Home

section 2 feasibility study - Solar Rating and Certification Corporation

1. 2C 3 C Industrial Process Heating flat plate Bare cost 3 108 0 01 ft x collector area ft Limits 10 000 ft x area 23 000 ft 6 Other crane operator T a Flat plate associated thermal storage tank Bare cost 743 0 02 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft lt area lt 23 000 ft b Evacuated tubes associated thermal storage tank Bare cost 652 0 08 ft x collector area ft Limits 5 000 ft lt area x 12 000 ft Cost Estimating Procedure 2C 3 1 Bare Cost The following general equation is used to determine the Bare Cost for any site location solar energy system application type of collector and coilector area Bare Cost BC F C Mj C4 E C4 M C4 E Cu where Ea Fixed material cost of collectors and thermal storage tanks M Nationa average mechanical material cost E National average electrical material cost M National average mechanical labor cost E National average electrical labor cost Tu National average other mechanical cost used for crane operator These costs are calculated irom the equations in ine previous paragrapii 2 0 2 for tie specitic sciar energy system application collector type and collector area of the proposed project in 1985 US dollars and must be adjusted to the year of proposed construction Cum City cost ind
2. z T 3 i T y a s os H z H i E E N H tiem X e x H E td 3 i i H 3 3 H H gt 3 E ha Se ta PC ERES 4 H gt 3 3 h z 3 ax e s 4 b e 2 gt gt e a 2 1000 i H 11 400 9sveeetana um saeszasaesaeae reum personas 0634 9 EEE Zr acaat ssessecdoseossonsose qn as bhbgna p anaeeosecessasa rante consed LIPEZARADAD LS ARANDA 2 a e eseroa i j i i i 2 Ld s a a a s H E E 3 5 A d i t i i H i 3 i L a e a H i E 1 3 3 3 i E H 2 H a B H B pa i a L4 a s 3 H i i 0 z i gt LJ LJ a bd a e JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 2A 3 Monthly Variation of Average Dally Radiation on a Horizontal Collector in Boulder Colorado Solar Design Manual 1 A Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2A 4 200 Btu ft h 150 100 50 O i1 12 Time of Day Figure 2A 4 Hourly Record of Total Solar Radiation on a Horizonta
3. Maximum snowfall inches mm Maximum wind velocity mph km h Direction of maximum wind Direction of prevailing wind Climatic Atlas of the United States U S Department of Commerce 1977 SERI SP 642 1037 Solar Radiation Energy Resource Atlas of the United States October 1981 SERI SP 755 789 Insolation Data Manual October 1980 Solar Design Manual ection 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 17 CHECKLIST 2 3 SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Sheet 2 of 2 7 National Weather Service NWS Location of closest NWS Distance to NWS miles km Direction from NWS Significant topographical difference between NWS and site that may affect climatic conditions 8 Building site subject to emissions Yes NO If yes source type describe Frequency Source direction 9 Shading source south of site Ground Yes No Wall Yes No Roof Yes No Future potential for shading 1 Describe Solar Design Manual oe necis CHECKLIST 2 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Sheet 1 of 4 A NO COST LOW COST HVAC To be implemented Yes No 1 Install locking thermostats o 2 Adjust supply or heat transfer medium temperature ie os 3 Install nighttime thermostat setback MOERS 4 Restrict heat and air conditioning in unoccupied areas OR 5 Clean radiators air registers filters condenser coils CA 6 Check operation of automatic c
4. Unit Unit Default I P Default SI CITY CALL NUMBER 127 127 WATER STORAGE VOLUME 1000 GALLONS 3750 LITERS BUILDING UA 0 FOR DHW ONLY 520 BTU HR F 275 W C FUEL 1 EL 2 NG 3 OIL 4 OTHER 2 2 EFFICIENCY OF FUEL USAGE 70 70 DOMESTIC HOT WATER 1 Y 2 N 1 1 DAILY HOT WATER USAGE 80 GALLONS 300 LITERS WATER SET TEMPERATURE 140 F 60 C ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE 68 Fe he ets SO ae MO eke DHW STORAGE TANK SIZE 80 GALLONS 300 LITERS UA OF AUX STORAGE TANK 7 6 BTU HR F 4 W C PIPE HEAT LOSS 1 Y 2 N 2 2 INLET PIPEUA 5 BTU HR F 2 5 W C OUTLET PIPE UA 5 BTU HR F 2 5 W C RELATIVE LOAD HX SIZE 1 1 adiu dh COLLECTOR STORAGE HX 1 Y 2 N 2 2 TANK SIDE FLOW RATE AREA 11 LB HR FT2 0 015 KG S M2 HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS 0 5 0 5 2B 4 1 Feasibility Study Input for Water Storage System Parameters The input data in I P units for the feasibility study are determined as follows for the water storage system parameters default values are used only when no specific data are available City Call Number Use the number from Appendix A of F CHART s user s manual for city nearest solar site Water Storage Volu me Calculate volume on basis of 1 gal ft gross collector ar area a collector parameter set This is the volume of the main storage tank of Figures 4 24 and 4 2B of the User s Manual Note A heat loss term is not required for this version of F CHART The program assumes a tank insulated to R13 5 and a length diameter rat
5. may have ordinances that affect solar access and would restrict intrusion by adjacent property owners and builders Some localities impose additional requirements and restrictions on design and construction Of particular importance to solar energy system designs are local require ments to provide double separation between glycol used for collector antifreeze fluid and the potable water system which would impact system cost and system performance Long term weather data such as temperatures insolation and wind from the closest National Weather Service NWS station are usually applicable Differences in topographic features between weather sta tions and building locations may adversely affect weather conditions at specific site locations Long term local weather data if available should be consulted Checking with local residents is helpful in determining significant weather variance from nearest weather stations Items of particular interest are cloudiness sunshine wind velocity and snowfall and accumulation if applicable Chemical or particulate emissions from nearby operations or facilities such as incinerators factories or processing plants should be consid Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Pr A 5 gr UIDERETUR PUDE A rr ra 2 2 2 Energy Conservation Alternatives Insulation of Piping Ducts and Heaters Air Infiltration Reduction Humidity Control Application Review Page
6. the A E can furnish design load data If possible such design data should be checked by comparison with actual loads for buildings of similar type occupancy and usage In case of conflict actual load data from similar buildings should be used In addition to total energy requirements on a daily monthly and annual basis daily load profiles are an important consideration for design of solar energy systems For example a constant daytime load profile is ideally suited for solar energy systems because energy is used when it is collected This allows the collectors to operate at lower temperatures Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Application Review Page 2 5 NN nn AAN A MUCH r r wfi t at Hot Water Load Space Heating Load and at higher thermal efficiencies In addition overall system efficiencies are higher because little or no energy is stored for overnight use reduc ing overnight thermal losses from system piping storage units and components Because less storage volume or none is required total capital costs are minimized The A E should select any low temperature loads that have been found in this survey as the primary target for solar energy system applications as low temperature loads are most appropriate for solar heating allowing collectors to operate at higher efficiencies and reducing storage volume required Ventilation air preheating for example may b
7. 2 3 ered These may significantly impair performance increase mainte nance costs or shorten the life of solar collectors Shading of proposed locations for solar collectors by nearby structures and or vegetation during all seasons should be determined Future potential offsite development permitted by local building ordinances and land use policies may increase the amount of shading or have other adverse impacts on collector performance and must be considered here Successful application of solar heating systems requires that the building and its energy distribution systems be designed to conserve energy Building owners should be encouraged to implement applicable conser E vation measures prior to or concurrent with installation of solar energy j systems Energy saved by these conservation measures will reduce the 3 total building heating load used in designing the solar energy system 1 Typical energy conservation measures are listed in Checklist 2 4 some of the more significant ones are discussed below Therma losses from uninsulated or poorly insulated heaters furnaces hot water pipes and warm air ducts also cold air ducts cause hot water heaters or furnaces to operate longer to reach the set point temperature Often set temperatures of hot water heaters or space heating thermo stats are raised contributing to further losses Adding to or improving insulation on pipes ducts and heaters where applicable is a l
8. ANGLE MOD PARALLEL 1 999 998 995 981 953 882 7 35 0 10 COLLECTOR FLOW RATE AREA 11 LB HR FT2 0 15 KG S M2 11 COLLECTOR FLUID SPECIFIC HEAT 1 0 BTU LB F 419 KJ KG C 12 MODIFY TEST VALUES 1 Y 2 N 2 2 13 TEST COLLECTOR FLOW RATE AREA11 LB HR FT2 0 015 KG S M2 14 TEST FLUID SPECIFIC HEAT 0 8 BTULR F 335 KJKG C Mum hem a e teneat IS 2B 3 1 Feasibility Study Input for Collector Parameters The input data in I P units for the feasibility study are determined as follows for the collector parameter set the default values are used only when no specific data are available 1 Number of Collectors Use the actual number selected for conceptual analysis Section 1 If not selected divide total gross collector area by 40 ff 3 FR UL Test Slope Use ASHRAE test data of selected collector If not selected use the value for an average collector discussed in Section 1 5 1 4 FR TAU ALFHA Test Intercept Use ASHRAE test data of selected collector if not selected use the value for an average collector discussed in Section 1 5 1 5 Collector Slope For hot water use slope latitude For space heating with or without hot water use latitude plus 15 6 Collector Azimuth Use default value Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 3 110r Collector Flow Rate Use ASHRAE test flow rate of selected collector If tested with water 10 but design fluid is
