Formatting and Converting for LaTeX Users
Contents
1. 15 22 NSMALL crina ato gaa b edd 15 NSmnall 22266 eX 15 Aemallskip 429mm 15 spacing 15 22 24 25 Stage res Gna oue ese 12 18 standard classes 3 starred commands Nchapter 10 chapter 16 section 16 subsection 16 subsubsection 16 subject i224 sod ertet dereud 22 XSubject cues a eek alae 22 subsection 16 subsubsection 16 T table environment 22 table of contents 10 16 21 21 22 tableofcontents 21 tables 4e xe xS 28 captions 9 22 23 29 numbering 22 spacing in 22 TDS renien nce Re ps 7 8 texorpdfstring 9 16 27 thebibliography environment 24 theindex environment 26 thesis advisors 20 title 2s ueri eda 9 21 22 Ntitle gasirea niine s dod 17 title page 10 13 17 18 ino MEE tee ce Be an ees 9 titlesec package 11 tocbibind package 11 U underfull boxes 29 NGG pee hoe ase dette a Sees 27 usepackage 11 usewithpatch 11 V VIEX 2oi1e edec c d y ey 6 verbatim package 12 W warnings 12 13 18 20 29 30 X xspace package 12 Y NyGaE mian dee deer ae oe 182. 27 I incompatibility 10 11 index dish ottaan 15 26 28 input files 7 8 10 14 installation pittetd 0 6 8 dvipdfm 0 0 8 COlO dibekta Se hee eae 8 hyperref secreet edt amp PDETEX 24 224 ees ERE 8 K keywords 21 22 keywords 21 22 L leqno option 14 links 4 5 13 21 23 25 27 29 list of figures 10 21 23 list of tables 10 21 23 listoffigures 21 listoftables 21 lowercase 16 M ma Option 14 18 makecommittee 18 Makelndez less 26 Mnaketitle 2 226999 e 17 medskip 000 15 MiK TeX 2 2 cael ne Sat ee ah 8 ms option 14 18 multibib package 26 multicol package 11 N nameref package 23 Bameref i 22ck rs 23 27 natbib package 24 25 nohyperref option 4 6 8 14 27 non numbered chapters 10 32 normalsize 22 numbering chapters and sections 16 17 figures and tables 22 O opcit package 25 openbib option 14 options to pittetd draft 22 4 eeeaes 18 14 18 20 dvipdfm 4 5 14 28 final 12 18 14 18 20 29 flegn 2 291 92 0 ux 14 leqno iiaselecu eem ep 14 Mais cuesta deat Aes 14 18 MS PP 14 18 nohyperref
3. 4 6 8 14 27 openbib 14 pdftex 2 2 2939 4 4 8 14 28 PHA 222i 44 bart 14 18 20 sectionletters 14 16 sectionnumbers 14 16 semifinal 13 14 18 20 TOU duse Odes aem eges 7 14 TIPE 64 es ae bead deed 7 14 l12pt iusso ub n 7 14 overcite package 25 overfull lines lesen 29 P packages bibliography 24 foDlS 12b 9eb is9 e 4633 11 standard ide uos 11 supported 11 unsupported 11 USE OE saatas oe eee 10 12 packages mentioned chemso i i ae xr etA 25 achicago 7 11 24 25 LT ne e Co do ede Lett 11 amsmath 11 amsthm es 11 Caption L e 9e9 dad een Us 12 chapterbib 25 CITE colueXga eae ae 25 COLON 13e s 5 8 12 13 28 fancyhdr 2 c28edeheaa aes 11 flost cirera S4 9 e eus 11 floatflt i d 11 fn ychap ces Ee es 11 graphicx 5 12 13 28 harvard 24 25 hyperref 3 6 8 9 13 21 23 25 26 used csse gua 26 28 multibib amp 0ce mmn 26 m lticol i ER xa 11 nameref 23 natbib i 2ccccxxG 24 25 OPCI cce lese eere esed 25 OVerECclte 2 l4 REA 25 setspace 11 btitleSeC we karen ated 11 tocbibind 11 verbatim 12 XSpace zekza9d3 9 SG 12 pageref i e gs 23 paper based theses dissertations 9 Mpatceh i m ened eh eS ena es 10 patches
4. Ex renewcommand degreesought M A in Composition and Theory Figure 3 is the title page produced by the examples above 5 4 2 Committee membership page The makecommittee command builds up the committee membership page The author is typeset as it was in the Title Page i e as is provided by the author command the school name comes initially from the school command although capitalized see section 5 4 1 for these two commands In some cases the name of the school in the committee membership page 18 AN ANATOMY OF THE WORLD ON TEXTS BY JOHN DONNE FOR SOPRANO AND SIX INSTRUMENTALISTS by Federico Garcia B S in Music Composition Bogot 2001 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M A in Composition and Theory University of Pittsburgh 2002 Figure 3 Example of title page 19 date committeemember coadvisor copyrightpage abstract should be different from the one that appears on the Title Page for ex ample when it starts with Faculty the user can insert a new school command right before makecommittee and after maketitle to control the second appearance In addition to that information the committee membership page takes also the date and the committee members which are provided with the next commands The date command is intended for the date of the thesis dissertation defense whi
5. that can be used in sectioning commands or captions for figures and ta bles For example a caption with the text An H20 molecule that would produce a bad bookmark entry can be fixed by typing caption texorpdfstring An H _2 0 molecule A water molecule After this the caption for the figure will feature H20 both in the figure and the list of figures but its bookmark will substitute water To create links other than those produced by the MITEX commands ref Mpageref and Ncite hyperref makes available other commands Only some of them will be mentioned here See 2 for the rest The nameref command works like ref but creates a link with the chapter or section name It is only applicable to sectioning commands The command Nurl URL address prints the URL address as a link that launches the local Internet surfer and leads to the corresponding page Analogous to Mabel the command hypertarget key text makes the fert to be the target of a cross reference Analogous to ref the command hyperlink key expression sets up an internal link whose target has been previously defined with hypertarget Through the command Acrobatmenu menu function text a text is typeset as a link that activates the menu function of Acrobat Reader or Exchange For a list of the available functions see section 4 of 2 6 2 Overriding pittetd s preferences As has been said pittetd loads hyper
6. and will warn or complain according to the stage of the document see section 4 5 5 4 1 Title Page The title page is produced as usual by the command maketitle but involves several pieces of information in addition to title author and date so it is only deceivingly similar to the same command in standard IXTEX classes All efforts have been taken to prevent the differences to ruin the IXTEX run making easier the conversion from other classes but the user will eventually have to check it carefully The macro title has an optional argument that sets the title of the document as it will appear in the Document Info dialog box of Acro bat Reader If no optional argument is given the required argument will be used however bear in mind that only a limited portion of it will be visible In order for this feature to work properly title must be issued in the preamble of the document In the text the title will be typeset uppercase Ex title An Anatomy of the World An Anatomy of the World on texts by John Donne for soprano and six instrumentalists 17 Nauthor year degree school degreesought makecommittee The author command works much the same as in standard ATEX classes Again it should be issued in the preamble for the author s name to appear in the Document Info dialog box On the other hand thanks and and are disabled Ex author Federico Garcia The following macr
7. 7 10 12 24 PDF creation cee ee ee 4 Document Info 13 17 18 22 28 files Zulu aeu m ud eeu 5 6 viewers 2 2 ee ee eee 9 PDFIATRX 4 4 5 8 PDETEX i2 RES 8 Mpdfbookmark 28 pdftex option 4 4 8 14 28 pdftex def file llus 8 phd option 14 18 20 Pitt ETD format guidelines 9 webpage sees 2 Working Group 10 pittdiss class 7 12 18 patch for 7 12 pittetd loading x 14 33 options lere 4 8 12 14 16 18 20 27 29 webpage 2 8 10 pitthesis class 7 12 18 patch for see sss 7 12 PostScript TONIS he Sh gee Ob 4S 11 format 22324344 6 9 fex 6 preamble 17 18 21 22 preface 9 10 12 21 Apreface doa es ag ee es ed 21 preliminaries 9 10 12 16 17 22 29 Mpreliminarychapter 21 PSNFSS collection 11 Q quotation environment 15 25 quotations 15 22 quote environment 15 25 R ArGf 465 daa bh Pues ais ES 23 regularenum 16 S safebibliography 12 24 school zuuewe Ganache B 18 20 section 22345 t y pidanti 16 29 sectionletters option 14 16 sectionnumbers option 14 16 sections commands 16 27 numbering 16 17 titles us do got 9 16 29 semifinal option 13 14 18 20 setspace package 11 singlespace
