A GSM-based remote wireless automatic monitoring system for field
Contents
1. 2006 reported that the system which uses GSM SMS to transmit data can ensure that the remote data arrives on the user s screen in 30 60 s without any error found in the data content Therefore the GSM SMS technology used in this study is feasible and reliable 2 4 Trapping facility for the oriental fruit fly Traditionally a mixture of chemical attractant and insecticide is being used to attract and kill the fruit fly for long term mon itoring of its distribution The attractant placed in the tube is for attracting male flies Steiner 1952 The trapping device we adopted in our proposed system is a modification of the COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 251 Member 01 b yal 23 broadcasting setting set broadcastmg number Value Change 0912345678 broadcasting num broadcasting setting cho broadcasting setting Fig 8 Advanced setting window for operating the RMP at the HCP a GUI and b partial portion of VI file for setting the broadcast function in the advanced setting window traditional fruit fly trapping tube with an automatic counting module placed in the tube The trapping device in our system uses a double counting mechanism Lin et al 2006 The number of trapped flies is counted as they cross the infrared interruption sensor In gen eral this kind of counter needs a gate or an inhaler to avoid counting the same fly more than once To reduce the2. ental fruit fly is lured by methyl eugenol and crawls into the pathway via the entrance and passes by the double counting optical sensors mechanism resulting in the fly being automat a Fig 14 The cross section of the fly entering pathway in the designed fly trapping tube a OrCAD layout and b entity photograph of finished product ically detected and counted Fig 16 shows the enlarged picture of the RMP equipped with the fly trapping tube To prevent sun light influencing the counting accuracy the upper half of the fly trapping tube was coated with a dark paint Fly trapping tubes equipped with electronic counting cir cuits were placed under the trees outside of the BIME building on NTU campus in May 2006 The experimental results are summarized in Table 1 The average counting accuracy of the fly trapping tube with two flattened pathways was around 78 1 in this test From the experimental results the counting accuracy of the 6th experiment was only 56 5 After careful examination we found that when the oriental fruit flies crawl over different pathways some flies might hide in the corner inside pathway or retrace the pathway towards the entrance This fact also causes the variation in the counting accuracy To cope with this problem we refined the dimension of the designed pathway and tuned the alignment of the optical sen sors The optimal dimension of the pest entering pathway is as shown in Fig 14 a The ave
3. Count Count 1 IR reset IR infrared Photo interrupter Fig 10 Flowchart of double counting mechanism for the designed fly trapping tube 4 If the fly hovers around the second sensor the processor only increases the count once and clears the redundant signal caused by the hovering Because the first sensor is not in the interrupting status the processor will ignore the second sensor s signal even it is interrupted continuously This will avoid the fly from crawling back to interrupt the first sensor again Based on the above mentioned fly behavior Fig 10 shows a flow chart of the double counting mechanism Only the occur rence of two consecutive interruptions triggers the counter to add one By using this mechanism compared to the single counting method the double counting optical sensory set can be more accurate in counting the trapped flies Note that in order to reduce the device complexity this study ignores the following conditions 1 the fly crawls back to the entrance of the pathway passing through the optical interruption sen sors 1 and 2 and 2 the distance between two flies entering the pathway is less than 2cm In this paper the pathway is designed to reduce the occurrence of these conditions 3 Experimental results of system performance evaluation 3 1 Testing the GPS positioning accuracy According to the GM 44 manual of the GPS receiver On Web of GM 44 Manual 2006 its positioning accurac
4. The long term monitor ing accuracies for the oriental fruit fly achieved by the two RMP we designed in this study RMPs 1 and 2 were 81 42 and 73 71 respectively According to our results the reliability of our automatic fly trapping system is about 95 Moreover since the RMPs automatically sent the field information back to the HCP every 30 min as scheduled the daily activity model of the oriental fruit fly was available and the model matched the previous study indicating that our proposed system pro vides reliable data The major contribution of this study is that it makes large scale long distance and long term monitoring for agricultural information achievable High spatial and temporal resolutions for monitoring the data of the oriental fruit flies with respect to environmental changes can also be achieved Via our system one can easily gather field information in real time suggest ing a possible application for a pest alarm system in the field of agricultural management Also using our system will be very helpful for monitoring invading species In addition when combined with a biological identification model and or eco logical theories the ability to collect field data and have access to the long term recording database of this system will be one of the most useful references and tools for integrative pest management For example through the long term informa tion collected in the field including temperature humidit
5. 01080 5 32565 n4 32570 961 421 421 agar 4 500 8 2 alll alll 2 2 East longitude 9 252 Ase a X A P A 20 2 Fig 12 The distribution diagram of the received longitude and latitude data for the positioning accuracy test of the GPS receiver of the RMP between 19 April 2005 and 26 April 2005 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 253 160 252213111200001 a E o m a Biama i 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Positioning error margin with respect to the average value m Accumulative number of measurements nn a o o ONR oO oO oO oO oO oO oO es O N o G es es L Zs gt Bs Fig 13 Distribution diagram of the positioning error margin for the received GPS signals that there is no information available on the exact longitude and latitude of the location of the RMP we could only take the average longitude and latitude data as a reference coordinate for judging the positioning error margin of the GPS receiver Comparing every received longitude latitude data with the mentioned reference coordinate the average positioning error margin was 3 01 m the maximum error was 22 22 m the mini mum error was 0 13 m and the standard positioning error was 2 61m respectively The distribution diagram of the position ing error margin of the GPS receiver is shown in Fig 13 About 90 of the GPS received signals providing positioning data had a margin of error that fell within 5m in lon
6. USA Lin K C Wu Z S Liao J S Lin S H Chen J P Tseng C L Lu F M Jiang J A 2006 Design and implementation of the automatic trap for oriental fruit fly In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Machinery and Mechatronics for Agriculture and Bio systems Engineering ISMAB2006 CD Seoul Korea November 23 25 2006 pp 602 609 Liu Y C 1981 A review on studies of the Oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis Hendel in Taiwan Bull Soc Entomol NCHU 16 9 26 in Chinese with English Abstract Liu Y C Hwang R H 2000 Preliminary study on the attractiveness of volatile constituents of host fruits to Bactrocera Dorsalis Hendel Plant Prot Bull 42 147 158 Liu Y C 2002 A review of studies and controls of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and the melon fly B cucurbitae Coquillett in Taiwan Diptera Tephritidae In Wang S C Ho C C Chen C C Chen W H Eds Proceedings of the Symposium on Insect Ecology and Fruit Fly Management Special Issue No 4 Plant Protection Society Taichung ROC pp 1 40 Lu F M Jiang J A Chang C H Chen Y S Ouyang C S Tseng C L 2004 Performance analysis of agricultural information communication using GSM SMS technology In Proceedings of Machinery and Mechatronics for Agriculture and Bio industrial Engineering CD Ilan Taiwan September 2 3 2004 pp 273 274 in Chinese Melanie H 2001 Installing and
