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AMC/OSX Manual

1. 4 2 The Pages within Sums Page checksum Page in prompt X Georgeloannu ____ Page vital constants Page inprompt X W amp WGmbH Rom vital constants XROM id inX W amp WGmbH C ___ Verifies ROM checksum XROM id in prompt READP Reads page from HP IL Page and FileName R del Tondo WRTPG Writes page to HP IL Page and FileName R del Tondo e PG returns miscellaneous information corresponding to the page number input in the prompt in RUN mode or in X as decimal value if run in a program The information is as follows o Header function name in ALPHA and o XROM id of functions in X in integer and fractional parts Note that when used on the OS X page it ll return the vital constants for bank 2 where its code resides which strangely enough are 05 10 in X as it was explained at the beginning of the manual Considerable trickery has been used modifying this function to be prompting despite being located in a secondary bank This makes for a more consistent and usable user interface common with other page functions If there s nothing plugged in the page the message NO ROM will be shown Input prompt Page is not used Free e ROM is also a prompting function It returns the ROM vital constants for the XROM id value input in the prompt as follows o Page where is plugged in X and o number of functions in Y The ROM header firs
2. _ Clear chrs after blank Text string in ALPHA W amp W GmbH _ Display to Alpha Opposite to AVIEW AngelMatin Display Test Source PPC V18 N8 p14 Chris L Dennis _ Alpha Prompt Prompts for ALPHA text W amp W GmbH Toggle Lower Case Toggles the LC mode flag Angel Martin e ARCLI appends the integer part of the number in X to ALPHA Perfect to append indexes and counter values without having to change the display settings FIX 0 CF 29 Very similar to AIP in the Advantage Pac or AINT in the SandMath and Alpha ROM e ABSP removes the rightmost character from the ALPHA register It is equivalent to switching ALPHA on pressing the back arrow and switching it off again e ASWAP swaps the strings at the left and right of the comma character Very handy for X Functions data input Does nothing if comma is not there For example DEDE EE e CLA deletes all characters in ALPHA from the right until it finds a blank space The blank space is not erased If the ALPHA register is empty or contains only blank spaces or letters the whole contents will be erased e DTOA captures the display content and writes it into ALPHA This is an elusive concept as there are no standard ways to just write text in the display not using ALPHA or other RAM registers but it s used frequently in MCODE to transfer the display contents to ALPHA e DTST Simultaneously lig
3. Complement b m 1 1 lt x lt b m 1 Basically in the signed modes with complement we divide the original total value range b m 1 in two half sections allocating one of them for negative numbers and the left over for positive c Angel M Martin Page 28 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Complement Signed Modes The transformation of decimal numbers represented in the binary system and vice versa varies with the signed mode used The three modes are Unsigned mode no complement only positive numbers T s complement mode 2 s complement mode The 1 s Complement of a number is calculated by subtracting this number from the greatest representable number in the chosen word size number of bits For instance say the word size is 5 bits then the 1 s complement of a number a is 1111 a The computer simply inverts all bits of the original number i e executes the logical function NOT Through this segmentation of the initial value range arbitrary but specific all negative numbers have their highmost bit set which plays the role of the minus sign In the q s complement mode the number of positive and negative numbers represented are the same i e even zero has two possible representations 0 and 0 which in binary would be 0000 and 1111 always assuming a word size of 5 bits The 2 s Complement of a number is calculated by adding one to its 1 s Complement Using the same examp
4. and it s extracted from the CCD ROM As an enhancement over the standard OS the ALPHA mode will be switched on automatically for you when the function is executed c ngel M Martin Page 41 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L e MNF is a trick of a function launcher for mainframe functions or should we say some of them at least The neat thing about it is that being programmable this becomes an unsupported and unusual way to add some of the non programmable functions to FOCAL programs even if the behavior is not exactly as expected The table below shows some useful function id s to use with MNF Note how in some cases this provides a way to insert in a program functions that are not programmable circumventing the OS limitations MNFR amp FNCT MNFRH FNCT 0 CAT 15 AN _ EE e e COMPILE is a very powerful function that writes all the jump distances in the GOTO and XEQ instructions within the program named in ALPHA This is extremely useful when uploading a program to a Q RAM device like the HEPAX RAM Having all the jumping distances compiled expedites the execution of the program no need to search for the label and also guarantees that short form GOTO s are not used inappropriately o There are feedback messages shown during the execution indicating which type of instructions are being compiled 2 Byte GOTO s and 3 Byte GOTO XEQ s o When the work is done the m
5. impressive feat considering we re talking about a hand held calculator design from 1979 which although extended expanded and stretched to the limit really shows the versatility and solid engineering of the design Port Page Addresses Primary Bank Secondary Bank Bank 3 Bank 4 F iis Hepax RAM FOOO 4 E s HEPAX 1D b1 HEPAX 1D b2 HEPAX 1D b3 HEPAX 1D b4 D das ADV Matrix B1 ADV Matrix B2 D000 e CFFF C000 k LC 2 AFFF A A000 9FFF 9 1 9000 8FFF 8 YFNP 1C 8000 7FFF 7 AMCOSX 4 AMCOSX4 B2 AECPROG B3 7000 hpil 6 ind o PRINTER IR Printer ENT 6000 5FFF 5 CX FNS Bank 2 5000 4FFF 4 1 4 CL Library 4000 3FFF 3 CX FNS ET M 3000 2FFF 2 2000 i 1FFF 1000 OFFF F 0000 c ngel M Martin Page 12 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L To understand the following you should have at least a basic knowledge about synthetic programming or be familiar with the concepts involved in advanced programming ASN The enhanced ASN function permits the following keyboard entries a b The normal ASN function if the user presses ASN followed by ALPHA the standard ASN function of the HP 41 will be run The assignment of any two byte function when you press the ASN key with the OS X Module present you will see the following prompt ASN _ The calculator is prompting for two decimal byte values When you key in two bytes and press any key after that t
6. that when starting the program again the function is executed again 2 A wrong key is pressed The calculator answers this with a short sound only when flag 26 Is set 3 A correct key is pressed Correct meaning that its ALPHA character is in the display Additionally extra text can be placed in the ALPHA register without influence on the menu control This text must be placed in ALPHA followed by at least one blank space and then the characters for correct choices PMTK will distinguish between the initial informative text and the choice characters by looking at the space character separating both groups from each other If a key whose ALPHA character is displayed is pressed the digit value of the character is written into the X register the leftmost character taking the value 1 and so sequentially The stack is lifted and this number being position dependent can now be used for program branching The ALPHA register is erased except for the commentary text and one blank space 4 fthe ALPHA register is empty the message KEY is displayed and the key code for the next key pressed will be entered into the X register The stack is lifted e The header function AMC OS X with XROM id 05 00 can be used to get the keycode of a pressed key This code is used in PMTK as a subroutine see step 4 above but it can also be used independently The returned code will be shown in the display while the key is being depressed and left in
7. Existence Buffer id in X W amp W GmbH Deletes Buffer Buffer id in X W amp W GmbH BFCAT Buffer Cataloc Enumerates all buffers Angel Martin GETBF Gets Buffer from file FileName in Alpha id in X Hakan Th rngren SAVEBF Save Buffer to File FileName in Alpha id in X Hakan Th rngren Not described here is the queen buffer function BFCAT which was included in the CATALOGS section covered before A quick summary recap on buffer theory will help understand this section better 1 Buffers reside in the I O area of RAM which starts at address 0x0CO and extends up until the END register is found Typically they are located right above the Key Assignments registers the only exception being buffer 14 used by the Advantage Pac to hold the SOLVE and INTEG data expected to be in fixed addresses by the code Note that this implies that the actua location of a buffer wil be dynamically changed when Key assignments are made or removed when timer alarms are set or run and possibly also when other buffers are removed either by the OS housekeeping tasks or using the buffer functions 2 Each buffer has a header register at the bottom that holds its control data The structure of the header varies slightly for each buffer but all must have the buffer type a digit between 1 and E repeated twice in nybbles 13 and 12 as well as the buffer size in nybbles 11 10 maximum OxFF 255 registers The rest are buffer dependent for