9. Point No System Design End Description The design process continues with a detailed feasibility study The A E reviews data pro vided by the conceptual analysis summary confirms the data and adds information as necessary to complete the application review checklists for energy conservation and load analysis Using these data and computer programs suitable for the size and complexity of the project the A E completes performance analyses to verify and establish size of collec tor field Cost estimates and economic analysis follow and if necessary performance cost iterations are made to identify the most cost effective design The A E will summarize and prepare a system design description and if the cost effectiveness is acceptable the de tailed system design of Section 3 will begin An example of the design of a solar energy service water heating system following this design process is included as Example System Design and follows Section 5 of this design manual Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Application Review Page 2 2 2 2 1 Data Gathering User s Goals Bullding information Site and Environmental Conditions 2 2 APPLICATION REVIEW During this phase of the design process an indepth study of the user s goals requirements building location environmental and regulatory conditions and thermal loads should be performed Generalized data gathered during concep
10. The Solar Radiation Energy Resource Atlas of the United States SERI SP 642 1037 published by the Solar Energy Research Institute October 1981 may be consulted for insolation data also Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2A 2 When designing solar energy systems collectors should be sloped so they are close to perpendicular to the Sun s rays To maximize solar energy collection during the heating season the plane of the collector should have a slope angle greater than latitude at the site Thus a collector slope greater than the latitude angle is more nearly perpendicular to solar rays from September through March To maximize summer collection the collector should have a slope angle less than latitude and if collection is desired throughout the year a slope angle nearly equal to latitude is appropriate A general rule is to slope collectors at latitude for a service water heating system and at latitude plus 15 for a space heating system In some evacuated collectors the tubes instead of the modules may be rotated to slope the absorber surface and accomplish the same purpose The preferred collector orientation is true south Any other orientation will decrease total energy incident on the collector surface during the day However deviations either east or west by as much as 30 equal to 2 hours will decrease total daily solar radiation by less than 5 Site climatic conditions building
11. are available what the programs do and who to contact for more information For purposes of this manual the F CHART program was used to demon strate an example simulation program in the Example System Design following Section 5 of this design manual See note in margin For solar energy systems described in this manual a system simulation computer program yielding monthly performance estimates is best suited for overall system performance analyses Such a program should allow estimation of the monthly solar fraction and a study of the effects of parameter changes on solar fraction Parameters that should be varied include total collector area collector characteristics storage capacity load heat exchanger characteristics flow rate of collector fluids desired hot water temperature cold water supply temperature and collector slope and orientation F CHART programs used with mainframe com puters Version 4 2 and microcomputers Version 5 are available Al though Version 4 2 has more capability it is more difficult to use and Version 5 is recommended Input data required for running this program are described in Appendix 2B Considerations for some of the important input parameters are discussed as follows Building load data were calculated in Section 2 2 3 above For service water heating applications F CHART requires load usage rate inputs in average gal day If a hot water recirculation system is selected two methods can be
12. fuel cost escalation are considered Life cycle cost LCC is a term commonly used to describe a general method of economic evaluation by which all relevant costs over the life of a project are accounted for when determining economic efficiency of the project With its emphasis on costs it is a suitable method for evaluating economic feasibility of projects that realize their benefits primarily through fuel cost avoidance An LCC approach can be implemented by applying any or all of the following specific evaluation techniques or modes of analysis Total life cycle cost TLCC analysis which sums discounted value of all equivalent costs over the investor s time horizon e Net saving NS analysis which finds the difference between TLCCs of a proposed project and its alternative as a measure of the project s net profitability Saving to Investment ratio SIR method which indicates by a numerical ratio the size of savings relative to costs gt Internal rate of return IRR technique which gives the percentage yield on an investment Each of the evaluation techniques has its advantages and disadvantages that make it particularly appropriate for some purposes and less appro priate for others In brief the TLCC and NS techniques are especially useful for designing and sizing projects and the SIR and IRR techniques are particularly useful for assigning priority to projects when budgets are limited Analysis of LCC can be
13. humidity within buildings additional energy is required to vaporize and heat moisture added for humidity control Humidification systems may be Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Application Review Page 2 4 designed not only to maintain comfort and health of occupants but to preserve materials and prevent drying and cracking of various contents of buildings Unless such humidity requirements are indispensable relative humidity should be maintained no higher than the level required for occupants alone Setback Thermostats Thermostat settings should be lowered manually or automatically set back in work areas and office spaces during unoccupied periods Such setback should not activate the building s cooling system Climate type of system and building construction will influence the length of startup period required to achieve occupied temperature levels Waste Heat Recovery Waste heat may be used to provide energy for space heating and service hot water systems Some of the more frequently used waste energy sources include exhaust air flue gas hot condensates refrigerant hot gas hot condenser water hot water drains engine exhaust and cooling towers Use of these waste heat sources can significantly reduce heating energy requirements Service Water Energy Savings Consideration should be given to reducing hot water consumption reducing hot water temperatures and reducing heat losses from p
14. plan showing all dimensions and access Mechanical equipment location Indoor Outdoor Provide sketch plan showing all dimensions and access Approximate distance collector to HX or storage ft mm elev ft mm horiz Approximate distance HX to storage ft mm elev ft mm horiz A A Solar Design Manual DS dc HER Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 16 CHECKLIST 2 3 SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Sheet 1 of 2 1 Building location City State Latitude Longitude 2 Local population If small city or noncity distance city of 50 000 or more miles km 3 Local zoning ordinances affecting solar Yes No If yes describe 4 Local code requirements affecting solar energy system Yes No If yes describe Building Plumbing Electrical Fire Other 5 Requirement for double separation between antifreeze solutions and water Yes No 6 Long term climatic condition as available use NWS data or SERI Atlas Maximum daily temperature F C Minimum daily temperature F C Maximum monthly average temperature F C Minimum monthly average temperature F C Heating degree days Maximum global insolation Daily Btu ft kJ m Monthly Btu ft kJ m Minimum global insolation Daily Btu ft kJ m3 Monthly Btu ft kJ m Clear days per year Clearest month Cloudiest month Daily cloud pattern a m p m
15. profile 10 Usage Lavatories____ Showers _ Food Preparation Process_____ Other indicate usage by percent 11 Distance from heater to point of use ft mm nearest ft mm farthest Solar Desien Manual ection 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 23 CHECKLIST 2 5 SERVICE HOT WATER DATA i Sheet 2 of 3 B Main Heating System 1 Energy source Gas Electric 1 Oil Steam If steam energy source for steam 2 Hot water heater storage capacity gatlon litre 3 Hot water heater type Storage tank burner Tankless In storage HX 4 Hotwater set point F C 5 Hot water draw rate gpm L s maximum nominal 6 Hot water circulation Yes No 7 Number of circulation loops ___ Total pipinglength ft mm 7 8 Total circulation flow rate gpm L s 9 HW circulation operation Day only MNightonly Constant 10 Cold water temperature oF C maximum F C mininum 11 Cold water pressure psi kPa 12 Hot water pressure psi kPa 13 Hot water pressure relief valve setting psi kPa 14 Hot water high temperature relief valve setting F C RP EET EO Ee A A SS RE a ELE Solar Design Manual CHECKLIST 2 5 SERVICE HOT WATER DATA Sheet 3 of 3 C Hot Water Recirculation Load Q recite si WC iak Tsim UA Fank T p 2 Tl where Q recirculation load Btu h KW w mass flow rate Ib h kg s C specific h
