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1. for this and other purposes Nested loops are allowed and the innermost loop index variable is m4x The first three arguments must be integers and the end value must be reached exactly for example for_ 1 3 2 print In m4x prints locations In1 and In3 but for_ 1 4 2 print In m4x does not terminate since the index takes on values 1 3 5 Repetitive actions can also be performed with the the libgen macro Loopover_ variable actions valuel value2 which evaluates actions for each instance of variable set to valuel value 2 If two straight lines meet at an angle then depending on the postprocessor the corner may not be mitred or rounded unless the two lines belong to a multisegment line as illustrated in Figure 41 This is normally not an issue for circuit diagrams unless the figure is magnified or thick lines are drawn Rounded corners can be obtained by setting post processor parameters but the figure 22 shows the effect of two macros corner for right angles and round that may assist in some cases Otherwise a two segment line can be overlaid at the corner to produce the same effect r r r r line up 0 2 line up 0 2 then right 0 2 line up 0 2 line up 0 2 line right 0 2 round corner line right 0 2 line right 0 2 Figure 41 Producing mitred angles and corners 7 Logic gates Figure 42 shows the basic logic gates included in library liblog m4 The first argument of the gate macr
2. setting macro m4Lx to 1 2 logic gate triangle symbol logic element grid size Max of an arbitrary number of inputs Min of an arbitrary number of inputs binary multiplexer n inputs L reverses pin numbers T puts Sel pin to top Mux height parameter in L_units Mux width parameter in L_units max number of gate inputs without wings nand gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters PIN to define normal or negated inputs nor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs not circle not gate 1 input or as a 2 terminal element N negated input not radius in absolute units Double throw switch npoles number of poles R right orientation with respect to drawing direction nxor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters PIN to define normal or negated inputs diameter of not circles in L units radius of not circles in L_units or gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters PIN to define normal or negated inputs general OR gate n number of inputs 0 lt n lt 16 chars B base and straight sides A Arcs N NE N SE N L N N N S inputs or circles N P XOR arc N O output C center Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs rad
3. To process the file make sure that the libraries libcct m4 and libgen m4 are installed and readable Verify that m4 is installed and acceptes the I option otherwise see page 38 Now there are at least two basic possibilities as follows but be sure to read Section 2 1 3 for simplified use 2 1 1 Processing with dpic and PStTricks or Tikz PGF If you are using dpic with PSTricks type the following commands or put them into a script m4 I installdir pstricks m4 quick m4 gt quick pic dpic p quick pic gt quick tex where installdir is the full name i e the path of the directory containing libcct m4 Put usepackage pstricks in the main ATEX source file header and the following in the body begin figure hbt centering input quick caption Customized caption for the figure label Symbolic_label end figure Then the commands latex file dvips file produce file ps that can be printed or viewed using gsview for example PS Pic input begins with PS cct_init Read in macro definitions and set defaults elen 0 75 Variables are allowed default units are inches Origin Here Position names are capitalized source up_ elen llabel v_s resistor right_ elen rlabel R dot Save the current position and direction capacitor down_ to Here Origin Here Origin Here x Origin y rlabel v llabel C dot Restore position and direction line right_ elen 2 3 inductor down_ Here y Origin
4. F fork up down left right or angle from horizontal default 90 arca chord linespec ccwlcw radius modifiers gen arc with acute angle obtuse if radius is negative arcd center radius start degrees end degrees gen arc definition see arcr angles in degrees arcr center radius start angle end angle gen arc definition e g arcr A r 0 pi_ 2 cw gt arcto position 1 position 2 radius dashed dotted gen line toward position 1 with rounded corner toward position 2 arrowline linespec cct line dotted dashed permissible with centred arrowhead b_ gen blue color value b_current label pos In Out Start End frac ect labelled branch current arrow to frac between branch end and body basename_ string sequence separator gen Extract the rightmost name from a sequence of names separated by arg2 default dot battery linespec n R cct n cell battery default 1 cell R reversed polarity 42 beginshade gray value gen begin gray shading see shade e g beginshade 5 closed line specs endshade bell UIDILIRI degrees size cct bell In1 to In3 defined below gen string position relative to current direction bi_tr linespec L R P E cct left or right N or P type bipolar transistor without or with envelope bi_trans linespec L R chars E cct bipolar transistor core left or right chars BU bulk line B base line and label S Schottky base hooks uEn dEn emitters EO to En uE dE single emitter
5. threeD_init 3D initialize 3D transformations reads 1ib3D m4 thyristor linespec chars cct thyristor chars D Diode A Open diode B Bidirectional diode C Type IEC E Envelope G Full size gate terminal H Gate at arrowhead centre N Anode gate R Right orientation U Adds centre line to open diode V Arrowhead centre gate bar tline linespec wid ht cct transmission line manhattan direction tr xy x y cct relative macro internal coordinates adjusted for L R tr_xy_init origin unit size sign ect initialize tr_xy transformer linespec L R np A WIL ns cct 2 winding transformer left or right np primary arcs air core or wide or looped windings ns secondary arcs tstrip RILIU D degrees nterms chars cct terminal strip chars I invisible terminals C circle terminals default D dot terminals O omitted separator lines wid value total strip width ht value strip height ttmotor linespec string diameter brushwid brushht ect motor with label twopi_ gen 27 52 ujt Clinespec R P E cct unijunction transistor right P channel envelope unit3D x y z 3D unit triple in the direction of triple x y z up_ gen set current direction up up__ gen up with respect to current direction variable element A P LI u N CIS angle length cct overlaid arrow or line to indicate variable 2 terminal element A arrow P preset L linear N nonlinear C continuous S setpwise vec_ x y gen position rotated wit
6. Cn uCn dCn collectors CO to Cn u or d add an arrow C single collector u or d add an arrow G gate line and location H gate line L L gate line and location d D named parallel diode d dotted connection u T thyristor trigger line arg 4 E envelope boxcoord planar obj x fraction y fraction gen internal point in a planar object boxdim name h w d v default gen evaluate e g name_w if defined else default if given else 0 v gives sum of d and h values bp__ gen big point size factor in scaled inches scale 72 bswitch linespec LIR chars cct pushbutton switch R right orientation default L left chars O normally open C normally closed buzzer U DIL IRIdegrees size C cct buzzer In1 to In3 defined C curved c_fet Uinespec L R P cct left or right plain or negated pin simplified MOSFET capacitor linespec char L R size cct capacitor char F or none flat plate C curved plate E polarized boxed plates K filled boxed plates P alternate polarized adds a polarity sign L polarity sign to the left of drawing direction arg3 R reversed polarity arg4 size defaults F dimen_ 3 C P dimen_ 4 E K dimen_ 5 cbreaker linespec LIR D cct circuit breaker to left or right D dotted ccoax at location MIF diameter cct coax connector M male F female cct_init cct initialize circuit diagram environment reads libcct m4 centerline linespec thickness color minimum long dash len short das
7. E truncate at start or end by dline thickness 2 thick val total thicknes ie width ends x x or x or x where x is half width line or full width line the constant e Calculates location named Result equidistant from the first three positions i e the centre of the circle passing through the three positions flipflop height parameter in L_units flipflop width parameter in L_units vector projected on current view plane with top face of 3 dimensonal arrowhead normal to x2 y2 z2 flip flops boxspec e g ht x wid y This macro 6 input flip flops has been superseded by FlipFlopX and may be deleted in future spec n NQ n Q n CK n PR 1b n CLR n S n IDITIR to include and negate pins 1b to print labels This macro JK flip flop has been superseded by FlipFlopX and may be deleted in future Similar to FlipFlop6 FlipFlopX boxspec label leftpins toppins rightpins bottompins log G_hht log H_ht log Int_ gen IOdefs linespec label P N L R General flipflop Each of args 3 to 6 is null or a string of pinspecs separated by semicolons Pinspecs are either empty or of the form pinopts label Picname The first colon draws the pin Pins are placed top to bottom or left to right along the box edges with null pinspecs counted for placement Pins are named by side and number by default eg W1 W2 N1 N2 El Si however if Picname is present in a pins
8. For the special case of only one argument e g f_box Wood chips this macro simply overwrites the label on a white box of identical size Otherwise the first argument specifes the box characteristics except for size and the macro evaluates to box boxspecs s_box label arguments For example the result of the following command is shown on the right of Figure 56 f_box color lightgray thickness 2 rad 2pt__ huge n g 4 1 More tricks can be played The example Picture s_box includegraphicsf file eps with sw at location shows a nice way of including eps graphics in a diagram The included picture named Picture in the example has known position and dimensions which can be used to add vector graphics or 32 text to the picture To aid in overlaying objects the macro boxcoord object name x fraction y fraction evaluates to a position with boxcoord object name 0 0 at the lower left corner of the object and boxcoord object name 1 1 at its upper right 11 PSTricks and other tricks This section applies only to a pic processor dpic that is capable of producing output compatible with PSTricks Tikz PGF or in principle other graphics postprocessors By using command lines or simply by inserting TEX graphics directives along with strings to be formatted one can mix arbitrary PSTricks or other commands with m4 input to create complicated effects Some commonly required effects are particularly simple For e
9. 2 commands 51 gen Copy stack 1 into stack 2 performing arg3 for each nonblank entry stackprint_ stack name gen Print the contents of the stack to the terminal stackpromote_ prefix stack name In name gen Define locations In1 or In name 1 corresponding to the locations in stack stack name as created by the AutoGate and Autologic macros Each location is prefixed by argument 1 stackreverse_ stack name gen Reverse the order of elements in a stack preserving the name stacksplit_ stack name string separator gen Stack the fields of string left to right separated by nonblank separator default White space preceding the fields is ignored sum3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D sum of two triples sum_ a b gen binary sum svec_ x y log scaled and rotated grid coordinate vector SW gen sw with respect to current direction switch linespec L R C10 D BID cct SPST switch wrapper for bswitch lswitch and dswitch arg2 R right orientation default L left if arg4 blank knife switch arg3 O C D O opening C closing D dots if arg4 B button switch arg3 O C O normally open C normally closed if arg4 D arg3 same as for dswitch ta_xy x y cct macro internal coordinates adjusted for L R tgate linespec B R L cct transmission gate B ebox type L oriented left thicklines_ number gen set line thickness in points thinlines_ number gen set line thickness in points
10. 4 and similar to the C language The logical operators lt gt gt and lt apply to expressions and strings A modest selection of numerical functions is also provided the single argument functions sin cos log exp sqrt int where log and exp are base 10 the two argument functions atan2 max min and the random number generator rand Other functions are also provided using macros A pic manual should be consulted for details more examples and other facilities such as the branching facility if expression then anything else anything the looping facility for variable expression to expression by expression do anything operating system commands pic macros and external file inclusion 4 Two terminal circuit elements There is a fundamental difference between the two terminal elements which are directed objects that are positioned and oriented by defining an invisible line segment and other elements which are compound objects mentioned in Section 3 5 The two terminal element macros follow a set of conventions described in this section and other elements will be described in Section 5 4 1 Circuit and element basics A list of the library macros and their arguments is in Section 15 The arguments have default values so that only those that differ from defaults need be specified Figure 6 which shows a resistor also serves as an example of pic commands The first part of t
11. CR D IK L LE R P R SITIVIvIZ R E cct diode B bi directional CR current regulator D diac K open form L open form with centre line LED R LED right P R photodiode right S Schottky T tunnel V varicap v varicap curved plate Z zener arg 4 R reversed polarity E enclosure 44 dir_ darrow used for temporary storage of direction by darrow macros distance Position 1 Position2 gen distance between named positions distance position position gen distance between positions dlabel long lat label label label chars cct general triple label chars X displacement is from the centre of the last line rather than the centre of the last L R A B align labels ljust rjust above or below absolute respectively dleft darrow double line left turn dline linespec t t width parameters darrow See also Dline Double line truncated by half width at either end closed at either or both ends parameters x x or x or x where xis half width line or full width line dlinewid darrow width of double lines dn_ gen down with respect to current direction dljust at location darrow ljust displaced dlinewid 2 dna_ cct characters that determine which components are drawn dnm cct similar to dna dot at location radius fill gen filled circle third arg gray value 0 black 1 white dot3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D dot product of two triples dotrad_ gen dot radius down_ gen sets current direction
12. I installidr option of m4 to be omitted but it will be kept in following examples In the absence of a need to examine the file quick pic the commands for producing the tex file can be reduced provided the above inclusions have been made to m4 I installdir quick m4 dpic p gt quick tex Diagram source pstricks m4 libgen m4 PS include pstricks m4 cct_init Configuration file define cct_init libcct m4 define resistor Figure 4 The command m4 I installdir quick m4 gt quick pic with include pstricks m4 preceding cct_init pic Diagram source libgen m4 pstricks m4 PS if include pstricks m4 include libgen m4 oo cect_init define cct_init Configuration file libcct m4 define resistor Figure 5 The command m4 I installdir quick m4 gt quick pic with include libgen m4 preceding cct_init causing the default configuration file to be read 5 It may be desirable to invoke m4 and dpic automatically from the document file as shown documentclass article usepackage tikz newcommand mtotex 2 immediate write18 m4 I installdir 2 m4 dpic 1 gt 2 tex begin document mtotex g FileA input FileA tex par mtotex g FileB input FileB tex end document The first argument of mtotex is a p for pstricks or g for pgf Sources FileA m4 and FileB m4 must contain any required include statements and the main document sh
