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Digital Detector Emulator User Manual

1. last filter E White Noise sigma o 1 LSB Random Walk magnitude oo LSB Shot magnitude o E ILSB probabiity 0 0000 6 Add the baseline drift Click on Editor to get the Baseline Editor Tool UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 104 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Slow interpolation ratio multiplication factor al Baseline Drift Editor PEPE I RIN PPP PPP Pa PPP Fast interpolation ratio multiplication factor RESET None Manual Etemal 15000 RESET TO ZERO 10000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 samples jole blv In the example the slow interpolator acts on the ramp as the fast interpolator acts on the reset of the baseline itself Refer to Section Baseline Drift 7 Enable the channel output OUTPUT ENABLE NS General Settings Channel Enable Anti alias filter Output Filter En Digital Gain Digital Offset W Pulsed Reset Detector 105 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Operate with pseudorandom generation There are many pseudo random number generators inside the emulator to reproduce the programmed statistical distributions of signals A pseudo random generator has the same properties of a random generator having a very long white sequence in output Moreover it is possible to know in advantage the whole sequence only knowing the starting point i e the seed
2. Increase decrease relative intensity off all lines Resolution e V 2 Set 20 eV of resolution for all lines 3 Set the calibration point 1 KeV for O V and 10 KeV for 2 V 4 Press Import 5 Then add the Ma lines Select the X rays lines as in the following picture Write in the left box Import Settings an activity of 200 96 to set a double activity than the Iron Click Add to add the lines with the modified activity L Note You can modify the activity also writing the desired value in the specific cell of the Output Complex Spectrum Decay Selector l i E E Manganese 52 Gamma Ray Output Complex Spectrum on Menganese 597 i21 30 2 0 00053 Manganese 5 947 0 62 200 20 0 017 Manganese 5 415 10 8 200 20 0 0068 Manganese 5 55 200 20 058 0 098 25 65 5 405 53 5 1 0 652 0 011 3 0 011 5 295 3 46E 06 19 3 46E 06 Import Settings Import Settings Activity orem FI vity KeV gt OV edit Acrivity editable column ae Increase decrease relative intensity off all lines i Resolution eV 117 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 6 Press Import The Spectrum Editor window will appear as follows Ua Spectrum Editor A Aa e 9 5 60000 ANT E hUOUU 40000 30000 2000 4000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels F3 ia
3. 780 00 mV 0 200kS 100 kS sjEdge Positive X1 0 00 ms 1 05360 V Fig 6 24 Typical output of the baseline drift emulation with pulses superimposed Multi shape emulation To debug pulse shape discrimination systems the emulator is able to generate two different programmable shapes on the same output channel The user can program the energy and time statistical distributions as well as the number of pile up events The custom shape memory based option should be enabled The user can program the relative percentage of the first and second shape to be generated The 16 memories are divided into two blocks of 8 memories where the two different shapes can be programmed For any start signal each block decide which shape as to be generated according to the programmed percentage WHITE DISTRIBUTION gt lt TRIGGER OUTPUT Fig 6 25 Multi shape emulation algorithm UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 36 37 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 2823 1823 0823 9727 4727 0273 5273 1027 1527 2027 2527 Fig 6 26 Typical output of one emulated channel with two different shapes 50 mixture UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 7 Getting Started Scope of the chapter This chapter is intended to provide a quick guide of the Digital Emulator Software in order to manage the first practical use of the Digital Detector Emulat
4. 5 5 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 18 19 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation ae UNE IgE GENE O gt O TMEBASE ENERGY SHAPE Fig 5 5 Generation of correlated events with the internal third channel In blue the channel 1 signal in red the channel 2 signal The event with the yellow bullet is generated by the third channel The thermal stability of the delays is guaranteed by variations kept below 0 03 C at 25 C through a Peltier cell and a high speed control loop It has been experimentally verified that from 15 C to 65 C when the difference between the front of the clock of the DAC and that of the FPGA device is less than 2 ns the DACs used in the device enter in a metastability condition The delay lines may generate a total delay advance on a DAC and delay on the other of 16 ns while the clock period is 8 ns Since 4 ns are inhibited due to metastability there are 12 ns available for the fine adjustment of the delay Being greater than 8 ns this delay gives the possibility of emulating any phase rotation Since the delay inserted on each channel is 8 ns it is evident that it is impossible to use a single delay line since the time of adjustment is 6 ns The system can prevent malfunction mainly because it has a priori knowledge of the delay to be emulated and on the basis of this a priori knowledge it is possible to choose the best combination delay advance on the two DACs to minimize
5. Au Hg 174 97 178 49 180 95 183 84 186 21 190 23 192 22 195 08 196 97 200 59 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn 262 11 265 12 268 13 1271 13 270 277 15 276 15 281 16 280 16 285 17 4 Select the Fe isotope from the list on the left Peak Isotope z 45 9 s 6 8 51 m2 2 58 m 4 stable 2 73 y3 stable 91 72 30 stable 2 2 1 stable 115 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Nn Electronic Instrumentation 5 Select the specific radioactive lines that you want to add in your spectrum as for example the X rays in the range of 5 6 KeV Click Add to add the selected lines on the spectrum Decay Selector jz Iron 55 Gamma Ray Output Complex Spectrum d 1 Edit Enay 1 125 95 128E7 2 128E07 l 0 037 10 0 028 7 025 6 0 0022 6 0 025 6 0 011 3 0 19 5 ron 550 5 77 6 9E 06 0001775 69E 06 4 696 06 85 4 16 9 8 16 9 1 01 5 1 01 1 98 10 0 00089 5 8 5E 08 5 8 5E 08 Import Settings Import Settings LEGEND Activity edit Acrivity editable column Activity Increase decrease relative intensity off all lines 6 Write the resolution value on the Res eV column For example we can set a resolution of 127 eV for the 6 KeV lines and a resolution of 129 eV for
6. Baseline drift emulation In the table an example of values that the user can set and the corresponding preview The precision of both interpolation procedures can be regulated by means of the slow and fast interpolation sliders on the Baseline Drift box The reset of the baseline signal can be accomplished e automatically at the end of the sequence representing the signal e manually by means of the RESET TO ZERO button e externally by means of a digital signal for instance from a quenching circuit connected to one of the digital inputs of the Emulator The picture below shows the output of the emulator in presence of a linearly varying superposed signal UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 88 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation isplay Cursors Measure Math Analysis Utilities Help 500 mV div 700 00 mV LSFR Settings LFSR Settings GEN CONS ATI PIU STARTUP i STARTUP 412FC2788 A All the LFSRs of each channel can be initialized in terms of the values of the starting seeds The seeds can be forced for each LSFR by the operator or can be automatically and randomly set by an internal procedure global or local Each LFSR can be stopped reset and activated independently UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Arbitrary Waveform Generator Signal Generator CH 1 DC 0V Arbitrary wave F Clock
7. Gamma Ray Eneray KeV 346 93 826 06 1 Edit 1 3E 05 3 1 6E 05 4 1 5E 04 4 6 4E 07 16 7 5E 06 19 48E 06 14 9 8E 05 25 7 2E 06 22 5 6E 09 3 0 00343 15 0 0067 3 0 000413 19 0 00081 4 7 4E 07 4 6 8E 11 4 0 0076 0 0076 0 0076 5 0 0076 8 0 00111 18 2 0E 4 4 0 00111 2E 06 Import Settings LEGEND Acrivity Activity Increase decrease relative intensity off all lines UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 edit Acrivity editable column lea Output Complex Spectrum Edit Source y Res eV 1 3E 05 1 6E 05 0 00015 6 4E 07 7 5E 06 4 8E 06 9 8E 05 7 2E 06 5 6E 09 0 00343 0 0067 0 000413 0 00081 7 4E 07 6 8E 11 Cobalt 60 G 1173 237 99 97 Import Settings KeV OV 0 0 Resolution eV mm 70 CAEN Nn Electronic Instrumentation The column I represents the relative activity of the line of the isotope The column Edit allows the user to edit the activity relative cps of the selected line Activity Res eV Cobalt 6D G 1332 501 99 95 100 Columns Activity and Res eV can be edited also from the Output Complex Spectrum tab The user must take care that the selected lines are in the calibrated range of energy of the Detector Emulator The energy calibration is performed by setting the energy in keV unit corresponding to O V the energy corresponding to the full scale of 2 V to fit the dynamic of the output spectrum
8. Timebase Datapath It is possible to generate the time of occurrence of a pulse in four ways as shown in the following figure fixed rate Poisson distribution thought a custom distribution or a sequence of maximum 500K events ELS Doug c ELN The Poisson distribution is obtained through the Bernoulli Trials method Repeated independent trials in which there can be only two outcomes are called Bernoulli trials Bernoulli trials lead to the binomial distribution If the number of trials is large then the probability of k success in n trials can be approximated by the Poisson distribution The generation process of Poissonian events is shown in Fig 6 5 For each clock cycle the device generates a pseudo random number If this number is greater than a rate f then the event is generated iL ILL WHITE DISTRIBUTION trigger rate f y Fig 6 5 Generation of Poisson distributed events using the Bernoulli Trails method The custom generation with programmable statistics use an algorithm similar to the algorithm that converts the energy spectrum into amplitude values It generates a sequence of values that fluctuates around the mean rate according to the programmed statistics The programmable resolution is 256 values A scale factor interpolator can be used to extend it UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 24 25 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 10kcps g
9. about 6 8 ns due to the DAC sampling Vy Action 4 copy settings from channel 1 to channel 2 Path 1 Under CH2 tab select Copy CH1 Action 5 enable channel 1 and channel 2 OUTPUT The two front panel LEDs will be ON UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 44 S 45 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 7 Check the analog output on the DT5724 with DPP PHA firmware installed For the particular example of this chapter we are making use of a DT5724 with proper DPP PHA firmware installed The Detector Emulator settings chosen in the previous step are consistent with a signal coming from a pre amplifier device compliant with the DPP PHA firmware itself The DPP PHA Control Software must be properly installed in the host PC Please refer to the DPHA User Manual for any details about the DPP PHA settings Note The same test can be performed with any other CAEN digitizer with proper DPP or Standard firmware Be aware that the standard firmware allows to check the waveform output only as the DPP allows to check both the waveform and the spectrum see the next step In that case please set the signal parameters accordingly Note You can use an oscilloscope as well to check the waveform output Use 50 O termination The oscilloscope plot of the DT5724 should appear as in the following picture Erant A wet Waveform Ch0 15000 1 Input 14000 13000 12000 ADC coun
10. enable the Correlated Channels option 2 Set an arbitrary delay between the two channels Estimated Delay SET AS ZERO Timing Settings Disabled Corelated Channels AUTOMATIC ins MANUAL coarse steps 8ns fine steps 11 6 ps Sweep Speed step It is possible to set the delay in two ways i AUTOMATIC write the delay in ns i e 1 234 ns and press SET The device will reach the closest delay to what has been set ii MANUAL write the delay in steps of the coarse step 8 ns step and the fine step 11 6 ps step The final delay is shown in the top of the window under Estimated Delay Note The delay line is not calibrated and the Estimated Delay time is relative to the value of O step coarse and O L fine step For absolute delay value once you fixed all the cable length measure the zero value with a TAC time to amplitude converter with at least 6 ps of resolution Then press the SET AS ZERO button 3 From Delay Correlation tab under Statistical Settings select the Only some pulses on channel 2 and channel 1 are correlated option A Note This option is not compatible with the Digital RC or Auto shape mode ae cick Fix forthe settings auto tix Statistical Settings Channel 2 follows exactty channel 1 Channel 2 has its own statistic Only some pulses on Channel 2 and Channel 1 are cormelated Eg 111 UM3074 Digital De
11. 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 samples Use Load File to load a custom csv files that can be the result of a measurement a Matlab synthesis The tool is able also to generate some pre defined shapes Click on Preset to internally generate a shape Click Edit to edit the generated shape or Remove to remove it The Shape Preset window appears as follows UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Exponential Shaped Exponential On the left the user can select one of the pre defined functions choosing among Delta Pulse Exponential Shaped Exponential Double Exponential and Gaussian The characteristic parameters can be adjusted either in samples LSB in the white box Volt in the green box or us when needed The user can decide a Name for the custom shape and click on Ls lto import the shape or click on EB to first save the corresponding file Left click and drag on the plot to zoom in Click on to zoom out In the following the list of available shapes from the device Delta hen sp RM gt i p 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Exponential 5 15 us OFFSET i LENGTH 4095 000 Sannn sample sample TIJE LSB Shaped Exponential The formula used for the implementation is FT E t OFFSET otherwise Where A is the AMPLITUDE value and OFFSET is the position of the Delta fun
12. Analog Saturation saturation of the dynamic range of the analog output below screenshot of Analog Saturation digital signal green correspondent to the saturation of the analog output red File Vertical Timebase Trigger Display Cursors Measure Math Analysis Utilities Help zi N Lei vm Ls pr JN mi 500 mV div 20 0 ys div Auto 850 mV 800 00 mV 400 kS 2 GS s Edge Positive Fig 8 1 Example of signal saturation The green trace is on when the analog signal saturates UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN CH 1 CH2 Electronic Instrumentation The CH1 and CH2 tabs appear as follows When you enable one of the options a sliding bar allows to select all the relative options OUTPUT ENABLE General Settings E Channel Enable E nti alias filter Output Filter Digital Gain Digital Offset Pulsed Reset Detector Energy Mode Fired value Spectrum Emulation osure Jum Signal Shape Digital RC Rise time us Fall time us ow iH Custom Shape Settings Custum Multi 5hape Shape A Shape A 100 0000 E Shape B LLEI 4 Nm F Shape Interpolator Ratio on Rise Time region L H factor Ratio on Fall Time region 1o S factor Comer Point samples ooo l Time Distribution 1 0 0000 kcps CURRENT 10 kcps Constant Rate Poisson distribution es Scale Pile up Maximum events in pile up SHAPE A 5o Madmum
13. Desktop Digital Detector Emulator with channel correlation WDT5800DXAAA DT5800S DT5800S Single Channel Desktop Digital Detector Emulator WDT5800SXAAA NDT6800D NDT6800D Dual Channel NIM Desktop Digital Detector Emulator with channel WNDT6800DXAAA correlation NDT5800S NDT6800S Single Channel NIM Desktop Digital Detector Emulator WNDT6800SXAAA Tab 1 1 Table of the supported Digital Detector Emulator models UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 8 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation 2 Technical Specifications e Single line 65535 selectable levels e Spectrum emulation 16384 bins with 14 bit resolution e 4 V output range high impedence 2 V 50 Q termination e 16 bit D A converter Energy emulation features e Constant rate emulation e Poisson distribution e Programmable statistical generation of events 256 bins 8 bit resolution e Up to 11 MCPS both in constant and statistical emulation e Integrator circuit emulation without pile up limitation e Up to 16 pile up events in the memory based algorithm e Programmable dead time and emulation of parallelizable and non parallelizable machines e 20 ns to 10 ms exponential decay time Time emulation features e 4096 points to store waveforms e Arbitrarily programmable shapes Signal shape e Shape length from 64 ns to 26 us w o interpolation 26 ms interp e Separated rising and falling edge interpolation e Up to two separate shapes mixed on
14. INNER Er Ion OS IUE TUER DOUG uU 11 Front paheldevice DT5800D stexsasaumiiset posite prin AT au ini elis ausu uni exta AE CL Quem eA UR D au UR I MERE i 11 Front paneldevice DISCOS uisaute tetbet tegit aeu tis Eu der meh fet tenu tavta usd utbs etu eo iam ends uds 12 Back panel device DT5800D and DT58008 eese eene 13 Front pamel device NDTO6900D 3 554 a si coa ees iedeutetibe tede st ouo t aia aie eU I tae ote 14 Back panel device NIDTOSO00I cca i tede tulit ness acer ad tice utto a esate oto tee co dose as 15 5 Hardware architec IUE Lio oii odo e ovn v FE Cd Ve eH De ive vou a Ee VOe a Qu PE saceudeussevadenetostes 16 OVORUM MM M EM m MM M En MM MP M ME 16 PAW OG B PUDE n 16 Biecidem C 17 Correlauol Bl OC uude tet deve tiat deese the ut adn vU Peu bo Samus Redi ua Odette Das Due Sunset p pes scam N u bt Quse 18 Delay gereratiolTus ies nione deb ss ote piooci E auae ale tonde sio E br Due bdo aul sies fu Erecom bru atf edt Dess te t cR Galan 18 6 Firmware architec lile oseoeseer ceca rta ae En Ev vrEV Rave LEN e EFE CF EUN VER Ed vEVw eV RP be Eres Vera Ove ovre Uu 20 GS IS e en lp Rr re Too rere eR ev Rare en ee A 20 Random INU SSNS AU ON sic aa esta a tg S iut AL MEE I ME AS Se LAM d toast 22 From CUSIOMNMGISIMDUTIONS to a SEU or yalt S seinen eeraa tue tae dites tee doses tete aou e lacet DERE 22 migsige VAIr irsle
15. Shape A Shape A 56 INN Shape B 4 mr Custom Shape Settings C Custum You are selecting she Click SHAPE AB before selecting the shape to be assig SHAPE A moll x D Repeat the same to assign the SHAPE B Shape A and Shape B waveforms are displayed in the system monitor Signal Shape Subset 1 Subset 2 400 500 samples In case of Multi Shape operation mode the resources for the pile up emulation are shared between the two shapes see the Pile up Section UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Shape Interpolator Since the system clock is equal to 125 MHz i e 8 ns of sampling period and the compliant signal shapes are at maximum 4096 samples long the maximum time duration of a signal is 33 us In order to get signals up to 26 ms of length the real signal can be ideally divided in two parts the rising and falling regions divided by a Corner Point Each region can be interpolated with different factors Shape interpolator E Ratio on Rise Time region factor E Ratio on Fall Time region factor Comer Point samples ooo Click on Ratio on Rise Fall Time region to enable the interpolator on the Rise Fall Time region The factor value corresponds to the number of points to be added between two consecutive samples see Section Custom Shape Memory Based data path for more details Write the value of the Corner Point
16. The system FLASH is erased Programming The FLASH is initialized with the new firmware and the process is verified in real time The update procedure is terminated with the re start of the Emulator In case of problem or doubt please contact CAEN support at the following mail addresses e support nuclear caen it for questions about the hardware e support computing caen it for questions about software and libraries 101 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation 11 Application Examples Setting up a remote experiment The device can be used with the DT5780 MCA to characterize a measurement system detector and preamplifier and to reproduce it to fine adjust its settings It is required to e Acquire a stream of pulses from detector and get the mean shape e Measure the energy spectrum through the digitizer e Measure the signal baseline through an oscilloscope or the digitizer itself e Acquire the noise shape e Perform a noise characterization through spectrum analyser That information allows to uniquely configure the Digital Detector Emulator 1 Load the energy spectrum file as saved from the DT5780 From CH1 interface select Spectrum Emulation and Load File Select the desired file from the browser Energy Mode Fred value Spectrum Emulation The Spectrum Import Tool comes out UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 102 CAEN E
17. User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Delay Correlation Estimated Delay SET AS ZERO Timing Settings Disabled Corelated Channels TEMPERATURE CONTROL Climatic operation condition Disabled Set a temperature considering the dew point Set Point C Ambient Temperature 24 79 C Delay Line Temperature 26 25 C Humidity 480 39 96 Dew Point 13 5 C Peltier cell DC 5 OV Timing Settings Click on Correlated Channels to enable the correlation among the two output channels Dual Channel form factor only When Disabled the two output channels are uncorrelated The Correlated Channels option will open more options for the timing settings as from the following picture and the Statistical Settings box see next section UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 92 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Estimated Delay SET AS ZERO Timing Settings Disabled Corelated Channels AUTOMATIC ins MANUAL coarse steps 8ns fine steps 11 6 ps PIRIEIEIEIEIER SIRE SERIES SISSIES SISO SEES SISSIES OSES ESSEC SSeS ESD Sweep Speed Two correlated pulses from different channels can be identical or generated according to different statistics They can be separated in time by a programmable delay from O to 32 us with resolution of 11 6 ps Write in the AUTOMATIC box the requested delay in ns and click SET to enable it or write in t
