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PCP C Compiler, Assembler, Linker User`s Manual

1. Table 2 7 Overview of libraries db See section 2 2 Library Functions in Chapter Libraries of the Reference Manual for an extensive description of all standard C library functions PCP C Language 2 31 2 12 2 PRINTF AND SCANF FORMATTING ROUTINES The C library functions printf fprintf vfprintf vsprintf call one single function doprint that deals with the format string and arguments The same applies to all scanf type functions which call the function _doscan and also for the wprintf and wscanf type functions which call dowprint and _dowscan respectively The C library contains three versions of these routines int long and long long versions If you use floating point the formatter function for floating point dof1t or _dowf1t is called Depending on the formatting arguments you use the correct routine is used from the library Of course the larger the version of the routine the larger your produced code will be Note that when you call any of the printf scanf routines indirect the arguments are not known and always the long long version with floating point support is used from the library Example include lt stdio h gt long L void main void printf This is a long ld n L The linker extracts the long version without floating point support from the library 2 12 3 REBUILDING LIBRARIES If you have manually changed one of the standard C library functions
2. Incremental linking is only possible on the command line lpcp r testl o otest out lpcp test2 o test out This links the file test1 o and generates the file test out This file is used again and linked together with test2 0 to create the file taskl elf the default name if no output filename is given in the default ELF DWAREF 2 format With incremental linking it is normal to have unresolved references in the output file until all o files are linked and the final out or e1f file has been reached The option r for incremental linking also suppresses warnings and errors because of unresolved symbols Using the Linker 6 15 6 6 LINKING THE C STARTUP CODE You need the run time startup code to build an executable application The default startup code acts as a wrapper which places the maino routine of the PCP application in an interrupt service routine on channel 1 which is invoked from the TriCore application whenever the interrupt is triggered The startup code is part of the C library libc a and the source is present in the file cstart c in the directory lib src d See section 4 2 Startup Code in Chapter Run time Environment of the Reference Manual for a description of the C startup code 6 7 CONTROLLING THE LINKER WITH A SCRIPT With the options on the command line you can control the linker s behavior to a certain degree If you want even more control over the locating process you can supply your
3. int a b result void mymul void __asm minit t 1 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 32 n tmstep u t 0 32 w result w a void main void myfunc Generated assembly code _PCP_myfunc ldl il ld pi ld pi minit mstep mstep mstep mstep ldl il st pi jc ia type func r7 DPTR _PCP_a r5 _PCP_a r1 _PCP_b r5 r1 To ol ES 1 r5 r1 r5 r1 r7 DPTR _PCP_result r5 _PCP_result r2 cc_uc w b PCP C Language Example 4 reserve registers If you use registers in the __ asm statement reserve them Same as Example 3 but now register r1 is a reserved register You can do this by adding a reserved register list r5 sometimes referred to as clobber list As you can see in the generated assembly code register r5 is not used r3 is used instead int a b result void mymul void u t 0 2 n u t 0 2 n u t 0 2 n u t30 32 w result w a w b __asm minit t 1 2 n tmstep tmstep tmstep tmstep Generated assembly code _PCP_myfunc ldl il ld pi ld pi minit mstep mstep mstep mstep ldl il st pi jc ia type func r7 DPTR _PCP_a r1 _PCP_a r3 _PCP_b r1 xr3 rl r3 r1 xr3 r1 xr3 r1 xr3 r7 DPTR _PCP_result r1 _PCP_result r2 cc_uc ny5 2 14 PCP User s Manual 7 Example 5 input and output are the sam
4. END End of source program FAIL Programmer generated error message INCLUDE Include file MESSAGE Programmer generated message ORG Initialize memory space and location counters to create a nameless section SDECL Declare a section with name type and attributes SECT Activate a declared section UNDEF Undefine DEFINE symbol WARNING Programmer generated warning Overview of symbol definition directives Function Description ALIAS Create an alias for a symbol EQU Assigns permanent value to a symbol EXTERN External symbol declaration GLOBAL Global symbol declaration LOCAL Local symbol declaration NAME Specify name of original C source file SET Set temporary value to a symbol SIZE Set size of symbol in the ELF symbol table TYPE Set symbol type in the ELF symbol table WEAK Mark symbol as weak 3 18 7 PCP User s Manual Overview of data definition storage allocation directives FLOAT DOUBLE FRACT SFRACT SPACE WORD HALF Function Description ACCUM Define 64 bit constant in 18 46 bits format ALIGN Define alignment ASCII ASCIIZ Define ASCII string without with ending NULL byte BYTE Define constant byte Define a 32 bit 64 bit floating point constant Define a 16 bit 32 bit constant fraction Define storage Define a word half word constant Overview of macro and conditional assembly directives Function Descr
5. In the Identification tab look for Computer Name Windows XP 2000 licadmin or Go to the Control Panel open System In the Computer Name tab look for Full computer name Table 1 3 Determine the host name PCP C LANGUAGE all TASKING M daLdVH PCP C Language 2 3 2 1 INTRODUCTION The TASKING PCP cross compiler cpcp fully supports the ISO C standard and adds extra possibilities to program the special functions of the PCP In addition to the standard C language the compiler supports the following e intrinsic built in functions that result in PCP specific assembly instructions e pragmas to control the compiler from within the C source e predefined macros e the possibility to use assembly instructions in the C source e keywords to specify memory types for data and functions e attributes to specify alignment and absolute addresses All non standard keywords have two leading underscores _ In this chapter the PCP specific characteristics of the C language are described including the above mentioned extensions 2 2 DATA TYPES The PCP architecture defines the following fundamental data types Size Align Type Keyword bit bit Ranges Boolean _Bool 32 32 Oor 1 Character char 32 32 231 281 1 signed char unsigned char 32 32 0 232 1 Integral short 231 31_ signed short 32 s2 poe unsigned short 32 32 0
6. MA160 025 00 00 Doc ver 1 1 PCP v2 5 C Compiler Assembler Linker User s Manual A publication of Altium BV Documentation Department Copyright 2002 2006 Altium BV All rights reserved Reproduction in whole or part is prohibited without the written consent of the copyright owner TASKING is a brand name of Altium Limited The following trademarks are acknowledged FLEXIm is a registered trademark of Macrovision Corporation Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation Motorola is a registered trademark of Motorola Inc MS DOS and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation SUN is a trademark of Sun Microsystems Inc UNIX is a registered trademark of X Open Company Ltd All other trademarks are property of their respective owners Data subject to alteration without notice http www tasking com http www altium com The information in this document has been carefully reviewed and is believed to be accurate and reliable However Altium assumes no liabilities for inaccuracies in this document Furthermore the delivery of this information does not convey to the recipient any license to use or copy the software or documentation except as provided in an executed license agreement covering the software and documentation Altium reserves the right to change specifications embodied in this document without prior notice TABLE OF CONTENTS all TASKING M SLNALNOD Table o
7. 282 4 int signed int 32 32 231 231 1 ong signed long 2 4 PCP User s Manual Size Align Type Keyword bit bit Ranges unsigned int 32 32 0 282 4 unsigned long enum 32 32 231 231 1 long long signed 32 32 231 231 14 long long pee ee 32 32 0 282 1 long long ag Pointer pointer to data 0 2314 32 32 7 pointer to func 0 232 1 Floating 3 402e38 1 175e738 Point float 32 ee 1 175e 38 3 402838 doubts 3 402e 8 1 175e738 long double ga s 1 175e738 3 402 38 Table 2 1 Fundamental Data Types Aggregate types are aligned on 32 bit by default All members of the aggregate types are aligned as required by their individual types as listed in Fundamental Data Types This may result in gaps caused by internal padding In addition the total size of a struct union must be equal to an integral multiple of its alignment Therefore tail padding must be applied as necessary The struct union data types may contain bit fields The allowed bit field fundamental data types are Bool un signed char and un signed int The maximum bit field size is equal to that of the type s size For the bit field types the same rules for alignment and signed ness apply as specified for the fundamental data types In addition the following rules apply e The first bit field is stored at the least significant bits Subsequent bit fields fill the higher
8. 6 15 macro 3 4 argument concatenation 3 25 argument operator 3 24 argument string 5 27 call 3 23 conditional assembly 3 29 definition 3 22 dup directive 3 29 local label override 3 28 return decimal value operator 3 25 return hex value operator 3 26 macro argument string 3 27 macro operations 3 21 macros 3 21 macros in C 2 18 make utility 7 7 DEFAULT target 7 12 DONE target 7 12 IGNORE target 7 12 INIT target 7 12 PRECIOUS target 7 13 SILENT target 7 12 SUFFIXES target 7 12 conditional processing 7 19 dependency 7 11 Index 6 else 7 19 endif 7 19 exist function 7 19 export line 7 20 functions 7 18 ifdef 7 19 ifndef 7 19 implicit rules 7 14 invocation 7 9 macro definition 7 9 macro MAKE 7 16 macro MAKEFLAGS 7 16 macro PRODDIR 7 16 macro SHELLCMD 7 17 macro TMP_CCOPT 7 17 macro TMP_CCPROG 7 17 makefile 7 7 7 10 match function 7 18 nexist function 7 19 options overview 7 9 predefined macros 7 16 protect function 7 18 rules in makefile 7 13 separate function 7 18 special targets 7 12 makefile 7 7 writing 7 10 memory definition 6 17 6 25 memory qualifiers 2 5 __atbitQ 2 5 MISRA C 4 11 mkpcp See make utility Motorola S record format 6 8 node locked license 1 11 O operands 3 5 Index opimizations size speed trade off 4 9 optimization backend automatic memory partition 4 8 coalesce 4 8 coalescer 4 8 code compaction 4 8 inter
9. 7 2 1 Calling the Control Program 00 0 0 005 7 4 7 3 Make Utility o rrene ata ge Sale Sh Mea ele Reina daca de 7 7 7 3 1 Calling the Make Utility uua uaaa 7 9 7 3 2 Writing a Makefile 0 0 0 0 eee eee 7 10 7 4 Archiver niema a Geaa ara T OO gl Pan Gis 7 21 7 4 1 Calling the Archiver ees oae ni kOn ER REECE eA 7 21 7 4 2 Examples arona s e ea A se Ate ER MEA 7 24 INDEX Manual Purpose and Structure IX MANUAL PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE Windows Users The documentation explains and describes how to use the PCP toolchain to program a PCP The documentation is primarily aimed at Windows users You can use the tools from the command line in a command prompt window UNIX Users For UNIX the toolchain works the same as it works for the Windows command line Directory paths are specified in the Windows way with back slashes as in include Simply replace the back slashes by forward slashes for use with UNIX include Structure The toolchain documentation consists of a User s Manual this manual which includes a Getting Started section and a separate Reference Manual First you need to install the software This is described in Chapter 1 Software Installation and Configuration Next move on with the other chapters which explain how to use the compiler assembler linker and the various utilities Once you are familiar with these tools you can use the Reference Manual to lookup specific options an
10. Using a pragma cannot overrule the restrictions as described earlier The switch pragmas must be placed before the function body containing the switch statement Nested switch statements use the same switch method unless the nested switch is implemented in a separate function which is preceded by a different switch pragma PCP C Language Example place pragma before function body pragma jump switch void test unsigned char val function containing the switch switch val use jump table 2 29 2 30 PCP User s Manual 7 2 12 LIBRARIES The compiler cpcp comes with standard C libraries ISO IEC 9899 1999 and header files with the appropriate prototypes for the library functions The standard C libraries are available in object format and in C or assembly source code A number of standard operations within C are too complex to generate inline code for These operations are implemented as run time library functions The directory structure is pep lib pep1 PCP1 libraries pcp15 PCP1 5 libraries pcp2 PCP2 libraries 2 12 1 OVERVIEW OF LIBRARIES Table 2 7 lists the libraries included in the PCP toolchain Library to link Description libc a C library Some functions require the floating point library Also includes the startup code libfp a Floating point library non trapping libfpt a Floating point library trapping Control program option fp trap
11. When necessary it is possible to give the section an absolute starting address with the locator description file Example 2 SDECL pcpdata data data at 0x100 SECT pepdata data Defines and activates an absolute section named pcpdata data starting on address 0x100 3 10 MACRO OPERATIONS Macros provide a shorthand method for inserting a repeated pattern of code or group of instructions Yuo can define the pattern as a macro and then call the macro at the points in the program where the pattern would repeat Some patterns contain variable entries which change for each repetition of the pattern Others are subject to conditional assembly 3 22 PCP User s Manual When a macro is called the assembler executes the macro and replaces the call by the resulting in line source statements In line means that all replacements act as if they are one the same line as the macro call The generated statements may contain substitutable arguments The statements produced by a macro can be any processor instruction almost any assembler directive or any previously defined macro Source statements resulting from a macro call are subject to the same conditions and restrictions as any other statements Macros can be nested The assembler processes nested macros when the outer macro is expanded 3 10 1 DEFINING A MACRO The first step in using a macro is to define it in the source file The definition of a macro co
12. ccpcp The control program processes these arguments before the command line arguments LM_LICENSE_FILE With this variable you specify the location of the license data file You only need to specify this variable if the license file is not on its default location c f lex1m for Windows usr local flexlm licenses for UNIX Software Installation and Configuration Environment Description Variable TASKING_LIC_WAIT If you set this variable the tool will wait for a license to become available if all licenses are taken If you have not set this variable the tool aborts with an error message Only useful with floating licenses TMPDIR With this variable you specify the location where programs can create temporary files Usually your system already uses this variable In this case you do not need to change it Table 1 1 Environment variables The following examples show how to set an environment variable using the PATH variable as an example Example for Windows 95 98 Add the following line to your autoexec bat file set PATH path c cpcp bin AN You can also type this line in a Command Prompt window but you will loose this setting after you close the window Example for Windows NT 1 Right click on the My Computer icon on your desktop and select Properties from the menu The System Properties dialog appears 2 Select the Environment tab 3 In the list of System Variables s
13. e PCP User s Manual space linear id 1 mau 8 map src_offset 0x00000000 dest_offset 0x00000000 size 4G dest bus fpi_bus space abs18 id 3 mau 8 map src_offset 0x00000000 dest_offset 0x00000000 size 16k dest space linear map src_offset 0x10000000 dest_offset 0x10000000 size 16k dest space linear map src_offset 0x20000000 dest_offset 0x20000000 size 16k dest space linear LP 9 space pcp_code id 8 mau 16 map src_offset 0x00000000 dest_offset 0 size 0x04000000 dest bus pcp_code_bus The keyword map corresponds with the arrows in the drawing You can map e address space gt address space e address space gt bus e memory gt bus not shown in the drawing e bus gt bus not shown in the drawing Next the two internal buses named fpi_bus and pep _code_bus must be defined in LSL bus fpi_bus mau 8 width 32 there are 32 data lines on the bus Using the Linker 6 23 bus pcp _code_bus mau 8 width 8 This completes the LSL code in the architecture definition Note that all code above goes into the architecture definition thus between architecture TC1V1 3 All code above goes here 6 7 4 THE DERIVATIVE DEFINITION SELF DESIGNED PROCESSORS Although you will probably not need to program the derivative definition unless you are using multiple cores it helps to understand the Linker Script Language a
14. leading white spaces tabs or spaces are not allowed A target line consists of one or more targets a semicolon and a set of files which are required to build the target dependencies The target itself can be one or more filenames or symbolic names all demo elf final elf demo elf final elf test o demo o final o You can now can specify the target you want to build to the make utility The following three invocations all have the same effect mkpcp mkpcp all mkpcp demo elf final elf 7 12 PCP User s Manual If you do not specify a target the first target in the makefile in this example a11 is build The target all depends on demo e1f and final elf so the second and third invocation have also the same effect and the files demo elf and final elf are built In MS Windows you can normally use colons to denote drive letters The following works as intended c f00 0 a foo c If a target is defined in more than one target line the dependencies are added to form the target s complete dependency list all demo elf These two lines are equivalent with all final elf all demo elf final elf For target lines macros and functions are expanded at the moment they are read by the make utility Normally macros are not expanded until the moment they are actually used Special Targets There are a number of special targets Their names begin with a period DEFAULT If you call the make utility with a target that has no
15. linker Next you may also want to specify how sections should be located and overlaid You can do this in the same file or in another LSL file LSL has its own syntax In addition you can use the standard C preprocessor keywords such as include and define because the linker sends the script file first to the C preprocessor before it starts interpreting the script The complete syntax is described in Chapter 8 Linker Script Language in the Reference Manual 6 7 2 STRUCTURE OF A LINKER SCRIPT FILE A script file consists of several definitions The definitions can appear in any order The architecture definition required In essence an architecture definition describes how the linker should convert logical addresses into physical addresses for a given type of core If the core supports multiple address spaces then for each space the linker must know how to perform this conversion In this context a physical address is an offset on a given internal or external bus Additionally the architecture definition contains information about items such as the hardware stack and the interrupt vector table This specification is normally written by Altium For each TriCore core architecture a separate LSL file is provided These are tclv1_2 1s1 tclvl_3 1sl and tc2 1s1 These files include and extend the generic architecture file tc_arch 1s1 The PCP architecture is part of the TriCore 1s1 files The architecture definition of the LS
16. mkpcp to build the library The new library is created in the 1ib src pcep1 libe directory 4 Make a backup copy of the original library and copy the new library to the lib pcp1 directory of the product PCP ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE all TASKING M ddaLdVH PCP Assembly Language 3 3 3 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the most important aspects of the PCP assembly language are described For a complete overview of the PCP2 architecture refer to the PCP2 32 bit Single Chip Microcontroller 2000 Infineon 3 2 ASSEMBLY SYNTAX An assembly program consists of statements A statement may optionally be followed by a comment Any source statement can be extended to more lines by including the line continuation character as the last character on the line The length of a source statement first line and continuation lines is only limited by the amount of available memory Mnemonics and directives are case insensitive Labels symbols directive arguments and literal strings are case sensitive The syntax of an assembly statement is label instruction directive macro_call comment label A label is a special symbol which is assigned the value and type of the current program location counter A label can consist of letters digits and underscore characters _ The first character cannot be a digit A label which is prefixed by whitespace spaces or tabs has to be followed by a colon The
17. refer to a PCP variable from TriCore C source When memory is shared between two or more cores for instance TriCore and PCP the addresses of variables or functions on that memory may be different for the cores For the TriCore the variable is defined and you can access it in the usual way For the PCP when you use the variable directly in your TriCore source this would refer to PCP address The linker can map the address of the variable from one space to another if you prefix the variable name with Ics _ Using the Linker 6 33 When a symbol foo is defind in a PCP assembly source file by default it gets the symbol name foo To use this symbol from a TriCore C source file write extern long _lc_s_ foo int main int argc char argv _le_s_ foo 7 Example refer to the heap You can refer to the begin and end of the heap from your C source as follows include lt stdio h gt extern char _lc_ub_ heap extern char _lc_ue_ heap int main printf Size of the heap is d n _lc_ue_ heap _lc_ub heap From assembly you can refer to the end of the heap with extern _lc_ue_ heap heap end r 6 34 PCP User s Manual 6 9 GENERATING A MAP FILE The map file is an additional output file that contains information about the location of sections and symbols You can customize the type of information that should be included in the map file To generate a map file lpcp Mtest map test o
18. value of symbol Macro string delimiter Macro local label override Operator Name Description Macro argument Concatenates a macro argument with concatenation adjacent alphanumeric characters Return decimal Substitutes the symbol sequence with a character string that represents the decimal value of the symbol Substitutes the symbol sequence with a character string that represents the hexadecimal value of the symbol Allows the use of macro arguments as literal strings Causes local labels in its term to be evaluated at normal scope rather than at macro scope PCP Assembly Language 3 25 Argument Concatenation Operator Consider the following macro definition SWAP_MEM MACRO REG1 REG2 Swap memory contents LD P R4 R REG1 CC_UC use R4 as temp LD P R5 R REG2 CC_UC use R5 as temp ST P R5 R REG1 CC_UC ST P R4 R REG2 CC_UC ENDM The macro is called as follows SWAP_MEM 0 1 The macro expands as follows LD P R4 RO CC_UC LD P R5 R1 CC_UC ST P R5 RO CC_UC ST P R4 R1 CC_UC The macro preprocessor substitutes the character 0 for the argument REG1 and the character 1 for the argument REG2 The concatenation operator indicates to the macro preprocessor that the substitution characters for the arguments are to be concatenated with the character A Without the operator the macro would expand as LD W D0 RREG1 LD W D1 RREG2 ST W RREG1 D
19. 4 characters is used in a BYTE assembler directive in that case all characters result in a constant byte Null strings have a value of 0 Square brackets D delimit a substring operation in the form string offset length PCP Assembly Language 3 9 offset is the start position within string length is the length of the desired substring Both values may not exceed the size of string Examples ABCD 1 179 R BC AB 1 r word abcdef abc de se se se Ne se Ne Ne 0x41424344 to enclose a quote double it or to enclose a quote escape it 0x00004143 string used in expression null string 0x64636261 ef are ignored warning string value truncated you can concatenate two strings with the operator This results in abcde PCP assembler 0 3 results in the substring PCP 3 6 3 EXPRESSION OPERATORS The next table shows the assembler operators They are ordered according to their precedence Operators of the same precedence are evaluated left to right Expressions between parentheses have the highest priority innermost first Valid operands include numeric constants literal ASCII strings and symbols Most assembler operators can be used with both integer and floating point values If one operand has an integer value and the other operand has a floating point value the integer is converted to a floating point value bef