16. system performance by about 10 Therefore the approximate upper limit of preliminary performance estimates of solar energy systems can be established using computer simulation programs The estimated solar energy delivered to the load shouid then be reduced by 20 to perform collector array sizing calcula tions The example simulation program should be run with input data from the conceptual analysis Section 1 updated by the work in this section The program should be rerun varying selected system parameters until the system output approaches the design goal The final collector area and other system characteristics determined in these runs can then be used in the construction cost determination Section 2 3 2 and in the detailed economic analysis Section 2 3 3 Simulation Programs Example simulation programs such as F CHART provide a rapid means for estimating the annual performance of well designed and built solar energy systems They are suitable for making first estimates of the per formance of large commercial systems similar to those discussed in this manual A second more detailed estimate may be advisable by use of an intensive system simulation program such as TRNSYS that shows the effects of component sizes configuration changes and nonstandard controls on performance and calculates in hourly increments Where the cost of making the more intensive simulation is small compared to the total cost of the system it is
17. usage rate 8 Water Set Temp input hot water heater temperature indicated en Checklist 2 5 otherwise input 130 F 9 Environment Temperature Input expected mechanical room air temperature If not known input default value 10 DHW Storage Tank Size Input volume of preheat tank as shown in Figure 4 1 of the User s Manual if known for combined hot water and space heating system If tank size unknown use default value m p de EC e Be Bey Ns ux QU gs de Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 7 11 UA of Aux Storage Tank Input UA for the water heater as shown in Figure 4 1 of the User s Manual If Item 7 is calculated from fuel usage data and includes the heat loss from ihe auxiliary tank this parameter should be set as small as possible 12 Duct Losses Input integer 2 no 13 Inlet Duct UA No input 14 Outlet Duct UA No input 15 Percent Duct Leak Rate No input 16 Leak Loc No input 2B 5 2 Performance Cost Verification Input for Pebble Bed Storage System F CHART should be rerun repeat paragraph 2B 5 1 using actual design information and replacing default values where appropriate Solar Design Manual E uo i sa Ger HA REg A E TEP e 5 R PEET A PY cw MEE AA pres ES dd d 3 W c 4a di P Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2C 1 APPENDIX 2C CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATION METHOD 2C 1 Data
18. 007 30 000 1 400 157 700 Total cost 1 3A 1 3 157 700 205 000 2C 5 General Comments The City Cost Indexes and other cost data used in this example are for June 1985 Cost data for the year for which the estimate is to be made can be obtained from R S Means Company publications or other sources of construction data that are available to the A E Use of the cost equations for each category is limited to the range of collector areas given with each equation These limits may be expanded if additional hard Ey cost data are available e Bare cost estimates for a combined SH and SHW system can be assumed to be only the cost of the space heating system because the additional cost for tne SHW is insignificant Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2D 1 APPENDIX 2D SAMPLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION FORMAT ARE PE PINAR Qi tution n CRE Er NTE n ys hien mrt piene ttm RAR o am sme e Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2D 2 SAMPLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION FORMAT Sheet 1 of 5 l Bullding Description Reference attachments 1 through 7 Address Actual building location Local government jurisdiction Building status Existing New or to be built To be remodeled ____ To be converted Building A E name address A A IT SP A RIA M SES TS UI A I
19. 2 Desired solar application Hot water only Space heating____ Space heating and hot water 3 Reasons for interest rank in order Promotion of renewable energy conservation of fossil fuel Save money _____ Own a solar energy system 4 Expected solar fraction 2 Service water heating _ Space heating 5 Overal expected cost benefits Maximum initial investment allowed Maximum years allowed to pay back investment yr Minimum yearly fuel cost saving yr Updated as required from Checklist 1 1 Solar Design Manual e CHECKLIST 2 2 BUILDING INFORMATION Sheet 1 of 4 Date l Building TAN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS 1 Primary building use 2 Provide sketch plan with overall dimensions and orientation 3 Number of floors 4 Volume of occupied space ft m 5 Gross floor area ft mv 6 Window glazing single double 7 Window shading coefficient 8 Windows number and area north windows ea ss ft m XA f mr 9 west ft m s X ft m 10 east m fem 11 south tfe m X tem TOTAL ft m 12 Door types and number north a singde__ vestibule __ revolving Eun 13 west __ Single vestibule revolving __ doors 14 east __ Single vestibule revolving __ doors 15 south Single vestibule revolving doors TOTAL doors 16 Gross wall area north ft m 17 G
20. A FOR SERVICE HOT WATER OR SPACE HEATING Q Fuel used x F x E Heating load System efficiency including standby losses Fuel conversion factor E F Gas E 0 50 average or 0 80 high efficiency F 1 030 Btu f 38 4 MJ m or actual at site Fuel Oil No 2 E 0 50 average or 0 80 high efficiency F 139 400 Btu gal 38 9 MJ L Fuel Oll No 6 AA a prar AR NA O page e ERU PARED T E eroe e e AN N A d S NRI War MEN LO Mie A o reum Cd BEE TJA BUR E EX RUE D ANIM SLT I T AL oe Wee it UP ERE nt an Arte pi niai i nt TET KA ud 2978 seine ear RENT Fa wer ee a ci me E 0 50 average or 0 80 high efficiency F 153 600 Btu gal 42 8 MJ L Propane E 0 50 average or 0 80 high efficiency F 95 500 Btu gal 26 6 MJ L Electric Resistance E 0 90 1 00 immersion heaters F 3 413 Btu kWh 3 600 kJ KWh Updated version of Worksheet 1 2 These E values are to be considered default values If the A E has measured or calculated information indicating a different E it should be used instead Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2A I ef PP re E VN d D GN GE RR TEA APPENDIX 2A SOLAR RADIATION CONSIDERATIONS The solar energy system selected should convert a significant fraction of the available solar energy at the site into enough usable
21. ER 127 127 2 VOLUME OF PEBBLE BED STORAGE 440 FT3 12 5 M3 3 BUILDING UA 520 BTU HR F 275 W C 4 FUEL 1 EL 2 NG 3 0IL 4 OTHER 2 2 5 EFFICIENCY OF FUEL USAGE 70 Yo 70 i 6 DOMESTIC HOT WATER 1 Y 2 N 1 T n 7 DAILY HOT WATER USAGE 80 GALLONS 300 LITERS 8 WATER SET TEMPERATURE 140 F 60 C 9 ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE 68 F 20 C 10 DHW STORAGE TANK SIZE 80 GALLONS 300 LITERS 11 UA OF AUX STORAGE TANK 7 6 BTU HR F 4 W C 12 DUCT LOSSES 1 Y 2 N 2 2 13 INLET DUCT UA 19 BTU HR F 10 W C 14 OUTLET DUCT UA 19 BTU HR F 10 W C 15 PERCENT DUCT LEAK RATE 15 15 16 LEAK LOC 1 IN 2 OUT 3 BOTH 3 3 2B 5 1 Feasibility Study Input in I P Units for Pebble Bed Storage System Parameters 1 City Call Number Input number from Appendix A of F CHART s user s manual for city E nearest solar site 2 Volume of Pebble Bed Storage Input value based on 0 75 ft ft of gross collector area 3 Building UA Input estimated UA calculated from data in Checklist 2 2 4 Fuel Input integer corresponding to applicable fuel for main heating load input does not affect thermal performance 5 Efficiency of Fuel Usage Input default value does not affect thermal performance 6 Domestic Hot Water Input integer 1 yes if water heating is included Input integer 2 no if water heating is not included 7 Daily Hot Water Usage Input daily hot water use from Section 2 2 3 This load has to be converted to an average gal day
22. HON EE T l ii i Contents Page Solar Design Manua SECTION 2 FEASIBILITY STUDY Section 2 Feasibility Study Section 2 Feasibility Study Contents Page ii ii SECTION 2 FEASIBILITY STUDY CONTENTS l Page 2 1 OVERVIEW O O rec A iE 2 1 2 2 APPLICATION REVIEW sisas P 2 2 2 2 1 Data Gathering ccoocinonnconiccnnoninnacicnnacinoss IC S XLI e UL 2 2 2 2 2 Energy Conservation Alternatives ssssss PA EEN EE AE E fna 2 3 2 2 3 Thermal Load Requirements sisi De udo da eaae esi les Pars Nue pA Pu NUI Gb VER pa 2 4 2 3 SIZING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS sese sense a teene rta nann seen ertnn ursa 2 6 2 3 1 Computer System Simulation oo cece sce cccescecssessecsesseccsseseasecseensseeceesesesauas 2 6 2 3 2 Construction Costs cerise race orna gd bp PR RS 2 8 233 Economic EVA ION aan 2 9 2 3 4 iteration of Sizing Calculations oo cconnnccnonnnrinccononoonnnoraroncnnonononnonnarncnonnronarnanocensa 2 10 2 4 SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION oe 2 10 HECKLIST 2 1 Solar Energy System Goals T I Q 2 11 2 2 Buitdirig MO NAO ir 2 12 2 3 Site and Environmental Considerations coccoccnoonnnconcanocanoconancencrnonoron ono O7 10 2 4 Energy Conservation Measures ccooonocococonnnnnecnononnnononnnranrennanononanenonoronenanereno 2 18 2 5 Service Hot Water Data entree tent ttes itte 2 22 2 6 Space Heating Load Requirement
23. I OI yA A ead m le uk wry mm ae Nearest applicable National Weather Service station Building construction type a Building size ft floor m floor No offloors Type of roof Flat Other Building usage People occupancy Current Normal Maximum Occupancy hours to Solar Design Manual RATA EE AAA Merge mee is e e Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2D 3 SAMPLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION FORMAT Sheet 2 of 5 Days of occupancy Weekdays only 7 day week Other describe Estimated annual hot water load Btu x 109 MJ Hot water heating fuel Gas Oil Electricity Other Estimated annual space heating load Btu x 109 MJ Normal heating season to Space heating type ____ warm air ____ Local warm air Baseboard radiant Other Snare heatina source Furnace ____ Hot water heater Steam boiler ____ Other Space heating fuel Gas Oil Electricity Other Energy conservation measures to be implemented describe Electrical power available Volt Phase Electrical power margin available kva Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2D 4 SAMPLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION FORMAT Sheet 3 of 5 MM SQhar System Description Reference Attachments 2 through 12 7770007 A Solar application 2 HW SH SH HW B Solar type drainback antifreeze recirculation C Collector Subs