13. WaBKC LI a 1 2 _b J J WBCY C WBCZ WBCE WBRH C WBRdH WBRHH WBMMR WBMM WBMR WBEL WBLE WdBKEL Figure 12 The switch linespec L R chars L B D macro is a wrapper for the macros lswitch linespec LIR 0 C D bswitch linespec L R 01C and the many optioned dswitch linespec R W ud B K chars shown The switch is drawn in the current drawing di rection An second argument R produces a mirror image with respect to the drawing direction More general resizing should be done by redefining dimen_ as described in Section 8 1 These two macros can be nested the following scales the above example by 1 8 for example resized 1 8 diode right_ 0 4 resized 1 8 reversed diode right_ 0 4 Figure 13 shows some two terminal elements with arrows or lines overlaid to indicate variability using the macro variable element type angle length where type is one of A P L N with C or S optionally appended to indicate continuous or stepwise variation Alternatively this macro can be invoked similarly to the label macros in Section 4 4 by specifying an empty first argument thus the following line draws the resistor in Figure 13 resistor down_ dimen_ variable uN N A FRAR N TIF RRA h hi Figure 13 Illustrating variable element A PIL uJN CIS angle length For example variable capacitor down_ dim
14. You can do the following a Update your PSTricks package b Instead comment out the second definition of M4PatchPSTricks in pstricks m4 The first definition works for some older PSTricks distributions c Insert define M4PatchPSTricks immediately after the PS line of your diagram This change prevents the line psset noCurrentPoint from being added to the tex code for the diagram This line is a workaround for a feature of the current PSTricks psbezier command that changes its behaviour within the pscustom environment This situation occurs rarely and so the line is unnecessary for many diagrams d For very old versions of PSTricks such as pstricks97 disable the workaround totally by changing the second definition in pstricks m4 to define M4PatchPSTricks Undo the change if you later update PSTricks 16 m4 I error Some old versions of m4 do not implement the I option or the M4PATH environment variable that simplify file inclusion The simplest course of action is probably to install GNU m4 which is free and widely available Otherwise all include filename statements in the libraries and calling commands have to be given absolute filename paths You can define the HOMELIB_ macro in libgen m4 to the path of the installation directory and change the library include statements to the form include HOMELIB_ filename 15 List of macros The following table lists the macros in libraries darrow m4
15. and explanatory error messages could be written as necessary but that would make the macros more difficult to read and to write You will have to read them when unexpected results are obtained or when you wish to modify them Here are some hints gleaned from experience and from comments I have received 1 Misconfiguration One of the configuration files listed in Section 2 2 and libgen m4 must be read by m4 before any of the drawing macros If only PSTricks is to be used for example then the simplest strategy is to set it as the default processor by typing make psdefault in the installation directory to change the mention of gpic to pstricks near the top of libgen m4 Similarly if only Tikz PGF will be used change gpic to pgf using the Makefile The package default is to read gpic m4 for historical compatibility The processor options must be chosen correspondly gpic t for gpic m4 and most often dpic p or dpic g when dpic is employed For example the pipeline for PSTricks output from file quick m4 is m4 I installdir pstricks m4 quick m4 dpic p gt quick tex 35 but for Tikz PGF processing the configuration file and dpic option have to be changed m4 I installdir pgf m4 quick m4 dpic g gt quick tex Any non default configuration file must appear explicitly in the command line or in an include statement Pic objects versus macros A common error is to write something like line from A to B resistor from B to C
16. apps org content show php Cirkuit content 107098 10 B W Kernighan and D M Richie The M4 macro processor Technical report Bell Labora tories 1977 11 B W Kernighan and D M Richie PIC A graphics language for typesetting user man ual Technical Report 116 AT amp T Bell Laboratories 1991 http www cs bell labs com 10thEdMan pic pdf 53 12 13 14 15 16 Thomas K Landauer The Trouble with Computers MIT Press Cambridge 1995 E S Raymond Making pictures with GNU PIC 1995 In GNU groff source distribution also in the dpic package and at http www kohala com start troff gpic raymond ps T Rokicki DVIPS A T X driver Technical report Stanford 1994 R Seindal et al GNU m4 1994 http www gnu org software m4 manual m4 htm1 T Van Zandt PSTricks user s guide 1993 54
17. arbitrary TFX can be output either in ordinary strings or by use of command output complex examples such as found in reference 5 for example can be included The complications are twofold TFX and dpic may not know the dimensions of the formatted result and the code is generally unique to the postprocessor Where postprocessors are capable of equivalent results then macros such as rs_box shade and rgbfill mentioned previously can be used to hide code differences 12 Web documents pdf and alternative output formats Circuit diagrams contain graphics and symbols and the issues related to web publishing are similar to those for other mathematical documents Here the important factor is that gpic t generates out put containing tpic special commands which must be converted to the desired output whereas dpic can generate several alternative formats as shown in Figure 57 One of the easiest methods for producing web documents is to generate postscript as usual and to convert the result to pdf format with Adobe Distiller or equivalent PDF latex produces pdf without first creating a postscript file but does not handle tpic specials so dpic must be installed 33 Diagram source Macro libraries 7 e f 8 m P r s v xX Postscript sfra tex tex pee tex tex tpic TEX PGF mfpic PSTricks Postscript MetaPost SVG Xfig ps mp SVE fig tex e eps ATEX ATEX ATEX A Inkscape TEX E E SX Z ETX MetaPos
18. are illustrated in Figure 31 The first argument of both macros establishes the drawing direction The second argument is a string of characters defining drawn components An R in the strng specifies a right orientation with respect to the drawing direction The two principal terminals of the jack are included by putting L S or both into the string with associated make M or break B points Thus LMB within the third argument draws the L contact with associated make and break points Repeated L M B or S M B substrings add auxiliary contacts with specified make or break points 18 B TB An Ba B C C A TA Bt AT LA plug plug R plug 3 plug L 3R y o n LM y Lop p eA m l Lip z So A 0 A 0 ee G jack jack LMBS L RLS L RLBLMLMS RSBSMLB Figure 31 The jack U DILIRI degrees chars and plug U D L R degrees 2 3 R compo nents and their defined points 5 1 Semiconductors Figure 32 shows the variants of bipolar transistor macro bi_tr Ulinespec L R P E which contains predefined internal locations E B C The first argument defines the distance and direction from E C E bitr R bitr P bitr E igbt igbt LD Darlington bi_tr up_ dimen_ Figure 32 Bipolar transistor variants current direction upward to C with location determined by the enclosing block as for other elements and the base placed to the left or right of the current drawing direction ac
19. file and producing a diagram ready for final BTFXing This hackery is summarized below with an example in Figure 54 e Put usepackage boxdims into the document source e Insert the following at the beginning of the diagram source where jobname is the name of the main ATEX file sinclude jobname dim s_init unique name e Use the macro s_box text to produce typeset text of known size as shown in Figure 54 alternatively invoke the macros boxdims and boxdim described later PS gen_init sinclude CMman dim Eent teet te te EE s_init stringdims B box Left text Right text x s_box Left text at B w rjust s_box Right text x g 2 at B e ljust PE Figure 54 The macro s_box sets string dimensions automatically when processed twice If two or more arguments are given to s_box they are passed through sprintf The dots show the figure bounding box The macro s_box text evaluates initially to boxdims name text wid boxdim name w ht boxdim name v On the second pass this is equivalent to text wid x ht y where x and y are the typeset dimensions of the TFX input text If s_box is given two or more arguments as in Figure 54 then they are processed by sprintf The argument of s_init which should be unique within jobname dim is used to generate a unique boxdims first argument for each invocation of s_box in the current file If s_init has been omitted the symbols are inserted into the tex
20. for tmp dim has to be used to ensure that the correct dimension file is written and read This distribution includes a Makefile that simplifies the process otherwise a script can automate it Having produced filename 1 rename it to filename mps and voila you can now run PDFlatex on a tex source that includes the diagram using includegraphics filename mps as usual The dpic processor is capable of other output formats as illustrated in Figure 57 and in example files included with the distribution The ATEX drawing commands alone or with eepic or pict2e extensions are suitable only for simple diagrams 13 Developer s notes Years ago in the course of writing a book I took a few days off to write a pic like interpreter dpic to automate the tedious coordinate calculations required by TX picture objects The macros in this distribution and the interpreter are the result of that effort drawings I have had to produce since and suggestions received from others The interpreter has been upgraded over time to generate 34 mfpic MetaPost 7 raw Postscript Postscriptwith psfrag tags and PSTricks output the latter my preference because of its quality and flexibility including facilities for colour and rotations together with simple font selection TikZ PGF output which combines most of the power of PSTricks with PDFlatex compatibility has been added Xfig compatible output was introduced early on to allow the creation of diagrams both by
21. ljust arrow lt down 0 3 from Ri start chop 0 05 tt Ri start below arrow lt down 0 3 from Ri end chop 0 05 tt Ri end below arrow lt down last c y last arrow end y from Ri c tt Ri centre below dimension_ from Ri start to Ri end 0 45 tt elen _ 0 4 dimension_ right_ dimen_ from R1 c dimen_ 2 0 0 3 tt dimen _ 0 5 PE e The line thickness is set to the default thin value of 0 4 pt and the box displaying the element body block is drawn Notice how the width and height can be specified and the box centre positioned at the centre of the block e The next paragraph draws two objects a spline with an arrowhead and a string left justified at the end of the spline Other string positioning modifiers than ljust are rjust above and below Lines to be read by pic can be continued by putting a backslash as the rightmost character e The last paragraph invokes a macro for dimensioning diagrams 4 2 The two terminal elements Figure 7 Figure 12 are tables of the two terminal elements Several elements are included more than once to illustrate some of their arguments which are listed in Section 15 The first argument of the two terminal elements if included defines the invisible line along which the element is drawn The other arguments produce variants of the default elements Thus for example resistor up_ 1 25 7 draws a resistor 1 25 units long up from the current position with 7 vertices per side The macro up
22. programming and by interactive graphics Most recently SVG output has been added and seems suitable for producing web diagrams directly and for further editing by the Inkscape interactive grapics editor Instead of using pic macros I preferred the equally simple but more powerful m4 macro proces sor and therefore m4 is required here although dpic now supports pic like macros Free versions of m4 are available for Unix Windows and other operating systems If starting over today would I not just use one of the other drawing packages available these days It would depend on the context but pic remains a good choice for line drawings because it is easy to learn and read but powerful enough for coding the geometrical calculations required for precise component sizing and placement It would be nice if arbitrary rotations and scaling were simpler and if a general path element were available as in Postscript The main value of this distribution is not in the use of a specific language but in the element data encoded in the macros which have been developed and refined over two decades Some of them have become less readable as more options and flexibility have been added and if starting over today perhaps I would change some details Compromises have been made in order to retain reasonable compatibility with the variety of postprocessors No choice of tool is without compromise and producing good graphics seems to be time consuming no matter how it i
23. y rlabel L b_current i line to Origin PE Pic input ends Figure 2 The file quick m4 and resulting diagram There are several ways of drawing the same picture for example nodes such as Origin can be defined and circuit branches drawn between them or absolute coordinates can be used e g source up_ from 0 0 to 0 0 75 Ele ment sizes and styles can be varied as described in later sections The effect of the m4 command above is shown in Figure 3 Configuration file pstricks m4 causes library libgen m4 to be read thereby defining the macro cct_init The diagram source file is then read and the circuit element macros in libcct m4 are defined during expansion of cct_init pstricks m4 libgen m4 pic Configuration file define cct_init Diagram source quick m4 libcct m4 PS Ene cct_init define resistor Figure 3 The command m4 I installdir pstricks m4 quick m4 gt quick pic To produce Tikz PGF code the commands are modified to read pgf m4 and invoke the g option of dpic as follows m4 I installdir pgf m4 quick m4 gt quick pic dpic g quick pic gt quick tex The TX header should contain usepackage tikz but the inclusion statemensts are the same as for PSTricks input Invoking PDFlatex on the source produces pdf output directly In all cases the essential line is input quick which inserts the previously created file quick tex 2 1 2 Processing with gpic If your prin
24. M4 Macros for Electric Circuit Diagrams in TEX Documents Dwight Aplevich Version 7 9 Contents a re 13 I Introducti n ssicisscsssccsoscsoss 1 5 Composite circuit elements 14 5 1 Semiconductors 19 2 Using the macros 2 21 NICK Skar oca Ghat ae ke wR eae a 2 6 Directions looping and corners 21 2 1 1 Processing with dpic and PSTricks or Tikz PGF 2 7 Logic gates ccc eee eee 23 2 1 2 Processing with gpic 3 2 1 3 Simplifications 4 8 Element and diagram scaling 26 2 2 Including the libraries 5 8 1 Circuit scaling 26 8 2 Pie seal we Go ee a es 27 3 Pic essentials yesreiisnesrinesivisa 6 sa Mamalia ee ea a es as e 9 Writing MACOS csissscssrisserros 27 3 2 The linear objects line i i i arrow spline arc 6 10 Interaction with PTpxX 31 See SRS ci boy eee 6 11 PSTricks and other tricks 33 3 4 The planar objects box circle oe and text 7 12 Web documents pdf and alterna 3 5 Compound objects 8 tive output formats 33 3 6 Other language facilities 8 13 Developer s notes 6 34 4 Two terminal circuit elements 9 4 1 Circuit and element basics Yt Dies S E E E 35 4 2 The two terminal elements 10 4 3 Branch current arrows 13 15 List of Macros sisssecsssssscsseiss 38 1 Introduction Before every conference I find Ph D s in on weekends running back