8. FileNAme in Alpha Hakan Th rngren The diagram below shows that each KA register can hold up to two key assignments structured as two nybbles for the key code and four for the function id It also shows that they always have OxFO in nybbles 13 and 12 which explains why the value 15 is not available as buffer id CJo D EK Y CJOD E K Y 31 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 e ASG is another example of first class MCODE programming imagine being able to directly input multi byte functions even with synthetics support into the ASN prompt so to assign LBL IND e or RCL M to a key not using key codes or byte tables Well no need to imagine it just use ASG instead This function is taken from the MLROM and it resides completely in the Page 4 Library with only the FAT entry in the OS X calling it You re encouraged to refer to the MLROM documentation for further details Note that ASG turns on the ALPHA mode automatically upon execution so there s no need to press it twice this is an improvement over the standard HP 41 OS behavior e Saving and getting KA in from Extended Memory with SAVEKA GETKA and MRGKA also expects the FileName in Alpha GETKA will completely replace the existing key assignments with those contained in the file whilst MRGKA will merge them respecting the unused keys so only the overlapping ones will be replaced Same error handing is active to avoid file duplication or overwrites Like their Buffer counterpar
9. PG MCODE PGCAT MCODE PGSIG __ MCODE PLNG _ UTILS POKER RAM PMITA_ UTILS PMTH UTILS PMTK _ UTILS PROG LAUNCH RAMED RAM READPG HPL READXM HPIL RENMEL XMEM RETPFL XMEM RNDM UTILS ROM __ MCODE ROMLST UTILS SAVEBF XMEM SAVEKA XMEM SEED UTILS SUMPG _ MCODE TAS LI uris TF __ UTILS TGPRV _ UTILS TGLC UTILS VIEWH UTILS WRTPG HPIL WRTXM HPIL WSIE uris WSIZE UTILS XQ XR MCODE XTOAH UTILS Y N UTILS c Angel M Martin Page 49 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Apendix 2 HP 41 Byte Table T T EN 0011 y On i T J MULL LBL Oo LBL 01 LBL 02 LEL 03 LBL 04 LBL OS LBL O6 FPPer per ee ele ryt 4 5 B 7 TIT PED Alo maa alja ia 00 i T im 2 i 03 RCL 04 RCL O5 ROL 7 i 07 5 I Hja Hja ae 136 glaz 38 so D s T 02 so 03 sro 04 sro 05 STO s T5 07 2s e isa ES p oe Es 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 55 7 mue xw xer E Un M Thea BE Bn b a Gg p elm r e Ri Sun i IE Log 104 5 E j 86 4 87 yy E B LI 86 87 WW BS Fay 07 an Mite prsi ir d put ien d 101 e 102 2 3 4 5 5 pi DEG RAD GRAD EMTERT STOP RIM BEEP eLA IE 00 de e IND OS ND OB IND Uy 128 123 133 8 134 135 4 FL S i oT Ss DSE a y 2 18 zi r ND 22 IND 23 ie n ajia Ay 450 is XRD AR AY AR 8 11 2E12 15 XR15 13 RE20 23 RRZ2 27 XR28 31 a 32 e ai hs 34 IMD 35 IMDb 35 IMD37 IND 38 IMD 38 ue sare aT V Bn 01 GTO n2 STA 05 STO 04 STO 05 STO Ds IND 3
10. a FOCAL program The table below shows the arguments for the complete messages A A K A Z ALPHA DATA DATA ERROR MEMORY LOST NONEXISTENT NULL PRIVATE OUT OF RANGE PACKING TRY AGAIN YES NO c Angel M Martin Page 27 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L This section includes several of the Binary Hex functions from the original CCD but not the complete set Here again a compromise had to be made in order to make it all fit in a single FAT Besides de CCD the DIGITPAC is another module that has a more complete set of Binary Hex functions including the HEX Oct Bin conversions and viewers from the HP IL Devel Module and Advantage Pac 6 1 The Hexadecimal Number System The base of this number system is 16 d The numbers 0 9 as well as the letters A to F are used to represent 11 d to 15 d The carry over 0 0000 to the next place occurs at 16 d The table below shows the correspondence between binary decimal and hexadecimal numbers up to 15 d As you can see on the table Hex numbers are the natural choice to represent four binary digits 4 bits therefore the hexadecimal 6 0110 6 number system uses the 4 bits of a nibble in the full value range Each nibble can represent values from bin 0000 to 1111 of in hex from 0 to 8 100 8 F This number system is often used in computer science 9 1001 9 Representation of negative Numbers Stout a When using a limited count of di
11. conditions Valid file types are shown in the table below note the five custom extensions supported by the AMC OS X module Fe PREM DATA ASCH matrix Burer kes e w m w 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 H e WRTXM and READXM are used to write read the complete contents of the X Memory to from a disk drive over HPIL The file name must be in ALPHA These functions exercise the full capability of the system and provide a nice permanent backup for your XMEM files Note that only the non zero content will be copied thus the resulting disk file size will not be larger than required in other words it won t always copy all XMEM even if zero like other FOCAL implementations of the same functionality can only do These functions are taken from the Extended IL ROM written by Ken Emery s alter ego Skwid c ngel M Martin Page 33 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L e PC lt gt RTN is a program pointer manipulation function Use it to exchange it with the last subroutine return address To be used with a solid understanding of their capabilities and possible consequences e VRG reads and decodes in ALPHA the contents of the register which absolute address is in X in program mode or given at the prompt in RUN mode No stack drop is performed Register address is checked for existence VRG can be thought as the combination of PEEKR and DCD together in the same function e Last in this secti
12. example the 41Z buffer holds the data format RECT or POLAR in nybble 9 and the LastFunction id in nibbles 5 3 The HP IL Devel buffer uses nybbles 9 7 to store the pointer value and nybble 3 to hold the pointer increment type MAN or AUTO Lo At DIR EENE 9 s 7 6e 5 4 3 BMEEBEENMEN 3 Some buffers write the initial address location in the S amp X field nybbles 2 0 but this is of relative use at best since the buffer can get re allocated as mentioned above In fact BFCAT uses that field to record the distance to the previous buffer in the I O area necessary to keep tabs with the RAM structure in SST BST operation mode 4 When the calculator awakens from Deep Sleep the OS erases nybble 13 from all buffer headers found The execution is transferred to the Polling Points of those modules present which should re write the buffer type in that nybble for those buffers directly under their responsibility At the end of this process when all Modules have done their stuff the OS performs a packing of the I O area deleting all buffers not preserved i e with nybble 14 still holding zero 5 Under some rare circumstances a given buffer can exist in memory as a left over not linked to any module i e nybble 13 in the Header register is cleared The OS upon the next PACKING operation will reclaim these orphan buffers so their life span is very short get what you need from it before it s gone Note that to denote
13. overwrite 40 41 display format 0 sci 1 eng 15 16 HPIL printer mode 2 fix 3 fix eng mode 0 manual 1 normal 42 43 angle mode 0 deg 1 rad 2 trace 3 trace w stack print 2 grad 3 rad 17 record incomplete 44 continuous on 18 IL interrupt enable 45 system data entry 19 20 General Purpose 46 partial key sequence 21 printer enabled 47 shift key pressed 22 numeric input available 48 alpha keyboard active 23 alpha input available 49 low battery 24 ignore range errors 50 set when message is displayed 25 ighore any errors amp clear 51 single step mode 26 audio output is ignored 52 program mode 27 user mode is active 53 IL I O request 28 radix mark 0 1 54 set during pause 29 digit groupings shown 55 printer existence 0 no 1 yes 30 catalog set e F E sets the so called Fix Eng hybrid display mode Flag 40 and 41 are both set The calculator now displays all numbers as in the FIX format but if it is so large that it needs t be expressed with exponents greater than 9 999 999 999 it is displayed in the ENG format instead of the default SCI Note that F E does not change the number of decimal places currently configured e TF isa toggle function inverting the status of the flag which number is in X in a program or entered in the prompt It s equivalent to IF the Invert Flag routine in the PPC ROM See the PPC ROM manual pages 217 and 218 for a few useful and fun examples altering the status of the system reserved fla
