Sampling and Analysis Guide
Contents
1. PayPal protects your privacy and security WipWare Order Confirmation 1 MailFrag Image 35 00 35 00 HST 13 4 55 Total CAD 39 55 MailFrag Account john doe The page at 192 168 1 102 2080 says Payment Successful 7 Once your purchase transaction is complete an invoice will be displayed and emailed to you 8 You are now ready to submit a study e O Secure payments by You are about to buy WipWare Inc Qty Description Amount 1 MailFrag Image 35 00 CAD Total 35 00 CAD PayPal will use Visa 000 8821 PayPal protects your privacy and security E o WipWare 635 Elbem Stree North Bar Ontario Canada Pig 425 Tel 705 472 2664 Fac 705 472 2645 Bh 69499 4774 are WipWare 1 Select the shopping cart 2 Select the number of image analysis credits you require 3 Remit payment using PayPal 4 Login to your PayPal account or Buy as a Guest a You do not require a PayPal account You can purchase credits as a guest using any major credit card 5 Select Pay Now to proceed to WipWare s final order confirmation a The order will not be completed until the end of the next step 6 If the order details are correct select Submit to complete the payment a If you are a Canadian customer you will now see the HST added to the order Invoice MFO109 PayPal katy Name John Dep2. 1 Determine effective focal length Multiply focal length as indicated on lens barrel by your camera s crop factor typically 1X to 2X depending on camera model 2 Create a fraction using the effective focal length as the denominator 3 The shutter speed closest to this fraction is the hand holding threshold for this situation 4 Do not use shutter speeds slower than the result of Step 3 EXAMPLE lens set to 50mm on a 1 5X body 1 50mm X 1 5 75mm Effective Focal Length 2 1 75 3 Set shutter speed to 1 80 sec or faster NOTE Some lenses are available featuring Vibration Reduction or Image Stabilization These lenses can extend the hand holding threshold by varying amounts You should conduct tests to determine how this feature performs in specific applications with your equipment before deviating from the above formula Page 13 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Below illustrates the comparison between a sharply focused image Figure 3 5 with one suffering from directional unsharpness caused by camera movement during exposure Figure 3 6 N E D Figure 3 5 Sharply Focused Figure 3 6 Motion Blurred Aperture You need to use an aperture setting that ensures adequate depth of field This will vary depending on camera to subject distance focal length setting and depth of material to be photographed Setting will typically be f8 or smaller f11 f16 etc Aperture settings larger than f5 6 f4 f2 8
3. WipWare Sampling and Analysis Guide Version 1 MailFrag Service Account Information DATE COMPANY gt y USERNAME _ ______ PASSWORD Safeguard your account information Notify WipWare MailFrag Services if you cannot login or your account security has been compromised WipFrag MailFrag Service Contact Information WipWare Technical Services 685 Bloem Street North Bay Ontario Canada P1B 4Z5 Tel 705 472 2664 Fax 705 472 2645 mailfrag wipware com support wipware com http wipware com products services mailfra http wipware com products service wipfrag software Sampling and Analysis Guide Wip Ware Notice of Copyright Copyright 2013 WipWare Inc All rights reserved Registered Trademarks and Proprietary Names Product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of WipWare Inc or other hardware software or service providers and are used herein for identification purposes only Page 2 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Table of Contents able o Contents iones 3 LO Introdociohrsane indicas 5 1 1 A aa aan eee 5 1 2 Eo Vinnie Gaeta o o E 5 220 Whatis WipEras MALECON o 6 21 Outputs RECCIV Craenen eaea a cee eh ee Sl ae cae 6 2 2 WIP PTOCESS oi va 6 Li Mailt rao Process Ea 6 5 0 Developino a Sampling Hate cidad 7 3 1 samplno Mead caesarean a a E a A 7 AQ Collecine Quality Image samples au a 9 O e N 9 5 1 CAME citada E E O A A A A E ETS 9 5 2 EE
4. gt M Logfile SJ LEGEND 1 Analysis time year month day hour minute second 2 Percent passing size D1 D5 D10 D20 D25 D30 D50 D70 D75 D80 D90 D95 D99 3 Calibration information Xc n b Xmax 4 Cumulative particle size data ISO Standard or 27 user defineable size classes 9 Analysis statistics minimum maximum mean standard deviation 6 Average particle sphericity 7 Analysis particle count 8 Image sample name and output file name Page 34 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 10 3 Particle Size Distribution Formulas Most PSD s can also be described using a formula of best fit For this purpose there are dozens of models however WipWare currently supports two Rossin Rammler and the Swebrec methods Rossin Rammler is based on two parameters Xc and n each of which could be used as a KPI For example Xc is known as the characteristic size of the distribution and is more specifically D63 2 63 2 of the material is X size or less which is a very useful and versatile number to work with The n value is a measure of uniformity For example marbles that have very little variation in size will have a very high n value such as 10 whereas ultra wide particle size distributions such as blast results can yield particles the size of cars down to dust and will have a much smaller uniformity of lt 0 75 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AAA Coars DARD SIEV 0 41 P TT COT e ol EN E
5. Custom Sizes 100cm cm Sem 4em em icm 075cm 0O5cm 025cm Images Uploaded Blast 1 jpg 229234 bytes Blast 2 jpg 241241 bytes Blast 3 pg 185991 bytes Special Instructions Print Confirmation Note 1 Please allow up to 2 business days for WipWare to complete the analysis and make the results available 2 WipWare reserves the right to reject unsuitable images 3 Each study includes a PDF for optimal printing quality a BMP image for easy embedding in documents and presentations and a CSV that can be viewed in any spreadsheet application Page 27 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 9 6 Waiting for Results MailFrag E E is Fragmentation Sudy 3 Feb 1 2013 16 31 On the home page you will see a list of pending studies From left to right you will see The study title The number of images in the study The date the study was submitted The status of the study a The clock indicates that the analysis is in progress iY YS a o Clicking on the study s title gign pul will show you to the previously submitted study details Uploaded Images Please note that you cannot 100 cm Blast 1 p9 0 22 MB i h J 10 cm Blast 2 jpg 0 23 HB a Bota tiene alter the study parameters ot Ne once they have been 1 cm submitted Save As Special Instructions lt Go Back Page 28 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 9 7 Viewing the Results Ma Fra g va A john do