7. analyzed in the HCP Fig 18 shows the monitor Fig 15 The photograph of the double counting device ing data for a single day as collected by RMP 2 on 4 August installed in the fly trapping tube 2006 The fly trapping tubes were manually emptied and the COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 255 Fig 17 Deployment test of the developed remote monitoring system for the oriental fruit fly a pretest of the RMP conducted at the farm field on the NTU campus and b long term test of the RMP conducted at the bosket near the BIME department building NTU number of flies trapped in the fly trapping tube was also manu ally counted at 10 p m each day to verify the accuracy Except for the days we performed maintained on the instruments we have tested and verified the entire system for 304 days from 1st July 2006 to 30th April 2007 During these 304 days we deleted the data for 90 days because no flies were trapped due to rain or extreme low temperature or the number of flies trapped was lower than 5 The latter recordings were excluded because in such cases the counting accuracy of the trapping fly tube varied severely some were very high and some were very low to the point that no statistical contribution for long term performance evaluation could be obtained Under these cir cumstances the mean accuracies of monitoring oriental fruit flies by the two RMPs 1 and 2 deployed on the NTU campus were 84
8. cannot be synchronized to measure the variables not even between two recording instruments at a single site Given that the traditional monitoring techniques are labor intensive with a poor temporal property the dynam ics of pest population density in the field cannot be accurately monitored Consequently a proper estimation for a target pest population will be limited to a long term scale such as pest numbers per 10 days or per 30 days An example is the ori ental fruit fly B dorsalis Hendel which is one of the major pests of many fruits and many commercial crops in the Asia pacific region The methyl eugenol trapping method has been used for more than 30 years yet we still know very little about the dispersion of the insect in the field The oriental fruit fly is highly fecund 8 9 generations per year and is active through out the entire year in the tropical and sub tropical countries TACTRI COA 2006 Previous studies have indicated that the oriental fruit flies attack 173 different fruits and vegetables Metcalf and Metcalf 1992 and several of them are econom ically important By stinging the fruit for oviposition the fly infests the fruit in the early stage of fruit development The lar vae hatching inside the fruit causes the fruit to rot or to make the fruit ripen and drop before maturation On News Report 2004 Lin et al 2006 Since the population growth and activity of the oriental fruit fly can be influenced b
9. complex ity as well as the cost of the device and at the same time obtain a correct count a double counting solution was designed This system consists of a set of optical sensors installed along the trap pathway the fly will pass through Fig 9 shows the double counting optical sensors which are indicated by the arrows The correct counting can be obtained by a microprocessor which takes the signal interruption into account only when the fly crosses both optical sensors sequentially The fly which hovers around is then excluded by the double counting mech anism From our observations we found that there are four possible actions for the fly crossing the double counting opti cal sensors thus we set our counting rules based on these conditions 1 Ifa fly enters the trap and hovers around the first sensor or even stays on it the processor then holds the first sensor in interrupting status until the fly crawls across the second sensor 2 If the fly crosses the first sensor and has not yet arrived at the second sensor the processor then holds the first sensor in interrupting status until the second sensor is interrupted 3 When the fly arrives at the second sensor and both sen SOrs are in interrupting status the processor will increase the count and reset the status of both sensors Fig 9 The double counting optical sensors deployed along the pathway 252 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259
10. for trapping specific insect pests based on the biological characteristics of the pests Yang 1988 Reynolds and Riley 2002 Today s research in the methodology of field surveys for various pests also uses modern technologies such as radar technologies for moni toring pest migration or flight Chapman et al 2002 Riley and Smith 2002 video equipment to observe flying insects in the field Riley 1993 thermal infrared imaging for the monitoring of rainfall in relation to the control of migrant pests Milford and Dugdale 1990 chemiluminescent tags for tracking insect movement in darkness Spencer et al 1997 electric systems for detecting moths Hendricks 1989 the micro bar code system for monitoring honeybee behavior Sasaki 1989 the remote sensing technique used to detect the effects of insects on their host plants usually damage to crops or forests or to monitor environmental factors Riley 1989 Hay et al 1997 GPS for wildlife telemetry and habi tat mapping Hurlbert and French 2001 the high frequency echo sounding method to detect the movements of larvae Eckmann 1998 However the financial burden for building the fundamental hardware of these high tech facilities may only be affordable to governments or very large agricultural corporations At the same time real time communication between data collection and control terminals may not be easy to achieve since the automatic data may be collected in remote a
11. COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 X i E f are A 30 5 CL pe aa gt Aes yt JIP RE S F gt wa ELSEVIE journal homepage www elsevier com locate compag available at www sciencedirect com Computers _ and electronics in agriculture 377 ScienceDirect A GSM based remote wireless automatic monitoring system for field information A case study for ecological monitoring of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel Joe Air Jiang Chwan Lu Tseng Fu Ming Lu En Cheng Yang Zong Siou Wu Chia Pang Chen Shih Hsiang Lin Kuang Chang Lin Chih Sheng Liao 2 Department of Bio Industrial Mechatronics Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan gt Department of Electrical Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 106 Taiwan Department of Entomology National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei 106 Taiwan ARTICLE INFO Article history Received 1 October 2007 Received in revised form 7 January 2008 Accepted 8 January 2008 Keywords Precision agriculture Environmental parameter monitoring Wireless communication technology Mechatronics technology Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel Ecological environment ABSTRACT Monitoring field conditions is the foundation of modern agricultural management In order to improve the efficiency of the data collection pro
12. MP 1 20 July 2006 to 31 July 2007 RMP 2 1 June 2006 to 31 July 2007 was statistically analyzed Faulty data due to system maintenance and zero trapped flies were eliminated resulting in 222 and 313 data points being used in this analysis for RMP 1 and RMP 2 respectively Fig 22 shows the linear regression of the counting results from RMP 1 a and RMP 2 b Each data point in the figures indicates the numbers being counted manually and automatically with reference to the abscissa and the ordinate respectively The slope of the regression line indicates the average accuracy of the fly counting of the RMP and R represents the relia bility of the fly counting accuracy The average accuracy of RMP 1 is 81 42 and that of RMP 2 is 73 71 both with very high reliability i e R 0 951 for RMP 1 and 0 952 for RMP 2 respectively While the selected data in this statisti cal analysis is in a period different from that mentioned in Section 3 3 the average counting accuracy of RMP 1 is quite similar to previous one 1 e 84 This fact once again demon strates the stability and the reliability of performance of our system 258 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 Statistical analysis result for RMP 1 20 July 2006 31 July 2007 pab N o oO on oO y 0 8142x 1 3949 R 0 951 0 50 100 150 200 Actual counting RMP counting g 8 oO Statistical ana
13. MPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 OhHumidity Wind Speed Fly Number Fig 19 The average recordings per day from July to August in 2006 monitored by RMP 1 data to individual complex field information can be inquired from our system For example as shown in Fig 19 the average recordings of every day from July to August in 2006 monitored by RMP 1 can be displayed The system can provide us with long term observations on both the environmental variations and the fly population dynamics in a local area by calculating the information for each day Thus the effects of environmen tal variations on the ecological pattern of oriental fruit fly can be investigated in a good temporal and spatial resolution if more RMPs are deployed In this study we planned and designed the HCPs database of the monitoring system in detail so that the database can offer many kinds of statistical analysis functions for the long term recordings of ecological information and various inquiry ser vices for complex data Thus if we inquire the data per week the influence of more long term environmental changes on the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly can be read ily observed via our system When obtaining the weekly data points the correlation between the environmental param eters and the population dynamics of the fruit fly can be observed For example in Taiwan the daily temperature rises from June until
14. September Taiwan lies in the subtropical zone in the northwestern Pacific Ocean In the mentioned 4 month period this area is subject to frequent thunderstorms 100 4100 4800 750 oy 700 650 600 F lt 550 500 450 50 1450 4400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 o Jo do a tee Ca s A Oc a am dal L T o an ANS Cs or y oe TAM Om A a gt F G w A see es a bs anw Ty ee ee e gt Fo l Kal a v 8 5 a N S N r kai Temperature Oi eee Sead oe a a at eo vv a A OHmidity 8 s R R s N e Accumulated Fly Number Fig 20 The average environmental data and the total population of flies per week monitored by RMP 1 on the NTU campus COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 257 S A 30 400 gt 350 A gt gS Average of Hour Temperature Vv o 9 Accumulated Fly Number 2006 06 2006 12 300 gt 9 N7 P 9 gt 96 16 Sa P n 26 250 4 g 15 ar a 25 ae 1e qab 200 A m qA S 4 A s S 150 2 4 3 1 Te y gt 2s amp 9 D S gt g 100 S A 7 gt oy S gt os S FF Ti S N gt Ss o ap 20 0 6 6 6 amp amp amp amp amp amp S amp amp amp amp S S N w lt o a S N oy T wn o a S N wy N N N N Fig 21 The hourly records averaged from each d
15. and 76 respectively Our proposed system provides different time resolutions for recording field information so it is possible for users to set the time interval for sending the data from the RMPs to the HCP as required An interval of 30min was set in the present study For example the data monitored by RMP 2 on 4th August 2006 Fig 18 was sent to the HCP every 30min The information included the number of trapped oriental fruit flies temperature humidity and the mean of the wind speed The humidity RH temperature C wind speed cm s and the accumulative number of the trapped oriental fruit flies are depicted by blue bars red line green line and black line respectively Fig 18 also shows the trends in humidity and temperature during the recording time The highest temper ature and the lowest humidity were observed at noon As it was getting dark the temperature became and the humidity increased as expected Based on the monitored information we could estimate the local daily activity of the oriental fruit fly The HCP system we developed provides various inquiry functions for field information After logging in to the PHP webpage of our monitoring system users can set the inquiry functions at their PC The daily weekly and monthly averaged 100 4100 750 MCLEE Eee ee Y Temperature CiHumidity Wind Speed Fly Number Fig 18 Monitoring data for a single day collected by RMP 2 in 4 August 2006 256 CO
16. ay by RMP 1 during the period of 1 June 2006 to 31 December 2006 in the afternoon as well as the occasional typhoon Therefore the temperature is not evenly distributed in the mentioned period As a result the number of oriental fruit flies trapped is closely related to the changes in climate In northern Taiwan July August is the peak period of the oriental fruit fly activity However their activity reduces gradually when the weather turns cooler after September Fig 20 shows the average environmental data and the total population of flies per week detected by RMP 1 of our mon itoring system on the NTU campus during the period from June to November 2006 According to the data of our long term recordings it rained nearly every day between 1 June 2006 and 17 June 2006 In addition there were four typhoons dur ing 1 July 2006 to 12 July 2006 and 26 July 2006 to 17 August 2006 The climate records from the Taiwan Weather Bureau also confirmed the recordings from our system Fig 20 clearly indicates that the fly population was quite low during June and the first 2 weeks of July due to rainy weather Also the pop ulation curve of trapped flies lowered significantly since the end of July due to a typhoon over North Taiwan The fly popu lation increased slowly after around the third week of August but went down following the temperature after September as shown in Fig 20 This experiment demonstrates that a long term and a good time r
17. cedure and to improve the precision with which agricultural operations are managed it is necessary that we have an automated sys tem that collects environmental data especially to record long term and up to the minute environmental fluctuations The purpose of this study was to design a remote pest monitor ing system based on wireless communication technology This system automatically reports environmental conditions and traps pest in real time The data we acquired was integrated into a database for census and further analysis The system consists of two components a remote monitoring platform RMP and a host control platform HCP Furthermore based on the bio characteristics of the oriental fruit fly a high precision automated trapping and counting device was designed This device counts the number of trapped flies and then sends the information back to the RMP The RMP is in charge of acquiring the environmen tal data and the number of trapped flies and it sends all the data back to the HCP in the form of a short cell phone message through the wireless Global System of Mobile Communica tion GSM Our system then transmits the data via a commercial base station The system can work properly based on the effective coverage of base stations no matter the distance from RMP to HCP The function of the HCP is to receive and store display and analyze the database on line It also provides functions like inquiries early warning and announce me