20. 6 25 This completes the LSL code in the derivative definition Note that all code above goes into the derivative definition thus between derivative X name of derivative All code above goes here 6 7 5 THE MEMORY DEFINITION DEFINING EXTERNAL MEMORY Once the core architecture is defined in LSL you may want to extend the processor with external or off chip memory You need to specify the location and size of the physical external memory devices in the target system The principle is the same as defining the core s architecture but now you need to fill the memory definition memory name External memory definitions memory code_rom laa 0 mau 8 Wg oe 3 16k a E 0 Se mau 8 2k memory my_nvsram Figure 6 4 Adding external memory to the TriCore architecture 6 26 PCP User s Manual Suppose your embedded system has 16k of external ROM named code_rom and 2k of external NVRAM named my_nvsram See figure above Both memories are connected to the bus fpi_bus In LSL this looks like follows memory code_rom type rom mau 8 size 16k map dest bus X fpi_bus dest_offset 0xa0000000 size 16k The memory my_nvsram is connected to the bus with an offset of 0xc0000000 memory my_nvsram mau 8 size 2k type ram map dest bus X fpi_bus dest_offset 0xc0000000 size 2k If you use a different memory layout than described in t
21. Debug information Other information about the object code that is used by a debugger The assembler optionally generates this information and can consist of line numbers C source code local symbols and descriptions of data structures The linker resolves the external references between the supplied relocatable object files and or libraries and combines the files into a single relocatable linker object file The linker starts its task by scanning all specified relocatable object files and libraries If the linker encounters an unresolved symbol it remembers its name and continues scanning The symbol may be defined elsewhere in the same file or in one of the other files or libraries that you specified to the linker If the symbol is defined in a library the linker extracts the object file with the symbol definition from the library This way the linker collects all definitions and references of all of the symbols Using the Linker 6 7 Next the linker combines sections with the same section name and attributes into single sections The linker also substitutes external symbol references by relocatable numerical addresses where possible At the end of the linking phase the linker either writes the results to a file a single relocatable object file or keeps the results in memory for further processing during the locating phase The resulting file of the linking phase is a single relocatable object file out If this file contains
22. SDECL directive and have a name A section may have attributes to instruct the linker to place it on a predefined starting address or that it may be overlaid with another section SDECL name type attribute AT address See the SDECL directive in section 3 3 2 Detailed Description of Assembler Directives in chapter Assembly Language of the Reference Manual for a complete description of all possible attributes Section activation Sections are defined once and are activated with the SECT directive SECT name PCP Assembly Language 3 21 The linker will check between different modules and emits an error message if the section attributes do not match The linker will also concatenate all matching section definitions into one section So all code sections generated by the compiler will be linked into one big code chunk which will be located in one piece By using this naming scheme it is possible to collect all pieces of code or data belonging together into one bigger section during the linking phase A SECT directive referring to an earlier defined section is called a continuation Only the name can be specified Example 1 SDECL pcptext code code SECT pcptext code Defines and activates a relocatable section in CODE memory Other parts of this section with the same name may be defined in the same module or any other module Other modules should use the same SDECL statement
23. THE ASSEMBLER The invocation syntax is aspcp option file The input file must be an assembly source file asm or src aspcp test asm This assembles the file test asm and generates the file test o which serves as input for the linker d gt For a complete overview of all options with extensive description see section 5 2 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual Using the Assembler 5 5 5 5 SPECIFYING A TARGET PROCESSOR Before you call the assembler you need to tell the assembler for which target processor it needs to assemble Of course you need to specify a processor with a PCP such as the tc1920b Based on the processor type the assembler includes a special function register file This is a regular include file which enables you to use virtual registers that are located in memory aspcp Ctc1920b test src 5 6 HOW THE ASSEMBLER SEARCHES INCLUDE FILES When you use include files you can specify their location in several ways The assembler searches the specified locations in the following order 1 If the INCLUDE directive contains a pathname the assembler looks for this file If no path is specified the assembler looks in the same directory as the source file 2 When the assembler did not find the include file it looks in the directories that are specified in the Directories dialog I option 3 When the assembler did not find the include file because it is n
24. and harder to compile in other environments The compiler does not interpret assembly blocks but passes the assembly code to the assembly source file Possible errors can only be detected by the assembler General syntax of the _ asm keyword __asm instruction_template output_param_list instruction_template parm_nr output _param_list input_param_list amp constraint _char C_expression register_save_list register_name input_param_list register_save_list Assembly instructions that may contain parameters from the input list or output list in the form parm_nr Parameter number in the range 0 7 With the optional regnum you can access an individual register from a register pair or register quad amp constraint_char C_expression constraint_char C_expression Says that an output operand is written to before the inputs are read so this output must not be the same register as any input Constraint character the type of register to be used for the C_expression see table 2 2 Any C expression For output parameters it must be an lvalue that is something that is legal to have on the left side of an assignment Pregister_name Name of the register you want to reserve PCP User s Manual Typical example multiplying two C variables using assembly int a b result void main void __asm minit t 1 2 n tms
25. double as float PCP C Language Macro Description STDC Identifies the level of ANSI standard The macro expands to 1 if you set option language Control language extensions otherwise expands to 0 __STDC_HOSTED__ Always expands to 0 indicating the implementation is not a hosted implementation __STDC_VERSION__ Identifies the ISO C version number Expands to 199901L for ISO C99 or 199409L for ISO C90 __TASKING__ Identifies the compiler as a TASKING compiler Expands to 1 if a TASKING compiler is used __TASKING_SFR__ Expands to 1 if TASKING sfr files are used Not defined when option no tasking sfr is used _ TIME _ Expands to the compilation time hh mm ss __VERSION__ Expands to a number to identify the compiler version Mmmm The M is the major version number and the mmm is a three digit minor version number Examples 1 0 gt 1000 v12 3 gt 12003 Table 2 4 Predefined macros 2 8 POINTERS PCP User s Manual Objects receive a default addressing type based on the memory model No additional pointer qualifiers are added for the PCP to override the default addressing type The PCP compiler supports code and data pointers that need no further qualification Pointer Location Max object Pointer size Section size name type data PRAM 64 kB 14 bit data code CMEM 128 kB 16 bit code The default section na
26. file must be a C source file c or ic cpcp test c This compiles the file test c and generates the file test srce which serves as input for the assembler d For a complete overview of all options with extensive description see section 5 1 Compiler Options of Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual 4 10 PCP User s Manual 7 4 5 HOW THE COMPILER SEARCHES INCLUDE FILES When you use include files you can specify their location in several ways The compiler searches the specified locations in the following order 1 If the include statement contains a pathname the compiler looks for this file If no path is specified the compiler looks in the same directory as the source file This is only possible for include files that are enclosed in amp This first step is not done for include files enclosed in lt gt 2 When the compiler did not find the include file it looks in the directories that are specified in the Directories dialog I option 3 When the compiler did not find the include file because it is not in the specified include directory or because no directory is specified it looks which paths were set during installation You can still change these paths d gt See environment variable CPCPINC in section 1 3 1 Configuring the Command Line Environment in Chapter Software Installation 4 When the compiler still did not find the include file it finally tries the default include director
27. id rl r5 size 32 st32_fpio void volatile _ st32_fpi unsigned long addr unsigned long value 2 8 PCP User s Manual Store a 32 bit value on a 32 bit fpi address using the st instruction with size 32 Example include lt regtc1775b sfr gt void st32 unsigned int value __st32_fpi unsigned long amp P10_OUT U value generates ldl iu 1r5 HI 0x 0003210 ldl il r5 LO 0x 0003210 st rl r5 size 32 _exit void _exit int srpn To allow rearbitration of interrupts a voluntary exiting scheme is supported via the intrinsic __exit This intrinsic generates an EXIT instruction with the following settings EC 0 ST 0 INT 1 EP 1 cc_UC The R6 TOS is set for a PCP service request and the sprn value is loaded in R6 SPRN It is your responsibility not to use this intrinsic in combinmation with the Channel Start at Base mode The srpn value must be in range 0 255 If R6 SPRN is set to zero it causes an illegal operation error on the PCP When srpn is set to zero no code is generated for loading R6 SPRN and the interrupt flag in the EXIT instruction is disabled EXIT EC 0 ST 0 INT 0 EP 1 cc_UC PCP C Language 2 9 2 5 USING ASSEMBLY IN THE C SOURCE _asm With the __asm keyword you can use assembly instructions in the C source and pass C variables as operands to the assembly code Be aware that C modules that contain assembly are not portable
28. if lines else else lines endif The 7f lines and else lines may contain any number of lines or text of any kind even other ifdef ifndef else and endif lines or no lines at all The else line may be omitted along with the else lines following it 7 20 PCP User s Manual First the macro name after the if command is checked for definition If the macro is defined then the f ines are interpreted and the el se lines are discarded if present Otherwise the f lines are discarded and if there is an else line the else ines are interpreted but if there is no else line then no lines are interpreted When using the ifndef line instead of ifdef the macro is tested for not being defined These conditional lines can be nested up to 6 levels deep d gt See also Defining Macros in section 5 5 Make Utility Options in Chapter Tools Options of the Reference Manual Comment lines Anything after a is considered as a comment and is ignored If the is inside a quoted string it is not treated as a comment Completely blank lines are ignored test srce test c this is comment and is cpcp test c ignored by the make utility Include lines An include line is used to include the text of another makefile like including a h file in a C source Macros in the name of the included file are expanded before the file is included Include files may be nested include makefile2 Export lines An export line is
29. in the input file _lc_s_name Variable name is mapped through memory in shared memory situations Table 6 4 Linker labels The linker only allocates space for the stack and or heap when a reference to either of the section labels exists in one of the input object files If you want to use linker labels in your C source for sections that have a dot in the name you have to replace all dots by underscores 6 31 6 32 PCP User s Manual 7 Additionally the linker script file defines the following symbols Symbol Description _le_cp Start of copy table Same as_1c_ub table The copy table gives the source and destination addresses of sections to be copied This table will be generated by the linker only if this label is used _PCP__1lc_ub heap Begin of heap Same as_1c_ub pcp _ heap _PCP__1lc_ue heap Endofheap Same as_1lc_ue_pcp_ heap Example refer to a label with section name with dots from C Suppose the C source file foo c contains the following pragma section myname int myfunc int a some source lines pragma endsection This results in a section with the name pcptext myname In the following source file main c all dots of the section name are replaced by underscores include lt stdio h gt extern void _ lc_ub pcptext_myname int main void printf The function myfunc is located at X n amp _lc_ub_ pcptext_myname Example
30. in the libraries However this rescanning does not work for weak symbols If you use a weak symbol construction like printf in an object file or your own library you must position this object library before the C library The v option shows how libraries have been searched and which objects have been extracted Resolving symbols If you are linking from libraries only the objects that contain symbol definition s to which you refer are extracted from the library This implies that if you invoke the linker like lpcp mylib a nothing is linked and no output file will be produced because there are no unresolved symbols when the linker searches through mylib a 6 14 PCP User s Manual It is possible to force a symbol as external unresolved symbol with the option e lpcp e main mylib a In this case the linker searches for the symbol main in the library and if found extracts the object that contains main If this module contains new unresolved symbols the linker looks again in mylib a This process repeats until no new unresolved symbols are found 6 5 INCREMENTAL LINKING With the PCP linker Ipep it is possible to link incrementally Incremental linking means that you link some but not all o modules to a relocatable object file out In this case the linker does not perform the locating phase With the second invocation you specify both new o files and the out file you had created with the first invocation
31. make utility options are available Description Option Display options Display version header V Verbose Print makefile lines while being read D DD Display time comparisons which indicate a target is out of date d dd Display current date and time time Verbose option show commands without executing dry run n Do not show commands before execution S Do not build only indicate whether target is up to date q 7 10 PCP User s Manual Description Option Input files Use makefile instead of the standard makefile makefile f makefile Change to directory before reading the makefile G path Read options from file m file Do not read the mkpcp mk file r Process Always rebuild target without checking whether it is out of date a Run as a child process C Environment variables override macro definitions e Do not remove temporary files K On error only stop rebuilding current target k Overrule the option k only stop rebuilding current target S Make all target files precious p Touch the target files instead of rebuilding them t Treat target as if it has just been reconstructed W target Error messages Redirect error messages and verbose messages to a file err file Ignore error codes returned by commands i Redirect messages to standard out instead of standard error W Show extended error messages X Table 7 2 Overview of control program options For a c
32. module from the library To delete the object module cstart o from the library mylib a arpcp d mylib a cstart o Extract all modules from the library Extract all modules from the library mylib a arpcp x mylib a INDEX all TASKING M XAGNI Index Index 3 Symbols _ asm syntax 2 9 writing intrinsics 2 14 _ BUILD 2 18 __ VERSION _ 2 19 A absolute address 2 5 absolute variable 2 5 address space 6 20 addressing modes 3 5 PCP assembler 3 6 architecture definition 6 16 6 20 archiver 7 21 invocation 7 21 options overview 7 22 arpcp 7 21 assembler controls overview 3 19 assembler directives overview 3 16 assembler error messages 5 7 assembly programming in C 2 9 assembly syntax 3 3 automatic memory partition 4 8 backend compiler phase 4 5 optimization 4 5 Binary search table 2 28 board specification 6 18 bus definition 6 17 C C prepocessor 6 16 ccpcp 7 4 CCTCOPT 7 6 character 3 4 coalesce 4 8 coalescer 4 8 code checking 4 11 code compaction 4 8 code generator 4 5 common subexpression elimination 4 6 compiler invocation 4 9 optimizations 4 5 compiler error messages 4 13 compiler phases backend 4 4 code generator phase 4 5 optimization phase 4 5 peephole optimizer phase 4 5 pipeline scheduler 4 5 frontend 4 4 optimization phase 4 4 parser phase 4 4 preprocessor phase 4 4 scanner phase 4 4 conditional assembly 3 2
33. n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 32 w result w a w b void main void call to function _ mymul __mymul Generated assembly code _PCP_main ldl il ld pi ld pi minit mstep u mstep u mstep u mstep u ldl il st pi jc ia type func xr7 DPTR _PCP_a xr5 _PCP_a xr1 _PCP_b r5 r1 r5 r1 r5 r1 r5 r1 r5 r1 r7 DPTR _PCP_result r5 _PCP_result r2 cc_uc As you can see the generated assembly code for the function __mymul1 is inlined rather than called 2 6 CONTROLLING THE COMPILER PRAGMAS Pragmas are keywords in the C source that control the behavior of the compiler Pragmas sometimes overrule compiler options In general pragmas give directions to the code generator of the compiler The syntax is pragma pragma spec ON OFF RESTORE DEFAULT Or _Pragma pragma spec ON OFF RESTORE DEFAULT 2 16 d PCP User s Manual For example you can set a compiler option to specify which optimizations the compiler should perform With the pragma optimize flags you can set an optimization level for a specific part of the C source This overrules the general optimization level that is set in the compiler options dialog command line option O Some pragmas have an equivalent command line option This is useful if you want to overrule certain keywords in the C source without the need to c
34. operator except that it returns the hexadecimal value of a symbol Consider the following macro definition GEN_LAB MACRO LAB VAL STMT LAB VAL STMT ENDM PCP Assembly Language 3 27 A symbol with the name NUM is set to 10 and the macro is called with NUM as argument NUM SET 10 GEN_ LAB HEX NUM NOP The macro expands as follows HEXA NOP The VAL argument is replaced by the character A which represents the hexadecimal value 10 of the argument VAL Argument String Operator To generate a literal string enclosed by single quotes C you must use the argument string operator in the macro definition Consider the following macro definition STR_MAC MACRO STRING BYTE STRING ENDM The macro is called as follows STR_MAC ABCD The macro expands as follows BYTE ABCD Within double quotes DEFINE directive definitions can be expanded Take care when using constructions with quotes and double quotes to avoid inappropriate expansions Since a DEFINE expansion occurs before a macro substitution all DEFINE symbols are replaced first within a macro argument string DEFINE LONG short STR_MAC MACRO STRING MESSAGE This is a LONG STRING MESSAGE This is a LONG STRING ENDM If the macro is called as follows STR_MAC sentence 3 28 PCP User s Manual The macro expands as MESSAGE This is a LONG STRING MESSAGE This is a short se
35. own script The language for the script is called the Linker Script Language or shortly LSL You can specify the script file to the linker which reads it and locates your application exactly as defined in the script If you do not specify your own script file the linker always reads a standard script file which is supplied with the toolchain 6 7 1 PURPOSE OF THE LINKER SCRIPT LANGUAGE The Linker Script Language LSL serves three purposes 1 It provides the linker with a definition of the target s core architecture and its internal memory this is called the derivative These definitions are written by Altium and supplied with the toolchain It provides the linker with a specification of the external memory attached to the target processor The template extmem 1s1 is supplied with the toolchain It provides the linker with information on how your application should be located in memory This gives you for example the possibility to create overlaying sections 6 16 db PCP User s Manual The linker accepts multiple LSL files You can use the specifications of the PCP architectures and derivatives that Altium has supplied in the include 1s1 directory Do not change these files If you attached external memory to a derivative you must specify this in a separate LSL file and pass both the LSL file that describes the derivative s architecture and your LSL file that contains the memory specification to the
36. significant bits e A bit field of a particular type cannot cross a boundary as is specified by its maximum width For example a bit field of type int cannot cross a 32 bit boundary e Bit fields share a storage unit with other bit field members if and only if there is sufficient space in the storage unit PCP C Language 2 5 e An unnamed bit field creates a gap that has the size of the specified width As a special case an unnamed bit field having width 0 prevents any other bit field from residing in the storage unit corresponding to the type of the zero width bit field 2 3 MEMORY QUALIFIERS 2 3 1 DECLARE A DATA OBJECT AT AN ABSOLUTE ADDRESS _at You can place an object at an absolute address in memory This may be useful to interface with other programs using fixed memory schemes or to access special function registers With the attribute __at you can specify an absolute address Examples int myvar _ at 0x100 The variable myvar is placed at address 0x100 unsigned char Display 80 24 _ at 0x2000 The array Display is placed at address 0x2000 In the generated assembly an absolute section is created On this position space is reserved for the variable Display Restrictions Take note of the following restrictions if you place a variable at an absolute address e You can place only global variables at absolute addresses Parameters or automatic variables within functions cannot be placed at absolu
37. system libraries and user libraries System library The system libraries are installed in subdirectories of the lib directory of the toolchain An overview of the system libraries is given in the following table Library to link Description libc a C library Some functions require the floating point library Also includes the startup code libfp a Floating point library non trapping libfpt a Floating point library trapping Control program option fp trap Table 6 2 Overview of libraries d gt For more information on these libraries see section 2 12 Libraries in Chapter PCP C Language When you want to link system libraries you must specify this with the option l With the option lc you specify the system library libc a User library You can also create your own libraries Section 7 4 Archiver in Chapter Using the Utilities describes how you can use the archiver to create your own library with object modules To link user libraries specify their filenames on the command line 6 4 1 SPECIFYING LIBRARIES TO THE LINKER When you want to link system libraries you must specify them with the linker option 1 With the option lc you specify the system library libc a For example lpcp lc start o To link the user library mylib a lpcp start o mylib a 6 12 PCP User s Manual 7 If the library resides in a subdirectory specify that directory with the library name lpc