24. Pa a j Flow rates of fluids water gpm L s air ft min L s 4 Radiant heating system 4 a Radiant heat source Electric heater Hot water radiator E Other describe D b Service water heating source Heater boiler HX aed i If HX source of its energy 7m c Number of service water heating source ho Where located d Supply hot water temperature F C e Return hot water temperature F C f Hot water loop pressure psi kPa g Flow rate of water gpm L s 5 Fan coil a Number of units b Heat source Electric Gas Hot water c Hot water source Heater boiler HX If HX souce of its energy d Hot water supply temperature F C e Hot water return temperature F C f Hot water supply pressure psi kPa g Flow rate to each unit gpm L s Total flow rate gpm L s Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 27 ee ee EROR RE EE RETE RE RERBA CHECKLIST 2 7 CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE SUMMARY See Appendix 2C for Calculations System Application Collector Type i e flat plate or evacuated tube Collector Area ft m Collector and Storage Tank Material Costs Mechanical Material Costs Electrical Material Costs Mechanical Labor Costs Electrical Labor Costs Other Costs Bare Cost Subtotal Cost Miscellaneous Costs includes contingency ove
25. R WE Me uw a em her A CIR Ee ED ROI RO eds deg iai E Y u Siten inot ceteri iae e y m 2 i AREA pa gt d m 2 riu abes FREUE SEL E i E moms D T z Dd E Ej pi E E t E E E i iii T EN A i m t E t i A aegre voe Et A r f iH Program Description Desigr construction cost limit Design completion from authorization days Construction completion after contract days hen ipi higa f E qee E Zu zo I Design review required None Conceptual Preliminary Final Design review by Owner independent Associate Designer liaison during construction bid and place Yes ____ No m A x 3 o OS OR PE ME x Bo ee d j cote A rasis dei Sarge be Sentence qot i x gt y 2 2 ELLA Designer liaison during construction Yes No If yes scope iiy A a si Mead os Re Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2D 6 SAMPLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION FORMAT Sheet 5 of 5 nn E IV Attachments 1 Checklist 2 1 Page 2 11 Solar Energy Svstem Goals 2 Checklist 2 2 Page 2 12 Building Information 3 Checklist 2 3 Page 2 16 Site and Environmental Considerations 4 Checklist 2 4 Page 2 18 Energy Conservation Measures S Checklist 2 5 Page 2 22 Service Hot Water Data 6 Checklist 2 6 Page 2 25 Space Heating Load Requirements 7 Checklist 2 7 Page 2 27 Construction Cost Estimate Summary B W
26. RH b air conditioned summer Occupied hours F C RH Unoccupied hours F C RH Ventilation outside air a during occupied hours on off amount in total cfm ft min L s b cfm per person line 29a line 26b cfm person L s person c during unoccupied hours onoff amount in total cfm cfm L s Type and location of space heating equipment Single unit Multiple units Boosters _ Outside location __ Inside location Type and location of water heating equipment Single unit Multiple units _____ Outside location _ inside location Utilities available Natural gas Propanegas Fueloil Electric volt phase Water quality pH Dissolved solids ppm Turbidity br ra m M M M T MEET T ETE MER re E P m a o Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 15 e n E i M CHECKLIST 2 2 BUILDING INFORMATION Sheet 4 of 4 33 Collector and thermal storage locations d Collector location Roof Ground Wall if roof type Flat Pitched If pitched pitch line direction and slope Area available for collectors ft mm N S x ft mm E W Provide sketch showing shape and overall dimensions of collector location with location and type of any obstructions or potential shading sources and with access information Thermal storage location Indoor Outdoor Provide sketch
27. Source The Solar in Federal Buildings Program SFBP is a legislated program funded by the DOE and designed to stimulate the growth and improve the efficiency of the solar industry by constructing commercially applicable solar energy systems on federal agencies buildings Thirteen of these solar energy systems operating successfully and considered to be typica applications of solar energy for service hot water heating SHW industrial process heat IPH or space heating or space cooling SH SC were selected for intensive per formance monitoring and detailed cost analvsis The cost analysis did not use actual costs To remove any effect of government sponsorship the analysis used national average labor and materials costs from R S Means Company publications to estimate the cost of building each of the 13 solar energy systems for a commercial customer Other sources of construction cost data available to the AVE may be used at A E s discretion 2C 2 Data Reduction The result of the cost analysis was a series of linear equations relating cost to collector area one evaluation for each of the following categories Coliectors and thermal storage tanks Mechanical material that included supports for panel arrays pipe supports piping pumps valves heat exchangers and m scellanecus construction materials a MecnariCari labor rieeueu lo Wistali and d s3SeiriDie ine GOOVE matena anc conduct ins acceptance test of the comple
28. T INTERCEPT Fi Ei 5 COLLECTOR SLOPE 45 DEG 45 DEG 6 COLELECTOR AZIMUTH SOUTH 0 0 DEG 0 DEG 7 INCIDENCE ANGLE MOD TYPE 8 10 8 8 8 NUMBER OF GLAZINGS 2 2 9 INC ANGLE MODIFIER CONSTANT 0 0 10 INC ANGLE MODIFIER VALUE S 7 999 998 995 981 953 882 7 330 11 COLLECTOR FLOW RATE AREA 11 LB HR FT2 0 15 KG S M2 12 COLLECTOR FLUID SPECIFIC HEAT 1 0 BTU LB F 4 19 KJ KG C i3 MODIFY TEST VALUES 1 Y 2 N 2 2 14 TEST COLLECTOR FLOW RATE AREA 11 LB HR FT2 0 015 KG S M2 15 TEST FLUID SPECIFIC HEAT 0 8 BTU LB F 3 35 KJ KG C Solar Design Manual E Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 2 Evacuated Collector The parameter set for the evacuated collector in a liquid cooled system is listed below as reproduced from the program output along with the default values in I P and SI units Evacuated collectors are modified in the same manner as flat plate collectors with the exception that incidence angle modifiers may be specified for the planes paralle and perpendicular to the tube axis Unit Unit Default 1 P Default SI 1 NUMBER OF COLLECTOR PANELS 26 26 2 COLLECTOR PANEL AREA 208 FT2 0193 Na 7 3 FR UL TEST SLOPE 25 BTU HR FT2 F 1 40 W M2 C 4 FR TAU ALPHA TEST INTERCEPT 6 6 5 COLLECTOR SLOPE 45 DEG 45 DEG 6 COLLECTOR AZIMUTH SOUTH 0 0 DEG 0 DEG 7 RECEIVER ORIENT 1 EW 2 NS 2 2 8 INCIDENCE ANGLE MOD PERPENDICULAR 1 999 998 995 981 953 882 7 350 s 9 INCIDENCE
29. a fairly tedious manual calculation especially if effects of taxes and depreciation are considered The mechanics of making the calculation will not be treated here The A E is advised to use one of several computer programs available for use on micro and mainframe computers or manual methods in the form of charts and nomograms An economic analysis may involve some or all of the following factors 1 Design and engineering costs 2 Equipment and installation costs as determined in Section 2 3 2 or periodic installation loan payments Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study System Design Description Page 2 10 3 Annual Operating Costs e Electrical energy as a percent of total energy collected will typically be up to 5 for liquid systems and up to 10 for air systems e Added property tax on the solar energy system d Added insurance premium for coverage typi cally less than 1 of the equipment and installa tion costs 4 Annual maintenance costs typically 2 to 3 of the equipment and installation costs 5 Annual credits a Fuel savings based on the performance results determined in Section 2 3 1 Income tax investment credits if any and or deductions based on system costs d Income tax credits if any for interest taxes and depreciation 2 3 4 iteration of Sizing The results of the economic analyses should be compared against Calculations criteria discussed in the referenced economic anal
30. ated by Figure 2A 2 As much as 30 of the solar radiation may not teach the earth s surface on a clear day Mean daily radiation on a horizontal surface varies from month to month and with geographic location be cause of seasonal changes in weather and changing angular relationship between the Sun and the Earth s surface An example of the variation in monthly average daily radiation on a horizontal surface is shown in Figure 2A 3 There are wide variations in total daily radiation on a horizontal surface caused largely by clouds On over cast days when total radiation is diffused there may be only 200 to 300 Btu ft day 2 280 to 3 420 kJ m day of solar energy available on the collector during the entire day with intensity so low that a solar energy system could not produce useful heat whereas 2000 to 3000 Btu ff day 22 8 to 34 2 Maine Gay may be available on sunny days Hourly variations in total radiation are the result of the Earth s rotation Early morning sun is at a very low angle and solar rays must penetrate a thicker atmospheric layer Thus maximum radiation occurs at solar oon when the Sun is at the highest angle as illustrated by Figure 2A 4 Regional variations of solar radiation are caused by different latitudes as well as weather conditions Monthly variations in solar radiation on horizontal surfaces for selected cities in the United States are provided by the NWS Climatic Data Center Asheville North Carolina
31. d install dampers Install high efficiency steam control valves Shut off equipment and appliances whenever possible Install makeup air supply for exhaust Install heat reclamation system for exhaust heat Turn off lights in coolers Install nighttime automatic steam cutoff Mommsomr HE EHE SERVICE WATER 1 Install local boost heater s for 140 to 180 F 60 to 82 C water in lieu of raising heater set temperature MISCELLANEOUS Install incinerator heat recovery system Install computerized energy monitoring and control system Install motion sensors Install thermal storage cogeneration system Replace electric hot water heater with heat pump system o RON UH HH Solar Design Manual CHECKLIST 2 5 SERVICE HOT WATER DATA Sheet 1 of 3 A Building Load Requirements 1 Daily Load Btu day kJiday maximum Btu day kJ day minimum before conservation How determined 2 Daily load after conservation Btu day kJ day maximum Btu day kJ day minimum 3 Loadtemperature F C 4 Load profile list hot water load estimates Btu month kJ month Jan Feb Mar Ap May Jun PEE Ji Augg Sep Oct No Dec __ Annual load 5 Weekly use 7 days weekday only 6 Daily use Mostly days Mostly night Day and night 7 Use Pattern Mostly steady Intermittent 8 Use Rate Mostly constant gpm L s Variable gpm L s to gpm L s 9 Typical daily load