6. E LAN Sal IN TEE ES CE g Bol 1 LUMI A AA TS EAA T ANIBAL Ea AS o IO OI So LALA IAS A R a SA PA RUE A A PS i be WTA LI LLL A AA A GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS n 0 5 0 75 1 0 1 25 1 5 2 0 3 0 do eno AD Ware LIP n 3 0 E Characterized by a very uniform E size distribution where the AA smallest common visible block is cel about 1 3 the size of the largest ASA common block Ve r a s E d lt lt a R 3 lt lt D a y y P gt e S J 4 i y OK gt Scale 1 S n k gt c A A A i lt an Y Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare n 2 0 Characterized by a fairly uniform size distribution where the smallest common visible block is about 1 5 the size of the largest common block The ratio of the number of largest common blocks to smallest common blocks is about 20 1 Scale 1 n 1 5 Characterized by a moderately poorly uniform size distribution where the smallest visible common block is about 1 8 the size of the largest common block The ratio of the number of the largest common blocks to smallest common blocks is about 8 1 Small areas of particles that are too small to be resolved cover about 5 of the image Scale 1 n 1 25 Characterized by a poorly uniform size distribution where the smallest common visible block is about 1 12 the size of the largest common block The ratio of the number of largest common blocks to smallest comm
7. Usemame Password Login Request Account After completely filling out the registration form you will be emailed a verification link Clicking on the verification link will confirm MailFrag Registration Login Info you are the creator and will activate your aan account immediately Password Confirm Password Contact Info Full Name Company Select your company or specify below Other Type Select company type Email Phone Captcha e ye Sr ABT a bn Different Image _ A Submit Back to Login Page 23 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 9 2 Logging In Mala AA EA Img Date Y Status Results Account created Jan OF 2013 e Once your account has been created and verified you will be able to login After logging in your home page will be shown which displays your analysis list if any You can return to this page at any time by clicking on the MailFrag icon or the home button 9 3 Help Selecting the Help menu will display a YouTube video tutorial as well as a link to download this manual jom dot Download MailFrag Manual Page 24 Sampling and Analysis Guide 9 4 Purchasing Image Analysis Credits sign ou 1 99 35 00 CAD 100 26 25 CAD English WipWare Inc 35 00 CAD Log in to your PayPal account Email address mailfrag wipware com PayPal password Forgot your email address or password Remember me New to PayPal
8. etc may not provide sufficient depth of field to hold all particles in sharp focus Use Aperture Priority mode and set aperture to f8 Make note of the shutter speed the camera chooses and determine if it is fast enough to prevent camera shake If not you need to use camera support or adjust ISO upwards Images below illustrate the effect of the aperture setting on depth of field where a wide aperture setting of f3 5 allows only the point of focus to remain sharp Figure 3 7 while a small aperture setting of f11 produces a deeper field of sharp focus Figure 3 8 Figure 3 7 Wide Aperture f3 5 Figure 3 8 Small Aperture f11 Page 14 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare ISO You should use the lowest ISO setting that is adequate in any given situation Noise increases with higher ISO settings If after setting the aperture your shutter speed is too slow to hand hold adjust ISO setting upwards until shutter speed meets or exceeds the hand holding threshold If ISO cannot be raised high enough to permit a safe hand holding shutter speed you must use camera support tripod etc Below is an image shot with a low ISO setting of 100 Figure 3 9 and one shot with a very high ISO setting of 12 800 Figure 3 10 Note the appearance of grain like noise throughout the image with the high ISO setting Figure 3 10 Figure 3 9 Low ISO 100 Figure 3 10 Very High ISO 12 800 Page 15 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare
9. 19 2013 1626 03 158 20 Fed 19 2013 1601 23 39 5 Page 30 WipWare Selecting the Options menu will first bring you to the screen where your account information will be displayed This information cannot be directly edited If you need to make any changes to this information please contact WipWare Technical Services Selecting Order History will show a list of order transactions If you require the details of an invoice clicking on the invoice number will display a printable version of the invoice Sampling and Analysis Guide Activity Options Account Info Order History Actraty Transfer Images Account Created Jan 0 2013 Studies Since Creation Z Images Since Creation E Transfer Images Options Account info Order History Actmty Transfer images Transfer images Number of Images 1 Target Username Send Page 31 WipWare Selecting Activity will show you a one year graph of your account usage The blue bar displays the number of studies submitted Hovering over the bar will also display the total number of images that were submitted The green bar displays the total number of credits that were purchased transferred in and transferred out If the total is a negative number this bar will instead be red Selecting Transfer Images will allow you to transfer image analysis credits to another MailFrag u
10. 7 0 Lighting 7 1 Considerations There are three primary considerations for lighting Intensity Uniformity and Contrast Intensity Intensity is important only if hand holding the camera Intensity must be sufficient to permit a fast enough shutter speed to overcome camera movement during exposure which will cause loss of sharpness Using a tripod is one of the best ways to improve both capture sharpness and ensure segmented coverage of a large pile Uniformity If a large area is lit with a single light there will be a falloff of intensity towards the edges compared to the center Falloff can also occur between the front and back of a muckpile If exposure is based on the intensity of illumination in the center front of the field as it should material at the edges back may be underexposed hampering analysis The farther a light source is located from the subject the more even its illumination will be When lights are used in close proximity to the material intensity may vary considerably with objects farther from the light source receiving significantly less illumination Images below illustrate the comparison between an image where light falls with even intensity on both rocks and the background Figure 4 1 and an image where the light source is moved closer to the subject Figure 4 2 causing objects located at varying distances from the source to receive significantly different intensities of illumination Figure 4 1 Dista