38. the installation script sh install Follow the instructions appearing on your screen First a question appears about where to install the software The default answer is usr local On some hosts the installation script asks if you want to install SW000098 the Flexible License Manager FLEXIm If you do not already have FLEXIm on your system you must install it otherwise the product will not work on those hosts See section 1 4 Licensing TASKING Products If the script detects that the software has been installed before the following messages appear on the screen WARNING SWXXXXXX XXXX XXXX already installed Do you want to REINSTALL y n Answering n no to this question causes installation to abort and the following message being displayed gt Installation stopped on user request lt Software Installation and Configuration 1 7 Answer y yes to continue with the installation The last message will be Installation of SWxxxxxx XXXX XXXX completed 5 If you purchased a protected TASKING product license the software product as explained in section 1 4 Licensing TASKING Products 1 3 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION Now you have installed the software you can configure both the Embedded Development Environment and the command line environment for Windows Linux and UNIX 1 8 t PCP User s Manual 1 3 1 CONFIGURING THE COMMAND LINE ENVIRONMENT To facilitate the invocation of the tools fr
39. the linker links this code so that the section in which a is located is relocated by 0x10000 bytes and b turns out to be at 0x9A12 The linker modifies the code to be Al 3412 0100 mov a eax 0x10000 added to the address A3 129A 0000 mov eax b Ox9A12 patched in for b 6 8 E PCP User s Manual These adjustments affect instructions but keep in mind that any pointers in the data part of a relocatable object file have to be modified as well Output formats The linker can produce its output in different file formats The default ELF DWARF2 format e1 contains an image of the executable code and data and can contain additional debug information The Intel Hex format hex and Motorola S record format sre only contain an image of the executable code and data You can specify a format with the options o output and c chip output Controlling the linker Via a so called linker script file you can gain complete control over the linker The script language is called the Linker Script Language LSL Using LSL you can define The memory installed in the embedded target system To assign locations to code and data sections the linker must know what memory devices are actually installed in the embedded target system For each physical memory device the linker must know its start address its size and whether the memory is read write accessible RAM or read only accessible ROM How and where code and data shou
40. unresolved references you can link this file with other relocatable object files 0 or libraries a to resolve the remaining unresolved references With the linker command line option link only you can tell the linker to only perform this linking phase and skip the locating phase The linker complains if any unresolved references are left 6 2 2 PHASE 2 LOCATING In the locating phase the linker assigns absolute addresses to the object code placing each section in a specific part of the target memory The linker also replaces references to symbols by the actual address of those symbols The resulting file is an absolute object file which you can actually load into a target memory Optionally when the resulting file should be loaded into a ROM device the linker creates a so called copy table section which is used by the startup code to initialize the data and BSS sections Code modification When the linker assigns absolute addresses to the object code it needs to modify this code according to certain rules or relocation expressions to reflect the new addresses These relocation expressions are stored in the relocatable object file Consider the following snippet of x86 code that moves the contents of variable a to variable b via the eax register Al 3412 0000 mov a eax a defined at 0x1234 byte reversed A3 0000 0000 mov eax b bis imported so the instruction refers to 0x0000 since its location is unknown Now assume that
41. used to export a macro definition to the environment of any command executed by the make utility GREETING Hello export GREETING This example creates the environment variable GREETING with the value Hello The macros is exported at the moment the export line is read so the macro definition has to precede the export line Using the Utilities 7 21 7 4 ARCHIVER The archiver arpcp is a program to build and maintain your own library files A library file is a file with extension a and contains one or more object files 0 that may be used by the linker The archiver has five main functionalities e Deleting an object module from the library e Moving an object module to another position in the library file e Replacing an object module in the library or add a new object module e Showing a table of contents of the library file e Extracting an object module from the library The archiver takes the following files for input and output assembler aspcp archiver e relocatable object file arpcp e Xe relocatable cae library linker i Ipcp Figure 7 1 arpcp ELF DWAREF archiver and library maintainer The linker optionally includes object modules from a library if that module resolves an external symbol definition in one of the modules that are read before 7 4 1 CALLING THE ARCHIVER You can only call the archiver from the command line The invocation syntax is arpcp key opt
42. you need to recompile the standard C libraries Weak symbols are used to extract the most optimal implementation of a function from the library For example if your application does not use floating point variables the printf alike functions do not support floating point types either The compiler emits strong symbols to guide this process Do not change the order in which modules are placed in the library since this may break this process 2 32 PCP User s Manual 7 The sources of the libraries are present in the 1ib src directory This directory also contains subdirectories with a makefile for each type of library lib src pep1 libc makefile libfp makefile libfpt makefile pep15 libc makefile libfp makefile libfpt makefile pcep2 libc makefile libfp makefile libfpt makefile To rebuild the libraries follow the steps below First make sure that the bin directory for the PCP toolchain is included in your PATH environment variable See section 1 3 1 Configuring the Command Line Environment 1 Make the directory lib srce pcep1 libe the current working directory This directory contains a makefile which also uses the default make rules from mkpcp mk from the pep etc directory 2 Edit the makefile See section 7 3 Make Utility in Chapter Utilities for an extensive description of the make utility and makefiles 3 Assuming the lib srce pcep1 libe directory is still the current working directory type
43. 1 ST W RREG2 D0 which results in an assembler error Decimal value Operator Instead of substituting the formal arguments with the actual macro call arguments you can also use the value of the macro call arguments Consider the following source code that calls the macro SWAP_SYM after the argument AREG has been set to 0 and BREG has been set to 1 AREG SET 0 BREG SET 1 SWAP SYM AREG BREG 3 26 PCP User s Manual If you want to replace the arguments with the value of AREG and BREG rather than with the literal strings AREG and BREG you can use the operator and modify the macro as follows SWAP_SYM MACRO REG1 REG2 LD W DO lab REG1 LD W D1 _ lab REG2 ST W _lab REG1 D1 ST W _lab REG2 D0 ENDM LD P R4 R REG1 CC_UC LD P R5 R REG2 CC_UC ST P R5 R REG1 CC_UC ST P R4 R REG2 CC_UC The macro first expands as follows LD P LD P ST P ST P R4 R AREG CC_UC R5 R BREG CC_UC R5 R AREG CC_UC R4 R BREG CC_UC swap memory contents suse DO as temp suse D1 as temp Then AREG is replaced by 0 and BREG is replaced by T LD P LD P ST P ST P R4 R 1 CC_UC R5 R 2 CC_UC R5 R 1 CC_UC R4 R 2 CC_UC Because of the concatenation operator the strings are concatenated LD P LD P ST P ST P R4 R1 CC_UC R5 R2 CC_UC R5 R1 CC_UC R4 R2 CC_UC Hex Value Operator The percent sign is similar to the standard decimal value
44. 21 3 10 1 Defining a Macro 1 eee eens 3 22 3 10 2 Calling a MaGtO vice ein suceeded eben Mee dhe 3 23 3 10 3 Using Operators for Macro Arguments 3 24 3 10 4 Using the DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF Directives as Macross Riei dh tied Birdie Gai iain eee Gace 3 29 3 10 5 Conditional Assembly IF ELIF and ELSE Directives 3 29 Table of Contents USING THE COMPILER 4 1 4 1 TntrOduction a0 8 4 ear eh hk AAS BS 4 3 4 2 Compilation Process 2 0 0 0 ccc eee 4 4 4 3 Compiler Optimizations 0 0 0 0 e eee 4 5 4 3 1 Optimize for Size or Speed 0 2 0 0 eee 4 9 4 4 Calling the Compiler 0 00 000 0 cece eee 4 9 4 5 How the Compiler Searches Include Files 4 10 4 6 Compiling for Debugging 000 000 00a 4 10 4 7 C Code Checking MISRA C 0002000 4 11 4 8 C Compiler Error Messages 0 00 000 eee ene 4 13 USING THE ASSEMBLER 5 1 5 1 Introduction is kenda eraa eee eee ee 5 3 5 2 Assembly Process 1 0 00 cect a eee 5 3 5 3 Assembler Optimizations 0 00 0 000 eee 5 4 5 4 Calling the Assembler 000000 000 cece eee 5 4 5 5 Specifying a Target Processor 0 020 005 5 5 5 6 How the Assembler Searches Include Files 5 5 5 7 Generating a List File s riega ith a aa oaa 5 6 5 8 Assembler Error Messages anaana 5 7 USING THE LINKER 6 1 6 1 inrod ctoMisa rre ois ae ee TA A RAR A 6 3 6 2 Linking Process 2 0 0 e
45. 3 6 Assembly Expressions address A combination of expression register and symbol 3 6 PCP User s Manual 3 4 1 PCP ADDRESSING MODES The PCP assembly language has several addressing modes These addressing modes are used for FPI addressing PRAM data indirect addressing or flow control destination addressing For details see the PCP DMA Architecture manual from Siemens 3 5 SYMBOL NAMES User defined symbols A user defined symbol can consist of letters digits and underscore characters _ The first character cannot be a digit The size of an identifier is only limited by the amount of available memory The case of these characters is significant You can define a symbol by means of a label declaration or an equate or set directive Labels Symbols used for memory locations are referred to as labels It is allowed to use reserved symbols as labels as long as the label is followed by a colon Reserved symbols Register names and names of assembler directives and controls are reserved for the system so you cannot use these for user defined symbols The case of these built in symbols is insignificant Symbol names and other identifiers beginning with a period are also reserved for the system The following symbols are predefined Symbol Description __ASPCP__ Identifies the assembler You can use this symbol to flag parts of the source which must be recognized by the aspcp assembler only It expan
46. 6 relocatable object file 6 3 debug information 6 6 header information 6 6 object code 6 6 relocation information 6 6 symbols 6 6 relocation expressions 6 7 reserved symbols 3 6 return decimal value operator 3 25 return hex value operator 3 26 S scanf formatter 2 31 scanner 4 4 section layout definition 6 18 6 26 section names 2 26 sections 2 26 3 20 absolute 3 21 activation 3 20 definition 3 20 software installation Linux 1 4 UNIX 1 6 Windows 95 98 XP NT 2000 1 3 startup code 6 15 statement 3 3 storage types See memory qualifiers string substring 3 8 subscript strength reduction 4 7 substring 3 8 switch optimization 4 6 switch statement 2 28 2 29 symbol 3 6 predefined 3 6 syntax of an expression 3 7 T temporary files setting directory 1 9 Index 8 utilities archiver 7 21 arpcp 7 21 ccpcp 7 4 control program 7 4 Index make utility 7 7 mkpcp 7 7 vV verbose option linker 6 13
47. 9 conditional jump reversal 4 7 configuration UNIX 1 8 constant propagation 4 7 continuation 3 21 control flow simplification 4 6 control program 7 4 invocation 7 4 control program options overview 7 9 7 22 controls 3 4 copy table compression 6 9 CSE 4 6 data types 2 3 Index 4 dead code elimination 4 7 delete duplicate code sections 6 10 delete duplicate constant data 6 10 delete unreferenced sections 6 10 derivative definition 6 17 6 23 directive conditional assembly 3 29 directives 3 4 directories setting 1 8 ELF DWARF archiver 7 21 ELF DWAREF2 format 6 8 environment variables 1 8 ASPCPING 1 8 CCTCBIN 1 8 CCTCOPT 1 8 7 6 CPCPINC 1 8 LM_LICENSE_FILE 1 8 1 15 PATH 1 8 TASKING_LIC_WAIT 1 9 TMPDIR 1 9 error messages assembler 5 7 compiler 4 13 linker 6 35 expression simplification 4 6 expressions 3 7 absolute 3 7 relative 3 7 relocatable 3 7 F first fit decreasing 6 9 floating license 1 11 flow simplification 4 6 formatters printf 2 31 scanf 2 31 forward store 4 7 Index frontend compiler phase 4 4 optimization 4 4 function 3 12 syntax 3 12 functions 2 21 host ID determining 1 16 host name determining 1 16 include files default directory 4 10 5 5 6 13 setting search directories 1 8 incremental linking 6 14 inline assembly __asm 2 9 writing intrinsics 2 14 inline functions 2 21 inlining functions 4 7 input specifi
48. ARACTERS You can use all ASCII characters in the assembly source both in strings and in comments Also the extended characters from the ISO 8859 1 Latin 1 set are allowed Some characters have a special meaning to the assembler Special characters associated with expression evaluation are described in section 3 6 3 Expression Operators Other special assembler characters are PCP Assembly Language Character Description Start of a comment Line continuation character or Macro operator argument concatenation Macro operator return decimal value of a symbol Macro operator return hex value of a symbol Macro operator override local label Macro string delimiter or Quoted string DEFINE expansion character String constants delimiter Start of a built in assembly function Location counter substitution Constant number String concatenation operator Substring delimiter 3 4 OPERANDS AND ADDRESSING MODES In an instruction the mnemonic is followed by zero one or more operands An operand has one of the following types Operand Description symbol A symbolic name as described in section 3 5 Symbol Names Symbols can also occur in expressions register Any valid register or a register pair register quad register extension register part or special function register expression Any valid expression as described in the section
49. CD ROM on a directory for example cdrom See the Linux manual pages about mount for details 3 Go to the directory on which the CD ROM is mounted cd cdrom 4 To install or upgrade all products at once issue the following command rpm U SW rpm This will install or upgrade all products in the default installation directory usr local Every RPM package will create a single directory in the installation directory The RPM packages are relocatable so it is possible to select a different installation directory with the prefix option For instance when you want to install the products in opt use the following command rpm U prefix opt SW rpm For Red Hat 6 0 users The prefix option does not work with RPM version 3 0 included in the Red Hat 6 0 distribution Please upgrade to RPM verion 3 0 3 or higher or use the tar gz file installation described in the next section if you want to install in a non standard directory Software Installation and Configuration 1 5 Debian Installation 1 Login as a user Be sure you have read write and execute permissions in the installation directory Otherwise login as root or use the su command Insert the CD ROM into the CD ROM drive Mount the CD ROM on a directory for example cdrom See the Linux manual pages about mount for details Go to the directory on which the CD ROM is mounted cd cdrom To install or upgrade all products at once issue the fol
50. F HW_ONLY Prevent substitution of assembly instructions by smaller or faster instructions IDENT LOCAL GLOBAL Assembler treats labels by default as local or global OBJECT Alternative name for the generated object file WARNING OFF num Suppress all or some warnings 3 20 7 PCP User s Manual 3 9 WORKING WITH SECTIONS db Sections are absolute or relocatable blocks of contiguous memory that can contain code or data Some sections contain code or data that your program declared and uses directly while other sections are created by the compiler or linker and contain debug information or code or data to initialize your application These sections can be named in such a way that different modules can implement different parts of these sections These sections are located in memory by the linker using the linker script language LSL so that concerns about memory placement are postponed until after the assembly process All instructions and directives which generate data or code must be within an active section The assembler emits a warning if code or data starts without a section definition and activation The compiler automatically generates sections If you program in assembly you have to define sections yourself For more information about locating sections see section 6 7 6 The Section Layout Definition Locating Sections in chapter Using the Linker Section definition Sections are defined with the
51. G THE UTILITIES all TASKING M ddaLdVH Using the Utilities 7 3 7 1 INTRODUCTION The TASKING toolchain for the PCP comes with a number of utilities that provide useful extra features ccepcp A control program for the PCP toolchain The control program invokes all tools in the toolchain and lets you quickly generate an absolute object file from C source input files mkpcp A utility program to maintain update and reconstruct groups of programs The make utility looks whether files are out of date rebuilds them and determines which other files as a consequence also need to be rebuild arpcp An ELF archiver With this utility you create and maintain object library files 7 4 PCP User s Manual 7 2 CONTROL PROGRAM The control program cepep is a tool that invokes all tools in the toolchain for you It provides a quick and easy way to generate the final absolute object file out of your C sources without the need to invoke the compiler assembler and linker manually 7 2 1 CALLING THE CONTROL PROGRAM You can only call the control program from the command line The invocation syntax is ccpcp option file For example ccpcp v test c The control program calls all tools in the toolchain and generates the absolute object file test e1 With the control program option v you can see how the control program calls the tools c cpcp bin cpcp o test srce test c c cp
52. If you wish to install the license file in a different directory see section 1 4 4 Modifying the License File Location If you already have a license file add the license key information to the existing license file If the license file already contains any SERVER lines make sure that the number of SERVER lines and their contents match otherwise you must use another license file See section 1 4 4 Modifying the License File Location for additional information 1 14 n PCP User s Manual Point to a license file on the server db Set the environment variable LM_LICENSE_FILE to port host where host and port come from the SERVER line in the license file On Windows you can use the License Administrator to do this for you In the License Administrator follow the steps to Point to a FLEXIm License Server to get your licenses If you already have installed FLEXIm v8 4 or higher for example as part of another product you can skip this step and continue with step 4 Otherwise install SW000098 the Flexible License Manager FLEXIm on the license server where you want to use the license manager It is not recommended to run a license manager on a Windows 95 or Windows 98 machine Use Windows XP NT or 2000 instead or use UNIX or Linux If FLEXIm has already been installed as part of a non TASKING product you have to make sure that the bin directory of the FLEXIm product contains a copy of the Tasking daemon This file par
53. L file should not be changed by you unless you also modify the core s hardware architecture If the LSL file describes a multi core system an architecture definition must be available for each different type of core Using the Linker 6 17 The derivative definition required The derivative definition describes the configuration of the internal on chip bus and memory system Basically it tells the linker how to convert offsets on the buses specified in the architecture definition into offsets in internal memory A derivative definition must be present in an LSL file Microcontrollers and DSPs often have internal memory and I O sub systems apart from one or more cores The design of such a chip is called a derivative Altium provides LSL descriptions of supported derivatives along with SFR files which provide easy access to registers in I O sub systems from C and assembly programs When you build an ASIC or use a derivative that is not yet supported by the TASKING tools you may have to write a derivative definition When you want to use multiple cores of the same type you must instantiate the cores in a derivative definition since the linker automatically instantiates only a single core for an unused architecture The processor definition The processor definition describes an instance of a derivative A processor definition is only needed in a multi processor embedded system It allows you to define multiple processors of
54. License File Location Software Installation and Configuration 1 13 B If you already have a license file add the license key information to the existing license file If the license file already contains any SERVER lines you must use another license file See section 1 4 4 Modifying the License File Location for additional information The software product and license file are now properly installed 1 4 3 INSTALLING FLOATING LICENSES If you do not have received your license key read section 1 4 1 Obtaining License Information before continuing Install the TASKING software product following the installation procedure described earlier in this chapter on each computer or workstation where you will use the software product On each PC or workstation where you will use the TASKING software product the location of a license file must be known containing the information of all licenses Either create a local license file or point to a license file on a server Add a licence key to a local license file ee A local license file can reduce network traffic On Windows you can follow the same steps to import a license key or create a license file manually as explained in the previous section with the installation of a node locked license On UNIX you have to insert the license key manually in the license file The default location of the license file License dat is in directory usr local flexlm licenses for UNIX
55. OMPILER all TASKING M daLdVH Using the Compiler 4 3 4 1 INTRODUCTION On the command line it is possible to call the compiler separately from the other tools However it is recommended to use the control program ccpcp for command line invocations of the toolchain see section 7 2 Control Program in Chapter Using the Utilities With the control program it is possible to call the entire toolchain with only one command line The compiler takes the following files for input and output C source file c C source file hand coded Jic t C compiler H cpcp error messages serr assembly file Src Figure 4 1 C compiler This chapter first describes the compilation process which consists of a frontend and a backend part During compilation the code is optimized in several ways The various optimizations are described in the second section Third it is described how to call the compiler and how to use its options An extensive list of all options and their descriptions is included in the section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter 5 Tool Options of the Reference Manual Finally a few important basic tasks are described 4 4 PCP User s Manual 7 4 2 COMPILATION PROCESS During the compilation of a C program the compiler cpcp runs through a number of phases that are divided into two groups frontend and backend The backend part is not called for each C statement b
56. Parts of the code that do not match the condition will not be assembled at all Some directives act as assembler options and most of them indeed do have an equivalent assembler command line option The advantage of using a directive is that with such a directive you can overrule the assembler option for a particular part of the code Directives of this kind are called controls A typical example is to tell the assembler with an option to generate a list file while with the controls LIST ON and LIST OFF you overrule this option for a part of the code that you do not want to appear in the list file Controls always appear on a separate line and start with a sign in the first column The following controls are available Assembly listing controls Miscellaneous controls Each assembler directive or control has its own syntax You can use assembler directives and controls in the assembly code as pseudo instructions 3 8 1 OVERVIEW OF ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES The following tables provide an overview of all assembler directives For a detailed description see section 3 3 2 Detailed Description of Assembler Directives in Chapter Assembly Language of the Reference Manual PCP Assembly Language Overview of assembly control directives Directive Description COMMENT Start comment lines You cannot use this directive in IF ELSE ENDIF constructs and MACRO DUP definitions DEFINE Define substitution string
