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1. If an alternative Engineering based unit is required other than the units of calibration then the correct K factor will have to be calculated using the standard relationship between engineering units For example if the units of calculation required were in inches and the calibration units were mm we can find out that 1 inch is equal to 25 4mm so we would derive the K factor for inches by dividing the K factor for mm by 25 4 Calculation using Linear units The following formula is used for readings in Linear units E G RO R1 Where E is the resultant Engineering unit G the linear Gauge factor for the units of calibration from the calibration sheet RO is the Linear base or zero reading R1 is the current Linear reading Again the Linear gauge factor for units other than the units of calibration would need to be calculated using the same principles as stated in the last paragraph of the Period unit section Linear unit calculation using a Polynomial equation Linear units may be applied to the following polynomial equation for calculation of Engineering units to a higher order of accuracy E AR1 2 BRI C Where E is the resultant Engineering unit A B and C the Polynomial Gauge factors A B and C from the instrument s calibration sheet R1 is the current Linear reading The value C is an offset value and relates to the zero position experienced by the transducer at the time of cal2. STEP 4 If the resistance across the two conductors is much lower than the values quoted in STEP 1 say 80Q or less it is likely that cable damage has occurred causing a short in the circuit STEP 5 If the resistance is within the values quoted in STEP 1 i e 120Q to 1809 AND no continuity exists between conductor and earth screen and on checking the reading from the transducer it proves to be still unstable or wildly fluctuating it must be assumed that the integrity of the circuit is good A faulty transducer could be suspected if neighbouring construction activities do not account for the anomaly Soil Instruments should be consulted If the point at which the cable is damaged is found the cable can then be spliced in accordance with recommended procedures User Manual 19 TROUBLE SHOOTING FLOWCHART There is no reason to suspect faulty equipment A damaged cable or damaged cable joint are suspected Check magnitude of resistance between conductors R Ris very high R lt 80Q R is between 120Q and 180 Q A damaged cable is suspected causing A severed cable is A faulty readout is suspected causing very high or infinite resistance It must be suspected that the portable VW suspected Check reading of instrument with another unit a short see step 4 A faulty transducer is possible contact Soil Instruments Ltd logger used first is faulty contact Soil In
3. case of large temperature changes application of temperature correction will improve the accuracy of the measurements The approximate temperature effect on the gauge is 0 02mm per degree Celsius Hence for a temperature increase of 10 C a transducer will indicate 0 02 x 10 0 2mm to the result indicated by the transducer reading A fall in temperature will result in a positive change in linear measurement which can be corrected accordingly Physical dimensional changes due to temperature in the transducer and the structure on which it is mounted are of the order of 10 6m m C and can be neglected If you are using the stainless steel rods the formula is Length meters x E 6 x 17 5 x C change Temperature coefficient 17 5ppm If you are using fibreglass rods formula is Length meters x E 6 x 3 x C change Temperature coefficient of 3ppm User Manual 18 Section 8 Troubleshooting Guide If a failure of any vibrating wire transducer or the electrical cable is suspected the following steps can be followed The transducers themselves are sealed and cannot be opened for inspection The Troubleshooting Flowchart should also be followed if any instrument failures are suspected The steps below and the Troubleshooting Flowchart are applicable generally to any vibrating wire instrument STEP 1 Before any of the following steps are followed the readout unit should be used to verify the stability of the reading and the audio si
4. diluted or flushed away Additionally especially in uphole installations if there are sufficient fissures in the surrounding rock grout loss could mean anchor grout interfaces are compromised If the borehole integrity is intact go to stage e d If the borehole is fissured it may be necessary to conduct a water pressure test on the drillhole to the same pressures as expected during grouting If the results indicate substantial water losses the borehole will have to be pressure grouted over the fissured length and stages a to c inclusive should be repeated e Once the hole is clean and watertight the reference head is securely attached to the borehole face using the three anchors A seal between the rock interface and reference head is made using either a thick grout mix or a suitable resin 4 02 Downhole Installations There are two accepted methods for downhole installations both with their own merits e Completed assembly prior to installation section 3 2 1 e Step by step installation section 3 2 2 User Manual 4 02 1 Completed Assembly prior to Installation This method is only possible if space and neighbouring activities are favourable but has the advantage of being able to inspect the completed extensometer body prior to installation check that glued and threaded joints are adequate and check on the completed length The completed rod sleeve assembly is highly flexible and can be curved at radii of approximately 4 metr
