MBUS - CALAO Systems
Contents
1. 0 7 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 OxB8 OxBF 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0xCO OxC7 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0xC8 OxCF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxDO OxD7 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxD8 OxDF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxEO OxE7 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxE8 OxEF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFO OxF7 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxF8 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF Grey Reserved do not change Blue Reserved for Module part number and version information do not change 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 24 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S Appendix ASCII Table 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 25 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S Document Revision History First release 1 10 Detailed UART interface and Encryption example included Minor changes and corrections Disclaimer Radiocrafts AS believes the information contained herein is correct and accurate at the time of this printing However Radiocrafts AS reserves the right to make changes to this product without notice Radiocrafts AS does not assume any responsibility for the use of the described product neither does it convey any license under2. T_Command2Prompt_WAIT Figure 5 UART Command and prompt The command to prompt wait time T Command2Prompt WAIT is different from command to command and values are available in the timing table for each MBUS feature set The IDLE state is the normal state where the module both searches for preamble on the RF and wait for a character to be received on the UART RXD is the state when receiving characters from the host filling up the internal buffer TX state is when the data is transmitted on the air RX state is when data is received from the air after preamble detection TXD is the state where the received data is sent to the host on the UART CONFIG is the state entered by asserting the CONFIG pin and is entered during parameter configuration while MEMORY CONFIG is the sub state entered by the M command where the non volatile configuration memory is being programmed Note the limitation on maximum number of write cycles using the M command see Electrical Specifications tr XD cM gt trxp DLe IDLE TXD IDLE Preamble detected First character on Last character on UART TXD UART TXD taxp crs trx teacker_timeour MEN First character on Last character on UART RXD UART RXD i trxo rx IDLE 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 7 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded WirelessSolutions IDLE treseripLe RESET IDLE 151 1 SLEEP IDLE
3. cccccccccecececececececececececececacecececacacacueaceeacaeeeeeesaeasanaeanass 14 MBUS2 AUTOMATIC ADDRESSING cccccccccececececececececececacacecececacacececacacacacacacececacecaseeaeaeeeaeass 14 MBUS2 INSTALLATION AND BINDING ccccccccecececececececececececececececacecacececacacecececeeueaeaeaeaeaeaeass 14 MBUS2 ENCRYPTION MEME 14 MBUS2 TIMING TABLE RN 17 MBUS2 CONFIGURATION COMMANDS ccccccccececececececececececececucecacececacacacacececacececeeueaeaeaeaeass 18 MBUS2 CONFIGURATION MEMORY ccccccececececececececececececececacacecececececacecacacacecuceeaeusasaeanaeass 20 APPENDIX MBUS COMMAND LIST 23 APPENDIX CONFIGURATION MEMORY FACTORY 24 APPENDIX ASCII TABLE 2 00cceseessnnnesceeceeseessnnnenceesceseensnnnenseescnseensennaeaeessessensencaeaees 25 DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ccccccsssssscceceseensnnsscaceesesesnsnssscaeeeseeesnsenssceeaeseenensees 26 DISCLAIMER Ecc 26 TRADEMARK 5 E s 26 LIFE SUPPORT 2 cla ladseesseceagceeiedssesseaccecceredanes sexedeeneycbanensens 26 2 2 eencececeseesnsedeccleces abatseceececneeenedd 26 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 1 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S Introducti
4. tconric prompr tc conric toonric DLe IDLE CONFIG CONFIG IDLE C a X 2 CONFIG set low temory conric tconric DLe CONFIG MEMORY CONFIG CONFIG IM OxFF x Figure 6 UART timing diagram Timing values are available in the timing table for each MBUS feature set Power Management The module can be set in SLEEP mode in order to reduce the power consumption The low power SLEEP mode is manually entered by using the SLEEP command Z In sleep mode the module will not receive or detect incoming data neither from the host UART port nor from the RF transceiver The module is awakened from the SLEEP mode by sending a waked up byte on the UART RXD line The wake up byte should be FFh After the module has woken up see Timing Information it is ready to receive data on the UART or from the RF transceiver The SLEEP command can be used for both Master and Slave All configuration settings and RAM values are retained during Sleep If the module is shut completely off supply power turned off all configuration settings in non volatile memory is restored but values in RAM are overwritten with default settings 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 8 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS Description MBUS 1 Timing table The table below shows the timing information for the module when changing between different operating states Timing symbol is according to figure 5 and 6
5. MBUS 1 180 us Time from last byte is received from the air until first character is sent on the UART trxp Min 590 us bytes received x 590 us char 10 bits at 19 2 kBd 70 us delay per character trxp ipLE 900 us Time from last character is sent on the UART until module is in IDLE mode ready for RXD and RX Tnxp crs 20 us Time from last character is received by the UART including any timeout until CTS is activated traxp Tx 960 ms Time from last character is received by the UART including any timeout until the module sends the first byte on the air TTX IDLE 960 ms Time from last character is sent on the air until module is in IDLE mode ready for RXD and RX toFF IDLE 3 2 ms tRESET IDLE 3 0 ms tsLEEP IDLE 1 3 ms coNFIG PROMPT 60 us Time from 00h CONFIG pin is set low until prompt gt Tc coNriG 1 1 ms Delay after channel byte is sent until prompt gt For other volatile memory commands there is no delay but immediate prompt Ta cowriG 1 1 ms Delay after new M Bus mode byte is sent until prompt gt For other volatile memory commands there is no delay but immediate prompt Twa 1 55 ms M Delay from stop bit of the command byte to start bit of the command prompt reply See figure 5 for details 24 us all other commands tMEMORY CONFIG 31 ms In this period the internal flash non volatile memory is programmed Do not reset