14. the CX implementation is that the enumeration of the CX Functions and Time Module follow the actual page order thus the very first ROM listed is always the extended functions not the last one as it s done on the native CAT 2 c ngel M Martin Page 9 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L e CAT 4 Like the function EMDIR of the Extended functions module and CAT 4 of the HP 41CX CAT 4 displays the names lengths and types of all files in extended memory It has the additional feature of displaying the three additional file types used by the CCD Module The three file types are I O Buffers displayed as B Matrices M and key assignments files K If no extended memory is present the error message NO XF M is displayed New functionality The AMC OS X had added new tricks to CAT 4 the Extended Memory Catalog namely completing the information about non standard files Matrix Buffer and KA missing on the CCD OS X version plus adding five new file types to the list The new file types are as follows File type File Type Id Used by In Modules Status Registers SAVEST GETST RAMPAGE POWERCL Complex Stack Z 08 SAVEZS GETZS RAMPAGE POWERCL Unassigned Y 09 Fuueue na Unassigned X 09 Futureuse na Hepax Data H 210 Fuuweue ma Obviously the usefulness of additional file types is d
15. the X register when the key is released If you hold the key down until the action is NULLed the KEY prompt will remain in the display available for repeated execution a nice way to see multiple key codes with a single initial execution of the function e Y N is a poor man version that only accepts Yes No for an answer Back arrow cancels the function while any other key including ON will simply be ignored Answering N will skip the next program line which would be used to place a GTO statement to branch the execution e GTADR sets the program pointer to the specified address either as a two character string in ALPHA if run in a program i e GA 4041 hex or directly in the prompt in hexadecimal Note that the prompt length will always have four fields irrespective of the current word size which is therefore unrelated to this function This function was available in the original CCD Module under the section header XF M FNS c ngel M Martin Page 38 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Standard and Dedicated Flag handling This is probably not a bad moment for a quick flag recap see the table below 0 4 shown when set 31 date mode 0 M DY 1 D MY 5 8 general purpose 32 IL man I O mode 9 10 matrix end of line column 33 can control IL 11 auto execution 34 prevent IL auto address 12 print double width 35 disable auto start 13 print lower case 36 39 number of digits 0 15 14 card reader allow
16. the wrap around condition within the register as the nybble being edited is updated in the address field on the left A real tour de force and a masterful implementation without any doubt The screens below show a couple of examples editing the leftmost nybble of the Y register address D002 and the rightmost digit of the X register address 0003 The screenshots don t capture its magic you really need to use it to appreciate its simple and powerful functionality The control keys for RAMED are as follows USER moves down to the previous nybble or position within the field PRGM moves up to the next nybble or position within the field moves up to the next register moves down to the previous register i the Radix key moves between both fields used to change the register address 1 9 A F the nybble value being edited back arrow cancels out and exits the editing ON turns the calculator OFF A few last remarks are in order c Angel M Martin Page 21 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L e RAMED is a very powerful tool the contents of all memory can be edited including the Status Registers O Buffers KA registers and of course X Memory files see memory map below Be very careful not to alter the contents of those system registers inappropriately to avoid MEMORY LOST or system crashes e RAMED uses a key detection technique more power demanding than the Partial Key Seque
17. way up and down the list using SST and BST You should also see the line for the 41Z buffer as follows J id 8 buffer at address 197 size 12 properly allocated If the module is not present during the CALC ON event that s to say it won t re brand the buffer ids the 41 OS will mark the buffer space as reclaimable which will occur at the moment that PACKI NG or PACK is performed So it s possible to have temporary orphan buffers which will show a question c ngel M Martin Page 18 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L mark next to the id in the display This is a rather strange occurrence so most likely won t be shown but it s there just in case Perhaps the best example is the Time module which uses a dedicated buffer to store the alarms data The table below lists the well known buffers that can be found on the system 1 DavidAsember MCODE Labels already existing 2 David Assembler MCODELabelsreferredto 3 EramoRSU IB ASCII data pointers 4 J EramcoRSU1A Data File pointers 5 CCD Module Advantage Seed Word Size Matrix Name 6 Extended IL Skwid Accessory ID of current device 7 Extended IL Skwid Printing column number amp Width 8 4ZModlee Complex Stack and Mode 9 SandMath PowerCL Seed Last Function data 10 Time Module Alarms Information 11 Plotter Module Data and Barcode parameters L Developme
18. 02 DIAM 08 RCL 00 14 03 PROMPT 09 2 15 STO O02 04 STO 00 10 Y X 16 RCLOI 05 HEIGHT 11 PI 17 RCL 02 06 PROMPT 12 7 18 As the answer was left unnamed the program doesn t include any steps to announce the final output This would have been located at the end had a name been given to it at the ANS step in data entry There is a function located on the radix key that looks like this This function is called low priority multiply It does the same thing as the multiply function but it is evaluated after the and signs in your formula The purpose of low priority multiply is to reduce the number of parentheses in a formula that you key in it can also save you from having to start all over when you get to the end of keying in a formula and realize that the whole expression needs to be multiplied by some value that otherwise would require the formula to be enclosed in parentheses The example in the following section shows the use of the low priority multiply function Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions The direct and inverse trigonometry functions are easy to locate on the keyboard and are just as easy to use You simply key them in as you would write them in your formula on paper Only one keystroke is necessary to key in a trigonometric function But where are the hyperbolics Yes these functions HSIN HCOS HTAN and their inverses were included in the list of SandMath functions You sh
19. 4 c ngel M Martin Page 31 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 6 4 Random numbers revisited Not strictly related to the topic but included in this section nonetheless as a surrogate for a dedicated Math coverage The random number functions also use the CCD Buffer to store an initial seed from which all random numbers are generated using the function RNDM e SEED furnishes an initial value for the computation of a random number using the function RNDM The seed value is stored in the I O buffer of the CCD Module Only the fractional part of the X register is used for the starting value Note that with CLX SEED you can clear the random number register from the buffer thus freeing one more register for program storage Furthermore if the buffer only contains the seed information it will be removed altogether from the RAM I O area As a remainder the buffer can also have the current word size as well as possibly the current Matrix file name if you re also using array or Matrix functions from the CCD Module the Advantage Pac or the SandMatrix Module e RNDM calculates the next random number and replaces the seed with itself to be used in the next execution of the function The random number has a value between 0 and 1 If there is not enough memory for the I O buffer the message NO ROOM is displayed Note that the initial choice of seed is determinant of the sequence of subsequent random values as they al
20. 8 IMD e Ps 30 IMD 51 IND 2 in E IND 54 IND 55 T5 HIT 18 2 179 3 1an 4 182 5 183 T IaLOBAL GLOBAL GLOBAL SL OBAL Tu GLOBAL GLOBAL IND 64 IND B5 IND B5 INC e IND BS IND BS IND 70 IMD 71 132 A J194 8195 yE D a Ejga F199 G iro iro aro GTO Gro ia J to 81 210 2n B2 a mo s IND a6 IND a7 XQ HEG L IND102 IMD103 PM g TEXT b TERT 7 ING Me IND C sge yag Ww U 1 2 J 4 5 h 0000 Q1 0010 0011 0100 101 0140 O11 Hex cades for bytes are the row number followed by the column a filled lower right corner indicates a printer control character rg g x g LASTA e Aine BOB us s ius i es a n VF Uli 113 ww D Uma Vis VV Es E pa bs i e i5 wg wg o R ng ae ae wg s mg Jb p s gt g 26 ar NES M 2 p 5 amp 25 j 25 Gr i 08 re pu re RES a US SCIO ots So ST L SORE SORE a ae EI eet ae ae Bd W HhMS MOD SGH IE edie ae WE HERES V E o T g2 193 w 30 Z 91 32 1 83 g4 T 8 NT RG E o RD HMS HR RMD eT cae Be an Ble Ble ai Bl B 104 p i05 i 106 jT k p108 109 m li n l1l1 a may MSY SIGN Xxz MEAM SEDY AYIEW CLD DOTE 120 x jia yi2 fas m 124 1125 4 126 amp liar F m g Ay B C E E F ASHF PSE GLRG aorr SON OFF PROMPT ADV IMD O8 IND O8 IND 10 Po or fos we IND 15 messe Bee Td z VIEW ASTO E i TONE IND 24 n s IND 26 S 28 m 30 IND 31 i aiz i54 ss ehis hsr thia 58 d Sio Fore SU I
21. AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 2l Ml l1 m d uo X Mncdul e fo System Extensions for the HP 41CX Revision 4L User s Manual and QRG i RIEDSHET SOFTWARE Written and Programmed by ngel M Martin January 2014 c ngel M Martin Page 1 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L This compilation revision 4 W 5 9 Copyright O 2012 2014 ngel Martin Published under the GNU software licence agreement Original authors retain all copyrights and should be mentioned in writing by any part utilizing this material No commercial usage of any kind is allowed Screen captures taken from V41 Windows based emulator developed by Warren Furlow See www hp41 org Acknowledgments This manual and the AMC OS X module would obviously not exist without the CCD Module Thanks to Raymond del Tondo for the initial OS X 4k footprint version with much of the OS extensions extracted from the CCD Also thanks to H kan Th rngren Fritz Ferwerda and Nelson F Crowle for their powerful functions examples of solid MCODE programming incorporated to this module Everlasting thanks to the original developers of the HEPAX and CCD Modules real landmark and seminal references for the serious MCODER and the 41 system overall With their products they pushed the design limits beyond the conventionally accepted making many other contributions pale by comparison c ngel M Martin Page 2 of 50 Janua
22. COS TAN available as shifted versions of the keys on which Hj they re printed But this keyboard is different from IH I 4 H H the ALPHA keyboard UMSHIFT ABS a5IN aCOS aTAN Es I The best way to learn this new keyboard is to work Fr with it Execute PROG and at the prompt PROG Li INT type T E S T ALPHA or any other name that you choose The display will show ENTER FORMULA Press the W key A W comes up in the display Now clear that away by pressing the back arrow key Now press SHIFT W A 5 comes up in the display Press the W key again Another 5 comes into the display Notice that the SHIFT in the display hasn t lt 3 E 2 69 L4 cancelled If you want the SHIFT to cancel you have F m to press the shift key This is different from the A Uu Ej Eg ga standard ALPHA keyboard but it allows you to key in numbers like 5 775 without pressing the SHIFT key 5 times Press back arrow twice to clear those fives away then with SHIFT on in the display press the J key The shifted J brings the TAN function into your formula Continue typing to complete the formula TAN 3A 0 75B C As you make mistakes say what you can clear them away using the back arrow key Refer to the keyboard illustrated above to locate the characters for the above formula Remember to press the shift key when necessary Switching back and forth from the shifted to the un shifted keyboard ma
23. L 05 LBL 06 LEL 07 LBL 08 LBL 09 BL 10 BLT A BL 00 01 02 8 03 B Wr e 106 7 07 8 0s oo 8 10 8 14 0 l 3 lt 4 bros TESI We 14 a p hJ oo co S a io 8 s 2 5 22 8 24 8 ala lis ali aim alm a ERES 26 0 pi L OT RCL 02 RCL 03 RCL 04 RCL 05 des e i oe RCL 09 RCL 10 cn n RCL 1 dos 35 4136 37 x 41 42 x 43 35 136 37 al m clan e a xu 1o m c Cm Oe m omn fo LO T LO GO 7 I T m UB RCL 1 co 03 29 BI R3 C3 63 Q3 x STO 00 STO 01 STO 02 STO 03 m 7 STO 05 STO 06 ig 07 STO 08 STO 09 STO 10 STO M 12 s 14 48 amp 49 50 2751 3 53 554 5 56 H 57 8158 2 2 e 2 m ps 2 1 50 Z 3 53 5 54 amp s z amp 57 258 so lt 62 gt m ra EST Do amp e2 x R A EEEE EMES EEE CREW Oox m co co un ho ho ED R M YX cus EtfX s TOT COS TAN ASIN AC N mss s s r ss v ge v 8 x 8 90 4 91 93 2 R 83 s 84 7 85 u B6 v a 9 90 z 91 2 z ACT xeo X gt 0 ux KO r n NT RC DR IR2D OCT n 2 99 rc We ae 99 c 100 d 101 ee ad 104 h e RS n llle EW 6 E n eJ oo CS OS IT cm 4 i Dum J d Dni L 2 oT lt gt T ET X Y XsY HMS F HNS NE CH P ROP 67 t 68 e 20 rna n 73 imum s dus 79 67 cles njes E 0 rz G 72 H 73 1 74 3 75 kK 76 L 78 79 af ATA 94 94 RND 11 AV d 1 lt a ll Rt RDN
24. LASTX cux x v X Y SIGN xs0 MEAN c mta NN ajos aer sja s afo c B 14 iss ne ni nan 119 w 1 a 122 z feo m 125 gt 12 D oC on ma m mel om om om or 10i EnESE 1100 He 1110 seen onal oes on 22s Saag ge osse ense gaHuixA SR SESS sss9 3935 9285 82 22 zb H3 as e tu 8b c 00 c UD e Sol Mji rx 00 01 02 03 04 E 07 The lower case and special character entry mode of the OS X Module is available in ALPHA mode when USER mode is on The special keyboard overlay companion to the CCD Module has the printer control and other special characters listed according to the color code described in the table below USER Mode OFF Normal Alpha keyboard _ Blue Letters on key faces Capital letters A Z and some special chars Blue Letters Overlay Special chars available by pressing SHIFT USER ModeON_ Lowercase mode active _ Blue Letters on keyfaces Llowercaseletters A Z 1 11 Red letters on overlay Special chars for un shifted keys O o _ Green letters on Overlay Special chars available by pressing SHIFT If the desired character is not available on the keyboard you can key it in using its decimal or hexadecimal value by pressing SHIFT ENTER for the decimal or press SHIFT ENTER H if you want to enter it in hex Note that it is not possible to cancel this byte prompt If you see the prompt just key in any non zero
25. ND SPARE oe EDS IND 42 IND 4 amp Am oe IND 4 IND 47 how e yaa tjin jae jaa Jira ejas o STO GTO 8 GTO 03 BON GTO 11 GTO 12 GTO 13 GTO 14 IND 36 IND 57 in 3 hs 5 IND BU bn 2d en b2 IMD 53 184 043185 83 qi d GLOBAL SLOBAL GET Em GLOBAL XT LEL _ IND at IND IND 74 IND 75 IND n IND P ND T8 IND 73 0 201 202 4 203 K204 205 M206 Mya O GTO GTo GTO GTO GTO GTO GTO GTO IND a8 IND S3 IND 30 MD31 IMDS32 IND 93 IND 34 IND 35 zo xi Yaa Zaa z20 Maza 222 T 223 SEQ EQ MEQ MEQ pE L EQ EQ MEG __ INDAD4 b bos INDIO pIND108 PINS INDTTO INDTTI 232 h 23 m 238 TEXT amp D ai TERTII TERT12 TEXTS TEXT14 TEXT15 IND PT e a HT NDa IMDb JINDe IND d INNE e 2B x z 251 dr 253 4 254 F255 H 1000 m Wid 1011 di00 1101 10 1111 Bytes S0 BF and CE CF Prefix two byte instructions Bytes DO EF Pretix three byte instructions Bytes 1D 1F CO CD FO FF Prefix variable length instructions Copyright 1997 The luzeum of HP Calculators c ngel M Martin Page 50 of 50 January 2014
26. ames instead for additional convenience and ease of use ASG was taken from the ML ROM compiled by Fritz Ferwerda from the Dutch PPC Chapter c ngel M Martin Page 13 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L XEQ The enhanced XEQ function allows the following keyboard entries a The normal XEQ function If ALPHA or a number is pressed after XEQ we obtain the normal XEQ function It is the same as the standard XEQ on the HP 41 b The execution of any two byte function When you press XEQ and then ENTER you will see the prompt XEQ _ The calculator is prompting for two decimal values When you key in two values the function is executed or inserted into a program If you press H before keying in any value you ll see XEQ and the calculator prompts for a hexadecimal input By pressing ENTER or the radix key you are returned to the decimal prompt C The execution of an XROM number the expanded XEQ function provided by the OS X Module also permits the execution of function or application programs by their XROM number even if the module is not present in the HP 41 The key sequence XEQ ENTER XEQ generates the prompt XEQ XROM This initially prompts to input the ROM id number the portion of the XROM number that precedes the comma such as 05 in the OS X module After the entry of these digits the prompt becomes XEQ XROM 05 which indicates that the input of the function id that is to say t
27. below 1 The first character in your formula cannot be a right parentheses MOD FACT 0r A minus sign can be used as the unary minus for example negative 5 can be entered as 5 2 Constants may be entered either as digits in your formula or duting the ENTER LBL CONS routine If you wish to enter constants during the ENTER LBL CONS routine you need to include them as single letters in the formula 3 Several functions can be followed by anything except FACT MOD and Those functions are SORT LOG LN MOD FRC INT EEX SIGN and trigonometric and HYP functions 4 These functions characters in your formula can be followed by anything the letters A through Z e x low priority multiply right parentheses factorial decimal point and the digits 1 through 9 When ENTER LBL CONS is displayed up to eight characters can be keyed in to name a variable or to specify the value of a constant You can choose to leave the single letter as the prompt for the variable by just pressing R s key in a name for that variable or key in a numeric constant If the first character in the name is a number or a plus or minus sign PROG will take your input as a numeric constant In a numeric constant the character E is used to signify the exponent in scientific notation 1 2E6 means 1 2 x 10 6 or 1 200 000 Also both a comma and a dot are accepted as the radix 1 2 i