18. able to accelerate as much as possible the calculation the spatial distribution of the processing resources into the FPGA device has been deeply exploited Fig 6 1 shows the structure of the firmware An algorithm for getting the first order statistical characteristics of a random process from a histogram of events has been devised and implemented The algorithm returns the statistical distribution of amplitudes and occurrence times of the events The generator of occurrence times acts as the trigger for the output of the signal shape whose amplitude is scaled according to the sorted amplitude value The user can load into the system memory the shape of the signal to be emulated The stored shape called reference pulse is normalized to the unit maximum value The algorithm then extracts a value of starting time and amplitude and generates the reference shape rescaling its amplitude There are three independent data paths for the pulse generation The first case is called custom shape data path The device provides 16 generator machines that can trigger independently with the extracted starting time The shapes generated can be summed together to emulate the pile up Any kind of shapes can be emulated with this data path even custom shapes that can be loaded through a file The only limitation is the number of piled up events that cannot exceed 16 The second case is the exponential data path that emulates a real analog pulser with no limit
19. area under the spectrum curve Every time a random number is generated the algorithm searches the number in the spectrum area and when finds it delivers the bin number n thus indicating the corresponding energy value En If we consider again a generic x bin two times higher than a y bin it is easy to see that since the random numbers with equal probability map all the squares there is twice the probability that the random number picks up a square in x rather than in y column which means that generated pulses with Ex energy are twice those with Ey energy In practice an array is loaded with the cumulative energy spectrum Hc Ex that is computed from energy spectrum H E EX H Ey H E dE UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 22 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation In this way only one memory cell per bin is required Using the cumulative spectrum it is still possible to identify the bin that contains the generated random number by means of an extension of the described algorithm For instance see Fig 6 2 if the random number is 18 it is easy to see that it belongs to the memory cell number 10 in fact the cell number 10 contains a number that is higher than 18 20 while the previous cell contains a number that is lower 16 this means that bin number 10 contains the squares that go from 16 to 19 exactly the range in which 18 belongs So the output energy value correspondent to the random number 18 is 10 C
20. correlated This means that different energy spectra noise contributions interference shapes can be assigned to the two channels and the master channel only acts as a trigger for the slave one with a programmable temporal shift The hardware and firmware architecture that realizes the emulation of the temporal correlation is shown in Fig 5 4 A low jitter clock generator produces a signal that is divided over three different lines by a clock distributor One of these is used as clock of the FPGA device The two channels are synchronized with this clock signal The other two outputs of the distributor are sent as inputs of two integrated delay lines between which it is possible to insert a time lag by means of a control SPI bus The lines delayed are then used respectively as the clock lines of the two DACs that are connected to the outputs of the two digital channels of the FPGA device In this way the two channels while being originated synchronous are shifted by the programmed time interval Fig 5 4 Hardware and firmware generation of delay between the two output channels e In the third operating mode the emulator can be programmed to generate energy and time correlated signals Besides the two physical channels there is a third channel inside the emulator that can be used to inject correlated pulses The third channel has a complete independent statistics both in amplitude and time and injects the same event in the two outputs see Fig
21. correlated signals a 3 813 2813 1813 0 813 0187 2481 1981 1481 9 809 4809 DC 50 3 823 2 823 1 823 0 823 0177 5 191 10 19 15 19 20 19 25 19 See also Section Correlated event generation for more information Climatic Operating Condition In order to guarantee the stability of the delay line a sophisticated compensation of temperature and humidity optional conditions is implemented in the Emulator TEMPERATURE CONTROL Climatic operation condition Disabled Set a temperature considering the dew point Ovenide dew point limitaion and sel Set Point C Ambient Temperature 24 97 C Delay Line Temperature Humidity 77 29 19 4 C Dew Point Peltier cell DC 69 96 ov Click Set a temperature considering the dew point to enable the Peltier cell to control the temperature Write the desired value and click SET to set it Check that the Delay Line Temperature moves to the desired value Click Override dew point limitation and select the temperature to select a temperature without considering the dew point t is strongly recommended to not use this option The temperature setting may vary on the Peltier cell power itself d 95 Note All operations MUST be confirmed by the SET button UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Display Area The Display Area of the GUI gives a comp
22. events in pile up SHAPE B Dead time Paralizable Non Parallizable Noise Emulation Random Numbers magnitude LSB u V magnitude o B LSB uv last filter 100 KHz White Noise sigma LSB V i W 17 Noise Random Walk magnitude ff Shot magnitude probability Interference W Enable artificial interference Baseline Drift Enable baseline drift LFSR Settings STARTUP 376CAADDGEDS560 Amplitude Time STARTUP Noise 14 STARTUP 5155D 74742 In the next sections we are going to describe in details all the settings that control the CH1 and CH2 outputs UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 62 63 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation General settings OUTPUT ENABLE General Settings W Channel Enable Anti alias filter Output Filter E Invert Digital Gain Digital Offset E Fused Reset Detector Channel Enable If selected the output is activated Otherwise the output is fixed to zero with low impedance Equivalent to the main button OUTPUT ENABLE Anti alias filter Insert a RC filter on the output of the DAC Digital to Analog Converter to improve signal shape The anti aliasing filter improves the signal shape and it is strongly recommended to enable it when the device output is used for timing characterization The filter increases the rising time from 6 7ns to 10 ns and it has no effect on the noise Output filter
23. is present to adjust the spectrum resolution to the instrument range e g Scale x2 for spectrum with resolution of 14 bits UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 68 69 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Generate an Energy Spectrum with Isotopes Database From the Spectrum Editor select Isotopes DATABASE ubl Spectrum Editor 50000 40000 20000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels Counts Sigma X Position 4215 ena l Peak type Sigma 1 000 Isotopes Select from the periodic table one of the element you want to add into the spectrum as for example the Cobalt Co r uj PERIODIC TABLE 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 44 956 47 867 50 942 51 996 54 938 55 845 58 933 58 693 63 546 65 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 88 906 91 224 92 906 95 96 97 91 101 07 102 91 106 42 107 87 112 41 7 72 73 74 7 76 77 78 7 80 Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg 174 97 178 49 180 95 183 84 186 21 190 23 19222 195 08 196 97 200 59 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn 262 11 265 12 268 13 271 13 270 277 15 276 15 281 16 280 16 285 17 The list of isotopes will then appear UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual
24. is properly connected and powered on 2 Download the examples zip file from the Download section of the Digital Detector Emulator from CAEN web site 3 Runthe software Run the Detector Emulator Software GUI according one of the following options o The Desktop icon o TheQuick Launch icon o The exe file in the main folder from the installation path on your host 4 Connect to the emulator Select the Digital Detector Emulator checkbox and press CONNECT ALL CAEN n Electronic Instrumentation Available hardware 7 USB FIWPGJN3B Detector Emulator B LAN SOFTWAREEMULATOR Portable Emulator Scan Now There is no updates for this software Wait for the complete loading of the software GUI L Note If the DT5800 drivers are not correctly installed only the LAN option will appear in the Available hardware box In that case please try to reboot both the PC and the Emulator 5 Enable the Detector Emulator calibration The calibration file can be automatically taken from a web repository and loaded into the software GUI Press Get it from web to let the software get the specific file for your device Software could not detect the calibration file for this instrument Please specify a location for the calibration file Usually the calibration file is in the folder calibration of the installation CD ROM Use the Default option only if you want to try the device and you do not have an i
25. long term role in this field Our activities have always been at the forefront of technology thanks to years of intensive collaborations with the most important Research Centres of the world Our products appeal to a wide range of customers including engineers scientists and technical professionals who all trust them to help achieve their goals faster and more effectively CAEN S p A CAEN GmbH CAEN Technologies Inc Via Vetraia 11 Klingenstra e 108 1140 Bay Street Suite 2 C 55049 Viareggio D 42651 Solingen Staten Island NY 10305 Italy Germany USA Tel 39 0584 388 398 Tel 49 0 212 254 4077 Tel 1 718 981 0401 Fax 39 0584 388 959 Mobile 49 0 151 16 548 484 Fax 1 718 556 9185 info caen it Fax 49 0 212 25 44079 info caentechnologies com www caen it info caen de com www caentechnologies com www caen de com CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Tools for Discovery Guide UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual rev 1 05 May 2014 00117 10 DGT28 MUTX Copyright CAEN SpA All rights reserved Information in this publication supersedes all earlier versions Specifications subject to change without notice 125 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1
26. md eee Ov cete os Oa Boxen torio idc ote DB ces dte ed 35 Fig 6 23 Baseline drift emulation In the table an example of values that the user can set and the corresponding FS VS ee x Sate lata O8se scat ca tanch dda Misa naes an chara ahaboden ea baat A uatacae ataeh ions a 35 Fig 6 24 Typical output of the baseline drift emulation with pulses superimposed cececesecesseessteeeeseeeesseeesseessteeseseeeseas 36 Fig 6 25 Multi Shapesemulation algoElthElc us ado ikea dcu Proteus eda sas Qi E Lea cor cua EV cu debe LR ERU FATE a RAN 36 Fig 6 26 Typical output of one emulated channel with two different shapes 5096 mixture sss 37 Fig 7 1 The hardware setup including the Digital Detector Emulator DT5800D and the DT5724 used for the practical ANDI AOI ENSURE ERO ORDER eT ROCA cenavactcdalees 38 gio Firmware Upgrade digest D 41 Fig 8 1 Example of signal saturation The green trace is on when the analog signal saturates suesssee 61 Fig 8 2 Example of events with constant rate top and Poisson bottom time distribution esses 83 Fig 8 3 Events in pile up on both output channels red and blue sseseseeeeeennne nnne 84 Fig 8 4 Emulation of events with paralyzable dead time top and non paralyzable dead time bottom 85 Fig 8 5 Baseline
27. of bins equal to the target resolution Connector Router The emulator front end consists of six configurable I O analog and digital ports The picture shows the configuration sheet for I O digital settings A CAUTION All I O gates are LVCMOS compliant The dynamic range of the analog outputs is 4 4 V A All signals are considered normally in the low LVCMOS state and active in correspondence of transitions to high LVCMOS state Here the list of the main digital input output functionalities Digital Input 1 Digital Input 2 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Nn Electronic Instrumentation Disabled the digital input is disabled Trigger Gate 1 Trigger Gate 2 the internal trigger of pulses is put in AND with an external signal of trigger e Veto 1 Veto 2 the external signal instantaneously inhibits the output signal Trigger 1 Trigger 2 the pulse generation is synchronized with the external signal The uncertainty in the signal generation is 8 ns corresponding to the sampling frequency Run Stop on off control of the internal LFSRs remote control of and A from the Run Debug box e Step Over generation process advanced by one step remote control of from the Run Debug box e Reset LFSR Restart Memory reset of the status of the LSFRs that returns to the initial programmed seed value remote control b of the Run Debug box e Baseline Reset 1 Baseline Reset 2 reset of the base
28. on the left and 1 KHz for channel 3 right Time Distribution Constant Rate CURRENT 1 Poisson distribution TERES 0x1 Scale H Sequence Constant Poisson distribution 8 Set the number of desired pile up events for channel 1 and channel 2 By default the software sets the maximum allowed Dead time Paralizable 9 Enable both CH1 and CH2 output The activation of channel 1 does not mean that the channel 2 output is enabled as well UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 112 113 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 10 Check in the status bar that the Out number of events is greater than the In Indeed channel 3 events are not generated by the channel 1 2 time base generator therefore they are not counted into the In counter A In cps 9960 Out Bet yal LIVE BULA Counts SEE Y Pe Poison B In cps 9946 Out Baty LIVE RLU Counts ES Pass Poison 11 Check the Detector Emulator output on a CAEN digitizer Check that enabling the coincidences between channels you get the signal spectrum If you do not have a CAEN digitizer you can check this feature using an oscilloscope Select a fixed energy value for all channels as for example 0 5 V for channel 1 and channel 2 and 2 V for channel 3 This will help in the visualization of the oscilloscope Use the 50 Q termination of the oscilloscope and check that the output is something si
29. random seed Use Reset All Go All and Rand All to reset go and randomize all the seeds at the same time L Note After pressing Rand or Reset the LFSRs do not restart automatically Remember to press GO to restart the sequence Note At the software startup the two channels have the same seeds Therefore they generate the same sequence if L also the same settings are applied To uncorrelate the two channels the user must randomize one of the two channels by pressing Rand All and Go AIl L Note In case of Poisson time distribution if the user Stops the Time LFSR then the event generation will stop UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 106 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation L Note The user can edit the seeds by pressing Rand or writing the desired seed value Step by step control of the pseudo random generator The Run Debug box in the Main Settings tab allows to control for each output channel the statistical behavior of the seeds Run Debug Channel BOTH CHI CH bifa teloe Number of pulses in multistep mode ne Bl ne Bl Control LFSR Time Base Generator Click on the channel you want to act of to BOTH to apply the same changes on both channels Use the PLAY button to simultaneously start all the seeds and PAUSE VW ito stop the generators the PAUSE option does not act on the Poissonian generator The RESET a
30. read from the memory to the value calculated according to the reference spectrum UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 26 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation ENERGY SPECTRUM PULSE AMPLITUDE T T T T T T T d i IF 4 1 150 gi 4 b 100 B 4 2F 4 gt i i i i i 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 REFERENCE SIGNAL SHAPE MODULATOR SHAPE OUTPUT SIGNAL T T J 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Fig 6 9 Shape readout and amplitude modulation In case of exponential shape its generation flow is as follows 1 An ideal exponential shape is generated according to the definition As fa mm t gt OFFSET m 0 otherwise Dda 2 The shape passes through a first order IIR low pass filter with bandwidth equal to Prise 3 The system calculates the sample in correspondence to which the filtered shape at full scale gets off below the LSB of the DAC 4 On this basis the system calculates the factor of subsampling 500 points are reserved to the rising edge the remaining 3596 are for the tail 5 The subsampled shape is programmed and the factors for the linear interpolation of rising and falling edges are calculated The value of time step dt between two samples depends on the interpolation function The interpolation allows the reduction of used memory In order to explain how the interpolation operates let s take as example the output shape of a big
31. sequences to test different processing architectures e Generation of finite length streams of pulses to debug step by step the DUT RNG random number generation e 500 kpoints of memory CH to store a sequence of pairs energy time of occurrence to generate long Programmable sequence gt predictable and defined sequences of pulses Arbitrary waveform e 1 Mpoints CH to store any arbitrary waveform generator e Function generation sin square ramp saw pulse sinc up to 10 MHz e Windows based user interface managing more than one emulator Soft d interf E e USB 2 0 and Ethernet interfaces 9 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 3 Power Requirements The module is powered by the external AC DC stabilized power supply provided with the digitizer and included in the delivered kit Please use only the power supply shipped with this instrument and certified for the country of use Input 100 240 VAC 50 60 Hz Output 12 0 V 5 0A All I O digital gates are LVCMOS compliant The dynamic range of the analog outputs is 2 2 V 50 Q output impedance and 4 4 V 9 high impedance Fig 3 1 AC DC power supply provided with the DT5800 kit The NIM Desktop module can work with both the external AC DC power supply and the power from NIM crates UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 10 CAEN Ni Electronic Instrumentation 4 Panel Descriptio
32. set the maximum value of amplitude and then rescale it on the main GUI L Note The Tau is limited by the DAC frequency i e minimum value 8 ns UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 78 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Double Exponential E C tn Pulse 30000 25000 Exponential 20000 15000 10000 Shaped Exponential 5000 sample sample LETE TSM 1 000 Tau 2 us 2000 il Gaussian Name DExp_100 Lum Auc OFFSET LENGTH ET TIRREES 8 32767 000 L LSB c U 6 us 32 6 us LTA The formula used for the implementation is E m tz OFFSET f DFFSET t BDFFSET A 48 0 otherwise where A is the AMPLITUDE value OFFSET is the starting position of the Double Exponential function t Tau 1 is the characteristic time used for the rise region and t Tau 2 is the characteristic time used for the falling region of the Double Exponential function The user can modify the OFFSET value the LENGTH of the window the AMPLITUDE and the Tau 1 and Tau 2 values both in samples and in us by modifying the green box value L Note You can set the maximum value of amplitude and then rescale it on the main GUI L Note The Tau is limited by the DAC frequency i e minimum value 8 ns Gaussian IM ue Pulse 30000 25000 Exponential 20000 15000 10000 Shaped Exponential 5000 Double Exponential sample Tm s
33. the 5 KeV lines Click on the each cell and write the desired value If you want to set the same value for all lines write it on the Resolution eV box under Import Settings on the right 7 Calibrate the instrument writing the values in energy corresponding to O V and 2 V We can write 1 KeV for O V and 10 KeV for 2 V L Note If the device is already calibrated the new calibration will override the old one 8 Press Import to import the spectrum A preview will appear in the Spectrum Editor window 60000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels X Position 32961 a 234823 S Isotopes DATABASE Considering bin 8911 as reference Plot has been normalized to 65535 9 Write a Name and press Save to save and load the spectrum file UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 116 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Consider the case you want to create a composite spectrum adding lines from the Ma and Fe Set the Ma activity equal to twice the Fe activity 1 Import the Fe lines as before Iron 55 Gamma Ray X Rays Output Complex Spectrum ins d 1 Edit marti 1 Edit LM HN in i 1 Activity Res eV ss me h om mo fo msn 6 LS 0 637 0 028 7 025 6 Import Settings Import Settings Tm LEGEND KeV gt OV ncn vity 1 2 100 0 Activity i l edit Acrivity editable column
34. the risk of metastability 11 6 ps step See M M M resolution 8ns 4 5ns 0 4 5ns ans fine delay range Fig 5 6 Generation of correlated events with the internal third channel In blue the channel 1 signal in red the channel 2 signal The event with the yellow bullet is generated by the third channel The delay line is used to shift the phase of the two channels with a resolution of 11 6 ps on a scale ranging from O to 32 ps UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation 6 Firmware architecture Overview The hardware of the Digital Detector Emulator slightly differs from a classic arbitrary function generator The great innovation is the ensemble of algorithms that allow the synthesis of digital signals in real time with specific controlled characteristics The number of operations that enables the real time emulation of signal the closest as possible to reality is really huge The emulator is able to generate each sample of the stream at the rate of 125 Msamples s taking into account the emission spectrum the statistic of emission and therefore also the pile up between the events the shape of the signal the contributions of noise and interferences the fluctuations and drift of the baseline the shaping of the conditioning electronics The hardware is from 100 to 10 000 times faster than the equivalent software that we have developed in Matlab to characterize the system To be
35. the same channel with independent statistic e White noise emulation BW 62 5 MHz e 1 f noise emulation e Random Walk baseline drift Noise emulation e Interference generation e g possibility to record spikes from switching power supplies and inject in the output signal e Interference generation with fixed amplitude and frequency or randomly modulated in amplitude and injection time Baseline e Baseline drift programmable with arbitrary shape e Three operation modes 1 Channel 1 CH1 is the time shifted copy of Channel 2 CH2 12 ps step 2 CH2 has its own statistics generator i e different spectrum different noise etc but is triggered by CH1 delayed by Correlated events 12 ps step 3 A third emulator channel with separate statistic properties generates correlated pulses for both emulation CH1 and CH2 In this way only some events of the two channels are correlated e 12 ps step programmable delay from Ops to 32us 18 FWHM 60 ppm linearity e Temperature stabilization of the delay line e 2 input and 2 output programmable Digital 1 O e Trigger out analog saturation warning machine overload sensing e Trigger in random number generator control reset play pause gating baseline reset e 8 independent LFSRs with 64 bits generate the base for the statistical emulation e Possibility to randomize the seeds of each RNG independently e Possibility to initialize the RNG with fixed seeds to get repeatable