6. prompt is received The time required to execute a command can vary depending on the command see the Timing Information section There is no gt prompt after the X exit command The parameters that are set by dedicated configuration commands C P etc take immediate effect after returning to normal operation IDLE but will not be stored in non volatile memory and will be lost in case the supply power is turned off or if the module is reset These parameters are for example the radio channel and output power Permanent changes of parameters can be done by writing to the configuration memory using the memory command M These are for example default radio channel default output power and M Bus mode see the Configuration Memory section for details The flow diagram bellow illustrates how to use the UART interface to enter configuration mode change configuration parameter and return to IDLE mode Wait for gt from TXD Wait for gt from TXD New command Figure 4 Configuration mode flow diagram Send X to RXD 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 6 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S UART Timing Information A UART byte consist of one start bit 8 data bits and one stop bit In configuration mode a command to prompt reply will looks like this Command Prompt RXD T BIT b T WAIT T BYTE T UART BYTE
7. turn the module off or allow any power supply dips in this period as it may cause permanent error in the Flash configuration memory After the last command parameter byte the host should wait for the gt prompt before any further action is done to ensure correct re configuration Tcowric IDLE 1 1 ms End of X to IDLE trx 3 6 ms TX time for T1 mode when Length 1 on the UART Preamble sync CRC and MBUS address field added internally 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 9 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS 1 Configuration Commands A list of commands is shown in the table below Commands must be sent as ASCII characters or their corresponding binary value All arguments must be sent as binary values to the module not as ASCII representation for hex or decimal MBUS Channel C 0x43 0x01 0x0C 1 10 Data is stored in volatile Apply for R mode only memory only C field F 0x46 0x00 0OxFF 0 255 Data is stored in volatile memory only M Bus mode G 0x47 0x00 0x04 0 4 Data is stored in volatile 0 51 memory only 1 T1 2 T2 3 Reserved 4 R2 Memory M Ox4D Address Data see list of Used to enter memory configuration parameters below configuration menu OxFF exits memory Parameters changed are configuration stored in non volatile memory Output power P 0x50 0
8. ASCII characters or their corresponding binary value All arguments must be sent as binary values to the module not as ASCII representation for hex or decimal module Acknowledge A 0x41 0x00 OxFF 0 255 Sets bitmap for acknowledge from Master 0x00 will clear all flags Bind B 0x42 Register number 1 8 Used to bind slaves to followed by 8 byte address master Data stored in same order as for non volatile memory Destination module address Channel C 0x43 0x01 0x0C 1 10 Data is stored in volatile Apply for R mode only memory only Decrypt D 0x44 One byte bitmap register 1 is Sets bitmap for decryption LSB of data referred to address register position Encrypt 0x45 One byte bitmap register 1 is Sets bitmap for encryption LSB of data referred to address register position C field F 0x46 0x00 OxFF 0 255 Data is stored in volatile memory only M Bus mode G 0x47 0x00 0x04 0 4 Data is stored in volatile 0 51 memory only 1 T1 2 T2 3 Reserved 4 R2 Install 0x49 0 Normal operation In install mode messages 1 Install mode with C field 06h and 46h 2 Accept all messages are accepted Use in Master only Key register K 0x4B Slave 16 byte key Used to set encryption Master key Data stored in non Register number 1 8 volatile memory followed by 16 byte key Memory
9. forth OX1E 0x00 0xFF 0x78 byte 0 255 120 VER Version Ox1F 0x00 0xFF 0x01 1 0 255 DEV Device 0x20 0x00 0xFF 0x07 7 0 255 Data and configuration interface UART Serial Port UART BAUD RATE Baud rate 0x30 0x00 Not used 0x05 5 BE CAREFUL IF 0x01 2400 CHANGING AS HOST 0x02 4800 MAY LOOSE CONTACT 0x03 9600 WITH MODULE 0x04 14400 Does not take effect until 0x05 19200 module is re booted 0x06 28800 reset 0x07 38400 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 20 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS 0x08 57600 0x09 76800 115200 Ox0B 230400 UART FLOW CTRL UART flow 0x35 0 None 0x00 0 control 1 CTS only 3 CTS RTS 4 RXTX RS485 DATA INTERFACE Data interface 0x36 0x00 MBUS 0x00 0 Sets receiver data format packet with ID First byte is always and address packet length except 0x01 Application when using start byte data only 0x02 Reserved 0x03 Application data only with ack 00 3Eh 0x04 Add start stop byte 0x08 Add CRC 0x0C Add start stop byte and CRC LED CONTROL Ox3A 0 Disabled 0x00 0 Use to enable LED 1 Enabled control for RX and TX mode indication CONTROL FIELD Ox3B 0x00 0xFF 0x06 6 Use F command to 0 255 change value in volatile memory only RX TIMEOUT Ox3C 0x00 0xFF OxOB 11 Delay before Sleep 0 255 mode n x
10. its patent rights or the rights of others The latest updates are available at the Radiocrafts website or by contacting Radiocrafts directly As far as possible major changes of product specifications and functionality will be stated in product specific Errata Notes published at the Radiocrafts website Customers are encouraged to check regularly for the most recent updates on products and support tools Trademarks RC232 is a trademark of Radiocrafts AS The RC232 Embedded RF Protocol is used in a range of products from Radiocrafts The protocol handles host communication data buffering error check addressing and broadcasting It supports point to point point to multipoint and peer to peer network topologies All other trademarks registered trademarks and product names are the sole property of their respective owners Life Support Policy This Radiocrafts product is not designed for use in life support appliances devices or other systems where malfunction can reasonably be expected to result in significant personal injury to the user or as a critical component in any life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness Radiocrafts AS customers using or selling these products for use in such applications do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Radiocrafts AS for any damages resulting from any