32. d profile list monthly space heating load estimates Btu kJ Jan Feb Mar Apr May _ dun Ji Aug Sep Ot Nov Dec J Annual load 5 Weekly load 7 days ___ Weekend setback i 6 Daily load Day Night Setback Day Night B Main Heating Systems 1 Main energy source Gas Electricity Oil Coal Steam_____ If steam its energy source 2 Heating type Circulating warmair Hadiant Fan coi 3 Circulating hot air system a Hot air source Heater HX Other describe b Hotair source location In duct Furnace Air handler Other describe c Hot air source energy Gas _ Electricity Oil Hot water Other describe Solar Design Manual eT DO Sal tod Ion T A STRE TT EA RI La B JL ET LU QT rg cmd m ESTEE AE aA capiam ge Man acon EROR Era ew rer pent ater Un A Tene vesper UD las HEX wees URA E GS CE HEU spay AS DEBT UO A ap alae vua A M UD oat re tren Ci y rim DE Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 26 CHECKLIST 2 6 SPACE HEATING LOAD REQUIREMENTS 3 Circulating hot air system continued Sheet 2 of 2 d Number of hot air source _ Where located e Supply hot air temperature F C f Return air temperature F C E g Supply hot water temperature to hot air HX F C a h Return water temperature from hot air HX ____ _ F C i Hot air heating hot water loop pressure psi k
33. e accomplished efficiently with no storage Checklist 2 5 should be completed as accurately as possible If histori cal hot water consumption data are available the equation in Work sheet 2 1 can be used to calculate total thermal load If fuel use data is available the method in Worksheet 2 2 can be used to convert this data into thermal load Because of the significant impact of the daily hot water use profile on solar energy system designs usage data in Checklist 2 5 as to time of use and flow rates should be determined as carefully as possible Information about existing or to be installed service water heating systems as requested in Checklist 2 5 is an important consideration for integrating solar energy systems and should be carefully researched and documented on checklists If a hot water recirculation system is used heat losses from the system must be included in the load calculation The hot water recirculation load can be calculated as shown in Checklist 2 5 Checklist 2 6 should be completed as accurately as possible Historical space heating fuel data can be converted to thermal load using conver sion factors and conversion efficiencies in Worksheet 2 2 If fuel data are not available heating load can be estimated using data in Check list 2 6 and the ASHRAE Handbook 1985 Fundamentals Volume Load Energy Calculations Section Other methods of calculating heating design loads may be found in the Heating Load Chapt
34. eat of water Btu Ib F kJ kge C d water heating tank set temperature F C temperature of recirculation return water F C overall heat transfer coefficient Btu h F KW C Tao ambient temperature in the building F C return and T oat T2 Tam is assumed to be the LMTD Log Mean Temperature Difference To calculate the load the equations can be solved for Tas shown below retur T au Lh WC UA 2 Tamo UA UA 2 we if and only if wc 2 UA 2 UA can be determined as UA 2xLy n r r k t r h where pipe length ft m outside radius of insulation ft m inside radius of insulation ft m free convection coefficient Btu Mh F 1 W m C0 thermal conductivity of insulation Btu h F ft W m C natural logarithm d zy FIAT ii Then the hot water recirculation load is calculated as Q WC T tecirc tank T reum Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 25 TT A A A _ 222LQ 2 222222 q Q 2 2222 2 AAA T O nn ESE e LE ee A ee ee CHECKLIST 2 6 SPACE HEATING LOAD REQUIREMENTS Sheet 1 of 2 A Building Load Requirements 1 Daily load before conservation Btu day J day maximum Btu day J day minimum 2 How determined 3 Daily load after conservation Btu day J day maximum Btu day J day minimum 4 Loa
35. er of the Funda mentals Volume Space heating loads vary from month to month throughout the year and depend on intensity and seasonal use of the building space Daily and monthly profiles of space heating loads should be prepared for intended applications using information provided in Checklist 2 6 Detailed information on existing or to be installed space heating systems is impor tant input for solar energy system integration and all available informa tion should be recorded in Checklist 2 6 Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Sizing Performance Analysis Page 2 6 2 3 1 Computer System Simulation NOTE The F CHART program is not proprietary This program is used as an example such use does not constitute an endorsement by ASHRAE as ASHRAE cannot endorse any computer simulation model 2 3 SIZING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS For the feasibility study a more accurate method of estimating solar energy system performance is needed than the ae data used in the conceptual analysis of Section 1 Many sophisticated proprietary computer programs are available that can perform this function The A E may refer to the ASHRAE publication A Bibliography of Available Computer Programs in the Area of Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 1986 Edition Code COMBIB for further information on computer simulation programs This publication provides information on programs that
36. etition 2C 3 4 Total Cost vr Total cost A M 1 3A if recommended cost factors are used 2C 4 Example The following is the only required data needed to estimate the cost of a large active solar energy system using the method described above Site location Solar energy system application SHW SH IPH mon 3 Type Collector flat plate or evacuated IS i a Total collector area ft me This information will be used in the above equations to obtain the bare cost subtotal cost miscellaneous costs and the total cost of a service water solar energy system at Berkeley California using flat plate collec tors with a total area of 4 000 ft 372 me From H S Means Company BC Bare Cost publication Pu 57 800 from Equation 1a M 33 500 from Equation 2a Cw 1 004 Es 3 000 from Equation 3a Cu 1 094 M 30 000 from Equation 4a Cu 1 584 E 1 400 from Equation 5a Ca 1 459 T 800 from Equation 6a Cm 1 301 BC 57 800 1 004 33 500 1 094 3000 1 584 30 000 1 459 1 400 1 301 800 145 319 A Subtotal Cost BC S F M E P M E PD PP ERE RERUM a a o e nn NN RET iS AB MNA a E Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2C 5 0 065 from R S Means Company publication W SS U 0 1202 0 0705 0 01 0 2007 TU i A 145 319 0 065 57 800 33 500 3 000 0 2
37. ex for mechanical material E City cost index for electrical material Cu City cost index for mechanical labor Cu City cost index tor electrical labor City cost index for other mechanical These indexes are obtained from R S Means Company publications for the construction year of the proposed project 2C 3 2 Specific Cost Factors The following general equation is used to determine the subiotal cost for the specific site Subtotal cost A BC S F My Ey P M E where S Sales tax as applicable P Total personnel taxes W SS U W Worker s compensation SS Social Security tax U Unemployment tax A NN so T ES Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2C 4 2C 3 3 Miscellaneous Costs Miscellaneous costs M C O P BP LI Recommen F r where A Subtotal cost from paragraph 2D 3 2 C Contingency fee 0 05A O Overhead 0 10 A C P Profit 0 10 A C 4 O BP Bonds and permits 0 01 A C 0 P LI Liability insurance 0 01 A C O4 P BP MNote These recommended cost factors for contingency fee overhead profit bonds and permits and liability insurance are from the cost analysis They are believed to be reasonable and are used here as examples These percentages can be changed if they are determined to be out of line with the site location and the general bidding comp
38. ge 2 19 A MI CHECKLIST 2 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Sheet 2 of 4 To be Implemented Yes_ E UTILITY PLANT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Continued 7 Check boiler efficiency and monitor combustion 8 Eliminate turn off gas pilot 9 Reduce steam pressure 10 Repair faulty radiator shutoff valves 11 Check operation of steam traps 12 Repair all leaks 13 Clean plant and distribution system equipment 14 Adjust air fuel ratios EELEE ELEH SERVICE WATER SYSTEMS Repair leaks piping pump glands steam traps Reduce the quantity of water used add restrictors Lower hot water temperature setting Check efficiency of oil or gas fired equipment Raise cold water temperature settings on water fountains Repair insulation on pipes and storage tanks Install timeclock on recirculation pump SC UL rm o LETT I HH LIGHTING Reduce illumination levels where appropriate Maximize use of daylight Use higher efficiency lamps Reduce or eliminate evening cleaning Clean lamps and fixtures Improve reflectance of surfaces Utilize task lighting Use lower wattage lamps Turn off when not in use OONAAR WD HELLE HEEL B MODERATE COST HIGH COST HVAC Shut off air handling units whenever possible Reduce outside air intake when air must be heated or cooled before use repair or replace outside air dampers if necessary Red