36. 16383 LSB corresponding to about 2 2 V e Maximum value corresponds to the maximum value of the staircase Maximum value allowed is 416383 LSB corresponding to about 42 2 V Typical output is shown in the following figure The output signal is the amplitude integral of each input pulses When the maximum value is reached the output is instantaneously reset to the minimum value The amplitude scaling factor works as follows The device can generate pulses with amplitude ranging from O to about 2 2 V each and the maximum allowed dynamics goes from 2 2 to 42 2 V If two consecutive pulses have the maximum amplitude than they would immediately saturate the output dynamics Therefore it is more convenient to apply an amplitude scaling before integrate the pulses The higher is the scale factor the smaller will be the signal staircase steps The amplitude scaling factor corresponds to the number of events at maximum amplitude that can be fitted in the programmed output dynamics The maximum energy generated will correspond to 4 4 V amplitude scaling The best amplitude scaling value is a trade off between the intrinsic resolution and the average number of events in a reset period For a small scaling factor the steps will be very large giving a high signal to noise ratio SNR This situation does not always correspond to reality For higher scaling values the steps will be smaller up to be compatible with the quantization noise an
37. AREEMULATOR Portable Emulator There is no updates for this software If the emulator is not listed check the connection and press Scan Now 49 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation CAEN n Electronic Instrumentation Available hardware 7 USB FIWPGJN3B Detector Emulator B LAN SOFTWAREEMULATOR Portable Emulator Scan Now There is no updates for this software Check the desired device If you do not have any hardware connected you can start the software in simulation mode by checking the SOFTWAREEMULATOR option L Note When the hardware device is ready for use the blue leds turn OFF The software automatically checks if an application update is available If available the bottom green bar becomes red and a DOWNLOAD button appears Download the new release setup and follow the installation wizard The software on this computer 1 4 1 4 is outdated L Note Before upgrading the software uninstall the previous version through the function Uninstall a Program of the Windows Control Panel Press Connect All to connect to the selected device Wait for the physical connection attempt to the hardware Connection in Progress Opening usb controller OK E v exa Loading GUI N l Hardware device Detector Emulator A FTWI CMJA n The GUI starts as soon as the device is ready for use The whole operat
38. C Filter Event Generator Pulsed Reset Custom Shape Custom Shape Memory Based data path The custom shape data path allows to emulate any kind of shape the user can program The control software fed a 4096 memory buffer with the points describing the shape An interpolator is used to get shapes longer than 32 us Since the emulation is based on 16 memory machines the maximum number of piled up events is 16 If more than 16 piled up events are requested the exceeding events are discarded and the final statistic might not be Poissonian The shape generator is able to 1 read a memory that contains the shape of the pulse 2 interpolate the output of the memory to achieve long pulse shapes using few kBytes of memory L Note The memory based shape emulation is referred in the software GUI as Fast shape AMPLITUDE FIFO DUAL PORT MEMORY LINEAR REFERENCE INTERPOLATOR i SIGNAL c pd SHAPE LINEAR IwieWwe N DATA 2 x ADDR 2 PILE UP NODE TRIGGER LINEAR LINEAR TRIGGER OUTPUT COUNTER SU A gt 1 2 Fig 6 8 Memory based shape generation A time quantized vector that contains the shape of the pulse is stored in memory and read from the first to the last element any time a start pulse is fired from the time base generator Reading the memory with a fixed time step dt and feeding the DAC with memory output the emulator generates the desired waveform The multiplier modulates the amplitude of the signal
39. CAEN Tools for Discovery Electronic Instrumentation OO A O A m DT5800D User Manual UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User WEE Emulation of Digital Pulses from Radiation Detectors Rev 1 05 May 2014 Purpose of this Manual This User Manual contains the full description of the Digital Detector Emulator firmware and software GUI The description is compliant with Digital Detector Emulator firmware release 1 36864 and software release 1 4 1 8 For future release compatibility please check the firmware and software revision history files Change Document Record Date Revision Changes 20 January 2014 00 Initial release 05 May 2014 Added support to DT5800S Updated AWG Chapter Symbols abbreviated terms and notation TDC ADC DAQ DPP Digital Pulse Processing MCA DDE QDC USB Reference Documents RD1 FPGA Optimised Uniform Random Number Generators Using LUTs and Shift Registers David B Thomas and Wayne Luk RD2 UM2088 DPHA User Manual CAEN S p A Via Vetraia 11 55049 Viareggio LU ITALY Tel 39 0584 388 398 Fax 39 0584 388 959 info caen it www caen it CAEN SpA 2014 Disclaimer No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic mechanical recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of CAEN SpA The information contained herein has been carefully checked and is believed to be accurate ho
40. Changing those values will automatically re calibrate the device Press Auto limit to find the best calibration for the designed spectrum Import Settings Set the desired Gaussian resolution in eV unit for all lines of the spectrum A resolution equal to O eV corresponds to mono energetic lines L Note The resolution can be set both from the Decay Selector and the Spectrum Editor window This Import Settings box allows to select the relative activity of the current isotopes when a complex mixture of isotopes is selected The activity value acts to all the lines of the current isotope Import Settings Activity 5z 100 0 l intensity off all lines Click Import to import the spectrum with the desired settings or Cancel to cancel it 71 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation How to modify a spectrum Select Edit under the Spectrum Emulation If the spectrum has been previously loaded from file the Spectrum Import Tool will appear otherwise the Spectrum Editor allows to modify the custom spectrum Select Remove to remove the selected spectrum from the Spectrum Emulation memory Energy Mode Fixed value an j LSB 16V Spectrum Emulation File Preset Load anim minim The picture below shows a screenshot of the output of the emulator initialized as in the example above with the s
41. Custom values can be selected writing the value in the white box and choosing the corresponding unit among R unit k kilo and M mega The output filter can be enabled by selecting the option Fj Analog Output Filter Waveforms that can be generated through the function generator are Sine Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MO Frequency 1Hz 10 MHz Offset 4 V a 4 V on 1MQ The implemented Autophase feature automatically calculates the initial phase in order to minimize the harmonic distortion Square wave Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MO Frequency 1 Hz 10 MHz Offset 4 V a 4 V on 1 MO Ramp Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MO Frequency 1Hz 10 MHz Offset 4 V a 4 Von 1 MO The symmetry of the shape can be adjusted by setting the relative percentage of rising and falling edges Saw tooth Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MO Frequency 1 Hz 10 MHz Offset 4 V a 4 V on 1 MQ Pulse Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MQ Frequency 1 Hz 10 MHz Offset 4 V a 4 Von 1 MQ The steepness of the edges referred to the period and the duty cycle are adjustable Sinc Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MQ Frequency 1 Hz 10 MHz Offset 4 V a 4 V on 1 MQ The number of zero crossings of the sine cardinal into a period can be programmed DC level Offset 4V a 4V on 1 MO Noise Amplitude 4 V a 4 V on 1 MO Frequency 1 Hz 10 MHz The generated noise has white spectrum UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator
42. IX for the settings auto fix Select the option Statistical Settings Channel 2 follows exacity channel 1 a Channel 2 has its own statistic Only same pulses on Channel 2 and Channel 1 are cormelated The device then enables a third internal channel that can be programmed in energy and time The third channels inject the same event in both CH1 and CH2 Therefore CH1 and CH2 can be programmed to emulate two uncorrelated background events as the third channel can be programmed to emulate the same signal events A Note Remember to randomize the channel 2 LFSR settings Click FIX to let the GUI auto fixes the settings The energy and time distributions of the third internal channel can be programmed from the following boxes The shape will be the same as channel 1 and channel 2 respectively For details on how to set the Energy mode and Time Distribution refer to the Energy Mode and Time Distribution Sections CORRELATED EVENTS STATISTIC Energy Mode Fixed value Spectrum Emulation Hardware scale Time Distribution CURRENT Constant Rate Poisson distribution LFSR Settings nnlitiide H Ac STARTUP me STARTUP ela stribution STARTUP I5EBED530BD7DA UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 94 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation It is possible to simulate pile up among event from the Channel 1 and Channel 2 and the correlated signals but also emulate pile up among
43. Insert an LC 7 order filter analog Bessel filter on the output The can reduce the output noise by a factor of 5 and it can improve the signal shape Rise time increases from 6 7ns to 15ns Invert If selected the polarity of the output is changed Digital Gain Digital amplification of the output signal between 0 and 2 It is applied at the end of the processing chain therefore the whole output is multiplied by the digital gain including the offset Digital Offset Reference offset expressed as a fraction of 27 levels of quantization i e between 2 2 V and 42 2 V The offset is applied before the gain stage Pulsed Reset Detector If selected the basic output of a pulsed reset detector is emulated according to the Pulsed Reset basic Section An extended version of the General Settings is opened as shown in the following figure General Settings E Channel Enable E Anti alias filter Output Filter lE Invert Digital Gain Digital Offset Pulsed Reset Detector Amplitude scaling Max M of events in range Vmax Vmin at maximum amplitude Minimum Value Maximum Value e Amplitude scaling corresponds to the maximum number of events that can be generated in the range Vmax Vmin Allowed values are 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation e Minimum value corresponds to the minimum value of the staircase Minimum value allowed is
44. M3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 28 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Digital RC In the custom shape option the algorithm reads 16 memories where the samples of the shape are written Therefore this is a quite versatile option to emulate any kind of signals The drawback is that in case of either high rate signals or for very long shapes the number of memories is not sufficient to guarantee the correct emulation For this reason we implemented the Digital RC option This is based on two first order IIR Infinite Impulse Response filters that emulate the behaviour of a classical analog pulser It allows the emulation of exponential only shapes with no limitation on the signal rate and on the length of the exponential tails The only limitation comes from the saturation of the analog stage otherwise this method would give infinite piled up events The complexity of the IIR filters method allows the DAC to operate at 62 5 MSPS of frequency half of its operating frequency A linear interpolator is used to create the DAC missing samples L Note Do not use this method for pulses with decay time less than 400 ns In Fig 6 13 it is shown the implementation of the Digital RC option Delta like pulses are fed into the first IIR filter The decay time of the first filter set the pulse decay time The second IIR filter then emulates the rise rime it has a pole at the rise time 0 35 frequency Fig 6 14 shows the typical analog
45. Manual Rev 1 32 33 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Mag dB Mag dB 10 10 107 10 10 y 10 f Hz f Hz LPF with pole positioned at 1 KHz LPF with pole positioned at 100 KHz Fig 6 19 Comparison between a continuous time low pass filter LPF with pole at 1 KHz and 100 KHz and the corresponding digital implementation obtained through an IIR digital filter The frequency response in the digital domain has been obtained by applying the FFT function to the output of the filter with a white noise with spectral density equal to 1 as input blue line The red curve is extracted from the blue one by averaging on 100 samples Random walk Very low speed baseline drift approximate as the integral of a Gaussian white noise XQ gt WHITE NOISE AMPLITUDE Shot noise Shot noise is defined as sporadic and short bursts of noise in which the amplitude is similar among the bursts of noise WHITE DISTRIBUTION probability SHOT NOISE trigger AMPLITUDE UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation p Tbase 116 us TIngger Gy 10 0ps div Stop 1 222V 200kS 2GS s Edge i X1 0 0 ns Fig 6 20 Analog output signal with white and 1 f noise Interference The Digital Detector Emulator allows the generation of a programmable noise shape that can be memorized in a memory of 4096 sam
46. N E TETTE 49 FO AIM CUO oree etal sraotsttocaanas nen E E E Ueshoastanaet 49 BUNS 0 E a 50 OS TOU GT SAG tO E E Tom m 53 elige i os emer ee eee Em EET 55 Vig lt 5 MUNN PS csc cece nse cece oce 56 Channel 1 Mode Channel 2 Mode cccccsccssscsssecsssccssecsseceeecsseceseeceseceseeceseeceeeceseeceeeceseeceseeesesseseseseecesesesaeseseeesseseneess 56 TOE BDI olio MER c P E 57 Energy Calibration ERR 57 Spect m uat Zdll ll aena a ee ee ee EE Rm ee A ee eee eee E 59 COnneCIDr ROUTO oE E E E ee ee een ee ee E E 59 E E L O r E AEAN NE EN E AEE ENEE S EE N E EE cor 62 General RIO accent snes ats ern aah TT m 63 FS MOIE MENT TROU a E cassettes needa one ge cu sedan atte aa ects E S 64 imponan Energy Spectrum om File ssec eese eR ENTRAR aN T UP ENEET GRIPE UFU SNMP GUN TUE SPAN NS CM DENEN ed E UE 66 How to generate an Energy Spectrum with the internal tool enne 67 Generate an Energy Spectrum with Isotopes Database sse eene eene 69 HOW to modify a spectrum PRRRRRRRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEMEMMMM 72 TIM POG Sr CCUG E S E E DIUINUM E A A A A E 73 na NDE NT E E TET 74 PONE AE screens E E AA E AA A E SE A E E A EA E E A 80 Snape Merola Ol NICO AEE EE E EE EEEE A EA 82 TMe DISDONO ET OOE A RAE S i 82 MI aeea E E E E E 84 Noise Emulation R nnt 86 MERCE E ee E
47. N NOILVINWSA dni lld Lp repe HLVdVLVC ae ddVHS WOLSND I OLLV IOdHJLNI NOLLVH3N39 JSION l d mum mum NEN NND NND ee gan SHAPE MUX WAVEFORM MEMORIES df lld JLINIJNI M 9H IVLIOIG T HO1VuH94lNI rs 13SdWH HLVdVLVG 13938 Gas If d qas ind Odl3 ui LVH JILSILVILSINOISSIIWA3 HOLIVHA3N SIN3 3 N33M138 1V 31 U34 AYOWAN WNYLOAdS Fig 6 1 Digital Detector Emulator firmware architecture UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 21 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Random Number Generation The emulation process is based on the generation of pseudo random sequences that statistically reproduce the input programmed features For example the user can set the desired energy spectrum then the device will convert the spectrum into a sequence of numbers representing the pulse amplitudes A very good source of pseudo random numbers is required in order to have very long sequences with no pattern and artefact This will ensure that the emulator output is as close as possible to a real output Moreover a pseudo random generator allows to reproduce many times the same sequence or to generate any times a statistically independent sequence This is quite straightforward since the user has only to store the initial seed that enables the number generator The seed is a 64 bit number used as a starting point for the pseu
48. Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Peak Isotope Cobalt Nuclide Z N Half life Abundance 44 ms 4 18 ms 13 240 ms 20 Scroll the bar up to the radioactive 60Co and click on the name to open the Decay Selector Window Decay Selector Cobalt 60 Gamma Ray Energy KeV 346 93 826 06 1173 237 1332 501 2158 57 2505 1 Edit 1 1 3E 05 3 1 6E 05 4 1 5E 04 4 6 4E 07 16 7 5E 06 19 4 8E 06 14 9 8E 05 25 72E 06 22 5 6E 09 3 0 00343 15 0 0067 3 0 000413 19 0 00081 4 7 4E 07 4 6 8E 11 4 0 0076 0 0076 99 97 99 99 0 00111 2E 06 0 0076 5 0 0076 8 99 9736 7 99 9856 4 0 00111 18 2 0E 6 4 Import Settings LEGEND Activity 7 Activity Increase decrease relative intensity off all lines edit Acrivity editable column Output Complex Spectrum Edit Activity Res eV 1 3E 05 1 6E 05 0 00015 6 4E 07 7 5E 06 4 8E 06 9 8E 05 7 2E 06 5 6E 09 0 00343 0 0067 0 000413 0 00081 7 4E 07 6 8E 11 Import Settings KeV OV 0 0 oa EM 2063 333 Resolution eV Auto Limit The Decay Selector shows on the first column the list of 60Co emitted Gamma Ray on the second the list of X Ray lines The user can select the desired lines and add them to the output spectrum For example select the 1173 and 1332 KeV Gamma Ray lines and click Add Click Remove to remove undesired lines from the output spectrum Decay Selector Cobalt 60
49. The emulator uses 64 bits seed that the user can program for each desired distribution Once the seed has been set the device generate the sequence of pseudo random values If the same seed is used the same sequence will be reproduced many times If a different seed is used an independent statistical distribution will be generated It is therefore possible to take advantage of this feature to repeat many times the same sequence of energy time noise etc mainly for debugging purposes to check the behavior of different systems implementations and algorithms on the same set of data This is a unique feature of the Digital Detector Emulator Indeed even with a very long function generator with GBs of memory can only reproduce few seconds of sequences This usually requires a lot of pc power consumption Natural processes produce infinite sequences that cannot be reproduced How to get a new sequence modifying the seeds Go on CH1 tab of the main GUI under the LFSR settings box A different seed controls the Amplitude the Time the Noise all noise generator excluded 1 f and the Noise 1 f LFSR Settings TEE SS o Np tude STARTUP 4F4AFFB39E960000 ROREL CCCODBIADLECODII 5855FC28BDA FeO For each seed the user can e Reset the generator to the current seed e Stop Go the generator Use Stop to stop the sequence and Go to generate the following value of the pseudo random sequence e Rand to generate a new
50. Tool Input Spectrum Imported Spectrum 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 channels Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate Spectrum Available Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV E1 Sole Faar mes 507 8 E L Number of channels Adj peak 16384 Offset 14000 16000 0 10000 Input Spectrum channels o IMM Ago SET dan P E cess 3 From the Main Settings tab go to the Energy calibration box and click on Open energy calibration Energy Calibration Uri ERES 1000 000 1 2884 V Eo 2000000 20614 V Open energy calibration 121 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 4 The Energy Calibration Tool will appear with the specific imported spectrum Ei Energy Calibration Too Refi Ref 2 1000 2000 0 8000 10000 14000 16000 channels Input Unit Energy 2 CH1 LSB CH2 Vot Please insert the energy in KeV relative to the bin 11882 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 122 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 6 Repeat the same for the second peak 1330 KeV Check that in the plot the two reference white lines point to the correct value and that the Energy 1 and Energy 2 values are correct a Energy Calibration Tool 2745 0 580 0 700 0 0 2000 8000 channels Energy1 Energy 2 Input Unit Energy 1 Energy 2 mcos M63 RISE mE EEIESSSE3000 Canc
51. UMULATIVE DENSITY PROBABILITY DENSTY aa LL pee e ee pe gt a Oa wm fF gie lt OK NOISE T SHAPING E Pulse Amplitude Fig 6 2 Emulation of a spectrum Energy Datapath 23 The energy of a pulse represents the area under the pulse and for a constant shape it is proportional to the pulse amplitude itself The emulator has three ways to modulate the energy as shown in the following figure FIXED AMPLITUDE SEQUENCE 1 MWORD Fig 6 3 The three ways to emulate the energy The fixed energy mode generates pulses with the same amplitude spectrum generates pseudo random sequences of values that follow the programmed input energy spectrum sequence allows to load a file with a sequence of pre defined energy values that the emulator will reproduce repetitively The sequence is copied into the internal memory of the device therefore the maximum allowed length is 500K values The spectrum data path uses the algorithm explained in the previous section Fig 6 4 shows an example of generation of a set of amplitudes starting from an energy spectrum UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation o z 7 T FY we L HIST y RANDOM NUMBERS GENERATOR Fig 6 4 Conversion of a programmed energy spectrum into an amplitude sequence Evaluating the histogram on the output vector user gets the same input spectrum
52. adjusted by the user For values at the limit of the output dynamics there is the warning Ih malog output message L Note The block Digital RC operates at a frequency equal to half the system clock and is therefore not able to generate correct signals with fall time and or rise time shorter than 16 ns The generation of signals of arbitrary shape is realized by means of 16 memories of 4096 points each The method is the same of the Fast exponential shape Signals longer than 4096 points can be obtained with a linear interpolator available at the output of each memory If piled up events exceed the maximum number of 16 the statistical distribution of the output events is not more Poissonian In this case the virtual LED on the bottom of the GUI turns RED showing that the programmed statistic of generation is no more feasible The output signal of the emulator can be loaded from a file o generated by an integrated shape design tool Click on Custom to enable the option bar UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 74 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Signal Shape Exponential Signal Settings Auto Fast Limited Pileup Digital RC Rise time us Fall time us Custom Shape Settings Custum The shape can be arbitrarily defined over a maximum of 4096 samples A set of available shapes can be created and the actual shape of the output signal chosen from time to time Signal Shape 1000
