5 1 1 LDC200CV N 3 5 1 2 LDC201CU N o 5 1 3 LDC202C N N 5 1 4 LDC205C N
3. 5 V Ultra Low Noise 200 mA 10V 500 mA 10 V 1A 10V 2A 4V 4A 5V Laser diode mounts for different laser diode packages Temperature controlled laser diode mount for 3 and 4 pin TO18 packages 9 TCLDM9 LDM21 LM14S2 mm CD 5 6 mm CD Miniature sized temperature controlled laser diode mount for 3 and 4 pin TO18 packages 9 mm CD 5 6 mm CD laser diode mount for laser modules in a 14 pin butterfly package programmable pinning Please visit our homepage http www thorlabs com for further information 2014 Thorlabs LDC200C Series 2 Getting Started 2 1 Parts List Inspect the shipping container for damage If the shipping container seems to be damaged keep it until you have inspected the contents and you have inspected the LDC200C Series controller mechanically and electrically Verify that you have received the following items within the package 1 1LDC200C Series controller 2 1 power cord connector according to ordering country 3 1 operation manual 4 1 connection cable CAB400 2 2 Preparation Prior to operate a LDC200C Series controller check if the set line voltage matches with your local power supply and if the appropriate fuses are inserted See sections Line Voltage Setting 20 and Replacing the Mains Fuses 21 Connect the unit to the power line using the supplied cable Turn the unit on by pressing the line switch F10 91 If required the chassis ground can be connected t
4. Setting the laser diode current The analog modulation input MOD IN input R2 is DC coupled the input voltage ranges from 10V to 10V The input resistance of the input MOD IN is gt 10 kQ A voltage applied to this input is converted to a current value which is then superposed to the LD set value adjusted with the rotary knob F9 The conversion coefficient depends on the max nominal output current of the controller and can be calculated to Kyop Imax 10V mA V where is the max output current for the given controller Example For a LDC202C with a max output current of 200mA the conversion coefficient Kyop is equal to 20mAN If the adjusting knob F9 is set to it s left stop position corresponding to a zero injection current the laser diode set current value can be controlled externally by an analog DC voltage of 0 10 V applied to the MOD IN input R2 18 2014 Thorlabs 3 Operating Instruction If knob F9 is at its right stop position corresponding to the max injection current a DC voltage of 10 0 V can be used to decrease the injection current The laser current output must be switched on otherwise a current control via MOD IN is impossible Monitoring the laser current The output CTL OUT R3 10 delivers a DC voltage proportional to the actual laser current The output voltage ranges from e 0 10 V with cathode grounded e 0 10 V with anode grounded Load r
5. The LDC200C Series includes the following types e LDC200CV designed for safe operation of VCSEL laser diodes e LDC201CU ultra low noise current 0 20A RMS e LDC202C LDC205C and LDC210C enhanced compliance voltage gt 10V for use with blue laser diodes e LDC240C higher current 4A The LDC200C Series controllers are easy to operate via the operating elements on the front panel Operating parameters are shown on a 5 digit LED display UP DOWN keys allow to select the parameter to be displayed After switching on a LDC200C Series laser diode controller it remains in LASER OFF mode The laser current can be switched on off using the appropriate key at the front panel Additionally the laser current can be switched by applying a TTL signal to the LD remote input at the rear of the unit The laser and the photodiode are connected via a 9 pin D SUB jack at the rear of the unit The output for the laser diode and the input for the photodiode are bipolar thus all polarities of commercial available laser diodes can be connected The injection current or the optical output power of the laser diode can be modulated applying a modulation signal to the input at the rear of the unit A voltage proportional to the laser diode current is provided for monitoring purposes at an analog control output at the rear If an error occurs or the limit for the laser current is reached the corresponding LED lights up and a short beep gives a warn
6. If the laser diode was connected correctly see above but the polarity of the laser diode was selected wrong with the key LD POL F23 an OPEN error will be indicated LED OPEN F4 After pressing LASER ON F8 the LED OPEN F4 extinguishes and the output can be switched on by pressing LASER ON F8 again Biasing the photodiode If the photodiode shall be operated with bias voltage a battery can be connected in series to the photodiode If the photodiode is of AG polarity connect the positive terminal of the battery to the cathode of the photodiode and the negative terminal of the battery to pin 2 If the photodiode is of CG polarity connect the negative terminal of the battery to the anode of the photodiode and the positive terminal of the battery to pin 4 12 2014 Thorlabs 3 Operating Instruction a es ee A lt 3 AG with Bias CG with Bias Attention A wrong polarity of the battery may destroy the photodiode due to a forward current flowing through it 3 1 3 Interlock Pin 1 and pin 5 of the LD OUT jack R6 11 are the interface of the interlock circuit 1 1 W LED LASER ON 5 5 The interlock output represents a current source while the voltage across the external circuit connected to pin 1 and 5 is being observed As soon as this voltage rises above a certain threshold 2 5V the external circuit is considered as open the laser current output is disabled and the
7. Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ lt 5 HA Compliance Voltage gt alo o clo Ofc o e lt o 5 Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ 3 pA Transients typ 1 mA 20 uA O 3 gt N R gt o c wo typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient 50 ppm C Current Limit Setting Range Power Control Constant Power Mode Photo Current Control Range 50 uA to 20 mA 1 VA 20 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input Input Resistance 10 KQ Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode DC to 100 kHz Modulation Coefficient CC Mode 100 mA V 5 Modulation Coefficient CP Mode 2 MA V 5 Laser Current Monitor Output Load Resistance 210 kO Transmission Coefficient 10 V A 5 General data Maximum Power Consumption 40 VA Weight 3 1 kg All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 2014 Thorlabs 29 LDC200C Series 5 1 6 LDC220C Current Control Constant Current Mode Control Range O to 2 A gt 4V 100 pA 2 0 mA Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ 15 pA Compliance Voltage Resolution gt Q re c ber o Q lt Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ lt 5 pA Transients typ lt 2 mA Drift 24hours lt 100 pA typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient lt 50 ppm C Current Limit Setting Range Resolution Power Control Constant Power M