25. R P Figure 35 UJT devices with current drawing direction up A T1 T1 T1 T1 A bo r t Q O Ke G G K T2 T2 Tm C T2 K thyristor B BR BGE BRGE C A A A A A G A G G O FF Fe FH GK KC K K K K e GARE GUA GUAV UAH UAN UANRE Figure 36 The thyristor linespec chars macro drawing direction down The element is not two terminal so the linespec determines length and direction but not position The scr macro places the thyristor as a two terminal element wrapper macro scr linespec chars label draws a thyristor and places it using linespec as for a two terminal element but requires a third argument for the label for the compound block thus scr from A to B UA Q3 line right from Q3 G draws the element from position A to position B with label Q3 and draws a line from G The number of possible semiconductor symbols is very large so these macros must be regarded as prototypes Often an element is a minor modification of existing elements For example the thyristor linespec chars macro illustrated in Figure 36 is derived from the diode and bipolar transistor macros Another example is the tgate macro shown in Figure 37 which also shows a pass transistor Gb Gb tgate A k B A k3 B ptrans G G A L_ B G G G R L tgate L A tk B A B ptrans tgate B Gb Gb Figure 37 The tgate linespec B RIL element derived from a customized diode and e
26. The optional third and fifth arguments specifies the number of primary and secondary arcs respectively If the fourth 15 argument string contains an A the iron core is omitted and if it contains a W wide windings are drawn Pix P1 Piw Sl S1 P1 Plu gt 51 Sl zS a o TP f TS TPe3l TS TP 6 TS TP 3 B TS TS TP P27 S2 2 p r S2 P2 P2 s2 927 N P2 transformer 8 W 4 down_ 0 6 2 8 R 9 AL R 8 AW Figure 22 The transformer linespec L R np A WIL ns macro drawing direction down showing predefined terminal and centre tap points Figure 23 shows some audio devices defined in blocks with predefined internal locations as shown The first argument specifies the device orientation Thus Box Circle Circle Box Face In1 Inl In1 Ini In4 In5 Box In2 JO In2 A In2 A Inz dn Inl In3 In3 In3 In3 microphone buzzer buzzer C bell n B me In3 In1 L R In6 In7 In2 SS oh speaker H In3 earphone earphone C Figure 23 Audio components speaker U D L RI degrees size type bell microphone buzzer earphone with their internally named positions and components S speaker U with In2 at Here places an upward facing speaker with input In2 at the current location The nport box specs other commands nw nn ne ns space ratio pin lgth style macro is shown in Figure 24 The macro begins with the line define nport Box box 1 so the first ar
27. agment shown Ands right_ Andi AND_gate And2 AND_gate at Andi 0 And1 ht 3 2 with And2 In1 at position The two gate macros evaluate to compound objects containing Out In1 and other locations The final positions of all objects between the square brackets are determined in the last line by specifying the position of In1 of gate And2 3 6 Other language facilities All objects have default sizes directions and other characteristics so part of the specification of an object can sometimes be profitably omitted Another possibility for defining positions is expression between position and position which means 1st position expression x 2nd position 1st position and which can be abbreviated as expression lt position position gt Care has to be used in processing the latter construction with m4 since the comma may have to be put within quotes to distinguish it from the m4 argument separator Positions can be calculated using expressions containing variables The scope of a position is the current block Thus for example theta atan2 B y A y B x A x line to Heret 3 cos theta 3 sin theta Expressions are the usual algebraic combinations of primary quantities constants environ mental parameters such as scale variables horizontal or vertical coordinates of terms such as position x or position y dimensions of pic objects e g last circle rad The elementary alge braic operators are
28. an acute angled arc with arrowhead on the chord defined by the first argument The linear objects can be given arrowheads at the start end or both ends for example line dashed lt right 0 5 arc lt gt height 0 06 width 0 03 ccw from Here to Heret 0 5 0 with center at Here 0 25 0 spline gt right 0 5 then down 0 2 left 0 3 then right 0 4 The arrowheads on the arc above have had their shape adjusted using the height and width parameters 3 4 The planar objects box circle ellipse and text Planar objects are drawn by specifying the width height and position thus A box ht 0 6 wid 0 8 at 1 1 after which in this example the position A center is defined and can be referenced simply as A In addition the compass corners A n A s A e A w A ne A se A sw A nw are automatically defined as are the dimensions A height and A width Planar objects can also be placed by specifying the location of a defined point for example two touching circles can be drawn as shown circle radius 0 2 circle diameter last circle width 1 2 with sw at last circle ne The planar objects can be filled with gray or colour For example the line box dashed fill produces a dashed box filled with a medium gray by default The gray density is controlled using the ill1_ number macro where 0 lt number lt 1 with 0 corresponding to black and 1 to white Basic colours for lines and fills are provided by gpic and dpic but more elabor
29. and forth from their offices to the printer It appears that people who are unable to execute pretty pictures with pen and paper find it gratifying to try with a computer 12 This manual describes a method for drawing electric circuits and other diagrams in ATFX and web documents The diagrams are defined in the simple pic drawing language 11 augmented with m4 macros 10 and are processed by m4 and a pic processor to convert them to PSTricks Tikz PGF or other 4TpX cmpatible code Postscript or SVG The method has the advantages and disadvantages of T X itself since it is macro based and non wysiwyg with ordinary text input The book from which the above quotation is taken correctly points out that the payoff can be in quality of diagrams at the price of the time spent in learning how to draw them A collection of basic components most based on IEEE standards 8 and conventions for their internal structure are described Macros such as these are only a starting point since it is often convenient to customize elements or to package combinations of them for particular drawings 2 Using the macros This section describes the basic process of adding circuit diagrams to TeX documents to produce postscript or pdf files On some operating systems project management software with graphical interfaces can be used to automate the process but as described in Section 2 1 the steps can be performed by a script makefile or by hand for simple docu
30. and the bottom is null if the first macro argument is 1 For hybrid applications the dac and adc macros are illustrated in Figure 48 The figure shows the default and predifined internal locations the number of which can be specified as macro argu ments 25 PRESET ENABLE SERIAL INPUT CLEAR CLOCK Figure 47 A 5 bit shift register N1 N1 N2 N1 N1 N2 NW NE NW NE In1 Out3 Ini In1 Out1 Out In1 Out1 In2 Out1 In2 SW SE SW SE S1 S1 S2 S3 S1 S1 2 S3 dac Q dac 2 2 3 3 DAC 2 at Q C adc adc 2 2 3 3 Figure 48 The dac width height nIn nN nOut nS and adc width height nIn nN nOut nS macros 8 Element and diagram scaling There are several issues related to scale changes You may wish to use millimetres for example instead of the default inches You may wish to change the size of a complete diagram while keeping the relative proportions of objects within it You may wish to change the sizes or proportions of individual elements within a diagram You must take into account that line widths are scaled separately from drawn objects and that the size of typeset text is independent of the pic language The scaling of circuit elements will be described first then the pic scaling facilities 8 1 Circuit scaling The circuit elements all have default dimensions that are multiples of the pic environmental param eter linewid so changing this parameter changes default element dimensions The scope of a pic variab
31. at Box w ljust oo at Box e rjust If this trick were to be used extensively then the following custom wrapper would save typing add the labels and pass all arguments to nport define nullor nport 1 0 at Box w ljust infty at Box e rjust shift The above example and the related gyrator macro are illustrated in Figure 25 gt a gyrator invis 0 N nullor gyrator gyrator invis wid boxht 0 NV Figure 25 The nullor example and the gyrator macro are customizations of the nport macro A basic winding macro for magnetic circuit sketches and similar figures is shown in Figure 26 For simplicity the complete spline is first drawn and then blanked in appropriate places using the background core color lightgray for example default white a core color rs Ba T I Left pins Left pins winding cw ccw diam core wid l a pins nn pins winding R T1 ccw Figure 26 The winding L R diam pitch turns core wid core color macro draws a coil with axis along the current drawing direction Terminals T1 and T2 are defined Setting the first argument to R draws a right hand winding Some experimental connectors are shown if Figure 27 and Figure 28 The tstrip macros allows key value arguments for width and height ey ccoax ccoax F B tstrip R 5 D0 wid 1 0 ht 0 25 Figure 27 The tstrip R L U D degrees chars and ccoax at location MIF diameter macros Figure 29 shows
32. ate line and fill styles can be incorporated depending on the printing device by inserting special commands or other lines beginning with a backslash in the drawing code In fact arbitrary lines can be inserted into the output using command string where string is one or more lines to be inserted Arbitrary text strings typically meant to be typeset by TFX are delimited by double quote characters and occur in two ways The first way is illustrated by large Resonances of C_ 20 H_ 42 wid x ht y at position which writes the typeset result like a box at position and tells pic its size The default size assumed by pic is given by parameters textwid and textht if it is not specified as above The exact typeset size of formatted text can be obtained as described in Section 10 The second occurrence associates one or more strings with an object e g the following writes two words one above the other at the centre of an ellipse ellipse bf Stop bf here The C like pic function sprintf format string numerical arguments is equivalent to a string 3 5 Compound objects A compound object is a group of statements enclosed in square brackets Such an object is placed by default as if it were a box but it can also be placed by specifying the final position of a defined point A defined point is the center or compass corner of the bounding box of the compound object or one of its internal objects Consider the last line of the code fr
33. beller two same direction elements in parallel internal to gshade absolute grid location UIDILIR degrees ground without stem for nonblank 2nd arg N normal F frame S signal L low noise P protective E European up down left right or angle from horizontal default 90 gyrator box specs space ratio pin Igth N V cct gshade gray value A B Z A B gen heater linespec ndivisions wid ht cct Gyrator two port wrapper for nport N omits pin dots V gives a vertical orientation Note last two arguments Shade a polygon with named vertices attempting to avoid sharp corners heater element 46 hoprad_ cct ht_ gen ifdpic if true if false gen ifgpic if true if false gen ifinstr string string if true if false gen ifmfpic if true if false gen ifmpost if true if false gen ifpgf if true if false gen ifpostscript if true if false gen ifpstricks if true if false gen ifroff if true if false gen ifxfig Cif true if false gen igbt linespec LIR L d D cct in__ gen inductor linespec W L n M loop wid cct inner_prod linear obj linear obj gen integrator linespec size cct hop radius in crossover macro height relative to current direction test if dpic has been specified as pic processor test if gpic has been specified as pic processor test if the second argument is a substring of the first also ifinstr string string if true string stri
34. below_ 0 E r N r A lt lt 0 larrow i rarrbw i larrow i lt rarrow i lt Figure 15 Illustrating b current larrow and rarrow The drawing direction is to the right If the fourth argument is End the arrow is drawn from the end toward the body If the third element is Out the arrow is drawn outward from the body The first argument is the desired label of which the default position is the macro above_ which evaluates to above if the current direction is right or to ljust below rjust if the current direction is respectively down left up The label is assumed to be in math mode unless it begins with sprintf or a double quote in which case it is copied literally A non blank second argument specifies the relative position of the label with respect to the arrow for example below_ which places the label below with respect to the current direction Absolute positions for example below or ljust also can be specified For those who prefer a separate arrow to indicate the reference direction for current the macros larrow label gt lt dist and rarrow label gt lt dist are provided The label is placed out side the arrow as shown in Figure 15 The first argument is assumed to be in math mode unless it begins with sprintf or a double quote in which case the argument is copied literally The third argument specifies the separation from the element 4 4 Labels Special macros for labeling two terminal
35. box and the ptrans linespec RIL macro These are not two terminal elements so the linespec argument defines the direction and length of the line from A to B but not the element position Some FETs with predefined internal locations S D and G are also included with similar arguments to those of bi_tr as shown in Figure 38 In all cases the first argument is a linespec and entering R as the second argument orients the G terminal to the right of the current drawing direction The macros in the top three rows of the figure are wrappers for the general macro mosfet linespec R characters E The third argument of this macro is a subset of the characters BDEFGLMQRSTXZ each letter corresponding to a diagram component as shown in the bottom row of the figure Preceding the characters B G and S by u or d adds an up or down arrowhead to the pin preceding T by d negates the pin and preceding M by u or d puts the pin at the drain or source end respectively of the gate The obsolete letter L is equivalent to dM and has been kept temporarily for compatibility This system allows considerable freedom in choosing or customizing components as illustrated in Figure 38 Some other non two terminal macros are dot which has an optional argument at location the line thickness macros the fill_ macro and crossover which is a useful if archaic method to 20 ial L L L L x 5 ar EN g T m j_fet right_ dimen_ 3 E d_fet 2 a e_fet 5
36. brary if it hasn t already been read for example cct_init tests whether libcct m4 has been read and includes it if necessary A few of the distributed example files contain other experimental macros that can be pasted into diagram source files See Flow m4 for example The libraries contain hints and explanations that might help in debugging or if you wish to modify any of the macros Macros are generally named using the obvious circuit element names so that programming becomes something of an extension of the pic language Some macro names end in an underscore to reduce the chance of name clashes These can be invoked in the diagram source but there is no long term guarantee that their names and functionality will remain unchanged Finally macros intended only for internal use begin with the characters m4 3 Pic essentials Pic source is a sequence of lines in a file The first line of a diagram begins with PS with optional following arguments and the last line is normally PE Lines outside of these pass through the pic processor unchanged The visible objects can be divided conveniently into two classes the linear objects line arrow spline arc and the planar objects box circle ellipse The object move is linear but draws nothing A compound object or block is planar and consists of a pair of square brackets enclosing other objects as described in Section 3 5 Objects can be placed using absolute coordinates or relative to other ob