53. al RG analog Outlot e p 29 Fig 6 15 Typical output of the basic pulsed reset option nennen nennen enne nnns 30 Fig 6 16 Structure of the advanced pulsed reset option sse eene 30 Fig 6 17 1N0 56 generator architecte aci posteo chase EU deep rA E DEA EDU DIES PRA DRE ROKEMEEFOO IMA RARE Pene RUBER E ATL HOD sto DURER LIS AUS 31 Fig 6 18 Implementation of 1 f noise shaping filter we can observe that the envelope of the frequency responses of the first order low pass filters 20 dB dec has the same trend of the 1 f ideal noise 10 dB dec sss 32 Fig 6 19 Comparison between a continuous time low pass filter LPF with pole at 1 KHz and 100 KHz and the corresponding digital implementation obtained through an IIR digital filter The frequency response in the digital domain has been obtained by applying the FFT function to the output of the filter with a white noise with spectral density equal to 1 as input blue line The red curve is extracted from the blue one by averaging on 100 samples 33 Fig 6 20 Analog output signal with white and 1 f noise sessessssesseeeeeeeeeeee nne nennen nennen nennen nnns 34 Fig 6 21 Analog output signal with artificial interference sesssssssesssssees seen eene nnne nnne nennen nnns 34 FIG 5 22 Baseline diit emulo aisecsdacsc dide ferreis beum etude EO a bei clon
54. ample 32 76 us MEAN LENGTH 4095 000 5 EEXTIERIES E 32767 000 LSB capuc 79 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation The formula used for the implementation is where A is the AMPLITUDE value MEAN and o Sigma are the characteristic mean and sigma of the Gaussian function The user can modify the MEAN value the LENGTH of the window the AMPLITUDE and the Sigma values both in samples and in us by modifying the green box value L Note You can set the maximum value of amplitude and then rescale it on the main GUI L Note The Tau is limited by the DAC frequency i e minimum value 8 ns Multi Shape The instrument can be initialized to simultaneously generate signals with different shapes to test pulse shape discrimination Two different waveforms can be programmed on the same output channel with programmed probability of occurrence The option is enabled by checking the Enable Multi Shape feature box Multi 5hape Enable Multi Shape feature Shape A Shape A Click SHAPE AB before selecting the shape to be assig a n m cr SHAP E i CAD JU SHAPEB ShExp 100 Modify the relative probability of occurrence of the two shapes by modifying the values in the box or moving the sliding bar UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 80 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Multi 5hape Enable Multi Shape feature
55. arbitrary waveform generators have been developed These instruments can generate long sequences of events at high rate up to 1 GSPS which have been synthetized off line using simulation tools e g MatLab At present the most efficient tools have 1 Gword memory which means about a signal one second long before a repetition or about 10 millions of counts Obviously this is not enough for a good statistics of a complex spectrum We therefore developed in collaboration with Nuclear Instruments SrL and Politecnico of Milan a multichannel digital instrument for emulating radiation detection systems The processor is initialized with a reference pulse shape with statistic distribution of amplitude and time According to this information the device generates a stream of events that can be also selectively summed together simulating the pile up phenomenon At each pulse can be superimposed noise arbitrarily generated and baseline deviation The Digital Detector Emulator is therefore the only synthesizer of random pulses that is also an emulator of radiation detector signals with the possibility to configure the energy and time distribution The stream of emulated signals becomes a statistical sequence of pulses reflecting the programmed input features When the emulation process is reset the kernels of generators can be either re initialized with new random data making the sequence always different or they can be stored to reproduce the same sequence ma
56. at is compliant to the real output of a radiation detection setup Although the use of a source and a detector is always the best way to generate a reliable data set it involves considerable disadvantages especially during preliminary feasibility studies The use of the source inherently involves a risk for the health of the experimenters and in addition requires labs equipped in accordance with the regulations in term of use of radioactive substances Moreover the emission spectrum depends on the nature of the source e g the polarization of an X ray tube or the process of decay The statistical distribution of the events is Poissonian and usually the user can only control the rate and has no control on the statists The spectrum of noise interferences and the pulse shape are issues on which the experimenter can hardly affect Furthermore the natural emission process is not repeatable and therefore it is not possible to evaluate the behavior of different implementations of the processing system on a set of equal data It is common practice to use electronic instruments to generate analog signals with similar features to real experiment There are instruments able to generate exponential signals with fixed amplitude and Poissonian temporal distribution that can emulate effects such as pile up However they cannot modulate the amplitudes of generated signals according to a generic spectrum of emission To overcome this problem hardware tools called
57. ator nnne 16 Fig 5 2 Filter sequence on the Digital Detector analog output stage ee ecessecessteecesssecessneeeessseeessseeesseeesseseeessneeeeseeeeess 17 Fig 5 3 Signal output before on the left and after on the right the 20 MHz eee eecssccesseessseeceseeessseeeseeessseesseeessaeeseas 17 Fig 5 4 Hardware and firmware generation of delay between the two output channels eese 18 Fig 5 5 Generation of correlated events with the internal third channel In blue the channel 1 signal in red the channel 2 signal The event with the yellow bullet is generated by the third channel 19 Fig 5 6 Generation of correlated events with the internal third channel In blue the channel 1 signal in red the channel 2 signal The event with the yellow bullet is generated by the third channel 19 Fig 6 1 Digital Detector Emulator firmware architecture sessseessseseeeeeeee nennen nennen nennen nenne nennen nnn nnns 21 rig 6 2 Emulator ora SPECON ean doa statec EE A UL CUE SUED ULRN ORRIO UD DUE E do Dub REL Ra pU RU Cb CURES GE E 23 Fig 6 3 The three ways to emulate the energy sees eene eene nennen nennen nnne nennen nensi nenne nennen nant 23 Fig 6 4 Conversion of a programmed energy spectrum into an amplitude sequence Evaluating the histogram on the output vector user gets the same input spectrum cccesscccssssceesseecsssuecesseecsssaeecsssusec
58. ct the destination folder dl CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard Install CAEN Detector Emulator to C Program Files x86 VCAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield O EE 0 GEN GEN The setup will create a Desktop icon Launch the program when the setup is completed ig CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard aes InstallShield Wizard Completed Defector Emulator The InstallShield Wizard has successfully installed CAEN Detector Emulator Click Finish to exit the wizard Launch the program lt Back Cancel See Section Installation for requirements and special cases v DRIVERS o USB 2 0 Windows driver How to install the driver Windows Power ON the Digital Detector Emulator The device starting may last about 30 seconds The front panel LEDs are first ON When they go OFF the device is ready for use Connect the emulator to a USB port please avoid to use a USB Hub Wait for Windows to install the drivers through Windows Update Check the correct installation UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 1 Driver Software Installation xs Your device is ready to use USB Composite Device off Ready to use USB Serial Converter A off Ready to use USB Serial Converter B off Ready to use Close Firmware The Digital Detector Emulator Software works with the Digital Detector Emulato
59. ction The user can modify the OFFSET value the LENGTH of the window and the AMPLITUDE both in samples and in us by modifying the green box value L Note You can set the maximum value of amplitude and then rescale it on the main GUI UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 76 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Pulse 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Exponential OFFSET t WIDTH i LENGTH sample sample vy sample Alan pit aM 32767 000 E ath ee RO 0 000 gt Baz ee he 1 8 0 000 Shaped Exponential LSB sample poo e sample The formula used for the implementation is 1 OFFSET ztz OFFSET WIDTH Az g otherwise Where A is the AMPLITUDE value OFFSET is the starting position of the Pulse function and WIDTH is the width of the Pulse function The user can modify the OFFSET value the WIDTH of the Pulse the LENGTH of the window the AMPLITUDE the RISE SLOPE and FALL SLOPE both in samples and in us or Volt by modifying the green box value L Note You can set the maximum value of amplitude and then rescale it on the main GUI L Note The Rise and Fall slope are limited by the DAC frequency i e minimum value 8 ns Exponential a Shape Preset 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 OFFSET LENGTH annata 32767 000 2 eae LSB aaa a 32 6 us 3 2 b V sample sample w E Shaped Exponential The formula used for the
60. ctive lines of specific elements of the periodic table Energy Mode Fred value Spectrum Emulation Sequence 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels X Position Counts essas j Peak type Sigma 1 000 Isotopes Point the cursor on the diagram and double click to add a line The x axis is in counts unit In the pop up write the corresponding value of height 65535 is the maximum value allowed UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Please insert the number of count for bin 4215 35 833 KeV oJ Spectrum Editor 60000 50000 40000 0000 10000 0 18 ee 000 4000 6000 6000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels IU Suam 8 X Position Counts e3 H A Peak type igma 1 000 Izotopes DATABASE Select the Peak type between Gaussian and Rectangular The Sigma value corresponds to the classical sigma of the gaussian function in the first case and to the width of the rectangular in the second It is espressed in counts unit The sign allows to add more line as the sign to delete them The tool allows to Save the spectrum in its internal file format spectrum Specify the file Name before saving A browser is then open to select the destination folder The spectrum is represented on a scale with maximum resolution of 14 bits while the resolution of the Emulator is 16 bits A scale factor
61. d the intrinsic noise of the device Indeed each staircase step is described with 16 bit log amplitude scaling rather than 15 bit for not pulsed reset emulation Energy Mode Energy Mode Fred value o 1 LSB Spectrum Emulation di There are three possible emulation modes e Pulser for the generation of pulses with fixed amplitude and time distributions e RTG Random Tail Generator for the generation of pulses with fixed amplitude and pseudo random statistical time distribution e Emulator of Radiation Sources for the generation of pulses statistically distributed whose spectrum corresponds to a given starting spectrum Pulser Select the flag Fixed value and adjust the slider position to regulate the amplitude of the pulses at the output Energy value can be set in three ways LSB Volt and KeV if the instrument has been previously calibrated in KeV UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 64 65 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation In the panel box Time Distribution set a constant value of rate from 10 cps to 11 Mcps see the Time Distribution Section RTG Random Tail Generator Select the flag Fixed value and adjust the slider position to regulate the amplitude of the pulses at the output Energy value can be set in three ways LSB Volt and KeV if the instrument has been previously calibrated in KeV In the panel box Time Distribution select the flag Poisso
62. do random generator 64 bit seed 32 bit white distribution random numbers 1 x 1024 bit seed The use of a simple Linear Feedback Shift Register LFSR allows to generate pseudo random sequences with statistical properties that limits the good result of the emulation For this reason the LFSR are used to program a 32 bit LookUp Table Shift Register LUT SR generator that generates numbers with very small auto correlation The LUT SR has a very long period up to 2104 clock cycles Refer to RD1 for further details about this method The structure of the number generation is shown in the figure above From custom distributions to a set of values In emulating a radioactive source a primary task is to generate the energy values following a user defined energy spectrum and the Poisson distribution of the pulse occurrence times Those distributions have to be converted into a stream of values whose probability distribution follows the input spectra Being a statistical variable x described by a density probability distribution f x it can be modelled by the cascade of a generator of uniformly distributed random numbers and the transform function F x In this way the quality of the generated statistic values depends only on the uniform number generator which can be used for every emulated source characterized only by F x Therefore from a white spectrum it is possible to get any kind of spectrum In order to explain how the algorithm wor
63. drift emulation In the table an example of values that the user can set and the corresponding preview rns UEM M Eu CE M MM C MM ML ME 88 Fig 11 1 Spectrum for the background emulation to be programmed on channel 1 and channel 2 left Spectrum for the signal emulation blue circle to be programmed on channel 3 right cccccssccsssecssseessssecesseeeseecsseeessseesseeessesesseeesseeeesas 111 List of Tables Tab 1 1 Table of the supported Digital Detector Emulator models sess 8 Tab5 12 AnaloG output stage perforrmariG8S us ioo ie Edd i SER SERE EN UEE ES b od EN Wess dia de ey EQISUUINIA Ge RRR Asma 17 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation 1 Introduction The massive evolution of digital processors for radiation measurements has highlighted the extreme convenience to develop techniques for emulating the detection and acquisition systems The process of debugging of systems as digital pulse processors pulse discriminators Time to Digital Amplitude converters etc requires an ever increasing effort of processing algorithms that are becoming more and more complex The possibility to generate test vectors that are the as similar as possible to the actual data produced by the experiment both in the software simulation and at the hardware level can extremely reduce the R amp D projects time All of this can be summarized in the need to generate an electrical signal with completely controlled characteristics th
64. e ER C Ig i Poisson Poisson 10 00 BEI AMPLITUDE dac LSB AMPLITUDE dac LSB wh UE T P o Fixe 4 Value D i 7 d Value Spectrum Spectrum SHAPE SHAPE Rise Time us Rise Time us Tau us AU i 4 11 i p i 0 00 010 0 00 0 10 amp NOISE LSB NOISE LSB Sigma T g Sigma Copy CH1 ov 0 JM ourPuT Always on top The main parameters for the signal generation can be set either through the virtual knob the underlying box or the green box A Note The One Touch interface automatically appears when you load the software Otherwise you can click on the Aa icon on the top left corner of the main display Frequency The user can choose among two options constant rate or Poisson distribution random It is possible to set the rate value in KHz either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the underlying box RATE kcps m oat i G Constant Rate i Poisson 53 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Nn Electronic Instrumentation 4 d NN Note The Exponential box is green when the signal shape is set to AUTO Otherwise it becomes red In that case just click on the box itself to restore the shape to AUTO Amplitude It is possible to choose among a Fixed value of amplitude or the load a file with the spectrum samples The amplitude value can be set by either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the und
65. e following picture where there is a mixture of 20 of neutron and 80 of gamma neutron SHAPE 1 y rays Neutron Source SHAPE 2 SHAPE 2 SHAPE 1 j DURARA gag OP The following procedure allows to emulate a setup as in the figure 1 Program the energy spectrum and calibrate the device as explained on Section Setting up a remote experiment 2 Select the Custom shape option 3 Enable the Multi shape feature from the Multi shape box Change the relative percentage of SHAPE A gamma in the example and SHAPE B neutrons in the example Multi Shape Enable Multi Shape feature Shape A Shape A 4 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 108 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 5 Press SHAPE A to enable the assignment a red message notifies that You are selecting SHAPE A then click on the shape you want to assign it Click SHAPE AB before selecting the shape to be assig SHAPE A X Exp 50 6 Repeat the same for SHAPE B 7 The two shapes will appear in the Settings CH1 of the Display Area as well Signal Shape ExpSh_100 SHAPE A SHAPE B LSB amplitude 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 samples time 8 Set a pile up limit equal to 8 for both shapes Pile up Maximum events in pile up SHAPE A Maximum events in pile up SHAPE B Dead time Paralizable Non Parallizable ES A Note It is not possible to select different I
66. e limitations due to pile up or saturation of the output analog stage 51 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation ws Uds the ratio between the number of pulses that should be generated and the number of events actually generated IN OUT Counts is the generated event counter that can be reset through the circle button on the side CTI circle icon on the side of counter allows to reset to zero the event counter is a virtual LED that turns red when the programmed statistic of generation is no more feasible due to pile up limitations or to saturation of the output analog stage Considering the main GUI the left side of the display is dedicated to all the settings that initialize and control each channel of the instrument Setting Area The right side sows the actual configuration of each channel of the emulator Display Area a9 Detector Emulator DDE 2CHc iCH2 AWG Delay Corelation Settings CH1 Settings CH2 Realtime CH1 Realtime CH2 Delay Correlation 1054127 34 Shape ExpSh 100 1900 0 639 0_ ectrum cobalto OUTPUT ENABLE SHAPER i General Settings 30000 Channel Enable li Anti alias filter 25000 Output Filter 20000 Digital Gain Digital Offset Counts 15000 LSB amplitude ll Pulsed Reset Detector 10000 Energy Mode Fixed value y 10 20 5000 10000 15000 r RFU RO em Rana a M Uo c crannets Spec
67. e list is 500 kword The values of the file of amplitudes modulate the amplitudes of the signal shape The values of the file of temporal distances represent the temporal distances between events as multiples of the clock period tsETWEEN Sne NCLE UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 9 Calibration The device comes with its own calibration refer to Section First Run for details on how to get the calibration file Only if the user needs to perform its own calibration the tool allows to recalibrate the device This is an advanced option and it is recommended that only expert users perform this operation The Gain Calibration tool is located on the bottom of the Main Settings tab Gain Calibration Tool X This tool allow the fine calibration of the output Current Channel 30000 amplitude of the instrument 3817 0 Now unconnect all device E from the output of the mV 2945 7 0 instruments and connect a 1274 6 multimeter between the ground and the central ev 38 connectors Ch 12 2536 4 Current Channel 30000 0 0 position of the output 1265 8 0 0 0 3807 3 mV eV CH1 Ch2 1 270625 1 270625 8 8571 45 142 The calibration consists in balancing the outputs of CH1 and CH2 to be identical for the same signal For this purpose a configurable gain is available Moreover the correspondence of channels voltage can be assessed The ca
68. ecific behaviour during the reset As shown in Fig 6 16 the integrator output is processed by a first order IIR filter with a pole in rise time 0 35 that emulates the detector rise time During the reset the integrator block is disconnected and a 16384 memory is used to emulate any custom reset behaviour LOW PASS IIR FILTER RESET SHAPE MEMORY ENUO COUNTER THRESHOLD RESET EXTERNAL RESET Fig 6 16 Structure of the advanced pulsed reset option UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 30 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Noise Emulation The Digital Detector Emulator allows the emulation of different types of noise as shown in Fig 6 17 The user can program the spectral features and the amplitude modulation independently 4 AMPLITUDE snot Fig 6 17 Noise generation architecture Random Number Pure random number generator The output of the LFSR is modulated according to a constant amplitude spectrum RANDOM NUMBERS AMPLITUDE White noise The emulated white noise is a wideband noise white noise with a constant spectral density up to 62 5MHz and a Gaussian distribution of amplitudes Pd WHITE NOISE AMPLITUDE The white noise is generated as RND1 RND2 RND3 RND4 where RNDn is the random number generated by the LFSR generator n The noise spectrum approximate well a real white noise up to 62 5 MHz limitation due to the DAC 31 UM3074 Dig
69. ed Pileup Digital RC Rise time is limited by analog output Rise time us ES Fall time 50 000 Custom Shape Settings Custum There are three possible options for the exponential shape e Auto the system is initialized in the Auto operation mode and automatically selects between the two options Fast Limited Pileup and Digital RC mode depending on the values of time constant and rise time programmed by the user if fall time is smaller than 400ns the FAST exponential is automatic selected e Fast the Fast mode uses 16 memories to generate the exponential signal After setting the time constants of rise and fall of the signal the system automatically implements the shape and activates the interpolators if necessary choosing the most suitable interpolation factor Refer to Section Custom Shape Memory Based data path for more details about the method implementation e Digital RC the exponential signal is generated through a cascade of two IIR filters The first one sets the Fall Time of the exponential shape as the second one adjusts the rise time For the analogy with an analog pulser this operation mode is referred as Digital RC The maximum number of piled up events is limited only by the saturation of the analog output stage and the Poisson statistical distribution of the events is guaranteed at any rate refer to Section Digital RC for more details Rise time and fall time can be