11. output output power power levels MBUS MODE M Bus mode 0x03 0 4 0x01 1 Use G command to 0 81 change value in volatile 1 T1 memory only 2 T2 3 Reserved 4 R SLEEP MODE Sleep mode 0x04 0 Disable Sleep 0x00 0 When enabled the 1 Enable Sleep module enter Sleep mode after transmission RSSI MODE Append RSSI 0x05 0 Disabled 0x00 0 When enabled the RSSI to received 1 Enabled value is appended to the data received data Radio packet configuration PREAMBLE _ Short of long Ox0A 0x00 0 Short 0x00 0 Preamble header LENGTH preamble in S 0x01 1 Long length apply for S mode mode only only Medium access addressing and network management NETWORK ROLE 0x12 0x00 0 0x00 1 Slave Meter 0x01 1 Master Concentr ator M ID1 Manufacturer 0x19 0x00 0xFF Ox0C 12 ID first byte 0 255 M ID2 Manufacturer Ox1A 0x00 0xFF OxAE ID second byte 0 255 174 U ID1 Unique ID first Ox1B 0x00 0xFF 0x12 18 byte 0 255 U_ID2 Unique ID Ox1C 0x00 0xFF 0x34 52 second byte 0 255 U ID3 Unique ID third Ox1D 0x00 0xFF 0x56 86 byte 0 255 ID4 Unique ID forth 1 0x00 0xFF 0x78 byte 0 255 120 VER Version Ox1F 0x00 0xFF 0x01 1 0 255 DEV Device 0x20 0x00 0xFF 0x07 7 0 255 Data and configuration interface UART Serial Port UART BAUD RATE Baud rate 0x30 0x00 Not used 0x05 5 BE CAREFUL IF 0x01 2400 CHANGING AS HOST 0x02 4800 MAY LOOSE CONTACT 0x03 9600 WITH MODULE 0x04 14400 Does not take effect
12. until 0x05 19200 module is re booted 0x06 28800 reset 0x07 38400 0x08 57600 0x09 76800 Ox0A 115200 0x0B 230400 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 12 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS UART FLOW CTRL UART flow 0x35 0 None 0x00 0 control 1 CTS only 3 CTS RTS 4 RXTX RS485 DATA_INTERFACE Data interface 0x36 0x00 MBUS 0x00 0 Sets receiver data format packet with ID First byte is always and address packet length except 0x01 Application when using start byte data only 0x02 Reserved 0x03 Application data only with ack 00 3Eh 0x04 Add start stop byte 0x08 Add CRC 0x0C Add start stop byte and CRC CONTROL FIELD Ox3B 0x00 0xFF 0x44 68 Use F command to 0 255 change value in volatile memory only Exit from memory OxFF No argument To exit from command configuration should be sent mode the X command must be sent after gt is received To make permanent changes to default values and other parameters the Memory Configuration command M is used This command should be followed by pairs of byte being the memory address and the new value to be stored at that address In order to exit the Memory Configuration mode the address OXFF must be sent but without any data argument Then wait for the gt prompt while the internal memory is re programmed see Timing Information fo
13. 0 6 ms INSTALL MODE Ox3D 0 Normal mode 2 accept installed MBUS types 1 Install mode 2 Filter off accept all MBUS types ENCRYPT_FLAG Ox3E 0 Bit mask for encryption enabled when set DECRYPT FLAG Ox3F 0 Bit mask for decryption enabled when set DEFAULT KEY 0x40 All OxFF Ox4F 255 INIT VECTOR 0x50 All 0x00 Ox5F 0 ADDRESS 101 0x80 All 0x00 Address for installed 0x87 meters ADDRESS 102 0x88 All 0x00 Address for installed Ox8F meters ADDRESS 103 0x90 All 0x00 Address for installed 0x97 meters ADDRESS_ D4 0x98 All 0x00 Address for installed Ox9F meters ADDRESS 105 OxA0 All 0x00 Address for installed OxA7 meters ADDRESS 106 OxA8 All 0x00 Address for installed OxAF meters ADDRESS_1 D7 OxBO All 0x00 Address for installed 0 7 meters ADDRESS 108 OxB8 All 0x00 Address for installed OxBF meters Exit from memory OxFF No argument To exit from command configuration should be sent mode the X command must be sent after gt is received 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 21 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S To make permanent changes to default values and other parameters the Memory Configuration command M is used This command should be followed by pairs of byte being the memory address and the new value to be stored at that address In order to exit the Memory Configuration mode the address OxFF must be sent bu
14. 10 Page 4 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded WirelessSolutions MBUS The HEADER and C field is added to Wireless M Bus packet automatically by the module before transmitting over RF and both can be changed in configuration mode The data frame for the UART TDX pin Output for receiving Wireless M Bus packets is built like this gt Enable by DATA INTERFACE Enable by RSSI MODE gt L Lenght of C HEADER APPL DATA RSSH CRC Enable by DATA INTERFACE Figure 3 UART interface packet reception TXD pin Data in blue and yellow are optional output part of the UART message and can be enabled in configuration mode by the DATA INTERFACE and RSSI MODE configuration parameters L is the length byte and is always present It does not include itself or START STOP byte but will include RSSI and CRC if enabled When setting DATA INTERFACE 1 the received HEADER will not be sent on the TXD pin typically used on a slave However to be able to notify the external application when an Acknowledgement is received empty frame a special string can be used By setting DATA INTERFACE 3 the two byte string 00 E5h i e L 0 will be sent on the UART when an empty acknowledge frame is received Application data APPL DATA and Cl is always present except when only a HEADER is transmitted For host applications using a UART buffer the timing information used for parsing could be lost In this case a start and stop by