5. selection of Gauge Constants enabling the operator to read and log data directly in the ENGINEERING units if desired The mathematical relationship between the frequency of vibration of a tensioned wire and the force applying the tension is an approximate straight line relationship between the square of the measured frequency and the applied force Engineering units of measurement maybe derived from the frequency based units measured by vibrating wire readouts in 3 traditional ways From Period units and from Linear f2 1000 units using two methods a simple Linear equation or a Polynomial equation Calculation using Period units The following formula is used for readings in Period units E K 10 7 P0 2 10 7 P1 2 Where E is the Pressure in resultant Engineering units K is the Period Gauge Factor for units of calibration from the calibration sheet PO is the Period base or zero reading P1 is the current Period reading This method of calculation is used by the Soil Instruments Vibrating Wire loggers models RO 1 VW 1 or 2 and with serial numbers starting VL or TVL internal processors for calculating and displaying directly on the loggers LCD screen the required Engineering based units The loggers require Period base or zero reading units for entering into their channel tables to calculate and display correctly the required engineering units User Manual 15
6. Readings and Monitoring 5 01 Taking Readings Vibrating Wire Rod Extensometer transducers can be read with the Soil Instruments data loggers and portable loggers or any other readout capable of reading a vibrating wire transducer The wire of the sensor is plucked by means of a magnetic field Either the period or the frequency of oscillation of the wire can be measured The reading on the portable logger is displayed in units of Period x 10 or as linear units f2 1000 or as engineering units One channel on the portable or data logger can be reserved for each VWDT Details such as zero reading gauge factor and required units of measurement for each transducer are stored in the logger as a channel table The information in this channel table enables readings in units of displacement to be taken and stored in the logger s memory It is extremely important to establish the zero reading in the chosen units at the time of installation The logger will display positive displacement for extension and negative displacement for compression once a negative factor given in the calibration certificate is stored in its table at a dedicated channel 5 02 Monitoring Throughout the construction of and operating life of the structure within which it is installed the Vibrating Wire Rod Extensometer may be monitored in the following fashion a During construction it may be the case that only the naked ends of the conductors in the cabl
7. SCH INSTRUMENTS Rod Extensometers With Displacement Transducers User Manual Man144 3 0 2 08 08 2014 P Day Andy Small Chris Rasmussen Manual No Revision Date Originator Checked Authorised for Issue User Manual Contents Section A FOreWO ta 20 s2ccecsecseseccsceceese eared ge ccecencenasentctoee deeg 3 Section Ze Introduction Nee ENEE coed decent cane ence EEN EENS ENEE EE 4 2 01 Figure 1 Rod Extensometer Eouipment nennen nnna 5 2 02 Fig 2 Rod Extensometer Installations cccccccescceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeesaeecaaesaaeceaeseaeeeeeeneees 6 Section 3 Preparation and Checks of Equipment Prior To Installation csscssseeseee 7 3 01 Receipt of Equipment ON Site EE 7 3 02 Pre Instal lation eege Se ee eS Ce eS 7 Second LEMStall lati Onis eege SEENEN 8 4 01 Borehole Preparation 2 easier alan ide enlistees 8 4 02 Downhole IMNStAllAtiON Sis 2i0ss5 cdsccessdGebeeeccazedeadicepsust canateadcdvbesne dads iddepesadcapedesddsdesbecadacstacasaeesbece 8 4 02 1 Completed Assembly prior to Installation 0 0 ccccccsseceseecsseeecseesessecsseeecsseeseaeeseaseeseeees 9 4 02 2 Step by Step Ipnstallatton eet dE tthe aa Ee a ae aa eaa aa aeaa a a nie 10 4 03 Uphole Installations ccc ccccccsccccsseccseeecseeecssesecseeceeeecsaeescsseceeeeecaeescaeseeseecsseeecsaeesesaeseeeeeenas 11 Section 5 Taking Readings and Monitoring 22 22 cc ccceccceceseeeseeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeenee
8. Screw a rod onto the allocated deepest anchor do not apply any thread adhesive to this first connection however all subsequent rod connections on the same anchor assembly will require thread adhesive Pass a sleeve over the rod and use the PVC adhesive to secure this first sleeve to the anchor Repeat stages c and d for all anchor assemblies Once the PVC adhesive has cured on the first anchor connection attach mole grips to the top of the rod release the temporary support plate screw and gently lower the deepest anchor together with the grout pipe Once the top of the sleeve is at the support plate level gently and tighten support screws For security leave the mole grips attached Repeat stages f and g for all anchor assemblies Repeat stages c to h inclusive until design depths have been achieved Ensure a nominal sleeving length protrudes above the support plate therefore contamination of the sleeve bores is prevented during the grouting stage Refer to section 3 2 1 stages to x inclusive 4 03 Uphole Installations a Refer to section 3 2 1 stages a to c inclusive b A PVC grout return air bleed tube is fixed along the longest rod and positioned 400mm past the tip of the anchor pass the pipe through the temporary support plate Ensure the tube is free from blockage and unlikely to kink on installation as the hole will hydraulically lock if air cannot escape Cc Pass approximately 1 0 metre of grout pipe throug
9. d relatively simple to install and read The system is adaptable and has a proven track record It can be installed in boreholes of all orientations with measuring lengths in excess of 100m depending on the number of rods in hole diameters of 38 101mm User Manual 2 01 Figure 1 Rod Extensometer Equipment e Single Rod Reference Head e Cover for Remote Reading Reference Head Cover for Manual Reading Reference Head e Multiple Rod Reference Head e Sleeve Support Clamp e Glass Fibre Extensometer Rod e Stainless Steel Extensometer Rod e Carbon Fibre Extensometer Rod e Protective Sleeve e Groutable Anchor Unit e Datum Plate e Installation Tool e Range Adjustment Tool e Dial Depth Gauge e Vibrating Wire Displacement Transducer User Manual 2 02 Fig 2 Rod Extensometer Installations Remote Reading Displacement Transducers Depth Guage Protective Sleeve Rod Groutable Anchor Single Rod Installations Multiple Rod Installations User Manual Section 3 Preparation and Checks of Equipment Prior To Installation 3 01 Receipt of Equipment on Site Upon receipt of the instrument on site the following duties should be carried out a b EI d The equipment should be checked to ensure all necessary parts are present and that no damage has occurred during transit The VWDT should be subjected to a simple operational test Having held the transducer at a roughly stable temperature for
10. e are available for reading the instrument The instrument can be read at this stage using a lead from the portable logger with two crocodile clips which connect to the conductors b The cables may be connected to a terminal box from which many transducers can be read using the portable logger c The cables may be connected to a data logger either separately or more conveniently for longer cable runs via multicore cables The data logger can be programmed to take a series of pre programmed readings over time of any Vibrating Wire instruments connected to it The data from these readings can be downloaded to computer and presented using Soil Instruments Data Management Software Package User Manual 13 5 03 Frequency of readings The frequency with which readings of the Vibrating Wire Rod Extensometer are taken will depend on the stage of construction and the behaviour of the structure after completion The following points are relevant a Immediately after installation it is a good idea to take frequent readings for a number of days to ensure that the instruments are behaving correctly and ensure a good zero reading b During the general construction phase of the project a normal reading frequency for the Extensometer would be once a week If any construction activities are expected to effect the instrument readings it is advisable to obtain readings prior to and after the activity C After completion of the structure the frequenc
11. enenennees 13 5 01 Taking Reading Seii aiaa een Ge EA r Wee ee ed rae ee a 13 5 02 leie alle KEE 13 5 03 Frequency Of readings ccccccescecssecessseceseeecsseeecaeecseeeecsaeesesseceeeeecsueescaaeeecseecseeeecsaeeseaaeeseeeeesas 14 Section 6 Data Interpretation ccccccsscesesesssecesseneeseeeeesesesseeseseaeenseeessaeeesnaeenseeesneeeensaeseseanenseeessaees 15 6 01 What does the data mean EE 15 6 02 How is the data converted to Engineering Units mm 15 6 03 Sign of the Engineering Units 2 2 cee cee ceeccceceeeeeeeeeeeceeeeecaeeceaecsaeceaeceaeeceeseeeseeeseeeeeeesieesieeees 16 Section 7 Temperature Corrections and Coefficient csscccsecessecesesesesseeenseeeessenenseeseneeneneees 18 Section 8 Troubleshooting Guide sceecceecceecceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeseeesecensceeseeesaeeeaeeeseeesssneeeeseeeseeeseeeeenenees 19 TROUBLE SHOOTING FLOWCHART ccssccssecessecessseseseeeenseeesseesesnaeenseeesneesesnaesesaeenseeesseesesnaesnseenenseeeneas 20 User Manual Section 1 Foreword e The installation operation and data interpretation of Rod Extensometers should be carried out by suitably competent and qualified personnel They must READ AND UNDERSTAND the procedures outlined in this manual before attempting installation or operation of the equipment on site e This user s manual describes the general techniques required for the installation and reading of single and multiple rod extensometers with