8. Ol o 2 Ejo 8 5 Ss lt A 5 3 a v Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ 0 5 pA Transients typ 10 HA 1 pA O 3 gt N R gt o c wo typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient lt 50 ppm C O c o 3 d m 3 zi 0 to gt 20 mA 1 uA 50 pA D PE SE Re UR Power Control Constant Power Mode Photo Current Control Range 5 pA to 2 mA 0 1 pA 2 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input 10 kO DC to 100 kHz 2 mAN 5 0 2 mA V 5 Input Resistance Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode Modulation Coefficient CC Mode Modulation Coefficient CP Mode Laser Current Monitor Output gt 10 KQ 500 V A 5 Load Resistance Transmission Coefficient General data Maximum Power Consumption Weight All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 2014 Thorlabs 25 LDC200C Series 5 1 2 LDC201CU Current Control Constant Current Mode Control Range 0 to 100 mA 25V 10 pA 50 uA Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ 0 2 pA Compliance Voltage Resolution gt Q re c ber o Q lt Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ lt 0 5 pA Transients typ 10 HA Drift 24hours lt 2 pA typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient lt 50 ppm C Current Limit 0 to gt 100 mA 10 pA 200 pA Setting Range Resolution
9. Power Control Constant Power Mode Photo Current Control Range 25 pA to 10 mA 1 VA 10 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input Input Resistance 10 KQ Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode DC to 0 2 kHz Modulation Coefficient CC Mode 10 mA V 5 Modulation Coefficient CP Mode 1 mA 5 Laser Current Monitor Output Load Resistance 210 kO Transmission Coefficient 100 V A 5 General data Maximum Power Consumption 20 VA Weight 3 1 kg All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 26 2014 Thorlabs 5 Appendix 5 1 3 LDC202C Current Control Constant Current Mode Control Range 0 to 200 mA gt 10 V 10 pA 100 pA Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ 1 5 pA Compliance Voltage gt alo o clo Ofc o e lt o 5 Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ 1 5 pA Transients typ 0 2 mA 3 pA O 3 gt N R gt o c wo typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient 50 ppm C Current Limit 0 to gt 200 mA 10 pA 500 pA Setting Range Power Control Constant Power Mode Photo Current Control Range 25 pA to 10 mA 1 VA 10 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input Input Resistance 10 KQ Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode DC to 250 kHz Modulation Coefficient CC Mode 20 mA V 5 Modulation Coefficient CP Mode 1 mA V 5 Laser Curre
10. With the knob F8 set the laser current ILD to an operating point for which the optical output power of the laser diode is known e g from the data sheet of the laser diode You may also find this operating point by displaying the monitor current IPD F15 A more accurate way is to measure the laser power using an optical power meter c Select the display PLD F14 keys F17 or F18 c Turn the potentiometer CAL F12 completely counter clockwise c Select the range at which the displayed power is least higher than the actual optical power c Press the key CONST F24 While holding it press the key Down F17 With every keystroke the decimal point of the display moves to the left Pressing the key Up F18 the decimal point moves to the right After reaching the highest range the decimal point jumps back to the left most position c Calibrate the display PLD to the value of the actual optical power by adjusting the potentiometer CAL F12 clockwise 3 6 External Analog Modulation To generate a time dependent injection current ILD or photodiode current IPD these settings can be modulated via an independent ground symmetric modulation input MOD IN R2 Maximum allowed input voltage is 10 V 10 V input resistance is gt 10 kQ ILD and IPD are calculated as ILD ILD SET ILDMAX UvoD 10V in constant current mode or IPD IPD SET IPD MAX UmoD 10 V in constant power mode wi
11. co 5 1 5 LDC210C N 5 1 6 LDC220C C e 5 1 7 LDC240C C ORLA 5 2 Certifications and Compliances 5 3 Warranty 5 4 Copyright and Exclusion of Reliability 5 5 Thorlabs End of Life Policy WEEE 5 6 Thorlabs Worldwide Contacts 32 33 34 35 36 ORLA ES We aim to develop and produce the best solution for your application in the field of optical measurement technique To help us to live up to your expectations and improve our products permanently we need your ideas and suggestions Therefore please let us know about possible criticism or ideas We and our international partners are looking forward to hearing from you Thorlabs GmbH Sections marked by this symbol explain dangers that might result in personal injury or death Always read the associated information carefully before performing the indicated procedure Attention Paragraphs preceeded by this symbol explain hazards that could damage the instrument and the connected equipment or may cause loss of data This manual also contains NOTES and HINTS written in this form Please read these advices carefully 2014 Thorlabs 3 LDC200C Series 1 General Information The Thorlabs LDC200C Series Laser Diode Controllers are high accuracy precise injection current controllers for laser diodes and LEDs Together with a Thorlabs Temperature Controller a stable operation of the connected laser diode can be achieved
12. we guarantee that a particular objective can be achieved with the purchase of this product Insofar as permitted under statutory regulations we assume no liability for direct damage indirect damage or damages suffered by third parties resulting from the purchase of this product In no event shall any liability exceed the purchase price of the product Please note that the content of this User Manual is neither part of any previous or existing agreement promise representation or legal relationship nor an alteration or amendment thereof All obligations of Thorlabs result from the respective contract of sale which also includes the complete and exclusively applicable warranty regulations These contractual warranty regulations are neither extended nor limited by the information contained in this User Manual Should you require further information on this product or encounter specific problems that are not discussed in sufficient detail in the User Manual please contact your local Thorlabs dealer or system installer All rights reserved This manual may not be reproduced transmitted or translated to another language either as a whole or in parts without the prior written permission of Thorlabs Copyright Thorlabs 2014 All rights reserved 34 2014 Thorlabs 5 Appendix 5 5 Thorlabs End of Life Policy WEEE As required by the WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive of the European Community and the corres