37. c fet gt e_fet R d_fet S G L L L L d T m m Aa Aa A j fet P e_fet P e_fet P S c_fet P d_fet P a d_fet P S D an a omar es ue dilh 24 Gc ie eee Cl aMEDSQue B oaks ZSDFAT S C uHSDF uMEDSuB IRF4905 Figure 38 JFET insulated gate enhancement and depletion MOSFETs and simplified versions These macros are wrappers that invoke the mosfet macro as shown in the bottom row The two lower right examples show custom devices the first defined by omitting the substrate connection and the second defined using a wrapper macro show non touching conductor crossovers as in Figure 39 This figure also illustrates how elements Vee Figure 39 Bipolar transistor circuit illustrating crossover and colored elements and labels can be colored using the macro rgbdraw r g b drawing commands where the r g b values are in the range 0 to 1 to specify the rgb color This macro is a wrapper for the following which may be more convenient if many elements are to be given the same color setrgb r g b drawing commands resetrgb A macro is also provided for colored fills rgbfill r g b drawing commands These macros depend heavily on the postprocessor and are intended only for PSTricks Tikz PGF MetaPost and the Postscript output of dpic 6 Directions looping and corners Aside from its block structure capabilities looping and macros pic has a very useful concept of the
38. ches but the assignment scale 25 4 has the effect of changing the units to millimetres as described in Section 8 Lines can also be drawn to any distance in any direction The example line up_ 3 sqrt 2 right_ 3 sqrt 2 dashed draws a line 3 units long from the current location at a 45 angle above horizontal Lines and other objects can be specified as dotted dashed or invisible as above The construction line from A to B chop x truncates the line at each end by x which may be negative or if x is omitted by the current circle radius which is convenent when A and B are circular graph nodes for example Otherwise line from A to B chop x chop y truncates the line by x at the start and y at the end Any of the above means of specifying line or arrow direction and length will be called a linespec Lines can be concatenated For example to draw a triangle line up_ sqrt 3 right_ 1 then down_ sqrt 3 right_ 1 then left_ 2 3 3 Positions A position can be defined by a coordinate pair e g 3 2 5 more generally using parentheses by expression expression as a sum or difference as position expression expression or by the construction position position the latter taking the x coordinate from the first position and the y coordinate from the second A position can be given a symbolic name beginning with an upper case letter e g Top 0 5 4 5 Such a definition does not affect the calculated figure boundaries The current
39. cording to the second argument Setting the third argument to P creates a PNP device instead of NPN and setting the fourth to E draws an envelope around the device The code fragment example in Figure 33 places a bipolar transistor connects a ground to the emitter and connects a resistor to the collector S dot line left_ 0 1 up_ Qi bi_tr R with B at Here ground at Q1 E line up 0 1 from Q1 C resistor right_ S x Here x dot Figure 33 The bi_tr linespec L R P E macro The bi_tr and igbt macros are wrappers for the macro bi_trans linespec LIR chars E which draws the components of the transistor according to the characters in its third argument For example multiple emitters and collectors can be specified as shown in Figure 34 BU B B Rae ae Em2 Cm2 aa N D C E E C E2 E1 E0 C0 C1 C2 bi_trans BCuEBUS bi trans BCdE2BU bi_trans BC2dEBU Figure 34 The bi_trans linespec L R chars E macro The sub elements are specified by the third argument The substring En creates multiple emitters EO to En Collectors are similar A UJT macro with predefined internal locations B1 B2 and E is shown in Figure 35 and a thyristor macro with predefined internal locations G and T1 T2 or A K is in Figure 36 Except for the G terminal a thyristor the C variant excluded is much like an two terminal element The 19 B2 E E B2 B2 E B2 E B1 ha Ej E B1 B1 B1 ujt up dimen_ E ujt P ujt R ujt
40. current point and current direction the latter unfortunately limited to up down left right The circuit macros need to know the current direction so whenever up down left right are used they should be written respectively as the macros up_ down_ left_ right_ To allow drawing circuit objects in other than the standard four directions a transformation matrix is applied at the macro level to generate the required pic code Potentially the matrix can be used for other transformations The macros Point_ degrees point_ radians and rpoint_ rel linespec re define the entries m4a_ m4b_ m4c_ m4d_ of the matrix for the required rotation 21 The macro eleminit_ in the two terminal elements invokes rpoint_ with a specified or default linespec to establish element length and direction As shown in Figure 40 Point_ 30 resistor draws a resistor along a line with slope of 30 degrees and rpoint_ to Z sets the current direction cosines to point from the current location to location Z Macro vec_ x y evaluates to the position x y rotated as defined by the argument of the previous Point_ point_ or rpoint_ command The principal device used to define relative locations in the circuit macros is rvec_ x y which evaluates to position Here vec_ x y Thus line to rvec_ x 0 draws a line of length x in the current direction Oblique m4 PS cct_init Ct dot Point_ 60 capacitor C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_3 Cr dot
41. e space immediately preceding arguments e The two terminal element macros expand to sequences of drawing commands that begin with line invis linespec where linespec is the first argument of the macro if it is non blank otherwise the line is drawn a distance elen_ in the current direction which is to the right by default The invisible line is first drawn then the element is drawn on top of it The element rather the initial invisible line can be given a name R1 in the example so that positions R1 start Ri centre and R1 end are automatically defined as shown e The element body is overlaid by a block which can be used to place labels around the element The block corresponds to an invisible rectangle with horizontal top and bottom lines regardless of the direction in which the element is drawn A dotted box has been drawn in the diagram to show the block boundaries e The last sub element identical to the first in two terminal elements is an invisible line that can be referenced later to place labels or other elements This might be over kill If you create your own macros you might choose simplicity over generality and only include visible lines To produce Figure 6 the following embellishments were added after the previously shown source thinlines_ box dotted wid last wid ht last ht at last move to 0 85 between last sw and last se spline lt down arrowht 2 right arrowht 2 then right 0 15 tt last
42. elements are included llabel argl arg2 arg3 clabel argl arg2 arg3 rlabel argl arg2 arg3 dlabel long lat arg1 arg2 arg3 X A B LIR The first macro places the three arguments which are treated as math mode strings on the left side of the element block with respect to the current direction up down left right The second places the arguments along the centre and the third along the right side A simple circuit example with labels is shown in Figure 16 The macro dlabel performs these functions for an 13 obliquely drawn element placing the three macro arguments at vec_ long lat vec_ 0 lat and vec_ long lat respectively relative to the centre of the element In the fourth argument an X aligns the labels with respect to the line joining the two terminals rather than the element body and A B L Ruse absolute above below left or right alignment respectively for the labels Labels beginning with sprintf or a double quote are copied literally rather than assumed to be in math mode Arbitrary TpX including includegraphics for example can also be placed on a diagram using TFX text wid width ht height at position Loop m4 PS cct_init define dimen_ 0 75 loopwid 1 loopht 0 75 source up_ loopht llabel v_s resistor right_ loopwid llabel R b_current i inductor down_ loopht W rlabel L capacitor left_ loopwid C llabel v_C rlabel C PE Figure 16 A loop co
43. en include only the element and its mirror image so the power of the vec_ and rvec_ macros is not required Suppose that an opto isolator is to be drawn with left right or right left orientation as shown in Figure 53 A C C A K E E B K Figure 53 Showing opto and opto BR with defined labels The macro interface could be something like the following opto LIR AIB where an R in the argument string signifies a right left mirrored orientation and the element is of either A or B type that is there are two related elements that might be drawn in either orientation for a total of four possibilities Those who find such an interface to be too cryptic might prefer to invoke the macro as opto orientation Rightleft type B which includes semantic sugar surrounding the R and B characters for readability this usage is made possible by testing the argument string using the ifinstr macro rather than requiring an exact match A draft of the macro follows and the file Optoiso m4 in the examples directory adds a third type option opto RIL AIB define opto u dimen_ 2 Q bi_trans up u 2 ifinstr 1 R R ifinstr 1 B B CBUdE E Q E C Q C A ifinstr 1 R Q e u 3 2 u Q w u 3 2 u K A O u 2 ifinstr 1 B line from Q B to Q B E B Here D diode from A to K arrow from D ct 0 u 6 to Q ifinstr 1 R e w 0 u 6 chop u 3 chop u 4 arrow from last arrow start 0 u 3
44. en_ draws the leftmost capacitor shown above and variable resistor down_ dimen_ uN draws the resistor The default angle is 45 regardless of the direction of the element The array on the right shows the effect of the second argument Figure 14 contains arrows for indicating radiation effects The arrow stems are named Al A2 and each pair is drawn in a block with the names Head and Tail defined to aid placement near another device The second argument specifies absolute angle in degrees default 135 degrees ad tr Tg S S em_arrows ND 45 I ID ED em_arrows N Figure 14 Radiation arrows em_arrows type angle length 4 3 Branch current arrows Arrowheads and labels can be added to conductors using basic pic statements For example the following line adds a labeled arrowhead at a distance alpha along a horizontal line that has just been drawn Many variations of this are possible arrow right arrowht from last line start alpha 0 i_1 above Macros have been defined to simplify labelling two terminal elements as shown in Figure 15 The macro b_current label above_ below_ In O ut Start E nd frac draws an arrow from the start of the last drawn two terminal element frac of the way toward the body m mM m Wy a a b_current i i below_ rae Gil 5 0 i below_ 0 W wm wy mM a a b_current i E i below_ E i 0 E 0 2 i
45. evaluates to up but also resets the current directional parameters to point up Most of the two terminal elements are oriented that is they have a defined polarity Sev eral element macros include an argument that reverses polarity but there is also a more general mechanism The first argument of the macro reversed macro name macro arguments WW resistor mM resistor Q __ resistor E Z resistor ES _UU1 resistor H Ar resistor 4 QR _ inductor 000 _ inductor W T00 inductor L lt a inductor M TTT inductor W 6 M G ttmotor G capacitor capacitor C tH _ capacitor C F capacitor P M capacitor E 4 IM capacitor k xt al e gap e e gap A arrowline ebox 0 5 F eboxc o 5 0 3 rE memristor U heater L__ tline Figure 7 Two terminal elements showing some variations 10 source source I source i source V source v source AC source X source F source G source Q POTo source P source U source R source S source T source L source B nullator norator i PPPO Figure 8 Sources and source like elements diode p diode S i diode V pi _ diode v pit diode B m diode CR pt diode K pt d
46. g quoted name and replacement text as follows define name replacement text After this line is read by the m4 processor then whenever name is encountered as a separate string it is replaced by its replacement text which may have multiple lines The quotation charac ters are used to defer macro expansion Macro arguments are referenced inside a macro by number thus 1 refers to the first argument A few examples will be given Example 1 Custom two terminal elements can often be defined by writing a wrapper for an existing element For example an enclosed thermal switch can be defined as shown in Figure 49 define thermalsw dswitch 1 2 WDdBT circle rad distance M4T last line c at last line c Figure 49 A custom thermal switch defined from the dswitch macro Example 2 In the following two macros are defined to simplify the repeated drawing of a series resistor and series inductor and the macro tsection defines a subcircuit that is replicated several times to generate Figure 50 Tline m4 PS cct_init hgt elen_ 1 5 ewd dimen_ 0 9 define sresistor resistor right_ ewd llabel r define sinductor inductor right_ ewd W llabel L define tsection sinductor dot line down_ hgt 0 25 dot gpar_ resistor down_ hgt 0 5 rlabel R capacitor down_ hgt 0 5 rlabel C dot line down_ hgt 0 25 dot sresistor SW Here gap up_ h
47. ground at D when it should be line from A to B resistor from B to C ground at D This error is caused by an unfortunate inconsistency between pic object attributes and the way m4 and pic pass macro arguments Commas Macro arguments are separated by commas so any comma that is part of an argument must be protected by parentheses or quotes Thus shadebox box with n at w h produces an error whereas shadebox box with n at w h and shadebox box with n at w h do not The parentheses are preferred Default directions and lengths The linespec argument of element macros requires both a direction and a length and if either is omitted a default value is used Writing source up_ draws a source up a distance equal to the current lineht value which may cause confusion Writing source 0 5 draws a source of length 0 5 units in the current pic default direction which is one of right left up or down The best practice is to specify both the direction and length of an element thus source up_ elen_ The effect of a linespec argument is independent of any direction set using the Point_ or similar macros To draw an element at an obtuse angle see Section 6 try for example Point_ 45 source to rvec_ 0 5 0 Processing sequence It is easy to forget that m4 finishes before pic processing begins Consequently it may be puzzling that the following mix of a pic loop and the m4 macro s_box does not appear t
48. gt sresistor for i 1 to 4 do tsection line dotted right_ dimen_ 2 tsection gap down_ hgt line to SW PE Figure 50 A lumped model of a transmission line illustrating the use of custom macros 28 Example 3 A number of elements have arguments meant explicitly for customization Figure 51 customizes the source macro to show a cycle of a horizontal sinusoid with adjustable phase given by argument 2 in degrees as might be wanted for a 3 phase circuit define phsource source 1 mO Set angle to 0 draw sinusoid restore angle phsource 120 m4smp_ang rp_ang rp_ang 0 sinusoid m4h 2 twopi_ m4h ifelse 2 2 360 twopi_ pi_ 2 m4h 2 m4h 2 with Origin at Here rp_ang m4smp_ang 3 4 5 Figure 51 A source element customized using its second argument Example 4 Composite elements containing several basic elements may be required Figure 52 shows a circuit that can be drawn in any reference direction prespecified by Point_ degrees con taining labels that always appear in their natural horizontal orientation Two flags in the argument determine the circuit orientation with respect to the current drawing direction and whether a mir rored circuit is drawn The key to writing such a macro is to observe that the pic language allows two terminal elements to change the current drawing direction so the value of rp_ang should be saved and restored as necessary after each i