15. FFA ABBCCDDEEFFAA Test packet C filling bytes and un encrypted bytes at the end of the packet Slave TX message C 6 L 22 Cl 72 Data 78563412AE070107070011042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCAAAAAAAA Slave TX message C 6 L 1B CI 5A Data 08001 2042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDAAAAAAAA Slave TX message C 6 L 2B CI 5B Data 785634 12AE07010709001A042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFA AAAAAAA Green Number of encrypted bytes including the two Ox2F bytes in the start of the encryption part Read Second block Header un encrypted Purple Encrypted part of UART message Internal encryption and not encrypted on UART Black Un encrypted part of message Slave Step by step guide to send an encrypted message to a Master 1 Enter configuration mode 2 Send the slave key to module using the K command and Slave Key as Command parameter 3 Enable Encryption using the E command and 0x01 as command parameter 4 Leave configuration mode using the X command 4 Send one of the valid test packets above This packet will now be encrypted over the RF link Master Step by step guide to receive an encrypted message from a slave 1 Enter configuration mode 2 Install the Slave to this Master using the B and Address Register as command parameter Address register is 1 8 2 Send the Master key to module using the K command and Address Register Master Key as command par
16. M Ox4D Address Data see list of Used to enter memory configuration parameters below configuration menu OxFF exits memory Parameters changed are configuration stored in non volatile memory Output power 0x50 0x01 0x05 1 5 Data is stored in volatile memory only Quality Q 0x51 Returns one byte indicating Based on bit errors Indicator the signal quality of the last preamble and synch word received packet Signal S 0x53 Returns one byte indicating If a valid packet has been Strength the signal strength of a received when in RSSI detected signal or a valid configuration mode it will packet return the RSSI of the last received packet Destination T 0x54 8 bytes Data is stored in volatile M_ID2 Second manufacturer memory only 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 18 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS address code M ID1 First manufacturer code U 104 103 U 1 2 U 101 VER Version DEV Device Type Exit command X 0x58 none Exit to normal operation mode All changes of parameters take effect Sleep mode Z 0x5A Exit sleep mode by sending OxFF on UART RXD pin Test mode 0 0 0x30 List all configuration memory parameters Test mode 1 T 0x31 TX carrier Test mode 2 2 0x32 none TX modulate
17. OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x68 0x6F OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x70 0x77 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x78 0x7F OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x00 0x07 0x01 0x05 0x03 0x02 0x00 0x00 0x64 0x00 0x08 0x0F 0x00 0x00 0x00 0xD3 0x91 OxDA 0x80 0x80 0x10 0x17 Ox7C 0x00 0x01 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x18 0x1F 0x00 0x0C OxAE 0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78 0x01 0x20 0x27 0x07 0x01 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x04 0x28 Ox2F OxFF 0x08 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x30 0x37 0x05 0x08 0x00 0x01 0x05 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x38 0x3F 0x2B 0x00 0x00 0x06 0x0B 0x02 0x00 0x00 0x40 0x47 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x48 0x4F OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x50 0x57 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x58 0x5F 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x60 0x67 0x00 0x52 0x43 0x31 0x31 0x38 0x30 0x2D 0x68 0x6F 0x4D 0x42 0x55 0x53 0x2C 0x31 0x2E 0x30 0x70 0x77 0x30 0x2C 0x32 0x2E 0x30 0x30 0x00 OxFF 0x78 0x7F 0xFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x80 0x87 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x88 0x8F 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x90 0x97 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x98 Ox9F 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 OxAO OxA7 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 OxA8 OxAF 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
18. Radiocrafts Embedded WirelessSoiutions MBUS MBUS User Manual 4 SES ai Water meter b A 905 Gas meter Concentrator Heat meter Table of contents plzeee n dugppe 1 lagiepieem 2 NETWORK TOPOLOGY erento Rcs gua 2 WIRELESS M BUS EMBEDDED 3 BASIC FUNCTIONALITY cesonia a a EP ha ar SE OE QR RR ER C d VERTES 3 UART INTERFACE FOR WIRELESS M BUS PACKET HANDLING e enne 4 UART INTERFACE FOR MODULE CONFIGURATION ccccccecessessseeceeecescesseeseeeeeeceaueesseeeeeseeaneneees 5 UART TIMING INFORMATION 2cccccecescssseecececeacesseescecececeaueesseeeeeseeseeasaeseeeeeeseauagsseeseeeeeanenaess 7 POWERMMANAGEMENT 5 atienden uk Dee M n e QE va Eruca Eua eR nar TOUR RR e n rl D TREO EUER DN RR 8 MBUS1 DESCRIPTION sissies BRR ee NL UR 9 MBUS TIMING TABLE ra rh atr eva dia Ped Cet e ha reda a a D bre D re a ada rad 9 MBUS1 CONFIGURATION COMMANDSG ccccccccecececececececececeeececacacececececacacacaeecueeeueaeaeaeanaeanass 10 MBUS1 CONFIGURATION MEMORY ccccccecececececececececececececececucecececacacecucacececeeacaeaeueasaeasaeass 12 MBUS2 DESCRIPTION i Be ees 14 MBUS2 AUTOMATIC ACKNOWLEDGE
19. ad is 255 bytes Sleep mode can be entered via an UART command and wake up is triggered on UART traffic one FFh byte Sleep mode can also be entered automatically after a transmission configurable by SLEEP MODE The module acts as a buffered packet radio hence all data to be sent is stored in the module before they are transmitted by the RF circuitry Likewise when data is received they are stored in the module before they are sent to the host This allows the communication controller to add address information and to do error check of the data The Module has one UART interface that can be used for both Wireless M Bus packet handling and module configuration UART Interface for Wireless M Bus packet handling The host will use the UART Interface to send and receive Wireless MBUS packets and the UART packet format can be changed in the configuration mode When the Module receives a Wireless M Bus packet over RF it will send out the packet over the UART interface on the TXD Line When the host MCU wants to transmit a Wireless M Bus packet over the RF it must send the packet over the UART Interface into the RXD line Wireless M Bus link TXD MCU RC1180 MBUS RC1180 MBUS Mace Figure 1 UART interface overview The data frame for the UART RXD pin input for transmitting a Wireless M Bus packet is built like this Figure 2 UART interface packet transmission RXD pin 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1