39. glycol water increase flow so that mo of design mc of test If collector not selected use 17 5 ib hrefi 0 035 gpm t for flat plate and default value for evacuated collectors 120r Collector Fluid Specific Heat Use value tor selected collector fluid at 130 F if water or glycol 11 110 F if air 13 or Modify Test Values Set to 2 no 12 14or Test Collector Flow Rate Area No input 13 150r Test Fluid Specific Heat No input 14 For flat plate collectors 7 and Incidence Angle Mod Type Select 8 and input 1 for number of glazings 8 9 Inc Angle Modifier Constant No input 10 Inc Angle Modifier Values No input For evacuated collectors 7 Receiver Orientation input 1 or 2 as applicabie 8 Inc Angle Modifier Perpendicular input applicable value if available If not input 1 9 Inc Angle Modifier Parallel Input applicable value if available If not input 1 2B 3 2 Performance Cost Verification Input tor Collector Parameters F CHART should be rerun repeat paragraph 2B 3 1 using actual design information and replacing default values where appropriate 7 2B 4 Water Storage System Parameter Set The water storage system parameter set and default values appear below as reproduced from the program output in 1 P and SI units A Solar Design Manual iners prr s Dikimi a ere a o o ian i Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 4 00 Joo0 amp oma
40. gures 4 2A and 4 2B o the User s Manual If Item 7 is calculated from fuel usage data and includes the heat loss from ihe auxiliary tank this parameter should be set as small as possible 12 Fipe Heat Loss input integer 2 no 13 Inlet Pipe UA No input 14 Outlet Pipe UA No input 15 Relative Load HX Size Input value of 1 16 Collector Storage HX Input integer 1 for drainback system with separate drainback tank and for glycol water systems Input integer 2 for recirculation system or drainback system with combined drainback storage tank 17 Tank Side Flow Rate Area Input value calculated on basis to provide mc of storage flow pete 1 05 mc of collectcr loop flow where mc iS Mass flow rate x specific heat of the fluid 18 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Input value of 0 60 2B 4 2 Performance Cost Verification Input for Water Storage System Parameters F CHART should be rerun repeat paragraph 2B 4 1 using actual design information and replacing default values where appropriate E Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 6 M M EE E RR M MA ERES RU RE ER RR ERR 2B 5 Pebble Bed Storage System Parameter Set The parameter set for the pebble bed storage system is listed below as reproduced from the program output along with default values in I P and SI units Unit Unit Default I P Default Sl 1 CITY CALL NUMB
41. han a 5 a industrial Process Heating Bare cost 9 670 13 43 ft x collector area ft Limits 11 000 ft x area x 23 000 ft Electrical Material E Service hot water SHW Bare cost 2 432 0 13 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft lt area x 5 000 ft Space Heating Bare cost 1 119 0 99 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft lt area lt 11 000 ft Industrial Process Heating Bare cost 6 328 0 01 ft x collector area udi Limits 11 000 ft lt area lt 23 000 ft ical Labor M Service hot water SHW Bare cost 18 662 2 93 ft x collector area ft 2 Limits 1 000 ft lt area lt 5 000 ft Space Heating Bare cost 51 551 6 13 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft lt area lt 12 000 ft Industrial Process Heating Bare cost 30 493 8 11 ft x collector area ft Limits 11 000 ft x area lt 23 000 ft Electrical Labor E Service hot water SHW Bare cost 1 550 0 03 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft lt area lt 5 000 ft Space Heating Bare cost 640 0 26 ft x collector area ft2 Limits 1 000 ft x area lt 11 000 ft N 3 7 Tm KXXK Q o Solar Design Manual Us Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2C 3
42. heat to fulfill the user s requirements Selection of a solar energy system requires the A E to select the one best suited for the user s application Some knowledge of solar energy a review of the user s site and application and use of appropriate system design tools are needed prior to that decision Sizing and feasibility are then determined before proceeding with the design The energy source for all solar energy systems is solar radiation Solar radiation consists of a wide spectrum of wavelengths and intensities as illustrated by Figure 2A 1 Almost half of the solar energy received on Earth is in the band of visible light and nearly all of the other half consists of the near infrared wavelengths The intensity of solar energy varies with latitude altitude time of day and time of year Figure 2A 1 shows a smoothed spectral distribution of solar energy received at sea level under standard atmospheric conditions The solar radiation flux also called insolation varies inversely with distance from the Sun and since the Earth is in an elliptical orbit about the Sun the energy reaching the outer limits of the Earth s atmosphere varies during the year from about 410 to 440 Btu f amp h 1 290 to 1 386 W m At the mean Earth Sun dis P tance the energy is 428 Btu f h 1 350 W m ee l As the solar rays penetrate the Earth s atmosphere radiation is scattered absorbed and reflected by con Stituents of the atmosphere as illustr
43. io of 2 Building UA For service water heating only input integer 0 For space heating with or without service water heating input building UA value calculated from data in Checklist 2 2 Fuel Input integer corres Ponelng t to ARPA on Tent for main nesting load input does not affect thermal performance Efficiency of Fuel Usage Input default value does not affect thermal performance Domestic Hot Water nput integer 1 for service water heating with or without space heating and continue with items 7 8 9 10 and 11 Input integer 2 if space heating only and skip Items 7 8 9 10 and 11 Note Items 7 through 11 input required only for service water heating with and without space heating Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 5 7 Daily Hot Water Usage Input daily hot water use from hot water load of Section 2 2 3 This load has to be converted to an average gal day usage rate 8 Water Set Temp Input hot water heater temperature indicated on Checklist 2 5 otherwise input 130 F 9 Environment Temperature Input expected mechanical room air temperature or input default value 10 DHW Storage Tank Size If parameter 3 0 input same value as for parameter 2 Other wise input the value for the preheat tank as shown in Figure 4 2A of the User s Manual 11 UA of Aux Storage Tank Input UA for ine service not water tank or the water neater as shown in Fi
44. iping If circulating hot water loops are used flow rates should be adjusted to the minimum required to maintain hot water at the minimum acceptable temperature at the use points and circulation should be limited by timeclock to the hours buildings are occupied 2 2 3 Thermal Load A thorough understanding of expected hot water and or space heating Requirements needs of facilities is essential for designing solar energy systems The thermal load of interest is the total load which includes energy to satisfy all hot water use in the building showers lavatories kitchens clean ing and processing and all space heating requirements as well as the energy required to make up the losses suffered in generating and distributing the hot water and hot air For retrofitting existing buildings existing records of hot water and or space heating fue usage are excellent sources of data to determine the thermal loads l energy conservation measures are to be implemented concurrent with solar energy system installation thermal credit must be allowed for these measures Short term monitoring of loads in question also can be performed as an alternative to existing records or if no records are available This could be done by installing additional water meters fuel meters and or Btu meters See Section 3 5 for a discus sion of Btu meters ix 1 dia a z i icd xii id neis m rgo MC 2p DL MOORE VES A EA e rei NS Othe Zee For new buildings
45. l Collector on Clear Days at Fort Collins Colorado Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2B 1 APPENDIX 2B GUIDELINES FOR USING F CHART PROGRAM 2B 1 Introduction F CHART Version 5 is an updated program designed for use on microcomputers to estimate the annual performance of various solar energy systems It can be used for the following collector types and application combinations described in the design manual Liquid flat plate collectors for service water heating or space heating or both gt Liquid evacuated collectors for service water heating or space heating or both Air flat plate collectors for space heating with and without hot water heating 2B 2 Guidelines for Selection of input Data F CHART is used to estimate the thermal performance of the proposed solar energy system in the feasibility study Section 2 3 and in the performance cost verification Section 3 9 The following are guidelines for the required input data for these F CHART calculations 2B 3 Collector Parameter Sets Flat Plate Collector The narameter sat far the flat piate collector in a liquid cooled system is listed below as reproduced from the program output along with the default values in P and SI units Unit Unit Default 1 P Default SI 1 NUMBER OF COLLECTOR PANELS 26 26 2 COLLECTOR PANEL AREA 208 FT2 1 93 M2 3 FR UL TEST SLOPE 74 BTU HR FT2 F 4 22 W M2 C 4 FR TAU ALPHA TES
46. m simulation computer programs Principal factors cited to support this conclusion are Actual operating conditions for collector arrays vary considerably from the ideal conditions used for single collector ASHRAE Standard 93 performance tests Thermal losses from collector connections and piping in a large system are higher than those from an idealized single collector test Performance of multiple collectors arranged in rows and banks is usually not as good as that of a single collector tested to ASHRAE Standard 93 Design and construction decisions may prevent opera tion at optimum conditions for the site Construction discrepancies in the as built solar energy system may degrade performance below the design per formance Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Sizing Performance Analysis Page 2 8 _ _ A n OO mnEn Actua load profiles may use collected solar energy less efficiently than the program predicts For example F CHART calculations are based on a constant daily load with a typical residential use profile 7 days a week This does not model a 5 day offi e building exactly Note A constant daily load for 5 days a week may be spread evenly over 7 days to run the F CHART program however F CHART will overestimate 5 day