49. gument is a box specification such as size fill or text The second to fifth arguments specify the number of ports pin pairs to be drawn respectively on the west north east and south sides of the box The end of each pin is named according to the side port number and a or b pin as shown The sixth argument specifies the ratio of port width to inter port space the seventh is the pin length and setting the eighth argument to N omits the pin dots The macro ends with 9 so that a ninth argument can be used to add further customizations within the enclosing block Nia Nib N2a N2b Wla Ela Wla Ela n port f Wi El W1b Elb Wib E3b S1 nport P nterm Sla ae S4b nport wid 2 0 ht 1 111_ 0 9 n port 1 2 3 4 Figure 24 The nport macro draws a sequence of pairs of named pins on each side of a box The pin names are shown The default is a twoport The nterm macro draws single pins instead of pin pairs The nterm box specs nw nn ne ns pin Igth style macro illustrated in Figure 24 is similar to the nport macro but has one fewer argument draws single pins instead of pin pairs and defaults to a 3 terminal box 16 Many custom labels or added elements may be required particularly for 2 ports These elements can be added using the first argument and the ninth of the nport macro For example the following code adds a pair of labels to the box immediately after drawing it but within the enclosing block nport 0
50. h len gap len gen Technical drawing centerline clabel label label label cct centre triple label consource linespec V I vli R cct voltage or current controlled source with alternate forms R reversed polarity corner line thickness color gen filled square to make square corner at line intersection contact chars cct single pole contact P three position O normally open C normally closed I circle contacts R right orientation contline line gen evaluates to continue if processor is dpic otherwise to first arg default line cosd arg gen cosine of an expression in degrees cross at location gen plots a small cross 43 cross3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D cross product of two triples crossover linespec L R Linel ect line jumping left or right over named lines crosswd_ gen cross dimension csdim_ cct controlled source width dac width height nIn nN n0ut nS cct DAC with defined width height and number of inputs Ini top terminals Ni ouputs Outi and bottom terminals Sz d_fet linespec L R P S EIS cct left or right N or P depletion MOSFET normal or simplified without or with envelope or thick channel dabove at location darrow above displaced dlinewid 2 darc center position radius start radians end radians dline thickness arrowhead wid ar rowhead ht terminals darrow See also Darc CCW arc in dline style with closed ends or dpic only arrowheads Permissible terminals x x X X gt x gt l
51. h respect to current direction vlength x y gen vector length Ja y vperp linear object gen unit vector pair CCW perpendicular to linear object vrot_ x y xcosine ycosine gen rotation operator vscal_ number x y gen vector scale operator W gen w with respect to current direction while_ test actions gen Integer m4 while loop wid_ gen width with respect to current direction winding L R diam pitch turns core wid core color cct core winding drawn in the current direction R right handed xtal linespec cct quartz crystal xtract string substring gen returns substring if present References J D Aplevich Drawing with dpic 2014 In the dpic source distribution N J Bentley More Programming Pearls Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1988 w A R Clark Using circuit macros 1999 Courtesy of Alan Robert Clark at http ytdp ee wits ac za cct html 4 The Free Software Foundation Gpic man page 1992 5 D Girou Pr sentation de PSTricks Cahiers GUTenberg 16 1994 http cahiers gutenberg eu org cg bin article CG_1994___16_21_0 pdf 6 M Goossens S Rahtz and F Mittelbach The ATpXGraphics Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1997 7 J D Hobby A user s manual for MetaPost 1990 8 IEEE Graphic symbols for electrical and electronic diagrams 1975 Std 315 1975 315A 1986 reaffirmed 1993 9 KDE Apps org Cirkuit 2009 KDE application http kde
52. he source file for this figure is on the left elen_ PS _ dimen_ e cct_init linewid 2 0 linethick_ 2 0 Ri resistor Ri start O 1aEt Ri end Figure 6 Resistor named R1 showing the size parameters enclosing block and predefined posi tions The lines of Figure 6 and the remaining source lines of the file are explained below e The first line invokes the macro cct_init that loads the library libcct m4 if it has not already been read and initializes local variables needed by some circuit element macros e The sizes of circuit elements are multiples of the pic environmental variable linewid so redefining this variable changes element sizes The element body is drawn in proportion to dimen_ a macro that evaluates to linewid unless redefined and the default element length is elen_ which evaluates to dimen_ 3 2 unless redefined Setting linewid to 2 0 as in the example means that the default element length becomes 3 0 in For resistors the default length of the body is dimen_ 2 and the width is dimen_ 6 All of these values can be customized Element scaling and the use of SI units is discussed further in Section 8 e The macro linethick_ sets the default thickness of subsequent lines to 2 0 pt in the example Macro arguments are written within parentheses following the macro name with no space between the name and the opening parenthesis Lines can be broken before macro arguments because m4 and dpic ignore whit
53. inespec L R chars E cct MOSFET left or right included components defined by characters envelope arg 3 chars u d B center bulk connection pin D D pin and lead E dashed substrate F solid line substrate u d G G pin to substrate at source u d H G pin to substrate at center L G pin to channel obsolete u d M G pin to channel u at drain end d at source end Pz parallel zener diode Q connect B pin to S pin R thick channel u d S S pin and lead u arrow up d arrow down d T G pin to center of channel d not circle X XMOSFET terminal Z simplified complementary MOS m4lstring arg1 arg2 gen expand arg if it begins with sprintf or otherwise arg2 m4_arrow linespec ht wid gen arrow with adjustable head filled when possible m4dupstr string n name gen Defines name as n concatenated copies of string m4xpand arg gen Evaluate the argument as a macro m4xtract stringl string2 gen delete string from string1 return 1 if present n gen n with respect to current direction ne_ gen ne with respect to current direction neg gen unary negation norator linespec width ht cct norator two terminal element nport box spec other commands nw nn ne ns space ratio pin Igth style other commands cct nport macro default 2 port nterm box spec other commands nw nn ne ns pin lgth style other commands cct n terminal box macro default three pins nullator linespec width ht cct nullator two
54. iode L diode D X diode LE f source 0 4 source N source mu A consource consource I1 consource i consource V consource v battery lil battery 3 R 19999009 d diode Z RE diode T E ee t diode PR iA Figure 9 Variants of diode linespec B D K L LE R IP R ISITIVIZ R E A n 5 o r fuse fuse D HC 0 5 0 3 fuse HC HC 0 5 fuse B fuse C cbreaker fuse S fuse HB o WwW se cbreaker R teaa D Figure 10 Variations of the macros fuse linespec A dA BICIDIEIS HBIHC wid ht and cbreaker linespec L R D amp amp 0 3 y 4 delay elay 0 2 Figure 11 Amplifier delay and integrator gt integrator gt integrator 0 3 is the name of a two terminal element in quotes followed by the element arguments The element is drawn with reversed direction Thus diode right_ 0 4 reversed diode right_ 0 4 draws two diodes to the right but the second one points left Similarly the macro resized factor macro name macro arguments can be used to resize the body of an element by temporarily multiplying the dimen_ macro by factor 11 lswitch D C 0D C bswitch C B sey ae MEES dswitch WBuD WBF NI WBL switch D WdBK WdBKF 1 a m WBT N WBM C WBCO WBMP WdBKL C
55. ith respect to current direction rlabel label label label ect triple label on right side of the element rot3Dx radians x y z 3D rotates x y z about x axis rot3Dy radians x y z 3D rotates x y z about y axis rot3Dz radians x y z 3D rotates x y z about z axis rotbox wid ht type gen box oriented in current direction in block type e g dotted shaded green Defined internal locations N NE E SE S SW W NW rotellipse wid ht type gen ellipse oriented in current direction in block e g Point_ 45 rotellipse dotted f111_ 0 9 Defined internal locations N S E W round at location line thickness color gen filled circle for rounded corners rpoint_ linespec gen set direction cosines rpos_ position gen Here position rrot_ x y angle gen Here vrot_ x y cos angle sin angle rs_box text expr1 gen like s_box but the text is rotated by text_ang default 90 degrees rsvec_ position gen Here position rt_ gen right with respect to current direction rtod_ gen constant degrees radian rtod__ gen constant degrees radian rvec_ x y gen location relative to current direction s gen s with respect to current direction s_box text exprl1 gen generate dimensioned text string using boxdims from boxdims sty Two or more args are passed to sprintf s_dp name default gen depth of the most recent or named s_box s_ht name default gen height of the most recent or named s_box
56. ius of OR input face in L_units 41 Point _ integer gen sets direction cosines in degrees Rect_ radius angle gen deg polar to rectangular conversion SIdefaults gen Sets scale 25 4 for drawing units in mm and sets pic parameters lineht 12 linewid 12 moveht 12 movewid 12 arcrad 6 circlerad 6 boxht 12 boxwid 18 ellipseht 12 ellipsewid 18 dashwid 2 arrowht 3 arrowwid arrowht 2 Sin integer gen sine function integer degrees View3D 3D The view vector triple defined by setview azim elev The project macro projects onto the plane perpendicular to this vector Vperp position name position name gen unit vector pair CCW perpendicular to line joining two named positions XOR_gate n N log xor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters PIN to define normal or negated inputs XOR_off log XOR and NXOR offset of input face above_ gen string position above relative to current direction abs_ number gen absolute value function adc width height nIn nN nOut nS cct ADC with defined width height and number of inputs Ini top terminals Ni ouputs Outi and bottom terminals Si amp linespec size cct amplifier along linear object name gen short for between name start and name end antenna at location T AILITISIDIPIF U DILIRI degrees cct antenna without stem for nonblank 2nd arg A aerial L loop T triangle S diamond D dipole P phased
57. jects Pic allows the definition of real valued variables which are alphameric names beginning with lower case letters and computations using them Objects or locations on the diagram can be given symbolic names beginning with an upper case first letter 3 1 Manuals The classic pic manual 11 is still a good introduction to pic but a more complete manual 13 can be found in the GNU groff package and both are available on the web 11 13 Reading either will give you competence with pic in an hour or two Explicit mention of roff string and font constructs in these manuals should be replaced by their equivalents in the ATFX context A man page language summary is appended to the dpic manual 1 and the gpic man page is part of the GNU groff package Examples of use of the circuit macros in an electronics course are available on the web 3 For a discussion of little languages for document production and of pic in particular see Chapter 9 of reference 2 Chapter 1 of reference 6 also contains a brief discussion of this and other languages 3 2 The linear objects line arrow spline arc A line can be drawn as follows line from position to position where position is defined below or line direction distance where direction is one of up down left right When used with the m4 macros described here it is preferable to add an underscore up_ down_ left_ right_ The distance is a number or expression and the units are in
58. le is the current block therefore a sequence such as resistor T linewid linewid 1 5 up_ Q bi_tr with Q B at Here ground at T Q E resistor up_ dimen_ from T Q C connects two resistors and a ground to an enlarged transistor Alternatively you may redefine the default length elen_ or the body size parameter dimen_ For example adding the line define dimen_ dimen_ 1 2 after the cct_init line of quick m4 produces slightly larger body sizes for all circuit elements For logic elements the equivalent to the dimen_ macro is L_unit which has default value linewid 10 The macros capacitor inductor and resistor have arguments that allow the body sizes to be adjusted individually The macro resized mentioned previously can also be used 26 8 2 Pic scaling There are at least three kinds of graphical elements to be considered 9 1 When generating final output after reading the PE line pic processors divide distances and sizes by the value of the environmental parameter scale which is 1 by default Therefore the effect of assigning a value to scale at the beginning of the diagram is to change the drawing unit initially 1 inch throughout the figure For example the file quick m4 can be modified to use millimetres as follows PS Pic input begins with PS scale 25 4 mm cct_init Set defaults elen 19 Variables are allowed The default sizes of pic objects are redefined by assigning new values
59. left_ capacitor C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_2 Cl dot down_ capacitor from Ct to Cl1 C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_1 T dot at Ct 0 elen_ inductor from T to Ct dlabel 0 12 0 1 L_1 Point_ 30 inductor from Cr to Cr vec_ elen_ 0 dlabel 0 0 07 L_3 R dot L dot at Cl R x Cr x Cr y R y inductor from L to Cl dlabel 0 0 12 L_2 R right_ resistor from L to R rlabel R_2 resistor from T to R dlabel 0 0 15 R_3 b_current y ljust line from L to 0 2 lt L T gt source to 0 5 between L and T dlabel sourcerad_ 0 07 0 1 dlabel 0 sourcerad_ 0 07 u resistor to 0 8 between L and T dlabel 0 0 15 R_1 line to T PE Figure 40 Illustrating elements drawn at oblique angles Figure 40 illustrates that some hand placement of labels using dlabel may be useful when elements are drawn obliquely The figure also illustrates that any commas within m4 arguments must be treated specially because the arguments are separated by commas Argument commas are protected either by parentheses as in inductor from Cr to Cr vec_ elen_ 0 or by multiple single quotes as in as necessary Commas also may be avoided by writing 0 5 between L and T instead of 0 5 lt L T gt Sequential actions can be performed using either the dpic for variable expression to expression by expression do actions command or at the m4 processing stage The libgen library defines the macro for_ start end increment actions
60. libcct m4 liblog m4 libgen m4 and files gpic m4 mfpic m4 and pstricks m4 Some of the sources in the examples directory contain additional macros such as for flowcharts Boolean logic and binary trees Internal macros defined within the libraries begin with the characters m4 or M4 and for the most part are not listed here The library in which each macro is found is given and a brief description AND_gate n N log basic and gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs AND_gen n chars wid ht log general AND gate n number of inputs 0 lt n lt 16 chars B base and straight sides A Arc N NE N SE N L N N N S inputs or circles N O output C center Otherwise arg can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs AND_ht log height of basic and and or gates in L_units AND_wd log width of basic and and or gates in L_units 38 And Or Not Nand Nor Xor Nxor Buffer log Wrappers of AND_gate for use in the Autologix macro AutoGate log Draw the tree for a gate as in the Autologix macro No inputs or external connections are drawn The names of the internal gate inputs are stacked in AutoInNames Autologix Boolean function sequence N oconnect L eftinputs R v M offset value log Draw the Boolean expressions defined in function notation using And Or Not Buffer Xo
