Digital Radiation Monitor
Contents
1. 699 WERE ETRE 86 755 83298787 Http www 100y com tw Using the Radiation Monitor in Your Classes Here are some examples of how the Radiation Monitor can be used in a science class Counts Interval vs Distance Studies The data in the two graphs below were collected by monitoring gamma radiation at various distances from a Radiation Monitor Data were collected with the run intervals set at 100 seconds After each 100 second interval the source was moved one centimeter further from the source Since distance is proportional to time 300 seconds in the first graph corresponds to 3 cm in the second graph 400 seconds to 4 cm etc a new distance column was made using time divided by 100 The curved fit shown corresponds to distance raised to the 2 power inverse squared Rate vs Time Rate vs Distance 1500 1500 4 500 z D wn o T D e GE sE D p D pa i S O m Corrected Rate cts interval ELE 7 MEA rT rr Ty Be a Tr rrr FN Ty FTE a ii viin TN vr 100 200 300 400 500 1 2 3 4 5 Time seconds Distance fom gt Counts interval vs time and distance Counts Interval vs Shielding Studies The data shown here were collected by monitoring gamma radiation with an increasing number of pieces of silver foil placed between the source and a Radiation Monitor Data was collected with the run interval set at 100 seconds After each 100 second int2. Digital Radiation Monitor Order Code DRM BTD The Digital Radiation Monitor is used to monitor alpha beta and gamma radiation It can be used with a number of interfaces to measure the total number of counts per specified timing interval Since it has its own display it can also be used independent of interfaces in the field to measure radiation levels The Radiation Monitor allows students to e Detect the presence of a source of radiation e Monitor counts interval rate as different thicknesses of a particular type of shielding are placed between the Geiger Mueller tube of the Radiation Monitor and a beta or gamma source e Compare the effect of different types of materials to shield beta or gamma radiation e Setup a histogram with a very long run time to show students how initial randomness of data develops into a Gaussian distribution curve e Measure radiation of common radioactive materials such as lantern mantels or old Fiestaware e Monitor variation in background radiation at different elevations e Monitor radioactivity in the environment over long periods of time e Monitor counts per interval rate from a beta or gamma radiation source as a function of the distance between the source and the Radiation Monitor The Digital Radiation Monitor includes a cable RCD BTD that allows the monitor to be connected to a data collection interface The cable that accompanies the DRM BTD Radiation Monitor has a small 3 5 mm mi
3. adiation source was used A distribution graph Batavia IL 60510 Phone 800 452 1261 Lantern Mantels Single Mantle www flinnsci com This graph shows a study of old and new Coleman mantle lanterns These mantles formerly contained Spectrum Techniques 106 Union Valley Road thorium and were often used for 2 Box ne OY Oak Ridge TN 37830 radiation demonstrations In the 5 a ai Phone 865 482 9937 early 1990s Coleman changed the g www spectrumtechniques com production methods and now the mantles are not radioactive S Canberra Industries 800 Research Parkway New and old lantern mantles Meriden CT 06450 W d H 4 886 3 5753170 Phone 203 235 1347 www canberra com MEH ETUE 86 21 34970699 WERE ETRE 86 755 83298787 Http www 100y com tw Warranty The Vernier Digital Radiation Monitor is manufactured by a third party and is subject to their warranty This product is warranted to the original owner to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for one year from the date of purchase with the exception of the Geiger Mueller tube which is warranted for 90 days and with the exception of the battery which is not included in this warranty Vernier Software will at its own discretion repair or replace this instrument if it fails to operate properly within this warranty period unless the warranty has been voided by any of the following circumstances misuse abuse or neglect of this instrument voids this warranty
4. back of the monitor toward the specimen If there is an indication of radioactivity it is most likely gamma or high energy beta Place a piece of aluminum about 3 mm 1 8 thick between the case and the specimen If the indication stops the radiation 1s most likely beta To some degree most common radioactive isotopes emit both beta and gamma radiation If there is no indication through the back of the case position the end window close to but not touching the specimen If there is an indication it is probably alpha or beta If a sheet of paper is placed between the window and the indication stops the radiation is most likely alpha Note In order to avoid particles falling into the instrument do not hold the specimen directly above the end window The Radiation Monitor does not detect neutron microwave radio frequency RF laser infrared or ultraviolet radiation It is calibrated for Cesium 137 and is most accurate for it and other isotopes of similar energies Some isotopes it will detect relatively well are cobalt 60 technicium 99m phosphorus 32 and strontium 90 Some types of radiation are very difficult or impossible for this GM tube to detect Beta emissions from tritium are too weak to detect using the Radiation Monitor Americium 241 used in some smoke detectors can overexcite the GM tube and give an indication of a higher level of radiation than is actually there he 44 A 4 4 886 3 5753170 VERT ETLE 86 21 34970
5. cro miniature stereo jack on one end and a white rectangular digital British Telecom BT plug on the other end This cable is used to directly connect the DRM BTD to the Vernier LabQuest LabQuest Mini LabPro or SensorDAQ or to the Texas Instruments CBL 2 Extended User Manual A more extensive user manual can be viewed from the Digital Radiation Monitor page of the Vernier web site www vernier com probes drm btd html NOTE This product is to be used for educational purposes only It is not appropriate for industrial medical research or commercial applications hk 44 A 4 4 886 3 5753170 WEE H t 86 21 34970699 WERE ETRE 86 755 83298787 Http www 100y com tw Using the Radiation Monitor Here is the general procedure to follow when using the Digital Radiation Monitor 1 Connect the Digital Radiation Monitor to the interface 2 Start the data collection software 3 The software will identify the Digital Radiation Monitor and load a default data collection setup You are now ready to collect data The Digital Radiation Monitor is compatible with the following data collection interfaces e Vernier LabPro e Vernier LabQuest e Vernier LabQuest Mini e Texas Instruments CBL 2 e Vernier SensorDAQ Specifications Sensor LND 712 or equivalent halogen quenched GM tube with a mica end window 1 5 to 2 0 mg cm thick Rated at 1000 counts per minute using a Cesium 137 laborator