57. With the keyword __asm it is possible to use assembly instructions in the body of an inline function Because the compiler inserts the assembly body at the place the function is called you can create your own intrinsic function d See section 2 5 Using Assembly in the C Source for more information about the __asm keyword Example 6 in that section shows how in combination with the inline keyword an intrinsic function is created 2 9 2 INTERRUPT FUNCTIONS _INTERRUPT With the function qualifier __interrupt you can declare a function as interrupt function interrupt service routine This function qualifier takes one argument _ interrupt CN The CN argument Channel Number is an 8 bit channel number that defines the channel entry table address and the context address The channel number must be in range 0 255 Channel number 0 is not used on the PCP for interrupts with channel number 0 the channel entry table and the channel context are not generated For Channel Start at Context PC mode CS RCB 0 the compiler generates a section containing the context of the appropriate channel The PC context R7 PC is initialized with the start address of interrupt service routine The Channel Enable R7 CEN context is set to 1 The Enable Interrupt Control context is set to zero because a channel cannot be interrupted by another channel The remainder of the R7 context is cleared also Z N C V CN1Z DPTR All other context
58. With this command the list file test map is created See section 6 2 Linker Map File Format in Chapter List File Formats of the Reference Manual for an explanation of the format of the map file Using the Linker 6 35 6 10 LINKER ERROR MESSAGES db The linker produces error messages of the following types Fatal errors After a fatal error the linker immediately aborts the link locate process Errors Errors are reported but the linker continues linking and locating No output files are produced unless you have set the linker option keep output files Warnings Warning messages do not result into an erroneous output file They are meant to draw your attention to assumptions of the linker for a situation which may not be correct You can control warnings with linker option w Information Verbose information messages do not indicate an error but tell something about a process or the state of the linker To see verbose information use the linker option v System errors System errors occur when internal consistency checks fail and should never occur When you still receive the system error message S6 message please report the error number and as many details as possible about the context in which the error occurred lpcp diag format all number See linker option diag in section 5 3 Linker Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual 6 36 PCP User s Manual USIN
59. _battery backup_tag jg _PCP_printf End of function End of section Ssdecl pcpdata data data clear sect pcpdata data global _PCP_uninitialized_data _PCP_uninitialized_data type object size _PCP_uninitialized_data 1 Space 1 End of section sdecl pcpdata data data sect pepdata data global _PCP_initialized_data _PCP_initialized_data type object size _PCP_initialized_data 1 word 1 End of section sdecl pcpdata non_volatile data noclear group page0_test3 sect pepdata non_ volatile global _PCP_battery backup tag PCP_ battery backup_tag type object size PCP_battery backup tag 1 Sspace 1 End of section Using the Linker 6 29 sdecl pcpdata non_volatile data noclear group page0_test3 sect pepdata non_ volatile global _PCP_battery backup_invok PCP_battery backup _invok type object size PCP_battery backup_invok 1 Space 1 End of section sdecl pcpdata data data sect pepdata data _PCP_ 1 str type object size _PCP__1_ str 44 word 84 T word 104 h This application has been invoked d times n word 10 n word 0 NULL End of section extern PCP cstart calls PCP_main PCP_printf extern PCP_printf sdecl PCP_printf data max overlay stack_data sect PCP_printf Space 1 End of sect
60. anager listens To obtain the port number look in the license file at Host for a line starting with SERVER The fourth field on this line specifies the TCP IP port number on which the license server listens For example setenv LM LICENSE FILE 7594 elliot See the FLEXIm PDF manual delivered with SW000098 which is present on each TASKING product CD for detailed information 1 16 PCP User s Manual 1 4 5 HOW TO DETERMINE THE HOST ID The host ID depends on the platform of the machine Please use one of the methods listed below to determine the host ID Platform Tool to retrieve host ID Example host ID HP UX lanscan 0000F0050185 use the station address without the leading Ox Linux hostid 11ac5702 SunOS Solaris hostid 170a3472 Windows licadmin License Administrator O060084dfbe9 or use Imhostid Table 1 2 Determine the host ID On Windows the License Administrator licadmin helps you in the process of obtaining your license key AN If you do not have the program licadmin you can download it from our Web site at http www tasking com support flexlIm licadmin zip It is also on every product CD that includes FLEXIm in directory licensing 1 4 6 HOW TO DETERMINE THE HOST NAME To retrieve the host name of a machine use one of the following methods Platform Method UNIX hostname Windows NT licadmin or Go to the Control Panel open Network
61. and a data memory space Address spaces even nested can have different minimal addressable units MAU alignment restrictions and page sizes All address spaces have a number that identifies the logical space id The following table lists the different address spaces for the TriCore as defined in the LSL file tc_arch lsl Using the Linker Space Id MAU ELF sections linear 1 text oss data rodata table istack ustack abs24 2 abs18 3 zdata zbss csa 4 csa Context Save Area pcp_code 8 16 pcptext pcp_data 9 32 pcpdata Table 6 3 TriCore address spaces The TriCore architecture in LSL notation The best way to program the architecture definition is to start with a drawing The following figure shows a part of the TriCore architecture space linear bus fpi_bus 0 pe ae A space abs1 s maisa id 3 width 32 mau 8 p gt ht Leas 25 256k id 1 mau 8 ae a space pcp_code 0 0x04000000 mau 8 bus pcp_code_bus Figure 6 2 Scheme of part of the TriCore architecture The figure shows three address spaces called linear abs18 and pcp_code The address space abs18 is a subset of the address space linear All address spaces have attributes like a number that identifies the logical space id a MAU and an alignment In LSL notation the definition of these address spaces looks as follows 6 21 6 22
62. anse See 2 21 2 9 1 Inlining Functions inline 00 00 0005 2 21 2 9 2 Interrupt Functions _interruptQ 2 23 2 9 3 Parameter Passing 00 cece cece eres 2 24 2 10 Compiler Generated Sections 0 0005 2 26 2 11 Switch Statement 2 20 aecd OG hdd fal dh ee oe 2 28 VI Table of Contents 2 12 Libraries ereraa ovate hee wees OE He wns Bea eke 2 30 2 12 1 Overview of Libraries 00 000 c ccc 2 30 2 12 2 Printf and Scanf Formatting Routines 2 31 2 12 3 Rebuilding Libraries 00 0 cece eee 2 31 PCP ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 3 1 3 1 Inrod cton sanaan a a Hel aed cha eed 3 3 3 2 Assembly Syntax ee mena n a E 3 3 3 3 Assembler Significant Characters 0005 3 4 3 4 Operands and Addressing Modes 3 5 3 4 1 PCP Addressing Modes ours o creirie o ea 3 6 3 5 Symbol NAMES iee raea ee ea a T E 3 6 3 6 Assembly Expressions n ununun 3 7 3 6 1 Numeric Constants 00 00 3 8 3 6 2 SHS S ss sri heed leo ete ee ite belle ad E ca Mew wl AG 3 8 3 6 3 Expression Operators 2 0 0 0 eee ee 3 9 3 7 Built in Assembly Functions 0 0005 3 12 3 8 Assembler Directives and Controls 3 15 3 8 1 Overview of Assembler Directives 3 16 3 8 2 Overview of Assembler Controls 3 19 3 9 Working with Sections 00 00 e eee ee 3 20 3 10 Macro Operations 0 0 0 AREA eee 3
63. ar d allocated in pcpdata MyDataDatal pragma endsection char e allocated in pcpdata data 2 28 PCP User s Manual 7 2 11 SWITCH STATEMENT The TASKING C compiler supports three ways of code generation for a switch statement a jump chain linear switch a jump table or a binary search table A jump chain is comparable with an if else if else if else construction A jump table is a table filled with jump instructions for each possible switch value The switch argument is used as an index to jump within this table A binary search table is a table filled with a value to compare the switch argument with and a target address to jump to pragma smart _switch is the default of the compiler The compiler tries to use the switch method which uses the least space in memory plus code to do the indexing Especially for large switch statements the jump table approach executes faster than the binary search table approach Also the jump table has a predictable behavior in execution speed independent of the switch argument every case is reached in the same execution time With a small number of cases the jump chain method can be faster in execution and shorter in size You can overrule the compiler chosen switch method by using a pragma pragma linear switch force jump chain code pragma jump switch force jump table code pragma binary switch force binary search table code pragma smart_switch let the compiler decide
64. ave a floating license Node locked license PC only This license type locks the software to one specific PC so you can use the product on that particular PC only Floating license This license type manages the use of TASKING product licenses among users at one site This license type does not lock the software to one specific PC or workstation but it requires a network The software can then be used on any computer in the network The license specifies the number of users who can use the software simultaneously A system allocating floating licenses is called a license server A license manager running on the license server keeps track of the number of users 1 4 1 OBTAINING LICENSE INFORMATION Before you can install a software license you must have a License Key containing the license information for your software product If you have not received such a license key follow the steps below to obtain one Otherwise you can install the license Windows 1 Run the License Administrator during installation and follow the steps to Request a license key from Altium by E mail 2 E mail the license request to your local TASKING sales representative The license key will be sent to you by E mail 1 12 PCP User s Manual UNIX 1 If you need a floating license on UNIX you must determine the host ID and host name of the computer where you want to use the license manager Also decide how many users will be using the
65. cation 3 3 installation licensing 1 11 Linux 1 4 Debian 1 5 RPM 1 4 tar gz 1 5 UNIX 1 6 Windows 95 98 XP NT 2000 1 3 instructions 3 4 Intel Hex format 6 8 interprocedural register optimization 4 8 interrupt function 2 23 interrupt service routine 2 23 intrinsic functions 2 6 __alloc 2 6 __dotdotdot Q 2 7 Index Index 5 _ exit 2 8 __freeQ 2 7 __get_return_address 2 7 __1d32_fpid 2 7 __nopO 2 7 182 pil 2 7 J Jump chain 2 28 jump chaining 4 7 Jump table 2 28 L labels 3 3 3 6 libraries rebuilding 2 31 library user 6 11 library maintainer 7 21 license floating 1 11 node locked 1 11 obtaining 1 11 wait for available license 1 9 license file location 1 15 setting search directory 1 8 licensing 1 11 linker optimizations 6 9 linker error messages 6 35 linker output formats ELF DWARF2 format 6 8 Intel Hex format 6 8 Motorola S record format 6 8 linker script file 6 8 architecture definition 6 16 6 20 boad specification 6 18 bus definition 6 17 derivative definition 6 17 6 23 memory definition 6 17 6 25 processor definition 6 17 6 30 section layout definition 6 18 6 26 linker script language LSL 6 8 6 15 external memory 6 25 internal memory 6 23 off chip memory 6 25 on chip memory 6 23 linking process 6 4 linking 6 6 locating 6 7 optimizing 6 9 LM_LICENSE_FILE 1 15 local label override 3 28 loop transformations 4 7 Isl
66. ch memory ranges should be copied from ROM to RAM is stored in the copy table 6 9 6 10 PCP User s Manual When this optimization is enabled the linker will try to locate sections in such a way that the copy table is as small as possible thereby reducing the application s ROM image This optimization reduces both memory and startup time Delete unreferenced sections option Oc OC This optimization removes unused sections from the resulting object file Because debug information normally refers to all sections this optimization has no effect until you compile your project without debug information or use linker option strip debug to remove the debug information Delete duplicate code sections option Ox OX Delete duplicate data sections option Oy OY These two optimizations remove code and constant data that is defined more than once from the resulting object file 6 3 CALLING THE LINKER db The invocation syntax on the command line is lpcp option file When you are linking multiple files either relocatable object files 0 or libraries a it is important to specify the files in the right order This is explained in Section 6 4 1 Specifying Libraries to the Linker For a complete overview of all options with extensive description see section 5 3 Linker Options of the Reference Manual Using the Linker 6 11 6 4 LINKING WITH LIBRARIES There are two kinds of libraries
67. cp bin aspcp o test o test sre c cpcp bin lpcp o test elf ddefault 1sl dextmem 1sl map file test o Lce cpcp lib pcp1 lc lfp lrt By default the control program removes the intermediate output files test src and test o in the example above afterwards unless you specify the command line option t keep temporary files d gt For a complete list and description of all control program options see section 5 4 Control Program Options in Chapter Tool Options of the Reference Manual Using the Utilities 7 5 Recognized input files The control program recognizes the following input files e Files with a c suffix are interpreted as C source programs and are passed to the compiler e Files with a asm suffix are interpreted as hand written assembly source files which have to be passed to the assembler e Files with a src suffix are interpreted as compiled assembly source files They are directly passed to the assembler e Files with a a suffix are interpreted as library files and are passed to the linker e Files with a o suffix are interpreted as object files and are passed to the linker e Files with a out suffix are interpreted as linked object files and are passed to the locating phase of the linker The linker accepts only one out file in the invocation e An argument with a 1s1 suffix is interpreted as a linker script file and is passed to the linker The options in table NO TAG are options that t
68. cro expansion macro name The name of the macro This must be in the operation field arg One or more optional substitutable arguments Multiple arguments must be separated by commas comment An optional comment The following applies to macro arguments 3 24 PCP User s Manual e Each argument must correspond one to one with the formal arguments of the macro definition If the macro call does not contain the same number of arguments as the macro definition the assembler issues a warning e If an argument has an embedded comma or space you must surround the argument by single quotes e You can declare a macro call argument as NULL in three ways enter delimiting commas in succession with no intervening spaces macroname ARG1 ARG3 the second argument 7 is a NULL argument terminate the argument list with a comma the arguments that normally would follow are now considered NULL macroname ARG1 the second and all following arguments are NULL declare the argument as a NULL string e No character is substituted in the generated statements that reference a NULL argument 3 10 3 USING OPERATORS FOR MACRO ARGUMENTS The assembler recognizes certain text operators within macro definitions which allow text substitution of arguments during macro expansion You can use these operators for text concatenation numeric conversion and string handling value of symbol Return hex
69. d details to make full use of the PCP toolchain PCP User s Manual SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Software Installation and Configuration Guides you through the installation of the software Describes the most important settings paths and filenames that you must specify to get the package up and running Chapter 2 PCP C Language The TASKING PCP C compiler is fully compatible with ISO C This chapter describes the specific PCP features of the C language including language extensions that are not standard in ISO C For example pragmas are a way to control the compiler from within the C source Chapter 3 PCP Assembly Language Describes the specific features of the PCP assembly language as well as directives which are pseudo instructions that are interpreted by the assembler Chapter 4 Using the Compiler Describes how you can use the compiler An extensive overview of all options is included in the Reference Manual Chapter 5 Using the Assembler Describes how you can use the assembler An extensive overview of all options is included in the Reference Manual Chapter 6 Using the Linker Describes how you can use the linker An extensive overview of all options is included in the Reference Manual Chapter 7 Using the Utilities Describes several utilities and how you can use them to facilitate various tasks The following utilities are included control program make utility and archiver Manual Purpose a
70. d external memory that may be shared between processors A reference to a symbol for which the linker did not find a definition yet Table 6 1 Glossary of terms 6 5 6 6 PCP User s Manual e 6 2 1 PHASE 1 LINKING The linker takes one or more relocatable object files and or libraries as input A relocatable object file as generated by the assembler contains the following information e Header information Overall information about the file such as the code size name of the source file it was assembled from and creation date e Object code Binary code and data divided into various named sections Sections are contiguous chunks of code or data that have to be placed in specific parts of the memory The program addresses start at zero for each section in the object file e Symbols Some symbols are exported defined within the file for use in other files Other symbols are imported used in the file but not defined external symbols Generally these symbols are names of routines or names of data objects e Relocation information A list of places with symbolic references that the linker has to replace with actual addresses When in the code an external symbol a symbol defined in another file or in a library is referenced the assembler does not know the symbol s size and address Instead the assembler generates a call to a preliminary relocatable address usually 0000 while stating the symbol name e
71. definition in the makefile this target is built DONE When the make utility has finished building the specified targets it continues with the rules following this target IGNORE Non zero error codes returned from commands are ignored Encountering this in a makefile is the same as specifying the option i on the command line ANIT The rules following this target are executed before any other targets are built SILENT Commands are not echoed before executing them Encountering this in a makefile is the same as specifying the option s on the command line SUFFIXES This target specifies a list of file extensions Instead of building a completely specified target you now can build a target that has a certain file extension Implicit rules to build files with a number of extensions are included in the system makefile mkpcp mk Using the Utilities 7 13 If you specify this target with dependencies these are added to the existing SUFFIXES target in mkpcp mk If you specify this target without dependencies the existing list is cleared PRECIOUS Dependency files mentioned for this target are never removed Normally if a command in a rule returns an error or when the target construction is interrupted the make utility removes that target file You can use the p command line option to make all target files precious Rules A line with leading white space tabs or spaces is considered as a rule and associated with th
72. ds to 1 Table 3 1 Predefined symbols PCP Assembly Language 3 7 Examples Valid symbol names Invalid symbol names loop_1 1 loop starts with a number ENTRY rl reserved register name a_Be Space reserved directive name aBC 3 6 ASSEMBLY EXPRESSIONS An expression is a combination of symbols constants operators and parentheses which represent a value that is used as an operand of an assembler instruction or directive Expressions can contain user defined labels and their associated integer or floating point values and any combination of integers floating point numbers or ASCII literal strings Expressions follow the conventional rules of algebra and boolean arithmetic Expressions that can be evaluated at assembly time are called absolute expressions Expressions where the result is unknown until all sections have been combined and located are called relocatable or relative expressions When any operand of an expression is relocatable the entire expression is relocatable Relocatable expressions are emitted in the object file and are evaluated by the linker Relocatable expressions can only contain integral functions floating point functions and numbers are not supported by the ELF DWARF object format The assembler evaluates expressions with 64 bit precision in two s complement The syntax of an expression can be any of the following numeric contant string symbol expr
73. e If the input and output must be the same you must use a number constraint The following example inverts the value of the input variable ivar and returns this value to ovar Since the assembly instruction not uses only one register the return value has to go in the same place as the input value To indicate that ivar uses the same register as ovar the constraint 0 is used which indicates that ivar also corresponds with 0 int ivar ovar static inline void invert int ivar static inline makes assembly easier to read _ asm not 0 0 w ovar O ivar void main void invert 255 Generated assembly code ldl il x4r7 DPTR _PCP_ivar ld pi r5 _PCP_ivar not r5 r5 ldl il x4r7 DPTR _PCP_ovar st pi r5 _PCP_ovar jc ia r2 cc_uc Example 6 writing your own intrinsic function Because you can use any assembly instruction with the __asm keyword you can use the __asm keyword to create your own intrinsic functions The essence of an intrinsic function is that it is inlined First write a function with assembly in the body using the keyword __asm We use the multiply routine from Example 3 Next make sure that the function is inlined rather than being called You can do this with the function qualifier inline This qualifier is discussed in more detail in section 2 9 1 Inlining Functions PCP C Language int a b result inline void __mymul void __asm minit t 1 2
74. e Utilities 7 7 7 3 MAKE UTILITY If you are working with large quantities of files or if you need to build several targets it is rather time consuming to call the individual tools to compile assemble link and locate all your files You save already a lot of typing if you use the control program cepep and define an options file You can even create a batch file or script that invokes the control program for each target you want to create But with these methods all files are completely compiled assembled linked and located to obtain the target file even if you changed just one C source This may demand a lot of CPU time on your host The make utility mkpcp is a tool to maintain update and reconstruct groups of programs The make utility looks which files are out of date and only recreates these files to obtain the updated target Make process In order to build a target the make utility needs the following input e the target it should build specified as argument on the command line e the rules to build the target stored in a file usually called makefile In addition the make utility also reads the file mkpcp mk which contains predefined rules and macros See section 7 3 2 Writing a Makefile The makefile contains the relationships among your files called dependencies and the commands that are necessary to create each of the files called rules Typically the absolute object file e1f is updated when one
75. e most recently preceding dependency line A rule is a line with commands that are executed to build the associated target A target dependency line can be followed by one or more rules final sre final c target and dependency mv test c final c rulel cpcp final c rule2 You can precede a rule with one or more of the following characters does not echo the command line except if n is used the make utility ignores the exit code of the command ERRORLEVEL in MS DOS Normally the make utility stops if a non zero exit code is returned This is the same as specifying the option i on the command line or specifying the special IGNORE target The make utility uses a shell or COMMAND COM to execute the command If the is not followed by a shell line but the command is a DOS command or if redirection is used lt gt the shell line is passed to COMMAND COM anyway For UNIX redirection backquote parentheses and variables force the use of a shell You can force mkpcp to execute multiple command lines in one shell environment This is accomplished with the token combination For example cd c cpep bin ccpcp V 7 14 7 B PCP User s Manual The must always directly be followed by the token Whitespace is not removed when it is at the end of the previous command line or when it is in front of the next command line The use of the as an operator for a command like a sem