28. bove formula was simple to say the lest but the procedure for using the PROG function will be no different when you use it for translating more complicated formulas into programs The four steps for creating programs using the PROG function are as follows 1 Execute PROG and at the prompt PROG _ supply the name for the program that you wish to appear in CAT 1 Note that ALPHA is turned ON automatically for you c ngel M Martin Page 43 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 2 Key in the formula correctly only one side of an equation using single letters to represent variable names Keying in formulas is explained in greater detail below Press R S when you re finished 3 Name the variables and assign values to constants Press R S after each completed input 4 f you want the answer to be labeled key in a name Press R S and the OS X Module writes the program The key step in the above four steps is number 2 You have to know a few things about how to correctly key in a formula What functions are available and how do you key in functions For example how do you key in SIN A Well here are the details of keying in a formula When the display shows ENTER FORMULA the keyboard on the HP 41 has been redefined as follows At first glance this keyboard appears very similar to T E the ALPHA keyboard The letters are all each a assigned to a key The digits and arithmetic signs are MOD SIN
29. c ngel M Martin Page 8 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 2 System Extensions The functionality described below is always available no functions need to be executed and USER mode is not required The implementation is based on Polling point interrupts no doubt the most appropriate approach to modify the standard behavior of the OS akin to a sub classing scheme Without a doubt one of the most useful enhancements from the CCD was the extended CATalogs Not only they preceded the CX implementation of EMDIR and ALMCAT but also provided real system wide extensions to enumerate HP IL Peripherals CAT 0 or files on a Mass Storage device CAT 7 to mention just those two Also useful to the point of addiction are the shortcuts for page catalogs 8 F for one can t use a 41 without them The following paragraphs are taken from the CCD Module manual added here for completeness and your convenience The additional functionality from the AMC OS X is also marked appropriately within each section The Catalogs The original catalogs in the standard machine six on the CX are expanded to 16 and their functionality is considerably enhanced All of the new catalogs may be halted during execution by R S and subsequently stepped through in either direction using SST or BST In contrast to the operation of the native catalogs of the HP 41 the SHIFT annunciator remains lit during the use of BST or SST The key sequenc
30. character and delete it afterwards When a special char is also a printer or IL device control code it is shown on the overlay on the right side of the key with its control code function name If the lower case mode is not desired it can be suspended using the function TGLC which toggles its status ON OFF upon each repeated execution c ngel M Martin Page 16 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L This functionality is borrowed from the ML ROM also using the polling points technique although in a simpler implementation While executing a prompting function pressing the ON key will lengthen the prompt to enter more digits This can be used for arguments exceeding the standard prompt length such as RCL 101 shown as RCL 01 to RCL 111 shown as RCL J or as a handy shortcut for synthetic ones To enter RCL M for example RCL ON the display shows RCL _ be executed or inserted in the current program in PRGM mode enter 117 and the function will The table below shows the correspondence between the extended arguments and the actual registers used Note that e Inthe range 102 111 the display is showing the conventions used for the LBL instructions but the actual registers are correct e In the range 112 127 the registers used are the status registers instead of memory data registers This is what we take advantage of to key in status registers as arguments e From 128 and up the instruction change
31. e SHIFT R S will even cause the catalog listing to be run in reverse A running catalog may be speeded up by pressing any key other than R S or ON Pressing the back arrow key terminates the stopped catalog The catalogs will now be individually described e CAT O shows the ID or AID of all devices in the HP Interface Loop if any are present When the catalog is stopped the displayed device can be selected by pressing ENTER If you press C and the selected device is selected a Selected Device Clear SDC message will be sent to that device When there is no HP IL module in the calculator the message NO HPIL is displayed e CAT 1 and CAT 3 These catalogs execute the normal CAT 1 and CAT3 of the HP 41 with no enhancements in the manner of execution More information can be found in the HP 41 Handbook e CAT 2 This catalog is greatly enhanced in its operation in comparison to the standard CAT 2 of the HP 41 When it is first executed only the headers of each ROM are displayed like the HP 41CX If the catalog is halted with R S the user may press ENTER to view the function block of the currently displayed header When the desired function is located it may be executed directly from the catalog by pressing XEQ the function will be inserted in program mode or the function may be assigned to a key by pushing the A key A second press of the ENTER key returns you to the catalog listing of only ROM headers Another difference with
32. e system c ngel M Martin Page 19 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 2 6 2 1 O Page Catalog Note that although these functions are not accessed using the system extensions described before given their system scope it only feels appropriate to include them in this section of the manual PGCAT Page Catalog VM Electronics Source HEPAX Module PGCAT Lists the first function of every ROM block i e Page starting with Page 3 in the 41 CX or Page 5 in the other models C CV The listing will be printed if a printer is connected and user flag 15 is enabled Non empty pages will show the first function in the FAT or VO FAT if such is the case Empty pages will show the VO ROM message next to their number Blank RAM pages will also show VO FAT indicating their RAM in ROM character No input values are necessary This function doesn t have a manual mode using R S but the displaying sequence will be halted while any key other than R S or ON is being depressed resuming its normal speed when it s released again See below the printout outputs from both BFCAT and PGCAT using J F Garnier s PIL Box and the ILPER PC program showing a nice traceability of the pressed keys ILPer DAHP 41 Hardw D XHP 41 sHardwar c ngel M Martin Page 20 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 3 RAM E Adding a second bank to the OS X Module provided a large a
33. er id and size HP 41 buffers are an elusive construct that is mainly used for I O purposes Some modules reserve a memory area right above the KA registers for their own use not part of the data registers or program memory either The OS will recognize those buffers and allow them to exist and be managed by the owner module which is responsible to claim for it every time the calculator is switched on Each buffer has an id number ranging from 1 to 14 Only one buffer of a given id can exist thus the maximum number present at a given time is 14 buffers assuming such hoarding modules would exit which thankfully they don t For instance plug the OS X module into any available port Then type PI SEED followed by BFCAT to see that a 2 register buffer now exists in the HP 41 I O area created by the SEED function d id 5 buffer at address 194 size 2 properly allocated Suppose you also change the default word size to 12 bits by typing 12 WSI ZE This has the effect of increasing the buffer size in one more register thus repeating BFCAT will show d id 5 buffer at address 194 size 3 properly allocated Say now that you also plug the 41Z module into a full port of your CL Just doing that won t create the buffer but switching the calculator OFF and ON will or alternatively execute the HP 41Z function After doing that execute BFCAT again then immediately hit R S to stop the listing of the buffers and move your
34. essage READY is shown to inform the user that the execution is completed Alternatively if a label is missing the execution stops with the program pointer set at the GTO XEQ statement and a working message is shown e XQ XR is without a doubt also a powerful function It converts the XEQ instructions included in a FOCAL program saved in Q RAM into the appropriate XROM equivalents assuming that the calls were made to other programs residing in a plugged in module The need for this arises when programs are loaded on Q RAM devices like the HEPAX RAM The net result is substantial byte savings because any XROM instruction takes only two bytes regardless of the label length of the called program XQ gt XR is not strictly a full page function but it only operates on RAM pages thus its inclusion here is justified a will be shown while the conversion occurs c Angel M Martin Page 42 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L This section of the manual is taken from the AECROM Manual and describes the function PROG The OS X Program Generator will translate your algebraic formulas into HP 41 programs The programs that it produces are normal programs that show up in your CAT 1 listing You can write them to cards tape Extended memory or any other mass storage media and you can use these programs as subroutines m other programs They are in every way sense and form a normal HP 41 program The only th