20. ameters 3 Enable Decryption using the D command and Address Register as command parameter 4 Leave configuration mode using the X command An encrypted packet from the installed slave will now be decrypted before it is provided out on the UART TXD Note that you also have the option to use the M command to permanently set the Encryption Decryption flag in the configuration non volatile memory instead of using the D and E commands 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 16 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS Timing table The table below shows the timing information for the module when changing between different operating states Timing symbol is according to figure 5 and 6 MBUS RX TXD 180 us Time from last byte is received from the air until first character is sent on the UART trxp Min 590 us trxp bytes received x 590 us char 10 bits at 19 2 kBd 70 us delay per character trxp ipLE 900 us Time from last character is sent on the UART until module is in IDLE mode ready for RXD and RX Trxp cTs 20 us Time from last character is received by the UART including any timeout until CTS is activated traxp Tx 960 ms Time from last character is received by the UART including any timeout until the module sends the first byte on the air TIXIDLE 960 ms Time from last character is sent on the air until module is in IDLE mode r
21. annel 11 and data rate 82 768 kchip s are set internally in the module according to the S mode and will override any settings in the RF_CHANNEL and RF_DATA_RATE configuration registers This setting can also be used for T2 mode slave receive and master transmit T1 mode Set MBUS_MODE 1 The RF channel channel 12 data rate 100 kchip s and preamble length are set internally in the module according to the T mode and will override any settings in the RF_CHANNEL RF_DATARATE and PREAMBLE_LENGTH configuration registers This setting can also be used for T2 mode slave transmit and master receive T2 mode Set MBUS_MODE 2 Set NETWORK_ROLE 0 or 1 The RF channel channel 11 or 12 data rate 32 768 or 100 kchip s and preamble length are set internally in the module according to the T2 mode and the selected Network Role either being a Slave NETWORK_ROLE 0 or a Master NETWORK_ROLE 1 and change according to receive transmit It will override any setting in the RF_CHANNEL configuration register R2 mode Set RF_CHANNEL 1 10 Set MBUS_MODE 0 The data rate 4 8 kchip s and preamble length are set internally in the module according to the R mode The module supports automatic generation of L M A and CRC field i e Preamble header synchronisation Adding the first block C field and address manufacturing ID CRC Postamble The RF signal is Manchester coded or 3 out of 6 coded for increased signal in
22. d Signature field sent to the module must be according to the standard for encryption to take place The module will do byte stuffing if required to get a full 16 byte encryption block Only Cl fields 0x5A 0x5B and 0x72 allows encryption The Signature field must be 0x04 or 0x05 according to NTA8130 When using Signature field 0x05 the application must add the two filler bytes Ox2F after the header The Initialization Vector for the encryption is extracted from the long header for CI fields 0x5B and 0x72 For the short header Cl field 0x5A the Initialization Vector is partly from the MAC header destination address and the short application header The Access Counter byte in the application header is used by the encryption and the host application must increment the counter in order to avoid repetitive messages For a message to be decrypted the decryption flag for the particular slave must be set and the Cl field and Signature field must be according to the standard for encryption to take place The module will do byte stuffing if required In the slave only LSB is used as flags The D and E commands are used to set decryption and encryption flags without storing in non volatile memory The value following the D and E commands is interpreted as bit maps corresponding to the 8 address registers To test the encryption feature you need to have a valid key set for a master and slave In addition you need to send a valid UART frame
23. d signal sequence Test mode 3 3 0 33 TX Off mode Note ASCII characters are written as X hexadecimal numbers are written like 0 00 and decimal numbers are written like 10 throughout the text A table of ASCII characters and their respective hex and decimal values are found in the Appendix Any invalid command will be ignored and the gt prompt will be re sent If Test mode 1 or 2 is used it is important to enter Test mode 3 before exiting the configuration mode X in order to ensure proper operation in normal mode Example To select RF channel 3 send the follow sequence after asserting the CONFIG line and the gt prompt is received Command Enter C 3 Hex 0x00 0x43 0x03 Response Comment Note gt Or assert CONFIG pin De assert CONFIG after gt prompt P Wait for gt prompt A new command could be issued here X 0x58 none Module returns to IDLE state Note that the CONFIG line must be de asserted after the first gt prompt was received but before the X command 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 19 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S MBUS2 Configuration Memory The table below shows the complete list of configurable parameters stored in non volatile memory These values can be changed using the M command All addresses and arguments must be se
24. e found in the Appendix Any invalid command will be ignored and the gt prompt will be re sent If Test mode 1 or 2 is used it is important to enter Test mode 3 before exiting the configuration mode X in order to ensure proper operation in normal mode Example To select RF channel 3 send the follow sequence after asserting the CONFIG line and the gt prompt is received Command Hex Response Comment Note Enter 0x00 gt Or assert CONFIG pin De assert CONFIG after gt prompt 0 43 gt 3 0x03 gt Wait for gt prompt A new command could be issued here 0 58 Module returns to IDLE state Note that the CONFIG line must be de asserted after the first gt prompt was received but before the X command 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 11 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S MBUS 1 Configuration Memory The table below shows the complete list of configurable parameters stored in non volatile memory These values can be changed using the M command All addresses and arguments must be sent as binary values to the module not as ASCII representation for hex or decimal Radio configuration RF CHANNEL Default RF 0x00 1 10 0x01 1 See data sheet for channel for R channel frequencies mode only Only used for R mode RF POWER Default RF 0x01 1 5 0x05 5 See data sheet for