13. C Series controller all required external connections must be made properly Please read the following sections carefully 3 1 1 Laser Diode Output The Thorlabs LDC200C Series controller can drive all laser diodes depending on the model up to a maximum current of 4 A If a Thorlabs laser mount is used just connect the 9 pin D Sub jack LD OUT R6 10 of LDC200C Series controller to the 9 pin plug LD DRIVER of the Laser Diode Mount using the supplied shielded cable CAB400 If a Thorlabs laser mount TCLDM9 or LDM21 is used in addition the polarity of laser diode and photodiode must be set using the two slide switches at the laser mount Please refer to the individual operation manual of the laser diode mount If other laser diode fixtures are used connect the laser diode and if provided the photodiode using shielded cables to LD OUT R6 according to the pin assignment as shown below 9 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 Pin assignment of the LD OUT jack female rear panel view Pin Connection Interlock open circuit monitoring status display 1 interlock and status LASER ON OFF 5 ground for pin 1 Laser Diode 7 laser diode cathode in case of polarity anode grounded AG 8 laser diode anode in case of polarity cathode grounded CG 3 laser diode ground Photodiode 2 photodiode cathode 4 photodiode anode Do not connect the laser diode between pin 7 and 8 The correct connection must be e for laser diode AG c
14. IA 5 General data Maximum Power Consumption 100 VA Weight 3 3 kg All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 2014 Thorlabs 31 LDC200C Series 5 2 Certifications and Compliances Category Standards or description EC Declaration of Meets intent of Directive 2004 108 EC for Electromagnetic Compatibility Compliance was Conformity EMC demonstrated to the following specifications as listed in the Official Journal of the European Communities EN 61326 Apr 1997 Electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use EMC A1 1998 A2 2001 eQuirements Immunity complies with immunity test requirements for equipment A3 2003 D intended for use in industrial locations 3 Emission complies with EN 55011 Class B Limits 2 34 IEC 61000 3 2 and IEC 61000 3 3 IEC 61000 4 11 Voltage Dips Short Interruptions and Voltage Variations Immunity Performance Criterion A IEC 61000 3 2 AC Power Line Harmonic Emissions IEC 61000 3 3 Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker FCC EMC Emissions comply with the Class B Limits of FCC Code of Federal Regulations 47 Part 15 Compliance Subpart B 234 EC Declaration of Compliance was demonstrated to the following specification as listed in the Official Journal of the Conformity Low European Communities Voltage Low Voltage Directive 2006 95 EC 9 EN 61010 1 2010 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory Use
15. LED OPEN F4 9l lights up Pin 1 and pin 5 must be connected externally by a short cut wire by a circuit total resistance lt 430 Q or by a LED anode to pin 1 cathode to pin 5 connect in parallel resistor R 1 kQ A connected LED lights up when the laser current is switched on LASER ON Do not use blue LED due to their high forward voltage Thorlabs Laser Diode Mounts use the interlock current for indication LD ON When using a Thorlabs TCLDM9 or LM14S2 laser diode mount interlock functionality can be easily used for emergency switch off of the laser by connecting an opening contact to the jack located on the laser mount For details please refer to the appropriate laser diode mount manual 2014 Thorlabs 13 LDC200C Series 3 1 4 Analog Out The output CTL OUT R3 10 delivers a DC voltage proportional to the actual laser current The output voltage ranges from e 0 10 V with cathode grounded e 0 10 V with anode grounded When connecting a load avoid ground loops The load resistance should be gt 10 kQ The conversion coefficient for this output can be calculated to k 10V L ax VImA where is the max output current for the given controller CTL OUT Example For an LDC202C with a max output current of 200mA the conversion coefficient Ker our is equal to 0 05 V mA 3 2 Setting the Current Limit Prior to switch on the laser diode always set an appropriate injection current limit to
16. R9 Release the fuse holder by pressing its plastic retainers using a small screwdriver The retainers are located on the right and left side of the holder and must be pressed towards the center 3 Replace the defective fuses R11 and press in the fuse holder until locked on both sides Take care to maintain the correct rotation of the white line voltage indicator switch R8 which contains the left fuse and is plugged into the fuse holder The appropriate line voltage marking must be visible in the cutout R12 of the fuse holder LDC200VC LDC201CU LDC202C LDC205C LDC210C and LDC220C 100 V 500 mA time lag 250V T0 5A250V 115 V 500 mA time lag 250V T0 5A250V 230 V 250 mA time lag 250V T0 25A250V LDC240C 100 V 800 mA time lag 250V T0 8A250V 115 V 800 mA time lag 250V T0 8A250V 230V 400 mA time lag 250V TO 4A250V All fuses must meet IEC specification 60127 2 Ill time characteristic time lag T 250V AC size 5 x 20 mm 2014 Thorlabs 21 LDC200C Series 4 3 Troubleshooting In case that your LDC200C Series Controller shows malfunction please check the following items Q Unit does not work at all no display at the front o LDC2xxC connected properly to the mains Check the power cord and the line voltage setting 2 o LDC2xxC turned on Turn on your LDC200C Series Controller button LINE F10 o Check the fuses 21 at the rear panel f blown replace the fuses wit