12. es whilst being inserted into the hole therefore the completed assembly can be passed over a drill rig immediately before the hole The procedure is as follows a The anchor and sleeves for the longest rod assembly are cleaned and glued together using the PVC adhesive b The spacer plate is slid over the sleeve and positioned 250mm below the final design length The temporary support plate is positioned and attached to the sleeve at the final design length Ensure a nominal sleeving length protrudes above the support plate therefore contamination of the sleeve bores is prevented during the grouting stage c Repeat stages a amp b for all remaining anchor assemblies At this point it should be noted which anchor orientations are designated to their respective depths i e longest at position 1 reducing in length in a clockwise direction d A grout pipe is fixed loosely along the length of the longest rod and positioned 400mm past the tip of the anchor past the pipe through the temporary support plate Ensure the tube is free from blockage and unlikely to kink on installation e For the purposes of moving the extensometer body to the borehole temporarily strap anchor assemblies together Carefully insert the extensometer body into the borehole removing the straps as the instrument is pushed in The instrument should not be allowed to excessively flex during handling a radius of approximately 4 metres is a safe minimum
13. f The temporary support plate is then located against the reference head and screwed together g The design grout is then pumped through the grout pipe and the pipe gradually with drawn ensuring the pipe remains within the placed grout Finish grouting when pure grout returns to the face of the borehole h The grout is then left to cure i Once the grout has cured remove the temporary support plate and cut the sleeves flush with the reference head j Insert the rod female end first into the deepest anchor sleeve attach mole grips to the top of the rod and apply thread adhesive to the exposed male end connection Screw the second rod tightly to the first rod Unclamp the mole grips and carefully insert the rod assembly Repeat the procedure until the full length of rod has been installed Rotate the rod assembly to screw into the anchor Mark the reference head level on the rod assembly k Repeat stage j for all remaining anchor assemblies 1 The precise and final lengths of the completed rod assemblies are dependent on the anticipated direction and magnitude of movement and the size of the VWDT used Once the cutting position has been decided rotate the rod assembly to unscrew the rod from the deepest anchor Withdraw from the protective sleeve to a convenient height and clamp tightly with mole grips User Manual m n o p q If glass or carbon fibre rods are used use a hacksaw to cut the rod length using the
14. gnal from the portable logger should be heard Unstable wildly fluctuating readings from a transducer or an unsteady audio signal are either indications of possible problems with instruments or their related electrical cables If a portable data logger is giving faulty readings or audio signals from all transducers a faulty readout unit must be suspected Another readout unit should be used to check the readings from the transducers and Soil Instruments should be consulted about the faulty readout unit STEP 2 The resistance across the two conductors of the electrical cable should be checked This can be done using a multimeter device across the two exposed conductors if the cable has not been connected to a terminal cabinet or can be done just as easily across the two conductors if the instrument has been connected to such a terminal or datalogger The resistance across the two conductors should be approximately of the order of 1200 to 1802 The majority of this resistance will come from the transducer say approximately 130Q and the remainder from the electrical cable connected to the transducer Before proceeding to Steps 3 and 4 the continuity should be checked between conductors and earthing screen of the electrical cable If continuity exists a damaged cable is confirmed STEP 3 If the resistance across the two conductors is much higher than the values quoted in STEP 1 or is infinite a severed cable must be suspected
15. grouted anchors in boreholes at any orientation used in conjunction with vibrating wire displacement transducers e The techniques described are intended to serve as a general guide and will vary to suit individual site conditions and criteria e Soil Instruments will not accept for repair under guarantee instruments that have been neglected or mishandled in any way User Manual Section 2 Introduction e Figures 1 and 2 show typical single and multiple rod extensometers e A single rod extensometer measures relative movement between two fixed points the anchor and the reference plate Accordingly a multiple rod extensometer will measure relative movements between the multiple anchors and the reference plate e These relative movements can be measured using either a dial depth gauge digital depth gauge or a vibrating wire displacement transducer VWDT This manual only covers the use of VWDT e The extensometer anchor is located within a borehole A rod is attached to the anchor and passes through a reference head that is fixed to the face of the borehole The complete assembly is grouted in place Each rod is individually isolated and protected from grout contamination by a close fitting protective sleeve thus allowing free movement of each rod whilst securing the anchor to its neighbouring material Relative movement between the anchor and reference plate can then be measured e The rod extensometer system is reliable accurate an