25. eady for RXD and RX toFF IDLE 3 2 ms tRESET IDLE 3 0 ms tsLEEP IDLE 1 3 ms coNFIG PROMPT 60 us Time from 00h CONFIG pin is set low until prompt gt Ta cowriG 1 1 ms Delay after channel byte is sent until prompt gt For other volatile memory commands there is no delay but immediate prompt Ta cowriG 1 1 ms Delay after new M Bus mode byte is sent until prompt 2 For other volatile memory commands there is no delay but immediate prompt Twa 1 55 ms B K and M Delay from stop bit of the command byte to start bit of command the prompt reply See figure 5 for details 24 us all other commands tMeEMORY CONEIG 31 ms In this period the internal flash non volatile memory is programmed Do not reset turn the module off or allow any power supply dips in this period as it may cause permanent error in the Flash configuration memory After the last command parameter byte the host should wait for the gt prompt before any further action is done to ensure correct re configuration TCOonFIG IDLE 1 1 ms End of X to IDLE ix 3 6 ms TX time for T1 mode when Length 1 on the UART Preamble sync CRC and MBUS address field added internally Depends on M Bus mode T S R and L 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 17 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MBUS2 Configuration Commands MBUS A list of commands is shown the table below Commands must be sent as
26. er data transmission If automatic SLEEP is enabled SLEEP MODE 1 the module will automatically go to sleep in a configurable time after data transmission if an acknowledge is not received The receiver timeout is configured by RX_TIMEOUT The automatic sleep is only done after an Access Demand Install message C field is 46h in T1 and 06h in T2 or a regular Access Demand message C field is 44h in T1 and 48h in T2 is sent MBUS2 Automatic Addressing When the Master receives a message from a slave this slave HEADER will be used as the HEADER for the next transmission from the master If for example during installation messages are received from several meters the last message received will be the default address This feature can be overridden by using the T command MBUS2 Installation and Binding The module Master can be set in Installation Mode using the I command When the module is in Installation Mode it will accept all Access Demand Install messages C field is 46h in T1 and O6h in T2 Slaves can be bound to a Master by registering their addresses in the Address Register This is done by using the B Bind command followed by a register number 1 8 and an 8 bytes slave address Thus a maximum of 8 meters can be bound to one Master for the MBUS2 feature set meeting NTA8130 request for minimum 4 meters Note the host must know which registers are used and which are free at any time MBUS2 Encryption The module s
27. improper use or sale 2008 Radiocrafts AS All rights reserved Contact Information Web site www radiocrafts com Address Radiocrafts AS Sandakerveien 64 NO 0484 OSLO NORWAY Tel 47 4000 5195 Fax 447 22 71 29 15 E mails radiocrafts radiocrafts com sales radiocrafts com support radiocrafts com 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 26 of 26
28. into the module in order for the internal encryption and decryption feature to be activated on this message The RCTools PC software from Radiocrafts MBUS CCT MBUS DEMO can be used to configure key sets and send and receive encrypted messages Example of a key set Master Key 0x00 0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44 0x55 0x66 0x77 0x88 0x99 OxAA OxBB 0 OxDD OxEE OxFF Slave Key 0x0A 0x90 OxE5 0xB7 0x4D 0x28 0x07 OxA6 0x51 OxF6 0x9A OxCO 0x89 0x6A 0x09 OxF6 Use factory default for Init vector and Default key in the configuration memory Example of UART RXD frames that enable encryption Test packet A No filling byte Slave TX message C 6 L 2D Cl 72 Data 78563412AE070107010020042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFA ABBCCDDEEFF Slave TX message C 6 L 25 CI 5A Data 020020042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFF Slave TX message C 6 L 2D CI 5B Data 78563412AE070107030020042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFA ABBCCDDEEFF Test packet B filling bytes Slave TX message C 6 L 1E Cl 72 Data 78563412AE070107040011042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCC Slave TX message C 6 L 17 CI 5A Data 050012042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDD 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 15 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S Slave TX message C 6 L 2E CI 5B Data 78563412AE070107060021042F2FAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEEFFAABBCCDDEE
29. ion P 0x50 Output power Output power Q 0x51 Quality Indicator Quality Indicator S 0x53 Signal Strength RSSI Signal Strength RSSI T 0x54 Destination address Destination address X 0x58 Exit command Exit command Z 0x5A Sleep mode Sleep mode 0 0x30 Test mode 0 Test mode 0 T 0x31 Test mode 1 Test mode 1 2 0x32 Test mode 2 Test mode 2 3 0x33 Test mode 3 Test mode 3 Commands in grey are stored in non volatile memory The rest of the commands are stored in volatile memory and is lost after a power off or a reset 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 23 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions MB U S Appendix Configuration Memory Factory Default 0x00 0x07 0x01 0x05 0x03 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x64 0x00 0x08 0x0F 0x00 0x00 0x00 OxD3 0x91 OxDA 0x80 0x80 0x10 0x17 0x7C 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x18 0x1F 0x00 0x0C OxAE 0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78 0x01 0x20 0x27 0x07 0x01 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x04 0x28 0x2F OxFF 0x08 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x30 0x37 0x05 0x08 0x00 0x01 0x05 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x38 0x3F Ox2B 0x00 0x01 0x44 0x00 0x52 0 43 0 31 Ox40 0x47 0x31 0x38 0x30 0x2D 0x4D 0x42 0x55 0x53 0x48 Ox4F 0x2C 0x31 Ox2E 0x30 0x30 0x2C 0x31 Ox2E 0x50 0x57 0x31 0x35 0x00 OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x58 0x5F OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF OxFF 0x60 0x67