17. This precision device is only serviceable if properly packed into the complete original packaging including the plastic foam sleeves If necessary ask for a replacement package Before applying power to your LDC200C Series controller make sure that the protective conductor of the 3 conductor mains power cord is correctly connected to the protective earth contact of the socket outlet Improper grounding can cause electric shock with damages to your health or even death Also make sure that the line voltage setting of the fuse holder at the rear panel agrees with your local supply and that the corresponding fuses are inserted If not please change the line voltage setting see section Line voltage setting 29 and the mains fuses see section Replacing the mains fuses 21 2014 Thorlabs 5 LDC200C Series The LDC200C Series controller must not be operated in explosion endangered environments Do not obstruct the air ventilation slots in housing Do not remove covers Refer servicing to qualified personnel Laser modules can deliver up to several 100mW of maybe even invisible laser radiation When operated incorrectly this can cause severe damage to your eyes and health Be sure to pay strict attention to the safety recommendations of the appropriate laser safety class as stated for the used laser diode Use only duly shielded connection cables for laser photodiode and control input output connections Mobile telephones cellular
18. anually only Electronic short circuit for the laser diode in LASER OFF mode With the output switched off the laser diode is short circuited electronically thus the laser diode is protected against accidental ESD and induced current transients Line failure protection The laser current is switched off immediately if a power failure or line interruption occurs In this case same as after turning on the controller the laser current remains switched off and can be switched on manually only e Interlock The interlock interface provides a number of several protection functions simultaneously Safety lock to prevent unintentional use Cable disconnect or damage monitoring An external emergency switch can be connected Application of external automatic protection and alerting equipment External LED to indicate Laser ON The laser can only be switched on with the interlock input closed If the interlock contact is opened during operation even for a very short time the output is switched off immediately and can be switched on manually only 1 2 Safety All statements regarding safety of operation and technical data in this instruction manual will only apply when the unit is operated correctly as it was designed for All modules must only be operated with proper shielded connection cables Only with written consent from Thorlabs may changes to single components be carried out or components not supplied by Thorlabs be used
19. athode to pin 7 anode to pin 3 pin 8 open e for laser diode CG anode to pin 8 cathode to pin 3 pin 7 open 2014 Thorlabs 11 LDC200C Series 3 1 2 LD and PD polarities Connect laser and photodiode to the LDC200C Series controller as shown below The ground connection of the laser diode pin 3 can be connected to the anode of the photodiode pin 4 or to the cathode of the photodiode pin 2 This connection should be as close as possible to the laser diode to avoid measurement errors If the selected polarity key LD POL F23 91 and the pin connection of the laser diode do not match no current is flowing through the laser diode 7 4 7 2 8 4 8 2 a a T T LD PD LD PD LD PD LD PD 2 PD 4 PD 2 PD 4 PD 3 LD 3 LD 3 LD 3 LD LD POL AG AG CG CG The laser diode is always sourced with respect to ground Compared to a floating ground scheme the advantages of this operation mode are higher safety for the laser diode better stability of the laser current and less introduced interferences Prior to turning on the laser current the correct polarity of the laser diode must be selected e Make sure the laser is switched off key LASER ON F8 e Select the required polarity by pressing the key LD POL F23 e For laser diodes with a built in monitor diode the common pin of laser diode and photodiode is the ground pin e The selected polarity of the output is indicated by the LED AG F19 or CG F20
20. ctive is to enforce the recycling of WEEE A controlled recycling of end of life products will thereby avoid negative impacts on the environment Crossed out Wheelie Bin symbol 2014 Thorlabs 35 LDC200C Series 5 6 Thorlabs Worldwide Contacts USA Canada and South America Thorlabs Inc 56 Sparta Avenue Newton NJ 07860 USA Tel 973 579 7227 Fax 973 300 3600 www thorlabs com www thorlabs us West Coast Email sales thorlabs com Support techsupport thorlabs com Europe Thorlabs GmbH Hans Bockler Str 6 85221 Dachau Germany Tel 49 8131 5956 0 Fax 49 8131 5956 99 www thorlabs de Email europe thorlabs com France Thorlabs SAS 109 rue des C tes 78600 Maisons Laffitte France Tel 33 970 444 844 Fax 33 811 38 17 48 www thorlabs com Email sales fr thorlabs com Japan Thorlabs Japan Inc Higashi Ikebukuro Q Building 2nd Floor 2 23 2 Toshima ku Tokyo 170 0013 Japan Tel 81 3 5979 8889 Fax 81 3 5979 7285 www thorlabs jp Email sales thorlabs jp 36 UK and Ireland Thorlabs Ltd 1 Saint Thomas Place Ely Cambridgeshire CB7 4EX United Kingdom Tel 44 1353 654440 Fax 44 1353 654444 www thorlabs com Email sales uk thorlabs com Support techsupport uk thorlabs com Scandinavia Thorlabs Sweden AB M lndalsv gen 3 412 63 G teborg Sweden Tel 46 31 733 30 00 Fax 46 31 703 40 45 www thorlabs com Email scandinavia thorlabs com Brazil Thorlab
21. e full scale of the adjustment knob F9 can be set in order to ease the setting of the operating point in constant power mode even with low photodiode current The photodiode current range depends on the type of the LDC2xxC controller e LDC200CV 0 6 mA to 2 mA e LDC201CU LDC202C LDC205C 3 mA to 10 mA e LDC210C LDC220C LDC240C 6 mA to 20 mA Turn the potentiometer PD RANGE F25 completely counter clockwise e Turn the adjust knob F9 completely counter clockwise e Select constant power mode P key CONST F24 connect the laser diode and the photodiode and switch on the laser current by pressing the key LASER ON F8 e Set the desired photodiode current with the knob F9 If the desired operating point cannot be reached even if the knob F9 is turned completely clockwise i e IPD gt 0 6 mA turn the potentiometer PD RANGE F25 clockwise until the desired setting range has been reached A change of the PD RANGE F25 leads to a change of the power set value in CP mode In constant current mode the potentiometer PD RANGE is without function 3 5 Calibration of Optical Power Display Additionally to the photodiode current IPD the optical power of the laser diode can be displayed To achieve a correct optical power display a calibration potentiometer CAL F12 must be carried out c Select constant current mode I key CONST F24 16 2014 Thorlabs 3 Operating Instruction c