8. also causes problems and it is recommended not to use it at all chapterbib going against FG is not supposed to be loaded 1615 hyperref s documentation Sebastian Rahtz admits not having been able to make hyper bibliography robust since many styles redefine these things Any or all of achemso chapterbib and drftcite may break For the case of cite I tried to make a compromise sacrificing the interactivity of the bibliographical references to keep the effects of the package But I got completely lost in the attempt As Rahtz says life is too short and I am not going to understand all the workings of cite citex citen Sigh 25 On the other hand support for the multibib package that allows mul tiple lists of references in the same document is in progress For the time being the recommendation is to plan on writing one general bibliography if possible In any case several reference lists can be manually created i e without using BIBTEX 5 9 The index The code of pittetd defines the environment theindex to suit the FG but otherwise exactly as standard classes define it This means that the pro duction of the index be it manually or through MakeIndez remains the same hyperref offers an option to create a hyper index whose page numbers are interactive links However the option is not very robust and therefore pittetd uses hyperref but turns hyper indexing off At the moment there is
9. final latex pittetd dtx produces the document with a well formatted index appears as a command or button or window etc of the implementation For non TDS systems the suggestion is put the files where TEX can find them For example search your disk for the standard classes e g article cls and put the pittetd files where they are Alternatively you can simply put the pittetd files in the directory that contains the input files of your document 3 2 Installation of other required packages In addition you will need at least the hyperref and color packages and PDFTEX if you use pdftex option Most likely you already have those packages installed Even so it is possible that you do not have the file pdftex def which is part of only relatively recent distributions This file available from the pittetd s webpage should be copied to the same directory where the file color sty is texmf tex latex graphics in a TDS system hyperref is a package used by pittetd unless of course the nohyperref option is used so it has to be in the system In the very unlikely case it is not already installed you will need to download it from either CTAN through http www tug org or the pittetd s webpage and install it by running TEX not IXTEX on the file hyperref ins This will extract the files and instruct you on where to place them which in any case is analogous to the placement of pittetd files Likewise hyperref u
10. no support for multiple indexes to be generated automatically by MakelIndex although several indexes can be manually created 6 Using the hyperref package This section is a very brief and incomplete guide to some extra features of the hyperref package that have not been explained before Unfortunately if something is missing to hyperref it is documentation Useful informa tion is to be found in 2 and 3 but those documents are not intended for the average user The present section is a translated adaptation of the relevant section in 4 to my knowledge the most complete but still not comprehensive user s guide on the package Section 6 2 provides a starting point to use hyperref in a way different of pittetd s default 6 1 New user s commands Certain character strings notably the text of the bookmarks are converted by hyperref into ASCII text ignoring most IATEX commands In general macros that expand into a piece of text such as the LaTeX command itself the italic correction or things like and are appropriately handled But math mode for example is completely ignored The process 26 texorpdfstring nameref url hypertarget hyperlink Acrobatmenu leads virtually never to an error message warnings however are issued for every ignored token In any case the user has a way to help hyperref in the conversion namely the command Ntexorpdfstringi TEX tert PDF text
11. the form of a file with extension pit downloadable from pittetd s webpage After the file has been downloaded and put where IATEX can find it the easiest way is to put it in the same folder as the document itself it should patch be accessed The command patch that takes the name of the package 10 Nusewithpatch as its argument reads any patch that exists for it For example there is already a patch for the achicago package to ensure the proper behavior of this package the user should type after usepackage achicago the command Npatch achicago Alternatively the command usepackage can itself be replaced by usewithpatch When a package is invoked by means of Nusewithpatch pittetd will search the system for the corresponding patch if it exists it loads it if not nothing happens Options to the package as usual are in dicated by the optional argument options The drawback of this mech anism is that several packages cannot be loaded at once i e by comma separating them as in usepackage color graphicx each must receive its own usewithpatch But using usewithpatch ensures that pittetd will always look for a patch when loading a package The following paragraphs mention some IXTEX packages and tell whether they are supported or not by pittetd For information on com patibility with the bibliographical styles and packages see section 5 8 4 3 1 Unsupported packages Many popular IXTEX packages provid
12. to pittetd and therefore not usual in standard IATEX classes Users will find below a description of pittetd usage extended with an introduction to some of the most relevant features of the hyperref package In addition when this document has been produced by running ATEX on the file pittetd dtx it also contains a commented transcript of the code so that users can modify things if they need to and know what they are doing In the version downloadable from the Pitt ETD webpage this latter part is omitted A separate document Comments on using ATEX for theses also prepared for Pitt ETD authors describes some standard tools of IATEX that may or may not be known to the reader but can certainly prove useful when writing the thesis or dissertation Touched upon are topics such as inclusion of graphics and the handling of large book length documents 1 Throughout this text reference is made to the Format Guidelines for Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Preparation at the University of Pitts burgh downloadable from the Pitt ETD webpage The abbreviation FG is used to refer to it page numbers are indicated in parenthesis Section 2 describes the creation of interactive PDF files through ATEX introducing the two main tools for that effect the programs PDFIATEX and dvipdfm Section 3 explains how to install pittetd and the main IATEX packages needed for its proper working Also cursory information for the installation of PDFIATEX and dvip
13. 2 huss eee eye gece 24 Styles PPP 24 25 Moipgskip descida dotita ews 15 bookmarks 4 6 9 13 16 21 23 28 29 limitations 9 22 26 29 C capitalization of titles 9 16 29 Captiony ici det ami hh we 9 22 caption2 package 12 captions 9 22 23 27 29 chapter uzeelgcesiex es 16 23 Nchapter 00 0 10 31 chapterbib package 25 chapterfloats 22 chapters numbering 16 17 titles e bene eR b 9 cite package 25 NGTUG iid peesi kou Rs 23 25 classes related to pittetd 12 related to pittetd 7 standard 3 9 12 17 18 CM fonts oic cb ERR 11 CcOadVisOEb vide a sed eek EJ 20 Ncoadvisor 20 color package 5 8 12 13 28 committee members 20 committee page 9 10 18 20 Ncommitteemember 20 copyright page 10 20 copyrightpage 20 cross referencing 23 30 CTAN Comprehensive TEX Archive Network 2 8 D dat 22122 2941se b RBS 20 Ndate zx clAGd xd EAE AES 20 dedication 9 21 defense 2 00 20 Ndegreo8 ou due ee ave ie ee ea 18 degreesought 18 dissertation advisor s 20 Document Info 13 17 18 22 28 documentclass 14 documentclass 29 draft option 13 14 18 20 DVI MNES 2 die oy at Se ta
14. BSDTAE ob oe ee a X9 xong y CX CS Oe o 5 4 5 Table of Contents and Lists of Figures and Tables OAG Prenc uox nd ae a eoo x Ep dee sor dod 5 4 7 Additional preliminaries 55 PDF Document Info 2 229 RR ok e m RR ES DB Mn Body 6 2 6664 ses Rx RO ROUX Roos 9 ROSE 5 6 1 Numbering and captions for tables and figures 5 6 2 Cross references 2 2 2222 D Appendices 5920 8k kom a RAR GRD xo odo oos 5 8 Biblography 4 4 m x9 9 book Eo R9 DAI BIBIDXA Styles oss REB EUR UR RS 5 8 2 Citation packages 2 2 4 o Edi FEMME drs a moca Vea oe De a ee ea 6 Using the hyperref package 6 1 New user s commands 6 2 Overriding pittetd s preferences 7 Before submitting References Index Pitt ETD Webpage http www pitt edu graduate etd pittetd s Webpage http www pitt edu graduate etd latextemplate htm1 TEX Users Group http www tug org with a link to CTAN 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 V7 18 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 29 30 30 1 Introduction This is the guide to the pittetd IXTEX 2e document class designed for the preparation of electronic theses and dissertations ETD at the University of Pittsburgh It is recommended that users read this entire documentation before starting using pittetd so that they will have an idea of the differ ent possibilities and options some of which are particular
15. Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Pitt a BTEX 2e class Federico Garcia 2004 08 17 Contents 1 2 Introduction PDF creation through ATEX 23 PRPC ok ck emau o REC Red RC ROC 2 9 OVPU escono ok Eu Ge Be Pee Pee DOR oe Ee i 2 3 Other ways to get a PDF file and bookmarks 241 N hyperref pe Seco cle oe xc Rede EC EUR AR ed Installation n WE o MECTCC C 3 2 Installation of other required packages 22 PDPTEX dviBOille ze de ea Romx ROO ee Ee To keep in mind 4 1 Headings and captions llle 42 Preliminaries 4 ccr A3 Use of Pacha ees Los sor ek ee Rex RE Oe Rum EORR 4 3 1 Unsupported packages o s c 2o Re 4 3 2 Supported packages lll 44 Related classes a 4 5 Stage and interaction 2 000000 e oun ep ux o aQ Q University of Pittsburgh Electronic Theses and Dissertations ETD Working Group 46 Auxiliary files 2 22 4 7 PDF Document Info cle 5 Using pittetd 5 1 Loading the class gt occ 22e eee 5 2 Font sizes and spacing ooa cles 53 ono si 4 400 a ia A ee oe ee ee aa i 5 8 1 Sectioning commands Dae Numbering eig ho ee ho eB we WR 5A The prelimineries ozone geogr 3 ig ee ee Re E Bad Tithe Pages cp ace ug e koi go Pe ROO Rom E E Us 5 4 2 Committee membership page 5 4 3 Copyright page o9 we Pe eA eee a GE x s DA JAb
16. TR eas 5 VIEWEIS 2 eee ee eee 5 dvipdf scsxkc om dee ee 6 dvipdfm sess 5 6 dvipdfm option 4 5 14 28 dvipdfm option 5 dVips x23 00 eae hoes ba eas 6 E Nempli nira suu eo RR RR 25 enumerate environment 16 environments abstract ui 9 ex 20 thebibliography 24 enumerate 16 frgure lies b geraden 22 quotation 15 25 quote Goresan memakai 15 25 table 2icak aurei ate wae 22 theindex creensa ro 26 error messages 5 11 27 pittetd g ours aes 12 20 pittetd s lesen 13 F fancyhdr package 11 FG Format Guidelines 3 4 9 11 15 16 24 26 29 figure environment 22 lgures agb y eae Sq E 28 captions 9 22 23 29 numbering 22 spacing in 22 final option 12 13 14 18 20 29 fleqn option 14 float package 11 floatflt package 11 fncychap package 11 fonts packages 11 PostScript 11 SIZE xd xu ka TRA Cen 15 footnotes 15 22 formulas 4 4s ex ne RR 9 G graphics inclusion of 13 graphicx package 5 12 13 28 H harvard package 24 25 headings 9 29 Nhyperlink 0 27 hyperref package 3 6 8 9 13 21 23 25 26 useof sord eR 9 i4 xd 26 28 hypertarget
17. ackages that need it including hyperref but also graphicx and color this latter used by hyperref Note that if this is the chosen method a regular TEX i e not PDFDETEX run will result in an error message Why not use pdf e TeX binaries This could affect user s habits batch files etc There is one more significant drawback to the use of PDFIATEX the running time is sometimes clearly longer than regular MITEX This de pends to be sure on one of the configuration options of PDFTEX namely pdfcompresslevel and it could be modified But in that case the re sulting file is incomparably larger 2 2 dvipdfm As the name indicates dvipdfm is one of the programs available to convert dvi files into pdf The procedure then consists in running I4TEX as usual while the document is in preparation having loaded pittetd with dvipdfm option thus obtaining more quickly the usual and smaller dvi output Only optionally at strategic points in the development of the document notably at the end has the user to worry about PDF and apply dvipdfm to the dvi file T his is usually as simple as typing dvipdfm doc dvi in the command line The file dvipdfm pdf is the user s manual for the program and explains the switches that can be used in the command line In some dvi viewers the bookmarks and even the links are lost But the relevant information is recovered by dvipdfm when creating the corresponding pdf file Anot
18. aking care of almost all interactivity requirements and the user is left the freedom and the burden to fulfill them by him or herself This option might be more useful than it seems because it allows users to use the hyperref package itself their way not pittetd s There are in the latter s code a series of minor but substantial modifications to hyperref and some of the options with which the package is loaded are fixed As a security measure pittetd will not allow the user manually to load the package unless nohyperref is specified Thus if a user wants to control hyperref s behavior this option will be necessary Section 6 2 gives some directions on how to do this Also if pittetd cannot run normally due to some complication in in stallation or configuration of hyperref the nohyperref option provides a way to keep working on the contents of the document and worry about requirements later 3 Installation 3 1 pittetd The pittetd bundle is made of the following files 9By Sergey Lesenko pittetd dtx Source for the class and this documentation pittetd ins Batch file for installation pittetd cls The pittetd class itself pitiOpt clo Definitions for 10pt size option pitiipt clo Definitions for 11pt size option piti2pt clo Definitions for 12pt size option pitthesis pit Patch for pitthesis class pittdiss pit Patch for pittdiss class achicago pit Patch for achicago package pittetd dvi This documentation pittet
19. bib achicago poses other kinds of problems It is an ambitious package that modifies things other than bibliography related functions For example using this package the effect of emph will not be italic but slanted shape the quote and quotation environments are also modified so that pittetd cannot set single spacing within them Again it is recommended to avoid this package but in any case there is a patch available at pittetd s webpage the file achicago pit It should be loaded saying patch fachicago Thus through the means just explained a broad range of bibliograph ical usages is supported by pittetd Bracketed labels referencing being what IXTEX is designed for can generally be used without restriction for author year referencing natbib and achicago are supported and for foot note referencing the package opcit available from CTAN works fine if safebibliography is used 5 8 2 Citation packages There are some packages that handle the way bibliographical references are handled within the text rather than the way the entries of the final list are typeset It is unfortunate that the package cite that sorts the numbers of a multiple cite creates deep and quite un traceable conflicts with hyperref The package can be loaded but it will have no effect As a result the overcite package will not sort the numbers either although it will typeset them as superscripts which in addition will be interactive links achemso