11. Analysis Guide WipWare 7 4 Light Placement RECAE PEPTESEATLE ACV NY s Right Aft ET BE PIRS v S e A a y EettLight APONTE S ie Y cs 3 a v A SAIM Point Position lights equal distances to left and right of camera position and as far apart as possible Position lights as high as possible Aim light on right towards left edge of drift approx 45 degrees from lens axis Aim light on left towards right edge of drift approx 45 degrees from lens axis Crossing the lights in this manner will produce the most even illumination reducing hot spots If lighting angle is less than 15 degrees from lens axis shadow formation will be less than ideal If lights are positioned too close to the muckpile the resulting fall off in intensity will mean that particles near the back of the pile receive significantly less illumination than the front of the pile As light to subject distance increases falloff is reduced Page 19 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare MN ls xo i fs Jon Lar Za 90 Lighting Placement Diagram For example let s say you want to capture a 15 foot wide drift in a single image If you re using a D SLR with a crop factor of 1 6 and a lens set to 35mm effectively 56mm the camera would need to be positioned approx 30 feet from the front of the drift in order to fit the drift in the frame from edge to edge In this scenario your lights should be no closer than 15 feet from the front of the dri
12. Emalk john dor gmail com Payer ld HBTREHSACAZ Transaction id 0148757585 259632L Simus Paid Mame Jona Dos Username john coe Company Vipas inc Emait john doe email cam 201202 19 16 01 23 NN A EE 1 MalFrag image 35 00 4503 19 55 35 00 MST 73 Total CAD Thank you for your purchase Page 25 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 9 5 Submitting a Study A study requires a title scale information size classes image samples and special instructions if any To add a study follow the instructions below MailFrag fF Rd E Oa od 1 Click the Add Study icon so Os Say 2 Enter a suitable title The bh i i title should describe the origin MAO door mm of the image samples Sizes 8150 MERO P Select files 3 Add the scale information tel sl Add files to the upload queue and dick the stari bution The scale reference can be any a Filename Size Status dimensionally stable object of ee z Binet ifo ey known size For example an 300 n aer 6 150 mm HI stick or a laser scale with a 10 TIT Great 2 J60 rer gt known length 7 a It is necessary to include the 40 mr Bast 3 09 a ee is 182 KB units of measurement 1o a 4 Select the output size oe e classes For your convenience OF files Start upload 641 KB Oe E ih ES there are two presets ISO 6 m Torms of Servico Metric and Standard i ees Please allow up to 2 business days for analysis results to be ava
13. a e A E E NEE E A E EE A E E E 10 5 3 PVG O AN 10 5 4 TRIO GOL SUPPO TE o 11 5 5 LODUN O 11 6 0 Camera Comtisuracion SCENES serange a r r TE D 11 6 1 RUS CO doo dieras 11 6 2 Capture A E O o oo o o a 11 6 3 Capture Ouah cosa ibi bie iaia 11 6 4 WM a A O 11 6 5 Focal Lenta E 12 6 6 Pomtot View Camera location sarna tapan 12 6 7 CONO OA e rn emer cece eee etn ret ere tree ee 13 6 8 Exposure Mode Cnosos 13 yr O ARS 2 e y o OP o aAA iE itastubienttesieseasmeenents 16 7 1 Consideration S cal distal iia didhcad 16 7 2 O A crac cat aces cee E E E A emcees 17 7 3 htm card vis 18 7 4 HentPlace ment 19 BO Analyzine Images In WIPELAS ds 22 90 Submituins a Malerao Ud abs 23 9 1 Creatina an ACCOUN siiin Ea a a a S 23 9 2 LOING Mi AAA ence one eee eer ore reer eee 24 9 3 arias 24 9 4 Purchasing Image Analysis Credits coccicocodococononeennrrree creer cerraran corea 25 9 5 UI A dos 26 9 6 WAI ica 28 9 7 VIEWS LING RO a cat cat geet 29 9 8 00 WO A e tens terre 30 9 9 KOMOW I TSSUES and SOIC ONS EOS 32 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 10 0 Interpreting Particle size Data nan doce 33 rO Particle Size Distribution FY DCS acaricia O 33 10 2 Particle Size Distribution Parameter Sinn a a 34 103 Particle Size Distribution FOrMUIAS a 35 LOA Study Pline And Execution adi ncaa 38 110 Erequently Asked Questions sd 39 11 1 Are high resolution image samples better moccciccidicccconnnsmsmmrrrr crees 39 11 2 Whatissa sultable scale
14. anced Default Location Never allow websites to request your w physical location aS Pop up Blocker Turn on Pop up Blocker Select the Medium setting Hit Apply OK CON O U de Jptic cai oP Enable a Select a zone to view or change security settings kil Websites in less privileged web content zone can navigate in 9 Disable Enable Prompt ternet Local intranet Trusted sites Restricted E int sites awe 3 Active scripting Internet 7 Di This zone is for Internet websites except those listed in trusted and restricted zones Security level for this zone Custom Custom settings To change the settings click Custom level To use the recommended settings dick Default level mr Takes effect after you restart your computer Reset custom settings Reset to Lok cae Y Enable Protected Mode requires restarting Internet Explorer oO Reset all zones to default level Page 32 Sampling and Analysis Guide 10 0 Interpreting Particle Size Data WipWare The particle size distribution PSD of material is critical in understanding its physical and chemical properties It affects the strength and load bearing properties of rocks and soils It affects the reactivity of solids participating in chemical reactions is necessary to determine material density and needs to be tightly controlled in many industrial
15. antity lt 100 35 00 USD MailFrag Image Analysis Credit Total Purchase Quantity gt 100 SAVE 25 26 25 USD WipFrag Fragmentation Analysis Software 6 500 00 USD There are no additional charges associated with MailFrag Account creation Transfer of image analysis credit Minimum order quantity Monthly or annual fees Terms of Service WipWare reserves the right to reject unsuitable image samples Please allow up to 2 business days for analysis results to be available Each analysis study includes one of each CSV BMP and PDF type outputs WipWare reserves the right to change products services and specifications Page 40