22. entiometer PD RANGE F25 see below 2014 Thorlabs 15 LDC200C Series c If no photodiode is connected or the polarity of the photodiode is set wrong the laser current ILD increases to the limit ILim after the output is switched on gt If the connection to the photodiode is interrupted in constant power mode the laser current ILD increases to the set current limit ILiM c If the injection current ILD is limited by the selected current limit ILim ripple and noise do not longer correspond to the specifications for normal operation However the set maximum current ILim cannot be exceeded c If the connection to the laser diode is interrupted during operation the output is switched off automatically LED LASER ON F7 extinguishes LED OPEN F4 lights up and a short beep is heard gt If the output is switched on while the interlock is closed and there is no laser diode connected at first the LED LASER ON F7 lights up and the output switches on Then the LDC2xxC recognizes the missing laser diode switches the output off the LED LASER ON F7 extinguishes and the LED OPEN F4 lights up Connect the laser then press LASER ON F8 the LED OPEN F4 extinguishes and the laser diode current output switches gt The laser current can be modulated via the connector MOD IN R3 see section External Analog Modulation 17 Changing the IPD setting range With potentiometer PD RANGE F25 th
23. es e Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna ncrease the separation between the equipment and receiver e Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio T V technician for help Thorlabs GmbH is not responsible for any radio television interference caused by modifications of this equipment or the substitution or attachment of connecting cables and equipment other than those specified by Thorlabs GmbH The correction of interference caused by such unauthorized modification substitution or attachment will be the responsibility of the user The use of shielded I O cables is required when connecting this equipment to any and all optional peripheral or host devices Failure to do so may violate FCC and ICES rules 6 2014 Thorlabs 1 3 Ordering Codes and Accessories Ordering code Short description LDC200CV LDC201CU LDC202C LDC205C LDC210C LDC220C LDC240C Laser diode controller current range 0 Laser diode controller current range 0 Laser diode controller current range 0 Laser diode controller current range 0 Laser diode controller current range O Laser diode controller current range O Laser diode controller current range O Shielded cable Cable to connect the LDC200C Series controller to a Thorlabs Laser Diode CAB400 Mount included 1 General Information 20 mA 6V 100 mA
24. esistance should be gt 10 kQ The conversion coefficient for this output is the multiplicative inverse of Kyop kon our 10V L V mA All operating elements of the LDC2xxC are active at any time For remote operation make sure that the manual settings are not changed during operation 2014 Thorlabs 19 LDC200C Series 4 Maintenance and Service Protect the LDC200C Series from adverse weather conditions The LDC200C Series is not water resistant To avoid damage to the instrument do not expose it to spray liquids or solvents The unit does not need a regular maintenance by the user If necessary the unit and the display can be cleaned with a cloth dampened with water A mild 75 Isopropyl Alcohol solution can be used for more efficient cleaning LDC200C Series Controllers do not contain any modules and or components that could be repaired by the user himself If a malfunction occurs please contact Thorlabs 36 for return instructions Do not remove covers To guarantee the specifications given in section Technical Data 24 over a long period it is recommended to have the unit factory calibrated every two years 4 1 Line Voltage Setting The laser diode controller LDC2xxC operates at fixed line voltages of 100 V 15 10 90 V 115 V 115 V 15 10 104 V 132 V 230 V 15 10 207 V 264 V line frequency 50 60 Hz The line voltage setting can be changed from the rear without opening t
25. h the correct type Q The desired laser output power cannot be achieved o Is the interlock closed Check the connection of interlock 13 pins of the connector jack o Is the laser output turned on LASER ON button Change the setting from OFF to ON The LED ON on the front panel of the mainframe must light up o Is the current limit ILim set to 0 Adjust the hardware limit RES potentiometer on the front panel to an appropriate value o Is the laser diode installed properly a Check the connection cable o Is the polarity of the laser diode set correctly If not change the polarity of the diode or select on the LDC2xxC the opposite polarity 121 o Is the photodiode connected properly Check the connection cable o Is the photodiode poled correctly If in constant power mode the displayed photodiode current is negative the polarity of the photodiode must be reverted o Are you using a bias voltage 2 with the photodiode in photo current mode Change the polarity of the diode for photo element mode or change the polarity of the bias voltage source o Is the desired output power set correctly Check the optical power display calibration 6 Adjust the desired output power Pip using the tuning knob 22 2014 Thorlabs 4 Maintenance and Service Q The unit switches on but display shows error message e g Err06 o This indicates a malfunction of the LDC200C Series Contr
26. he unit 1 Turn off the controller and disconnect the mains cable 2 The fuse holder R10 is located below the 3 pole power connector of the mains jack R9 Release the fuse holder by pressing its plastic retainers with the aid of a small screwdriver The retainers are located on the right and left side of the holder and must be pressed towards the center 3 Unplug the white line voltage switch indicator R8 containing the left fuse from the fuse holder R10 rotate it until the appropriate voltage marking 100V 115V or 230V is on target for the cutout R12 of the fuse holder and plug it back into the fuse holder Press in the fuse holder until locked on both sides The appropriate line voltage marking must be visible in the cutout R12 of the fuse holder If you have changed to or from 230 V also change the mains fuses to the correct value given in section Replacing Mains Fuses 211 20 2014 Thorlabs 4 Maintenance and Service 4 2 Replacing Mains Fuses The two power input fuses are externally accessible If they blew due to line distortions incorrect line voltage or other causes they can be replaced from the rear without opening the unit Attention To avoid risk of fire only the appropriate fuses for the corresponding line voltage must be used Fuse types 1 Turn off the LDC2xxC and disconnect the mains cable 2 The fuse holder R10 is located below the 3 pole power connector of the mains jack