18. configuring Web servers using Apache John Wiley amp Sons New York USA Metcalf R L Metcalf E R 1992 Fruit flies of the family Tephritidae In Metcalf R L Metcalf E R Eds Plant Kairomones in Insect Ecology and Control Chapman amp Hall New York USA pp 109 152 Milford J R Dugdale G 1990 Monitoring of rainfall in relation to the control of migrant pests Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 328 705 717 On Web of MSP430F4xx Manual Texas Instruments Inc 2006 http focus ti com lit ug slau056f slau056f pdf On News Report 2004 http www ag007 com tw cgi bin industry info article pl category 5 amp sn 5 On Web of GM 44 Manual 2006 http www wavecom com media files support Hard_platfor ms Modems Fastrack_M1206B User_manual M1206B ON user 20guide pdf Reynolds D R Riley J R 2002 Remote sensing telemetric and computer based technologies for investigating insect movement a survey of existing and potential techniques Comput Electron Agric 35 271 307 Riley J R 1989 Remote sensing in entomology Ann Rev Entomol 34 247 271 Riley J R 1993 Flying insects in the field In Wratten S D Ed Video Techniques in Animal Ecology and Behaviour Chapman amp Hall London pp 1 15 Ritter D J 2002 LabVIEW GUI Essential Techniques McGraw Hill New York USA Riley J R Smith A D 2002 Design considerations for a harmonic radar to investigate the flight of insects at low alt
19. d each item of field information or the statistical data can be graphically displayed This is particularly useful for future work to establish an identifi cation model for the quantity growth of the oriental fruit fly 2 3 System integration and implementation 2 3 1 System architecture Combining the GSM network with the technologies of the Internet mechatronics and wireless communication this study constructs a wireless automatic pest monitoring sys tem The structural diagram of the system is shown in Fig 1 The system can be divided into two major parts the RMP and the HCP The RMP uses MSP430F449 as the core processing chip and the GPS module for positioning information The data recorded by sensors including the number of trapped flies is transferred to the HCP through the commercial GSM net work The user will be able to monitor the field information via the Internet Users can obtain the historical records from the database of the HCP if necessary Fig 2 shows the information flows of the designed remote wireless automatic monitoring system COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 249 2 3 2 Implementation of the RMP The system architecture of the RMP is shown in Fig 3 The MSP430F449 is the core processing chip of the RMP for integrating the GPS and the GSM modules as well as the environmental information sensory modules The environ mental information including temperature humidity and win
20. d high measurement accuracies of 2 0 for rela tive humidity and 0 4 C for temperature The GSM module model no FASTRACK M1203A created by WAVECOM Corpo M DIA D TINUT NaS Agi W tii fi a ke Serene TaN SLIST ISO YS 014 Dessesenas 3 CC per II we a A eee Tal f 4 41608 ae este ANIANI Ti lt CELLIE TT Tt 47 y 2 GRIDS eee S Eee L EE LL f Y4 A em a T AY Sana oe ai a a a a Tit 1 pa lee 4 ni NN m ow a pere s c4 f yr lt i TF _ OROROR ORO go ration is used in both the RMP and the HCP The GSM module meets both GSM900 and GSM1800 specifications and has the same basic capability with the cell phone The GPS receiver GM44 San Jose Navigation Corporation with an RS 232 inter face is used in our system The GPS receiver characterizes a 15 m positioning accuracy and mainly provides the geographic information and correct time tag for the RMP Using serial communication ports the MSP microcontroller collects each module s data including environmental informa tion number of pests and the RMPs geographical location The monitoring data is then packed and becomes a short mes eR HH lt g a AJIT A M T ot TIIIIIIY ae gt N T D TA p WA Pe 3 All Ae ans ee UN D oy Na Ts Ks REN as eae 5 a
21. d speed and the number of trapped flies are the param eters for measurement Several serial ports are reserved for future applications A liquid crystal display LCD is also installed in RMP Via LCD users can monitor the collected information in locus in quo which is particularly useful for maintaining the system Fig 4 shows the construction of the RMP Fig 4 a is the circuit layout which is designed with soft ware Protel 99SE Fig 4 b shows the printed circuit board including MSP430F449 receptacle the temperature humidity sensory circuit the circuits for USART voltage level conver sion and channel switching and several output ports which can connect with the anemometer the LCD the GPS and GSM modules In addition it also provides a voltage output to supply the electrical power for other circuits The completed assembly of components is shown in Fig 4 c The photograph of the finished RMP is shown in Fig 4 d The outer covering of the RMP is made of acrylic plates and the electric circuits of the RMP are fixed in the box The whole box is set on an angle iron support The GPS module is the white disc on the top right corner of the RMP The anemograph and humid ity temperature sensor are mounted at the bottom of the box away from the ground 2 3 3 Implementation of the HCP The HCP is set up in a personal computer PC The function flow of the HCP in this monitoring system is shown in Fig 5 After receiving the monitorin
22. e GPS receiver PC The basic make up of our system can be divided into two major parts the Remote Monitoring Platform RMP and the Host Control Platform HCP for monitoring and statis tical analysis of field information respectively The RMPs are located at measuring places and each RMP is equipped with an anemograph temperature and humidity sensors GPS receiver and GSM module to measure the environmental vari ants as well as a pest trap to determine the number of the insect pest locus in quo The commercial GSM network system is adopted for data transmission to the HCP in short message SM format The GSM module enables the HCP to receive and transmit field data to a PC for further analysis The format design for short message packets used in this study follows our previous work Tseng et al 2006 The graphics user inter faces GUIs of the HCP are programmed and integrated on a Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench Lab VIEW development platform Bitter et al 2001 Ritter 2002 The HCP receives field data from the RMPs and stores the information in the database designed by MySQL Kofler 2001 Via the Worldwide Internet the user can then explore the environmental variants and the collected insect pest num bers from the homepage of the RMPs which is programmed in PHP Brown 2002 and stored in the Apache Melanie 2001 server 2A The structure of the RMP The structure of the RMP is described as fo
23. esolution can be achieved by our system in the monitoring of the population of the oriental fruit fly in correlation to the environmental changes With the long term recording and high temporal resolu tion provided by our system the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly correlated to climatic parameters can be fur ther investigated Since this system offers a huge database of long term recordings from each of monitoring site the infor mation can be extracted from the database with any time interval be it hourly daily weekly or monthly For example we can extract the average data of each hour to analyze the dynamics of the number of trapped flies and its relationship to the recorded environmental physical parameters within a day Fig 21 shows the information collected by RMP 1 of the averaged hourly records from each day for the period of 1 June 2006 to 31 December 2006 It is clearly shows that the oriental fruit fly s daily peak activity is between 06 00 and 10 00a m This result matches the previous hourly physically observa tions by Jiang 1986 indicating that our system is capable of providing high temporal resolution for field information using an economical recording technology 3 4 Statistical analysis of the fly counting accuracy provided by the proposed monitoring system To demonstrate and confirm the reliability and accuracy of our system the data collected from both RMPs 1 and 2 for more than 1 year R
24. fic island forward wireless communication Sci Dev 371 20 27 in Chinese Hendricks D E 1989 Development of an electric system for detecting Heliothis sp moths Lepidoptera Noctuidae and transferring incident information from the field to a computer J Econ Entomol 82 672 684 Ho K Y 2003 Evaluation of two new traps for the population management of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel Ph D Dissertation Department and Institute of Entomology National Taiwan University in Chinese Hurlbert I A R French J 2001 The accuracy of GPS for wildlife telemetry and habitat mapping J Appl Ecol 38 869 878 Jiang J A Tseng C L Lee R G Chang C H Lu F M 2003 A study on agricultural data collection using the GSM SMS technology In Proceedings of 2003 Symposium on Applications of Information Technology in Agriculture CD Taipei Taiwan December 1 2 2003 pp 204 209 in Chinese with English Abstract Jiang P L 1986 Study on reaction in oriental fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel Diptera Tephritidae to the methyl eugenol attractant M A Thesis Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology National Taiwan University in Chinese Joshua M J Gerardo O V Rodrigo C M Eusebio V R Alfredo Z G Gilberto H R 2005 FPGA based real time remote monitoring system Comput Electron Agric 49 272 285 Kofler M D Kramer Trans 2001 MySQL Apress Berkeley CA
25. g data by GSM module the HCP analyzes the received data and the information regarding the RMP operational status If there is an error the HCP immedi ately sends a request command for re transmission and the RMP will send the data again If the trapped pest number is over the pre set threshold the HCP will alert authorized per GSM Module sonnel The main program and the associated GUIs are based on the planned functions and are developed using LabVIEW At the same time a PHP programmed dynamic homepage is developed so that users can retrieve the historical monitoring data via the Internet The homepage is very user friendly 2 3 4 GUIs design of the monitoring system According to the system operation requirements the designed GUIs are described as follows 2 3 4 1 Login page When the program is activated the login page appears The user is then requested to enter his her account and password If the account and password are cor rect the user is then allowed to start the HCP to execute the setting function 2 3 4 2 Setting and testing page Fig 6 shows the setting and testing window of the monitoring system In this page the user can set up the connection port of the man machine interface to the GSM module of the HCP After choosing the proper con nection port the system will automatically test the connecting status of the GSM module to the HCP If the GSM module works then the indicator for the module connecting statu
26. gitude and lati tude compared with the average data This implies that the positioning accuracy of the adopted GPS receiver was quite reliable Within the scope of this margin of error if we treat the average longitude and latitude values as definite ones for a sin gle RMP it is acceptable But if we consider monitoring many points we should use a more sophisticated GPS technique or incorporate the present technique with an electronic map to fix the RMPs position exactly Then we can effectively build up a distribution diagram for monitoring the field information over a wide area 3 2 Testing the counting accuracy of the fly trapping tube The purpose of this experiment was to determine the counting accuracy of the fly trapping tube we designed The experi ment was done outdoors and we compared the number of flies counted by the system and also counted them manually Fig 14 shows the OrCAD layout and a photograph of the actual finished product of the flattened pathway of the fly trapping tube applied in this paper The cross section of the entrance is made larger in order to distribute the attractant and to permit the flies to enter the trapping tube easily The height of the back pathway is lowered to increase the effect of the signal interruption when a fly passes by thereby further increasing the counting accuracy The finished product with the double counting device installed in the fly trapping tube is shown in Fig 15 The ori
27. ing insect migration Comput Electron Agric 35 95 110 Chen W S Chen S K Chang H Y 2002 Study on the population dynamics and control tactics of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel Plant Prot Bull 44 267 278 Chiu H T Chu Y I 1986 The occurrence and injury of the oriental fruit fly in the southern Taiwan Plant Prot Bull Taiwan R O C 28 313 321 in Chinese with English Abstract Chiu H T 1990 Ethyl benzoate an impact ovipositional attractant of the oriental fruit fly Dacus Dorsalis Hendel Chin J Entomol 10 375 387 Chu H T Chu Y I 1987 Oviposition behavior of Dacus Dorsalis Hendel I on the oviposition potential Chin J Entomol 7 119 126 Eckmann R 1998 Allocation of echo integrator output to small larval insect Chaoborus sp and medium sized juvenile fish targets Fish Res 5 107 113 ETSI 1999 GSM 07 07 Technical Specifications European Telecommunications Standards Institute Sophia Antipolis France COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 259 Gschwind M Salapura V Maurer D 2001 FPGA prototyping of a RISC processor core for embedded applications IEEE Trans VLSI Syst 9 2 241 250 Hay S I Packer M J Rogers D J 1997 The impact of remote sensing on the study and control of invertebrate intermediate hosts and vectors for disease Int J Rem Sens 18 2899 2930 He R G 2003 Pushing the wireless scienti
28. itude Comput Electron Agric 35 151 169 Sasaki M 1989 A trial of the micro bar code system for monitoring honeybee behaviour Honeybee Sci Mitsubachi Kagaku 10 182 183 Shen Y 2003 The technology and application of the great spatial variation between the condition of crop growing and the quality of soil In Proceedings of Conference on Precision Agriculture Agriculture Association of China Taipei Taiwan pp 23 41 in Chinese Spencer J L Gewax L J Keller J E Miller J R 1997 Chemiluminescent tags for tracking insect movement in darkness application to moth photo orientation Great Lakes Entomol 30 33 43 Steiner F 1952 Methyl eugenol as an attractant for oriental fruit fly J Econ Entomol 75 173 178 TACTRI COA 2006 On Web of Plant Protection Manual http www tactri gov tw htdocs ppmtable fregu 07 pdf TAPHIQ COA 2006 On Cordon Web of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel http off entomol ntu edu tw a3fly O1about_fly about03 html Tseng C L Lee R G Jiang J A Lu FM Chang C H Chen Y S Ouyang C S Chao C F 2004 An automatic Diamondback moths monitoring system In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Machinery and Mechatronics for Agriculture and Bio systems Engineering ISMAB2004 CD S1 Kobe Japan September 21 23 2004 pp 153 156 Tseng C L Jiang J A Lee R G Lu FM Ouyang C S Chen Y S Chang C H 2006 Feasibility study on application
29. l fruit fly based on environmental changes 2008 Elsevier B V All rights reserved 1 Introduction Integrated pest management IPM relies on the accuracy of the pest population monitoring technique Without gather ing information of population dynamics together with the related ecological factors it is almost impossible to execute the appropriate pest control at the right time in the right place However most insect pests are spread across large areas and across many boundaries Like other insect pests with their strong reproductive ability the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dor salis Hendel is one of the top major pests in the Asia Pacific region causing serious fruit damage and agricultural losses throughout the whole of Taiwan year after year In this article we report for the first time a Global System of Mobile Commu nication GSM based remote wireless automated system for monitoring the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly by means of modern wireless communication technology By integrating the traditional trapping method with modern com munication technology our system is able to provide real time information on the field conditions and the dynamics of the pest population at different monitoring sites This makes the system especially helpful for large scale monitoring in moun tainous areas which is a major obstacle for the traditional monitoring methods Li Agricultural ecology and pest managemen