16. aphical plots since the size distribution range will often traverse many orders of magnitude between the smallest and largest particle which would be difficult to illustrate in normal graphical space Generally there is a preference by discipline e g Metallurgists generally prefer the cumulative percent passing curves as it may be easier to find typical KPI values that are critical to the process such as D80 Diameter of 80 of the material whereas blast designers generally prefer the histogram because it is easier to see non standard particle size distributions which can be indicative of a blasting malfunction 10 2 Particle Size Distribution Parameters There are many parameters that can be used to describe points in a PSD these include Min Max Mean Median Mode Particle Size any number of 0 100 Passing or up to 27 user definable size fractions Access to this data is made simple via CSV files that any spreadsheet application can open if you have not already captured the real time particle size telemetry into a plant process historian Below is an example of the CSV contents A B G D E F G H J K L M 1 Year Month Day Hour Minute Second D1 DS D10 D20 D25 D30 2 2013 2 18 22 49 5 8 10E 00 1 34E 01 a 2 e 2 65E 01 2 94E 01 3 2013 2 18 22 49 45 7 21E 00 1 28E 01 1 65E 0 28E 01 2 59E 01 2 87E 01 4 2013 2 18 22 50 10 1 21E 01 2 03E 01 2 70E 01 3 58E 01 3 98E 01 4 42E 5 6 DSO D70 D75 D80 D90 D95 D99 Xc n b Xma
17. applications 10 1 Particle Size Distribution Types Particle Size Distributions are typically expressed in one of four ways e Cumulative percent passing curve Cumulative percent retained curve 0 e Data Table e Histogram min 2 925 mm max 258 544 mm mean 31 018 mm stdey 28 222 mm mode 50 000 mm 010 31 835 mm D25 46 298 mm 050 71 781 mm D75 108 882 mm D20 bika gam LEGEND 1 Two line ttle block 2 Version amp license information 3 Image sample 4 analysis date time 4 Granulation curve 9 Granulation histogram e Size mm Diameter of an Equivalent Sphere ACME Company Blast 731 02 WipFrag 2 7 17 User WipWare Demo Blasted Rock C January 14 2013 11 32 05 AM Eastern 100 6 Cumulative particle size table Percent passing scale 3 Size scale mm or inches 9 Analysis particle count 10 Analysis statistics Page 33 2 ndard Time Size mm 1000 00 900 00 300 00 150 00 125 00 100 00 3 00 50 00 40 00 37 50 39 50 31 50 25 00 16 00 12 50 1 0 DO Passing 100 00 100 00 100 00 85 41 80 92 71 74 53 06 29 26 175 14 95 13 00 9 73 5 12 1 44 0 71 0 43 0 29 0 20 0 14 0 11 0 08 0 03 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 11 Percent passing size 12 Average panicle sphericity 13 Calibration information Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Three of these are usually represented in log normal gr
18. cannot outline the particles of interest visually neither can our technology e Itis always possible to reduce the image resolution 11 2 What is a suitable scale device Every image to be analyzed must include a scale device in the image sample When selecting a suitable scale device it is important that all of the following points are checked Scale device should contrast well against the material being analyzed Scale device should be at least 1 10 of the image sample width more is better Scale device must be dimensionally stable avoid inflatable objects Scale device must be placed perpendicular to the camera view If acquiring image samples perpendicular to the material surface is not possible multiple scale devices may be necessary for tilt correction 11 3 How many image samples should take The short answer to this question is as many as possible the practical answer to this question is different for each user and better determined by your goal The questions you need to ask yourself are e What percentage of the material do I need to be statistically valid e What percentage of the material does each image sample contain e How important are the decisions you will be making based on the results Page 39 Sampling and Analysis Guide Wip Ware 12 0 Pricing and Service Terms Pricing schedule for WipFrag and MailFrag Services as of September 26 2014 DESCRIPTION PRICE MailFrag Image Analysis Credit Total Purchase Qu
19. devicO taaan 39 11 3 How many image samples should I take ue ccsesesssssseseseesesssesesseseseeseeseseseseeseseneeaeeseneeaessens 39 1220 Pricing and Servico Tess en ati 40 Page 4 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 1 0 Introduction Thank you for choosing WipWare s WipFrag MailFrag Service an economical and rapid method of collecting bulk material size and shape information This user s manual will cover What is WipFrag MailFrag Service Developing a sampling strategy Collecting quality image samples Analyzing images using WipFrag How to submit a MailFrag study Interpreting particle size data Frequently Asked Questions Pricing and service terms 1 1 Notice The collection of image samples in today s productivity driven industrial environments can be challenging however there is no reason that it cannot be done safely 1 2 Disclaimer The information contained herein is based on experience and is believed to be accurate and up to date as of the date of its preparation However uses and conditions of use are not within the manufacturer s control and users should determine the suitability of such products and methods of use for their purposes Neither the manufacturer nor the seller makes any warranty of any kind express or implied statutory or otherwise except that the products described herein shall conform to the manufacturer s or seller s specifications The manufacturer and the seller expressly disclaim al
20. dividual image results as well as the final merged result 2 2 WipFrag Process Below is a simple overview of the WipFrag process 1 Open an image 2 Set the scale 3 Generate the edges 4 Generate the results 2 3 MailFrag Process Below is a simple overview of the MailFrag Service process 1 Register an account free of charge Login to MailFrag Service gateway Purchase image analysis credits Submit study details and upload images Allow up to 2 business days for results to be made available Login to MailFrag Service gateway and view results oy re V S Page 6 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 3 0 Developing a Sampling Strategy Itis critical to develop a good sampling strategy prior to undertaking any scientific study failure to do so may compromise your project s validity The purpose of developing a strategy is to create a set of systematic and unbiased rules that will be followed for the duration of the study if these rules are properly developed you will avoid the frustration of an inconclusive study result Both WipFrag and MailFrag service are capable of analyzing any number of image samples if you image each particle in the material the analysis would be 100 percent representative Since that is not practical for most applications we need to develop a method of systematically acquiring smaller samples that represent the characteristics of the material as a whole 3 1 Sampling Methods All samplin