35. etermined by actual functions that make use of them This is the case for the Status registers and the Complex Stack types with dedicated functions to save and restore the corresponding memory areas from to X Memory Note that the other types can still be used by means of the RETPFL function described elsewhere in this manual While its argument can be any number between 1 and 99 having recognizable mnemonics in the catalog enumeration is a very useful feature e CAT 5 Executes the function ALMCAT of the TIME module When there is no TIME module in the calculator the message NO TIMER is displayed e CAT 6 This catalog shows all key assignments in keycode order starting at the key and working its way horizontally and then dropping down to the next row On the right side you will see the keycode and on the left side the function name will be displayed Even synthetic key assignments like RCL M or TEXT 7 are shown correctly and not as an XROM number Pressing C deletes the shown key assignment when the catalog is stopped When there are no key assignments the message NO KEYS is generated e CAT 7 Executes the function DIR of the HP IL module For a detailed description of this function see the owner s handbook for the HP IL module When this is not present in the calculator the message NO HPIL is shown e CAT 8 to CAT F These catalogs operate in a manner similar to the enhanced CAT 2 function of the module except
36. gits m to represent numbers the Sa d value range to the numbers to be represented n is 0 lt n lt 2 m i F 1111 15 meaning that the greatest number will be 2 m 1 Note that no negative numbers are included in this system of notation To remove this deficiency the concept of complement is introduced The Complement from a reference K The K complement of a number x is defined as the difference from K of that number Com x K x for which k is fixed by the chosen complement Since in the binary number system the usual values of K are 2 m and 2 m 1 we usually speak of one s complement or the two s complement representing the difference from either the greatest number represented or the one after it In general for any base system b there will be a b and a b 1 complement like the 9 s and 10 s complement in the decimal system where b 10 Distribution of ranges of values If there seems no reason yet for the existence of complement notation remember that to this point we haven t dealt with negative numbers We shall include these by adopting an arbitrary distribution of value ranges in our number systems For instance in the binary system we ll define a negative number as one which most significant leftmost bit is set has a value of 1 Arranging number distributions and using complements change the ranges of values as follows 0 lt x b m 1 b Complement b m 1 lt x lt b m 1 1 1 b 1
37. gs Not to be confused with the standard HP 41 flags all of them held in status register d 14 the OS X uses the scratch digits in the c 13 register nibbles 10 and 9 between the XREG location and the cold start constant see figure in next page to host dedicated flags The table below shows the intended use for them Unused Undocumented Niblle Bit c 9 c lt 18 19 gt Enabled Autostart Disabled Autostart Disabled Lower Case mode Enabled LC mode c 10 1 part of Prompt sequence 2 Part of prompt sequence Unused Undocumented UNS 1CMP 2CMP modes c lt 14 gt c lt 12 13 gt c ngel M Martin Page 39 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Incidentally this usage of the scratch nibbles in register c 13 is the reason why the CCD Module and now the OS X Module conflicted with other modules that also used them for other purposes such as the ZENROM or the AECROM I always wondered why the original programmers didn t use some digits in Bufferz5 instead for the same purposes despite the obvious additional code complexity and relative speed penalty Two functions are available in the OS X Module to manage some special flags e TAS toggles the Auto start functionality which is the same to say the status of bit 17 in the status register c 13 This is similar to user flag 11 but the status is not changed with the first time execution as it occurs in that case e TGLC toggles the L
38. he decimal point but only the absolute integer value is used DATA ERROR will be shown when numbers outside the range 32 to 32 are used NONEXISTENT will be displayed when numbers over 1 000 are used The selected word size has no influence on the contents of the stack or memory data registers Sometimes when executing WSI ZE the error message NO ROOM may occur indicating there are no available memory registers to allocate the I O buffer In these cases more memory space needs to be made available before selecting the word size To find out the current word size set you can use function WSI ZE It returns the value to the X register lifting the stack The value is read from the O buffer or defaulted to 8 if no buffer exists The signed mode is set using function CMP which in the OS X Module is also a prompting function with valid arguments being 0 1 and 2 only Any other input will simply be ignored no error message will shown and the prompt will be maintained which is a more efficient way to handle the error conditions When used in a program the argument will be taken from the program line following CMP a technique called non merged functions extensively used in other advanced modules like the HEPAX SandMath etc CMP USER c ngel M Martin Page 30 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Note that CMP in the OS X Module consolidates three functions from the original CCD Module into a sing
39. he portion of the XROM number that follows the comma is now expected e g 01 for the function ABSP of the OS X Module If the calculator is in RUN mode and the appropriate module is plugged in the function is immediately executed otherwise the error message NONEXISTENT is displayed If the HP 41 is in PRGM mode then the instruction is inserted as a program line Note to avoid confusion throughout this manual the appearance of the colon preceding an input prompt indicates that the number to be input is of the decimal form whereas if the colon is replaced by quotes the input is expected in hexadecimal form Example Assign the synthetic function RCL IND e to the LN key A quick look into the byte table determines that the byte values required are in Hex 90 FF and the key code is 15 Armed with that information it s easy to just fill the prompts in the OX S ASN function ASN H 90 FF 15 Alternatively you can execute the ASG function and spell out the function name Note that the ALPHA mode is turned on automatically for this ASG R C L space e lower case In either case executing CAT 6 will show the function assigned with its correct name a ee and in PRGM Sia a c Angel M Martin Page 14 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L To simplify the insertion of synthetic program lines the OS X Module provides the capability for the direct entry of synthetic instructions All memor
40. he two byte function is assigned to that key If you first press the H key the operating system will prompt for hexadecimal values With ENTER or the radix key you return to the decimal prompt Assigning an XROM number the ASN function of the OS X Module allows the assignment of XROM numbers without the module with that XROM plugged in the calculator After you have pressed ASN you simply press XEQ and you ll see ASN XROM _ This prompt initially requests input of the ROM id number i e the portion of the XROM number that precedes the comma such as 05 for the OS X module After the entry of these digits the prompt becomes ASN XROM 05 _ which indicates that input of the function id that is to say the portion of the XROM number that follows the comma is now expected e g 01 for the function ABSP of the OS X Module The prompt becomes XROM 05 01 which requests input of the code for the key this function is to be assigned to Note that pressing back arrow at this point does not cancel the action but assigns the function to the back arrow key instead You should manually un assign it if that was unintentionally made using the key sequence ASN ALPHA ALPHA key Related functionality Note that here we ve used the function XROM id to make the assignment and that it is restricted to two byte functions Another function in the OS X module is ASG which features a more capable approach using the function n