61. lls pic the size of text once the printed width x and height y have been found Line widths are independent of diagram and text scaling and have to be set explicitly For example the assignment linethick 1 2 sets the default line width to 1 2pt The macro linethick_ points is also provided together with default macros thicklines_ and thinlines_ Writing macros The m4 language is quite simple and is described in numerous documents such as the original reference 10 or in later manuals 15 If a new circuit or other element is required then it may suffice to modify and rename one of the library definitions or simply add an option to it Hints for drawing general two terminal elements are given in libcct m4 However if an element or block is to be drawn in only one orientation then most of the elaborations used for general two terminal elements in Section 4 can be dropped If you develop a library of custom macros in the installation directory then the statement include mylibrary m4 can bring its definitions into play It may not be necessary to define your own macro if all that is needed is a small addition to an existing element that is defined in an enclosing block After the element arguments are expanded one argument beyond the normal list is automatically expanded before exiting the block 27 as mentioned near the beginning of Section 5 This extra argument can be used to embellish the element A macro is defined usin
62. ments The diagram source file is preprocessed as illustrated in Figure 1 The predefined macros followed by the diagram source are read by m4 The result is passed through a pic interpreter to produce tex output that can be inserted into a tex document using the input command m4 macros AT RX m4 Mai E diagram aie sai PDFlatex Figure 1 Inclusion of figures and macros in the ATEX document Depending on the choice of ATEX PDFlatex or other processor the pic interpreter and its op tions the interpreter output contains PSTricks 16 commands Tikz PGF commands basic PTEX graphics tpic specials or other formats These variations are described in Section 12 There are two principal choices of pic interpreter One is dpic described later in this document A partial alternative 4 is GNU gpic t sometimes simply named pic together with a printer driver that understands tpic specials typically dvips 14 The dpic processor extends the pic language in small but important ways consequently some of the macros and examples in this distribution work fully only with dpic Pic processors contain basic macro facilities so some of the concepts applied here do not require m4 2 1 Quick start The contents of file quick m4 and resulting diagram are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate the language to show several ways for placing circuit elements and to provide sufficient information for producing basic labeled circuits
63. n file can be read by m4 before reprocessing the source for the second time m4 library files dimension file diagram source file Objects can be tailored to their attached text by invoking boxdims and boxdim explicitly The small source file in Figure 55 for example produces the box in the figure eboxdims m4 PS Ti A sinclude CMman dim The main input file is CMman tex e dt Q h Q_d box fil1_ 0 9 wid boxdim Q w 5pt__ ht boxdim Q v 5pt__ 0 y boxdims Q large displaystyle int_0 T e tA dt Qw PE Figure 55 Fitting a box to typeset text The figure is processed twice as described previously The line sinclude jobname dim reads the named file if it exists The macro boxdim name suffix default from libgen m4 expands the expression boxdim Q w to the value of Q_w if it is defined else to its third argument if defined else to 0 the latter two cases applying if jobname dim doesn t exist yet The values of boxdim Q h and boxdim Q d are similarly defined and for convenience boxdim Q v evaluates to the sum of these Macro pt__ is defined as scale 72 27 in libgen m4 to convert points to drawing coordinates Sometimes a label needs a plain background in order to blank out previously drawn components overlapped by the label as shown on the left of Figure 56 The technique illustrated in Figure 55 Yer oe Figure 56 Illustrating the f_box macro is automated by the macro f_box boxspecs label arguments
64. n text above below sl circle options cct small circle default white interior with text label The default label position is inside if the diameter is bigger than textht and textwid otherwise it is sfgabove Options such as fill or line thickness can be given sfgself at location U DIL R degrees text text justification cwlccw scale factor cct self loop drawn at angle angle from a node with text label and a size adjustment parameter shade gray value closed line specs gen fill arbitrary closed curve shadebox box specification gen box with edge shading sign number gen sign function sinc number gen the sinc function sind arg gen sine of an expression in degrees sinusoid amplitude frequency phase tmin tmax gen draws a sinusoid over the interval tmin max source linespec V vII ilACIBIFIG QIL N PIS T X U other diameter R cct source blank or voltage 2 types current 2 types AC or type F G Q B L N X or labelled P pulse U square R ramp S sinusoid T triangle other custom interior label or waveform R reversed polarity sourcerad_ cct default source radius sp gen evaluates to medium space for gpic strings speaker U DILIRI degrees size H cct speaker In1 to In7 defined H horn sprod3D a x y zZ 3D scalar product of triple x y z by a stackcopy_ name 1 name 2 gen Copy stack 1 into stack 2 preserving the order of pushed elements stackexec_ name 1 name
65. nal positions and lengths possibly neg write out triple for debugging binary multiplication 3D to 2D projection onto the plane perpendicular to the view vector with angles defined by setview azim elev set PSTricks parameters pass transistor L left orientation TpX point size factor in scaled inches scale 72 27 red color value arrow dist to right of last drawn 2 terminal element radians polar rectangular conversion relay n poles default 1 chars O normally open C normally closed P three position default double throw L drawn left default R drawn right T thermal Argument 3 L R is deprecated but works for backward compatibility resets direction set by setdir_ cancel r_ g_ b_ color definitions resistor linespec n E chars cycle wid cct resized factor macro name args cct resistor n cycles default 3 chars E ebox ES ebox with slash Q offset H squared R right oriented cycle width default dimen_ 6 scale the element body size by factor 49 restorem4dir stack name gen Restore m4 direction parameters from the named stack default savm4dir_ reversed macro name args cct reverse polarity of 2 terminal element 8 P y rgbdraw color triple drawing commands gen color drawing for PSTricks pgf MetaPost postprocessors rgbfill color triple closed path gen fill with arbitrary color right_ gen set current direction right rjust_ gen right justify w
66. ng if true if false test if mfpic has been specified as pic post processor test if MetaPost has been specified as pic post processor test if Tikz PGF has been specified as pic post processor test if Postscript dpic r has been specified as pic output format test if PSTricks has been specified as post processor test if troff or groff has been specified as post processor test if Fig 3 2 dpic x has been specified as pic output format left or right IGBT L alternate gate type D parallel diode dD dotted connections absolute inches inductor arg2 narrow default W wide L looped arg3 n arcs default 4 arg4 M magnetic core arg5 loop width default L W dimen_ 5 other dimen_ 8 inner product of x y dimensions of two linear objects integrating amplifier intersect_ linel start linel end line2 start line2 end gen jack UIDIL R degrees chars cct intersection of two lines argl drawing direction string arg2 R right orientation one or more L M B for L and auxiliary contacts with make or break points S M B for S and auxiliary contacts left or right N or P JFET without or with envelope arrow dist to left of last drawn 2 terminal element box oriented in current direction type e g dotted left with respect to current direction Euclidean length of triple x y z draws an overline over logic pin text except for xfig lg pin location logical name pin label nle s w L MII 0 N E
67. ntaining labeled elements with its source code 5 Composite circuit elements Many basic elements are not two terminal These elements are usually enclosed in a pic block and contain named interior locations and components In some cases an invisible line determining length and direction but not position can be specified by the first argument as for the two terminal elements Instead of positioning by the first line the enclosing block must be placed by using its compass corners thus element with corner at position or when the block contains a predefined location thus element with location at position A few macros are positioned with the first argument the ground macro for example ground at position Nearly all elements drawn within blocks can be customized by adding an extra argument which is executed as the last item within the block The macro potentiometer linespec cycles fractional pos length shown in Figure 17 first draws a resistor along the specified line then adds arrows for taps at fractional positions along the body with default or specified length A negative length draws the arrow from the right of the current drawing direction Start Start Start Ti TY af ee End End End down_ dimen_ 0 5 0 2 potentiometer down dimen_ down_ dimen_ 0 25 0 2 0 75 0 2 Figure 17 Default and multiple tap potentiometer The ground symbol is shown in Figure 18 The first argument specifies position f
68. nternal two terminal element has been drawn A draft of such a macro follows Base Collector Point_ 45 hybrid_PI_BJT hybrid_PI_BJT M hybrid_PI_BJT LM hybrid_PI_BJT Figure 52 A composite element containing several basic elements Point_ degrees hybrid_PI_BJT L M L left orientation M mirror define hybrid_PI_BJT Size and direction parameters hunit ifinstr 1 M dimen_ vunit ifinstr 1 L dimen_ 3 2 hp_ang rp_ang Save the reference direction Base dot 1 line to rvec_ hunit 2 0 Rpi resistor to rvec_ 0 vunit point_ hp_ang Restore direction line to rvec_ hunit 5 4 0 Doti dot Gm consource to rvec_ 0 vunit 1I R point_ hp_ang Restore direction line to rvec_ hunit 3 4 0 Ro resistor to rvec_ 0 vunit point_ hp_ang Restore direction 29 line to Dott Dotro dot at Ro start line to rvec_ hunit 2 0 Collector dot 1 Dot2 dot at 0 5 between Rpi end and Dot1 line to rvec_ 0 vunit 2 Emitter dot 1 Labels mathrm r_ pi at Rpi ctvec_ hunit 4 0 ng at Rpi c vec_ hunit 6 vunit 4 ng at Rpi ctvec_ hunit 6 vunit 4 mathrm v_ pi at Rpi ctvec_ hunit 4 0 mathrm g_m mathrm v_ pi at Gm ct vec_ hunit 3 8 vunit 4 ug mathrm r_o at Ro ctvec_ hunit 4 0 2 Example 5 Repeated subcircuits might have different orientations but the potential orientations oft
69. o produce the required result for i 1 to 5 do s_box A i move In this example the s_box macro is expanded only once and the index i is not a number This particular example can be repaired by using an m4 loop for_ 1 5 1 s_box A m4x move Quotes Single quote characters are stripped in pairs by m4 so the string mee inverse ao will be typeset as if it were inverse The cure is to add single quotes 36 10 11 12 The only subtlety required in writing m4 macros is deciding when to quote arguments In the context of circuits it seemed best to assume that macro arguments would not be protected by quotes at the level of macro invocation but should be quoted inside each macro There may be cases where this rule is not optimal or where the quotes could be omitted Dollar signs The i th argument of an m4 macro is i where 7 is an integer so the following construction can cause an error when it is part of a macro 0 rjust below since 0 expands to the name of the macro itself To avoid this problem put the string in quotes or write 0 Name conflicts Using the name of a macro as part of a comment or string is a simple and common error Thus arrow right dot x above produces an error message because dot is a macro name Macro expansion can be avoided by adding quotes as follows arrow right dot x above Library macros intended only for internal use have names tha
70. of respective In NE and SE argument sequences BUF_ht log basic buffer gate height in L_units BUF_wd log basic buffer gate width in L_units Cintersect Posl Pos2 rad1 rad2 R gen Upper lower if arg5 R intersection of circles at Pos and Pos2 radius rad1 and rad2 Cos integer gen cosine function integer degrees Cosine amplitude freq time phase gen function a x cos wt Darc center position radius start radians end radians parameters darrow Wrapper for darc CCW arc in dline style with closed ends or dpic only arrowheads Semicolon separated parameters thick value wid value ends x x X X gt x gt lt lt x lt gt where x means or half thickness line 39 Darlington linespec L R P cct Darrow linespec parameters darrow Dline linespec parameters darrow Ez gen Equidist3 Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Result gen FF_ht cct FF wid cct Fector x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D FlipFlop DITIRS JK label boxspec log FlipFlop6 label spec boxspec log FlipFlopJK label spec boxspec log left or right N or P type bipolar Darlington pair internal locations E B C Wrapper for darrow Semicolon separated parameters S E truncate at start or end by dline thickness 2 thick val total thicknes ie width wid val arrowhead width ht val arrowhead height ends x x or x or x where x is half width line or full width line Wrapper for dline Semicolon separated parameters S
71. only after scanning beyond the end of the line containing the error The semicolon is a logical line end so putting a semicolon at the end of lines may assist in locating bugs Line continuation A line is continued to the next if the rightmost character is a backslash or with dpic if the backslash is followed immediately by the character A blank after the backslash for example produces a pic error 37 13 Scaling Pic and these macros provide several ways to scale diagrams and elements within them but subtle unanticipated effects may appear The line PS x provides a convenient way to force the finished diagram to width x However if gpic is the pic processor then all scaled parameters are affected including those for arrowheads and text parameters which may not be the desired result A good general rule is to use the scale parameter for global scaling unless the primary objective is to specify overall dimensions 14 Buffer overflow For some m4 implementations the error message pushed back more than 4096 chars results from expanding large macros or macro arguments and can be avoided by enlarging the buffer For example the option B16000 enlarges the buffer size to 16000 bytes However this error message could also result from a syntax error 15 PSTricks anomaly If you are using PSTricks and you get the error message Graphics parameter noCurrentPoint not defined then your version of PSTricks is older than August 2010
72. optional second and third arguments for which the defaults are scriptsize and scriptsize respectively and the fourth argument changes the size of the opamp The fifth argument is a string of characters P adds a power connection R exchanges the second and third entries and T truncates the opamp point tse OA D Point_ 15 opamp PR opamp T w Point_ 90 opamp Figure 20 Operational amplifiers The P option adds power connections The second and third arguments can be used to place and rotate arbitrary text at Ini and In2 Typeset text associated with circuit elements is not rotated by default as illustrated by the second and third opamps in Figure 20 The opamp labels can be rotated if necessary by using postprocessor commands for example PSTricks rput as second and third arguments The code in Figure 21 places an opamp with three connections line right 0 2 then up 0 1 A opamp up_ 0 4 R with Ini at Here line right 0 2 from A Out line down 0 1 from A In2 then right 0 2 Figure 21 A code fragment invoking the opamp linespec size R P macro Figure 22 shows variants of the transformer macro which has predefined internal locations P1 P2 S1 S2 TP and TS The first argument specifies the direction and distance from P1 to P2 with position determined by the enclosing block as for opamps The second argument places the secondary side of the transformer to the left or right of the drawing direction