21. e A com Cat Fragmentation Sudy 2 Feb 19 2037637 Fragmentation Study 3 Febi 2003163901 y BBE When a study is complete and the results are made available you will receive an email On the MailFrag Service gateway home page you will see a list of completed studies From left to right you will see The study title The number of images in the study The date the study was submitted The status of the study a The checkmark indicates that the analysis is complete eo NES 5 CSV BMP and PDF icons that can be clicked to directly download the results MailFrag A ty ey O i hinas Clicking on the study s title i will show you to the View Previously Submitted Study antec end Title Fragmentation Study ca y ASA y Scale 100cm etalls Sizes Uploaded Images cn Blast 1 jpg 0 22 MB From here you will ace a gt Blast 2 jpg 023M8 preview of the analysis Blast 3 pg 0 18 MB results as well as additional icons to download the CSV BMP and PDF ab oO O n ag g q g x O Special Instructions lt Go Back Page 29 Sampling and Analysis Guide 9 8 Options MailFrag A y Account Info Options Account info Order History Actmity Transfer Images Username john doe Name John Doe Company WipWare inc Phone 705 123 4567 Email john doe gmailcom Order History Options Account info Order History Actmty Transfer Images Oty Total CAD Method Feb 20 2013 1334 12 Fed
22. e line must be established prior to inducing changes to the process this helps avoid misinterpreting relative change for noise Moving forward strict adherence to the pre established systematic sampling methodology is critical this minimizes the possibility of your study becoming invalid or inconclusive Ifyou require assistance establishing a study strategy or interpreting the resulting data WipWare can connect you with approved consultants specialists and even third party software to assist with continuous improvement efforts Contact WipWare Technical Services for details Page 38 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 11 0 Frequently Asked Questions This section of the guide answers the three most common questions new users have when starting a study using WipFrag or a MailFrag Service campaign 11 1 Are high resolution image samples better Large and small image samples each have their benefits and disadvantages WipWare recommends taking 1 2 to 5 0 MegaPixel image samples depending on the particle sizes being analyzed To help decide what resolution is best for your application take note of the following e Higher resolution images are large sometimes difficult to handle files that are less effective at detecting oversize and more effective at detecting fines e Lower resolution images are small usually easy to handle files that are more effective at detecting oversize and less effective at detecting fines e Ifyou
23. eras with their larger sensors are far more efficient at gathering photons in low light situations making them better suited to underground photography Cameras with 18 megapixel and even higher resolution sensors are common now but the full resolution files these cameras produce are far in excess of what is required for fragmentation photoanalysis Choosing a smaller capture size will result in smaller files that analyze much faster 2 5 MP capture 1900 x 1300 pixels 7MB file size 5MP capture 2500 x 1800 pixels 12 9MB file size 18MP capture 5100 x 3500 pixels 51 1MB file size 5 2 Lens Understand that with many D SLR cameras the image sensor is smaller than traditional 35mm film meaning that a crop factor must be taken into account when discussing lenses Typically this crop factor is between 1 3x and 2x consult your camera documentation to determine the factor for your particular camera body The crop factor increases the effective focal length of all your lenses For example a 35mm lens on a body with a crop factor of 1 6 typical of most non pro Canon D SLRs would effectively become a 56mm lens 35 x 1 6 56 Crop factors Canon Professional bodies 1x to 1 3x Canon Consumer bodies 1 6x Nikon Professional bodies 1x to 1 5x Nikon Consumer bodies 1 5x Olympus bodies 2x Pentax bodies 1 5x Avoid effective focal lengths smaller than 40mm for fragmentation analysis purposes Effective focal lengths
24. ft 45 degrees Farther is better Even with lights placed at 15ft the back of the pile will receive one f stop less light than the front By metering the center of the drift acceptable images should be obtained With lights placed at 30 feet 15 degrees there would be no difference whatsoever in brightness between front and back of the drift Intensity will be reduced however producing less light on the muckpile and requiring longer shutter speeds Page 20 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Special Considerations Wet reflective material specular highlight formation may affect analysis accuracy Diffusing the light will produce larger more even highlights Complete elimination of specular highlights on reflective material requires use of polarized lighting sources in combination with a polarizing filter on the camera lens and is likely too complex for most users Page 21 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 8 0 Analyzing Images in WipFrag If you own WipFrag you can analyze your images samples yourself If you do not own WipFrag you can take advantage of our MailFrag Service A typical WipFrag operation will consist of the following ae i 8 9 wy Open an image file Set the scale for the image Activate the automatic Edge Detection Algorithms SNA YB Use the Editing tools to improve the edge detection pe Do a virtual Sieve to measure block sizes and generate a graph Repea
25. g strategies should aim to control as many variables as possible however we sometimes need to make concessions at the expense of data quality When selecting the sampling team personnel special care must be taken to ensure availability to execute the sampling method you select day night cross shift weekend etc ideally each of these sample collectors must also train and use the same equipment in the same way same camera lens zoom lighting scale perspective exposure resolution etc to achieve the best results When trying to determine which method is suitable you will need to ask yourself What percentage of the material do I need to be statistically valid What percentage of the material does each image sample contain Are material characteristics expected to change throughout the sample How important are the decisions you will be making based on the results There are many different ways to sample It is often important to record the sampling methodology for future reference possibly to defend the results the balance between representativeness versus ease of sample collection must be determined Simple Random Sampling Simple random sampling involves the use of an eligible randomizer to generate the sampling parameters This method is very good as long as it eliminates human bias EXAMPLE rolling dice to determine how many samples will be taken each day and at what time Systematic Sampling Systematic sampli