76. e reported but the assembler continues assembling No output files are produced unless you have set the assembler option keep output files the resulting output file may be incomplete Warnings Warning messages do not result into an erroneous assembly output file They are meant to draw your attention to assumptions of the assembler for a situation which may not be correct You can control warnings with assembler option w aspcp diag format all number See assembler option diag in section 5 2 Assembler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual 5 8 ASSEMBLER PCP User s Manual USING THE LINKER all TASKING M daLdVH Using the Linker 6 3 6 1 INTRODUCTION The linker Ipep is a combined linker locator The linker phase combines relocatable object files o files generated by the assembler and libraries into a single relocatable linker object file out The locator phase assigns absolute addresses to the linker object file and creates an absolute object file which you can load into a target processor From this point the term linker is used for the combined linker locator The linker takes the following files for input and output relocatable object file o m relocatable linker object file out relocatable object library a linker script file 1s1 gt linker gt linker map file map Ipcp F error messag
77. ee 6 4 6 2 1 Phased inking iieaoe ae hoe a Bek ed hed 6 6 6 2 2 Phase 2 sLOCatine sive Aves We eu oe dG its Sead 6 7 6 2 3 Linker Optimizations 0 0000 0 c cece eee 6 9 6 3 Calling the Linker siani eT aa tbe aca Cae ees 6 10 6 4 Linking with Libraries 00 000 cc eee 6 11 6 4 1 Specifying Libraries to the Linker 6 11 6 4 2 How the Linker Searches Libraries 6 12 6 4 3 How the Linker Extracts Objects from Libraries 6 13 6 5 Incremental Linking ununun naana c eee 6 14 Vil VIII Table of Contents 6 6 Linking the C Startup Code n aunas 0 00 00 000s 6 15 6 7 Controlling the Linker with a Script 6 15 6 7 1 Purpose of the Linker Script Language 6 15 6 7 2 Structure of a Linker Script File 6 16 6 7 3 The Architecture Definition Self Designed Cores 6 20 6 7 4 The Derivative Definition Self Designed Processors 6 23 6 7 5 The Memory Definition Defining External Memory 6 25 6 7 6 The Section Layout Definition Locating Sections 6 26 6 7 7 The Processor Definition Using Multi Processor SYSUGMS for 24 Pat Lie etna lub ot ag Moa akan a gon MUSE 6 30 6 8 Linker Labels 23 3 Sex eect Bao ten ko i S 6 31 6 9 Generating a Map File 0 ee 6 34 6 10 Linker Error Messages 00 0 eee 6 35 USING THE UTILITIES 7 1 7 1 TtrOdUCtON E E EEE E TEE E TIET EE 7 3 7 2 Control Program seisis eines MAS lee E EA 7 4
78. elect Path 4 In the Value field add the path where the executables are located to the existing path information Separate pathnames with a semicolon For example c cpcp bin 5 Click on the Set button then click OK 1 10 PCP User s Manual Example for Windows XP 2000 1 Right click on the My Computer icon on your desktop and select Properties from the menu The System Properties dialog appears 2 Select the Advanced tab 3 Click on the Environment Variables button The Environment Variables dialog appears 4 In the list of System variables select Path 5 Click on the Edit button The Edit System Variable dialog appears 6 In the Variable value field add the path where the executables are located to the existing path information Separate pathnames with a semicolon For example c cpep bin 7 Click on the OK button to accept the changes and close the dialogs Example for UNIX Enter the following line C shell setenv PATH PATH usr local cpcp bin Software Installation and Configuration 1 11 1 4 LICENSING TASKING PRODUCTS TASKING products are protected with license management software FLEXIm To use a TASKING product you must install the license key provided by TASKING for the type of license purchased You can run TASKING products with a node locked license or with a floating license When you order a TASKING product determine which type of license you need UNIX products only h
79. embler mode functions Function Description ASPCP Returns the name of the PCP assembler executable CPU siring Test if CPU type is selected DEF symbol symbol Returns 1 if symbol has been defined EXP expr Expression check INT expr Integer check LST LIST control flag value 3 8 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES AND CONTROLS An assembler directive is simply a message to the assembler Assembler directives are not translated into machine instructions There are three main groups of assembler directives e Assembler directives that tell the assembler how to go about translating instructions into machine code This is the most typical form of assembly directives Typically they tell the assembler where to put a program in memory what space to allocate for variables and allow you to initialize memory with data When the assembly source is assembled a location counter in the assembler keeps track of where the code and data is to go in memory The following directives fall under this group Assembly control directives Symbol definition directives 3 16 PCP User s Manual Data definition Storage allocation directives Debug directives Directives that are interpreted by the macro preprocessor These directives tell the macro preprocessor how to manipulate your assembly code before it is actually being assembled You can use these directives to write macros and to write conditional source code
80. es elk L relocatable linker object file out i memory definition fille mdf Intel Hex ELF DWARF 2 Motorola S record IEEE 695 absolute object file absolute object file absolute object file absolute object file hex elf esre abs Figure 6 1 Ipcp Linker This chapter first describes the linking process Then it describes how to call the linker and how to use its options An extensive list of all options and their descriptions is included in section 5 3 Linker Options of the Reference Manual To control the link process you can write a script for the linker This chapter shortly describes the purpose and basic principles of the Linker Script Language LSL on the basis of an example A complete description of the LSL is included in Chapter 8 Linker Script Language of the Reference Manual The end of the chapter describes how to generate a map file and contains an overview of the different types of messages of the linker 6 4 PCP User s Manual 7 6 2 LINKING PROCESS The linker combines and transforms relocatable object files 0 into a single absolute object file This process consists of two phases the linking phase and the locating phase In the first phase the linker combines the supplied relocatable object files and libraries into a single relocatable object file In the second phase the linker assigns absolute addresses to the object file so it can actually be loaded into a target Glossary of te
81. ession binary_operator expression wunary_operator expression PCP User s Manual expression function call All types of expressions are explained in separate sections 3 6 1 NUMERIC CONSTANTS Numeric constants can be used in expressions If there is no prefix the assembler assumes the number is a decimal number Base Description Example AR ar Oh me 0B1101 Binary OB or Ob followed by binary digits 0 1 0b11001010 0X or 0x followed by a hexadecimal OXI2EF Hexadecimal ie 0x45 digits 0 9 A F a f Ox9abe Decimal a 12 integer Decimal digits 0 9 1245 6E10 Decimal Includes a decimal point or an E or e 6 floating point followed by the exponent 3 14 2 7e10 3 6 2 STRINGS ASCII characters enclosed in single 7 or double quotes constitue an ASCII string Strings between double quotes allow symbol substitution by a DEFINE directive whereas strings between single quotes are always literal strings Both types of strings can contain escape characters Strings constants in expressions are evaluated to a number each character is replaced by its ASCII value Strings in expressions can have the size of a long word first 4 characters or less depending on the operand of an instruction or directive any subsequent characters in the string are ignored In this case the assembler issues a warning An exception to this rule is when a string longer than
82. f Contents SOFTWARE INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION 1 1 1 1 TatrOdUction osor RR A O E Bes 1 3 1 2 Software Installation 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 2 1 Installation for Windows 0000 c eee eee 1 3 1 2 2 Installation for Linux 0 0 0 ee 1 4 1 2 3 Installation for UNIX Hosts 0 0000 eee eee 1 6 13 Software Configuration 0 00 c eee 1 7 1 3 1 Configuring the Command Line Environment 1 8 1 4 Licensing TASKING Products 0 000000 0 1 11 1 4 1 Obtaining License Information 1 11 1 4 2 Installing Node Locked Licenses 1 12 1 4 3 Installing Floating Licenses 00000005 1 13 1 4 4 Modifying the License File Location 1 15 1 4 5 How to Determine the Host ID 4 1 16 1 4 6 How to Determine the Host Name 1 16 PCP C LANGUAGE 2 1 2 1 Introduction 3 7 8 cbr ree Ve hE AA hs ae a 2 3 2 2 Data hy pes iis aii wits Rinse ia estate AeA a Rte 2 3 2 3 Memory Qualifiers 0 00 00 0 cee ee 2 5 2 3 1 Declare a Data Object at an Absolute Address __at0 2 5 2 4 Intrinsic Functions e eenn eer ia e eaa 2 6 2 5 Using Assembly in the C Source _asmQ 2 9 2 6 Controlling the Compiler Pragmas 2 15 2 7 Predefined Macros 0 0 ccc eee eee 2 18 2 8 POINTES 55 Hoe ae ech in aed Tae had Bie BASS Aa aed onde aah 2 20 2 9 FUNCUOMNS lt tr ie ite ee NA ed tesa uae a de dlg
83. hange the C source itself See section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter 5 Tool Options of the Reference Manual The compiler recognizes the following pragmas other pragmas are ignored Pragma name Description alias symbol defined symbol Defines an alias for a symbol clear Specifies clearing of noclear non initialized static public variables compactmaxmatch value Controls the maximum size of a match extension isuffix Enables the language extension to specify imaginary floating point constants by adding an i to the constant extern symbol Forces an external reference inline Specifies function inlining noinline See section 2 9 1 Inlining smartinline Functions macro Turns macro expansion on nomacro default or off maxcalldepth value With this pragma you can control the maximum call depth Default is infinite 1 message string Emits a message to standard output novector Do not generate channel vectors and channel context See compiler option novector PCP C Language Pragma name Description protect endprotect Protect sections against linker optimizations This excludes a section from unreferenced section removal and duplicate section removal by the linker optimize flags endoptimize Controls compiler optimizations See section 4 3 Compiler Optimizations in Chapter Using the Compiler section endsection Changes
84. he LSL file supplied for the target core you can specify this in a separate LSL file and pass both the LSL file that describes the core architecture and your LSL file that contains the memory specification to the linker 6 7 6 THE SECTION LAYOUT DEFINITION LOCATING SECTIONS Once you have defined the internal core architecture and optional external memory you can actually define where your application must be located in the physical memory During compilation the compiler divides the application into sections Sections have a name an indication in which address space it should be located and attributes like writable or read only Using the Linker 6 27 In the section layout definition you can exactly define how input sections are placed in address spaces relative to each other and what their absolute run time and load time addresses will be To illustrate section placement the following example of a C program is used Example section propagation through the toolchain To illustrate section placement the following example of a C program bat c is used The program saves the number of times it has been executed in battery back upped memory and prints the number define BATTERY _BACKUP_TAG Oxa5f0 include lt stdio h gt int uninitialized data int initialized_data 1 pragma section data non volatile pragma noclear int battery backup_tag int battery backup_invok pragma clear pragma section all v
85. he build number RRR is the major branch number and rrr is the minor branch number Examples Build 134 gt 134000000 Build 22 1 4 gt 22001004 CPCP Identifies the compiler You can use this symbol to flag parts of the source which must be recognized by the cpcp assembler only It expands to 1 CPU__ Expands to a string with the CPU supplied with the option cpu When no cpu is supplied this symbol is not defined CORE Expands to a string with the core depending on the C compiler options option cpu The symbol expands to pcp2 when the option cpu is not specified _ DATE__ Expands to the compilation date mmm dd yyyy __DOUBLE_FP__ Expands to 0 The PCP always treats a double as float FLE Expands to the current source file name UNE Expands to the line number of the line where this macro is called REVISION Expands to the revision number of the compiler Digits are represented as they are characters for prototypes alphas betas are represented by 1 Examples v1 0r1 gt 1 v1 0rb gt 1 __SFRFILE__ cpu This macro expands to the filename of the used SFR file including the lt gt The cpu is the argument of the macro For example if cpu tc1920b is specified the macro SFRFILE__ __CPU___ expands to __SFRFILE__ tc1920b which expands to lt regtcl1920b sfr gt __SINGLE_FP_ Expands to 1 The PCP compiler always treats a
86. he control program interprets itself The control program however can also pass an option directly to a tool Such an option is not interpreted by the control program but by the tool itself The next example illustrates how an option is passed directly to the linker to link a user defined library ccpcp Wl lmylib test c Use the following options to pass arguments to the various tools Description Option Pass argument directly to the C compiler Wcarg Pass argument directly to the assembler Waarg Pass argument directly to the PCP assembler Wpcparg Pass argument directly to the linker Wlarg Table 7 1 Control program options to pass an option directly to a tool LN If you specify an unknown option to the control program the control program looks if it is an option for a specific tool If so it passes the option directly to the tool However it is recommended to use the control program options to passing arguments directly to tools 7 6 db PCP User s Manual With the environment variable CCPCPOPT you can define options and or arguments that the control programs always processes before the command line arguments For example if you use the control program always with the option no map file do not generate a linker map file you can specify no map file to the environment variable CCPCPOPT See section 1 3 1 Configuring the Command Line Environment in Chapter Software Installation Using th
87. he linker Phases of the assembly process 1 2 3 Preprocess directives Check syntax of instructions Instruction grouping and reordering Optimization instruction size and generic instructions Generation of the relocatable object file and optionally a list file The assembler integrates file inclusion and macro facilities See section 3 10 Macro Operations in Chapter PCP Assembly Language for more information 5 4 PCP User s Manual 7 5 3 ASSEMBLER OPTIMIZATIONS The aspcep assembler performs various optimizations to reduce the size of the assembled applications There are two options available to influence the degree of optimization d gt See also option O optimize in section 5 2 Assembler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual Allow generic instructions option Og OG When this option is enabled you can use generic instructions in your assembly source The assembler tries to replace the generic instructions by faster or smaller instructions By default this option is enabled Because shorter instructions may influence the number of cycles you may want to disable this option when you have written timed code In that case the assembler encodes all instructions as they are Optimize instruction size option Os OS When this option is enabled the assembler tries to find the shortest possible operand encoding for instructions By default this option is enabled 5 4 CALLING
88. he make utility now creates test o by executing the rule for it aspcp test src 4 There are no other files necessary to create test e1f so the make utility now can use test o to create test elf by executing the rule lpcp otest elf test o lc lfp The make utility has now built test e1 but it only used the assembler to update test o and the linker to create test elf If you compare this to the control program ccpcp test c This invocation has the same effect but now all files are recompiled assembled linked and located Using the Utilities 7 9 7 3 1 CALLING THE MAKE UTILITY You can only call the make utility from the command line The invocation syntax is mkpcp options targets macro def For example mkpcp test elf target You can specify any target that is defined in the makefile A target can also be one of the intermediate files specified in the makefile macro def Macro definition This definition remains fixed for the mkpcp invocation It overrides any regular definitions for the specified macro within the makefiles and from the environment It is inherited by subordinate mkpcp s but act as an environment variable for these That is depending on the e setting it may be overridden by a makefile definition Exit status The make utility returns an exit status of 1 when it halts as a result of an error Otherwise it returns an exit status of 0 Options of the make utility The following
89. hould never occur When you still receive the system error message Ss9 internal consistency check failed please report please report the error number and as many details as possible about the context in which the error occurred cpcp diag format all number See compiler option diag in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual 4 14 COMPILER PCP User s Manual USING THE ASSEMBLER all TASKING M ddaLdVH Using the Assembler 5 3 5 1 INTRODUCTION The assembler converts hand written or compiler generated assembly language programs into machine language using the Executable and Linking Format ELF for object files The assembler takes the following files for input and output assembly file 7 Src assembly file asm y hand coded assembler e listfile 1st aspcp gt error messages ers relocatable object file rare Figure 5 1 Assembler This chapter first describes the assembly process The various assembler optimizations are described in the second section Third it is described how to call the assembler and how to use its options An extensive list of all options and their descriptions is included in the Reference Manual Finally a few important basic tasks are described 5 2 ASSEMBLY PROCESS The assembler generates relocatable output files with the extension o These files serve as input for t
90. i processor embedded system The processor definition explicitly instantiates a derivative allowing multiple processors of the same type processor proc_name derivative deriv_name If no processor definition is available that instantiates a derivative a processor is created with the same name as the derivative Using the Linker 6 8 LINKER LABELS 6 The linker creates labels that you can use to refer to from within the application software Some of these labels are real labels at the beginning or the end of a section Other labels have a second function these labels are used to address generated data in the locating phase The data is only generated if the label is used Linker labels are labels starting with _Ic_ The linker assigns addresses to the following labels when they are referenced Label Description _lc_ub_ name _lc_b_name Begin of section name Also used to mark the begin of the stack or heap or copy table _lc_ue_name _lc_e name End of section name Also used to mark the end of the stack or heap _le_cb_ name Start address of an overlay section in ROM _lce_ce_name End address of an overlay section in ROM _1lc_gb_name Begin of group name This label appears in the output file even if no reference to the label exists in the input file _le_ge_name End of group name This label appears in the output file even if no reference to the label exists
91. ibrary C does not exist Preserve last modified date from the library 0 Print symbols in library modules s 0 1 Replace only newer modules u Verbose vV Using the Utilities 7 23 Description Option Sub option Miscellaneous Display options Display version header V Read options from file f file Suppress warnings above level n wn Table 7 3 Overview of archiver options and sub options db For a complete list and description of all archiver options see section 5 6 Archiver Options in Chapter Tool Options of the Reference Manual 7 24 PCP User s Manual 7 4 2 EXAMPLES Create a new library If you add modules to a library that does not yet exist the library is created To create a new library with the name mylib a and add the object modules cstart o and calc o to it arpcp r mylib a cstart o calc o Add anew module to an existing library If you add a new module to an existing library the module is added at the end of the module If the module already exists in the library it is replaced arpcp r mylib a mod3 o Print a list of object modules in the library To inspect the contents of the library arpcp t mylib a The library has the following contents cstart o calc o mod3 o Move an object module to another position To move mod3 o to the beginning of the library position it just before cstart o arpcp mb cstart o mylib a mod3 o Delete an object
92. icolon separated list with each item on one line and the as a layout tool is not supported unless they are separated with whitespace The make utility can generate inline temporary files If a line contains lt lt LABEL no whitespaces then all subsequent lines are placed in a temporary file until the line LABEL is encountered Next lt lt LABEL is replaced by the name of the temporary file Example lpcp o f lt lt EOF separate n match o separate n match a LKFLAGS EOF The three lines between lt lt EOF and EOF are written to a temporary file for example mkce4c0a tmp and the rule is rewritten as lpcp o f mkce4cO0a tmp Instead of specifying a specific target you can also define a general target A general target specifies the rules to generate a file with extension ex1 to a file with extension ex2 For example SUFFIXES c c Sre cpcp lt Read this as to build a file with extension sre out of a file with extension c call the compiler with lt lt is a predefined macro that is replaced with the name of the current dependency file The special target SUFFIXES is followed by a list of file extensions of the files that are required to build the target Implicit Rules Implicit rules are stored in the system makefile mkpcp mk and are intimately tied to the SUFFIXES special target Each dependency that follows the SUFFIXES target define
93. ion extern PCP printf_int extern PCP_ data_ printf Module end end Section placement The number of invocations of the example program should be saved in non volatile battery back upped memory This is the memory my _nvsram from the example in the previous section To control the locating of sections you need to write one or more section definitions in the LSL file At least one for each address space where you want to change the default behavior of the linker In our example we need to locate sections in the address space abs18 section_layout abs18 Section placement statements 6 30 PCP User s Manual To locate sections you must create a group in which you select sections from your program For the battery back up example we need to define one group which contains the section pepdata non_volatile All other sections are located using the defaults specified in the architecture definition Section pepdata non_volatile should be placed in non volatile ram To achieve this the run address refers to our non volatile memory called my_nvsram group ordered run_addr mem my_nvsram select pcpdata non_ volatile For a complete description of the Linker Script Language refer to Chapter 8 Linker Script Language in the Reference Manual 6 7 7 THE PROCESSOR DEFINITION USING MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEMS The processor definition is only needed when you write an LSL file for a mult
94. ion sub option library object_file key_option With a key option you specify the main task which the archiver should perform You must always specify a key option 7 22 sub_option library object_file PCP User s Manual Sub options specify into more detail how the archiver should perform the task that is specified with the key option It is not obligatory to specify sub options The name of the library file on which the archiver performs the specified action You must always specify a library name except for the option and V When the library is not in the current directory specify the complete path either absolute or relative to the library The name of an object file You must always specify an object file name when you add extract replace or remove an object file from the library Options of the archiver utility The following archiver options are available Description Option Sub option Main functions key options Replace or add an object module r a b c u v Extract an object module from the library X V Delete object module from library d vV Move object module to another position m a b v Print a table of contents of the library t s0 s1 Print object module to standard output p Sub options Append or move new modules after existing a name module name Append or move new modules before b name existing module name Create library without notification if l