70. el CH1 LSB 2606 EE ergy KeV Same 13513 EE ergy KeV e CH2 vot 2 3726 V 27026 V gt 7 Write in the green boxes the desired values of Volt for the two key points 8 Press Apply to apply the calibration 9 You can use the calibration to write a fixed value of energy in the Energy Mode tab Modify the cyan box writing the desired KeV energy value Freed value 5383 MIS 639 188 KeV 1 2778 V 10 In the Display Area you can switch the Energy spectrum preview from LSB channels units to Volt to KeV pressing the button Spectrum cobalt 0 271 Spectrum cobalt Spectrum cobalt 10000 channels 123 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation 12 Technical support CAEN makes available the technical support of its specialists at the e mail addresses below e support nuclear caen it for questions about the hardware e support computing caen it for questions about software and libraries UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 124 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Tools for Discovery CAEN SpA is acknowledged as the only company in the world providing a complete range of High Low Voltage Power Supply systems and Front End Data Acquisition modules which meet IEEE Standards for Nuclear and Particle Physics Extensive Research and Development capabilities have allowed CAEN SpA to play an important
71. erlying box or by writing the desired value in Volts in the green box For details about the available file formats please refer to the Accepted File Formats Section AMPLITUDE dac LSB Fred Value Spectrum Note Whenever you write a value click ENTER to validate it When the spectrum option is enabled the software opens a folder browser that allows the user to select a file The spectrum name is then shown on the yellow box Users can load a new spectrum by clicking on the yellow box Shape The One Touch interface allows to generate exponential shapes only The user can set the rise time and the decay time in us Values can be changed by either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the underlying box SHAPE Rise Time us Tau us HEN Y yi yiiz Note If you set the Rise Time 0 00 you are asking for the best the device can provide i e about 6 8 ns due to the DAC clock Note If the Exponential box is red changing the shape settings does not produce any effect on the output Click to Exponential to enable the AUTO shape selection Noise NOISE LSB The noise box allows the user to add a white noise to the output signal The user can set the sigma of the Gaussian distribution of the noise amplitude by either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the underlying box or by writing the desired value in Volts in the green box Copy CH2 CH1 butt
72. es are LVCMOS compliant The dynamic range of the analog outputs is 2 2 V 50 output impedance and 4 4 V 9 high impedance UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 12 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Back panel device DT5800D and DT5800S 13 The DT5800D and DT5800S back panel is as in the following picture Numbered labels are explained in the table Number Description ON OFF switcher 3 Power Supply Connector 12 V central terminal positive a USB Interface Connector UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN j Electronic Instrumentation Front panel device NDT6800D The NDT5900 front panel is as in the following picture Numbered labels are explained in the table Dual Channel NIM Deskto Detector Emulator with channel correlation m X ANALOG OUT DIGITAL IN DIGITAL 4 OUT Number Description DIGITAL OUT Blue LED Analog output CH1 power on status OFF channel output disabled ON channel output enabled 2 JjAndogouputCH 0000000 3 J DitalinptCH uui O3 5 jJDitalouputCH2 0000 NEN GNEND 9 10 sds DIGITAL IN Digital input CH2 Analog output CH2 Blue LED Analog output CH2 power on status OFF channel output disabled ON channel output enabled USB Interface Connector Serial Number CAUTION All I O gates are LVCMOS compliant The dynamic range of the analog outputs is 2 2 V 50 Q
73. esto Soon E E E 86 Baseine DTN ea E E 87 LSPR UMMC S sgn IET RE 89 Arbitrary Wavet orm Generato OO EEUU 90 BaO a gie a MERIT OT 92 MONA NACH Eia See E E E 92 Sratsical GEM Sorire E ETE EE EE ee ee E ee ere 93 Ciinaic Operating Rare elio NOTE NEETER EOT EE EROR 95 BEE E E E E A E E E A ETE E 96 Sin e cE BL A o 96 R atime CHC H2 AEEA ETARE oas 96 Beea E ON E AE A E A pease ancipsoriaeaneaiaugneeRses 97 Accepted File Formals OT 98 SES AEE E E E I A E E E N ee ee ee T 98 PEC O ra AE EN A E E E E E m 98 Time dis idee Re RE cm 99 desert 4 Uo crm 99 Signal Generator OSV Janais hni die nM dein eim tiat sun e un Net bares Od tir bauen re uU Lean EP H Mes EU issue TEATERNS 99 Sequence in Energy Mode and in Time Distribution CSV seeseeseeseeesseeeeeeeeene tenete enne ennn ennt ennts 99 UNDA OU ERR E EE TETTE 100 System Recovery and Update eee eeeeee esee ecce esee eee eene nennen nennen 101 Application EXAITIDIBS capti pas sued utMe uq Rss RSS PROPRE pU aEI e DEUHNS QUOS lbK tan PANE oU RU UM ERS 102 Setting up a remote EXPELIMENL ccccccssccsssscesssecesssceesnsecesssecssseesssecssssecessseceeasecseasecsusesseaseseeasesseaeeseeaees 102 Operate with pseudorandom generation cccessccessceesssccessece
74. f 4 Mword 32 bit words for the storage of the pulse shape The power supply is a crucial point in the system In fact the digital circuits require high currents that are supplied by switching power architectures The analog section of the system requires very pure power supplies with ripple below 1 mV Moreover the system is powered by a single 12 V source while the analog section needs both positive and negative voltage levels Analog Outputs The analog stage has been designed to be at the same time at low noise and at high dynamic We therefore used AD8045 amplifiers that allow to achieve a noise level of 820 uV rms with rise time of 5 ns or noise level of 200 uV rms with rise time of 30 ns The filter sequence in the analog output stage is shown in Fig 5 2 The two analog filters can be independently added by the user in the GUI interface where they are called anti alias and output filter respectively UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 16 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 90 MHz ANTI ALIAS 20 MHz ANTIALIAS DAC FILTER FILTER ANALOG OUT 125 MSPS 16 bit ORDER VII ORDER Fig 5 2 Filter sequence on the Digital Detector analog output stage Feature VELU Dynamic 2V Linearity 10 ppm Rise Time No Filter 90 MHz 90 20 MHz 5 5 ns 10 ns 30 ns Tab 5 1 Analog output stage performances The first filter has a single pole at 90 MHz and acts as an anti aliasi
75. f consecutive pulse is between 255 and 255 clock periods the clock period is 8 ns The Scale factor allows to lengthen the maximum interval between adjacent pulses Consider for example the exponential time distribution shown in the picture below 255 8 245 1 250 Temporal Distribution 200 150 100 50 0 100 150 samples Suppose to fix the reference constant rate at 100 kcps i e consecutive pulses distance is 10 us The resulting distribution of the occurrence times of pulses is exponential and the distances are between 10 ws 255 8 ns 8 ps And 10 s 255 68 ns 12 ps The Scale factor allows to enlarge the distribution In the same scenario Scale 2 implies that the resulting distribution of the occurrence times of pulses is exponential and the distances are between 10 ws 255 2 8ns 6 us And 10 s 255 2 8ns 14 ws e Sequence it is possible to load a file with 500 kpulses of time differences among consecutive pulses This method allows the generation of an a priori defined sequence of pulses The picture below shows a screenshot of a temporal distances sequence stored il LEER FA THAM LUDERE A A b nn S ILIA T ILLI LL RR LER IL LRL I OO UU UU UO ue pee pn ARDT 111139 Au 83 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Pile up q ss oe er Maximum events in Maximum events in
76. face Installation The Digital Detector Emulator Software is compliant with Windows XP Vista 7 and 8 OS both 32 and 64 bit Download the standalone Digital Detector Emulator Software revision 1 4 1 8 full installation package on CAEN website in the Software Firmware area of the Digital Detector Emulator page login is required before the download Unpack the installation package login as administrator launch the setup file and complete the Installation wizard See Section Software and Drivers for further details 39 CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard for CAEN D etector z mul alor Detector Emulator The InstallShield R Wizard will install CAEN Detector Emulator on your computer To continue click Next WARNING This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties L Note If the driver installation fails you can install them manually from the Drivers folder in the CAEN Digital Detector Emulator installation folder The setup automatically creates a link on the PC Desktop Requirements The software requires Microsoft NET 4 0 or higher If the framework is not available on the machine the Detector Emularor setup will install the framework Click on Install if this message appears CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard ay CAEN Detector Emulator requires the Following items to be installed on your computer Click Ins
77. gas filled detector The exponential queue associated to each pulse is typically long some milliseconds At the rate of 125 Msamples s a signal 10 ms long requires 1 75 Mwords of memory to be stored that is too much for on chip memory resources An interpolator 1 1000 reduces the request of memory to 1 75 kwords There are several kinds of interpolator functions that can be used to oversample the shape vector e g polynomial exponential spline and linear interpolation functions Spline functions guarantee the minimum error but require very high computational effort Since for each piled up event it is required one shape generator and there are up to 16 piled up events to be emulated 16 shape generators are required meaning 16 memories 16 control logic units and 16 interpolator stages Consequently the complexity of the interpolator should be as smaller as possible and a linear interpolator has been implemented Moreover detector signals can have sharp rise time and very long decay time For this reason it is convenient to set two different interpolation ratios one for the rise time region and one for the fall time region The algorithm is able to select a corner point where the region on the left is the rise time region and the region on the right is the fall time region The user can set is the number of samples to be added between a real sample and the consecutive see the bottom of Fig 6 9 The interpolator can work both with exponent
78. generator The user can load an external file or use the pre defined functions from the AWG section Run Debug The device can operate either in free running mode default mode at start up or in step by step debug mode Run Debug Channel BOTH CHI CH Number of pulses in multistep mode He E He E Control C LFSR Time Base Generator The free running emulation is based on the generation of pseudo random numbers by means of Linear Feedback Shift Registers LFSR The randomness of the seed value starting the generation process ensures the emulation of different sequences even if in agreement with the set statistical characteristics From the other side fixing the seed value allows to generate always the same identical sequence This is at the basis of the step by step debug After setting a value of the seed this can be done for the amplitude time and noise from tabs CH1 and CH2 the generation process starts and evolves either free running pJ or one step at a time In the step by step mode by enabling the LFSR control flag as in the picture above the LSFRs can be stopped db and then made switching for one clock cycle During the LSFRs freezing the output is still present and corresponds to the last generated pulse that is repeated iteratively In the meanwhile the LSFRs are paused the reset command b can be used to reset the status of the LSFRs to the initial seed value prev
79. gi gma UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Ni Electronic Instrumentation Action 1 set the RATE to Poisson and change the rate value to 2 kHz RATE kcps pg I r CN LE Constant Rate Poisson Exponential Note You can change the rate value by either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the underlying box bs Note The Exponential box is green when the signal shape is set to AUTO Otherwise it becomes red In that case just click on the box itself to restore the shape to AUTO v Note After typing the value of a parameter in a box menu press Enter to activate the setting Action 2 set the AMPLITUDE to Fixed Value and change the amplitude value to O 8 V AMPLITUDE dac LSB 4 i L3 y fy Fred Value Spectrum Note You can change the amplitude value by either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the underlying box or by writing the desired value in Volts in the green box NN Note After typing the value of a parameter in a box menu press Enter to activate the setting Action 3 set the SHAPE parameters Rise Time 0 10 us and Fall Time 50 00 us SHAPE Rise Time us T ha 0 10 ELE 50 00 Note You can change the shape values by either moving the knob pointer or by writing the value in the underlying box Note If you set the Rise Time 0 00 you are asking for the best the device can provide i e
80. he MANUAL box the number of desired steps of course steps 8 ns and fine steps 11 6 ps On the top of the Timing Settings box there is written the Estimated Delay as evaluated from the device Click SET AS ZERO to set the current setting as the zero delay between pulses The Sweep button allows to sweep the delay with a programmable Speed and step Statistical Settings There are three Statistical Settings options to generate correlated channels Statistical Settings Channel 2 follows exaclty channel 1 Channel 2 has its own statistic e Channel 2 follows exactly channel 1 CH2 output is the exact replica of CH1 also in terms of noise The user can set the time delay among the two outputs as from the picture below The CH2 tab is disabled from GUI e Channel 2 has its own statistic the two output channels are only time correlated All the other settings are uncorrelated The time correlation is set as a fixed delay between channels The CH2 tab is enabled but the Time Distribution box e Only some pulses on Channel 2 and Channel 1 are correlated this option allows to completely decorrelate the two output channels and have a subset of correlated event in the two outputs 93 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation A Note This option is not compatible with the Digital RC or Auto shape mode ma Click F
81. he baseline function is read and the output interpolated by a linear interpolator The reset architecture emulates the quenching circuit that restores the baseline value The reset takes place any time the memory is completely read or by an external trigger signal The external reset input allows the debug of the quenching circuit of the user analog front end in a detection system For each key point the user can program the interpolation factor choosing among slow and fast A long line can be therefore defined by setting only the two limit points A slow interpolation is performed to emulate slowly variable signals up to drifts of several seconds A fast interpolation is performed to emulate fast variable signals corresponding to the presence of circuits of reset or quenching The precision of both interpolation procedures can be regulated by means of the slow and fast interpolation sliders SLOW SPEED PA INTERPOLATOR BASELINE INTERFERENCE FAST MEMORY INTERPOLATOR LINEAR COUNTER Fig 6 22 Baseline drift emulation a Baseline Drift Editor Sample Value 0 2500 1000 5000 3500 16000 4095 500 0 2000 1000 2000 3000 4000 samples 1 lole O8 v_ Fig 6 23 Baseline drift emulation In the table an example of values that the user can set and the corresponding preview UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation ee rr 200 mV div
82. ial shapes and with any custom shape even those taken from real setups UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation PEAK LINEAR ee INTERPOLATOR Orise eal Fig 6 10 Linear interpolation It is possible to select a corner point that separates the rise time region from the fall time region A different interpolation ratio can be set for the two regions top The user can set is the number of samples to be added between a real sample and the consecutive bottom Since the time of arrival of pulses is random it is inevitable that a pulse may arrive at a time when the previous one is not fully expired In this case the incoming pulse piles up on the tail of the previous one and appears to have a height different from its true value Pulse pile up depends on the counting rate The pile up emulation is obtained using a tree of adders that mix the output of different shape generators Each generator is started independently according to the START signal controlled by the time base generator Sometimes it is useful to be able to limit the pile up effect and simulate a detector where no pulses could be piled up If the user disables the pile up emulation a new pulse is fired only when the previous one is finished OUTPUT Fig 6 11 Pile up emulation oa 3 a 200 mV div 780 00 mV 1 27878 V Fig 6 12 Memory based data path output signal U
83. implementation is 77 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation aa a 28D t gt OFFSET 0 otherwise Where A is the AMPLITUDE value OFFSET is the starting position of the Exponential function and t Tau is the decay time of the Exponential function The user can modify the OFFSET value the LENGTH of the window the AMPLITUDE and the Tau both in samples and in us by modifying the green box value L Note You can set the maximum value of amplitude and then rescale it on the main GUI L Note The Tau is limited by the DAC frequency i e minimum value 8 ns Shaped Exponential 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Exponential D 15 us sample sample 2767 V JJ 1 32 76 u Tau 1 us Tau 2 us 2000 H OFFSET LENGTH ENTERS 8 32767 000 H z em LSB J O US 32 b us j The formula used for the implementation is TL T2 t OFFSET t 0F FSET t OF FSET Ax 1 CER DE otherwise 0 where A is the AMPLITUDE value OFFSET is the starting position of the Shaped Exponential function t Tau 1 is the characteristic time used for the rise region and t Tau 2 is the characteristic time used for the falling region of the Shaped Exponential function The user can modify the OFFSET value the LENGTH of the window the AMPLITUDE and the Tau 1 and Tau 2 values both in samples and in us by modifying the green box value L Note You can
84. ion could take up to 30 First Run The first time you run the software you must import the calibration file for the specific device you are using The software automatically detects the absence of the calibration file A pop up message appears asking for the calibration file as in the following picture Software could not detect the calibration file for this instrument Please specify a location for the calibration file Path Get it from web Use Default Usually the calibration file is in the folder calibration of the installation CD ROM UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 50 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation You have three options to load the file 1 Get it from web This is the easiest and recommended way where the software automatically takes the calibration file from web 2 Use default Use this option when you do not have an internet connection available or you do not have the calibration file The emulator can operate with the default calibration but the output is not consistent with the set values 3 Load You can load the calibration file available in the mass storage support delivered The application restarts when one of these options is selected L Note To delete a calibration file and restore a new one go to File Restore gt Delete calibration file to restore it User Interface The picture below shows the main panel of the User Interface T CAEN Nuclea
85. iously set After resetting the same former sequence is re generated either in free running _or step by step mode Alternatively by enabling the Time Base Generator control flag the debug procedure stops db the time base generators which operatively means that the generation of pulses is inhibited and can be activated to produce a pulse at a time at the output of the emulator If reset o is asserted when the generation is stopped the LFSRs are reset and the sequence can be started back from the beginning equal to itself either in free running or pulse by pulse mode The Multistep mode 5 enables the generation of a programmable number of pulses 16 in the picture above After that the instrument enters in stand by mode with the same possible evolution of the other operative conditions L Note The Multistep mode can be enabled after pressing the pause command Ji Energy Calibration The device can be calibrated in energy KeV All plots can be then visualized in KeV and the user can set the output energy directly in energy value according to the physical source that wants to emulate Energy Calibration 1 Bin B Energy 2 8 13513 E 330000 Open energy calibration The user can two reference values either in LSB counts or in Volts and assign to them the desired value in energy KeV Press Apply to set the calibration 57 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electro
86. is the spectrum as imported by the device Some operations can be made before importing and the plot imported spectrum allows to see in real time the effect of those operations Spectrum Available works for multiple N4242 spectra where it is possible to select the desired spectrum Number of channels corresponds to the number of channels of the DAC device 16384 Under the Output Spectrum box it is possible to set a Scale factor and an Offset values The first allows to rebin the x axis of the spectrum The second allows to set an offset of the x axis in number of channels The tool allows to adjust the dynamic of the input spectrum to the resolution of 16384 bins of the instrument By checking the Interpolate button the scaling is performed by means of a linear interpolation otherwise each new bin is created on the basis of the nearest value of the bin on the left The function of Adj Peak sets the highest peak of the input spectrum at the value 65535 It is also possible to calibrate the instrument through the box Import and Calibrate Refer to Chapter How to calibrate in KeV for more details UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 66 67 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation How to generate an Energy Spectrum with the internal tool The instrument allows to generate a custom spectrum by adding specific lines and setting their width It is also possible to select the radioa