20. bliography since the beginning 4 5 Stage and interaction In order to facilitate the process of converting files from standard classes into pittetd annoying error messages due to the particularities of pittetd 12Tt does not produce links or bookmarks however 12 have been avoided as much as possible The stage of the document is used to decide whether or not the differences should make stop the ATEX run The idea is that when the draft option is used most problems are reported as Class Warnings that do not stop the process But if final is used and eventually it should be used more prominent error messages appear instead However many packages including the seminal hyperref color and graphicx themselves operate differently when draft is specified So for example hyperref does not create links or bookmarks and graphicx does not import external graphic files But the user might want to see these features still not worrying about detailed pittetd concerns That is why an intermediate stage semifinal is introduced The packages will work as usual but pittetd will issue mostly warnings not error messages This is the default option Both semifinal and draft issue a final warning at the end of the job reminding the user to run the document with final As usual moreover draft makes overfull boxes visible The stage option also governs pittetd s complaints about the prelimi naries when information for th
21. cation etc should be included in this preliminary The preface is the only preliminary that is included in the table of contents 5 4 7 Additional preliminaries As has been said preliminaries in a Pitt ETD are in principle limited to those described above Just for the sake of completeness however a com mand for additional preliminaries is implemented and its use is discour aged in pittetd preliminarychapter heading 21 subject keywords chapterfloats The heading will be both typeset and bookmarked but not included in the table of contents Sections within the additional preliminary will be unnumbered 5 5 PDF Document Info The Document Info dialog box of Acrobat Reader includes information for title author subject and keywords pittetd will fill in these fields if hyperref is used with respectively the optional argument to the com mand title the author the subject command and the keywords command All four commands must be issued in the preamble for the in formation to go to the Document Info although there is no error message if any or all are missing For example the commands subject Musical Composition and keywords Music amp Text John Donne Vocal Music define the con tents of the subject and keywords fields The latter will optionally also be typeset at the end of the abstract see section 5 4 4 5 6 Main body The way the main body of the document i
22. ch will appear after the text It was defended on The default value is today It can be omitted with date in whose case there will be no It was defended but a warning will be issued Ex date May 15 2003 The list of committee members is typeset with information from one or more committeemember commands one for each member The argument of committeemember cannot contain more than one line Ex committeemember N Chimpsky Ph D Professor The first name will be treated as the thesis dissertation advisor When there are two advisors the second one should be provided with the coadvisor command In master s theses inclusion of the rest of the committee is optional but in Ph D dissertations it is required Accordingly if pittetd has been loaded with the phd option it will require at least two committemember commands the requirement taking the form of a warning for draft and semifinal options an error for final In any case if just one member the advisor is listed pittetd will omit the text approved by only typesetting the advisor s name at the bottom of the page 5 4 3 Copyright page Optionally a copyright page can be appended immediately after the com mittee membership page through the command copyrightpage 5 4 4 Abstract An abstract of no more than 350 words is required for every Pitt ETD It is created as usual with the abstract environment beginfabstract text of the ab
23. contexts of font size other than normal 15 chapter section subsection subsubsection regularenum 5 3 Sectioning 5 3 1 Sectioning commands The sectioning of a pittetd document is done through the usual com mands chapter section subsection and subsubsection Note that part paragraph and subparagraph are not implemented The chapter command takes care of capitalization of the title both in the text and in the bookmarks however since section capitalizes in the text but not in the bookmarks it is always advisable to capitalize manually Within preliminaries the subdivisions section subsection and subsubsection will produce neither a number nor a bookmark entry chapter is reserved for chapters in the body of the text about additional preliminary chapters see section 4 2 The starred variants chapter section etc work exactly as the non starred counterparts although producing a warning All four sectioning commands have the usual optional argument that contains the alternate version of the heading that appears in the table of contents This however is implemented only for compatibility reasons for the FG require that the table of contents lists the headings exactly as it appears in the text The main reason why the optional argument could be used at all is that it permits to cope with the conversion of the text into ASCII text for the bookmarks but that is best handled by the command texor
24. d likely problems Captions of tables and figures Captions for tables should appear at the top of the table while those for figures go at the bottom pittetd does not force nor check this requirement Captions as bookmarks Very long captions for tables and figures tend to be truncated when converted to bookmarks Also TEX con structions like formulas cite commands etc are lost Sections 5 6 1 and 6 1 show two ways of dealing with these limitations Capitalization of sections The section titles are capitalized by pittetd in the text but not in the bookmarks The best thing is to provide section with an already all capitals argument The final option Before submitting it is always very important to run the document with final option i e adding final to the list of options to documentclass This will catch and make evident any problems in the preliminary pages See section 4 5 Bad line breaks Sometimes TFX cannot break a paragraph into lines satisfactorily The result is one or more overfull lines that stick to the right of the margin IATEX always gives a warning about each and every overfull and these can be seen in the 1og file This file a plain text file can and should be read for overfull and other kinds of warnings Overfull warnings start with the text Overfull hbox in paragraph Bad page breaks Similarly IXTEX issues an underfull warning for bad page breaking when it is able to reco
25. d pdf All these files are individually downloadable from pittetd s webpage It is only the two first files however that are necessary for the rest can be extracted from them To do this the file pittetd ins has to be processed with TEX not IXTEX the documentation results from running IATEX not TEX on pittetd dtx It is the c1s and clo files that conform the class itself i e what IXTEX needs to have access to Under a system that like most TEX imple mentations today use the standard TEX Directory Structure TDS IXTEX files are put in subdirectories of the texmf tex latex directory for example the standard classes are in texmf tex latex base So the best thing under such a system is to create a subdirectory for pittetd texmf tex latex pittetd and place there the c1s and clo files Likewise the documentation the file you are reading pittetd dvi should be placed in texmf doc latex pittetd and the source files pittetd dtx and pittetd ins in texmf source latex pittetd The patches should be placed in the same directory as the actual document s input files After placing the files in those directories you might need to refresh the database i e to make TEX aware that a new class is loaded This usually TTo get the index right you have to run makeindex with gind style saying in the com mand line and after a TFX run on pittetd dtx makeindex s gind ist pittetd Then a
26. dfm is given In section 4 some general considerations are given about the best ways to use pittetd and to cope with its restrictions Use of packages and the issues it might bring about notably incompatibility is treated in a special subsection Detailed information about the options available commands and use of pittetd can be found in section 5 Typesetting of the preliminary pages is described in subsection 5 4 Section 6 describes in an introductory way the basic features of hyperref the package that implements interactivity into IATEX documents Finally section 7 gives some suggestions for a final format review before submitting an ETD written with pittetd It warns about those problems that are most likely to occur because they lie beyond pittetd s control 2 PDF creation through ETRX In principle pittetd is equipped to fulfill the basic interactivity require ments of the FG namely the creation of bookmarks from the entries in the Table of Contents the List of Figures and the List of Tables and the implementation of these entries themselves as links to the corresponding page This is done by means of invoking the formidable hyperref package which offers the basic functions for interactive handling section 6 below offers an introductory guide to other features from this package that users can take advantage of Thus hyperref has to be and it usually is in standard distributions of IXTEgX installed in the system fo
27. e different pages is missing when the order is wrong etc with draft and semifinal there will be a warning while with final there will be an error message 4 6 Auxiliary files In addition to the regular auxiliary files aux toc lot lof etc a run of pittetd involving all its features will produce two files one with extension out written by hyperref for the outlines or bookmarks and one with extension etd used by pittetd to decide some details Input or other files created by the user should avoid these extensions Also for some implementations of IXTEX that provide a quick erasing of auxiliary files it is advisable to configure this tool to include out and etd files 4 7 PDF Document Info pittetd offers the possibility of filling in the fields of Acrobat Reader s Doc ument Info dialog box Title and Author are filled in with the data of the title page Subject and Keywords are handled by additional commands see section 5 5 13 5 Using pittetd 5 1 Loading the class The pittetd class is loaded by typing documentclass options pittetd at the very top of the input file Table 1 shows all the options available Most of the options for conventional classes i e the standard classes article book report and similar ones like amsart and amsbook have been disabled in pittetd The document will always be typeset letter paper 8 5 x 11 inches portrait and one col
28. e formatting features that either go against the FG or are already incorporated into pittetd Therefore it is assumed that such packages will not be loaded These include setspace packages for the handling of floating objects such as float floatflt for variations of layout fancyhdr fncychap multicol and sectioning titlesec tocbibind Using any of those packages might result in error messages anomalies and unpredictable output Before reporting or trying to solve these problems keep in mind that departmental approval is needed to include the features 4 3 2 Supported packages Some packages provide features that are legitimate in a Pitt ETD Font packages such as those in the PSNFSS collection times bookman palatino newcent etc are perfectly compatible with pittetd In fact if CM fonts are desired it is recommendable that the ae package is loaded The packages of the American Mathematical Society amsmath amsthm etc are supported Likewise all the packages in the standard distribution The AE fonts emulate CM but are PostScript not bitmap fonts which gives them a better quality for screen display 11 of ATEX color graphicx xspace verbatim etc are supposed to work caption2 works miraculously fine In general packages that provide as opposed to override features should work fine 4 4 Related classes Currently there are two IXTEX classes that produce theses and disserta tions for Pitt na
29. gnize it But sometimes IATEX will break a page just after a heading which is wrong The best way to check page breaking is to make the pages fit the screen and go scanning quickly page by page PgDn 29 Warnings There are also warnings about other things such as incomplete cross references undefined Ncite s etc which are important to fix The warnings are all collected in the 1og file and usually reveal at least one problem that had not been noticed before It is not good to neglect reading this file getting it to report no problems should be the crowning final step in the thesis dissertation production References 1 Federico Garcia Comments on using ATX for theses July 2003 file comments dvi or comments pdf available at pittetd s webpage 2 Sebastian Rahtz Hypertext marks in ATRX the hyperref package June 1998 file manual pdf part of the hyperref package distribution Available at pittetd s webpage 3 Heiko Oberdiek PDF information and navigation elements with hyper ref pdf TEX and thumbpdf paper at Euro TEX 99 File paper pdf part of the hyperref package distribution Available at pittetd s webpage 4 Rodrigo De Castro El Universo ATRX 2nd edition Bogot Universi dad Nacional de Colombia 2003 5 Sebastian Rahtz hyperref package options October 1999 file options pdf part of the hyperref package distribution Available at pittetd s webpage Index Numbers written in italics refer to
30. gument caption A modern wave model of the Indo European languages according to Raimo Antilla 1972 J A modern wave model of the Indo European languages according to cite r a The numbers indicate 24 isogglosses similarities shared among different Indo European languages Isogloss 1 indicates the centum satem split Refer also to section 6 1 for more details on hyperref conversion of TEX into ASCII text 5 6 2 Cross references When using hyperref cross references created with the ref and pageref commands are interactive links The package offers as an alternative the command nameref that is used exactly as ref but typesets the name of the chapter or section instead of its number This kind of reference seems to be more consistent with interactivity for when a click is enough the main motivation for an ordered numbering is called into question In any case with pittetd the Nnameref command is slightly modified when it refers to an appendix it does not produce the appendix s title but its label APPENDIX or APPENDIX A etc 5 7 Appendices The Nappendix command tells pittetd that the following chapters i e the following chapter commands are appendices If there is only one appendix its heading will be APPENDIX if there are more they will be numbered with capital letters APPENDIX A etc pittetd needs a second run to know which way to follow Mhyperref achie
31. her significative advantage of dvipdfm is that it tries to solve in clusion of PostScript graphic files so it is not always necessary to convert them see also 1 To do the job however dvipdfm uses GhostScript and therefore this program must also be installed in the system 2 3 Other ways to get a PDF file and bookmarks There are other ways to obtain a final PDF output file but they are all discouraged to use alongside with pittetd For example a common method In general a pdf is much larger much less efficient in all respects than the dvi This tendency is reinforced if PDFIATEX is configured to run faster Written by Mark A Wicks is to use dvips to convert a file to the PostScript format and then apply Acrobat Distiller on it This method involves two conversions links and especially bookmarks tend to have an erratic behavior Acrobat PDF Writer a printer emulator that prints PDF files will of course ignore anything that cannot be printed including bookmarks And the other dvi pdf converter in existence dvipdf is not as widely available as dvipdfm On the other hand hyperref is not the only way to create bookmarks with ATEX Older packages and systems exist like VTEX but since those are much less widely used pittetd does not support them 2 4 No hyperref There is a third option concerning the creation of bookmarks and links in pittetd Option nohyperref will prevent pittetd from t
32. ist of Figures Preface optional Since all these preliminaries have their own commands in pittetd see sec tion 5 4 there is in principle no need nor place for non numbered chapters Nchapter commands In fact the starred version behaves exactly as the regular one If there is a need for additional preliminary pages the on purpose cumbersome command preliminarychapter is available see section 5 4 7 4 3 Use of packages Almost certainly authors of Pitt ETD s will need to load a wide and un predictable variety of packages Although pittetd has been coded with the premise not to invite incompatibilities it is possible that some of these packages will create clashes for there is simply no way to claim univer sal compatibility with the hundreds of packages already available and with those to come However partial compatibility can be and supposedly has been achieved A survey carried out in April May 2003 gave us a list of packages that are of common use in the Pitt community and those have been taken into account in the writing of pittetd For the handling of possible incompatibilities arising in the future the following policy has been designed The user who suspects he or she has found a clash should contact the Pitt ETD Working Group and explain the problem ideally e mailing a copy of the input file s Hopefully in a reasonable amount of time a patch will be created that solves the problem The patch takes
33. l limitations they cannot be long and must consist only of ASCII characters 1 When building the bookmarks hyperref will convert some simple IXTEX commands but in general will ignore most of them It also will crop everything that goes beyond the maximum length of a bookmark that varies among PDF viewers Acrobat Reader makes it 64 characters There are two tools to handle these limitations in ATEX the hyperref command Ntexorpdfstring section 6 1 and the optional argument to Ncaption section 5 6 1 4 2 Preliminaries The series of preliminaries in a Pitt ETD differs substantially from a paper based thesis dissertation The committee page has changed and dedication and acknowledgements pages have been eliminated under the assumption and recommendation that these should be part of the preface The order was modified accordingly so that the preface goes immediately before the text of the thesis itself Thus the preliminaries are in principle limited to the following This is because modification of the Nsection command in order to capitalize not only the title itself but also the bookmark although possible would highly increase the probability of incompatibilities with other packages That is why the FG recommend using words not formulas in titles and keeping captions to one line if possible p 9 Title page Committee Membership page Copyright page optional Abstract Table of contents List of Tables L
34. marks cre ated was the thorniest issue in the writing of pittetd and we have decided to keep this working even if the user has chosen to override pittetd s preferences about hyperref see the code for listoffigures and listoftables To create bookmarks additional to those that come from sections in the table of contents or from the lists of figures and tables hyperref provides the pdfbookmark command pdfbookmark level bookmark text key where level is 0 for chapters 1 for sections and so on The key is a unique name chosen by the user The bookmark will be appended to the panel in the current position and will point to the page of the text in which pdfbookmark appears For more complicated instances bookmarks that lead to a different location in the document or that lead to different documents see sections 5 2 4 and 7 2 of 3 28 7 Before submitting The pittetd IXTEX class is programmed to follow closely and consistently the FG In general the author of a thesis or dissertation needs not to be concerned about most of the formatting requirements for example check ing the bookmarks and links one by one is unnecessary However this creates the danger of implying that nothing can go wrong There are in fact some things beyond pittetd s control and those things must be checked by the authors themselves and will probably be checked closely by format reviewers This section highlights the most common an
35. mely pitthesis by Wonkoo Kim 1999 and pittdiss by Will Slaughter 2003 The former was designed for paper based docu ments following requirements somewhat different from those of an ETD the latter on the contrary was created with ETD in mind Many features are shared by those classes and pittetd notably the creation of preliminar ies but the detailed mechanisms command names and things like that are different This release of pittetd includes two patch files that allow us ing pittetd with conventions from the other two classes so that the user does not have to change every command some will require handling though pittetd will warn or complain The patches are called through either patch pittdiss or patch pitthesis the latter only two t s Having read the corresponding patch pittetd will try to interpret pittdiss or pitthesis commands Hopefully most times it wil succeed in any case it will issue warnings or error messages in the final option for things that have to be changed For example if acknowledgements are created with pitthesis s acknowledgements environ ment pittetd will warn that now there is no separate preliminary for that and that this section should be part of the preface As an extra safety measure when going from pitthesis or pittdiss to pittetd all auxiliary files should be deleted before the first pittetd run Also it is very much recommendable to change bibliography to safebi
36. os set other information needed by pittetd to build the preliminaries None of them is required unless final option is used With semifinal and draft a warning is issued informing of any missing com mands These commands are analogous but not identical to additional com mands in the classes pitthesis and pittdiss Patches are available to facilitate conversion from those classes to pittetd The title page does not include the whole date but only the year By default this is set to the current year the user can optionally specify it with the command year Ex year 2002 The information of the author s previous degrees is provided by the degree command and should contain the degree institution and year of the each degree Several lines or degrees can be separated with Ex degree B S in Music Composition Bogot a 2001 The title page includes the text submitted to the graduate faculty of followed by the school name The user sets this name with the command school By default the article the is appended to the school name but the user can change it with the optional argument Ex school Department of Mathematics Ex school FAS Ex school certain Other department According to the option used phd ms or ma pittetd sets the value of degreesought to either Doctor of Philosophy Master of Sciences or Master of Arts If desired renewcommand can be used to modify it
37. pdfstring section 6 1 On the other hand there might be cases in which some letters must appear in lowercase even in headings chemical elements is such a case The command lowercase works within the arguments to sectioning com mands and can be used for those cases 5 3 2 Numbering The divisions of a Pitt ETD can be numbered in two ways depicted in Figure 2 The first one is the one used by default sectionnumbers the user can specify pittetd s option sectionletters to use the second one In this case in addition the labels for successive levels of the enumerate environment are also changed from their default appearance to agree with the section numbering the first level will be an uppercase roman numeral the second an uppercase letter and so on The user has the command regularenum to revert to the usual appearances namely arabic letter 16 maketitle title roman Letter 1 0 FIRST CHAPTER I FIRST CHAPTER 1 1 FIRST SECTION A FIRST SECTION 1 11 First subsection 1 First subsection 1 11 1 First subsubsection a First subsubsection sectionnumbers default sectionletters Figure 2 The two possibilities for section numbering 5 4 The preliminaries The first part of a Pitt ETD is made of the preliminaries They are created in pittetd with special commands that are the subject of the present section pittetd will keep track of the order in which the user typesets the prelim inaries
38. r pittetd to be able to fulfill these tasks section 3 offers immediate help on the installation of hyperref and other tools including pittetd itself pittetd has been written under the assumption that the user will create the final pdf file through one of two tools namely PDFIATEX or the pro gram dvipdfm The user indicates which of the two ways is to be used as an option to the pittetd class namely pdftex or dvipdfm on the way to load the class and specify options see section 5 1 The following sections explain the particularities of each way A third related option nohyperref option will be discussed in section 2 4 Note that it is possible to switch back and forth between the three ways just by modifying the relevant op tion as far as pittetd is concerned nothing else is necessary to effect the change 2 1 PDFETEX The most direct way to obtain a pdf output file is running PDFIATEX instead of I3TEX Naturally PDFIATEX has to be installed in the system again it is usually included in standard distributions of IATEX see sec tion 3 The user has to indicate pdftex as an option to pittetd and Written by Sebastian Rahtz However when going to from nohyperref it is always good to delete any auxil iary files before running Also some of the hyperref package s commands discussed in section 6 are of course disabled when nohyperref is used Created by H n Th Than this latter will pass that option to other p
39. ref with a fixed set of options In order to access the package keeping control of it it is needed to specify the nohyperref option for pittetd and then load hyperref documentclass nohyperref pittetd 27 Npdfbookmark usepackage personal options hyperref This procedure is of course recommended only to users experienced with hyperref A comprehensive list of hyperref s options is given in 5 Here is the list of options that pittetd uses by default when allowed to letterpaper colorlinks hyperindex false bookmarks bookmarksnumbered bookmarksopen citecolor blue urlcolor blue An option not used by pittetd that might be relevant is backref that makes the bibliographical entries produce links to the sections in which the corresponding Ncite appear there is also the alternative pagebackref with links leading to the page of the Ncite s In any case it is always good to indicate the driver for hyperref for example pdftex or dvipdfm as an option to this package In fact when such an option is given to pittetd all that is done by the latter is to pass it on to packages that need it including hyperref graphicx and color By loading hyperref manually some automatic features of pittetd are lost the bookmarks for the bibliography the index and the appendices and the filling in of the Document Info dialog box of Acrobat Reader Figures and tables however will still create bookmarks To get those book
40. s typeset by ATX is very little modified by pittetd As has been said footnotes and quotations appear in a smaller font and single spaced Within the table and figure envi ronments moreover singlespace is declared so their contents appears single spaced To resort to one half spacing the declaration normalsize is enough 5 6 1 Numbering and captions for tables and figures By default figures and tables are numbered consecutively 1 2 etc inde pendently from the chapter This can be changed with the chapterfloats command that has to appear before begin document In that case fig ures and tables will be numbered within chapters 1 4 2 5 etc or I 4 II 5 etc pittetd reserves enough space for the figure or table number in the list of figures or tables that might be something long like VIII 14 but this requires several runs As has been mentioned captions are subject to the limitations of book caption marking they must be short and contain only ASCII text In case this 22 Nappendix poses problems the optional argument to the Ncaption command is the best tool to deal with them caption alternate caption caption When present it is alternate caption instead caption what is actually typeset in the list of tables or figures and into the corresponding bookmark So if a long caption is necessary it can be handled as in the following example note the avoidance of cite in the optional ar
41. ses other packages from the standard distribution of TEX notably color Installation of those packages is analogous 3 3 PDFTypX dvipdfm Installation of PDFTEX and dvipdfm is a more complex matter Again several implementations including TgXLive MIK TEX TETEX rPTEX and CMAcTRX have both tools pre installed In case your system does not have either or both of them you can download the relevant files and obtain installation directions at CTAN through www tug org The PDFTEX manual file pdftex s pdf is available from the pittetd s webpage and contains information on the installation of the program With MIK TEX for example you should run the program MiKTeX Options 4 To keep in mind The pittetd class has been designed to fully comply with the format guide lines for Pitt ETDs Due to this there are some particularities that might create conflict with ATEX users habits This section warns and advises about those particularities Decisions have been made with two priorities to discourage uses that go against the FG and to facilitate conversion from standard IATEX classes 4 1 Headings and captions pittetd will automatically capitalize the title of the document and those of the chapters However section titles have to be capitalized by the user On the other hand since both sectional headings and captions for tables and figures must have entries in the bookmarks panel they are subject to two substantia