73. or example the two lines shown have identical effect move to 1 5 2 ground ground at 1 5 2 The second argument truncates the stem and the third defines the symbol type The fourth argument specifies the angle at which the symbol is drawn with D down the default This macro is one of several in which a temporary drawing direction is set using the setdir_ U D L R degrees default R L U D degrees macro and reset at the end using resetdir_ 14 L hk 4 A ground ground T F E S 5 90 L P Figure 18 The ground at position T NIF S LIPIE UIDILIR degrees macro The arguments of the macro antenna at position T AILITISIDIPIF UIDILIR degrees shown in Figure 19 are similar to those of ground S antenna GT im T L Y S ii P GSE Y yY im T W T T Tl T2 T1 T2 Tl T2 N p T T Figure 19 Antenna symbols with macro arguments shown above and terminal names below Figure 20 illustrates the macro opamp linespec label label size chars The element is enclosed in a block containing the predefined internal locations shown These locations can be referenced in later commands for example as last Out The first argument defines the direction and length of the opamp but the position is determined either by the enclosing block of the opamp or by a construction such as opamp with Ini at Here which places the internal position In1 at the specified location There are
74. os can be an integer N from 0 to 16 specifying the number of input locations In1 InN as illustrated for the NOR gate in the figure By default N 2 except for macros NOT_gate and BUFFER_gate which have one input In1 unless they are given a first argument which is treated as the line specification of a two terminal element AND_gate gt NAND_gate Int Out gt OR_gate Tn A xA OR_gate 3 N_Out In3 gt BUFFER gate gt NOT gate b BOX_gate PN N 1 NAND_gate B O NOR_gate 3 NB OOO IV m In1 In2 gt XORgate tn 2 4 gt NXOR_gate NPN Figure 42 Basic logic gates The input and output locations of a three input NOR gate are shown Inputs are negated by including an N in the second argument letter sequence A B in the second argument produces a box shape as shown in the rightmost column where the second example has AND functionality and the bottom two are examples of exclusive OR functions BOX_gate PP N Me Negated inputs or outputs are marked by circles drawn using the NOT_circle macro The name marks the point at the outer edge of the circle and the circle itself has the same name prefixed by N_ For example the output circle of a nand gate is named N_Out and the outermost point of the circle is named Out Instead of a number the first argument can be a sequence of letters P or N to define normal or negated inputs thus for example NXOR_gate NPN defines a 3 input nxor gate wi
75. ould be processed using the latex or pdflatex option shell escape This method processes the picture source each time ATFX is run so for large documents containing many diagrams the mtotex line could be commented out after debugging the corresponding graphic 6 You can put several diagrams into a single source file Make each diagram the body of a BT X macro as shown newcommand diaA PS drawing commands PE box graph box graph not required for dpic newcommand diaB PS drawing commands PE box graph box graph not required for dpic Produce a tex file using mtotex or m4 and dpic or gpic insert the tex into the PT EX source and invoke the macros diaA and diaB at the appropriate places 2 2 Including the libraries The configuration files for dpic are as follows depending on the output format see Section 12 pstricks m4 pgf m4 mfpic m4 mpost m4 postscript m4 svg m4 gpic m4 orxfig m4 For gpic the configuration file is gpic m4 The usual case for producing circuit diagrams is to read pstricks m4 or pgf m4 first when dpic is the postprocessor or to set one of these as the default configuration file At the top of each diagram source put one or more initialization commands that is cct_init log_init sfg_init darrow_init threeD_init or for diagrams not requiring specialized macros gen_init As shown in Figure 3 to Figure 5 each initialization command reads in the appropriate macro li
76. pec which is a wrapper for the more general macro FlipFlopX boxspec label leftpins toppins rightpins bottompins Each of arguments 3 to 6 is null or a string of pinspecs separated by semicolons Pinspecs are either empty null or of the form pinopts label Picname The first colon draws the pin Pins are placed top to bottom or left to right along the box edges with null pinspecs counted for placement Pins are named by side and number by default eg W1 W2 N1 N2 El S1 however if Picname is present in a pinspec then Picname replaces the default name A pinspec label is text placed at the pin base Semicolons are not allowed in labels use eg char59 instead and to put a bar over a label use 1g_bartxt label The pinopts are L M I 0 N E as for the 1g_pin macro FlipFlop D Q1 FlipFlop RS FlipFlop T Q2 ht hi wid w1 fi11_ 0 9 T Q gt CK FlipFlopX FlipFlopX FlipFlopX D E CK Q lg bartxt Q T E CK Q J E CK K N CLR Q Figure 46 The FlipFlop and Mux macros with variations Customized gates can be defined simply For example the following code defines the custom flip flops in Figure 47 define customFF FlipFlopX wid 10 L_unit ht FF_ht L_unit S NE CK R N PR Q ifelse 1 1 lg_bartxt Q N CLR This definition makes use of macros L_unit and FF_ht that predifine dimensions There are three pins on the right side the centre pin is null
77. pec then Picname replaces the default name A pinspec label is text placed at the pin base Semicolons are not allowed in labels use e g char59 instead and to put a bar over a label use 1g_bartxt label The pinopts are N L M E N pin with not circle L active low out M active low in E edge trigger gate half height in L_units hysteresis symbol dimension in L_units corrected old gpic int function 40 Intersect_ Namel Name2 log gen Define locations label1 label along the line P label only N with NOT_circle R circle to right of current direction intersection of two named lines LCintersect line name Centre rad R gen LCtangent Pos1 Centre rad R LH_symbol U D L R degrees gen log First second if arg4 is R intersection of a line with a circle Left right if arg4 R tangent point of line from Pos1 to circle at Centre with radius arg3 logic gate hysteresis symbol Loopover_ variable actions valuel value2 LT_symbol U D L R degrees L_unit Max arg arg Min arg arg Mux n label L T Mux_ht Mux_wid Mx_pins NAND_gate n N NOR_gate n N NOT_circle NOT_gate linespec N NOT_rad NPDT npoles RJ NXOR_gate n N N_ diam N_rad OR_gate n N OR_gen n chars wid ht OR_rad gen log log gen gen gen cct cct log Repeat actions with variable set successively to valuel value2
78. pinno optlen j_fet Clinespec L R P E cct larrow label gt lt dist cct lbox wid ht type gen left gen length3D x y z 3D lg_bartxt log log lg_pintxt log 1lg_plen log lin_leng line reference gen linethick_ number gen comprehensive logic pin n e s w direction L active low out M active low in I inward arrow O outward arrow N negated E edge trigger reduced size text for logic pins logic pin length in in L_units calculate the length of a line set line thickness in points AT ljust_ gen ljust with respect to current direction llabel label label label cct triple label on left side of the element loc_ x y gen location adjusted for current direction log10E_ gen constant log e log init log initialize environment for logic diagrams customizable reads liblog m4 loge gen logarithm base e lp_xy log coordinates used by 1g_pin lpop xcoord ycoord radius fill zero ht gen for lollipop graphs filled circle with stem to xcoord zeroht lswitch linespec LIR chars cct knife switch R right orientation default L left chars O C D O opening C closing D dots lthick gen current line thickness in drawing units 1t_ gen left with respect to current direction manhattan gen sets direction cosines for left right up down memristor linespec wid ht cct memristor element microphone U DIL R degrees size cct microphone In1 to In3 defined mm__ gen absolute millimetres mosfet l
79. position Here is always defined and is equal to 0 0 at the beginning of a diagram or block The coordinates of a position are accessible e g Top x and Top y can be used in expressions The center start and end of linear objects and the defined points of other objects as described below are predefined positions as shown in the following example which also illustrates how to refer to a previously drawn element if it has not been given a name line from last line start to 2nd last arrow end then to 3rd line center Objects can be named using a name commencing with an upper case letter for example Bus23 line up right after which positions associated with the object can be referenced using the name for example arc cw from Bus23 start to Bus23 end with center at Bus23 center An arc is drawn by specifying its rotation starting point end point and center but sensible defaults are assumed if any of these are omitted Note that arc cw from Bus23 start to Bus23 end does not define the arc uniquely there are two arcs that satisfy this specification This distribution includes the m4 macros arcr position radius start radians end radians arcd position radius start degrees end degrees arca chord linespec ccwlcw radius modifiers to draw uniquely defined arcs For example arcd 1 1 2 0 90 gt cw draws a clockwise arc with centre at 1 1 radius 2 from 3 1 to 1 1 and arca from 1 1 to 2 2 1 gt draws
80. r Nand Nor Nxor and variables e g Autologix And Or x1 x2 0r x1 x2 The Boolean functions are separated by semicolons Function outputs are aligned vertically but appending location attribute to a function can be used to place it Each unique variable var causes an input point Invar to be defined Preceding the variable by a causes a not gate to be drawn at the input The inputs are drawn in a row at the upper left by default An L in arg2 draws the inputs in a column at the left R reverses the order of the drawn inputs V scans the expression from right to left when listing inputs M draws the left right mirror image of the diagram and N draws only the function tree without the input array The inputs are labelled In1 In2 and the function outputs are Out1 Out2 Each variable var corresponds also to one of the input array points with label Invar Setting offset value displaces the drawn input list in order to disambiguate the input connections when L is used BOX_gate inputs output swid sht label log output P N inputs P N sizes swid and sht in L_units default AND_wd 7 BUFFER_gate linespec N log basic buffer 1 input or as a 2 terminal element N negated input BUFFER_gen chars wd ht N P N P N P log general buffer chars T triangle N 0 output location Out NO draws circle N_Out N I N N N S N NE N SE input locations C centre location Args 4 6 allow alternative definitions
81. s done The dpic interpreter has several output format options that may be useful The eepicemu and pict2e extensions of the primitive TFX picture objects are supported The mfpic output allows the production of Metafont alphabets of circuit elements or other graphics thereby essentially removing dependence on device drivers but with the complication of treating every alphabetic component as a TRX box The xfig output allows elements to be precisely defined with dpic and interactively placed with xfig Similarly the SVG output can be read directly by the Inkscape graphics editor but SVG can also be used directly for web pages Dpic will also generate low level MetaPost or Postscript code so that diagrams defined using pic can be manipulated and combined with others The Postscript output can be imported into CorelDraw and Adobe Illustrator for further processing With raw Postscript output the user is responsible for ensuring that the correct fonts are provided and for formatting labels Many thanks to the people who continue to send comments questions and occasionally bug fixes What began as a tool for my own use changed into a hobby that has persisted thanks to your help and advice 14 Bugs The distributed macros are not written for maximum robustness Arguments could be entered in a key value style for example resistor up_ elen_ style N cycles 8 instead of by positional parameters Macro arguments could be tested for correctness
82. s_init name gen initialize s_box string label to name which should be unique sname gen the value of the last s_init argument s_wd name default gen width of the most recent or named s_box savem4dir stack name gen Stack m4 direction parameters in the named stack default savm4dir_ sc_draw dna string chars iftrue iffalse ect test if chars are in string deleting chars from string scr linespec chars label cct Wrapper to place thyristor as a two terminal element with label given by the third argument 50 se_ gen se with respect to current direction setdir_ R L U DIdegrees default U D R IL degrees gen store drawing direction and set it to up down left right or angle in degrees reset by resetdir_ setrgb red value green value blue value name gen define colour for lines and text optionally named default 1cspec setview azimuth degrees elevation degrees 3D set projection viewpoint sfg_init default line len node rad arrowhd len arrowhd wid reads libcct m4 ect initialization of signal flow graph macros sfgabove cct like above but with extra space sfgarc linespec text text justification cw ccw height scale factor cct directed arc drawn between nodes with text label and a height adjustment parameter sfgbelow cct like below but with extra space sfgline linespec text text justification cct directed straight line chopped by node radius with text label sfgnode at locatio
83. t lt x lt gt where x means or half thickness line darrow linespec t t width arrowhd wd arrowhd ht parameters darrow See also Darrow double arrow truncated at beginning or end specified sizes with arrowhead or closed stem parameters x or gt or x gt or lt or lt x or lt gt where xis or The or parameters close the stem with half thickness lines to simplify butting to other objects darrow_init darrow initialize darrow drawing parameters reads darrow m4 dashline linespec thickness color lt gt dash len gap len G gen dashed line with dash at end G ends with gap dbelow at location darrow below displaced dlinewid 2 dcosine3D i x y z 3D extract i th entry of triple x y z def _bisect gen defines the pic procedure bisect func xmin xmax eps result that finds a root of func arg value to precision eps in the interval xmin xmax by the method of bisection delay linespec size cct delay element delay_rad_ cct delay radius deleminit_ darrow sets drawing direction for dlines dend at location darrow close or start double line dfillcolor darrow dline fill color default white diff3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D difference of two triples diff_ a b gen difference function dimen_ cct size parameter for circuit elements dimension_ linespec offset label D H W blank width tic offset arrowhead gen macro for dimensioning diagrams arrowhead gt lt diode linespec B
84. t endshade gen expe gen f_box boxspecs text exprl gen f i11_ number gen fitcurve V n e g gen for_ start end increment actions gen fuse linespec type wid ht cct 8 gen gap linespec fill A cct gen_init gen glabel_ cct gpar_ element element separation cct gpolyline_ fraction location gen grid_ x y log ground at location T NIFISILIPIE cct earphone In1 to In3 defined two terminal box element with adjustable dimensions and fill value 0 black to 1 white chop for ellipses evaluates to chop r where r is the distance from the centre of ellipse E to the intersection of E with a line to location A e g line from A to E elchop E A internal line initialization default element length radiation arrows N nonionizing I ionizing E simple D dot end gray shading see beginshade exponential base e like s_box but the text is overlaid on a box of identical size If there is only one argument then the default box is invisible and filed white fill macro 0 black 1 white dotted m default 0 Draw a spline through V m V n Works only with dpic and n m gt 2 V m position V n position integer for loop with index variable m4x fuse symbol type AIB C D S HB HC or dA D green color value gap with filled dots A chopped arrow between dots initialize environment for general diagrams customizable reads libgen m4 internal general la