6. ending on location and altitude can be expected every minute from naturally occurring background radiation The end of the GM tube has a thin mica window This mica window is protected by the screen at the end of the sensor It allows alpha particles to reach the GM tube and be detected The mica window will also sense low energy beta particles and gamma radiation that cannot penetrate the plastic case or the side of the tube Note Some very low energy radiation cannot be detected through the mica window Further Tips for Monitoring Radiation To measure gamma and X rays hold the back of the Radiation Monitor toward the source of radiation Low energy gamma radiation 10 40 KeV cannot penetrate the side of the GM tube but may be detected through the end window To detect alpha radiation position the monitor so the suspected source of radiation is next to the GM window Alpha radiation will not travel far through air so put the source as close as possible within 1 4 inch to the screen without touching it Even a humid day can limit the already short distance an alpha particle can travel To detect beta radiation point the end window toward the source of radiation Beta radiation has a longer range through air than alpha particles but can usually be shielded e g by a few millimeters of aluminum High energy beta particles may be monitored through the back of the case To determine whether radiation is alpha beta or gamma hold the
7. erval another piece of silver foil was placed between o pees 4 the source and the Radiation Monitor Since the number of pieces is proportional to time 300 seconds corresponds to 3 pieces of foil 400 seconds to 4 pieces of foil etc a new column pieces of silver foil was made using time divided by 100 Count Rate vs Shielding f D 2L uw s D 2L fa oO ce D Counts interval vs thickness of filter Half life Determination counts interval vs time Background Radiation Using a daughter isotope generator Here is an experiment performed in ae it is possible to generate isotopes the days before airlines insisted aes ogee e with a relatively short half life A sood 1 that you turn off your personal solution that selectively dissolves a computer before takeoff It shows Flight 1 Interval 0 25 minutes w c D L n Ez o Ta short half life daughter isotope is ied the counts interval between takeoff passed through the generator The A and the time the plane reached its linear plot of natural log of decay o 3 cruising altitude of 39 000 ft rate vs time can be used to i a i T a determine the half life of the Curricular Materials 28 8 404 Time minutes daughter isotope using the formula Nuclear Radiation with Vernier by Radiation during an airline flight In 2 ket John Gastineau where k is the decay rate constant Half life determinati
8. modification or repair of this instrument by anyone other than Vernier Software voids this warranty contamination of this instrument with radioactive materials voids this warranty Contaminated instruments will not be accepted for servicing at our repair facility The user is responsible for determining the suitability of this product for his or her intended application The user assumes all risk and liability connected with such use Vernier Software is not responsible for incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of this instrument he 44 A 4 4 886 3 5753170 ERR ETUE 86 21 34970699 WERE TD ETRE 86 755 83298787 Http www 100y com tw
9. on This book has six experiments and tz 1s the half life of the written for the Digital Radiation Monitor Each of the six experiments has a daughter isotope in minutes computer version for LabPro LabQuest or LabQuest Mini a calculator version In the plot of natural log of decay rate vs time the decay rate constant k 1s equal to for LabPro or CBL 2 a LabQuest version for LabQuest as a standalone device m Using the slope value of m 0 217 in the example here the half life was and Palm version for LabPro The Nuclear Radiation CD included with the book calculated to be 3 19 minutes contains the word processing files for all student experiments Histogram Data Analysis l 14 Hrt Single Mantle Radioactive Sources For an easy in class experiment set up a histogram with a very long run time and start data collection Whenever the graph overflows the top of the graph it will automatically be rescaled This data collection shows students how initial randomness of data develops into a Gaussian distribution A If you don t have radiation sources you may be able to obtain pre 1990 Coleman lantern mantles or other brands of lantern mantles for a weak source of Thorium You may also be able to find pottery watches clocks or minerals that are moderately radioactive For something more active order radioactive minerals from any of these scientific supply houses Flinn Scientific Inc ae P O Box 219 gamma r
10. y standard Power One 9 volt alkaline battery provides a battery life of 2000 hours at normal background radiation levels Accuracy 10 typical 15 max mR hr and uSv hr modes Dimensions 150 x 80 x 30 mm 5 9 x 3 2 x 1 2 Weight 225 g 8 oz with battery installed Energy Sensitivity 1000 CPM mR hr referenced to Cs 137 Audio Output Chirps for each count operational in audio mode only can be muted Temperature Range 20 C to 50 C Operating Range mR hr 0 001 to 110 CPM 0 to 350 000 Total 1 to 9 999 000 counts uSv hr 0 01 to 1100 CPS 1 to 3 500 How the Radiation Monitor Works The Radiation Monitor senses ionizing radiation by means of a Geiger Mueller GM tube The tube is fully enclosed inside the instrument When ionizing radiation or a particle strikes the tube it is sensed electronically and monitored by its own display a computer or by a flashing count light When the switch is in the AUDIO position the instrument will also beep with each ionizing event It 1s calibrated for Tf you are using a LabPro or CBL 2 for data collection the sensor will not auto ID Open an experiment file in Logger Pro or manually set up the sensor Cesium 137 but also serves as an excellent indicator of relative intensities for other sources of ionizing radiation Gamma radiation is measured in milli Roentgens per hour Alpha and beta are measured in counts minute CPM About 5 to 25 counts at random intervals dep
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