95. ional values String functions compare strings return the length of a string and return the position of a substring within a string Macro functions return information about macros Address calculation functions return the high or low part of an address Assembler mode functions relating assembler operation The following tables provide an overview of all built in assembler functions For a detailed description of these functions see section 3 2 Built in Assembly Function in Chapter Assembly Language of the Reference Manual PCP Assembly Language Overview of mathematical functions Function Description ABS expr Absolute value ACS expr Arc cosine ASN expr Arc sine AT2 expr1 expr2 Arc tangent ATN expr Arc tangent CEL expr Ceiling function COH expr Hyperbolic cosine COS expr Cosine FLR expr Floor function L10 expr Log base 10 LOG expr Natural logarithm MAX expr exprN MIN expr exprN POW expr1 expr2 RND SGN expr SIN expr SNH expr SAQAT expr TAN expr TNH expr XPN expr Maximum value Minimum value Raise to a power Random value Returns the sign of an expression as 1 0 or 1 Sine Hyperbolic sine Square root Tangent Hyperbolic tangent Exponential function raise e to a power 3 14 7 PCP User s Manual Overview of conversion functions Function Description CVF expr Conver
96. ions You can rename sections with a pragma or on the command line Command line rename sections ype ormat_string type format_string d gt compiler option rename sections in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options Pragma pragma section type ormat_string type format_string PCP C Language 2 27 With the section type you select which sections are renamed The matching sections will get the specified format string for the section name The format string may contain the following format specifiers attrib section attributes separated by underscores module module name name object name name of variable or function type section type Some examples file test c pragma section data module type attrib int x Section name pcpdata test_data_data_clear pragma section data _cpcp module name int status Section name pcpdata cpcp test status pragma section data RENAMED name int barcode Section name pcpdata RENAMED barcode pragma endsection With the endsection pragma the default section name is restored Nesting of pragma section pragma endsection pairs saves the status of the previous level Example example c char a allocated in pcpdata data pragma section data MyDataDatal char b allocated in pcpdata MyDataDatal pragma section data MyDataData2 char c allocated in pcpdata MyDataData2 pragma endsection ch
97. iption DUP Duplicate sequence of source lines DUPA Duplicate sequence with arguments DUPC Duplicate sequence with characters DUPF Duplicate sequence in loop ENDM End of macro or duplicate sequence EXITM Exit macro IF ELIF ELSE ENDIF Conditional assembly MACRO Define macro PMACRO Undefine purge macro Overview of debug directives Function Description CALLS Passes call information to object file Used by the linker to build a call graph MISRAC Pass MISRA C information PCP Assembly Language 3 19 3 8 2 OVERVIEW OF ASSEMBLER CONTROLS The following tables provide an overview of all assembler controls For a detailed description see section 3 3 4 Detailed Description of Assembler Controls in Chapter Assembly Language of the Reference Manual Overview of assembler listing controls Function Description LIST ON OFF Generation of assembly list file temporary ON OFF LIST flags Exclude include lines in assembly list file PAGE Generate formfeed in assembly list file PAGE settings Define page layout for assemly list file PRCTL Send control string to printer STITLE H program subtitle in header of assembly list ile TITLE Set program title in headerof assembly list file Overview of miscellaneous assembler controls Function Description DEBUG ON OFF Generation of symbolic debug ON OFF DEBUG flags Generation of symbolic debug ON OF
98. ize and execution speed can be optimized To enable or disable optimizations use the linker option O optimize in section 5 3 Linker Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual First fit decreasing option Ol OL When the physical memory is fragmented or when address spaces are nested it may be possible that a given application cannot be located although the size of available physical memory is larger than the sum of the section sizes Enable the first fit decreasing optimization when this occurs and re link your application The linker s default behavior is to place sections in the order that is specified in the LSL file that is working from low to high memory addresses or vice versa This also applies to sections within an unrestricted group If a memory range is partially filled and a section must be located that is larger than the remainder of this range then the section and all subsequent sections are placed in a next memory range As a result of this gaps occur at the end of a memory range When the first fit decreasing optimization is enabled the linker will first place the largest sections in the smallest memory ranges that can contain the section Small sections are located last and can likely fit in the remaining gaps Copy table compression option Ot OT The startup code initializes the application s data and BSS areas The information about which memory addresses should be zeroed bss and whi
99. ld be placed in the physical memory Embedded systems can have complex memory systems If for example on chip and off chip memory devices are available the code and data located in internal memory is typically accessed faster and with dissipating less power To improve the performance of an application specific code and data sections should be located in on chip memory By writing your own LSL file you gain full control over the locating process The underlying hardware architecture of the target processor To perform its task the linker must have a model of the underlying hardware architecture of the processor you are using For example the linker must know how to translate an address used within the object file a logical address into an offset in a particular memory device a physical address In most linkers this model is hard coded in the executable and can not be modified For the lpep linker this hardware model is described in the linker script file This solution is chosen to support configurable cores that are used in system on chip designs Using the Linker When you want to write your own linker script file you can use the standard linker script files with architecture descriptions delivered with the product d gt See also section 6 7 Controlling the Linker with a Script 6 2 3 LINKER OPTIMIZATIONS During the linking and locating phase the linker looks for opportunities to optimize the object code Both code s
100. lowing command dpkg i sw deb This will install or upgrade all products in a subdirectory of the default installation directory usr local Tar gz Installation 1 4 Login as a user Be sure you have read write and execute permissions in the installation directory Otherwise login as root or use the su command Insert the CD ROM into the CD ROM drive Mount the CD ROM on a directory for example cdrom See the Linux manual pages about mount for details Go to the directory on which the CD ROM is mounted cd cdrom To install the products from the tar gz files in the directory usr local issue the following command for each product tar xzf SWproduct version tar gz C usr local Every tar gz file creates a single directory in the directory where it is extracted 1 6 E PCP User s Manual 1 2 3 INSTALLATION FOR UNIX HOSTS 1 Login as a user Be sure you have read write and execute permissions in the installation directory Otherwise login as root or use the su command If you are a first time user decide where you want to install the product By default it will be installed in usr local Insert the CD ROM into the CD ROM drive and mount the CD ROM on a directory for example cdrom Be sure to use an ISO 9660 file system with Rock Ridge extensions enabled See the UNIX manual pages about mount for details Go to the directory on which the CD ROM is mounted cd cdrom Run
101. me is equal to the generated section type that is prefixed with pcptext for code and pcepdata for data You can change section names with the pragma section or with the command line option rename sections PCP C Language 2 21 2 9 FUNCTIONS 2 9 1 INLINING FUNCTIONS INLINE With the compiler option optimize inline Oi the compiler automatically inlines small functions to reduce execution time The compiler inserts the function body at the place the function is called If the function is not called at all the compiler does not generate code for it With the inline keyword you tell the compiler to inline the function body instead of calling the function Use the __ noinline keyword to tell the compiler not to inline the function body These keywords overrule the compiler option optimize tinline You must define inline functions in the same source module as in which you call the function because the compiler only inlines a function in the module that contains the function definition When you need to call the inline function from several source modules you must include the definition of the inline function in each module for example using a header file Example inline int w X Y 2Z inline int add int a int b int i 4 return a b void main void w add 1 2 z add x y The function add is defined before it is called The compiler inserts optimized code for bo
102. ment Lists For functions with a variable argument list the last fixed parameter and all subsequent parameters must be pushed on the stack For parameters before the last fixed parameter the normal parameter passing rules apply Variable arguments are not supported for in direct function calls due to the static stack implementation The following table summarize the registers used by the PCP compiler cpcp PCP C Language Register Class Usage RO caller saves Parameter passing automatic variables R1 caller saves Parameter passing automatic variables and return values R2 callee saves Automatic variables stack frame pointer and function return address R3 caller saves Parameter passing automatic variables R4 caller saves Parameter passing and automatic variables R5 caller saves Automatic variables and function return code compaction R6 caller saves Parameter passing and automatic variables and return buffer R7 special purpose PC CC DPTR Table 2 5 Register usage Registers are classified caller saves callee saves and special purpose Class Usage caller saves These registers are allowed to be changed by a function without saving the contents Therefore the calling function must save these registers when necessary prior to a function call callee saves Registers must be saved by the called function i e the caller expects them not to bechanged after the functi
103. name of the directory where mkpcp is installed You can use this macro to refer to files belonging to the product for example a library source file DOPRINT PRODDIR lib src _doprint c When mkpcp is installed in the directory cpep bin this line expands to DOPRINT cpcp lib src _doprint c Using the Utilities 7 17 SHELLCMD_ Holds the default list of commands which are local to the SHELL If a rule is an invocation of one of these commands a SHELL is automatically spawned to handle it TMP_CCPROG Holds the name of the control program cepep If this macro and the TMP_CCOPT macro are set and the command line argument list for the control program exceeds 127 characters then mkpcp creates a temporary file with the command line arguments mkpcp calls the control program with the temporary file as command input file TMP_CCOPT Holds f the control program option that tells it to read options from a file This macro is only available for the Windows command prompt version of mkpcp This macro translates to a dollar sign Thus you can use in the makefile to represent a single There are several dynamically maintained macros that are useful as abbreviations within rules It is best not to define them explicitly The basename of the current target lt The name of the current dependency file The name of the current target The names of dependents which are younger than the target The
104. names of all dependents The lt and macros are normally used for implicit rules They may be unreliable when used within explicit target command lines All macros may be suffixed with F to specify the Filename components e g F F Likewise the macros lt and may be suffixed by D to specify the directory component oN The result of the macro is always without double quotes regardless of the original target having double quotes C around it or not The result of using the suffix F Filename component or D Directory component is also always without double quotes C regardless of the original contents having double quotes around it or not 7 18 7 Functions PCP User s Manual A function not only expands but also performs a certain operation Functions syntactically look like macros but have embedded spaces in the macro name e g match arg arg2 arg3 Y All functions are built in and currently there are five of them match separate protect exist and nexist match separate protect The match function yields all arguments which match a certain suffix match o prog o sub o mylib a yields prog o sub o The separate function concatenates its arguments using the first argument as the separator If the first argument is enclosed in double quotes then n is interpreted as a newline character t is interpreted as a tab ooo is interpreted as an octal
105. ncorrect code for the registers involved If you want to create a loop with __asm the whole loop must be contained in a single __asm statement The same counts for conditional jumps As a rule of thumb all references to a label in an __ asm statement must be in that same statement Example 1 no input or output A simple example without input or output parameters You can just output any assembly instruction __asm nop Generated code nop Example 2 using output parameters Assign the result of inline assembly to a variable With the constraint w a word register is chosen for the parameter the compiler decides which word register it uses The 0 in the instruction template is replaced with the name of this word register Finally the compiler generates code to assign the result to the output variable int result void main void __asm mov 0 0xFF w result Generated assembly code mov r5 0xFF ldl il r7 DPTR _PCP_result st pi 4r5 _PCP_result jc ia r2 cc_uc 2 12 7 PCP User s Manual Example 3 using input and output parameters Multiply two C variables and assign the result to a third C variable Word registers are necessary for the input and output parameters constraint w 30 for result 1 for a and 2 for b in the instruction template The compiler generates code to move the input expressions into the input registers and to assign the result to the output variable
106. nd Structure xI CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS MANUAL Notation for syntax The following notation is used to describe the syntax of command line input bold italics Example Type this part of the syntax literally Substitute the italic word by an instance For example filename Type the name of a file in place of the word filename Encloses a list from which you must choose an item Encloses items that are optional For example cpcp Both cpcp and cpcp are valid commands Separates items in a list Read it as OR You can repeat the preceding item zero or more times You can repeat the preceding item zero or more times separating each item with a comma cpcp option filename You can read this line as follows enter the command cpcp with or without an option follow this by zero or more options and specify a filename cpcp cpcp cpcp Not valid is cpcp 9 The following input lines are all valid test c g test c E test c According to the syntax description you have to specify a filename XII PCP User s Manual Icons The following illustrations are used in this manual AN Note notes give you extra information Warning read the information carefully It prevents you from making serious mistakes or from loosing information E Command line type your input on the command line d gt Reference follow this reference to find related topics Manual Purpose and Structu
107. nd how the definitions are interrelated A derivative is the design of a processor as implemented on a chip or FPGA It comprises one or more cores and on chip memory The derivative definition includes e core definition the core architecture e bus definition the I O buses of the core architecture e memory definitions internal or on chip memory Core Each derivative must have a specification of its core architecture This core architecture must be defined somewhere in the LSL file s core tc architecture TC1V1 3 Bus Each derivative must contain a bus definition for connecting external memory In this example the bus fpi_bus maps to the bus fpi_bus defined in the architecture definition of core tc 6 24 e PCP User s Manual bus fpi_bus mau 8 width 32 map dest bus tc fpi_bus dest_offset 0 size 4G Memory 0xF0020000 h NY code p 0 mau 8 ge a 5e 0x04000 Figure 6 3 Internal memory definition for a derivative According to the drawing the TriCore contains internal memory called pcode with a size 0x04000 16k This is physical memory which is mapped to the internal bus pcp_code_bus and to the fpi_bus so both the tc unit and the pcp can access the memory memory pcode mau 8 size 16k type ram map dest bus tc fpi_bus dest_offset 0xF0020000 size 16k map dest bus tc pcp code_bus size 16k Using the Linker
108. nd the library because it is not in the specified library directory or because no directory is specified it looks which paths were set during installation You can still change these paths if you like Using the Linker 6 13 3 When the linker did not find the library it tries the default lib directory which was created during installation or a processor specific sub directory User library If you use your own library the linker searches the library in the current directory only 6 4 3 HOW THE LINKER EXTRACTS OBJECTS FROM LIBRARIES A library built with arpcp always contains an index part at the beginning of the library The linker scans this index while searching for unresolved externals However to keep the index as small as possible only the defined symbols of the library members are recorded in this area When the linker finds a symbol that matches an unresolved external the corresponding object file is extracted from the library and is processed After processing the object file the remaining library index is searched If after a complete search of the library unresolved externals are introduced the library index will be scanned again After all files and libraries are processed and there are still unresolved externals and you did not specify the linker option no rescan all libraries are rescanned again This way you do not have to worry about the library order on the command line and the order of the object files
109. ns one symbol definition for example a function Using the Linker Term Definition Logical address LSL file MAU Object code Physical address Processor Relocatable object file Relocation Relocation information Section Section attributes Target Unresolved reference An address as encoded in an instruction word an address generated by a core CPU The set of linker script files that are passed to the linker Minimum Addressable Unit For a given processor the number of bits between an address and the next address This is not necessarily a byte or a word The binary machine language representation of the C source An addresses generated by the memory system An instance of a derivative Usually implemented as a custom chip but can also be implemented in an FPGA in which case the derivative can be designed by the developer Object code in which addresses are represented by symbols and thus relocatable The process of assigning absolute addresses Information about how the linker must modify the machine code instructions when it relocates addresses A group of instructions and or data objects that occupy a contiguous range of addresses Attributes that define how the section should be linked or located The hardware board on which an application is executing A board contains at least one processor However a complex target may contain multiple processors an
110. nsists of three parts e Header which assigns a name to the macro and defines the arguments e Body which contains the code or instructions to be inserted when te macro is called e Terminator which indicates the end of the macro definition ENDM directive A macro definition takes the following form Header macro_name MACRO arg arg comment Body source statements Terminator ENDM If the macro name is the same as an existing assembler directive or mnemonic opcode the assembler replaces the directive or mnemonic opcode with the macro and issues a warning The arguments are symbolic names that the macro preprocessor replaces with the literal arguments when the macro is expanded called Each argument must follow the same rules as global symbol names Argument names cannot start with a percent sign PCP Assembly Language 3 23 Example The macro definition CONSTD MACRO reg value header ldl iu reg hi value body ldl il reg lo value ENDM terminator The macro call SDECL pcptext code SECT pcptext CONSTD 1 5 0x12345678 END The macro expands as follows ldl iu r5 hi 0x12345678 ldl il r5 1lo0 0x12345678 3 10 2 CALLING A MACRO To invoke a macro construct a source statement with the following format label macro_name arg arg 7 comment where label An optional label that corresponds to the value of the location counter at the start of the ma
111. ntence Single quotes prevent expansion so the first MESSAGE is not stated as is In the double quoted MESSAGE first the define LONG is expanded to short and then the argument STRING is substituted by sentence Macro Local Label Override Operator If you use labels in macros the assembler normally generates another unique name for the labels such as LAB__M_L0000001 The macro operator prevents name mangling on macro local labels Consider the following macro definition INIT MACRO ARG CNT LD I R5 0X1 LAB WORD ARG ADD I R5 0X1 COMP I R5 CNT JC LAB CC_NZ ENDM The macro is called as follows INIT 2 4 The macro expands as LD I R5 0X1 LAB WORD 2 ADD I R5 0X1 COMP I R5 4 Jc LAB CC_NZ Without the operator the macro preprocessor would choose another name for LAB because the label already exists The macro then would expand like PCP Assembly Language 3 29 LD I R5 0X1 LAB M L000001 WORD 2 ADD I R5 0X1 COMP I R5 4 Jc LAB M L000001 CC_NZ 3 10 4 USING THE DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF db DIRECTIVES AS MACROS The DUP DUPA DUPC and DUPF directives are specialized macro forms to repeat a block of source statements You can think of them as a simultaneous definition and call of an unnamed macro The source statements between the DUP DUPA DUPC and DUPF directives and the ENDM directive follow the same rules as macro definitions For a detailed desc
112. obably not need to program the architecture definition unless you are building your own processor core it helps to understand the Linker Script Language and how the definitions are interrelated Within an architecture definition the characteristics of a target processor core that are important for the linking process are defined These include e space definitions the logical address spaces and their properties e bus definitions the I O buses of the core architecture e mappings the address translations between logical address spaces the connections between logical address spaces and buses and the address translations between buses Address spaces A logical address space is a memory range for which the core has a separate way to encode an address into instructions Most microcontrollers and DSPs support multiple address spaces An address space is a range of addresses starting from zero Normally the size of an address space is to 2N with N the number of bits used to encode the addresses The relation of an address space with another address space can be one of the following e one space is a subset of the other These are often used for small absolute and relative addressing e the addresses in the two address spaces represent different locations so they do not overlap This means the core must have separate sets of address lines for the address spaces For example in Harvard architectures we can identify at least a code