26. gest particles others will select areas of uniform distribution wrote Norbert Maerz in Image Sampling Techniques and Requirements for Automated Image Analysis of Rock Fragmentation 1996 Equipment Use the same camera and lens where feasible Physical Setup Camera position camera height and camera to subject distance should be standardized as much as possible Lighting Use consistent lighting Lighting geometry light to subject distance light height lighting angle relative to camera position and lighting orientation aiming Camera Settings Try to standardize Aperture Shutter ISO White Balance Capture size amp quality Sample Selection Work in a systematic manner to capture statistically representative samples Large drifts or those containing primarily small particles should be photographed in grid like segments 9 0 Equipment 5 1 Camera Point amp Shoot Compact digital cameras can yield good images above ground in good lighting Because the small image sensors in these cameras are inefficient at gathering photons in low light situations their performance drops off dramatically in the conditions common to underground photography As ISO sensitivity is increased to compensate for low light levels the signal to noise ratio rises significantly limiting the usefulness of the resulting images for photographic fragmentation analysis Page 9 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare D SLR D SLR cam
27. ilable Imperial If however you a En ee prefer custom user definable k am e Fac Study maces n Be POF document maryad suti size classes you can select 1 4 rer o BMP mago moned osui A ceded neal Custom then enter up to 27 o custom sizes D G id a It is necessary to include the Special Instructions its units of measurement 8 lt Go Back Subm Cl Agree to the Terms 5 Add the image samples You can either drag and drop images onto the control or select Add Files a You should only add as many images as you have credits b If you add more images than you have credits the study will be temporarily put on hold until a positive balance is achieved c If you need to remove any images you can Select the red delete button 6 Once you have added all of the image samples you must select Start upload 7 Enter any special instructions for the study if any 8 After agreeing to the terms of service you may submit the study and immediately receive an order confirmation see next page Page 26 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Thank you An email has been sent to WipWare with the following information MailFrag Submission Order Information Confirmation Number 159 Date Submitted 2013 02 19 16 31 46 Customer Info Username john doe Name John Doe Company WipWare Inc Email john doegtgmail com Title Fragmentation Study Scale Length 100 cm
28. l other warranties INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES CONCERNING MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Under no circumstances shall the manufacturer or the seller be liable for indirect special consequential or incidental damages including without limitation damages for lost or anticipated profits Page 5 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 2 0 What is WipFrag MailFrag Service WipWare s WipFrag software allows you to open and analyze your own images WipWare s proprietary edge detection is used to render a polygon network around each particle to instantly generate fragmentation results WipWare s MailFrag Service allows you to send your images to us for analysis by our trained experts using WipFrag We will analyze the images and send back the fragmentation results within 2 business days 2 1 Outputs Received WipFrag Every analysis you perform is saved to a CSV file You can also save the charts and merged results as PDF BMP JPG EMF or WMF Using WipFrag you can merge any number of results in any way you wish MailFrag Service Each image or set of images are submitted as a study Each study includes a e PDF for optimal printing quality e BMP image for easy embedding in documents or presentations e CSV that can be viewed in any spreadsheet application If a study contains more than one image the PDF and BMP will be a graphical output of the merged results and the CSV will contain the in
29. ng involves a strict time interval sampling regardless of circumstance With reasonable frequency this method is typically superior to all other sampling methods as itis by definition systematic EXAMPLE collecting one sample every X minutes Page 7 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Stratified Sampling If there are multiple versions of the material in similar volume then stratified sampling may be suitable Stratified sampling involves taking equal number of random samples from each version of the material This method is good if all versions of the material have similar volumetric proportions relative to the whole otherwise it is a poor selection as it may overrepresent the smaller population and underrepresent the larger EXAMPLE collecting a random but equal number of samples from each version of the material Probability Proportional to Size Sampling If there are multiple versions of the material in dissimilar volume then probability proportional to size sampling may be suitable Probability proportional to size involves taking proportion corrected number of random samples from each version of the material This method is good if the volumetric proportions can be accurately estimated otherwise over underestimation may occur EXAMPLE collecting a random but proportion corrected number of samples from each version of the material Cluster Sampling Cluster sampling involves collecting multiple samples at specific time inte
30. nt Light Source Figure 4 2 Near Light Source Page 16 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare Contrast Photographic fragmentation analysis is dependent on contrast between rock particles and the shadows between the particles If contrast is too high surface texture of individual particles may result in the software interpreting them as multiple smaller blocks If contrast is too low shadows between blocks may be absent and the software may misinterpret small particles as larger single blocks Excessively high contrast is common when using artificial light underground or low angled sunlight above ground Avoid use of on axis artificial light which tends to throw shadows behind the particles creating low contrast conditions Similarly when working above ground heavily overcast skies can produce low contrast images Ti 5 Figure 4 3 High Contrast Figure 4 4 Low Contrast Figure 4 5 Normal Contrast 7 2 Shadows Lighting is arguably one of the most important factors for photographs destined for fragmentation analysis software Lighting determines shadow formation In an ideal image particles are clearly delineated by soft shadows If shadows are too strong dark analysis suffers This is typical of images taken with a single off camera light Shadows will fall to one side of the material and in the absence of fill light may be dark enough to obscure material or may be mistaken for particles If shadows are absent analysis s