87. ital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation frequency if neither the anti alias nor the output filter are applied If they are applied then the white noise band decreases up to 20 MHz Flicker noise Flicker noise 10 dB dec can be obtained by properly shaping a white noise according to the formula Y Y a i a pink white shaper where the transfer function is a pink shaper A simple way to obtain the desired transfer function is to approximate the function with the sum of a given number of first order low pass filters with n singularities positioned at an equal distance on a logarithmic scale in the range of frequencies where we want to implement the 1 f noise shaping p log 7 log ux log f ote 7 log f 1 DeL with l max s 7 where n is the number of low pass filters LPFs used and fmin and fmax are the minimum and maximum frequencies representing the limit of the pink noise shaping range The gain at low frequency of the LPFs has to follow the following relation F pore 7 Foie 10 dB dec Mag dB 20 dB dec 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 f Hz Fig 6 18 Implementation of 1 f noise shaping filter we can observe that the envelope of the frequency responses of the first order low pass filters 20 dB dec has the same trend of the 1 f ideal noise 10 dB dec UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User
88. ith anti ESD diodes UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Correlation Block In the two channel version of the Digital Detector Emulator it is possible to correlate the two analog outputs in three different ways Delay generation The two channels can be used in a master slave configuration The master channel has its own time base generator as the slave channel generates a signal with a programmable time delay with respect to the master one This resolution on the programmable delay is 12 ps This is a quite peculiar feature and even if higher temporal resolution pulser devices are available none of them are able to generate at the same time analog signals with fully programmable shape energy and temporal distributions The high resolution of the settable delay makes the instrument particularly useful for designing and debugging measurements involving times of flight as in high energy physics experiments or temporal correlation as in PET applications where the correlation defines a window of acceptance of the photons In this latter application the required resolution is of the order of 100 ps about 10 times worse than what achieved by the Digital Detector Emulator Three operating modes are available e Inthe first mode the slave channel generates the same event of the master channel translated in time e n the second mode the two channels are totally independent and only temporally
89. ks let us consider that the energy spectrum is a histogram composed by 16 energy bins from EO up to E15 with a maximum dynamic range DR equal to 16 The bin width is the spectrum resolution while the DR is the maximum height of each histogram column Of course the higher is the number of bins and the DR the better is the represented spectrum However increasing the accuracy of the spectrum is simply a matter of the number of bits that can be used and this is not a problem with modern digital devices Each column of the histogram can be thought as composed by a number of small squares if a generic bin x is twice higher than a bin y means that there is twice the probability for an event to have energy E rather than energy E In fact the height of the column of the bin x represents the density probability that the event has energy between E 4 and E 44 The product of the column value by the bin width returns the probability The ratio of the probabilities that an event has energy in a certain interval rather than in another one is simply the ratio between the corresponding areas below the density probability curve With reference to Fig 6 2 each square of each column is sequentially numbered Consider the simplified case in which the total number of squares under the curve is a power of 2 e g 2 32 Using 5 bit in the random number generator all the 32 numbers can be obtained with the same probability i e the random numbers map completely the
90. lectronic Instrumentation Input Spectrum Imported Spectrum 0 2000 4000 6000 6000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 10000 channels channels Input Spectrum Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV Spectrum Available Ei CUN Scale Factor IC NEIN o ENDS Cancel Number of channels E1 ooo 15 o 1 16384 Offset OR Auto SET E It is possible to calibrate the spectrum In this example we are using the Cobalt energy spectrum Double click on the first peak and write the corresponding energy value in KeV Repeat the same procedure for the second peak The user can also insert the corresponding value of Volt for the two peaks Click on Calibrate to calibrate the instrument Input Spectrum ME HM Imported Spectrum 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 9 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 10000 channels channels Input Spectrum Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV Spectrum Available 28 57 EEG Scale Factor ll tepolate E Spectrum 1 hd 16V E Adj peak Number of channels i nnn 16384 Offset E E Click on Import to import the spectrum Refer to Section Energy Mode for more details about the Energy mode options 2 Define the signal shape Select the exponential shape settings for exponential shape or use the custom shape settings for non exponential shapes A typical signal from preamplifier should have the setting
91. lete real time graphical overview of the operating status of the Emulator It contains five tabs e Settings CH1 CH2 e Real time CH1 CH2 Delay Correlation Settings CH1 CH2 The Settings CH1 CH2 tab shows the preview of the programmed settings as from tab CH1 CH2 The five boxes are Signal shape shows the preview of the programmed shape Energy shows the preview of the programmed energy distribution Interference shows the preview of the programmed interference as from the loaded file Baseline shows the preview of the programmed baseline as from the loaded file Time shows the preview of the programmed time distribution as from the loaded file In case of constant or Poisson distributed time there is no plot Settings CH1 Settings CH2 Realtime CH1 Realtime CH2 Delay Correlation Signal Shape Exp 50 Constant Energy 8000 1 0165 V SHAPE A 0 30000 25000 LSB amplitude 20000 15000 10000 5000 LSB Amplitude 0 50 10000 samples time channels Interference Baseline Constant Rate mode 10 kcps No plot in this mode LSB Amplitude 500 2000 channels samples time Left click and drag to zoom in a selected area Use to zoom out Where possible the scales of the graphs can be swapped between digital and physical units by means of the command In particular in case of the spectrum Channels are converted in Voltage and KeV othe
92. libration is carried out through a multimeter with reading scale down to uV Operatively the Emulator produces an output on CH1 and CH2 and the user has to insert the result of the measurement of this output in the boxes labelled mV Automatically the new correction parameters of gain and offset are calculated and permanently stored into the instrument AN The output must be terminated at 50 during the calibration procedure UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 100 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 10 System Recovery and Update The system recovery and update procedure is fully automatic and no needs human attendance Even if the Emulator firmware is corrupted the instruments automatically enters the Firmware Upgrade procedure and the user can restore the firmware Even if the procedure should be aborted during execution there should be no consequences for the instrument a Firmware Upgrade Current Version Hardware REV Hardware OPT Firmware VER Firmware CY Bootloader VER Bootloader MODE Download firmware from website http www _ detectoremulator com downlaod php version last amp prodt Open Download Upgrade File Operatively the configuration consists of three steps Boot loader mode entrance After running the procedure through Program the instrument is busy for 20 and it responds changing the status of the Boot loader MODE in Boot loader Erasing FLASH
93. line value Connector Router Digital In 1 Disabled Trigger Gate 1 Trigger Gate 2 Veto 1 Veto Trigger 1 Tigger Run Stop Step Over Reset LFSR Restart Memory Baseline Reset 1 Disabled Trigger Gate 1 Trigger Gate 2 Digital In 2 Veto 1 Veto Trigger 1 Tigger Run Stop Step Over Reset LFSR Restart Memory e e e e ue e e Baseline Reset 2 Disabled Machine Overloaded Analog Saturation Pulse width ns EI Digital Out 2 Disabled Accepted Tigger Trigger ON OFF i Machine Overloaded Analog Saturation Pulse wieth rs ES Digital Out 1 Digital Out 2 Outputs are pulses with duration defined in the field Pulse width ns of the Connector Router mask see picture above The electrical standard is LVCMOS e Disabled the digital output is disabled e Accepted Trigger the direct output of the time base generator that corresponds to the actual generation of the correspondent pulse This means one Accepted Trigger pulse for any analog pulse at the output e Trigger the direct output of the time base generator independently on its real generation at the output e ON OFF state of activation of the channel UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 60 61 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation e Machine Overloaded no more availability of generation engines which means excess of pile up The signal is asserted high until the condition persists e
94. lue 23 Value 4 Value 85 Value 6 The values express the probability that an event occurs at a certain distance in time from the previous one They are quantized into 8 bits from O to 255 integers The number of bins must be 256 Each bin represents the distance in clock cycles multiplied by the Scale Factor see the Time Distribution Section tsin 8ns BIN Scale Interference csv Values are organized in row format and they are separated by commas Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Value 4 Value 5 Value 6 The values represent the amplitude of the interference samples and are quantized into 16 bits from 32768 to 32767 integers The maximum number of samples of the waveform is 4096 but a lower size can be used Signal Generator csv Values are organized in row format and they are separated by commas Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Value 4 Value 5 Value 6 The values represent the amplitude of the interference samples and are quantized to 16 bits from 32768 to 32767 integers The maximum number of samples of the waveform is 10 but a lower size can be used Sequence in Energy Mode and in Time Distribution csv The user must generate two files one of amplitude of events and one of temporal distances between two consecutive events For each file the values are organized in row format Values are separated by commas Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Value 4 Value 5 Value 6 The maximum length of th
95. milar to the following picture The yellow marked pulse is common on the two channels as there are many uncorrelated events on the two outputs 2481 19 81 1481 9 809 3 809 0191 5191 1019 1519 2019 2519 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Generating artificial spectra with isotopes database The software emulator comes with a database of common isotopes In the following section we are going to describe how to create an artificial spectrum of the Fe isotope 1 From CH1 tab under the Energy Mode box click on Spectrum Emulation and Preset Energy Mode Fixed value LSB Spectrum Emulation 2 From the Spectrum Editor window select Isotopes DATABASE a Spectrum Editor 50000 naue 40000 70000 10000 2000 4000 6000 2000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels 65535 X Position Counts Name untitled Isotopes UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 114 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 3 Select the Iron from the Period Table a PERIODIC TABLE 22 24 956 Wii 28 29 30 Ti Cr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 47 867 51 996 55 845 4 58 933 58 693 63 546 65 38 39 40 41 42 43 ar 45 46 47 48 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd 88 906 91 224 92 906 95 96 97 91 102 91 106 42 107 87 112 41 71 72 73 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt
96. mp button restarts all the seeds to the initial values as specified in the LFSR box of each channel How to repeat the same sequence From the Run Debug box click on Time Base Generator Click on PAUSE to suspend the output generation In this way no signal is produced even if the led remains ON Press RESET to reset the seeds to their initial value Click on PLAY to reproduce the same sequence Being the noise generators restarted too also the noise events will be reproduced equal as before How to generate a fixed number of events From the Run Debug box click on Time Base Generator Click on PAUSE to suspend the output generation In this way no signal is produced even if the led remains ON Press RESET if you want to reset the seeds to their initial value Write in the white box the number of desired events to be generated Number of pulses in multistep mode Enable the MULTISTEP button a to generate the desired number of events L Note The device generates the selected number of events considering also those that do not come out from the output due to analog saturation or pile up saturation 107 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Multi shape The emulator is able to generate two different shapes on the same output channel This is a useful function to test pulse shape discrimination systems as in case of neutrons and gamma Consider the example shown in th
97. mported Spectrum 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 10000 15000 channels channels Input Spectrum Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV Spectrum 1 Scale Factor itemolate l I Adj peak Offset b g eo Time Gime Number of channels The spectrum file name should appear into the OneTouch Interface Spectrum UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 46 47 CAEN Nn Electronic Instrumentation 9 Check the spectrum generation with the DT5724 In the oscilloscope mode of the DPP PHA software you should see the signal amplitude modulated with the input spectrum TOE O NEN E Waveform Ch0 2 Input o E 3 o o o a X 558 626 7904 24 If you switch to the Histogram acquisition mode you should see something like in the following figure Energy Histogram Ch0 1 Ehisto 85244 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 16596 9 19 3702 ADC channels UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 8 Software Interface Introduction The Digital Detector Emulator software allows to manage the communication and to set the parameters for the signal generation This chapter is intended to give to the user a complete description of all the functionalities of the emulator that can be set through the software inter
98. n hna 0813 0823 Mn 1951 1481 9809 4809 0 291 191 1019 1519 2019 2319 Channel 1 and channel 2 represent the two independent channels as channel 3 generates the correlated events Channel 3 injects the same event in both channel 1 and channel 2 They will therefore be the only events correlated in both channels Only the time and energy distributions of channel 3 can be programmed For what concern the shape the noise and the baseline each event uses the specific features of its output channel Indeed the shape the noise etc are related to the specific output channel and they cannot be independent Note that it is not possible to use an external trigger Digital IN connector to generate events from channel 3 The device will be programmed to emulate an uncorrelated background on channel 1 and channel 2 as from the following picture on the left and the correlated peak as from the following right picture UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 110 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Pp Ene is 1 Ehweip dT zap and ikii z080 noo eed Eej 080 koi coi i moe A020 Fu i Sa a a iii Td qud icd bob 3 i TOlO Ee ri Fig 11 1 Spectrum for the background emulation to be programmed on channel 1 and channel 2 left Spectrum for the signal emulation blue circle to be programmed on channel 3 right 1 From Delay Correlation tab under Timing Settings
99. n Gaussian Isotopes DATABASE UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 118 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation How to calibrate in KeV The Digital Detector Emulator can be calibrated in KeV unit and in Volt The user can calibrate the device during the spectrum import or after Calibrate the DDE during the spectrum import 1 Under Energy Mode select Spectrum Emulation and Load File Energy Mode Fixed value LSB 1 0024 V Spectrum Emulation Load File Sequence _ 2 Select for example the Cobalt spectrum from the example zip folder available on CAEN website The Spectrum Import Tool will appear Imported Spectrum S 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 D 5000 10000 15000 channels channels Input Spectrum Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate SP Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV rU oc MENS UNNNG ie Spectrum 1 Scale Factor CHEC i Number of channels lil Adi peak 119 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 3 Double click on the first peak to calibrate it A pop up message will ask you the corresponding value in KeV Write 1170 Please insert the energy in KeV relative to the bin 11830 4 Repeat the same for the second peak and write 1330 KeV in the pop up message In the Input Spectrum plot will appear the two Reference line with the co
100. n Front panel device DT5800D The DT5800D front panel is as in the following picture Numbered labels are explained in the table 11 nau 1 ry DT58000 J Dual Channel Desktop Digital Detector Emulator with channel correlatio ANALOG 7 Blue LED Analog output CH2 power on status OFF channel output disabled ON channel output enabled 8 DIGITAL DIGITAL DIGITAL DIGITAL ANALOG OUT IN OUT ON Blue LED Analog output CH1 power on status OFF channel output disabled ON channel output enabled Analog output CH1 Digital input CH1 Digital output CH1 Digital input CH2 Analog output CH2 Digital output CH2 AN CAUTION All I O gates are LVCMOS compliant The dynamic range of the analog outputs is 2 2 V 50 Q output impedance and 4 4 V 9 high impedance UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Front panel device DT5800S The DT5800S front panel is as in the following picture Numbered labels are explained in the table DT5800S Single Channel Desktop Digital Detector Emulato 1 5 ANALOG DIGITAL DIGITAL OUT OUT STATUS Number Description S S LO Blue LED Analog output CH1 power on status OFF channel output disabled ON channel output enabled Analog output CH1 Digital output CH1 4 DitalinputCHl o Blue LED Analog output CH1 status 5 OFF normal operation EM ON machine overloaded AN CAUTION All I O gat
101. n Distribution Emulator of Radiation Sources Select the flag Spectrum Emulation of the Energy mode box Then select Load File to load a custom reference energy spectrum Energy Mode Fred value Sequence There are four file format accepted csv file ANSI N4242 dat Caen Digitizer Output Format spectrum internal file format See Section Accepted File Formats for more details When the file is loaded a spectrum preview is available in the top right box of the Settings CH1 tab of the Settings Control Area 11538 0 370 0 Spectrum cobalt Counts 10000 15000 channels UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Import an Energy Spectrum from File After selecting the spectrum file to be imported the GUI opens the Spectrum Import Tool that allows to upload the spectrum to make preliminary operations on the spectrum itself and to make the calibration Spectrum Import Tool m Input Spectrum MOZDA Imported Spectrum 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 10000 channels channels Input Spectrum Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate ee Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV Spectrum Available unl 3 E1 s ee XENES Number of channels Adj peak Offset o Eos do E aov Calibrate 15000 Cancel The Input Spectrum is the spectrum as read by the selected file The Imported Spectrum
102. ne Drift Baseline Drift Enable baseline drift Slow interpolation ratio multiplication factor Fast interpolation ratio multiplication factor T RESET None Manual Click on Enable baseline drift to enable the linear baseline drift The emulator will sum the desired baseline drift to the signal output Click on Editor to open the Baseline Editor window The system reserves 4096 points for the baseline signal which are key points for a process of linear interpolation UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Fr T a Baseline Drift Editor cxi xX Sample Value 0 65535 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 samples Cells of the left table can be modified as well The Sample value is the x axis position of the key point the Value is the y axis position of the key point Fast 0 1 to select a fast or slow interpolator factor Refer to Section Baseline drift emulation for more details Use and to add or remove key points Use x to remove all the key points The remaing three symbols allow to load a cvs file with the desired baseline drift shape Save the current configuration and Apply it to the device The following picture shows an example of designed baseline a Baseline Drift Editor Sample Value 0 2500 1000 5000 3500 16000 4095 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 samples Fig 8 5
103. ng filter directly connected to the DAC output By slowing down the signal before the amplification stage it makes the operational amplifiers not to be affected by slew rate limitation during the rise time If this filter is enabled the rise time increases to 10 ns depending on the amplitude within a range of 100 ps around the nominal value over the entire emulator output dynamics If disabled the range becomes about 1 5 ns The second filter is a 7th order Bessel filter with a 20 MHz bandwidth acting as a reconstruction filter It avoids the output signal to have the typical step shape due to the 125 MSPS DAC as in Fig 5 3 Noise Filter Off Noise Filter Off 5 00003MHz 40 0ns Ih 5 00003MHz J looossi I 00 05 40 Fig 5 3 Signal output before on the left and after on the right the 20 MHz The analog output is designed to generate a signal amplitude of 2 Vpp with 50 Q termination It is possible to terminate it with high impedance having a final amplitude of 4 Vpp In this case it is possible to have multiple signal reflections if the signal edge is sharp It is strongly recommended to enable both filters when using high impedances Digital I O 17 The digital I O functionalities can be set from the software GUI refer to Chapter 8 for the complete list of functionalities The digital outputs provide LVCMOS 0 3 3 V signals as the inputs can receive signals with amplitude 0 3 3V Inputs and outputs are protected w