47. n the calculation Collector field orientations and collector slope angles must be selected The preferred field orientation is facing true south in the Northern Hemisphere but deviations up to 30 have minor impacts on solar energy system performance Deviations from true south may be neces sary and desirable for roof mounted collectors to conform with building constraints The preferred collector slope angle is equal to the latitude for year round heating such as hot water higher slope angles should be used if most solar heating is required in the winter such as for space heating The preferred slope angle for winter space heating is equal to the latitude plus 15 If heating is required only or mostly during the summer then slope angles should be as much as 15 less than latitude Another important parameter of solar energy systems that must be selected is the effectiveness of the collector loop heat exchanger if one is used For an appropriately sized external heat exchanger effective ness can be between 0 6 and 0 9 an effectiveness of 0 6 should be used tor feasibility determinations An immersed type heat exchanger in the collector loop is not recommended in any of the system designs dis cussed in this manual Extensive monitoring by the Department of Energy DOE of many operating solar energy systems from 1981 to 1986 has led to the conclu sion that solar energy system performance rarely achieved that predicted by syste
48. ontrols pole 7 Reduce heat in garages dock and platform areas EE 8 Balance heating system Eon 9 Evaluate humidification system uM 10 Check operation of all electric heating units ee eee 11 Establish a regular program to inspect clean and lubricate equipment EN 12 Lower winter or raise summer indoor thermostat settings Ie 13 Replace filters ee pie VENTILATION ds Shut down system in unoccupied areas EXER 2 Improve operation controls timeclocks MEO 3 Reduce ventilation rates to code allowables puo 4 Reduce outside air intake MODO 5 Inspect outdoor air dampers A ee 6 Balance air intake to occupant load ee ees ip Balance intake and exhaust air rate E AER 8 Improve mechanical operation fans motors dampers QM 9 Improve filter maintenance 10 Maintain positive interior pressure a pas ae 11 Inspect all central systems and unitary controls ee INFILTRATION 1 Repair door and window caulking 2 Hepair door and window weatherproofing MEDI 3 Replace broken glass ME 4 Adjust door closer IDEAE 5 Hefit doors and windows e ee 6 Install temporary storm windows OP UTILITY PLANT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 1 Adjust barometric damper RR 2 Monitor boiler makeup water e 3 Operate minimum number of boilers MEME 4 Isolate off line boilers EAE 5 Check condensate return system NE 6 Repair boiler tank and pipe insulation Solar Design Manual ction 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Pa
49. orksheet 2 1 Page 2 28 Estimated Service Hot Water Load Ca culatien from Water Use Data 9 Worksheet 2 2 Page 2 29 Estimated Load Calculation from Fuel Consumption Data for Service Hot Water or Space Heating if applicable 10 Optimum example simulation program run 11 Hesults of economic evaluation 12 Skeiches Roof plan elevation ground mount plan and mechanical room plan elevation Solar Design Manual
50. ow cost energy conservation measure Infiltration of cold outside air into buildings through cracks openings and gaps around windows and doors increases building space heating loads to such an extent that it is often responsible for as much as 25 of the building s annual energy consumption While infiltration tends to in crease with wind velocity penetrating the building s windward exposures negative pressure generated inside the building on roofs and leeward exposures will also draw cold air into buildings through openings and gaps Tall buildings are subject to stack effects that result from the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures The stack effect originates in open vertical spaces such as stairwells elevator shafts and service shafts Potential for the stack effect in tall buildings is always present but can be minimized by isolating these chimneys from occupied areas by enclosures and doors A primary source of energy waste is overventilation which results from poorly designed or operated HVAC systems Building ventilation should be just sufficient to maintain comfort conditions in occupied areas Operation of HVAC systems particularly operation of dampers and their air tightness should be checked and adjusted to provide only minimum required exhaust and fresh air flow rates During the heating season humidification systems vaporize water into dry ventilating air to increase its moisture and achieve desired
51. recommended that the more intensive simulation be performed during preliminary design as the final step in thermal performance estimation or during performance cost verification of the detailed design Section 3 2 3 2 Construction Costs Appendix 2C provides a quick and reliable method that can be used without recourse to detailed estimating procedures to obtain construction cost estimates for large active solar energy systems The method is based on construction cost estimate studies for 13 large active solar heating systems Only the following information is needed in order to make these construc tion cost estimates site location Solar energy system application e Collector type Total collector area o O aaaea WA E MAP TEE M PM eeaeee a Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Sizing Performance Analysis Page 2 9 o EE AEN E n E I EIFE M E MAE E EE En E E E rr E E Ea a M NL i E n The results of the cost estimate as calculated in Appendix 2C are summarized in Checklist 2 7 2 3 3 Economic Evaluation Economic evaluations at this stage must be and can be more rigorous than evaluations performed during conceptual analysis Section 1 5 3 Economic evaluations use system performance determined in Section 2 3 1 and construction costs determined in Section 2 3 2 to determine economic feasibility of solar projects In addition related cost factors such as financing taxes maintenance and
52. rhead profit bonds and permits and liability ULL Total Construction Costs A M M M M M Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Worksheets Page 2 28 WORKSHEET 2 1 ESTIMATED SERVICE HOT WATER LOAD CALCULATION FROM WATER USAGE MEASUREMENT Q Btu yr W Ib yr 1 Btu Ib F T F T F I P Units Q kJ yr W kg yr 4 2 kJ kg C T 9C T C SI Units where Q Heat load for each water requirement W Annual flow Ta Heated water temperature heater setting Te Incoming water temperature see Table 1 1 Q1 Lavatory sink hot water Q2 Shower hot water Q3 Food preparation hot water Q4 Laundry hot water Q5 Other hot water Total heat load Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 as applicable Sample W Calculations W occupantsx___ gal dayloccupantx days yr x 8 3 lb gal ______Ib yr 1 P Units W occupantsx L day occupantx______ days yrx1kg lL _____kg yr Si Units or W __ J galdayx X day yrxg8 3 lb gal _____ 1b yr I P Units W _ Ldayx day yrx1kg L ___ kdg yr SI Units Updated version of Worksheet 1 1 A A A A uc A E ti E RACER RAT a TRE a a AAA AA TS A E iS E MEAT PINE CR TR Sc oc ICAA A cd CTO Pas Fina wee A ua art E rd o ont OMS 3 t RES ONE BH ERS Section 2 Feasibility Study EN Worksheets Page 2 29 WORKSHEET 2 2 ESTIMATED LOAD CALCULATION FROM FUEL CONSUMPTION DAT
53. ross wall area west ft m 18 Gross wall area east ft m 19 Gross wall area south ft m TOTAL ft m ST SE ing loss A E ER REED EE o a Solar Design Manual eae TBS ae 2 egt dcs MUS DAC Section 2 Feasibility Study O gt Checklists Page 2 13 CHECKLIST 2 2 BUILDING INFORMATION Sheet 2 of 4 AJ Value Net wall area north ft m Net gross less window and door area Net wall area west ft m Net wall area east ft m Net wall area south ft m TOTAL ft m Roof construction Support structure Surface material Slope Area ft m U Value Floor Slab on grade ft m Over unheated space ft m U Value BUILDING USE CHARACTERISTICS a Number of occupied hours per week hours b Number of occupants occupants for offices employees and visitors for stores employees and customers for religious buildings schools etc only count occupants Number of custodial hours per week after dark summer hours after dark winter hours Saturdays hours Sundays hours Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 14 MEE SE EI A E 28 29 30 31 32 CHECKLIST 2 2 BUILDING INFORMATION Sheet 3 of 4 Temperature and relative humidity inside conditions Season Temperature Humidity a heated winter Occupied hours F C 9e RH Unoccupied hours OF C 9e
54. s ooccconncccnconcccononcnornandanencaranrna nro nona rennen nennen 2 25 2 7 Construction Cost Estimate Summary 2 essei eese eene nete raten 2 27 Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Contents Page ii m 2 1 2A 2B 2C 2D SECTION 2 FEASIBILITY STUDY WORKSHEETS Page Estimated Service Hot Water Load Calculation from Water Usage Measurement oocoonnonncuccnnconocananornrnconononaconononocororcocannncannoccnonnonos 2 28 Estimated Load Calculation from Fuel Consumption Data for Service Hot Water or Space Heating occocoococunonocanacnoraonooncnonncniccnnananororonacans 2 29 APPENDIXES Solar Radiation Considerations ooooocccnccraosarernoonenonoonarionanararannnonencanaconnaracinnoss 2A 1 Guidelines for Using F CHART Prograim scscsssessssseerserecenseccceeeeseessneeeeearacees 2B 1 Construction Cost Estimation Method eese eene nens QO d Sample Solar Energy System Design Description Format esee 2D 1 Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Overview Page 2 1 MM 2 1 OVERVIEW SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Prepare ibis Design amp Conceptual Complete Detareg Construction ld bs Packages Design 7 e Application Review Sizing Performance Analysis Yes Go Decision