41. hts up all LCD segments and indicators of the calculator display pre ceded by all the comma characters which BTW will be totally unnoticed if your CL is running at 50x Turbo Use it to check and diagnose whether your display is fully functional No input parameters are required c ngel M Martin Page 26 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L PMTA is one of the trademark functions of the original CCD Module It prompts for ALPHA text using the existing content in ALPHA as prompt cue or adding TEXT if ALPHA is blank Like the mainframe function PROMPT it stops the program execution when used in a program But let s read the original description from the CCD Manual Description The function PMTA gives the possibility of a comfortable ALPHA input It consists of two parts If executed in a running program the program ruin will be interrupted and the program pointer will be set back by one program line to the function PMTA Now the OX S Module input flag bit 5 of byte 4 in register c 13 is set the ALPHA register is switched on and a underscore sign is placed into the display Using R S and ON the function can be terminated without the loss of the original ALPHA contents If a different key is pressed all of the previous contents of the ALPHA register are erased which has no influence on the shown indication If the depressed key is a letter key the ALPHA register will be overwritten with the corresponding
42. ing unique about the programs that PROG produces is that they are created by the OS X Module from algebraic formulas that YOU supply With PROG writing a program to solve an algebraic formula is just a matter of keying in that formula just like it s written You don t even have to put your HP 41 into program mode The PROG function writes the program and stores it in memory for you to use 8 1 A quick example of PROG Example As a simple first example use the PROG function to write a program called FRUIT to solve the formula FRUIT APPLES ORANGES Solution Keytrokes Display XEQ PROG PROG ALPHA is turned ON automatically F R U I T ALPHA PACKING ENTER FORMULA A SHIFT SHIFT O A O R S ENTER LBL CONS A A P P L E S A APPLES R S Q O R A N G E S O ORANGES R S ANS F R U 1 T ANS FRUIT R S PROGRAMMING PACKING RUN SIZE gt 02 If you get the message TRY AGAIN you don t have enough RAM memory space for this small program You need to either set your SIZE lower or clear out one or more of the programs you have in your CAT 1 listing Running the program Say that for this problem you have 5 apples and 6 oranges and you want to know the total amount of fruit you have When APPLES comes up in the display press 5 R S For ORANGES press 6 R S The calculator will temporarily display FRUIT and then show you the answer 11 000 8 2 A general description The a
43. ion for the HP 41CX 1 Introduction Of the several modules that included extensions of the operation system the CCD Module was no doubt the most daring in the implementation and useful in the results The original module featured numerous extensions that made using the powerful features of the 41 a much easier affair plus added a few more on its own to round out the functionality Only the ZENROM came close to a similar set of enhancements although to this author not quite as well thought out and lacking some finesse in the integration Even as groundbreaking as the CCD Module was yet further usability came from a reduced footprint version that removed other functions not directly related to the OS extensions Raymond del Tondo produced the first of these 4k modules the CCD OS X that added a couple of functions to read write module images to the HP IL mass storage That was the perfect basis to extend using the Library 4 moving sections of the code to the library Space making more room for additional features and a few more FAT entries to allocate additional functions The first AMC_OS X was just that a 4k module adding on the CCD_OS X the following Complete implementation of the CCD Catalogs Added 5 new XM File types to be described later on Prompt Lengthener from the ML ROM Multi byte assign ASG from the ML ROM Direct GTO to ROM Address Plus 15 more utility functions Page 4 Library and Bank Switching A subsequent versi
44. is to calculate the Checksum byte and to write it in the last word of the page and that it ll do very nicely e READPG and WRTPG are the mandatory read write entire blocks a k a pages to the HP IL disk drive Very much equivalent to the HEPAX READROM and WRTROM where the destination page is expected to be in X lt works on any page RAM or ROM and OS included Note for bank switched modules only the first bank is copied Their code is entirely contained in the Library 4 so this is another example of the free riders only needing the FAT entry and the calling stub footprint They are taken from the CCD OS X thus attributed authorship to R del Tondo which to this date is unconfirmed Note that the file formats on disk will be compatible with the HEPAX functions that perform the same tasks but not so with equivalent functions from the ML ROM Eramco MLDL or other EPROMS from the Dutch PPC Chapters There are thus two standards that cannot be intermixed c ngel M Martin Page 25 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 5 ALPHA amp The OS X Module has a small set of ALPHA functions chosen for being in the original CCD Module also complemented by a few others of general applicability For a comprehensive list of Aloha and Display related functions you should use the ALPHA ROM or the POWER CL which contains pretty much all you would ever need AlphaSwap J ABinALPPHA Angel Martin
45. k register Y i Stack register Z Q P O i il L E A Z T Stack register T Fe Mantisso Ten Sign Sign Status registers Related functionality The functions SAVEST and GETST in the RAMPAGE Module can be used to save restore the complete set of status registers in extended memory Make sure you understand the implications of a hot swap of the status registers set before doing it c ngel M Martin Page 15 of 50 January 2014 Address AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 24 ALPHA CHARACTER The OS X Module enables the user to place in the ALPHA register or to enter directly into a program line any of the 256 character bytes available on the HP 41 see byte table below This was only available previously using the X Functions module or synthetic programming techniques Exploiting the use of direct entry of lower case and special characters presents lots of possibilities especially to programmers making extensive use of printers and HP IL peripherals It is readily apparent that the direct entry of lower case and special characters greatly facilities the ease of use and byte economy in programming HP 41C QUICK REFERENCE CARD FOR SYNTHETIC PROGRAMMING 1982 mmm IX eS ee KORR MEO EC CUN ELE LC LA J o amp cer as ws sm wr Sr ON ae 8 BA i nd udi r un um y HH ez metoren e NULL LBL 00 LBL 02 LBL 03 LBL 04 LB
46. l follow the same expression RNDM FRC SEED 9 821 0 211327 So it all depends on the initial seed so to speak In this regard this implementation falls short of a true random character which would require another system like the TIME module to pick up the beginning of the sequence in a truly random way based on the current date and time as an example Examples with a starting value of 0 1 the following random numbers are generated 0 1 SEED RNDM gt 0 311327 RNDM gt 0 753794 RNDM gt 0 222201 RNDM gt 0 447348 etc I n case you wonder Word size format in the CCD I O Buffer The word size format is stored in any of the three registers that buffer 5 can possibly have regardless of which one depending on when it s set and what was already configured The module recognizes it by its first two nibbles which are FO as if it were a normal KA register Then the actual word size is stored both in binary and hex formats using nibbles 3 to 8 for the binary form and the S amp X field for the hex equivalent The examples in the table below should clarify Buffer Register a MEE F0 000000003 002 a Te F0 00000000F 004 EE NEED F0 0000000FF 008 F0 00000FFFF 010 FO OFFFFFFFF 020 c Angel M Martin Page 32 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 7 1 Main and X Memory Utilities The table below shows the advanced Main and X Memory utilities complementing and enhancing the
47. le of word size 5 bits the 2 s Complement of a number a would be 1111 a 1 The 2 s complement of bin 10001 is the number bin 01111 Notice how also in this segmentation the leftmost bit is set for all negative numbers and therefore takes over the role of the minus sign In the 2 s complement mode there is one more negative number than in the positive number range since zero only has the representation 0 The Unsigned Mode no complement Since the Complement mode employs one bit as the negative sign the range of values for a word size of 8 bits in the 1 s complement is from 127 d to 127 d and in the 2 s complement from 128 d to 127 d Note that in both cases those are 256 values For cases when only the positive number range is needed the precedence sign bit is not necessary unsigned mode and the value range is used for all cases from 0 to 255 d assuming the same word size of 8 bits In the table below you can see the correspondence between the three sign modes for decimal numbers 0 15 represented in binary using a four bit word size Dec Unsigned 1 s Compl 2 s Compl 0 0000 6 0110 8 1000 9 1001 B f 1011 NE 7 10 11 C 12 D 10 13 14 15 15 1 c ngel M Martin Page 29 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L General Conventions used for Hex Functions All Hex functions in the OS X Module follow the same conventions as follows 1 The cur