16. h the temporary support plate and attach to the anchor assemblies d For the purposes of moving the extensometer body to the borehole temporarily strap anchor assemblies together Carefully insert the extensometer body into the borehole removing the straps as the instrument is pushed in The instrument should not be allowed to excessively flex during handling a radius of approximately 4 metres is a safe minimum e The temporary support plate is then located against the reference head and screwed together To prevent the grout plug escaping use a temporary seal around the support plate i e clay Ensure the grout return air bleed tube is clear by blowing air through the tube and checking the return through the grout pipe User Manual 11 f Connect the grout pipe to the pump and pump sufficient grout to cover the top of the grout tube i e 1 0 metre column Release the pump from the pipe and allow any excess grout to drain back through the pipe Blow air through the pipe to ensure pipe is clean Allow grout plug to cure g The design grout is then pumped through the grout pipe and continued until grout of identical consistency to that entering the borehole exits the grout return air bleed pipe Disconnect the grout pump and seal the grout pipe and grout return air bleed pipe by kinking the tubes Allow the grout to cure h Refer to section 3 2 1 stages h to x inclusive to complete installation User Manual 12 Section 5 Taking
17. ibration If the transducer is required to read zero engineering units when in its installed position then C should be re calculated at the installation time as follows C ARO 2 BRO Where A and B are as above RO is the Linear base or zero reading Please note that the sign of the re calculated value of C should be the same as the original value of C so if the original is negative then the recalculated value should also be negative Conversion to engineering units other than the units of calibration would best be done after conversion using a factor calculated using the same principles as stated in the last paragraph of the Period unit section 6 03 Sign of the Engineering Units User Manual 16 Vibrating Wire Rod Extensometer Transducers are supplied with negative calibration factors K and G values This ensures that when the above vibrating wire equations are used to analyse subsequent period or linear readings obtained from the Extensometers that PISTON OUT change in reading in mm PISTON IN change in reading in mm More practically a change in reading for the Extensometer will imply that the distance between anchor and reference head is increasing User Manual 17 Section 7 Temperature Corrections and Coefficients The Transducers working elements are made primarily of steel and stainless steel and are affected by changing temperature to a certain predictable degree In
18. marked reference head level as a datum The cut must be clean and square a file may be necessary A threaded end adaptor is then glued on using an epoxy resin and a steel pin may be inserted through the adaptor and rod to ensure a secure attachment If stainless steel rods are used remove the final length of rod and replace with the rod adjustment stud Cut to length and screw on the threaded end adaptor ensuring that all threads are glued When the glue has dried use a long shaft screwdriver and screw the rod assembly back into the anchor unit Repeat stages to n inclusive for the remaining rod assemblies Attach the permanent mounting plate to the reference head using the screws supplied The VWDT s are now ready for installation Important Note The VWDT has a non twist locator pin to maintain the orientation of the telescopic shaft during transit If the orientation of the shaft is not maintained during extension accuracy repeatability and overall operation of the instrument will be compromised Slacken the locator bushes on the permanent mounting plate Insert the VWDT through the mounting plate to connect with the rod of the deepest anchor Ensure a pushing pressure whilst screwing the VWDT into the rod r S t u v w x Connect the vibrating wire readout unit to the transducer and zero the readout unit using the VWDT calibration constant and the at rest period reading Ensuring no rota
19. n 4 Installation Extensometer installation will require the use of solvents and glues the use of these materials should only be used in well ventilated areas and the manufacturer s safety precautions should be adhered to The installation procedures outlined in this text are intended as a general guide and flexibility in the interpretation is required to suit local site conditions For clarity only grouted multiple anchors are discussed however single rod installations are merely simpler versions of the following procedures The technique used is dependent upon the orientation of the borehole and the effect of gravity on grouting operations i e for downhole and downward inclined holes gravity assists grouting for upward inclined and uphole sealing of the reference head and the provision of grout return air bleed pipes are necessary Note Horizontal installations are not recommended because of the difficulties of ensuring pockets of air do not occur In these instances it is advisable to produce a borehole with a 5 or 50 inclination from the horizontal 4 01 Borehole Preparation a The borehole should be bored to a length exceeding 0 5 metres past the final proposed anchor position b Once excavated the hole is water flushed to ensure it is free from debris and loose material c The borehole should then be checked to ensure the integrity of the hole If there is water ingress grout around the extensometer body could be