27. ing For a low ripple and noise of the output current a mains filter is installed and the transformer is shielded carefully The LDC200C Series controller are cooled by an internal fan which protects the unit against overheating in case of high environmental temperatures With free air circulation a safe operation of the unit is guaranteed up to 40 C ambient temperature Do not obstruct the air ventilation slots in the housing In order to prevent damages to the laser diode it is recommended to mount the laser into a suitable Thorlabs laser diode mount and connect it to the LDC200C Series using the supplied Thorlabs CAB400 cable This ensures the utmost protection of the laser diode from damage by wrong connection 4 2014 Thorlabs 1 General Information 1 1 Laser Diode Protection Features e Soft start function The soft start function protects the laser diode against undesired transients by smoothly increasing the injection current after switching the laser on This current ramp last for abt 200 msec e Adjustable limitation of laser current An adjustable hardware limit for the laser current can be set using the 12 turn potentiometer at the front panel This protects the laser diode from unintentional laser current values Contact protection of the laser diode open circuit If the connection to the laser is interrupted during operation even for a very short time the output is switched off immediately and can be switched on m
28. node grounded or cathode grounded Select constant current mode or constant power mode Potentiometer for setting the photodiode current range LDC200C Series Rear Panel R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R1 TTL input LD REM O 5 V R2 Modulation input analog control input MOD IN 10V 10 V R3 Analog monitoring output CTL OUT O 10V R4 Fan R5 4 mm banana jack for chassis ground R6 Connector LD OUT for laser diode photodiode interlock status LED R7 Serial number of the unit R8 Indicator switch for line voltage included in fuse holder R9 Mains connector and fuse holder 2 4 First Operation Attention Prior to switching on your LDC200C Series controller please make sure that the line voltage setting 20 corresponds to your mains voltage Mismatching may lead to damage of the controller Turn the unit on by pressing the line switch F10 After switching on the unit the LED display F1 and a LED indicating the selected measurement value F13 F16 light up otherwise please check the line voltage 20 and the mains fuses 211 By using the keys F17 and F18 the displayed measurement value can be selected A LDC200C Series controller is immediately ready to use after turning on The rated accuracy is reached however after a warming up time of approx 10 minutes 10 2014 Thorlabs 3 Operating Instruction 3 Operating Instruction 3 1 External Connections Prior to switch on the LDC200
29. nt Monitor Output Load Resistance 210 kO Transmission Coefficient 50 V A 5 General data Maximum Power Consumption 25 VA Weight 3 1 kg All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 2014 Thorlabs 27 LDC200C Series 5 1 4 LDC205C Current Control Constant Current Mode Control Range 0 to 500 mA gt 10 V 10 pA 0 5 mA Compliance Voltage Resolution gt Q re c ber o Q lt Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ lt 3 pA Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ 2 pA Transients typ 0 5 mA Drift 24hours 10 pA typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient 50 ppm C Current Limit 0 to gt 500 mA 10 pA 1 5 mA Setting Range Resolution Power Control Constant Power Mode Photo Current Control Range 25 pA to 10 mA 1 VA 10 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input Input Resistance 10 kO Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode DC to 150 kHz Modulation Coefficient CC Mode 50 mA V 5 Modulation Coefficient CP Mode 1 mA 5 Laser Current Monitor Output Load Resistance 210 kO Transmission Coefficient 20 V A 5 General data Maximum Power Consumption 30 VA Weight 3 1 kg All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 28 2014 Thorlabs 5 Appendix 5 1 5 LDC210C Current Control Constant Current Mode Control Range 0 to 1 A gt 10 V 100 pA 1 0 mA
30. nt can be set continuously between 0 mA and the selected current limit ILim gt f the injection current ILD reaches the set current limit ILiw during operation the LED LIMIT F5 lights up a short alert beep is heard and the laser current is limited to the value of the current limit ILIM In this case noise a nd ripple do not longer correspond to the specifications for normal operation However exceeding the set current limit ILIM is impossible c f the connection to the laser diode is interrupted during operation the laser diode current is switched off automatically LED LASER ON F7 extinguishes LED OPEN F4 lights up and a short beep is heard gt If the output is switched on while the interlock is closed and there is no laser diode connected at first the LED LASER ON F7 lights up and the output is switched on Then the LDC2xxC recognizes the missing laser diode and switches the output off The LED LASER ON F7 extinguishes and the LED OPEN F4 lights up Connect the laser and press LASER ON F8 the LED OPEN F4 extinguishes and the output switches on c If a photodiode is connected the display can be set to show the photodiode current IPD or the optical power PLD by pressing the key F17 or F18 The laser current can be modulated 17 via the connector MOD IN R2 3 4 Constant Power Mode CP If the laser includes a photodiode also known as monitor diode the laser can be ope