113. of its dependencies has changed The absolute file depends on o files and libraries that must be linked together The o files on their turn depend on src files that must be assembled and finally src files depend on the C source files c that must be compiled In the makefile makefile this looks like test src test c dependency cpcp test c rule test o test src aspcp test src test elf test o lpcp otest elf test o lc lfp 7 8 7 PCP User s Manual You can use any command that is valid on the command line as a rule in the makefile So rules are not restricted to invocation of the toolchain Example b To build the target test e1f call mkpcp with one of the following lines mkpcp test elf mkpcp f mymake mak test elf By default the make utility reads makefile so you do not need to specify it on the command line If you want to use another name for the makefile use the option f my_makefile If you do not specify a target mkpcp uses the first target defined in the makefile In this example it would build test src instead of test elf The make utility now tries to build test e1f based on the makefile and peforms the following steps 1 From the makefile the make utility reads that test e1f depends on test o 2 If test o does not exist or is out of date the make utility first tries to build this file and reads from the makefile test o depends on test src 3 If test src does exist t
114. oid main void if battery _backup_tag BATTERY _BACKUP_TAG battery back upped memory area contains invalid data initialize the memory battery backup_tag BATTERY_BACKUP_TAG battery_backup_invok 0 printf This application has been invoked d times n battery _backup_invok The compiler assigns names and attributes to sections With the pragma section date name the compiler s default section naming convention is overruled and a section with the name non_volatile is defined In this section the battery back upped data is stored By default the compiler creates the section pcpdata data to store uninitialized data objects As a result of the pragma section data non volatile the data objects between the pragma pair are placed in pcepdata non_ volatile Note that sections are cleared at startup However battery back upped sections should not be cleared and therefore we used the pragma noclear 6 28 7 PCP User s Manual The generated assembly may look like name test3 c sdecl _PCP_main data overlay stack_data sect _ PCP _ main _PCP_999001__3 type object Space 1 End of section sdecl pcptext data code sect peptext data global _PCP_main Function _PCP_main _PCP_main type func ldl il r7 DPTR _PCP__999001_ 3 st pi r2 _PCP__999001__ 3 ldl iu r1r5 HI 0xa5f0 1ldl il 1r5 LO 0xa5f0 ldl il 4r7 DPTR _PCP
115. om the command line either using a Windows command prompt or using Linux or UNIX you can set environment variables You can set the following variables Environment Variable Description PATH With this variable you specify the directory in which the executables reside for example c cpcp bin This allows you to call the executables when you are not in the bin directory Usually your system already uses the PATH variable for other purposes To keep these settings you need to add rather than replace the path Use a semicolon to separate pathnames CPCPINC With this variable you specify one or more additional directories in which the C compiler cpcp looks for include files The compiler first looks in these directories then always looks in the default include directory relative to the installation directory ASPCPINC With this variable you specify one or more additional directories in which the assembler aspep looks for include files The assembler first looks in these directories then always looks in the default include directory relative to the installation directory CCPCPBIN With this variable you specify the directory in which the control program cepep looks for the executable tools The path you specify here should match the path that you specified for the PATH variable CCPCPOPT With this variable you specify options and or arguments to each invocation of the control program
116. omplete list and description of all control program options see section 5 5 Make Utility Options in Chapter Tool Options of the Reference Manual 7 3 2 WRITING A MAKEFILE In addition to the standard makefile makefile the make utility always reads the makefile mkpcp mk before other inputs This system makefile contains implicit rules and predefined macros that you can use in the makefile makefile AN With the option r Do not read the mkpcp mk file you can prevent the make utility from reading mkpcp mk The default name of the makefile is makefile in the current directory If on a UNIX system this file is not found the file Makefile is used as the default If you want to use other makefiles use the option f my_makefile Using the Utilities 7 11 The makefile can contain a mixture of targets and dependencies e rules macro definitions or functions e comment lines include lines e export lines To continue a line on the next line terminate it with a backslash this comment line is continued on the next line If a line must end with a backslash add an empty macro this comment line ends with a backslash EMPTY this is a new line Targets and dependencies The basis of the makefile is a set of targets dependencies and rules A target entry in the makefile has the following format target dependency rule rule Target lines must always start at the beginning of a line
117. on call special purpose The purpose of R7 is defined by the PCP core Table 2 6 Register classes Stack Usage The stack is used for parameter passing allocation of automatics temporary storage and storing the function return address The compiler uses a static stack Overlay sections are generated by the compiler to contain the stack objects The overlay sections are overlayed by the linker using a call graph 2 25 2 26 PCP User s Manual 7 2 10 COMPILER GENERATED SECTIONS Section names The compiler uses the section type as default section names The section names are prefixed with ELF pcp space names Section name syntax pcp_space_name section_type The pep space names are pcpdata or peptext The section types are code or data The names are independent of the section attributes such as clear init max and overlay Section names are case sensitive By default the sections are not concatenated by the linker This means that multiple sections with the same name may exist At link time sections with different attributes can be selected by their attributes The linker may remove unreferenced sections from the application Overlay sections For static stack overlay sections the compiler uses a different section naming convention The section name equals to the function name in which the overlay section is allocated Overlay section name syntax pepdata function_name Renaming sect
118. on with the following C compiler option misrac version 1998 For a complete overview of all MISRA C rules see Chapter 9 MISRA C Rules in the Reference Manual Implementation issues The MISRA C implementation in the compiler supports nearly all rules Only a few rules are not supported because they address documentation run time behavior or other issues that cannot be checked by static source code inspection or because they require an application wide overview During compilation of the code violations of the enabled MISRA C rules are indicated with error messages and the build process is halted MISRA C rules are divided in required rules and advisory rules If rules are violated errors are generated causing the compiler to stop With the following options warnings instead of errors are ggenerated for either or both the required rules and the advisory rules misrac required warnings misrac advisory warnings 4 12 7 B PCP User s Manual Note that not all MISRA C violations will be reported when other errors are detected in the input source For instance when there is a syntax error all semantic checks will be skipped including some of the MISRA C checks Also note that some checks cannot be performed when the optimizations are switched off Quality Assurance report To ensure compliance to the MISRA C rules throughout the entire project the TASKING PCP linker can generate a MISRA C Quality Assurance
119. ore the operator is applied The result is a floating point value 3 10 PCP User s Manual Type Oper Name Description ator parentheses Expressions enclosed by parenthesis are evaluated first Unary plus Returns the value of its operand minus Returns the negative of its operand complement Returns complement integer only logical negate Returns 1 if the operands value is 0 otherwise 0 For example if buf is 0 then tbuf is 1 Arithmetic multiplication Yields the product of two operands division Yields the quotient of the division of the first operand by the second With integers the divide operation produces a truncated integer modulo Integer only yields the remainder from a division of the first operand by the second addtion Yields the sum of its operands subtraction Yields the difference of its operands Shift lt lt shift left Integer only shifts the left operand to the left zero filled by the number of bits specified by the right operand gt gt shift right Integer only shifts the left operand to the right sign bit extended by the number of bits specified by the right operand Relational lt less than If the indicated condition is lt less or equal True result is an integer 1 gt greater than False result is an integer 0 gt greater or equal Be cautious when you use equal not equal floating point values in an equality
120. orter sequences rearranges instructions and deletes unnecessary instructions Register allocator phase This phase chooses a physical register to use for each virtual register The backend optimization phase Performs target processor independent and dependent optimizations which operate on the Low level Intermediate Language The code generation formatter phase This phase reads through the LIL operations to generate assembly language output 4 3 COMPILER OPTIMIZATIONS The compiler has a number of optimizations which you can enable or disable To enable or disable optimizations cpcp test c Oflag Optimization pragmas If you specify a certain optimization all code in the module is subject to that optimization Within the C source file you can overrule the compiler options for optimizations with pragma optimize flag and pragma endoptimize Nesting is allowed 4 6 db PCP User s Manual pragma optimize e Enable expression r simplification C source pragma optimize c Enable common expression elimination Expression C source simplification still enabled pragma endoptimize Disable common expression ar elimination pragma endoptimize Disable expression simplification The compiler optimizes the code between the pragma pair as specified You can enable or disable the optimizations described below The command line option for each optimization is given in brackets See al
121. ot in the specified include directory or because no directory is specified it looks which paths were set during installation You can still change these paths if you like d See environment variable ASPCPINC in section 1 3 1 Configuring the Command Line Environment in Chapter Software Installation 4 When the assembler still did not find the include file it finally tries the default include directory relative to the installation directory 5 6 PCP User s Manual E 5 7 GENERATING A LIST FILE The list file is an additional output file that contains information about the generated code With the options in the List File page of the Assembler entry in the Project Options dialog you choose to generate a list file or to skip it 1 option You can also customize the amount and form of information L option If the assembler generates errors or warnings these are reported in the list file just below the source line that caused the error or warning d See section 6 1 Assembler List File Format in Chapter List File Formats of the Reference Manual for an explanation of the format of the list file Example aspcp 1 test src With this command the list file test lst is created Using the Assembler 5 7 5 8 ASSEMBLER ERROR MESSAGES db The assembler produces error messages of the following types Fatal errors After a fatal error the assembler immediately aborts the assembling process Errors Errors ar
122. ough the macro name can consist of lower case or upper case characters upper case is an accepted convention The general form of a macro definition is 7 16 7 PCP User s Manual MACRO text and more text Spaces around the equal sign are not significant To use a macro you must access it s contents MACRO you can read this as MACRO the contents of macro MACRO If the macro name is a single character the parentheses are optional Note that the expansion is done recursively so the body of a macro may contain other macros These macros are expanded when the macro is actually used not at the point of definition FOOD EAT and DRINK EAT meat and or vegetables DRINK water export FOOD The macro FOOD is expanded as meat and or vegetables and water at the moment it is used in the export line Predefined Macros MAKE Holds the value mkpcp Any line which uses MAKE temporarily overrides the option n Show commands without executing just for the duration of the one line This way you can test nested calls to MAKE with the option n MAKEFLAGS Holds the set of options provided to mkpcp except for the options f and d If this macro is exported to set the environment variable MAKEFLAGS the set of options is processed before any command line options You can pass this macro explicitly to nested mkpcp s but it is also available to these invocations as an environment variable PRODDIR Holds the
123. p start o mylibs mylib a Library order The order in which libraries appear on the command line is important By default the linker processes object files and libraries in the order in which they appear on the command line Therefore when you use a weak symbol construction like printf in an object file or your own library you must position this object library before the C library With the option first library first you can tell the linker to scan the libraries from left to right and extract symbols from the first library where the linker finds it This can be useful when you want to use newer versions of a library routine Example lpcp first library first a a test o b a If the file test o calls a function which is both present in a a and b a normally the function in b a would be extracted With this option the linker first tries to extract the symbol from the first library a a AN Note that routines in b a that call other routines that are present in both a a and b a are now also resolved from a a 6 4 2 HOW THE LINKER SEARCHES LIBRARIES System libraries You can specify the location of system libraries specified with option I in several ways The linker searches the specified locations in the following order 1 The linker first looks in the directories that are specified with the L option If you specify the L option without a pathname the linker stops searching after this step 2 When the linker did not fi
124. procedural register optimization 4 8 loop transformations 4 7 peephole optimizations 4 8 subscript strength reduction 4 7 optimization backend 4 5 compiler common subexpression elimination 4 6 frontend 4 4 optimization frontend conditional jump reversal 4 7 constant propagation 4 7 control flow simplification 4 6 dead code elimination 4 7 expression simplification 4 6 flow simplification 4 6 forward store 4 7 inlining functions 4 7 jump chaining 4 7 switch optimization 4 6 optimizations compiler 4 5 copy table compression 6 9 delete duplicate code sections 6 10 delete duplicate constant data 6 10 delete unreferenced sections 6 10 first fit decreasing 6 9 P parameter passing 2 24 parser 4 4 peephole optimization 4 5 4 8 pipeline scheduler 4 5 pointers 2 20 Index Index 7 pragmas 2 15 inline 2 22 noinline 2 22 smartinline 2 22 predefined assembler symbols __ASPCP__ 3 6 predefined macros in C 2 18 __BIGENDIAN _ 2 18 __CORE_ 2 18 CPCP_ 2 18 DATE _ 2 18 __ DOUBLE FP __ 2 18 FUE 2 48 __LINE_ 2 18 __ REVISION _ 2 18 __SFRFILE_ 2 18 __SINGLE_FP_ 2 18 STDC 29 __STDC_HOSTED _ 2 19 __STDC_VERSION _ 2 19 __ TASKING _ 2 19 __TIME_ 2 19 predefined symbols 3 6 printf formatter 2 31 processor definition 6 17 6 30 Q Quality assurence report 4 12 rebuilding libraries 2 31 register allocator 4 5 register usage 2 24 registers 3 5 3
125. product See section 1 4 5 How to Determine the Host ID and section 1 4 6 How to Determine the Host Name When you order a TASKING product provide the host ID host name and number of users to your local TASKING sales representative The license key will be sent to you by E mail 1 4 2 INSTALLING NODE LOCKED LICENSES If you do not have received your license key read section 1 4 1 Obtaining License Information before continuing Install the TASKING software product following the installation procedure described in section 1 2 1 Installation for Windows if you have not done this already Create a license file by importing a license key or create one manually Import a license key During installation you will be asked to run the License Administrator Otherwise start the License Administrator icadmin exe manually In the License Administrator follow the steps to Import a license key received from Altium by E mail The License Administrator creates a license file for you Create a license file manually B If you prefer to create a license file manually create a file called License dat in the c flex1m directory using an ASCII editor and insert the license key information received by E mail in this file This file is called the license file If the directory c flex1m does not exist create the directory If you wish to install the license file in a different directory see section 1 4 4 Modifying the
126. re XIII RELATED PUBLICATIONS C Standards e CA Reference Manual fifth edition by Samual P Harbison and Guy L Steele Jr 2002 Prentice Hall e The C Programming Language second edition by B Kernighan and D Ritchie 1988 Prentice Hall e ISO IEC 9899 1999 E Programming languages C ISO IEC More information on the standards can be found at http www ansi org e DSP C An Extension to ISO IEC 9899 1999 E Programming languages C TASKING TK0071 14 MISRA C e MISRA C 2004 Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Critical Systems MIRA Ltd 2004 See also http www misra c com e Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Vehicle Based Software MIRA Ltd 1998 See also http www misra org uk TASKING Tools e PCP C Compiler Assembler Linker Reference Manual Altium MB160 025 00 00 XIV MANUAL STRUCTURE PCP User s Manual SOFTWARE INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION all TASKING M daLdVH Software Installation and Configuration 1 3 1 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter guides you through the procedures to install the software on a Windows system or on a Linux or UNIX host After the installation it is explained how to configure the software and how to install the license information that is needed to actually use the software 1 2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION 1 2 1 INSTALLATION FOR WINDOWS 1 2 Start Windows 95 98 XP NT 2000 if you have not alread
127. registers RO R6 are initialized to zero 2 24 PCP User s Manual For Channel Start at Base mode CS RCB 1 the compiler generates a section with the channel entry table entry of the appropriate channel The channel table entry contains a jump to the interrupt service routine At interrupt function return the Channel Enable bit is set R7 CEN because its value is not preserved during the execution of the channel and an EXIT instruction is generated to stop channel execution The arguments of the EXIT instruction generated are EC 0 ST 1 INT 0 EP 1 cc_UC Example int _ interrupt 1 isr void 2 9 3 PARAMETER PASSING The parameter registers R1 R3 R4 R6 RO are used to pass the initial function arguments The paramaters are passed from left to right The first unused and register that fits is used Registers are searched for in the order listed above When a parameter is larger than 32 bit or when all registers are used parameter passing continues on the stack The stack grows from higher towards lower address each parameter on the stack is stored in little endian The alignment on the stack depends on the data type as listed in table 2 1 in Section 2 2 Data Types The PCP compiler uses a static stack which restricts the number of arguments passed for an indirect function call Parameters of an indirect function call can only be passed in registers and not via the static stack Variable Argu
128. report This report lists the various modules in the project with the respective MISRA C settings at the time of compilation You can use this in your company s quality assurance system to provide proof that company rules for best practice programming have been applied in the particular project cpcp misrac all number number See compiler option misrac in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual See linker option misra c report in section 5 3 Linker Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual Using the Compiler 4 13 4 8 C COMPILER ERROR MESSAGES ib The cpcp compiler reports the following types of error messages Fatal errors After a fatal error the compiler immediately aborts compilation Errors Errors are reported but the compiler continues compilation No output files are produced unless you have set the compiler option keep output files the resulting output file may be incomplete Warnings Warning messages do not result into an erroneous assembly output file They are meant to draw your attention to assumptions of the compiler for a situation which may not be correct You can control warnings with compiler option w Information Information messages are always preceded by an error message Information messages give extra information about the error System errors System errors occur when internal consistency checks fail and s
129. rinsic functions in C as if they were ordinary C library functions All intrinsics begin with a double underscore character The following example illustrates the use of an intrinsic function and its resulting assembly code nop The resulting assembly code is inlined rather than being called nop You can use the following intrinsic functions _alloc void volatile _alloc _ size_t size Allocate memory Same as library function malloc Returns a pointer to space in external memory of size bytes length NULL if there is not enough space left PCP C Language 2 7 __ dotdotdot__Q char _ dotdotdot__ void Variable argument operator Used in library function va_start _freeQ void volatile _ free void buffer Deallocates the memory pointed to by buffer buffer must point to memory earlier alloacted by a call to __ alloc Same as library function free nopo void __nop void Inserts a NOP instruction __get_return_address __codeptr volatile __get_return_address void Used by the compiler in retjmp _ d32_fpiO unsigned long volatile __1d32_fpi unsigned long addr Load a 32 bit value from a 32 bit fpi address using the 1d f instruction with size 32 Returns a 32 bit value for fpi memory address Example unsigned int 1d32 void return _ ld32_fpi unsigned long amp P10_OUT U generates ldl iu r5 HI 0xf0003210 ldl il r5 LO 0xf0003210
130. ription of these directives see section 3 3 Assembler Directives in Chapter Assembly Language of the Reference Manual 3 10 5 CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY IF ELIF AND ELSE DIRECTIVES With the conditional assembly directives you can instruct the macro preprocessor to use a part of the code that matches a certain condition You can specify assembly conditions with arguments in the case of macros or through definition of symbols via the DEFINE SET and EQU directives The built in functions of the assembler provide a versatile means of testing many conditions of the assembly environment You can use conditional directives also within a macro definition to check at expansion time if arguments fall within a certain range of values In this way macros become self checking and can generate error messages to any desired level of detail 3 30 PCP User s Manual 7 The conditional assembly directive IF has the following form IF expression ELIF expression the ELIF directive is optional ELSE the ELSE directive is optional ENDIF The expression must evaluate to an absolute integer and cannot contain forward references If expression evaluates to zero the IF condition is considered FALSE Any non zero result of expression is considered as TRUE db For a detailed description of these directives see section 3 3 Assembler Directives in Chapter Assembly Language of the Reference Manual USING THE C
131. rms Term Definition Absolute object file Object code in which addresses have fixed absolute values ready to load into a target Address A specification of a location in an address space Address space The set of possible addresses A core can support multiple spaces for example in a Harvard architecture the addresses that identify the location of an instruction refer to code space whereas addresses that identify the location of a data object refer to a data space Architecture A description of the characteristics of a core that are of interest for the linker This encompasses the address space s and the internal bus structure Given this information the linker can convert logical addresses into physical addresses Copy table A section created by the linker This section contains data that specifies how the startup code initializes the data and BSS sections For each section the copy table contains the following fields action defines whether a section is copied or zeroed destination defines the section s address in RAM source defines the sections address in ROM zero for BSS sections length defines the size of the section in MAUs of the destination space Core An instance of an architecture Derivative The design of a processor A description of one or more cores including internal memory and any number of buses Library Collection of relocatable object files Usually each object file in a library contai