55. structure or load profile may affect preferred orientation constant morning overcast followed by sunny afternoons suggests a west of south orientation Note 1 watt m micrometer 0 008 Btu h ft 2 win x 10 8 1 micrometer 39 4 x 10 Sin Micrometer 2 Visible Band Infrared Radiation Intensity Watts Meter Ultraviolet 1 2 3 Wave Length Micrometers Toe o M M MM M MM Figure 2A 1 Spectrum of Irradiance at the Earth s Surface EE Oll V Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2A 3 UPPER ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC Absorption CLOUDS a Scattering and o Y N Absorption 2 Diffuse Radiation Direct EARTH Radiation Figure 2A 2 Atmospheric Effects on Solar Radiation E i i a a gt a LJ 5 3 3 3 i 3 3 s LI a a e s a 0 Ll s Li s s a s s a H H 3 1 s E i t E 3 E 800 s L4 m Li 2 0 0 0 A E ib vocera sanan LI susana eSeansesansecngeanussnsscnsapnavasuseuscaseanananencseaeccceusenassasens ab u m sed ucuvoccacanes aaumeutuetea 2 2 3 t a a E E A E gt a
56. ted solar energy system Crane and operator needed to put the solar collectors and tanks in place where applicable Electrical material that included the instrumentation and controls needed to operate the solar energy system Electrical labor needed to install the above electrical materiai For the collector tank category separate equations for flat plate and evacuated collectors are given For the other categcries separate equations are given for SHW SH and IPH applications These equations yield a National Average Bare Cost in 1985 U S dollars that must be adjusted to the site and the year of the proposed construction and increased by overhead taxes etc These equations are 1 Collectors Thermal Storage Tanks F a Flat plate Bare cost 21 308 9 13 ft x collector area fi Limits 1 000 fi lt area x 23 000 f Convert square meters to square feet to use these equations 1 m 10 76 ft Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study b a Mechanical Material M Appendixes Page 2C 2 Evacuated tubes Bare cost 15 777 22 72 ft x collector area ft Limits 5 000 ft lt area x 12 000 ft M Service hot water SHW Bare cost 5 337 7 05 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft lt area lt 5 000 ft Space Heating Bare cost 22 588 12 95 ft x collector area ft Limits 1 000 ft x area x 12 000 ft 3 e i a Ae Mec
57. tual analysis are confirmed and expanded for use later in the detail design of systems This section describes the data required and provides checklists for identifying and recording important information Information in Checklist 1 1 completed during conceptual design should be reviewed and updated as necessary and included as Checklist 2 1 The type of building location occupancy and type of conventional service water heating and space heating systems impact the design and integration of solar energy systems In retrofitting solar energy systems on existing buildings site visits and surveys should be made to identify and record those items listed in Checklist 2 2 that apply to the type of solar energy system being considered For buildings that are in the design phase checklist data can be furnished by the building A E Site related factors that affect design and performance of active solar energy systems subsystems and components are identified and re corded on Checklist 2 3 during the application review Important factors of Checklist 2 3 are discussed briefly here Appendix 2A should be reviewed for a discussion of solar radiation if required by the A E Visible portions of solar energy systems such as collectors may be subject to local building code or architectural regulations Even if not regulated the owner may choose to design the system so that it is not visible from ground level with perhaps some added cost Communities
58. uce volume of air circulated through air handling units Shut off or reduce speed of room fan coils Shut off or reduce stairwell heating Shut off unneeded circulating pumps Reduce humidification to minimum requirements Cycle fans and pumps where appropriate Heduce pumping flow Use damper controls to shut off air to unoccupied areas 11 Raise chilled water temperature 12 Shed loads during peak electrical use periods n9 O 00 1090 Qo EELEE LEHTI I Solar Design Manual EE Section 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 20 CHECKLIST 2 4 E ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES E Sheet 3 of 4 E To be E implemented HVAC Continued ad 13 Use outside air for free cooling whenever possible RIE is 14 Reduce reheating of cooled air VERREM E 15 Recover heating or cooling with energy recovery units E sa 16 Reduce chilled water circulated during light cooling loads PAS 17 Install minimum sized motor to meet loads LES 18 Replace hand valves with automatic controls PSOE 19 Install variable air volume controls AAR N Y 20 Install common manifolding of chillers aie etal 21 Insulate ducts and piping EN 22 Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling E in 23 Install night setback controls Oe OA 1 24 Install water treatment to prevent tube fouling NEN dec 25 Install multispeed variable speed cooling tower fans AAA UTILITY PLANT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Reduce steam distribution pressure Sh
59. used to account for this load loss ee If recirculated water is supplied from an auxiliary storage tank at a temperature close to the set temperature and if recirculation is continuous over the 24 hr day losses to the environment can be accounted for by increasing the UA of the auxiliary storage tank ee For any other case an estimate of the losses can be added to the actual service hot water load by increasing the daily hot water usage Single collector performance parameters determined according to ASHRAE Standard 93 86 Method of Testing to Determine Thermal Performance or its earlier version 93 77 by a recognized testing organization such as the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Sizing Performance Analysis Page 2 7 I ZLLL LLLL LL L LLLI ee ur E UT rrr D ean EE CC CC ccc I Adjustment of Simulation Computer Programs SRCO are available from manufacturers and should be used if a specific collector has been selected If selection of a particular model of solar collector cannot be made during the feasibility phase performance calculations can be performed by using parameters of collector types most likely to be used such as those given in Section 1 5 1 If evacu ated collectors are considered incidence angle modifiers can signifi cantly affect performance predictions and must be included i
60. ut off steam to laundry when not in use Increase boiler efficiency insulate boiler and boiler piping Install economizer install air preheater Install blowdown controls Modernize boiler and chiiler controls Convert gas pilot to electronic ignition CIAO MANN A HEEL TA HILL LIGHTING m 1 Convert to energy efficient systems ES 2 Install reflector systems i BUILDING ENVELOPE Reduce infiltration by caulking and weatherstripping Install storm windows or double pane windows install roof insulation Install loading dock seals Install vestibules on entrances Install solar shading screening curtains and blinds Install insulation in walls SEON PT ELLEI ELI PLUMBING install faucets that automatically shut off water flow Decentralize sevice water heating or install tankless heaters Add piping insulation Electrically trace hot water supply piping to eliminate return piping and pumps PON gt dd dH Solar Design Manual ection 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 21 eee a A aS a a aR CHECKLIST 2 4 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Sheet 4 of 4 To be implemented Yes_ No LAUNDRY install heat reclamation system for laundry wash water Install heat reclamation system on dryers Shut off equipment and appliances whenever possible Install makeup air supply for exhaust Pon LI HI KITCHEN Shut off range hood exhaust whenever possible an
61. ysis documents and against the owner s goals listed in Checklist 2 1 If necessary the sizing performance analysis should be reiterated using different collector array areas collector performance curves storage sizes etc to calculate new system performances and construction costs that bring the results of the economic analyses in closer agreement with the owner s goals 2 4 SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION The solar energy system design description SDD as outlined by Appendix 2D compiles all pertinent system design information collected or calculated to this point Information generated during detail design Section 3 may require that some of the SDD data be changed After each design iteration the SDD should be updated to maintain its useful ness and to depict the current design of the solar energy system When the design is completed and accepted the SDD will reflect the as designed features of the solar energy system Any changes that are incorporated into the system during construction should be marked or entered as appropriate in this document so that it will identify the differ ences between the as designed and as built solar energy system The latter information will be useful for future reference by the system owner operator Solar Design Manual ection 2 Feasibility Study Checklists Page 2 11 A Q CHECKLIST 2 1 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM GOALS 1 Building owner user name Address
62. ystem 1 1 0 7 7 77775 77 77 Type flat plate evacuated tube Approximate size ____ in mm x _____ in mm Collector loop fluid _______ water antifreeze air No glazing 1 2 Absorber coating selective paint Minimum ASHRAE iesiiniercepi eee Minimum ASHRAE test negative slope Incident angle modifiers for evacuated collectors Total gross collector area ft m Collector loop flow rate gpm L s Collector slope above horizontal Collector orientation east or west cf scuth a SEO ancla A Collector mounting roof ground wall D Storage Subsystem Storage media water rock other Total storage volume f cr gal rm or L Solar Design Manual Section 2 Feasibility Study Appendixes Page 2D 5 M X J r Xam c Yr J nd SAMPLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION FORMAT Sheet 4 of 5 D Storage Subsystem continued Storage tank pressurized Heat exchanger if used location external internal Storage loop flow rate _______ gpm or cim L s Heat exchanger effectiveness E Solar Main Heating Interface Makeup water temperature F C Return water temperature HW F C Return water temperature SH ________ F C Return air temperature SH F C E Le em i ol mE EE g QVE DE Sc Be M or SEE Usu Spi fon di Bee SSR Rc o i Xi seg d i Ed U

section 2 feasibility study - Solar Rating and Certification Corporation

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents