Geospatial Science - NYS 4-H
Contents
1. a Twine or string approximately 50 feet ooooo Note This activity relates closely with the concepts covered in these other Geospatial Science activities You Measure Distance with a Clock and Trilater WHAT Trilateration 1 The object is to set up a visual layout that depicts an arrange ment of satellites in the sky in relation to farm implements 2 Prior to the activity e Mark a large piece of cardboard or heavy paper about 4 X 4 with a grid system using numbers and letters making up a simple latitude longitude diagram Activity Series Geospatial Science Grade 4 6 Time 60 min Objectives e Understand how GPS satellites work with re ceivers to calcu late location e Learn how pre cision farming helps farmers manage crops Learning Standards See Matrix Common SET Abilities 4 H projects address Predict Hypothesize Evaluate State a Problem Research Problem Test Problem Solve Design Solutions Develop Solutions Measure Collect Data Draw Design Build Construct Use tools Observe Communicate Organize Infer Question Plan Investigation Summarize Invent Interpret Categorize Model Graph Troubleshoot Redesign Optimize Collaborate Compare Contributed By NYS 4 H Geospatial Science Team IRIS Department of Crop and Soil Science 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Sci N ce2. mation from one to the other if map scales are different Activity 1 GIS controls orientation and scale of mapped data Danger Island Harbors map Trails map Markers 12 piece of string D DD Graybeard the Pirate has hidden his treasure on Danger Island Two pirates have stolen copies of his maps and plan to steal the treasure They arrive at Danger Island the same time from oppo Site directions east and west and are racing to the treasure chest On the Harbor Map 1 Graybeard the Pirate never trusted anyone and devised ways to keep his treasure safe One of these methods involved separating information about Danger Island into thematic maps One thematic map is named Trails and shows only the trails for Danger Island Both pirates have a copy of the trails map Another trick that Graybeard used was to change the orienta tion of his thematic maps The Trails map has been rotated Activity Series Geospatial Science Grade 3 6 Time 60 min Objectives e Explore how geographic information systems allow map makers to combine data Learning Standards See Matrix Common SET Abilities 4 H projects address Predict Hypothesize Evaluate State a Problem Research Problem Test Problem Solve Design Solutions Develop Solutions Measure Collect Data Draw Design Build Construct Use tools Observe Communicate Organize Infer Question Plan Investigation Summarize
3. 25 FEFEFEEEFEFEFEF Legend A Harbors afe D aii T MENA E T z s 9 10 1 12 13 14 5 16 17 a 19 20 21 2 23 Legend Crocs GH e Snakes S R Q P O N K IJ I A GIF E D EB Ouly your eyes and caro can save youl Legend Crocs Es Snakes Only your eyes and caro can rave youl Legend A Harbors Quicksand amp Bogs Snakes amp Crocs BEREREREREKSE s s w JE
4. area will do Observe Communicate There are many kinds of geocaches but the simplest type is known Organize as a traditional geocache Infer 1 Dig through your recycling bin at home to find a few different Question plastic containers that have good sturdy lids Butter tubs Plan Investigation whipped cream containers or other similar containers make fine gt temporary geocaches Later if you decide to hide a permanent Interpret geocache you will want something much sturdier and weather Categorize resistant Be sure to include a log book or at least a strip of Model Graph paper in a plastic bag in your geocache Troubleshoot 2 Make a visit to a large outdoor space such as a local park or a Redesign friend s big backyard Optimize 3 Using a GPSr take a walk and find a good place to hide your Collaborate container You will want to put it in a spot where it will blend in to Compare Contributed By James Hooper the environment You might want to paint it a dark color or cover it with camouflage tape 4 Once you have hidden the container mark its location on your NYS GPSr It s a good idea to allow your GPSr to rest at the cache 4 H Geospatial Science Team IRIS Department of Crop and Soil Science 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Science d eospatial Science Toolkit 8 Geocaching location for a few minutes before you actually mark the location so you
5. can get the most accurate coordinates possible 4 Share the coordinates of your geocache with your friends Next time they are in the area they can try to find the geocache that you have hidden When you find a geocache sign your nickname in the log book to prove that you found it 5 If you plan to leave your cache in place for more than a few days it s a good idea to use something sturdier than a recycled butter tub Lock n Lock containers and surplus military ammunitions cans make good sturdy geocaches for more durable hides Take a look at Rules For Hiding A Geocache for suggestions on hiding any long term cache Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned a Would you consider geocaching a healthy form of exercise Why or why not Yes It s a good way to get outside enjoy the fresh air and stretch your legs u Do you think geocaching has an impact on the environment If so is it a positive or a negative impact Can you think of at least one positive and one negative Geocaching can have both positive and negative impacts One benefit is that it can raise our awareness for the environment the negative impact can come when geocachers trample vegetation creating new trails where there were none It is important to take care of our environment Activity 2 u A GPS receiver GPSr ideally one unit for every two to three students Q Computer with internet connection With more than 1 million caches h
6. educator and employer Activity Series 4 Science Geospatial Science Geospatial Science loolkit98 Using a GPS receiver ii a Main Idea Objectives A GPS Receiver GPSr is just one piece of the Global Positioning e To learn to System but it s the piece that most people are familiar with There are use a GPS many kinds of GPS receivers available from simple handheld models to receiver to find larger models with touch screens for use in cars This lesson helps a location or students use the handheld models for geocaching and basic mapping object Motivator If you know how to use a GPS receiver you can find all sorts of things Learning and find your way around the earth Standards Pre Activity Questions See Matrix Before you start the activity ask the students Common a What are some things a GPS could help you to do determine SET Abilities direction plan a route find a specific location measure distance 4 H projects u What kinds of things would you like to learn about using a GPS address Predict Hypothesize Activity l Evaluate State a Problem Research Problem a A GPS receiver one unit for every two to three students Test u The user s manual for the GPS receiver Problem Solve u A handful of temporary place markers cones Design Solutions Frisbees anything that won t blow away in the Develop Solutions wind Measure u Alarge outdoor natural area goloct Data u Note pad and pen
7. inefficient and expensive Explain economic concerns of farmers Some may be right at the line which is optimal Some may be filled to a level below the line which is less than optimal and will result in a lower yield of crops Science Checkup Questions you might ask to evaluate what was learned a Why wouldn t a farmer want to apply the same amount of inputs to all parts of the field Due to varia tions in the land or environment there may be different needs for fertilizer use or pesticides in different parts of the field Q How could a farmer learn about the crop or soil needs in each part of the field Divide the field into small manageable plots and sample each plot Keep track of the plots with the use of the GPS system u What happens if plants get too much or too little fertilizer or pesticides Very costly possibly destructive to the environment could be harmful to the crop u Where do the excess materials go Into the groundwater may pollute streams rivers lakes and wells u What if you get everything just right Good crop yields low impact on the environment farmers get bet ter profit Extensions e Discuss how GPS systems could be used in animal agriculture or wildlife tracking Vocabulary Precision farming Farming practices that use very specific information on very specific plots to reduce waste and maximize efficiency Efficiency Maximum amount of benefit with the least overall cost or input
8. made structures These include BLUE water bodies ponds lakes rivers streams terrain hills mountains de pressions etc BLACK buildings solid black shapes for inhabited and hollow black outlines for seasonal or uninhabited RED for highways and BLACK for roadways which are also expressed in frequency of use by color or by solidity of the line and GREEN for vegetation cover Thematic maps Theme maps can be used by a wide variety of fields medicine politics conservation world aid retail to display a specific piece of information over a large area The results are often based on limited specific data but extrapolated onto the map The most common example of this type of map is the presidential election maps While not everyone in a state may vote Democrat or Republican if the largest number of cast votes are of a specific party then the state is shaded to the color that corresponds to that party Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science La Geospatial Science loolkit 6 Making Sense of Maps Photographic lmage Maps An actual photo usually a satellite image or aerial color photo is used as the foundation for the map Informational materials are then displayed on the photo itself The photo tends to display more natural colors than the topographic map but in some cases different areas may blend t
9. them to leave before looking for the cache Background Information e Geocache Listing Sites www earthcaching com www geocaching com www navicache com e Geocache Hiding Guidelines http www geocaching com about guidelines aspx Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science Geospatial Science Toolkit Geocaching Rules for Hiding a Geocache 1 Be Respectful of the Environment When you hide a cache you may soon find a new trail of foot prints from other geocachers straight to your hide Visitors to your cache could end up doing a lot of damage if you place your cache next to a new bird s nest or some species of rare plant Be Respectful of Private Property If you are hiding a cache on land that is not your own be sure to place it on public land If you place a cache on private land be sure to get permission first Never Bury a Geocache You don t want people digging up 30 feet of grass and leaves to find your cache See 1 Don t Hide A Cache Anywhere That it Could Cause Unnecessary Harm If non cachers were to see someone poking around at the cache site would they be panicked You wouldn t want to hide acache near a railroad track or under a bridge Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action
10. Geocaching Using a GPS Receiver Making Sense of Maps Precision Farming Layers and Layers of Data pooooo 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Activity Series Science eda a Geospatial Science Science Toolkit What Is GPS te rin Objectives Main Idea e Learn what The Global Positioning System is a system of satellites ground control global posi units and receivers A GPS can pinpoint a user s location to within just a tioning sys few feet tems are used for and how they work Motivator Global positioning systems are everywhere whether you know it or not Everyone from farmers to fighter jet pilots use the technology If you ve Learning ever looked at someone s home address on an internet map you ve Standards used it too See Matrix Pre Activity Questions Common Before you start the activity ask the students SET Abilities m Who do you think originated the concept of a GPS U S Army 4 H projects u Did you know that a pizza delivery driver inspired the first GPS for pi E use in cars address a When someone asks you where you live in relation to school have Predict you ever answered with a time about 20 minutes away Hypelies ze State a Problem Activity 1 PE SPE You Measure Distance with a Glock Problem Solve Design Solutions a Five volunteers a satellite a signal two hikers ne and a timer Collect Data Q Stopw
11. Geospatial Science Toolkit 98 Precision Farming 3 satellites minimum using Triangulation Math Formulas the illustration Create 5 or 6 simple models of GPS satel lites about 2 to 3 in length using Popsicle sticks foam empty plastic film canisters or other art supplies Label them A B C e West longitude computer in the receiver does the markings should be x what point on presi along the top and the farm implement is situated North latitude it pale oba OT marks should be i SZA along the left see f D etc e Place the model GPS 4 satellites in high locations Sample Field Marked in Grid Sections hang from trees ceiling tile Wi W2 W3 w4 w5 we W7 we grates etc approximately 10 15 from the model farm im N1 plement N2 e Place a model farm implement somewhere on the cardboard N3 below the GPS model satel Na lites Cut lengths of twine or string NS slightly longer than the dis N6 tances from each GPS satel lite model to the model farm N7 implement N8 3 The cardboard grid system repre sents a crop in a field The coordi nates formed at the intersections of each of the lines on the grid are like the latitude longitude coordinate system used in GPS receivers When the farm implements travel through a field the GPS can record the specific location By knowing these locations farm ers are able to make maps of cr
12. Invent Interpret Categorize Model Graph Troubleshoot Redesign Optimize Collaborate Compare Contributed By NYS 4 H Geospatial Science Team IRIS Department of Crop and Soil Science 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Science E Geospatial Science Toolkit Layers and Layers of Data You must align the Trails map to the Harbor map and trace the trails onto the Harbor b map 3 Where do you think the treasure chest is What are the map coordinates for the point east coordinates are J or K north are 13 and 14 East North 4 Select the shortest route to the treasure chest for each pirate The shortest route can be determined by using your string Start at the harbor and lay the string out as you go along the path Mark the string when you reach the location of the treasure Using the same end to start measure the trail from the other harbor the same way Do you use more or less string Another estimate of distance can be made by counting the number of grid cells squares that each trail touches Note The Danger Island Revealed map shows trail distances If you re counting cells the answers should be A 26 B 23 C 15 D 18 E 30 and F 29 5 Which pirate do you think will reach the treasure first The pirate coming from the west y the shortest route Trail C Science Checkup Questions you might ask to evaluate what was
13. Runoff When inputs like fertilizer and pesticides are applied in excess and some of the excess flows off the field into streams Input Refers to the resources like fertilizers herbicides insecticides and even the labor time that are applied to a field in order to grow a crop Background Resources e GPS is used for precision farming to increase efficiency of use of field inputs such as seed fertilizer and pesticides and for economic and environmental reasons It can also be used to map crop yields and oth er information Many other agricultural uses of GPS technology may be developed in the future Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science Geospatial Science Toolkit precision Farming 2 w 2 ETERS a Satis S o 29222385 z x 8 o m g E E 8 o e i o 3 2 E 2 lt i S i 2 i Rl 2 lt E o Find this activity and more at http nysdh cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer ene I T Geospatial Science TERIS Precision Farming Page 1 Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Geospatial Science 98 Precision Farming Find this ac Co
14. Science lokit Geospatial Science About the 4 H Science Toolkit Series Geospatial Science The ability to think spatially is an increasingly important skill for youth to master in or der to succeed in school careers and as informed citizens Popular web mapping ap plications such as GoogleEarth VirtualEarth and ArcGISExplorer have captured the imagination of youth and adults as they view their world from a new perspective and jobs in geospatial science will increase by 20 percent in the next 10 years In this series activities are designed to move 4 H youth and adults from casual ob servers to power users of geospatial tools All of these adventures call on students to predict what will happen test their theories then share their results They ll be introduced to geospatial science vocabulary learn the basics of using hand held gps units and maps and gain an understanding of how maps are made The lessons in this unit were developed by the 4 H Geospatial Science team based at Cornell University in the Institute for Resource Information Sciences in the Depart ment of Crop and Soil Science To find out more about the 4 H Geospatial Science Programs visit www nys4h cce cornell edu To find numerous resources related to the inserts out door exploration and the environment check out the national 4 H Resource Directory at http www 4 hdirectory org Geospatial Science Table of Contents What Is GPS
15. al Science Toolkit Layers and Layers of Data With the Land Dangers map 1 As you now know Graybeard the Pirate never trusted anyone so he devised many ways to keep his treasure safe In addition to the thematic map idea and rotating the map Graybeard also made some of his thematic maps at different scales 2 The pirate coming from the east has one of the danger maps called Land Dangers but it is at a different scale than the Harbor map Note that the Harbor map has a grid of square cells printed on it The Land Dangers map also has a grid on it of smaller cells The cells on each map repre sent the same area on the island This is the way Graybeard and you are able to scale one map to the other 3 Rotate the Land Dangers map so that the island is orientated in the same direction as the Harbor map Transfer the information from the dangers map to the Harbor map You can use one of the two methods shown at right 1 by coloring the cells on the Harbor map that match the Land Dangers map or 2 by ap proximating the shape Use different symbols for dif ferent dangers This is similar to what a GIS does when it overlays data 4 Now which route should the east pirate use to reach the treasure safely B or F 5 Is the shortest route for the west pirate still a safe route No Science Checkup Questions you might ask to evaluate what was learned a Didthe transfer method that you
16. atch watch clock with a second hand cell Draw Design phone with a timer etc Build Construct Use tools The satellite should close his her eyes while one of the hikers Observe stands some distance away The signal will stand by the Communicate satellite Organiza 2 When everyone is ready the signal leaves the satellite and Question walks do not run to the hiker When the signal reaches the Plan Investigation hiker the signal will yell out stop Have the timer time how Summarize long it takes for the signal to reach the hiker from the satellite Invent 3 Have the satellite keep their eyes closed and repeat this proc Interpret ess with the other hiker This time the hiker should be a differ Categorize ent distance twice as far or half as far is good from the Model Graph satellite Troubleshoot d Can the satellite tell which of the two hikers is further away Redesign How By noting how long it is until the signal says stop E Compare Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what Contributed By was learned James Hooper a What is the formula for speed Distance divided by time i e miles NYS hour or meters second 4 H Geospatial Q Itis important for the signal to be traveling at the same speed at all Science Team times What would happen if the signal were to speed up or slow IRIS down Errors in the distance between the satelli
17. ator and employer Sci e n ce Geospatial Science Toolkit3 Geocaching description e Look at the logs posted by the last people to find the cache If the last four or five people to look for a cache couldn t find it it could be missing You can often learn a lot from other people s logs 3 Take a family trip to the local park Park the car and hit the trail 4 Once you get near a geocache you may find that your receiver is giving you mixed signals Check out loose bearings in the vocabulary section 5 When you finally find a cache there are a couple of basic guidelines e Sign the log book Use a nickname rather than your real name e Take something Some caches will have trade items These are there for other cachers to take Feel free to take one e Leave something If you chose to take anything from the cache you are also expected to leave something behind Some folks choose to leave trade items even when they don t take one The rule of thumb is to trade equal or trade up For example if you take a baseball you should leave something of similar or greater value like a small first aid kit e Re hide the cache in exactly the same spot you found it When you return home go back to the geocaching Web site and log your find This helps the owner and other geocachers to know that the cache is still in good shape Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned u Sometimes when you f
18. cil Bull Construct Since GPS receivers have varied settings and appearances Use tools spend a few minutes setting up the receivers to make them Observe consistent so everyone is looking at the same information Communicate Organize 1 Look through your instruction manual for the section on setting uM the map datum the set of reference points your receiver will Plan Investigation use as its data Be sure that all of your receivers are set to the Summarize WGS84 Datum See Map datum under vocabulary Invent 2 Now look in your manual for information on setting the Interpret coordinate format Different formats allow you to express your Categorize location in different ways such as hemisphere North South Model Graph East or West followed by latitude and or longitude degrees Troubleshoot minutes and or seconds Set your format to hddd mm mmm Redesign which stands for hemisphere degree minutes and decimal Prue minutes Compare ontributed By James Hooper Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned NYS u What would happen if you used a different datum than someone ARR else in your group Your unit may be referenced from a different IRIS starting point so your waypoints could be significantly different Department of Crop and Soil Science 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Sci ence Geospatial Science Toolit98 Using a GPS receiver u What is the d
19. dea e To practice Geocaching is a fun and exciting activity using the Global Positioning more with System GPS to explore the great outdoors Imagine a giant treasure GPS units hunt with thousands of treasure boxes hidden all over the world It s fun by learning for everyone and it s a great way to get exercise and make new friends in about geo the geocaching community caching Motivator Learning As of the writing of this Toolkit there are more than 1 million geocaches Standards hidden all over the world and more than 65 000 geocachers registered at www geocaching com Those numbers are growing every day See Matrix ee er the student Sonnen efore you start the activity ask the students u When you head out on the trail what should you bring with you first SET Abilities aid kit water bottle snacks GPS receiver map compass etc 4 H projects m What kind of clothing do you think would be appropriate for an address outing Long pants long sleeves boots and clothes that can get Predict dirty Hypothesize Evaluate State a Problem Research Problem Test Problem Solve Design Solutions Develop Solutions Activity I a A GPS receiver GPSr ideally one unit for every two to three students u A variety of weatherproof containers of different eae shapes and sizes DE eat Dalai i raw Design A An outdoor natural area ideally a blend of natural Build Construct areas including forest and field but any outdoor Use tools
20. e 3 eospatial Science Toolkit Precision Farming Farming is no longer what it used to be Today s farmers are depending on geospatial science technology to make their farm businesses more economic efficient and environmentally safe Motivator Most everybody knows that farmers have to use tractors plows com bines and other crop equipment But did you know that today farmers de pend on technical equipment and systems that use space satellites com puters and special electronic receiving devices called GPS Global Po sitioning System receivers in order to plant and manage crops Pre Activity Questions Before you start the activity ask the students u In what ways can farmers change their planting methods that will pro tect the environment u How can farmers save money by applying just the right amounts of fertilizers and pesticides in exactly the right places Q What new kinds of technical equipment do farmers use today that will help them know exactly where and how to manage their crops Activity 1 Making a model of a GPS satellite and receiver system Toy model farm equipment tractor and implement Large piece of cardboard or heavy weight paper Marker s 50 foot measuring tape Farm implement promotional material photos of GPS enabled equipment obtain from local farm implement dealer u 4or5 scale models of GPS satellites create out of bal sa wood paper or foam from egg cartons
21. e catalogues to see the vari de 12 25 96 Syl 12215 ous farm implements that N1 W3 utilize GPS and GIS science for Precision Farming man agement Science Checkup Questions you might ask to evaluate what was learned What do you think is used to calculate the distance from the real GPS satellites to the farm equip ment GPS receivers Answer Distance is determined by time which is calculated by very pre cise atomic clocks in the satellites and quartz clocks in the receivers We know how fast radio sig nals travel therefore if we know the precise time it takes for a signal to get from a satellite to and receiver and back we can determine the exact distance from each satellite What farm management jobs could this precision farming technology benefit Answer s Smarter application of pesticides only where needed more economical applications of expensive fertilizer better management by recording harvest information specific to field location Activity 2 The Space amp Farm Connection 10 15 mini clear plastic cups 1 2 oz or small paper cups Marker Colored water representing applied fertilizer 1 4 cup measuring device GIS cornfield map pages 6 8 included here printed in color and assembled Clear plastic garbage bag to cover map DODODO Before students arrive print out the three pages of the GIS field map cut apart and tape together making sure pages are in order and Nort
22. e same areas as on the Danger Island map 2 Rotate the Animal Dangers map until you think it is oriented the same way as the larger grid of the Harbor map Transfer the information from the Animal Dangers map to the Harbor map Label the grid cells along each side with the appropriate number or letter Use the same meth od as you did earlier color the cells on the Harbor map to match the Animal Dangers map Use different symbols colors for different dangers 3 Is the east pirate following a safe route Only Trail F is safe 4 Now which route should each pirate use to reach the treasure safely The pirate from the east should use trail F and the pirate from the west should use trail E 5 The bad news for both pirates is that Graybeard did not make maps of all the dangers on the island Only one of the routes is safe What other dangers might exist on the island that could u put on thematic maps Poisonous plants or waterways could be other dangers y Science Checkup Questions you might ask to evaluate what was learned u Was it easier or harder to make this transfer The change of orientation and not having the islands shown make it harder Q How did you figure out what the correct orientation was One way would be to take an extreme location for example the crocodiles in the lower right and see where that location would need to be on the Har bor map to occur on land a Did you figure out how to label the grid cells Count
23. ed tools they had Try taking some measurements and creating a scale map of your meeting area e Visit www census gov to see detailed thematic maps of your area and explore the various demographic characteristics that are mapped by the Census Bureau How is this information useful Why is it more useful in map form Vocabulary Cartographer A person who creates maps Topography The physical features of a landscape both natural and manmade such as rivers trees mountains and buildings Legend A key that explains the meaning of various characters or symbols on a map Orienting Arrow An arrow that shows which direction is north on a map Background Resources Minimum Requirements for a Map All maps must have the following features to be considered a map e Legend An explanation of characters or symbols used on that map Scale The scale can be verbally expressed or expressed mathematically In a ratio scale such as 1 63 630 one inch equals 63 360 inches in the real world or about one mile Both sides of the ratio must represent the same measurement e Orienting arrow Generally these arrows point north but the arrow may point in other directions de pending on the time of production and the group who produced the map e Date of production Name of producer Types of Maps adapted from Rand McNally Goode s World Atlas 1982 Topographic maps Show the physical features of the landscape both natural and significant man
24. f water to represent the current conditions in the field indi cated by the color of the grid For example in green areas where the yield is high fill the cup to the line near the rim representing the optimum amount of fertilizer already in the soil Fill the cups in tne medium yield locations orange half full and put only a few drops of colored water in the cups over locations of poor yield yellow 6 The demonstration set up illustrates that different parts of the field have different nutrient re quirements While some parts of the field lack nutrients other sections of the field contain well enriched soil with sufficient amounts of nutrients 7 Ask a participant to drive the farm implement model tractor or imaginary through the field dispensing an equal amount of colored water somewhat less than half a cup to each cup Remind everyone that the conventional method of applying materials like fertilizer to a farm field is to spread it evenly and at the same rate over the entire field Areas that may not need as much of an application may receive a wasteful quantity while other areas don t get enough This is pointed out visually with this demonstration 8 Results Let the group observe and be ready to share what results they find Some cups will overflow and cause runoff Explain the environmental concerns of runoff Some cups will be filled to a level between the line and the top of the cup which is more than optimum and thus
25. h directional arrows are pointing in the same direction You should have one long rectangular map about 8 5 by 30 inches The cornfield is a layer of information indicating yields in a certain field last year Based on that information obtained from GPS and GIS assume the farm manager wants to apply fer tilizer nitrogen to boost crops in areas of poor yield and not apply as much nitrogen in are as where soil seems to be sufficient in nutrients where there were excellent crop yields Set up the following demonstration to compare traditional methods of applying fertilizer to methods of applying fertilizer using GPS and GIS technology Mark a set of 9 or more small 1 2 oz sampler cups with a line about 1 8 of an inch from the rim Arrange the cups on the printed image of the corn field in areas of differing yield indicted by different colors Each cup represents a part of a field When the cup is filled with colored Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science s eospatial Science Toolkit precision Farming water representing fertilizer the line near the rim represents the optimum level of fertilizer in the soil The goal is to fertilize the field with enough colored water fertilizer to bring the level up to the line but NO MORE as that will be waste 5 Fill the cups with varying amounts o
26. idden all over the globe the world is your playground with geocaching Plan a geocaching trip with some friends or family members at a local park 1 First you need to find the coordinates of official geocaches There are a few different Web sites that list geocaches but the largest one is www geocaching com You will need to create a free user account to get started 2 Once you have logged into the Web site enter your zip code in the Hide and Seek a Geocache box You will see a list of geocaches near you Browse through the list clicking on geocaches that sound interesting and take a look at the detailed cache description Look for these things Difficulty and terrain ratings Rated from one to five stars these will give you a feel for how difficult the cache will be to find Start simple and work your way up to more complex caches What kind of cache is it Traditional caches are the most common but there are many different variations so you will want to know what you are looking for Check out the site http www geocaching com about cache_types aspx for a detailed description of the cache types that geocaching com recognizes e What size is the cache Caches range from very small to very large Read the description Sometimes the cache hider will give hints about the cache in the Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educ
27. ifference between formats Why are there so many It s kind of like fractions or decimals just different ways of saying the same thing It s typically a regional choice Activity 2 Where am I Where are you The most basic functions of the receiver are to record your current location and to mark a different location Do you know where you are right now Your receiver may not YET 1 Turn on your receiver and let it find the satellites overhead Make sure there is nothing above you like a dense tree canopy otherwise the receiver may not connect to the satellites 2 In your manual find the section about how to record a waypoint 3 Standing outside in a clear open space record your current location Name this first waypoint fest You can delete this later but for now you re just practicing While you are marking this location take a look at the coordinates of the waypoint displayed on your GPS unit This will include a direction and degrees of longitude and latitude On your note pad write down your coordinates 4 Got the hang of it Try it again Move 50 steps away and try marking another waypoint Name this one test 2 On your note pad write down the coordinates of this second waypoint Take a look at the coordinates of test 2 How do they compare to test Are they the same If not are they similar 5 How accurate is a GPS receiver Try this experiment to find out Pick out a nearby landmark a wa
28. ind a geocache your GPSr can still say that you are well over 30 feet away How is this possible GPS receivers are not perfect and every unit has a small amount of error The unit used by the person who hid the geocache has a small unit or error and your unit had error when you found it compounding to up to 50 feet of error at times u After you have found a few geocaches write down a list of the different ways that caches have been camouflaged How has camouflage helped these caches survive Can you think of any ani mals in nature that use camouflage to survive Squirrels are gray to hide in the trees Stick bugs are designed to look like branches Vocabulary CITO An acronym standing for Cache In Trash Out This ethic encourages geocachers to pick up litter and trash and leave the environment cleaner than they found it Geocache A weather resistant container hidden in a public outdoor place with its coordinates re corded on a GPSr and shared with others GZ Ground zero The area in which a geocache is expected to be found Typically GZ is an area of approximately 30 feet around the actual cache Loose bearings The point at which the direction on your GPSr no longer points in the correct direc tion mostly because you ve slowed down to a point that it doesn t know in which direction you re mov ing Muggle A person who isn t familiar with the game of geocaching as in There were a few muggles around so decided to wait for
29. learned u Where is north on the map Left when the map is oriented for reading u If you are facing north in what directions are south east and west Behind you to your right and to your left respectively u Which pirate should get to the treasure chest first Why The pirate coming from the west because the trail is shorter Q Which direction are they traveling East Q ls it possible that the pirate traveling farther can get to the chest first Yes if they are traveling fast er What might make that possible This map does not include topography which is elevation in formation Topography information would show hills valleys ravines and other landforms that could hinder movement Maps cannot show everything The map maker has to decide what to show and what to ignore That decision is influenced by the purpose of the map To make a good map you must be accurate with your orientation north south east west left right up down and your scale distance size Activity 2 Seale and Overlay A Geographic Information System can help when you re trying to combine maps it helps when you need to change the size of a map scale or show one map on top of another overlay O Danger Island Harbors map u Land Dangers map Q Markers Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Sci e N Ce Geospati
30. maps and briefly explain the dif Troubleshoot ference between them Redesign Ask students to create a topographic map of their own They Optimize could choose to map their backyard their neighborhood or ye the area of their school or meeting place Have them use the correct colors for water buildings roads and trees and vege tation Have them try drawing to scale even though the measurements will be guesses Make sure their maps include legends scales orienting ar rows date and their names Contributed By NYS 4 H Geospatial Science Team IRIS Department of Crop and Soil Science 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Science eospatial Science Toolkit 88 Making Sense of Maps Science Checkup Questions you might ask to evaluate what was learned Name at least three types of maps What does the color blue represent on a topographic map List two things that all maps must possess to be considered a map Can aerial photos be used in the creation of maps What is one of the most commonly known use of thematic maps in the United States ooooo Extensions e Visit your town library to compare older maps of your area with present day ones How are they differ ent How are they the same What features symbols names are included on older maps that aren t included today How has your town changed e Read about early cartographers to find out how they created maps with the limit
31. marker on the ground Each member of the group should mark the location of their place marker on their GPS receiver Once the waypoints are marked gather back at the starting place Share coordinates with the other group and enter the other group s coordinates into the receivers As a group see if you can find the other group s place marker 3 4 5 Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned Q What factors might affect the accuracy of your receiver Extensions If people in your group have different models of GPS receivers try Activity 4 with various receiv ers and see how accurate they are and how well they locate the placemarkers Take your coor dinates and enter them into Google Earth or mapquest com to see your location from above or a street map of your location These programs show you two of the myriad ways you can use co ordinates to find a location or find your way around Vocabulary Coordinate Any of a set of two or more numbers used to determine the position of a point line curve or plane Map Datum A set of reference points on the earth s surface against which position measurements are made Coordinate Format Any of a number of methods for displaying the coordinates of a given location on earth Typical examples would include HDDDDDDDD HDDD MM MMM or HDDD MM SSS where H is the Hemisphere North East South or West D is degrees of latitude or longitude M is minutes 1 degree 60 mi
32. nge The process of changing the scale of one map or data set to match another Thematic map A thematic map shows pieces of information that share something in common For example a thematic map of roads may contain many types of roads e g divided highways local streets trails but not contain streams or lakes Thematic maps are often referred to as layers in a GIS Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Scien ce Geospatial Science Toolkit98 Layers and Layers of Data Background Resources ESRI Inc http www gis com GIS Lounge http www GISlounge com Thinking Spatially Using GIS Napolean E J and E A Brook Our World GIS Education Level 1 ESRI Press 2008 Mapping Our World GIS Lessons for Educators Malone L et al ESRI Press 2005 Guide to PDF pages Page 6 Danger Island Harbors Page 7 Trails misaligned trails with ids Page 8 Land Dangers different scale with index grid Page 9 Animal Dangers areas with altered index Page 10 Animal Dangers areas with minimal grid information Page 11 Danger Island Revealed map showing all thematic data and information Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer 1 ajea s s s e IM u s 16 7 18 19 20 a 22 23 24
33. nutes and S is seconds 1 minute 60 seconds Waypoint Waypoints are named coordinates representing points on the surface of the Earth Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Sci ence Geospatial Science Toolkit 8 Using a GPS receiver Background Resources e Download a manual for your GPS receiver at Garmin http www8 garmin com support userManual jsp Magellan http www magellangps com support index asp DeLorme http www delorme com support search aspx Lowrance http www lowrance com en Downloads Manuals e Check out geocaching com for more information about GPS units and the sport of geocaching Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Activity Series Geospatial Sci ence Geospatial Science nn Toolkit98 Making Sense of Maps Bern CY Main Idea Objectives There are a variety of kinds of maps that can be used for many different es purposes The map creator or cartographer must choose the correct me content and how dium and information to display depending on the purpose of the map they ve changed over time Motivator Did you know that maps can show you much more than just how to find Learning your way around Maps can show who people voted for in a p
34. obstacle before going out to its normal arc Would this affect the accuracy of the GPS How There are some layers of the earth s atmosphere specifically the ionosphere that affect the speed of a satellite signal To illustrate this have the signal crab walk a portion of the distance What effect does that have In the real GPS system accurately surveyed ground stations determine correction factors to take this into account and provide accurate readings Vocabulary lonosphere The region of the earth s atmosphere between the stratosphere and the exosphere consisting of several ionized layers and extending from about 50 to 250 miles 80 to 400 km above the surface of the earth ite A device designed to be launched into orbit around the earth n The measurement of three unique distances between points for the purpose of establishing relative positions of the points Illustrated by the yellow beams below exosphere Background Resources Hinch Steven Outdoor Navigation with GPS Wilderness Press Latham Lawrence and Alex Lathem GPS Made Easy Using Global Positioning Systems in the Outdoors Mountaineers Books Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Activity Series Science a a Geospatial Science Science Toolkit Geocaching Objectives Main I
35. ogether along the edges because of the altitude tne photo was taken from The information that can be displayed on a photographic map includes social political and biological data Other interesting map facts e Definition of a map Maps have been described as diagrams of an area and the location of fea tures or places Webster s Student Dictionary 1999 or visual representations of objects regions and themes Wikipedia 2009 and the spatial characteristics that separate these ob jects e The map has evolved as human discoveries and technology have evolved At one time maps were the illustrations of a cartographer a person who creates makes maps done by extensive and careful hand drawing but today most maps are created by people working with powerful software that can place layer upon layer onto the base map e The use of aerial photos or satellite imagery in the creation of maps has now become common place but has yet to replace traditional maps in some uses because the forms illustrate certain fea tures differently Maps can be two dimensional like an aerial photo or three dimensional like a globe Google Earth and Pictometry have found a niche somewhere between two dimensional and three dimensional and both are very interactive Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Scienc
36. op yields soil profiles field boundaries and other infor mation They are then able to use the information to analyze crops and manage them bet ter This science is called GIS Geographic Information System It can be used for Documenting harvests and crop performance Managing crop planning operations Managing applications of fertilizer and pesticides on crops 4 Place the Farm implement on the field in any location Use the string twine to measure dis tances from each of 3 or more satellites to the farm implement Measure the string twine and record the distances Record the information in a simple chart shown on next page Move the farm implement to another location and measure the same way Record the dis tances of each string twine again 5 Tell the students that computers calculators precise clocks and other technical equipment Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science 100 498 precision Farming Geospatial Science help farmers manage farm Tractor Length of Length of Length of Length of ing operations in a very pre Location string from string string string cise manner Satellite A from Sat from Sat from Sat Use obtained farm imple ellite B ellite C ellite D ment dealer brochures and Sampl
37. residential Standards election they can show what mountains are the tallest and they can even tell you how many ice cream shops there are in your town See Matrix Pre Activity Questions Common Before you start the activity ask the students SET Abilities u What are some ways that you use a map 4 H projects u What kinds of information do you typically find on a map address u What kind of symbols do map makers use on their maps Predict Hypothesize Evaluate State a Problem Research Problem Test Problem Solve Design Solutions Develop Solutions Measure Collect Data Draw Design Build Construct Activity 1 Make your own map u A map that contains a legend scale orienting arrow date of production and name of producer u Atopographic map of your city or town in color u Athematic map from the Internet good examples include how your town or city voted in the last presi dential election or maps from the www census gov Use tools Site from your state Observe u A photographic or image map an aerial photo of Communicate your town from Google Earth is a good option Organize Q Pencils paper and markers or crayons for each stu Infer dent Question a Rulers Plan Investigation Summarize 2 e Invent Show students the first map explaining that the legend Interpret Scale orienting arrow date and name are important features Categorize in any map Explain what they are used for Model Graph Pass around the other three
38. rnell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science A a eospatial Science 4 Toolkit 8 precision Farming ps 2m s s m E Page 3 Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Science patial Science Hiis Layers and Layers of Data Main Idea A Geographic Information System GIS is a computerized mapping tool for managing spatial data This activity explores some of the background knowledge needed before using a GIS and demonstrates two of the pri mary capabilities of a GIS using maps Motivator Geographic Information System tools are the driving force behind many services The system is used for emergency response or 9 1 1 systems tracking health crises such as flu outbreaks and organizing pickup and delivery routes like those for school buses Pre Activity Questions Before you start the activity ask the students u What kind of maps are you familiar with highway maps trail maps state and world maps topographic maps Q How do these map differ content detail scale a If you had two different maps of the same area how would you put them together or copy the data from one to the other Possible answers place one on top of another and trace the information if they are at the same scale eyeball transfer infor
39. te and the hiker Department of Crop and Soil Science 4 H Youth Development is the youth program of Cornell Cooperative Extension Sci n Ce Geospatial Science Joolkit88 What Is GPS Activity 2 What is trilateration Three pieces of rope of different lengths Between 10 25 feet long Sidewalk chalk Four temporary place markers pieces of tape cones etc Six volunteers three satellites and three signals Large open area where you can draw with chalk on the floor or A Satellite 1 ground ooooo Do this before the students arrive 1 Use a temporary place marker in the center of a large open area 2 Lay each of the three ropes on the floor starting from the original place marker and radiating out in different directions 3 At the end of each rope put another place marker Then pick up the ropes and lay each rope in a pile near its far end place marker Pick up the center place marker With the students 1 Each ofthe three satellites should stand on one of the three place markers and pick up one end of the rope 2 Each signal should pick up the other end of the rope and walk in a circle around the sat ellite drawing this path on the ground with the chalk 3 Each of these circles represents the area where a hiker could be 4 Afterthe first circle is drawn the waypoint could be anywhere on that circle 5 After the second circle is drawn the hiker could only be in
40. ter fountain a light pole etc or simply place a place marker on the ground 6 Have each member of the group take turns marking the location of the land marker and saving it in their receiver as test 3 7 Compare your coordinates with the others in your group How similar are they It is likely that they will be very similar but not identical Why do you think this might be Remember that your receiver is communicating with satellites 12 000 miles away 8 Another way to record a waypoint is to type in the coordinates Remember that scrap where you wrote wrote the coordinates to your original waypoints Use your instruction manual and create a new waypoint by typing in those original coordinates Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned Q Do you think your receiver is accurate enough for you Why might someone need theirs to be more accurate You are using your unit for recreation Firemen might need to find the gas shut off valve to your house in the case of emergency The purpose for which you are using the GPSr will determine the level of accuracy that is needed a Would your receiver be good for recording the locations of telephones in your home Why or why not GPSr s don t work well indoors because they need an unobstructed view of the satellites overhead Activity 3 How can I get there from here Once you enter a waypoint into your unit the receiver stores the coordinates for
41. that waypoint in its internal memory The first step in getting from here to there is finding that waypoint in your receiver Continued on page 3 Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Sci ence Geospatial Science Toolkit Using a GPS receiver 1 In your manual look up how to find a waypoint and then look on your receiver for the waypoint called test 2 2 Once you find the waypoint check your manual for help in how to goto or navigate to that waypoint 3 Take a walk with your receiver and see how it works to help you go back to the place that you marked as test 2 Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned a How is your receiver like a compass How is it different It can tell direction but most receivers require that you are moving in order to tell direction Q Does your receiver consider obstacles that might be between you and your final destination How do you know No the receiver only knows the direction and the distance to the final desti nation It always draws a straight line path Activity 4 Putting it all together Note You will need two groups for this activity 1 Give each group a place marker of some sort a cone or a bandana 2 Each group should take a short walk no more than 300 feet in different directions and put their place
42. the area where the two cir cles intersect The point where all three circles cross is the location of the waypoint and should be the same as your original center place marker Science Checkup Questions to ask to evaluate what was learned a Why is it important to u se three satellites when trying to find your location The points where two Signals cross could be thousands of miles apart in real life If you only had one signal your hiker could be anywhere along the arc a Would it make a difference if your GPS receiver was able to pick up signals from more than three satellites Qa Using the distance from three different points in order to determine your exact location is called what Trilateration It is how GPS receivers figure out where you are Tri come from the Latin tres word for three while lateral comes from the Latin latus meaning sides Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer 4H Geospatial Science amp what Is GPS Extensions Sometimes obstacles interfere with the path of the satellite signal Have another student represent a skyscraper or a canyon wall by standing in the field somewhere near the satellite but not directly between the satellite and the hiker When the signal is sent from the satellite the signal should bounce gently off of the
43. the cells along the grid sides to determine the di rection to label the cells Vocabulary Coordinate system A reference framework of points or lines used to define the location in space The geo graphic coordinate system latitude longitude used on the earth s surface is a common examples of a coor dinate system Grid cell The smallest unit of information in raster data or the area identified by intersecting coordinate lines Each cell represents a portion of the earth such as a square meter or square mile and usually has an attribute value associated with it such as soil type or vegetation class Orientation A map s orientation or north south direction should be shown It is also important that if a coor dinate system is available that it be identified A north arrow does not give the reader any idea what part of the world is depicted in the map Using and displaying a known coordinate system enables the reader to fit the map into its proper place in the world Overlay The process of superimposing one map upon another either digitally or on a transparent material for the purpose of showing the relationships between features that occupy the same geographic space Scale All maps are estimates of the real world We try to make them as accurate as possible by drawing them to scale which means that a specific distance on the map consistently equals a specific real world dis tance e g 1 inch 1 mile Scale cha
44. used make a difference in your results You should get the same results using either method When do you think it would make a difference how the transfer was done When the trails and danger areas only touched the same cell at locations far from each other Approximately how far is it across one grid cell on the Land Dangers map 1 kilometer Approximately how far is it across one grid cell on the Danger Island Harbors map 1 kilometer How much area is represented by one grid cell on both maps 1 square kilometer Do you know the accuracy of the representations of the danger areas No there is no infor mation about whether these areas are correctly drawn or located D oooo Activity 3 Alignment and Orientation For a GIS to work correctly all data must be aligned or oriented correctly u Danger Island Harbors map with trails and dangers drawn in from Activities 1 amp 2 u Animal Dangers map all grid labels An additional version of the Animal Dangers map minimal grid labels is included if you d like to challenge your students a Markers Find this activity and more at http nys4h cce cornell edu Cornell Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity affirmative action educator and employer Sci e n ce Geospatial Science 100 198 Layers and Layers of Data 1 The west pirate also has another of Graybeard s maps called Animal Dangers It also has a grid of small cells on it that represent th
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