20. no less than 4 hours and whilst supporting the transducer by the cable observe the period reading via the portable vibrating wire readout unit and verify that a consistent toned audio signal is obtainable A change in measurement of less than 2 units indicates correct operation of the VWDT Although the VWDT is fully checked after fabrication the transducer should be monitored for as long as possible prior to installation to confirm operational stability and obtain at rest readings Sleeves rods and anchors should be kept away from direct sunlight and fully supported whilst being stored to prevent warping 3 02 Pre Installation Prior to installation the following duties should be carried out a A practice assembly undercover away from the site is always advisable for any instrument If space does not permit check that all the parts are present and fit together It will also save time and reduce on site confusion if a few minutes explanation on the installation procedure is given to technicians and labourers b A degreasing agent should be used to clean sleeve and rod connections prior to assembly c The bore of the sleeves and anchors should be checked to ensure no blockages exist d Grout mix trials may be necessary to ensure the strength of the grout is weaker than the parent material Ideally an anti shrink admixture should be included to ensure good bonding between rock grout and anchor interfaces User Manual Sectio
21. struments Ltd soil INSTRUMENTS Bell Lane Uckfield East Sussex t 44 0 1825 765044 TN22 1QL United Kingdom f 44 0 1825 744398 w www itmsoil com Soil Instruments Ltd Registered in England Number 07960087 Registered Office 5th Floor 24 Old Bond Street London W1S 4AW e info itmsoil com User Manual 20
22. tion occurs pull the VWDT to the predetermined setting and tighten the locator bushes Record the setting Repeat stages q to s inclusive for each anchor assembly Thread main multicore cabling through the supplied protective cover and connect the cable to the VWDT cables Attach the protective cover Connect the vibrating wire readout unit to the multicore cabling and check correct operation Record the readings Zero readings should be taken after a predetermined interval from installation to allow time for instrument operation to recover from tensioning and handling and equalise within its local environment generally between 24 and 48 hrs is sufficient Record the transducer readings and ensure readings are constant 4 02 2 Step by Step Installation If space is limited or site conditions are not conducive to the above method this method can be used User Manual 10 The procedure is as follows a b c d e f g h j The anchors are attached to the temporary support plate using the support screws to lightly grip them The grout tube is passed through the support plate and loosely attached to the deepest anchor 400mm past the tip of the anchor The temporary support plate is then screwed to the reference head At this point it should be noted which anchor orientations are designated to their respective depths i e longest at position 1 reducing in length in a clockwise direction
23. y with which readings are taken should be related to observed movements and engineering judgement User Manual i4 Section 6 Data Interpretation As with any monitoring system it is essential that all the factors that could possibly affect the readings are recorded and taken into account such as atmospheric conditions and construction activities Because of the nature of the instrument monitoring during periods of excessive vibration will cause erroneous readings and should be avoided Temperature changes have a measurable effect on extensometer systems and therefore ambient and differential temperatures should be recorded Electronic systems such as readout units are known to be affected by temperature variations It should be remembered that rod extensometers are designed to measure relative movements between head and anchor assemblies Absolute displacements can be obtained if alternative movement monitoring techniques are used in conjunction with rod extensometers 6 01 What does the data mean An outward movement of the Extensometer piston will lead to increased tension in the vibrating wire within the transducer in turn when plucked will exhibit a higher frequency of vibration It can then be seen that any increase in the measured frequency of vibration would mean that the distance between anchor point and the reference head is increasing 6 02 How is the data converted to Engineering Units mm The calibration certificate has a
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