30. nt as binary values to the module not as ASCII representation for hex or decimal Radio configuration RF CHANNEL Default RF 0x00 1 10 0x01 1 See data sheet for channel for R channel frequencies mode only Only used for R mode RF POWER Default RF 0x01 1 5 0x05 5 See data sheet for output output power power levels MBUS_MODE M Bus mode 0x03 0 4 0x01 1 Use G command to 0 81 change value in volatile 1 T1 memory only 2 T2 3 Reserved 4 R SLEEP MODE Sleep mode 0x04 0 Disable Sleep 0x00 0 When enabled the 1 Enable Sleep module enter Sleep mode after transmission Delay set by TIMEOUT RSSI MODE Append RSSI 0x05 0 Disabled 0x00 0 When enabled the RSSI to received 1 Enabled value is appended to the data received data Radio packet configuration PREAMBLE _ Short of long Ox0A 0x00 0 Short 0x00 0 Preamble header LENGTH preamble in S 0x01 1 Long length apply for S mode mode only only Medium access addressing and network management NETWORK ROLE 0x12 0x00 0 0x00 0 Slave Meter 0 01 1 Master Concentr ator M ID1 Manufacturer 0x19 0x00 0xFF 0 0 12 ID first byte 0 255 M ID2 Manufacturer Ox1A 0x00 0xFF OxAE ID second byte 0 255 174 U ID1 Unique ID first 0x1B 0x00 0xFF 0x12 18 byte 0 255 U ID2 Unique ID 0x1C 0x00 0xFF 0x34 52 second byte 0 255 U ID3 Unique ID third Ox1D 0x00 0xFF 0x56 86 byte 0 255 ID4 Unique ID
31. on This User Manual describes the embedded protocol of the Wireless MBUS Modules from Radiocrafts The MBUS firmware is available as different feature sets targeting specific applications The hardware platform is the same for all solutions and the different feature sets available are listed in the table below Detailed information on how to use the different feature sets is found in this User Manual For additional information about the Wireless M Bus packet structure for NTA8131 compliance is described in Application Note 011 and is available on request General Basic wireless M bus Added features for functions NTA8130 compliance Network role Master or Slave Master or Slave Modes 51 S2 1 T2 R2 51 S2 T1 T2 R2 Encryption No must be handled AES according to NTA8130 externally Installation mode No Must be handled Yes according to NTA8130 externally Filter function No receives any MBUS Master only receives packet Filtering must be messages from handled externally installed registered meters Automatic acknowledge in 2 No must be handled Yes according to NTA8131 externally The command set used to configure the MBUS modules are different for each feature set and overview is found in the appendix Network Topology A wireless M Bus supported metering system normally consists of a number of heat gas water and or electricity meters which reports their meteorological readings to a concent
32. r typical delay To completely exit from command mode the normal exit command X must be sent Example To change the MAN D at address 0x19 and 0x14 and set it to 100 200 0x64 0xC8 send the following sequence Command Enter 0x19 100 Ox1A 200 Hex 0x00 0x4D 0x19 0x64 Ox1A 0xC8 Response Comment Note gt Or assert CONFIG pin De assert CONFIG after gt prompt new address could be sent here new value could be sent here OxFF OxFF 0x58 gt Module ready to receive address none none none none gt Wait for gt prompt none Module returns to IDLE state Test mode 0 0 command can be used to list all parameters stored in non volatile memory This command can be used to verify and check the module configuration 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 13 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S MBUS2 Description MBUS 2 Automatic Acknowledge The Master must reply with an acknowledge message within 3ms after a received Access Demand if further communication shall take place To meet this timing requirement the module has built in automatic acknowledge support Use the Acknowledge flag set using the A command to indicate which slave shall be acknowledge at next access The flag is automatically cleared but can also be cleared manually with the A command The Slave has special support for automatic sleep aft
33. rator The concentrator acts as the master in the system while the meters are slaves The Radiocrafts wireless M Bus family of modules RC11xx MBUSx can be configured to have a role as either master or slave The slave contains a unique address and when sending a reading the address is added to the wireless message The message from a slave is un addressed but the master module within range will receive the message and present selected parts of the message on its serial interface In dedicated modes the received message will be acknowledged and the master then returns an addressed wireless message to the unique slave based on the address field originally received from the slave 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 2 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless solutions MBUS Wireless M Bus Embedded Protocol Basic functionality The module offers a buffered packet radio acting as a Wireless M Bus modem The module contains a fully embedded protocol supporting EN13757 4 2005 modes e Stationary mode S S1 S1 m S2 e Frequent transmit mode T T1 and T2 e Frequent receive mode R2 The mode is configurable by the MBUS MODE parameter The required M Bus mode is configured by setting the module in configuration mode and entering appropriate UART commands The following modes are supported S1 mode Set MBUS_MODE 0 Set PREAMBLE_LENGTH 0 for short preamble or 1 for long preamble The RF channel ch
34. t without any data argument Then wait for the gt prompt while the internal memory is re programmed See Timing Information for typical delay To completely exit from command mode the normal exit command X must be sent Example To change the MAN ID at address 0x19 and 0x1A and set it to 100 200 0x64 0xC8 send the following sequence Command Hex Response Comment Note Enter 0x00 gt Or assert CONFIG pin De assert CONFIG after gt prompt M 0x4D gt Module ready to receive address 0x19 0x19 none 100 0x64 none 0x1A 0x1A none 200 0xC8 none new address could be sent here new value could be sent here OxFF OxFF gt Wait for gt prompt 0 58 Module returns to IDLE state Test mode 0 0 command can be used to list all parameters stored in non volatile memory This command can be used to verify and check the module configuration 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 22 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions Appendix MBUS Command list overview MBUS A 0x41 N A Acknowledge B 0x42 N A Bind C 0x43 Channel Channel D 0x44 N A Decrypt 0x45 N A Encrypt F 0x46 C field C field G 0x47 M Bus mode M Bus mode T 0x49 N A Install K 0x4B N A Key register M 0x4D Memory configuration Memory configurat
35. te can be used Setting DATA INTERFACE 4 will add a START byte 68h and a STOP byte 16h to the message This is only used for the module to host communication direction TXD Setting DATA INTERFACE 8 will add a two byte CRC checksum and DATA INTERFACE OCh will add START STOP bytes and CRC The CRC is sent MSByte first The RSSI value is added when RSSI MODE 1 UART Interface for module configuration The configuration of the module can be changed in circuit from the host during operation at the time of installation of the equipment at the manufacturing test or even as a stand alone module The configuration is changed by sending commands on the UART interface after the module is set in configuration mode The configuration mode is entered by sending OOh to the module or by asserting the CONFIG pin set low In command mode the module will respond by sending a gt prompt on the TXD pin This indicates that the module is ready to receive commands The CONFIG pin can then be de 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 5 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S asserted Note that the CONFIG pin must be de asserted before the Exit command X is sent to the module in order to return to normal operation After a command is executed the module responds with the gt prompt character again indicating it is ready for a new command Do not send a new command before the gt
36. tegrity The default M Bus mode is entered and stored in the modules non volatile memory MBUS MODE The M Bus mode can also be changed using the G command Using the G command the value is not stored in non volatile memory To do a permanent change use the M command The G command should be used for frequent change of mode to prevent excessive writing to the flash based non volatile memory 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 3 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S The default C field is entered and stored in the modules non volatile memory CONTROL FIELD The C field can also be changed using the F command Using the F command the value is not stored in non volatile memory To do permanent change use the M command The default Manufacturer ID and unique meter Address is entered and stored in the modules non volatile memory The destination address or module address can also be changed using the T command Using the T command the address is not stored in non volatile memory To do a permanent change use the M command MBUS2 sets the destination address automatically based on the last received message The module has an internal buffer and transmits application data when the whole packet is received based on packet length first byte The module also has a timeout feature that will empty the input buffer in case of false data packets Max total paylo
37. upports AES 128 encryption When a slave is registered into the masters address register the master host should request a new encryption key from the utility data base The new key is specific for each slave and related to the slave equipment ID or unique address The new key should be provided in two versions plain and encrypted using the slave s default key That is the utility needs to keep a register with default keys linked to each meter The master host should send the new encrypted key to the slave And the slave host should configure this new key into the module using the K command followed by 16 bytes the encrypted key The slave module will automatically de crypt the new key using its default key The master host should then send the new plain key to the master module using the K command followed by the register location number and the 16 bytes the new key The register location number must correspond to the address register location for that slave 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 14 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S The ENCRYPT FLAG and DECRYPT FLAG parameters are used to enable disable the encryption when transmitting and receiving messages The 8 bit values are interpreted as bit maps corresponding to the 8 address registers LSB being register 1 For a message to be encrypted the encryption flag for the particular slave must be set and the Cl field an
38. x01 0x05 1 5 Data is stored in volatile memory only Quality Q 0x51 Returns one byte indicating Based on bit errors Indicator the signal quality preamble and synch word Signal S 0x53 Returns one byte indicating If a valid packet has been Strength the signal strength of a received when in RSSI detected signal or a valid configuration mode it will packet return the RSSI of the last received packet Destination T 0x54 8 bytes Data is stored in volatile module MAN 102 Second memory only address manufacturer code MAN 101 First manufacturer code 104 103 102 101 VER Version DEV Device Type Exit command X 0x58 none Exit to normal operation mode All changes of parameters take effect Sleep mode Z 0x5A Exit sleep mode by sending OxFF on UART RXD pin Test mode 0 0 0x30 none List all configuration memory parameters Test mode 1 1 0 31 TX carrier Test mode 2 2 0x32 none TX modulated signal sequence Test mode 3 3 0 33 TX Off mode 2009 Radiocrafts AS MBUS User Manual rev 1 10 Page 10 of 26 Radiocrafts Embedded Wireless Solutions M B U S Note ASCII characters are written as X hexadecimal numbers are written like 0 00 and decimal numbers are written like 10 throughout the text A table of ASCII characters and their respective hex and decimal values ar
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