31. o ground potential via the connector jack R5 The ground pin of the laser diode is internally connected to chassis ground 8 2014 Thorlabs 2 Getting Started 2 3 Operating elements Front Panel OA F10 F1 F2 LED mA F3 LED mW F4 LED OPEN F5 LED LIMIT F6 LED OTP F7 LED LASER ON F8 Key LASER ON F9 F10 F11 LIMI F12 CAL F13 LED l p F14 LED Pip F15 LED Ipp F16 LED Ium F17 Key DOWN F18 Key UP F19 LED AG F20 LED CG F21 LED P F22 LED F23 Key LD POL F24 Key CONST F25 PD RANGE 2014 Thorlabs F11 F1 F3 F7 F3 F9 DISPLAY LIMw yun A Oyo D F15 F16 F18 F22 F24 F25 5 digit LED display Current display in mA Power display in mW No laser diode connected or Interlock open Adjusted current limit reached Overtemperature protection is active Laser current is switched on On Off switch for the laser current Knob for adjusting the current or power set value Line switch ON OFF Potentiometer for setting the current limit Potentiometer for calibrating the power display Display shows the laser current Display shows the optical power Display shows the photodiode current Display shows the current limit Select the parameter to be displayed Select the parameter to be displayed Selected laser polarity anode grounded Selected laser polarity cathode grounded Constant power mode Constant current mode Select laser polarity a
32. ode Photo Current Control Range 50 uA to 20 mA 1 VA 20 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input Input Resistance 10 kO Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode DC to 50 kHz Modulation Coefficient CC Mode 200 mA V 5 Modulation Coefficient CP Mode 2 mAN 5 Laser Current Monitor Output Load Resistance 210 kQ Transmission Coefficient 5 VIA 5 General data Maximum Power Consumption 60 VA Weight lt 3 3 kg All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 humidity 30 2014 Thorlabs 5 Appendix 5 1 7 LDC240C Current Control Constant Current Mode Control Range O to 4 A 25V 100 pA 4 0 mA Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ 50 pA Compliance Voltage gt alo o clo Ofc o e lt o 5 Ripple 50 60Hz rms typ 8 uA Transients typ 4 mA 200 pA O 3 gt N R gt o c wo typ 0 10Hz at constant ambient temperature Temperature Coefficient 50 ppm C Current Limit Setting Range Power Control Constant Power Mode Photo Current Control Range 50 uA to 20 mA 1 VA 20 pA Photo Current Resolution Photo Current Accuracy Analog Modulation Input Input Resistance 10 KQ Small Signal 3dB Bandwidth CC Mode DC to 30 kHz Modulation Coefficient CC Mode 400 mA V 5 Modulation Coefficient CP Mode 2 MA V 5 Laser Current Monitor Output Load Resistance 210 kO Transmission Coefficient 2 5 V
33. oller In such case the controller needs to be returned to Thorlabs for maintenance Please contact Thorlabs 36 with the information of the error code number and the serial number of your LDC200C Series Controller in order to receive the RMA Return Material Authorization instructions accordingly If you don t find the error source by means of the trouble shooting list please contact Thorlabs 36 for advise and or return instructions 2014 Thorlabs 23 LDC200C Series 5 Appendix 5 1 Technical Data Common Technical Data General Data Interlock Laser Current Limit Soft Start Short Circuit when Laser off Open Circuit Detection Overtemperature Protection Display LED 5 Digits Connector for Laser Photodiode Interlock amp Laser On Signal 9 pin D Sub Jack Connectors for Control Input Output BNC Chassis Ground Connector 4mm Banana Jack 100 V Line Voltage 115V 15 1096 230 V Category II Cat II Max 80 up to 31 C decreasing to 50 at 40 C Dimensions W x H x D w o Operating Elements 146 x 66 x 290 mm with Operating Elements 146 x 77 x 320 mm 1 non condensing Safety Features All technical data are valid at 23 5 C and 45 15 rel humidity non condensing 24 2014 Thorlabs 5 Appendix 5 1 1 LDC200CV Current Control Constant Current Mode 0 to 20 mA 26V 1 0 pA 20 pA Noise Without Ripple 10Hz to 10MHz rms typ 1 0 pA Compliance Voltage gt P O ojo o
34. phones or other radio transmitters must not be used within the range of three meters of this unit since the electromagnetic field intensity may then exceed the maximum allowed disturbance values according to IEC61326 1 This product has been tested and found complying with the limits according to IEC 61326 1 for using connection cables shorter than or equal to 3 meters 9 8 feet The following statement applies to the products covered in this manual unless otherwise specified herein The statement for other products will appear in the accompanying documentation Note This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules and meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference Causing Equipment Standard ICES 003 for digital apparatus These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measur
35. ponding national laws Thorlabs offers all end users in the EC the possibility to return end of life units without incurring disposal charges This offer is valid for Thorlabs electrical and electronic equipment sold after August 13 2005 marked correspondingly with the crossed out wheelie bin logo see figure below sold to a company or institute within the EC currently owned by a company or institute within the EC still complete not disassembled and not contaminated As the WEEE directive applies to self contained operational electrical and electronic products this end of life take back service does not refer to other Thorlabs products such as e pure OEM products that means assemblies to be built into a unit by the user e g OEM laser driver cards e components e mechanics and optics e left over parts of units disassembled by the user PCB s housings etc Waste treatment on your own responsibility If you do not return an end of life unit to Thorlabs you must hand it to a company specialized in waste recovery Do not dispose of the unit in a litter bin or at a public waste disposal site WEEE Number Germany DE97581288 Ecological background It is well known that waste treatment pollutes the environment by releasing toxic products during decomposition The aim of the European RoHS Directive is to reduce the content of toxic substances in electronic products in the future The intent of the WEEE Dire
36. protect the laser diode from destruction e Switch on the unit button LINE F10 Make sure the laser current is switched off e Select parameter ILim key F17 or F18 Use a screwdriver to set the desired current with the potentiometer LIM I F11 The current limit can be displayed at any time by selecting the parameter Lim If the laser current reaches it s limit during operation the LED LIMIT F5 lights up and a short beep alerts about that The current limit can also be adjusted when the output is switched on Avoid any adjustments when the LED LIMIT F5 lights up 3 3 Constant Current Mode CC Switch on the LDC2xxC Make sure that the current limit ILim is adjusted properly 141 Make sure that the correct laser diode polarity 2 is set Connect the laser diode 121 Select the display ILo using the keys F17 or F18 Turn the adjust knob F9 completely counter clockwise Select constant current mode I by pressing the key CONST F24 until LED I F22 lights up e Switch on the output by pressing the key LASER ON F8 The LED LASER ON F7 lights up the output is activated and the current slowly rises about 1 s to the value set with knob F9 The current output can be switched on only if the jack LD OUT R6 is connected correctly 14 2014 Thorlabs 3 Operating Instruction The display shows the injection current ILD With the adjust knob F8 the laser curre