31. of 40mm 135mm are best Try to standardize camera to subject distance and focal length for more consistent results 5 3 Filter In the hostile conditions often encountered while capturing images for fragmentation analysis it s a good idea to protect the front element of your lens from dust moisture scratches Use high quality clear protective filters such as B amp W MRC Multi Resistant Coating Hoya Pro 1 HMC Hoya Multi Coating or Nikon NC Neutral Colour Protective filters should be removed if shooting through glass or shooting a backlit scene to avoid loss of contrast and or flare Page 10 Sampling and Analysis Guide Wip Ware 5 4 Tripod or Support Using a tripod helps ensure sharp consistent images and helps improve composition and framing Tripods also permit the use of shutter speeds that might result in camera shake if hand held as well as permit the use of small aperture settings to increase depth of field 5 5 Lighting A pair of standard work lights on tall stands is a low cost readily available solution 6 0 Camera Configuration amp Settings 6 1 File Format JPEG The JPEG file format produces compressed files that occupy minimal disc space Care needs to be taken to avoid overcompression both in camera and during post processing Avoid making changes and saving a JPEG file multiple times With each save operation the file is recompressed and detail can suffer 6 2 Capture Size Set capture
32. on blocks is about 2 1 Areas of particles that are too small to be resolved cover about 15 of the image Scale 1 Sampling and Analysis Guide Page 37 WipWare n 1 0 Characterized by a moderately well graded size distribution where the smallest common visible block is about 1 16 the size of the largest common block The ratio of the number of largest common blocks to smallest common blocks is about 1 2 Areas of particles that are too small to be resolved cover about 30 of the image Scale 1 n 0 75 Characterized by a well graded size distribution where the smallest common visible block is about 1 18 the size of the largest common block The ratio of largest common blocks to smallest common blocks is about 1 8 Areas of particles that are too small to be resolved cover about 40 of the image Scale 1 n 0 5 Characterized by a very well graded size distribution where the smallest common visible block is about 1 20 the size of the largest common block The ratio of largest common blocks to smallest common visible blocks is about 1 15 Areas of particles that are too small to be resolved cover over 50 of the image Scale 1 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 10 4 Study Planning and Execution When undertaking a formal study it is important to first understand the data how it is collected and what it represents Once suitable KPI s are determined a suitable bas
33. rvals This method can be good if it is executed properly but has a significant probability of missing important material variation EXAMPLE collecting X number of samples each day at X time Quota Sampling Quota sampling is considered non probability sampling which involves the collection of a predetermined number of samples from select versions of the material This method is generally not recommended for the purpose of material sampling because it is non random and has a significant probability of missing important material variation EXAMPLE collecting X number of samples from version A and Y number of samples from version B regardless of volumetric proportion Accidental Sampling Accidental convenience or grab sampling is considered non probability sampling which involves the collection of a sample whenever it is convenient This is by far the most common and least desirable it is non random non systematic and has the highest probability of missing important material variation EXAMPLE collecting a sample whenever it is convenient Page 8 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 4 0 Collecting Quality Image Samples The more you can establish standards and reduce variables the more consistent your images will be The better your images are the better your results Operators The fewer personnel taking pictures the better to avoid personal biases affecting sample procedure Some photographers will be drawn to the lar
34. ser This will allow large volume purchases to be shared amongst team members Please note that credit transfers cannot be undone Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 9 9 Known Issues and Solutions I cannot create an account It always says The security code entered was incorrect I created an account but I cannot remain logged in When I navigate to a different page I am asked to log in again These are most likely due to Internet Explorer not having cookies sessions and JavaScript enabled If possible we recommend Chrome or Firefox as they work out of the box However if you must use Internet Explorer you can do the following erro _ OO privacy Programs Advanced Settings 4d Select a setting for the Internet zone Highest Setti ng edi will not work Blocks third party cookies that do not have a compact privacy policy 2 Blocks third party cookies that save information that can 1 Select Tools gt Internet options a Alt T brings up the tools menu 2 Select the Security tab 3 Select Internet and then hit the Custom level button be used to contact you without your explicit consent Restricts first party cookies that save information that san be used to contact you without your implicit consent 4 Scroll down to Script gt Active scripting and select Enable Hit OK Select the Privacy tab Recommended Adv