30. llows the MSP430F449 microcontroller developed by Texas Instruments Inc MSP430F4xx Manual Texas Instruments Inc 2006 is adopted as the core processing chip of the RMP This chip serves to create data packets transmit and dispatch control commands among the modules used in the RMP Based on mechatronics technology the RMP is designed in a modular fashion In addition the RMP also includes an anemograph temperature and humidity meters a pest detecting trap a GPS receiver and a GPS module The anemograph used here Pest capture module Bactrocera dorsalis Handel Environmental GPS Receiver Sensors location amp temperature time humidity and wind speed GSM Module SM transmit and receive MSP430F449 data collection command transmission and control and SM packets conversion Power Supply Fig 3 System architecture of the remote wireless monitoring platform COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 247 is the type of AM 4203 with an accuracy of 2 0 made by the Lutron Company The AM 4203 possesses an RS 232 serial port and provides 16 bits string output function such that it can communicate easily with the MSP chip The sensor used in the present study for both temperature and humid ity measurements is a Sensirion SHT75 which has a built in microcontroller to measure the temperature and the rela tive humidity simultaneously The SHT75 provides long term stability an
31. ly as the subject of auto monitoring and methyl eugenol as the male specific attractant Traditionally the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly in Taiwan is monitored by yellow plastic traps contain ing methyl eugenol The distributing hanging and collecting of the traps in the field are labor intensive and the trapped amount of the oriental fruit fly is then counted manually which makes it even more costly and time consuming The survey results of the population dynamics in Taiwan are therefore measured on a 10 day scale It is evident that the traditional method is not economical nor very efficient con sidering the limited resolution in space and time scales and the lack of environmental parameters Even though the detec tion attraction and biological characteristics of the oriental fruit fly are very well known Liu 2002 Chen et al 2002 nevertheless we still lack a precise pest detection mechanism The wireless auto monitoring system can readily cope with this problem Our previous investigation on the auto monitoring of the Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella one of the major pests of Brassicaceae Cruciferae convincingly demonstrated the application of an automatic sensory sys tem on pest control Jiang et al 2003 Lu et al 2004 Tseng et al 2004 2006 The moth is attracted by a synthetic sex pheromone detected and counted with sensors made of elec tric grid In this study with this experience in mind
32. lysis result for RMP 2 20 July 2006 31 July 2007 200 p o b on oO o y 0 7371x 0 7207 R2 0 952 0 50 100 150 200 250 Actual counting a oO RMP counting z oO Fig 22 The linear regression analysis of the counting accuracy resulting from both RMPs a RMP 1 and b RMP 2 4 Conclusions This study developed a complete and automatic monitoring system for remote field information The purpose of develop ing this monitoring system was to achieve the remote wireless measurements of environmental parameters and population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly in real time The monitor ing system is designed in a modular fashion and consists of two parts i e RMPs and an HCP The RMP is equipped with a MSP430F449 core processing chip This chip can package the sensory data of temperature humidity wind speed and the number of trapped flies into a short message and then send that message to the HCP at a pre set time interval by GSM module The HCP then writes the sensory data into the MySQL database under the control of a program written in LabVIEW By using the PHP website development software users can search the remote ecological information of the oriental fruit fly on the Internet In addition any researcher or farmer can search the historical data on the website and use the web site to analyze the data The environmental variations can be monitored in real time by our system
33. mental location was in a bosket on the NTU campus the quantity of oriental fruit flies was smaller than in the farm field For monitoring field information and trapping oriental flies however this fact did not actually affect the performance evaluation of our system The RMP sys tem includes the following items the core processing system integrated by the MSP430F449 chip the temperature humidity sensing module the GPS receiver module the GSM module Fig 16 Our proposed automatic counting trap for the Double oriental fruit fly installed in the RMP counting device and the anemometer The fly trapping tube the anemome ter and the temperature humidity sensing module were put in the bottom of the box so as to be shaded and so decelerate any possible damage of these modules due to severe environ mental variation This arrangement of the sensing modules can effectively measure the variation of the environmental parameters The whole system has been tested outdoors as of 1st March 2006 At the beginning the number of flies counted by the fly trapping tube did not match the number we counted man ually so we changed the standard fly trapping tube with our improved fly trapping tube in May 2006 After that the number counted by fly trapping tube became more accurate and reli Entrance able The temperature humidity wind speed and the number of trapped flies were then recorded and the information was statistically
34. ng window Fig 8 a shows the advanced setting window which contains the regular trans mission Tx setting and the broadcast setting functions The function of the regular transmission setting allows users to set the time interval between transmissions and keep the RMP automatically transmitting data This function is TA aoo ed EF data mfonmabon aA i aiii FG TUT HHHHHH a me ii ea Ege F EME Fig 7 The control interface window for the operating RMP at the HCP a GUI and b partial portion of VI file for setting the broadcast function in the control interface window particularly useful for long term monitoring The broadcast setting function includes the information broadcast the fault alarm broadcast and pest alarm broadcast The portion of the VI file for setting the broadcast function is shown in Fig 8 b The information broadcast can send the collected field information to the user after receiving the sensing data and thus the user can keep informed and does not need to stay in front of the computer monitor If a RMP fault occurs the fault alarm broadcast will automatically notify the main tenance staff In addition when the number of trapped pests is larger than the threshold which is pre set by the user infor mation will be sent to the user by the pest alarm broadcast to reduce the possible pest damage From the perspective of agricultural applications Tseng et al
35. nts The system was field tested over a 1 year period March 2006 to July 2007 and the experimental results demonstrated that it can monitor the environmental parameters and population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly in real time Based on the long term monitor ing database acquired by our system the relationship between the population dynamics of the fruit fly and the environmental changes can be easily analyzed With the help of this system researchers can judge the correlation of the occurrence of the oriental fruit fly and climate conditions Since the long term database provides us with the details of the popu lation dynamics of the fruit fly the system allows us to control the pest in time and reduce agricultural losses The experimental results demonstrate that large scale long distance Corresponding author at Department of Entomology National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei 106 Taiwan Tel 886 2 3366 9640 fax 886 2 3365 2092 E mail address ecyang ntu edu tw E C Yang 0168 1699 see front matter 2008 Elsevier B V All rights reserved doi 10 1016 j compag 2008 01 005 244 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 and long term monitoring for agricultural information can be achieved by using our pro posed monitoring system Much improved spatial resolution and temporal resolution is obtained compared to traditional methods for monitoring the data of the orienta
36. of GSM SMS technology to field data acquisition Comput Electron Agric 53 45 59 Wu H H Chu Y I 1990 Influence of methyl eugenol on the mating ability of the male fruit fly Dacus Dorsalis Hendel Chin J Entomol 10 69 78 Yang L Z 1988 Mating behavior and evaluation of the effect of communication disruption with sex pheromone on diamond back moth Plutella xylostella L Ph D Dissertation Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology National Taiwan University in Chinese
37. r all of Taiwan both in the low lying areas and the mountains He 2003 transporting data and signals using the GSM framework will be much more economical than any other communication technique especially in the rural COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 245 areas He 2003 Jiang et al 2003 Tseng et al 2006 demon strated the practicability of transporting data by mechatronics and Global System of Mobile Communication and Short Mes sage Service GSM SMS technologies ETSI 1999 Integrating the sensor modules and GSM wireless communication system will extend the transmission of the recorded environmen tal data from hundreds of kilometers away In addition an integrated system will facilitate the accumulation of long term data and determination of the relationship between these environmental variations and pest occurrences and hence may be the critical reference source needed for effec tive pest management The trend of modern agriculture is to introduce sensor techniques long distance wireless commu nication like GSM SMS or global positioning systems GPSs and to proceed with automation precision and IT Therefore the main purpose of this study is to construct a wireless and automatic monitoring system that will be useful for moni toring pest population dynamics and related environmental variations 1 3 Research background 1 3 1 Pest monitoring methods Many devices have been developed
38. rage accuracy is 80 2 with out the 6th experiment since the alignment of optical sensors was missed during the maintenance work The accuracy is 254 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 Table 1 The experimental results for the counting accuracy of the fly trapping tube equipped with two flattened pathways Evaluation items Experimental course Total Testi Test Tests Test 4 Tests Test 6 Test Counted number 11 56 30 18 65 l6 36 196 Actual number 12 74 35 25 43 ae 39 Deol Accuracy 91 7 71 6 85 7 72 0 81 4 56 5 92 3 Average accuracy 78 1 further confirmed in accordance with the long term experi mental results of the entire monitoring system described in the next section With the features mentioned above the auto matic detecting device in this study can attract male oriental fruit flies and effectively count their number 3 3 Field test Originally two prototypes of RMPs were produced and set up in the farm on the NTU campus to test their performance as shown in Fig 17 a Later on to ensure that the numbers of trapped flies and the monitored data collected by the sys tem were matched the two RMPs were moved to outside the department building of the BIME for outdoor testing as shown in Fig 17 b The HCP of the monitoring system was placed in our Lab on the 3rd floor of the BIME building and the dis tances between the HCP and two RMPs were about 20 and 30m respectively Since the experi
39. reas and the communication coverage may be restricted Therefore constructing a monitoring system based on an automatic and real time communication platform is urgently needed for modern agriculture 1 3 2 Control history of the oriental fruit fly in Taiwan The subject insect pest of this research is the oriental fruit fly B dorsalis Hendel Diptera Tephritidae It is the major pest for various fruits in Taiwan and is also the target insect of a quarantine law The females lay their eggs into fruits by punching their ovipositor through the fruit s skin thereby greatly reducing the quality of the fruit Liu 1981 Chiu and Chu 1986 The history of fighting the oriental fruit fly in Tai wan can be traced back for 50 years In 1955 the poisonous protein hydrolysate was airdropped in the fields to attract the fly in 1975 sterile males which were exposed to Co irradia tion were released coupled with poisonous methyl eugenol as an integrated pest management Liu 1981 In addition sev eral other methods have been used to control the oriental fruit fly since then e g chemical control yellow sticky paper trap ping fruit bagging etc Chu and Chu 1987 Chiu 1990 Wu and Chu 1990 Chang 1994 Liu and Hwang 2000 Chen et al 2002 Liu 2002 Ho 2003 reported that traps containing methyl eugenol as attractant can trap the most male orien tal fruit flies Therefore in the present study we use the male oriental fruit f
40. s will be turned on Also the power strength of the received signal is shown to tell the user the connecting condition of the GSM module If the GSM signal is weak then a weak indication will remind the user to adjust the antenna for a stronger signal or change the HCPs location After the GSM module is connected the user starts to set the RMPs After choosing the RMP number and entering its phone number one can click the set button followed by the start button the system is then automatically activated By clicking the start button the HCP will send a ready perfor mance file RPF as the starting message to the RMP for the initial handshake As the HCP receives the acknowledgement confirmed by the selected RMP the start indicator of the RMP will be turned on to inform the user that the RMP is ready to use An instant information frame is located below this Fig 5 Function flow diagram of the host control platform 250 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 RMP Setup Fig 6 The setting and testing window for the GSM module and the RMP window and will list all the information about any action performed by the HCP and its relevant time 2 3 4 3 Control interface window After setting the RMP click ing the control interface button Fig 6 the user can enter the control interface window as shown in Fig 7 a On the upper left side of the window are the indicators of the
41. system sta tus There are three kinds of system status indication start regular transmission Tx start broadcasting and fault alarm ing When the HCP receives an error message sent from the RMP the fault alarm is turned on to inform the user and the system will send an error message to the maintenance staff When the maintenance is finished one can press the fault reset button on the window and turn off the fault alarm In the middle above the window shown in Fig 7 a is the lat est information in an SM transferred back from the field It contains the RMP information including the RMP number the location coordinates of the RMP temperature humidity wind speed pest number and time of data transmitted back All the field information will be saved in the database for further inquiry and analysis The partial portion of the VI file for per forming the save data function is shown in Fig 7 b Located in the center of the window is the real time command line for requesting the RMP to send the current information immedi ately or to set the counter to zero Once the expected data was lost the fault alarming module is triggered and the supervi sor will be noticed to request the RMP to retransmit the data promptly or inform the worker locus in quo to fix the malfunc tion of the RMP Any information about the executed action is displayed on the message board in the lower part of the window Fig 7 a 2 3 4 4 Advanced setti