104. nic Instrumentation Press Open Energy Calibration to open the energy calibration tool If a spectrum has been previously loaded in one of the two channels see the Import an Energy Spectrum from File Section than it appears in the calibration tool as well The spectrum itself can be calibrated see also the How to calibrate in KeV Section L a Energy Calibration Tc rem to x 2464 0 392 0 700 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 channels Energy Eneray 2 Input Unit Energy 1 Energy 2 CH1 LSB Oreo 11863 EAEg 1170 000 5 813513 AES 1330000 PA Cance 863 8 Ke 3613 te oy Kev Q CH2 vot 2 3726 V 2 7026 V b In the example above we want to calibrate a Cobalt spectrum Double click on one of the two peaks The software asks for the energy to be associated to that peak Please insert the energy in KeV relative to the bin OK 11863 Hakk Map TR FUE 1530 LL o UU ee eee Ref1 marker appears in the plot Make double click on the second peak to assign the second energy value Energy Energy allows to change between the first and the second value of energy for calibration UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 58 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Allows to select between channel 1 and channel 2 and to choose the unit between LSB and Volts Values assigned into the spectrum are reported in the table of the main setting
105. nitialized with a new value In the non paralyzable system an event generated in the dead time is simply discarded The pictures show screenshots of the output signal in case of different dead time specifications paralyzable on the top and non paralyzable on the bottom UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 84 85 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation elp File Vertical Timebase Trigger Display Cursors Measure Math Analysis Utilities Help PERI LEE 605 00 mV available File Vertical Timebase Trigger Display Cursors Measure Math Analysis Utilities Help Tease 300 ns 200 mV div No data 5 00 ps divy S 605 00 mV ENEUEI 100 kS ACIE Fig 8 4 Emulation of events with paralyzable dead time top and non paralyzable dead time bottom UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Noise Emulation There are several kinds of noise that can be emulated through the device refer the Section Noise Emulation for more details Click on the desired option to enable it Possible choices are random numbers and flicker i e 1 f noise white noise random walk and shot noise Noise Emulation Random Numbers magnitude oo o H LSB li 14 Noise magnitude LSB last filter 100 KHz White Noise sigma oo 115 LSB E Random Walk magnitude oo B LSB CE magnitude o 1E LSB probability 0 0000 IE For each noise i
106. nly the user can choose also one of the following file formats e CAEN digitizer files dat The histogram data is written in the following format Number of sample 41 Energy value 41 Number of sample 42 Energy value 42 e Spectrum files spectrum This is the internal spectrum file format Any spectrum created by the GUI will have this file format e ANSI4242 xml This is the standard ANSIA242 file format In the next section we are going to see in details the csv file format for the specific setting Shape csv Values are organized in column format Each value begins a new paragraph Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Value 4 Value 5 Value 6 The values represent the amplitude of the shape and are quantized to 16 bits from 32768 to 32767 integers The maximum number of samples of the waveform is 4096 but a lower size can be used Spectrum csv The values are organized in column format Each value begins a new paragraph Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Value 4 Value 5 Value 6 The values represent the probability and are quantized to 16 bits from O to 65535 The number of bins is equal to 16384 14 bits If a lower number of bins is inserted the remaining samples are automatically set to zero UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 98 99 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation Time distribution csv Values are organized in row format and they are separated by commas Value 1 Value 22 Va
107. nternet connection available The correct calibration file should be loaded as soon as possible UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 42 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation You can also download the file from CAEN website and use the Load option Note To delete a calibration file and restore a new one go to File Restore gt Delete calibration file to restore it 4 6 OneTouch interface The Detector Emulator comes with two main software GUls the general GUI that provides all the advanced functionalities of the Digital Detector Emulator and the OneTouch interface a simpler GUI that allows the user to setup a Signal in a very straightforward way The OneTouch Interface generates exponential shape analog output with as many piled up events as half of the DAC frequency The user can set the analog output signal rate the amplitude the rise and fall time of the exponential shape and the white noise contribution One TOUCH Interface RATE kcps Constant Rate RATE kcps Constant Rate ily pissy Poisson Poisson Exponential 10 00 AMPLITUDE dac LSB A p li i f Fixed Value Spectrum SHAPE IE us 10 00 AMPLITUDE dac LSB LAUS i f fi Fixed Value Spectrum 8 000 SHAPE Rise Time us Tau us slira Rise Time us XM NEDXUNME BEEEUM NOISE LSB NOISE LSB Sigma 0 OV Copy CH1 OUTPUT Always on top T
108. nterpolation factor for the two shapes 109 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Correlated event generation An example of generation of correlated events is the Na that being proton rich undergoes B decay to an excited state of Ne The e from the decay annihilates with an electron to produce a pair of 0 511MeV y rays which by conservation of momentum should be back to back in the center of mass frame Meanwhile the Ne emits a 1 275MeV y in transition to a ground state The emission of gamma ray pairs can be detected using two opposed scintillation and detectors The emulator can generate two independent signals on the two output channels being only some of the events correlated on both channels Those events emulate the signal events The scenario is showed in the following picture Correlated events Sodium Uncorrelated background CH1 CH2 We want to emulate a sodium source detected by two detectors placed at distances d and d respectively There would be some events coming from the source correlated signal events and some uncorrelated background events Being detected at two different distances those events coming from the source should have a time delay equal to d d c where c is the speed of light in the medium In the following picture there is the diagram of the generation of correlated events MEI UNA NUS UNE Landi e
109. ny times The Digital Detector Emulator is able to emulate two different radiation sources at a time on the two output channels and to provide them either with fully independent parameters or with some of them correlated For example the events can be time correlated steps of 12 ps or a subset of events can share the same energy spectrum It is also possible to set the channels in a master slave configuration where the first channel works as a trigger for the second one 7 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Main functionalities The main features of the Digital Detector System are e Emulator Pulser Function Generator operation mode e Energy spectrum emulation e Time spectrum emulation e Pile up emulation e Noise and periodic interference emulation e Continuous and pulsed reset emulation e Baseline drift e Debug mode predictable sequence generation with step by step pulse generation e Windows software for full system management e USB 2 0 connection e DLL for automation of emulation process e Replay on analog channels of recorded or synthetized signals e Generation of shifted copy of a signal with 12 ps step i e correlated event emulation e Load download in CSV format of parameters shapes spectra The description of this User Manual is compliant with the following products Board Models Description Product Code DT5800D DT5800D Dual Channel
110. on replicates on the current channel the settings of the other channel The output button enables the analog output generation UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 54 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Always on top forces the One Touch window to stay on the top even outside the software application Setting Area The setting area of the main panel has five menus e Main Settings for the control of the main functionalities of the instrument CH1 to control the specific settings of Channel 1 e CH2 to control the specific settings of Channel 2 e AWG Arbitrary Waveform Generator for the management of recorded and pre defined sequences e Dealy Correlation for the definition of delay and correlation properties among events two channels form factor only Not all options are shown on the interface at the same time If some setting is not compatible with others that setting is hidden 55 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Main Settings The Main Settings GUI appears as in the following figure Any box is going to be described as follows Chamel 1 Mode Lied eth Trigger Gate 1 Trigger Gate 2 C Emulator Pulser Veto 1 Veto Waveforn generator Trigger 1 Trager 2 Run Stop Step Over Channel 2 Mode Reset LFSR Restart Memory i n D Emulator Pulser id Baseline Reset 1 Wavefom generator Disabled T
111. or System Overview The Digital Detector Emulator system proposed in the chapter consists of the following products e DT5800D 2 channel with standard firmware revision 1 36864 e Digital Detector Emulator software GUI release 1 4 1 8 running on the host station The description is compliant with the form factors DT5800S DT5800D and NDT5900 The correlation among channels is not implemented in the one channel form factor DT5800S Hardware Setup The getting start demo proposed in this Chapter makes use of the DT5800D connected via USB to a computer equipped with Microsoft Windows 7 Professional 64 bit OS The Digital Detector Emulator driver and software are properly installed in the work station see the next section The analog output of DT5800D is sent to the CAEN Desktop Digitizer DT5724 with DPP PHA firmware The DT5724 readout is monitored through the DPP PHA Control Software running on the host station Refer to RD2 for more information about the DPP PHA Control Software installation and practical usage Alternatively it is possible to use one of the CAEN Digitizers with DPP firmware installed as the 751 or 720 families or an oscilloscope DT5724 DPP PHA Firmware DT5800D Digital Detector Emulator Firmware DPP PHA Control Software Digital Detector Emulator Software Fig 7 1 The hardware setup including the Digital Detector Emulator DT5800D and the DT5724 used for the p
112. or click on Auto Detect to let the algorithm find the actual corner point Time Distribution There are four options to emulate the time distribution of a setup Time Distribution CURRENT 10 0000 cay Ps 10 kcps Constant Rate Poisson distribution File e Constant Rate the range of constant rate is from 10 cps to 5 Mcps It can be changed writing the value in the white box or moving the sliding bar The actual generated value is shown under the CURRENT green box e Poisson distribution click on the option to enable the Poisson time distribution The average value can be set from the white box or moving the sliding bar The actual generated value is shown under the CURRENT green box The plots below show some screenshots in case of constant top and random rate bottom bf Jo VL LL LLL E UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 82 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation D 200 mV idr 00 pidii St 70 m 5 0 n 40 k5 FACE Ix Positive Fig 8 2 Example of events with constant rate top and Poisson bottom time distribution e File the time distribution can be loaded from csv file see Section Accepted File Formats and is considered symmetric with respect to the origin of time The system modulates a constant rate distribution with the loaded time statistical distribution The range of variability of the occurrence times o
113. output impedance and 4 4 V 9 high impedance UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 14 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Back panel device NDT6800D The DT5800D front panel is as in the following picture Numbered labels are explained in the table Description Power Supply Connector 3 15 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 5 Hardware architecture Overview The hardware structure of the emulator is shown in Fig 5 1 The core of the system is a FPGA device Spartan 6 LX 150 that contains all the logic resources necessary for the emulation The instrument does not have a hardware user GUI interface and requires a permanent connection via USB Ethernet to the host PC on which complex software allows to program all the operating settings of the instrument SRAM 2 DAC 125 MSPS 16 bit ANALOG FRONT END DISTRIBUTOR l9 ran O O DAC 125 MSPS 16 bit ANALOG FRONT END SRAM 1 Fig 5 1 The hardware architecture of the Digital Detector emulator The USB connection is performed at the physical layer via the interface FT2232H by FTDI The FPGA is interconnected through two bus LVDS to a couple of 16 bit DACs which generate the analog signals Specific output stages convert the differential current signal from the DACs into single ended voltage signals that are made available for the user The FPGA is connected to two memories o
114. output for the Digital RC option L Note Being the emulation of a real RC RC the output signal amplitude might depend on the rise and fall time values too LOW PASS LOW PASS IIR FILTER IIR FILTER EXPONENTIAL RISE TIME GENERATION EMULATION Fig 6 13 Digital RC structure ngger ply 200 mV div 10 0yus div Stop 1 222 V 780 00 mV 200 kS 2 GS sfEdge Positive X1 0 0 ns t 1 27600 V Fig 6 14 Typical Digital RC analog output 29 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Pulsed Reset basic The Digital Detector Emulator allows the basic emulation of a pulsed reset detector The signal output has the typical staircase shape of a pulsed reset detector whose amplitude and time distribution are consistent with the input energy and time distributions In the basic option the user cannot set the shape of the signal or the reset discharge This block is an integrator that sums the pulses up to a fixed threshold Then it resets to the programmed minimum value The typical output of the pulsed reset basic function is shown in Fig 6 15 EE Fig 6 15 Typical output of the basic pulsed reset option Pulsed Reset advanced COMING SOON The full pulsed reset option is implemented in a dedicated firmware that can be uploaded into the device The integrator used in the basic function is connected to a series of secondary circuits that allows to emulate a finite rise time and a sp
115. pectrum of the isotope to LeCroy UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 72 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Energy Mode Sequence The Sequence option allows to load the amplitudes of an a priori defined sequence of pulses The same option is in the section Time Distribution and allows the loading of the correspondent temporal distances between the pulses Energy Mode Single Line Spectrum Emulation Scale x1 AseqB csv The Sequence option allows to emulate repetitively the stored sequence made up to 500 kpulses Also a partially defined sequence can be stored The following combinations are available e Load a sequence of amplitudes with constant or Poisson statistical rate e Load a sequence of temporal distances and constant or statistically generated amplitudes as described above All features of the emulation process noise signal shape are active in this option except the generation of amplitudes from a spectrum The picture below shows a screenshot of stored amplitude sequence Amplitude Sequence AseqB csv 73 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Signal Shape The emulator is able to generate both exponential and arbitrary shape signals The exponential settings are under the orange line the custom shape settings under the blue line of the GUI Signal Shape Exponential Signal Settings Auto Fast limit
116. per step clk cycles 8ns Gain Function Generator pom eom ams mm emm Snc oS DC Aneitde Vee Frequency Hz 10 000 000 ll Autophase OPTIMIZER Fhase ui Simmetry Togog 00 Rosie Pee 00 H Analog Output Filter Load Arbitrary Waveform Generator The Emulator can be used as a traditional waveform generator reproducing the output signals loaded as csv files in a memory of 1 Mpoints corresponding to the length of 8 ms for each channel In order to reproduce longer signals the physical samples of the loaded waveform can be used as key points of an interpolation process The interpolation factor can be fixed in the field Clock per step up to 2 The amplitude of the generated signal can be controlled by the parameter Gain L Note All operation MUST be confirmed by pressing Apply The button Apply turns yellow when there is a modification to be applied Then it turns green when there is no modification to be applied Function Generator The Emulator can be used also as programmable generator of the following waveform Sine Square wave Ramp Saw tooth Pulse Sinc Noise and DC level Output values are automatically adjusted according to the output impedence The output impedence must be selected through the panel UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 90 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 50 Ohm and 1 MOhm can be selected using the corresponding buttons
117. pil Dead time Paralizable The user can set the maximum number of event in pile up for the Fast exponential shape and the custom shape choosing a value from 1 no pile up to 15 The Digital RC option has no limitation of pile up Dead time Paralizable Non Parallizable If a critical condition of saturation occurs due to excessive pile up of pulses the time base generator continues to calculate new occurrence times but with no actual generation of the corresponding pulses AN If this is the case attention should be paid that the reset and restart of the LFSRs even with the same seed does not correspond to the reproduction of the same pulse sequence In case of Multi Shape operation mode the resources for the pile up emulation are shared between the two shapes meaning that only 8 events with the same shape may be piled up The maximum number of piled up events for each shape can be set V V DC DC 50 50 3 813 3 823 2813 2 823 1813 1 823 0 813 0187 0177 2481 1981 1481 9 809 4 809 0 191 5 191 10 19 15 19 20 19 25 19 us Fig 8 3 Events in pile up on both output channels red and blue The Dead time parameter fixes the minimum distance between two adjacent pulses Click on Paralyzable or Non Paralyzable to enable the desired operation mode In the paralyzable system if a new event fires during the dead time interval the counter of the generation time is reset and re i
118. ples A typical application is the emulation of a switching power supply that the user can sample through an oscilloscope It is possible both to add a constant rate noise and to add a programmable jitter The amplitude as well can be constant or random INTERFERENCE p INTERFERENCE WHITE MEMORY DISTRIBUTION constant amplitude LINEAR probability COUNTER WHITE DISTRIBUTION trigger 1 constant rate z1 amp or Fig 6 21 Analog output signal with artificial interference UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 34 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Baseline drift emulation 35 The reference baseline of the electrical signal representing the detected event can be not stable because it depends on both the impinging radiation rate D C coupled systems or systems with poor pole zero compensation and on the thermal drift of detector and read out electronics The baseline drift is a source of inaccuracy and broadening of the spectral measurements and usually its amplitude is estimated and subtracted from the signal by means of a custom analog circuit baseline restorer or by proper processing techniques The Digital Detector Emulator is able to emulate the drift of the baseline in time following a programmable non linear profile Fig 6 22 shows the block diagram of the baseline emulator stage A small memory that contains the key points of t
119. r Firmware The firmware is already installed into the device f an update is available a warning message appears in the main software GUI WARNING Firmware is outdated lt is recommended to upgrade it as soon as possible Click upgrade to open the firmware upgrade tool and download the new firmware v Howto upgrade the firmware Download the Digital Detector Emulator Firmware BIN on CAEN website in the Download area of the Digital Detector Emulator page Open the Digital Detector Emulator Software Under Hardware select Firmware Upgrade You can download the firmware from web browse and select the BIN file and finally program the FPGA ag Firmware Upgrade Hardware REV Hardware OPT Fimware VER Fimware CY Bootloader VER Bootloader MODE Download fimware from website http www detectoremulator com downlaod php version last amp prod Open Download Upgrade Fig 7 2 Firmware Upgrade window When the firmware is successfully upgraded restart the emulator software L Note The FPGA programming can take some minutes The green bar shows the upgrade status Please wait until the end of the firmware upgrade 41 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Practical Use The following step by step procedure shows how to use the Detector Emulator Software and how to get a simple output signal 1 Check that the whole hardware in your setup
120. r Instruments V 140 8 Ele OneTOUCH Hardwwe Jiu Wd Detector Emuletor DDE 2CHc Man Settings CHI CH2 AWG Delay Cormiebion 5 CH Settings CHZ Restime CH Reatime CH2 Delay Comsiabon al Shape ExpSh_ 100 47 9 0943 yectrum cobalto SHAPE A rou i One TOUCH om Irtertac f ow RATE kcps RATE kcps fo tart Rat dal tart Fat m 10 00 R 0 05 B Curt ERN LEE EZ Eri AMPLITUDE dac L SB AMPLITUDE dac LSB OMS i Number of pulses i mAintep mode Control O LSR Tre Bove Grezia p f c 9599909000 Interference 10 0 00 B 0 02 g 10 00 B 0 02 B NOISE LSB NOISE LSB y P 2 2 2 2 yes 2 2 P 2 T P4 L a A a A H a A A CUCCCCK CLA KR ACA The interface is divided into two main distinct areas Then there is a fast control panel and a report line fixed on the bottom b d The button is red when the emulator in not connected or the connection has been lost When the device is correctly connected this button is green Click here if you want to connect or disconnect the device The bottom report line returns the true generation conditions of both channels labelled as A and B for channel 1 and channel 2 respectively In particular WI aes is the ideal number of events that should be generated in accordance with the programmed statistic emu es is the number of events actually generated that takes into account possibl