132. s an extension to a filename which must be used to build another file The implicit rules then define how to actually build one file from another These files share a common basename but have different extensions Using the Utilities 7 15 If the specified target on the command line is not defined in the makefile or has not rules in the makefile the make utility looks if there is an implicit rule to build the target Example This makefile says that prog out depends on two files prog o and sub o and that they in turn depend on their corresponding source files prog c and sub c along with the common file inc h LIB lc macro prog elf prog o sub o lpcp prog o sub o LIB o prog elf prog o prog c inc h cpcp prog c aspcp prog src sub o sub c inc h cpcp sub c aspcp sub src The following makefile uses implicit rules from mkpcp mk to perform the same job LKFLAGS lc macro used by implicit rules prog elf prog o sub o implicit rule used prog o prog c inc h implicit rule used sub o sub c inc h implicit rule used Files makefile Description of dependencies and rules Makefile Alternative to makefile for UNIX mkpcp mk Default dependencies and rules Diagnostics mkpcp returns an exit status of 1 when it halts as a result of an error Otherwise it returns an exit status of 0 Macro definitions A macro is a symbol name that is replaced with it s definition before the makefile is executed Alth
133. section names See section 2 10 Compiler Generated Sections and compiler option R in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Too Options of the Reference Manual source nosource Specifies which C source lines must be shown in assembly output See compiler option s in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the Reference Manual stdinc Changes the behaviour of the include directive When set compiler option I and compiler option no stdine are ignored binary switch jump switch linear_switch smart_switch Specifies switch statement See section 2 11 Switch Statement tradeoff level Specify tradeoff between speed 0 and size 4 See compiler option t in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the Reference Manual warning number Disables warning messages See compiler option w in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the Reference Manual weak symbol Marks a symbol as weak Table 2 3 Pragmas 2 18 PCP User s Manual 7 2 7 PREDEFINED MACROS In addition to the predefined macros required by the ISO C standard the TASKING PCP C compiler supports the predefined macros as defined in Table 2 4 The macros are useful to create conditional C code Macro Description __BIGENDIAN__ Expands to 0 BUILD __ Expands to the build number of the compiler BRRRYrrr The B is t
134. size of an identifier is only limited by the amount of available memory Note that if you use a reserved symbol as a label it has to be followed by a colon Examples LAB1 This label is followed by a colon and can start with a space or tab LAB1 This label has to start at the beginning of a line 3 4 7 PCP User s Manual instruction An instruction consists of a mnemonic and zero one or more operands It must not start in the first column Operands are described in section 3 4 Operands of an Assembly Instruction The instructions are described in the PCP Architecture Manuals Examples jg _PCP_multiply One operand ld i r3 0x5 Two operands mov r4 r6 cc_uc Three operands directive With directives you can control the assembler from within the assembly source These must not start in the first column Directives are described in section 3 8 Assembler Directives and Controls macro_call A call to a previously defined macro It must not start in the first column Macros are described in section 3 10 Macro Operations You can use empty lines or lines with only comments Apart from the assembly statements as described above you can put a so called control line in your assembly source file These lines start with a in the first column and alter the default behavior of the assembler control For more information on controls see section 3 8 Assembler Directives and Controls 3 3 ASSEMBLER SIGNIFICANT CH
135. so option O optimize in section 5 1 Compiler Options of Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual Generic optimizations frontend Common subexpression elimination CSE option Oc OC The compiler detects repeated use of the same sub expression Such a common expression is replaced by a variable that is initialized with the value of the expression to avoid recomputation This method is called common subexpression elimination CSE Expression simplification option Oe OE Multiplication by 0 or 1 and additions or subtractions of 0 are removed Such useless expressions may be introduced by macros or by the compiler itself for example array subscription Control flow simplification option Of OF A number of techniques to simplify the flow of the program by removing unnecessary code and reducing the number of jumps For example Switch optimization A number of optimizations of a switch statement are performed such as removing redundant case labels or even removing an entire switch Using the Compiler 4 7 Jump chaining A conditional jump to a label which is immediately followed by an unconditional jump may be replaced by a jump to the destination label of the second jump This optimization speeds up execution Conditional jump reversal A conditional jump over an unconditional jump is transformed into one conditional jump with the jump condition reversed This reduces both the code size and
136. t integer to floating point CVI expr Convert floating point to integer FLD base value Shift and mask operation width start FRACT expr Convert floating point to 32 bit fractional SFRACT expr Convert floating point to 16 bit fractional LNG expr Concatenate to double word LUN expr Convert long fractional to floating point RVB expr1 expr2 Reverse order of bits in field UNF expr Convert fractional to floating point Overview of string functions POS sir1 str2 start SCP sir1 str2 SUB string expr expr Function Description CAT sir1 str2 Concatenate strings LEN string Length of string Position of substring in string Returns 1 if two strings are equal Returns substring in string Overview of macro functions Function Description ARG symbol expr Test if macro argument is present CNT Return number of macro arguments MAC symbol Test if macro is defined MXP Test if macro expansion is active PCP Assembly Language Overview of address calculation functions INIT_R7 start dptr flags LO expr LSB expr MSB expr Function Description DPTR expr returns bits 6 13 of the pcpdata address HI expr Returns upper 16 bits of expression value returns the 32 bit value to initialize R7 Returns lower 16 bits of expression value Get least significant byte of a word Get most significant byte of a word Overview of ass
137. t of the TASKING product installation and is present in the lex1m subdirectory of the toolchain This file is also on every product CD that includes FLEXIm in directory licensing On the license server also add the license key to the license file Follow the same instructions as with Add a license key to a local license file in step 2 See the FLEXIm PDF manual delivered with SW000098 which is present on each TASKING product CD for more information Software Installation and Configuration 1 15 1 4 4 MODIFYING THE LICENSE FILE LOCATION db The default location for the license file on Windows is c flexlm license dat On UNIX this is usr local flexlm licenses license dat If you want to use another name or directory for the license file each user must define the environment variable LM_LICENSE_FILE If you have more than one product using the FLEXIm license manager you can specify multiple license files to the LM_LICENSE_FILE environment variable by separating each pathname path with a on UNIX Example Windows set LM_LICENSE_FILE c flexlm license dat c license txt Example UNIX setenv LM_LICENSE_FILE usr local flexlm licenses license dat myprod license txt If the license file is not available on these hosts you must set LM_LICENSE_FILE to port host where host is the host name of the system which runs the FLEXIm license manager and port is the TCP IP port number on which the license m
138. te addresses e Variables that are declared extern cannot be placed at absolute addresses e When the variable is declared static no public symbol will be generated normal C behavior e You cannot place functions at absolute addresses PCP User s Manual e Absolute variables cannot overlap each other If you declare two absolute variables at the same address the assembler and or linker issues an error The compiler does not check this e When you declare the same absolute variable within two modules this produces conflicts during link time except when one of the modules declares the variable extern 2 4 INTRINSIC FUNCTIONS Some specific PCP assembly instructions have no equivalence in C Intrinsic functions give the possibility to use these instructions Intrinsic functions are predefined functions that are recognized by the compiler The compiler then generates the most efficient assembly code for these functions The compiler always inlines the corresponding assembly instructions in the assembly source rather than calling the function This avoids unnecessary parameter passing and register saving instructions which are normally necessary when a function is called Intrinsic functions produce very efficient assembly code Though it is possible to inline assembly code by hand registers are used even more efficient by intrinsic functions At the same time your C source remains very readable You can use int
139. tem while locating The section layout definition optional The optional section layout definition enables you to exactly control where input sections are located Features are provided such as the ability to place sections at a given load address or run time address to place sections in a given order and to overlay code and or data sections Example Skeleton of a Linker Script File A linker script file that defines a derivative X based on the TC1V1 3 architecture its external memory and how sections are located in memory may have the following skeleton architecture TC1V1 3 Specification of the TClv1 3 core architecture Written by Altium Using the Linker 6 19 derivative X derivative name is arbitrary Specification of the derivative Written by Altium core tc always specify the core architecture TC1V1 3 bus fpi_bus internal bus maps to fpi_bus in tc core internal memory processor spe processor name is arbitrary derivative X You can omit this part except if you use a multi core system memory ext_name external memory definition section_layout spe tc linear section layout section placement statements sections are located in address space linear of core tc of processor spe 6 20 PCP User s Manual 7 6 7 3 THE ARCHITECTURE DEFINITION SELF DESIGNED CORES Although you will pr
140. tep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 n tmstep u t 0 2 generated code w result ldl il 4r7 DPTR _PCP_a ld pi r5 _PCP_a ld pi rl _PCP_b minit r5 r1 mstep u r5 rl mstep u r5 rl mstep u r5 rl mstep u r5 rl ldl il r7 DPTR _PCP_result st pi r5 _PCP_result jc ia r2 cc_uc w a w b 0 corresponds to the first C variable 1 corresponds to the second and so on The escape sequence t generates a tab Specifying registers for C variables With a constraint character you specify the register type for a parameter In the example above the w is used to force the use of word registers for the parameters a b and result You can reserve the registers that are used in the assembly instructions either in the parameter lists or in the reserved register list register_save_list The compiler takes account of these lists so no unnecessary register saves and restores are placed around the inline assembly instructions Constraint Type Operand Remark character w Word register rO r7 number Type of operand it same as Indicates that number and is associated with number number are the same register Table 2 2 Available input output operand constraints PCP C Language Loops and conditional jumps The compiler does not detect loops with multiple __asm statements or conditional jumps across __asm statements and will generate i
141. test rounding errors can cause unexpected results PCP Assembly Language Type Oper Name Description ator Bitwise amp AND Integer only yields bitwise AND OR Integer only yields bitwise OR exclusive OR Integer only yields bitwise exclusive OR Logical amp amp logical AND Returns an integer 1 if both operands are nonzero otherwise it returns an integer 0 ll logical OR Returns an integer 1 if either of the operands is nonzero otherwise it returns an integer 1 Table 3 2 Assembly expression operators 3 12 7 3 7 PCP User s Manual BUILT IN ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONS The assembler has several built in functions to support data conversion string comparison and math computations You can use functions as terms in any expression Functions have the following syntax Syntax of an assembly function function_name argument argumenit Functions start with the character and have zero or more arguments and are always followed by opening and closing parentheses White space a blank or tab is not allowed between the function name and the opening parenthesis and between the comma separated arguments The built in assembler functions are grouped into the following types Mathematical functions comprise among others transcendental random value and min max functions Conversion functions provide conversion between integer floating point and fixed point fract
142. th calls to the add function The generated assembly is 2 22 PCP User s Manual main movl6 4d15 3 st w w d15 ld w d15 x ld w d0 y add16 d0 d15 st w z qd0 Example pragma inline pragma noinline Instead of the inline qualifier you can also use pragma inline and pragma noinline to inline a function body int W X Y Z pragma inline int add int a int b int i 4 return a b pragma noinline void main void wW Z add 1 2 add x y If a function has an inline __noinline function qualifier then this qualifier will overrule the current pragma setting If you set pragma inline at the beginning of a source file all functions without the function qualifier _noinline are inlined This is the same as using compiler option inline pragma smartinline With the compiler option optimize inline Oi the compiler inlines small fuctions that are not too often called This reduces execution time at the cost of code size With the pragma noinline pragma smartinline you can temporarily disable this optimization PCP C Language 2 23 With the compiler options inline max incr and inline max size you have more control over the function inlining process of the compiler See for more information of these options section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual Combining inline with __asm to create intrinsic functions
143. the execution time Dead code elimination Code that is never reached is removed The compiler generates a warning messages because this may indicate a coding error Automatic Memory Partition option Oh OH Function Inlining option Oi OD Small functions that are not too often called are inlined This reduces execution time at the cost of code size Loop transformations option Ol OL Temporarily transform a loop with the entry point at the bottom to a loop with the entry point at the top This enables constant propagation in the initial loop test and code motion of loop invariant code by the CSE optimization Forward store option Oo OO A temporary variable is used to cache multiple assignments stores to the same non automatic variable Constant propagation option Op OP A variable with a known constant value is replaced by that value Subscript strength reduction option Os OS An array of pointer subscripted with a loop iterator variable or a simple linear function of the iterator variable is replaced by the dereference of a pointer that is updated whenever the iterator is updated 4 8 PCP User s Manual E Core specific optimizations backend Coalesce option Oa OA The coalescer seeks for possibilities to reduce the number of moves MOV instruction by smart use of registers This optimizes both speed and code size Interprocedural register optimization option Ob OB Register alloca
144. the same type If for a derivative A no processor is defined in the LSL file the linker automatically creates a processor named A of derivative A This is why for single processor applications it is enough to specify the derivative in the LSL file for example with dtc1920b Isl The memory and bus definitions optional Memory and bus definition are used within the context of a derivative definition to specify internal memory and on chip buses In the context of a board specification the memory and bus definitions are used to define external off chip memory and buses Given the above definitions the linker can convert a logical address into an offset into an on chip or off chip memory device 6 18 PCP User s Manual 7 The board specification The processor definition and memory and bus definitions together form a board specification LSL provides language constructs to easily describe single core and heterogeneous or homogeneous multi core systems The board specification describes all characteristics of your target board s system buses memory devices I O sub systems and cores that are of interest to the linker Based on the information provided in the board specification the linker can for each core e convert a logical address to a physical addresses offsets within a memory device e locate sections in physical memory e maintain an overall view of the used and free physical memory within the whole sys
145. tion is improved by taking note of register usage in functions called by a given function Generic assembly optimization option Og OG A set of target independent optimizations that increase speed and decrease code size Code compaction reverse inlining option Or OR Compaction is the opposite of inlining functions large chunks of code that occur more than once are transformed into a function This reduces code size at the cost of execution speed Peephole optimizations option Oy OY The generated assembly code is improved by replacing instruction sequences by equivalent but faster and or shorter sequences or by deleting unnecessary instructions Using the Compiler 4 9 4 3 1 OPTIMIZE FOR SIZE OR SPEED You can tell the compiler to focus on execution speed or code size during optimizations You can do this by specifying a size speed trade off level from 0 speed to 4 size This trade off does not turn optimization phases on or off Instead its level is a weight factor that is used in the different optimization phases to influence the heuristics The higher the level the more the compiler focuses on code size optimization To specify the size speed trade off optimization level cpcp test c tlevel d See also option t tradeoff in section 5 1 Compiler Options in Chapter Tool Options of the PCP Reference Manual 4 4 CALLING THE COMPILER The invocation syntax is cpcp option file The input
146. ut starts after a complete C module or set of modules has been processed by the frontend in memory This allows better optimization The compiler requires only one pass over the input file which results in relative fast compilation Frontend phases 1 The preprocessor phase The preprocessor includes files and substitutes macros by C source It uses only string manipulations on the C source The syntax for the preprocessor is independent of the C syntax but is also described in the ISO IEC 9899 1999 E standard 2 The scanner phase The scanner converts the preprocessor output to a stream of tokens 3 The parser phase The tokens are fed to a parser for the C grammar The parser performs a syntactic and semantic analysis of the program and generates an intermediate representation of the program This code is called MIL Medium level Intermediate Language 4 The frontend optimization phase Target processor independent optimizations are performed by transforming the intermediate code Using the Compiler 4 5 Backend phases 5 Instruction selector phase This phase reads the MIL input and translates it into Low level Intermediate Language LIL The LIL objects correspond to a PCP processor instruction with an opcode operands and information used within the compiler Peephole optimizer instruction scheduler software pipelining phase This phase replaces instruction sequences by equivalent but faster and or sh
147. value where ooo is one to three octal digits and spaces are taken literally For example separate n prog o sub o results in prog o sub o Function arguments may be macros or functions themselves So separate n S match o yields all object files the current target depends on separated by a newline string The protect function adds one level of quoting This function has one argument which can contain white space If the argument contains any white space single quotes double quotes or backslashes it is enclosed in double quotes In addition any double quote or backslash is escaped with a backslash Using the Utilities 7 19 Example echo protect I ll show you the protect function yields echo I ll show you the protect function exist The exist function expands to its second argument if the first argument is an existing file or directory Example S exist test c ccpcp test c When the file test c exists it yields ccpcp test c When the file test c does not exist nothing is expanded nexist The nexist function is the opposite of the exist function It expands to its second argument if the first argument is not an existing file or directory Example nexist test src ccpcp test c Conditional Processing Lines containing ifdef ifndef else or endif are used for conditional processing of the makefile They are used in the following way ifdef macro name
148. y done so Insert the CD ROM into the CD ROM drive If the TASKING Showroom dialog box appears proceed with Step 5 Click the Start button and select Run In the dialog box type d setup substitute the correct drive letter for your CD ROM drive and click on the OK button The TASKING Showroom dialog box appears Select a product and click on the Install button Follow the instructions that appear on your screen You can find your serial number on the invoice delivery note or picking slip delivered with the product License the software product as explained in section 1 4 Licensing TASKING Products 1 4 7 PCP User s Manual 1 2 2 INSTALLATION FOR LINUX Each product on the CD ROM is available as an RPM package Debian package and as a gzipped tar file For each product the following files are present SWproduct version RPMrelease i386 rpm swproduct_version release_ i386 deb SWproduct version tar gz These three files contain exactly the same information so you only have to install one of them When your Linux distribution supports RPM packages you can install the rpm file For a Debian based distribution you can use the deb file Otherwise you can install the product from the tar gz file RPM Installation 1 In most situations you have to be root to install RPM packages so either login as root or use the su command 2 Insert the CD ROM into the CD ROM drive Mount the
149. y relative to the installation directory unless you specified option nostdinc 4 6 COMPILING FOR DEBUGGING Compiling your files is the first step to get your application ready to run on a target However during development of your application you first may want to debug your application To create an object file that can be used for debugging you must instruct the compiler to include symbolic debug information in the source file cpcp g Due to different compiler opimizations it might be possible that certain debug information is optimized away Therefore it is best to specify No optimization O0 when you want to debug your application Using the Compiler 4 11 4 7 C CODE CHECKING MISRA C db The C programming language is a standard for high level language programming in embedded systems yet it is considered somewhat unsuitable for programming safety related applications Through enhanced code checking and strict enforcement of best practice programming rules TASKING MISRA C code checking helps you to produce more robust code MISRA C specifies a subset of the C programming language which is intended to be suitable for embedded automotive systems It consists of a set of rules defined in MISRA C 2004 Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Critical Systems Motor Industry Research Association MIRA 2004 The compiler also supports MISRA C 1998 the first version of MISRA C You can select this versi

PCP C Compiler, Assembler, Linker User`s Manual

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