37. rated also in constant power mode In contrast to the constant current mode here the photodiode current is kept constant by controlling the laser injection current e Start operating the LDC2xxC in constant current mode refer to chapter 3 4 e Select the display Ipp with the key F17 or F18 e Check whether an appropriate photodiode current IPp is available A photodiode current of at least the minimum control current must be available for a stable operation of the power control 5 pA for LDC200CV 25 uA for LDC201CU LDC202C LDC205C 50 uA for LDC210C LDC220C LDC240C If the sign of the photodiode current IPD is negative the photodiode must be reversed e Switch off the laser current by pressing the key LASER ON F8 e Select constant power mode P by pressing the key CONST F24 until LED P F21 lights up e Set the adjust knob F9 completely counter clockwise e Switch on the output by pressing LASER ON F8 The LED LASER ON F7 lights up the output is activated and the current slowly increases about 1 s to the set value e The photodiode current Ippo can be set using F9 and with that the optical power of the laser diode increases until the laser current ILp reaches the selected current limit ILiM c If the desired photodiode current IPD cannot be set with a sufficient accuracy F9 the range of the knob F9 can be fitted to the current range of the connected photodiode using the pot
38. s Vendas de Fot nicos Ltda Rua Riachuelo 171 Sao Carlos SP 13560 110 Brazil Tel 55 16 3413 7062 Fax 55 16 3413 7064 www thorlabs com Email brasil thorlabs com China Thorlabs China Room A101 No 100 Lane 2891 South Qilianshan Road Putuo District Shanghai 200331 China Tel 86 21 60561122 Fax 86 21 32513480 www thorlabs hk Email chinasales thorlabs com 2014 Thorlabs
39. th ILD MAX Maximum laser current e g 500 mA for LDC205C IPD MAX Max photodiode current e g 10 mA for LDC205C see Control Ranges in Technical Data 247 ILD SET or IPD SET value set with knob F9 UMOD voltage at input MOD IN R2 Start operation in constant current or constant power mode refer to chapter 3 4 or 3 5 and adjust the desired set value with the knob F9 Connect the modulation source to the jack MOD IN R2 Avoid ground loops when connecting the function generator The laser diode current ILD can be monitored at the analog output CTL OUT R3 14 If the injection current ILD reaches the current limit ILIM in operation the LED LIMIT F5 lights up a short beep is heard and the laser current is limited to the value of the current limit ILiM In this case ripple and noise do no longer correspond to the specifications for normal operation However the set maximum current ILIM cannot be exceeded 3 7 Overtemperature Protection The LDC200C Series controllers come with an internal over temperature protection If the internal heat sink is overheated the output of the controller is disabled automatically The LED OTP F6 lights up and a short beep is heard The laser diode current is switched off immediately Pressing the key LASER ON F8 has no effect in this case After the internal heat sink s temperature decreased for about 10 C the LED OTP F6 extinguishes and the laser current ou
40. tput can be switched on again 2014 Thorlabs 17 LDC200C Series 3 8 Disabling the Beeper If audible signals are unwanted the beeper can be disabled in this way e Press and hold the key UP F18 e Press the key Down F17 Now the beeper state is displayed e Sd On Sound ON e Sd OFF Sound OFF To change the beeper state hold the key UP pressed and toggle the beeper state by pressing DOWN key 3 9 Remote Operation Although the LDC200C Series Controllers do not provide a standard computer interface a limited remote operation is possible using the TTL input or the analog inputs and outputs The following control or read out functions are available LD REM This digital input allows to switch on off the laser independent of the key LASER ON A rising edge at this input switches the laser on if being in off state a falling edge switches the laser off if being in on state The threshold voltages are TTL compatible and feature hysteresis When using the LD REM input the key LASER ON remains fully functional Interlock If a relay contact or an open collector transistor is inserted into the interlock line refer to section Interlock ha the output can be switched off remotely at any time The interlock is usable only for switching off After the interlock path was interrupted the LDC200C Series Controller can be switched on again only manually provided the Interlock is closed
41. ware determined by Thorlabs for this unit to operate fault free provided that they are handled according to our requirements However Thorlabs does not warrant a fault free and uninterrupted operation of the unit of the software or firmware for special applications nor this instruction manual to be error free Thorlabs is not liable for consequential damages Restriction of warranty The warranty mentioned before does not cover errors and defects being the result of improper treatment software or interface not supplied by us modification misuse or operation outside the defined ambient stated by us or unauthorized maintenance Further claims will not be consented to and will not be acknowledged Thorlabs does explicitly not warrant the usability or the economical use for certain cases of application Thorlabs reserves the right to change this instruction manual or the technical data of the described unit at any time 2014 Thorlabs 33 LDC200C Series 5 4 Copyright and Exclusion of Reliability Thorlabs has taken every possible care in preparing this Operation Manual We however assume no liability for the content completeness or quality of the information contained therein The content of this manual is regularly updated and adapted to reflect the current status of the software We furthermore do not guarantee that this product will function without errors even if the stated specifications are adhered to Under no circumstances can
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