121. ractical application UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 38 CAEN Ni Electronic Instrumentation Software and Drivers The Digital Detector Emulator Software is compliant with Windows XP Vista 7 and 8 OS both 32 and 64 bit v SOFTWARE o Digital Detector Emulator Software for Windows OS Download the standalone Digital Detector Emulator Software 1 4 1 8 full installation package on CAEN website in the Download area of the Digital Detector Emulator page login is required before the download Unpack the installation package login as administrator launch the setup file If Microsoft NET is not already installed the setup will ask you to install it The operation may take some minutes CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard n CAEN Detector Emulator requires the following items to be installed on your computer Click Install to begin installing these requirements Status Requirement Pending Microsoft NET Framework 4 0 Full Complete the Installation wizard a CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard for CAEN Detector Emulator iimaanaanaiaennaal The Install amp hield R Wizard will install CAEN Detector Emulator on your computer To continue dick Next WARNING This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties 39 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Sele
122. rigger Gate 1 Trigger Gate 2 Digital In 2 Run Debug Weto 1 Veto Channel BOTH CHI CH2 Number of pulses in multistep mode 2 Trigger 1 Trigger Run Stop Step Over Reset LFSR Restart Memory Baseline Reset 2 LM M NE NE NE NE EC T E Control LFSR Time Base Generator Disabled Accepted Tigger Trigger ON OFF Machine Overloaded Energy Calibration 1 Bin 2 Bin E LSB Analog Saturation Pulse width ns ffr pen energy calibration Digital Out 2 Disabled Spectrum Guantization nire rie incisis CH 1 14 bits spectrum with 16384 bins ON OFF Machine Overoaded Analog Saturation CH 2 14 bits spectrum with 16384 bins Made C First bin in the window Pulse width ns 16 Oo B Mac in the window EX Slice first part of the spectrum Channel 1 Mode Channel 2 Mode Both Channel 1 CH1 and Channel 2 CH2 can independently operate as Emulator Pulser or Waveform generator Channel 1 Mode Emulator Pulser Wavefom generator Channel 2 Mode Emulator Pulser Wavefom generator In the Emulator Pulser mode the instrument can generate a sequence of pulses according to programmable Statistical distributions of energy time and shape Sections CH1 and CH2 are enabled In the Waveform generator UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 56 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation mode the instrument works as a waveform
123. rresponding value of KeV Spectrum Import Tool Input Spectrum Imported Spectrum Ref 1 Ref 2 1170 11330 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 channels Output Spectrum Import and Calibrate Spectrum Available Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV 28011530 11830 4 Sede Fc Wiss H Number of channels Adj peak 16000 0 10000 Input Spectrum 15000 channels 2 366 V z Ao 13497 looo E cos 5 Verify that in the bottom right Import and Calibrate box the correct values are written for the Energy Output KeV Import and Calibrate Input bin Output bin Energy Output KeV oc 70000 366 V ra 4 AE Uo 1330000 Md Caite 6994 V 6 If required write the corresponding values of Volts in the green boxes for the two key points The spectrum will be adjusted to be compatible with the desired tension 7 Press Calibrate to calibrate the device UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 120 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Calibrate the device using an imported spectrum 1 Under Energy Mode select Spectrum Emulation and Load File Energy Mode Fred value au Bu 1 0024 V Spectrum Emulation Load File o sane O a 2 Select for example the Cobalt spectrum from the example zip folder available on CAEN website The Spectrum Import Tool will appear Press Import without making any calibration Spectrum Import
124. rs AB NETTE Um 23 Timebase D atabpalllssissaieeit dr pae MEER RIS IUUD SUL aos ergo se REL RO cuba uat a bt EE UE Kcu M GU CEN Rd ied 24 ario dB ALANS cii mte trc 26 Custom shape Memory Based dalaspalli s actas pst rE E Pd DLP et ee c PA BICI Vete ra va UD UA Dh eads 26 BITTE eT MR ERR REOR RI ne teen ee Coreen TN On to aT NOT enn eer ane een Cen 29 PSCC TRESS el SIC yee Seeing cee el ae EOD ee 30 Pulsed Reset advanced COMING SOON isti nieder EIER eal Ue eR eee RIS eee ans 30 NOS ET O EN NN RR X EmT TE 31 Random NUIMB Rm 31 WAIE TOS Cuen E 31 FUCKER NOIS EE Et 32 Randon Walk areenaa r ERR 33 INOUE ONS O E E E A MEI 33 PMT E RE TOETATE AEAEE ETAO ET DAET OET SAE TE TEE 34 BAS SNS CMe EmO aeae tected cnc A E En E OLET 35 VICES Mae rel AIO ETE EET 36 EMEN Genna Sae DTE ESL LLLI 38 DECODES OF TAS chablel sessed cases codecs hd tadidenidu awed daha ous adeeb ideced dee ndaachadea staid ast iacta td tastedeatdatncti ated 38 viui Ee MeL HM 38 Hardware SEUD EM Ec 38 SOMWal SANG BITTE ET T 39 SIG RRs Eo Kc ORE 41 as 4 7 iB USE ane ere ren Sn ee ee 42 8 Software Interface OE T m 48 MroOGUCION NN etm E T 48 ASNO a a a T LEM UN LM E LL Lit S 48 mise Mee 48 10 11 12 CAEN D Electronic Instrumentation POSS ONAE MIS AU
125. rwise the x axis Samples are converted in Time and on the y axis Levels are converted in Voltage Click on m to enable a single plot for the whole area Realtime CH1 CH2 The Realtime CH1 CH2 tab enables a real time view of the generated signals The real time is disabled by default Click on Enable Realtime to enable it UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 96 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation The top plot shows the energy histogram of the enabled output In the following example a Cobalt spectrum has been loaded The bottom plot shows the shape preview It works as a real oscilloscope Settings CH1 Setings CH2 Reatime CH1 Realtime CH2 Delay Conelation Disable Realtime a p cpio samples Subset 1 Subset 2 rz 96 3 ul samples Left click on the plot and drag to zoom in the selected area Click on to zoom out Click on m to enable a single plot for the whole area Use to reset the spectrum Use to swap between digital and physical units Click on e to swap between energy and time histograms Delay Correlation Shows the third internal channel settings preview UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Accepted File Formats The accepted file formats are the following e Comma Separated Values csv This file format can be used for any kind of settings of the device For the energy spectrum o
126. s Energy 1 Channel Press Cancel to cancel the calibration Apply to apply the calibration The lens allows to Zoom out to zoom in select the region in plot The user can calibrate the instrument also when the spectrum is imported the first time or though the Isotopes Database tool For further details see the Generate an Energy Spectrum with Isotopes Database Section Spectrum Quantization The re quantization of a spectrum over a different number of bins can introduce distortions in its shape due ultimately to an aliasing effect The spectrum emulated should have at least the same bin resolution as the device that reconstructs it from the emulated pulses Spectrum Quantization CH 1 14 bits spectrum with 16384 bins CH2 14 bits spectrum with 15384 bins Mode First bin in the window Mac in the window Slice first part of the spectrum As a rule the reference spectrum in the emulator has resolution above the request one In order to get the matching of bin resolution a decimation process is implemented in the instrument with three possible processing procedures First bin in the window the spectrum is automatically divided into bins and only the first value of each bin is considered Max in the window the spectrum is divided in bins and only the highest value of each bin is considered Slice first part of the spectrum only the lower values of the spectrum are considered up to a number
127. s as from the following picture Signal Shape Auto Fast limited Pileup Digtal RC Rise time us D 100 Fall time us HALLES Being the decay time greater than 0 4 us the Auto option automatically selects the Digital RC shape option that has no pile up limitation See Section Pile up for more details 103 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation In case of Custom Shape select also the Shape Interpolation factor according to the desired length Refer to Section Shape Interpolator for more details 3 Define the number of piled up events In case of Digital RC option there is no limitation of pile up If the Fast Limited pileup or Custom option has been selected define the number of pile up events in the box below mum events in pile up SHAPE A D vents in pile up SHAPE B E i Dead time Parslizable Non Parallizable PE ns Adjust the dead time if needed 4 Set the Time distribution For a radioactive source select Poisson distribution Set the average time value in kcps units The green box shows the actual generated time value Time Distribution CURRENT a Constant Rate Poisson distribution d EN Scale L H e Sequence sd rm 5 Add the noise emulation defining the amplitude of each component Moise Emulation E Random Numbers magnitude 0o LSB 1f Noise magnitude o a LSB
128. s on the generation of piled up events It can only emulate exponential shapes The third case is the pulsed reset data path that can emulate pulsed reset detectors In addition the instrument implements the emulation of the baseline drift noise and analog output interferences The drift of the baseline value is not statistical but is introduced by the user as a deterministic shape in order to allow the emulation of deterministic variations like periodic interferences or couplings At the rate of 125 MHz the system is able to emulate a drift profile up to 7 s long White and 1 f sources of stationary noise and generic disturbances can be emulated as well The range of frequencies of the 1 f noise extends from few Hz to more than 100 kHz The power spectral density of the 1 f noise is obtained by properly shaping the power spectral density of a white noise generated by a LSFR The shaping transfer function is obtained as the superposition of ten first order low pass filters with poles positioned at equal distance on a logarithmic scale in the range of frequencies where the 1 f shaping is desired The device can also emulate the random drift of the baseline UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 20 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation l13S3M3NIl13SV8 IVNNH3ILX3 AYON NI IN N am Lf m c gt IVIWONNOd NI H399l8 L TIVNS3 LX3 WOdSs H3JO9VNVI INOYSDSINL 3avusunw TvNM31xX30L V INGA3 JdO
129. ssseecsseecssssecsseecsseeceesecsssseesenseeseseesseaeeseaees 106 How to get a new sequence modifying the seeds ceessccsssssecsssssccsseecsssseecsseeecesneeesssssecsssueesesseecsenseesssueeessaeeeseees 106 Step by step control of the pseudo random GENELAatOL cccescccessccsssecseseecesseeeseesseecesseesesecesseeseaseceseesesseesseeeesaeesenees 107 How to repeat the same SEQUENCE cccsscccesssccsssnsecsssssecssseecsssssecsssueccssasecsesusecssseeesssaseeseusessesueesscaeecseensesssueesseaneessees 107 How to generate a fixed number of events sss eene nennen enne nnne nnn senes nenne eerte nnne nn 107 PNET SNAG E E cette et nat OO SA AE abit anetiane E 108 Correlated event generation cccccccsscccssssccssccesssecssssccssssecessseceseeessseecssssecsessecseaeessessecseasessensesseasesseaeeseaees 110 Generating artificial spectra with isotopes database sse enne 114 mier are C DNO IT EO ETE Tm 119 Calibrate the DDE during the spectrum import nennen nennen nennen nennen nnne rnnt nnns 119 Calibrate the device using an imported spectrum sssessssseeeseeeeenene enne nnne nennen nennen nennen nnne 121 I egsreiE iljosjero gt T Tm 124 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual List of Figures Fig 3 1 AC DC power supply provided with the DT5800 Kit nennen nennen nennen nnne nnne nnns 10 Fig 5 1 The hardware architecture of the Digital Detector emul
130. sssuecsesesecsesusecsesteceesasecseusesssueesssaneeseats 24 Fig 6 5 Generation of Poisson distributed events using the Bernoulli Trails method eseesessesss 24 Fig 6 6 Generation of a custom temporal diSITiDUtiOli ocior otn iie eod e tn e Et dla tem Eta dtc i ei eise idu oia dt e defe up ER ERU esse 25 Fig 6 7 Schematic diagram showing the principle of paralyzable and non paralyzable dead time on the top of the figure On the bottom the emulation scheme of the dead time ssssssssssssseeeeeee eene enne enne nennen enne 25 Elg 6 8 Memory based shape geheratlOriasssscpe ied oup p etel audes teens ecu Lee pdtascut ictu bdrbetus Dico Ine pl sec NEUE Up e cu QURE S 26 Fig 6 9 Shape readout and amplitude modulation eee iiees a a tassa a nass assa sanas 27 Fig 6 10 Linear interpolation It is possible to select a corner point that separates the rise time region from the fall time region A different interpolation ratio can be set for the two regions top The user can set is the number of samples to be added between a real sample and the consecutive bottom enne 28 FIG O21 Ve Pile emula hoN E UU TS 28 Fig 6 12 Memory based data path output SIQhal sesto spesso ques d tede Qu td deae oeque eet RE ele 28 Fig 5 19s Digital RE SUCIU Occo ueteri eene tulisti tese eobu fret uutud tct us etuf cereo cc tetoatfe t dumm testes 29 gio our M Typical Digit
131. t cps Fig 6 6 Generation of a custom temporal distribution For any selected data path the emulator is able to generate two kind of dead time able to emulate detectors or detection systems characterized by paralyzable or non paralyzable dead time In a non paralyzable detector an event occurring during the dead time is simply lost so that with an increasing event rate the detector will reach a saturation rate equal to the inverse of the dead time In a paralyzable detector an event occurring during the dead time will not just be missed but will restart the dead time so that with increasing rate the detector will reach a saturation point where it will be not able to record any event at all paralyzable DEAD TIME Detected events accepted events non paralyzable RESET FORCE RESET START SIGNAL INTERVAL BETWEEN PULSES Fig 6 7 Schematic diagram showing the principle of paralyzable and non paralyzable dead time on the top of the figure On the bottom the emulation scheme of the dead time The emulator can work also with an external trigger fed into the digital input connector The external trigger is sampled with a precision of 8 ns and it then enables the event generation UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Shape Datapath The emulator allows for three types of shape generation custom shape the digital RC and the pulsed reset Digital R
132. t is possible to set the magnitude or the sigma both in LSB units or in Volts by editing the green box A Note The white noise is a pseudo white noise since it is digitally generated and limited in band by the 125 MHz sampling frequency of the DAC The white noise is generated with a 64 bits LFSR The flicker noise too is generated starting from a custom LFSR and shaped by an array of filters which corresponds to the following set of available noise corner frequencies Noise Corner Frequencies kHz Interference Interference Enable artificial interference inteference csv Time distribution Periodic Random Magnitude Costant Random tof Full Scale Range UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 86 87 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation To enable the Interference click on the option Enable artificial interference A folder browser will come out asking to load a file Select the cvs file see Section CSV File Format corresponding to the desired interference The user can decide the Time distribution of the interference by selecting Periodic or Random and the Average Period in us The interference amplitude can be scaled according to a constant level or to a random varying level Move the sliding bar up to the desired value Picture below shows the interference effect from a switching power supply 3212 3 6880 9 Interference 1500 2000 2500 3000 samples Baseli
133. tall to begin installing these requirements Status Requirement Pending Microsoft NET Framework 4 0 Full UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 48 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Notes on XP installation Windows XP 64 bits may require additional items to be installed Click on Install if this message appears CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard T CAEN Detector Emulator requires the following items to be installed on your computer Click Install to begin installing these requirements Status Requirement Pending Windows Imaging Component x64 Pending Windows Installer 3 1 For Windows XP x64 Pending Microsoft NET Framework 4 0 Full If a reboot is required in the middle of the installation setup click Yes CAEN Detector Emulator InstallShield Wizard 2 The installation of CAEN Detector Emulator requires a reboot Click Yes to restart now or No if you plan to restart later The setup will conclude the installation after the reboot Program Execution You can run the program in three ways e The Desktop icon of the program e The Quick Launch icon if the program e The exe file in the installation path on your PC When the program is opened it automatically lists all available Emulators connected to the system bus with both USB and Ethernet 8 Hardware detect CAEN n Electronic Instrumentation Available hardware FA LAN SOFTW
134. tector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Q Electronic Instrumentation Note By default both channel 1 and channel 2 start with the same seed Remember to randomize the channel 2 LFSR L to get uncorrelated distributions Click FIX to let the GUI auto fixes the settings Otherwise go to the LSFR settings of channel 2 and press RAND ALL and GO ALL 4 Program the shapes of channel 1 and channel 2 as explained in Section Signal Shape For example select a Fast exponential with 10 ns of rise time and 100 ns of fall time 5 Load the background spectra for channel 1 and channel 2 as explained in Section Import an Energy Spectrum from File Note You can get the background spectrum in the following way Connect the two detector outputs to two channels L of a CAEN digitizer with proper DPP firmware installed as the DT5780 with DPP PHA or the DT5751 DT5720 with DPP PSD Take the spectrum Then enable the coincidences between the two channels to get the signal spectrum Subtract the two spectra The final spectrum is the desired background spectrum 18 Fr CO Creme OTERO 6 Load the signal spectrum on channel 3 You can take the signal spectrum from the Isotopes Database or use the spectrum from a digitizer with enabled coincidences between channels 7 Set the time distribution for all channels You can set for example Poisson distribution for all channels and set 10 KHz for channel 1 and channel 2 picture
135. trum Emulation m ference 30000 25000 Constant Rate mode 10 kcps No plot in this mode 20000 15000 10000 LSB Amplitude LSB Amplitude Hardware scale 04 5000 0 500 1000 0 2000 4000 Seau WARNING Firmware is outdated lt is raccomanded to upgrade as soon as possible Click upgrade to open the firm If a red bar appears on the bottom of the Display Area this means that the firmware inside the device is not up to date and an upgrade firmware is available Pressing UPGRADE the software opens the default web browser to download the latest available firmware WARNING Firmware is outdated It is recommended to upgrade it as soon as possible Click upgrade to open the firmware upgrade tool and download the new firmware UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 52 CAEN Nn Electronic Instrumentation One Touch Interface The One Touch interface is particularly indicated for quickly setting the instrument Customers that are used to manage with a classical pulser may find this interface quite familiar The OneTouch Interface enables the generation of analog output according to the method described in Digital RC Section The user can set the analog output signal rate the amplitude the rise and fall time of the exponential shape and the white noise contribution One TOUCH Interface RATE kcps RATE kcps n x LL d s m Constant Rate Nw T7 Constant Rat
136. ts 11000 10000 9000 6000 542 030 11309 6 UM3074 Digital Detector Emulator User Manual Rev 1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation 8 Enable the spectrum amplitude generation Action 1 Change the AMPLITUDE settings by choosing Spectrum AMPLITUDE dac LSB Fred Value Spectrum Action 2 Browse and select a spectrum file on your computer We provide you some examples Unzip the downloaded examples zip folder and look for the csv files inside the spectra folder Select the cobalt csv file gt Downloads examples examples gt spectra Organize v New folder dS rne Name 1 Date modified Type WE Desktop L Co57 csv 5 7 2013 12 18 AM CSV File 47 KB Jg Downloads _ cobalt csv 11 26 2010 7 09PM CSV File 62 KB Recent Places _ complex csv 5 7 2013 12 24 AM CSV File 109 KB _ Fe55 csv 5 7 2013 12 14 AM CSV File 42 KB 53 Libraries Documents 2 Music i Pictures Subversion B Videos jE Computer amp Local Disk C cx Local Disk D local Nick F Filename cobalt csv X Comma Separated Values cs v ae T A Note accepted file formats are csv comma separated values dat CAEN spectrum files spectrum digital detector emulator internal spectrum format xml ANSI4242 Action 3 Import the spectrum into the Detector Emulator Click Import to import the spectrum Spec 0 Input Spectrum ME IE I
137. wever no responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies CAEN SpA reserves the right to modify its products specifications without giving any notice for up to date information please visit www caen it MADE IN ITALY We stress the fact that all the boards are made in Italy because in this globalized world where getting the lowest possible price for products sometimes translates into poor pay and working conditions for the people who make them at least you know that who made your board was reasonably paid and worked in a safe environment this obviously applies only to the boards marked MADE IN ITALY we cannot attest to the manufacturing process of third party boards CAEN Electronic Instrumentation Tools for Discovery Index wit idero Wong WAMU Al e E PR 2 Chande DOCUMENT He6bOLG zuo tmr ee it treno E ER Deren t e beer sce Ee docent tu tir vader ioa Dosen des counts 2 Symbols abbreviated terms and notation sosser tiana aa Ea A A AAE EEEE A EEE aA EEEE aS 2 RETEFENCE Bere UE BETTE E aa Ea E a Aa E aa E A Aa 2 NOEK aroraa a a a En 4 LISLOTTIOUEBS oraina E EDD dM MN IA Efi ecM d ED oaa De 6 LIStOT Table S TT n 6 T reel reel e aa E TO E E 7 Main TEMAS TO grs i e COTON 8 2 Technical SDe cilICallOliIS uea aai tumidi ora curn ene RE Op PuI IR VEUKE Ud pee Que amen 9 3 PowerHequiremebls iiec oa mu cease a tudo Et eva ba CoDu Leve vob abo IDE exe vv oe Vae Rar de 10 4 Panel De6ScrIDIIOD acticin xD EAR EROR UI INE CV AS ORUM EEMR GE ORE

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