85. t as a warning Be sure to quote any commas in the arguments Since the first argument of s_box is ATEX source make a rule of quoting it to avoid comma and name clash problems For convenience the macros s_ht s_wd and s_dp evaluate 31 to the dimensions of the most recent s_box string or to the dimensions of their argument names if present The file boxdims sty distributed with this package should be installed where TX can find it The essential idea is to define a two argument ATEX macro boxdims that writes out definitions for the width height and depth of its typeset second argument into file jobname dim where jobname is the name of the main source file The first argument of boxdims is used to construct unique symbolic names for these dimensions Thus the line box boxdims Q Huge Hi there has the same effect as box Huge Hi there except that the line define Q w 77 6077pt__ define Q h 17 27779pt__ define Q_d 0 0pt__ dnl is written into file jobname dim and the numerical values depend on the current font These definitions are required by the boxdim macro described below The ATEX macro boxdimfile dimension file is used to specify an alternative to jobname dim as the dimension file to be written This simplifies cases where jobname is not known in advance or where an absolute path name is required Another simplification is available Instead of the sinclude dimension file line above the dimensio
86. t begin with m4 or M4 to avoid name clashes but in addition a good rule is to quote all ATFX in the diagram input If extensive use of strings that conflict with macro names is required then one possibility is to replace the strings by macros to be expanded by ATRX for example the diagram PS box stringA PE with the LaTeX macro newcommand stringA Circuit containing planar inductor and capacitor Current direction Some macros particularly those for labels do unexpected things if care is not taken to preset the current direction using macros right_ left_ up_ down_ or rpoint_ Thus for two terminal macros it is good practice to write e g resistor up_ from A to B rlabel R_1 rather than resistor from A to B rlabel R_1 which produce different results if the last defined drawing direction is not up It might be possible to change the label macros to avoid this problem without sacrificing ease of use Position of elements that are not 2 terminal The linespec argument of elements defined in blocks must be understood as defining a direction and length but not the position of the resulting block In the pic language objects inside these brackets are placed by default as if the block were a box Place the element by its compass corners or defined interior points as described in the first paragraph of Section 5 on page 14 for example igbt up_ elen_ with E at 1 0 Pic error messages Some errors are detected
87. t or Xfig pict2e psfrag or Mfpic PSTricks HTML PDFlatex ATEX or PDFlatex Figure 57 Output formats produced by gpic t and dpic SVG output can be read by Inkscape or used directly in web documents tikz TEX or PDFlatex Most PDFLatex distributions are not directly compatible with PSTricks but the Tikz PGF output of dpic is compatible with both ATEX and PDFLatex Several alternative dpic output formats such as mfpic and MetaPost also work well To test MetaPost create a file filename mp containing appropriate header lines for example verbatimtex documentclass 11pt article usepackage times boxdims graphicx boxdimfile tmp dim begin document etex Then append one or more diagrams by using the equivalent of m4 lt installdir gt mpost m4 library files diagram m4 dpic s gt gt filename mp The command mpost tex latex filename mp end processes this file formatting the di agram text by creating a temporary tex file AIfXing it and recovering the dvi output to create filename 1 and other files If the boxdims macros are being invoked this process must be repeated to handle formatted text correctly as described in Section 10 In this case either put sinclude tmp dim in the diagram m4 source or read the dim file at the second invocation of m4 as follows m4 lt installdir gt mpost m4 library files tmp dim diagram m4 dpic s gt gt filename mp On some operating systems the absolute path name
88. ter driver understands tpic specials and you are using gpic on some systems the gpic command is pic the commands are m4 I installdir gpic m4 quick m4 gt quick pic gpic t quick pic gt quick tex and the figure inclusion statements are as shown begin figure hbt input quick centerline box graph caption Customized caption for the figure label Symbolic_label end figure 2 1 3 Simplifications m4 must read a configuration file followed by the macro definitions in one or more library files either before reading the diagram source file or at the beginning of it There are several ways to control the process as follows 1 pic The macros can be processed by AT X specific project software and by graphic applications such as Cirkuit 9 Alternatively when many files are to be processed a facility such as Unix make which is also available in PC and Mac versions can be employed to automate the required commands On systems without such facilities a scripting language can be used The m4 commands illustrated above can be shortened to m4 I installdir quick m4 gt quick pic by inserting include pstricks m4 assuming PSTricks processing or include libgen m4 assuming the default processor is to be used after the PS line The effect of the first include statement is shown in Figure 4 and the second in Figure 5 On some systems setting the environment variable M4PATH to installdir allows the
89. terminal element 48 nw_ gen nw with respect to current direction opamp linespec label label size chars other commands cct open_arrow linespec ht wid gen par_ element element separation cct pconnex R L U D degrees chars cct pe__ gen pi gen plug U D L R degrees 2 3 R cct pmod integer integer gen point_ angle gen polar x y gen operational amplifier with or other internal labels specified size chars P add power connections R swap In1 In2 labels T truncated point The first and last arguments allow added customizations arrow with adjustable open head two same direction same length elements in parallel power connectors arg 1 drawing direction chars R right orientation M F male female A AC 115V 3 prong B box C circle P PC connector D 2 pin connector G GC GB 3 pin J 110V 2 pin absolute points T argl drawing direction string arg2 R right orientation 213 number of conductors ve mod M N e g pmod 3 5 2 radians set direction cosines rectangular to polar conversion potentiometer linespec cycles fractional pos length cct print3D x y z 3D prod_ a b gen project x y z 3D psset_ PSTricks settings gen ptrans linespec RIL cct pt__ gen r gen rarrow label gt lt dist cct rect_ radius angle gen relay n chars cct resetdir_ gen resetrgb gen resistor with taps T1 T2 with specified fractio
90. th not circle inputs In1 and In3 and normal input In2 as shown in the figure The macro I0defs can also be used to create a sequence of custom named inputs or outputs Gates are typically not two terminal elements and are normally drawn horizontally or vertically although arbitrary directions may be set with e g Point_ degrees Each gate is contained in a block of typical height 6 L_unit where L_unit is a macro intended to establish line separation for an imaginary grid on which the elements are superimposed Including an N in the second argument character sequence of any gate negates the inputs and including B in the second argument invokes the general macro BOX_gate P N PIN horiz size vert size label which draws box gates Thus BOX_gate PNP N 8 geq 1 creates a gate of default width eight L_units height negated output three inputs with the second negated and internal label gt 1 If the fifth argument begins with sprintf or a double quote then the argument is copied literally otherwise it is treated as scriptsize mathematics 23 Input locations retain their positions relative to the gate body regardless of gate orientation as in Figure 43 Beyond a default number 6 of inputs the gates are given wings as in Figure 44 i FF m4 PS log_init S NOR_gate left_ R NOR_gate at S 0 L_unit AND_ht 1 line from 5 Out right L_unit 3 then down S 0ut y R In2 y then to R In2 line from R Out left L_unit 3
91. the macro contact chars which contains predefined locations P C O for the armature and normally closed and normally open terminals An I in the first argument draws open circles for contacts The macro relay poles chars R defines coil terminals V1 V2 and contact terminals P C O 17 f 2 WOO EE C P U D U DF U J U JF pconnex A AF WW Oo GCF ACRF Figure 28 A small set of power connectors drawn by pconnex R L U D degrees chars connector has an internal H N and where applicable a G shape C O ye po v peT gt Lo J ae Ao t contact contact R contact P contact 0 contact C Po e C oO oC o oO PoC Po 00 o o a contact I contact RI contact PI contact OI contact CI C2 Pay i 02 v1 py v2 7 Cl i 1 Piot P1ot Cl m of oe 4 o 4o G A ov vift ve vwi4f ve P2010 J 002 relay relay 2 relay 2 RIP relay 2 0 relay 2 CT Figure 29 The contact 0 C R and relay poles 0 C R macros default direction right The double throw switches shown in Figure 30 are drawn in the current drawing direction like the two terminal elements but are composite elements that must be placed accordingly Lio A ie oR ee L20 S oR L20 a oR2 R20 oL2 Lo oL Llo f oRI L30 a o R3 R1o oL1 NODT up_ NPDT NPDT 2 NPDT 3 R left_ NPDT 2 R Figure 30 Multipole double throw switches drawn by NPDT npoles R The jack and plug macros and their defined points
92. then up S In2 y R Out y then to S In2 line left 4 L_unit from S In1 S sp_ rjust line right 4 L_unit from R In1 sp_ R ljust PE Figure 43 SR flip flop Figure 44 Eight input multiplexer with for_ looping in the source showing a gate with wings A good strategy for drawing complex logic circuits might be summarized as follows Establish the absolute locations of gates and other major components e g chips relative to a grid of mesh size commensurate with L_unit which is an absolute length Draw minor components or blocks relative to the major ones using parametrized relative distances Draw connecting lines relative to the components and previously drawn lines Write macros for repeated objects Tune the diagram by making absolute locations relative and by tuning the parameters Some useful macros for this are the following which are in units of L_unit AND_ht AND_wd the height and width of basic AND and OR gates BUF_ht BUF_wd the height and width of basic buffers N_diam the diameter of NOT circles In addition to the logic gates described here some experimental IC chip diagrams are included with the distributed example files 24 Figure 45 shows a multiplexer block with variations In0 3 0 Sel 3 Sel In1 2 1 2 In2 1 2 1 In3 0 Sel 3 0 Mux 4 Mx1 Mux 4 L Mux 4 T Mux 4 LT Figure 45 The Mux input count label L T macro Figure 46 shows the macro FlipFlop DIT RS JK label boxs
93. to down dright darrow double arrow right turn drjust at location darrow rjust displaced dlinewid 2 dswitch linespec L R W ud B K chars cct SPST switch left or right W baseline B contact blade dB contact blade to the right of drawing direction K vertical closing contact line C external operating mechanism D circle at contact and hinge dD hinge only uD contact only E emergency button EL early close or late open LE late close or early open F fused H time delay closing uH time delay opening HH time delay opening and closing K vertical closing contact L limit M maintained latched MM momentary contact on make MR momentary contact on release MMR momentary contact on make and release O hand operation button P pushbutton T thermal control linkage Y pull switch Z turn switch dtee L R darrow double arrow tee junction with tail to left right or default back along current direction dtor_ gen degrees to radians conversion constant dturn degrees ccw darrow turn dline argl degrees left ccw e gen e relative to current direction e_fet linespec L R P S EIS cct left or right N or P enhancement MOSFET normal or simplified without or with envelope or thick channel 45 earphone UIDILIRIdegrees size cct ebox linespec length ht fill value cct elchop E A gen eleminit_ linespec ect elen_ cct em_arrows N I E D angle length cc
94. to last arrow end 0 u 3 Enc box rad u wid abs C x A x u 2 ht u 2 with c at 0 5 between C and K 2 Two instances of this subcircuit are drawn and placed by the following code with the result shown in Figure 53 Q1 opto Q2 opto type B orientation Rightleft with w at Q1 e dimen_ 0O 30 10 Interaction with BTE X The sizes of typeset labels and other TeX boxes are generally unknown prior to processing the diagram by HTX Although they are not needed for many circuit diagrams these sizes may be required explicitly for calculations or implicitly for determining the diagram bounding box The following example shows how text sizes can affect the overall size of a diagram PS B box Left text at B w rjust Right text x 2 at B e ljust PE The pic interpreter cannot know the dimensions of the text to the left and right of the box and the diagram is generated using default text dimensions One solution to this problem is to measure the text sizes by hand and include them literally thus Left text wid 38 47pt__ ht 7pt at B w rjust but this is tedious A better solution is to process the diagram twice The diagram source is processed as usual by m4 and a pic processor and the main document source is AT Xed to input the diagram and format the text and also to write the text dimensions into a supplementary file Then the diagram source is processed again reading the required dimensions from the supplementary
95. to the environmental parameters arcrad arrowht arrowwid boxht boxrad boxwid circlerad dashwid ellipseht ellipsewid lineht linewid moveht movewid textht and textwid The ht and wid parameters refer to the default sizes of vertical and horizontal lines moves etc except for arrowht and arrowwid which are arrowhead dimensions The boxrad parameter can be used to put rounded corners on boxes Assigning a new value to scale also multiplies all of these parameters except arrowht arrowwid textht and textwid by the new value of scale gpic multiplies them all Therefore objects drawn to default sizes are unaffected by changing scale at the beginning of the diagram To change default sizes redefine the appropriate parameters explicitly The PS line can be used to scale the entire drawing regardless of its interior Thus for ex ample the line PS 100 25 4 scales the entire drawing to a width of 100mm Line thickness text size and dpic arrowheads are unaffected by this scaling If the final picture width exceeds maxpswid which has a default value of 8 5 then the picture is scaled to this size Similarly if the height exceeds maxpsht default 11 then the picture is scaled to fit These parameters can be assigned new values as necessary for example to accommodate landscape figures The finished size of typeset text is independent of pic variables but can be determined as in Section 10 Then text wid x ht y te
96. xample the rotation of text by PSTricks postprocessing is illustrated by the file Axes m4 PS arrow right 0 7 x axis below arrow up 0 7 from ist arrow start rput B 90 0 0 y axis rjust PE which contains both horizontal text and text rotated 90 along the vertical line This rota tion of text is also implemented by the macro rs_box which is similar to s_box but rotates its text argument by 90 a default angle that can be changed by preceding invocation with define text_ang degrees The rs_box macro requires either PSTricks or Tikz PGF and like s_box it calculates the size of the resulting text box but requires the diagram to be processed twice Another common requirement is the filling of arbitrary shapes as illustrated by the following lines within a m4 file command pscustom fillstyle solid fillcolor lightgray drawing commands for an arbitrary closed curve command GFA For colour printing or viewing arbitrary colours can be chosen as described in the PSTricks manual PSTricks parameters can be set by inserting the line command psset option value in the drawing commands or by using the macro psset_ PSTricks options The macros shade gray value closed line specs and rgbfill red value green value blue value closed line specs can be invoked to accomplish the same effect as the above fill example but are not confined to use only with PSTricks Since

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