42. spacing of little more than one half for regular text has been built in into pittetd the text in footnotes and quotations has been set to single spacing The user can always adjust the spacing in the usual way renewcommand ing the command baselinestretch so that renewcommand baselinestretch 1 3 increases the built in spacing by a 30 for all the text footnotes included The spacing scheme is achieved in pittetd by building it into the font sizes Normal size font normalsize is one half spaced while all other sizes are single spaced The quote and quotation environments as well as footnote all of which set a smaller font produce thus single spaced text An additional size has been implemented namely singlespace which produces regular size but single spaced text The spacing command Nsmallskip is set to an amount of a single space medskip is a line a little more than one and a half space and bigskip a double space SMALL or Small or tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize Marge Large LARGE huge Huge Figure 1 Font sizes Adapted from the ltugboat class pittetd implements the command acro that typesets its argument in a font smaller than the surround ing text It is useful for all uppercase acronyms like ETD acro ETD UNICEF acro UNICEF etc which would be too large in regular size compare ETD CTAN UNICEF it is better than the direct Nsmall which is not good in
43. stract end abstract 20 Ntableofcontents listoffigures listoftables preface preliminarychapter The page will start with the title the author and the year of the document followed by the text of the abstract Optionally a list of keywords or descriptors can be appended at the end of the abstract The keywords themselves have to be set in the preamble by the command keywords section 5 5 Then an optional argument to the abstract environment sets the title of the list For example the command begin fabstract Keywords produces after the text of the abstract the expression Keywords followed by the contents of the pre vious keywords command Some schools including the School of Engineering recommend that the word ABSTRACT appears on the abstract page pittetd provides for that requirement in the form of a starred version for the abstract environment beginfabstract text of the abstract end abstract Keywords can be appended to this kind of abstract in the same way 5 4 5 Table of Contents and Lists of Figures and Tables The table of contents and the lists of figures and tables are created with the usual ATEX commands If hyperref is used the entries in these lists are links pointing to the corresponding page and are included as bookmarks 5 4 6 Preface The preface is optional If one is desired the user needs only to type preface followed by the text itself Acknowledgements dedi
44. the page where the corresponding entry is described A list of mentioned packages is found under packages men tioned of environments under environments of pittetd options under options to pittetd Numbers A abstract 10 20 21 22 LOP OPTION fet ees mieia 7 14 abstract environment 20 1ipt option sssssse 7 14 achemso package 25 achicago package 7 11 24 25 12pt option 7 14 patch for 7 25 acknowledgements 9 12 21 NAGPO uu dues Gb ed Ga Pres 15 Acrobat PDF Writer 6 Acrobat Reader 6 9 13 17 22 28 Acrobatmenu 27 advisor s res 20 ae package leen 11 AB onis ivt bebe eb RR XS 11 AMS packages sss 11 amsartclass len 15 amsbook class 15 amsmath package 11 amsthm package 11 appendices 23 23 28 appendix 23 ASCIL 9 16 22 23 26 author sees 21 22 Nautlor neseni dacsi eh s 17 a thof co ce eas m eee RR RR 18 author year sese 25 auxiliary files 4 12 13 B baselinestretch 15 15 bibliography 15 24 28 BIBTEX styles 11 author year 25 bracket labels 25 citations i526 da ee bbe a eee 25 footnote 25 packages 11 24 26 bibliography 12 24 BIBTEX
45. umn Characteristic Available Options 12pt default Font size 11pt 10pt St final E clio 4 5 semifinal default draft Bibli h a y openbib open bibliographies leqno equation numbers on the left Banus fleqn flush left displays phd dissertation default Type ms M S s thesis ma M A s thesis Section numbering sectionnumbers default see section 5 3 2 sectionletters dvipdf PDF production on i pdftex see section 2 nohyperref Table 1 Available options for pittetd 13Thus options to modify these parameters namely those for a paper size letterpaper legalpaper etc b paper orientation portrait landscape c number of columns onecolumn twocolumn and d pagination oneside twoside openright openany titlepage notitlepage are not implemented 14 Small SMALL baselinestretch singlespace smallskip medskip bigskip acro 5 2 Font sizes and spacing The usual IATEX commands are defined according to the font size option selected In addition the Small and SMALL commands work as in the classes amsart and amsbook i e are equivalent to footnotesize and scriptsize respectively See figure 1 The text of a Pitt ETD has to be at least one half spaced with the exception of long quotations footnotes bibliographical references and the Index if included which may be single spaced p 7 A
46. ves this by means of invoking the nameref package 23 safebibliography 5 8 Bibliography 5 8 1 BIBTEX styles This section applies only to documents whose bibliography is generated through BIBTEX Manually created bibliographies i e produced with the thebibliography environment need no special warning to work properly with pittetd which handles spacing after the FG single space within entries entries separated by one half space As far as pittetd is concerned there are three kinds of BIBTEX styles bst files The first kind includes the styles that limit themselves to ordering and formatting the different pieces of information within the bib liography entries without modifying the appearance of the list as a whole The vast majority of BIBTEX styles including the standard ones plain unsrt alpha abbrv fall in this category These styles pose no problem to pittetd and nothing special is needed to fulfill the requirements of the FG The second group comprises those styles that in addition to the indi vidual entries format the list as well In general styles that do not use bracketed labels 1 or Cas44 are part of this group for they need to redefine the thebibliography environment to conform to the absence of such labels They usually come with an associated package sty file that takes care of this task To ensure proper behavior when using these pack ages pittetd offers the command safebibliograph
47. y Its use is identical to that of Nbibliography and it tries to make a compromise between the style s conventions and the FG The last kind of bibliography styles is that of systems that modify aspects of formatting other than the final list of bibliographical references All these systems have not only bst files but also substantial packages sty harvard natbib and achicago are common instances When pittetd has a close encounter with packages of the third kind there can be erratic behavior It is recommended that Nsafebibliography is used instead of Nbibliography but this will probably not be enough Since there is no general solution the problems have to be treated individually with patches as explained in 4 3 above The three mentioned systems have already been tackled natbib is an extremely well written program so that conciliating it with pittetd is easy Tt of course is not guaranteed that it will always succeed in doing so If it does not it is possible that the bibliography style is actually of the third kind 24 and does not merit a separate patch file No special treatment other than using Nsafebibliography will normally be needed On the other hand harvard is a more complicated case for the package creates interactive links The hyperref package has support for harvard but there is no way to foresee potential problems lt is strongly recom mended if possible not to use this package replacing it with nat
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