35. size in camera rather than downsize using image processing software Photoshop etc Less than 1 5MP provides insufficient detail especially dependent on coverage area and material sizes More than 5 0MP is excessive slows software and may require resampling which if not done correctly can introduce artifacts 6 3 Capture Quality This refers to the compression setting that is used when creating JPEG files in camera Use the least amount of compression possible with your camera Manufacturers use varying terminology to describe this feature such as Good Better Best or Normal Fine Superfine or Smooth Stepped In each case the underlined term is the preferred setting to use 6 4 White Balance Not overly critical for this application Auto White Balance can be used or if using halogen work lamps set white balance to Tungsten Incandescent Page 11 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 6 5 Focal Length Choice of focal length can affect analysis results Wide angle lenses with effective focal lengths below 35mm should not be used due to perspective error foreshortening between foreground and background will skew results Corner and edge distortion inherent to wide angle optics will produce sizing inaccuracies Using wide angle optics also complicates light placement For muck piles use the longest focal length that is practical in any given situation Placing the camera further away from the pile and zooming in to fill the
36. t steps 1 5 for all image samples To merge the results select the arrow beside the Open File icon and select Merge Frag Open Open Images Open Frag Files Merge Frag Files Open Met Browse to where the frag files are saved highlight each that you wish to merge and click Open You should now be presented with the merged results as a chart a The data for this chart is also saved into the specified logfile 5 10 If you wish to save the graph select File gt Save As Note For more information about the WipFrag process please see the WipFrag User s Manual that is distributed with the software Page 22 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 9 0 Submitting a MailFrag Study To submit a set of images which we call a study you will first need to login to WipWare s MailFrag Service gateway located at http wipware com products services mailfra you do not have an account you can create one free of charge The following will take you through the full process of creating an account logging in for the first time buying image analysis credits submitting a study waiting for the results viewing the results and viewing the options menu 9 1 Creating an Account To create a free MailFrag Service gateway Already an existing customer account you will need to click on the Request Logn wih your username and company Account link located below the sign in form Company Select your company LZ
37. uffers This is typical of on axis light such as the camera s built in flash where the shadows fall behind the material and are hidden from view Page 17 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 7 3 Lighting Gear The light source that many new users attempt to employ is on camera flash whether the camera s built in flash or a hot shoe mounted accessory flash Unfortunately when the light is coming from the camera position the shadows are cast BEHIND the subject Form and texture are obscured Think in terms of the difference between an on camera flash lit picture of a friend and a professionally lit portrait In the first example there are no shadows and the subject looks flat while in the second controlled shadows bring three dimensional modeling to the face Ideal lighting is difficult to achieve underground without use of supplementary lights A pair of 500W or greater single head halogen work lights on stands is inexpensive portable and effective Look for units with support stands that go as high as possible The more common dual head units can produce multiple shadows that may affect analysis Remove the protective cage as it will affect even illumination Iflow power lights are used or powerful lights are used at considerable distance the resulting shutter speeds may require camera support Long life energy efficient LED work lights are available but tend to be more expensive to purchase Page 18 Sampling and
38. viewfinder with muck will yield the best results Below is a comparison of identically sized coffee mugs shot with telephoto Figure 3 1 and wide angle Figure 3 2 to illustrate perspective distortion Figure 3 1 Telephoto Figure 3 2 Wide Angle 6 6 Point of View Camera location If possible elevate the camera position and orient the camera back parallel to the face of the muck pile This approach will yield the best perspective on the pile and result in images that are more representative of the actual material being analyzed Page 12 Sampling and Analysis Guide WipWare 6 7 Composition Fill your viewfinder with rock particles and avoid capturing surrounding areas such as tunnel roof floor or walls underground or areas of sky in outdoor images Below is an example of a composition that is too loose which includes irrelevant areas Figure 3 3 and one where the photographer has filled the viewfinder entirely with relevant material Figure 3 4 Figure 3 3 Wasted Area Figure 3 4 Filled Area 6 8 Exposure Mode amp Settings Correct exposure yields an image that is not too light not too dark Three variables are Shutter Speed Aperture and ISO Shutter Speed If not using a tripod or other support you need a shutter speed fast enough to avoid camera shake The hand holding threshold will vary depending on effective focal length setting of lens To determine the hand holding threshold in any given situation
39. x 7 4 09E 01 6 29E 01 7 06E 01 8 02E 01 1 28E 02 1 48E 02 2 67E 02 5 24E 01 Tu o 8 4 09E 01 6 24E 01 6 89E 01 7 63E 01 1 27E 02 1 46E 02 2 63E 02 5 35E 01 1 81E E 00 9 6 24E 01 8 92E 01 1 00E 02 1 26E 02 2 07E 02 2 54E 02 2 91E 02 7 47E 01 2 13E 00 3 75E 00 10 11 1 4 mm 2mm 3 35mm 4mm 475mm 5 6mm 6 7 mm 8mm 12 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 1208 Zor 2 83E 01 3 96E 01 6 30E 01 9 51E 01 13 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 8 07E 02 1 69E 0 1 01 3 61 01 5 00E 01 8 00E 01 1 32E 00 14 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 9 93E 02 9 93E 02 1 23E 01 2 19E 01 2 54E 01 4 07E 0 CONTINUE 16 mm 12 5mm 16mm 25mm 31 5mm 35 5mm 37 5mm 40mm 50mm 75mm 100mm 17 1 93E 00 3 95E 00 7 91E 00 2 24E 01 3 36E 01 4 26E 01 4 55E 01 4 89E 01 6 17E 01 7 78E 01 8 83E 01 18 2 47E 00 4 55E 00 9 13E 00 2 34E 01 3 50E 01 4 19E 01 4 59E 01 4 90E 01 6 05E 01 7 97E 01 8 65E 01 19 5 46E 01 1 09E 00 2 29E 00 7 93E 00 1 46E 01 1 96E 01 2 26 01 2 52E 01 3 66 01 6 35E 01 7 50E CONTINUE 21 mm 150mm 300mm 500mm 1000mm Min Max Mean Mode Stdev 22 8 94E 01 9 55E 01 1 00E 02 1 00E 02 1 00E 02 2 11 00 1 68 02 1 5 00E 01 1 63E 01 23 8 94E 01 9 60E 01 1 00E 02 1 00E 02 1 00E 02 1 77E 00 1 79E 02 1 5 00E 01 1 58E 01 7 24 7 99E 01 8 39E 01 1 00E 02 1 00E 02 1 00E 02 3 02E 00 2 44E 02 2 62E 01 5 00E 01 2 46E 01 6 98E 0 CONTINUE 26 Image frag 27 cz Blasted Rock Q Rock A frag 28 Blasted Rock B asted Rock B frag 29 1841 Blasted RockC Blasted Rock C frag 30 31
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