42. t Ecological factors in the environment can be classified as phys ical e g temperature and humidity chemical e g chemical composition of the soil and biological factors e g pathogens and pests As far as cultivation and management of the landis concerned the ecological factors are crucial to the quality and productivity of the crop Among these factors pests are those insects that directly damage the crop and pest control has always been considered the most difficult challenge to over come To reduce the loss of agricultural products caused by insect pests thousands of methods including physical and chemical ones have been developed over the years Each of these methods needs to be applied in the right place and the right time and many ecological models have been developed specifically for this purpose However without accurate field information no theoretical estimations or strategies for pest control will be able to hit the target and reduce the enormous costs to both agriculture and ecology Since all ecological factors have a dynamic connection with time and each of these factors may interact with others tra ditional monitoring techniques which rely on manpower to collect data from trap to trap point to point are no longer efficient enough for modern pest management Shen 2003 There are two main drawbacks with traditional pest moni toring 1 it is labor intensive and therefore costly and 2 all monitoring points
43. we propose an automated and wireless system which simulta neously records both the environmental variations and the pest population dynamics This technology reduces the costs of both labor and resources and at the same time monitors the population dynamics with an adjustable temporal reso lution in a large space scale In addition to the collecting of field data the developed system is also able to communicate integrate and analysis data in real time All the informa tion is received and processed at the server end and thus a pest forecast system is constructed with temporal and spatial precision 2 Materials for experiment and system mapping The software and hardware used to develop our proposed GSM based remote wireless automatic monitoring system are listed as follows Software MSP GCC PHP LabVIEW MySQL Apache server 246 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 Server PC fetchs the received data into database GPS Satellite User explores the field information via Internet Host Control Platform HCP Remote Monitoring Platform RMP GSM Netwok GSM Base Station command lt A GSM module Remote monitoring platform Host control platform Fig 2 The information flow of our proposed remote wireless automatic monitoring system Hardware sensors for measuring wind speed temperature and humidity microcontroller TI MSP430F449 chip GSM modul
44. y and wind speed and the population dynamics of the pest one can create a dynamic population model in a particular appli cation area This is very useful when making decisions on a pest control strategy which depends on applying the right method at the right time in the right place Therefore com pared to the traditional monitoring methods our system can effectively reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness of pest control Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by the Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan Taiwan under contracts 92AS 1 1 6 FD Z1 93AS 1 1 6 FD Z1 and 94AS 1 3 6 FD Z1 The authors would also like to thank the National Science Council of Tai wan for their financial supporting under contract no NSC 95 2218 E 002 073 REFERENCES Ali L Sidek R Aris I Ali A Suparjo B S 2004 Design of a micro UART for SoC application Comput Electric Eng 30 257 268 Bitter R Mohiuddin T Na M 2001 LabVIEW Advanced Programming Techniques CRC Press Boca Raton FL USA Brown M C 2002 XML Processing with Perl Python and PHP Sybex San Francisco USA Chang T Y 1994 Attraction of natural plants to oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis Hendel Diptera Tephritidae Master thesis National Chung Hsing University Taichung 81 pp Chapman J W Smith A D Woiwod I P Reynolds D R Riley J R 2002 Development of vertical looking radar technology for monitor
45. y Cava zan ets SH HA HAI G Pea od Fig 4 Construction of remote monitoring platform and finished product a circuit layout b PCB c assembly of RMP components and d finished product 248 COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 62 2008 243 259 T a J v a gt a 7 se gt Fig 4 Continued sage which is transmitted by GSM module to HCP As a result the system is capable of collecting and transmitting the field information automatically 2 2 The structure of the HCP In addition to the data transmission of the GSM module the HCP contains GUIs written in LabVIEW National Instruments Inc to control the data transmission from the GSM mod ule Bitter et al 2001 Ritter 2002 The GUIs are linked to a MySQL database Kofler 2001 and can save the field data received from the RMP into the database of the HCP The HCP also contains a dynamic homepage so that the users can explore the field data collected from the field in real time as well as the statistical analysis of historical records via the Internet The server adopted in the HCP was established by Apache Melanie 2001 PHP Brown 2002 and MySQL Thus we can perform remote monitoring and collect the number of pests and the environmental parameters and then save this field data in the MySQL database The user and the super intendent of the system can quickly search data from the PHP dynamic homepage an
46. y is 15m To confirm if the actual positioning accuracy of a GPS receiver can provide accurate geographic information for monitoring Fig 11 Test for GPS positioning accuracy of the GPS receiver of the RMP The test experiments were conducted at the top balcony of the BIME building NTU between 19 April 2005 and 26 April 2005 cultivated land we analyzed the longitude and latitude infor mation collected by the RMP The RMP was mounted at a fixed location on the top balcony of the building of the Department of Bio Mechanical Engineering BIME National Taiwan Uni versity NTU as shown in Fig 11 There was no canopy over the top balcony of the BIME building and no other surround ing buildings to affect the reception of the satellite signal The GPS receiver of the RMP received the longitudinal and latitu dinal data from the GPS signal every 30 min and delivered it to the HCP The system collected 522 data during this operation lasted about 10 days and the distribution of the data is shown in Fig 12 The red point in Fig 12 indicates the average of all data points which represents north latitude 25 011007 or equally 25 0 39 63 and east longitude 121 325819 or equally 121 1932 95 During test the RMP with its single GPS receiver was located in the fixed location mentioned above Due to the fact 25 01120 25 01115 e ie 25 01110 25 01105 25 01100 25 01095 North latitude 25 01090 25 01085 25
47. y many ecological parameters e g temperature rainfall wind speed and diurnal rhythm TAPHIQ COA 2006 an automated system for accu rately integrating real time monitoring information is needed to better know the related parameters and the dynamic pop ulation in different loci 1 2 Research purpose The rapid improvement of today s micro fabrication technol ogy and embedded systems allows for a tiny electronic sensor to integrate multiple functions like precise sensation and cal culation Gschwind et al 2001 Ali et al 2004 Joshua et al 2005 By integrating the latest in sensory chips and micro fabrication technology with traditional sensor modules and the pest trapping device an automated pest and environment monitoring system can be established together with power ful processing ability Furthermore it will reduce the labor cost of collecting environmental data by combining the auto mated monitoring system with wireless telecommunication technology By having real time environmental data available to us we can better understand the variation among cropland areas increase the effectiveness and the precision of cultiva tion management and establish a highly reliable pest forecast system As a result the automated wireless pest monitor ing system can serve as the major information source for our agriculture development and insure our competitiveness Given that GSM wireless communication has been well established ove
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