48. le one UNS 1CMP 2CMP This has the advantage of freeing up two FAT entries the most limiting factor in this case where ROM space is not at a premium anymore thanks to the bank switching design Note also that the current sign mode information is not saved in the CCD I O Buffer but instead it is stored in the scratch area of status register c 13 More about this later in the manual Selecting a sign mode replaces the previous one if set The contents of the X register are put in the LASTX register and then replaced by the new representation of the hex number i e the number in X Is first converted to binary using the old sign mode and after switching to the new mode is converted back into a decimal number If the number in X cannot be represented in the new mode i e if it lays outside of the value range defined by the current word size the error message DATA ERROR will occur and the mode will NOT be changed 6 3 Input and Output Hex functions Input in prompt W amp W GmbH ARCL X in Hex Appends value in X W amp W GmbH Shows Hex value W amp W GmbH Appends hex characters Appends hex bytes W amp W Gmbh The function PMTH allows for the input if hex numbers It writes the equivalent decimal value into the X register and the stack is lifted before the value is copied to X The number of digits ion the prompt is dependent on the current word size taking one prompt per each 4 bits The function rejects input values too la
49. letter and will be appended to the display After pressing the R S key PMTA is executed for the second time The function recognizes this by the fact that the input flag is still set The flag is now cleared ALPHA is turned off and flag 23 is ser if there was any input into ALPHA Further hints If during execution of PMTA the ALPHA register is empty the string TEXT is shown Like all prompt functions in the module PMTA executes BST once during the execution of the program If BST is executed at the end of a a large program it will take quite a long time therefore it is advisable to put all prompt functions at the beginning of the program possibly in a subroutine or shortly behind a global label TGLC toggles the status of the lower case mode flag bit 16 in status register c Use it when you want the lower case to be disabled during ALPHA input even in USER mode Note that the OS X Module intentionally uses the reversed convention for activation of the lower case mode USER must be ON not OFF as it is the case in the original CCD Module Remember that most of the lower case characters will be shown as starburst in the HP 41 display but will be properly interpreted by the printers or other HP IL peripherals MSGE is a nice little routine that piggybacks on the OS routine MSGE Use it to display standard OS messages totally or partially by appropriately choosing the message index This provides an obvious byte count reduction in
50. mount of space for additional functions to be included The choice of functions added over previous incarnations was clearly meant to have a comprehensive and self contained function set that included some the best examples ever written for the HP 41 system RAM editors are no doubt amongst these and as such one is included in the bank switched version of the module Editing RAM memory with RAMED Written by MCODE master Hakan Th rngren this powerful RAM editor rivals with and exceeds it in several aspects the ZENROM implementation It was first published in PPC V13 N4 p26 you re encouraged to check his original contribution for a complete description of the functionality and usage The starting address is taken from the X register in RUN mode as decimal value between 0 and 999 or from the program pointer in PRGM mode The display shows two distinct fields with the nybble amp byte section shown on the left side and the actual register content shown on the right as a 7 digit scrollable field controlled by the USER and PRGM keys very much like the CX s ASCII file editor ED Nybble D the 13 within the register is selected upon start up with the cursor centered in the middle of the field and its value blinking on the display At this point you can use the control characters to move between both areas and within the fields or the digit keys plus A F to input the nybble HEX values being edited Scrolling includes a tone to signal
51. mula for the volume of a cylinder of a known inner diameter and height VOLUME HEIGHT x DIAM 2 4 Solution Keytrokes Display XEQ PROG PROG _ 4m C Y L V O L ALPHA PACKING E ON ENTER FORMULA H SHIFT SHIFT D 2 SHIFT x SHIFT 4 H D 2 x 4 R S ENTER LBL CONS D D I A M D DIAM 12m R S H H E 1 G H T H HEIGHT R S ANS R S PROGRAMMING PACKING RUN SIZE gt 03 By pressing R S when the prompt ANS comes up in the display you are telling PROG not to label the answer The RUN SIZE gt prompt tells you how many registers are required to run the program In this case you have to have at least three data registers available when you run this program Applying now the numeric values for this example XEQ CYLVOL 4 R S 12 R S gt 150 7964 in FIX 4 Below is the program listing as created by PROG Note the usage of the power function for the square power more general than X 2 Each variable is internally associated with a data register which will be used in the calculations so not based in the stack Note also that the final output doesn t combine the name of the answer with its value in the display granted there s some finesse missing but the compromise is largely appropriate and the methodology used quite impressive to say the least c ngel M Martin Page 45 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 01 LBL CYLVOL 07 STO OI 13 4
52. n Ken Emery ngel Martin Chris Dennis W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH Ross Cooling Clifford Stern Raymond del Tondo W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH Ken Emery ngel Martin W amp W GmbH Fritz Ferwerda W amp W GmbH Sebastian Toelg W amp W GmbH PANAME ROM Nelson F Crowe ngel Martin ngel Martin HP Co ngel Martin W amp W GmbH Fritz Ferwerda H kan Th rngren H kan Th rngren H kan Th rngren ngel Martin H kan Th rngren W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH VM Electronics c ngel M Martin Page 6 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Function Description Input Output Author Pokes Register adr in Y content in X writes data to register W amp W GmbH RAM Editor RAM addr in X or current PC Editor mode activated H kan Th rngren Read Page FileName in Alpha pg in X reg reads ROM image from HP IL Raymond del Tondo Read All X Memory FileName in Alpha reads X Mem from HP IL Skwid Rename X Mem file OldName NewName in Alpha file renamed ngel Martin FileName in Alpha type in X file type changed ngel Martin Prompts for XROM id pag in X fcns In Y W amp W GmbH FileName in ALPHA buff in X Saves buffer to X Mem file H kan Th rngren Save Key assignments FileName in ALPHA Saves KA to X Mem file H kan Th rngren Sum Page prompts for page Calculates amp writes Chksum George loannou oggle Provate status Prompts fo
53. nce thus will drain on the battery life if used extensively Do not leave it run idle for a prolonged time e RAMED is completely located in bank 2 with only the function name and a small code snippet in the first bank to transfer the execution have only minimally altered the source code to take advantage of the CX and Library 4 routines e RAMED is also included in the RAMPAGE module named RAMEDIT there because the ZENROM function RAMED is also included in the module Address RAM 3FF Extendcd Memory a2 300 AFF Extended Memory 1 200 IFF Top of Main Memory daia register Q top of User programs EEA i ai p I O Buffer area aco Key Assignments OBF Top of X funct X Mem 040 Bottom of X Funct X Mem Nonexistcnt Registers VOID DOF Status Registers c ngel M Martin Page 22 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Even if these functions aren t strictly new they have been improved to make them more usable and work in combination with one another 4 1 The system as a whole Checks ROMS pluggedin ngel Martin T Lists ROMS plugged in P ngel Martin Shows OS Revisions Nelson F Crowle CHKSYS is a very useful routine to check for incompatibilities in the system configuration as may occur when two ROMs with the same XROM id are plugged The function will scan all the ROM blocks looking for repeat values showing a confirmation or a
54. nt CMT 200 IL Buffer and Monitoring 1 2 3 4 5 7 CMT 300 Status Info dvantage SandMath INTEG amp SOLVE scratch Mainframe Key Assignments The id 15 is not really a buffer type but reserved for the key assignment registers BFCAT has a few hot keys to perform the following actions in manual mode R S stops the automated listing and toggles with the manual mode upon repeat pressings D for instant buffer deletion there s no way back so handle with care H decodes the buffer header register Its structure contains the buffer ID as well as some other relevant information in the specific fields all buffer dependent V Views the contents of the buffer sequentially showing its registers in the display SHIFT SST BST moves the listing in manual mode until the end beginning is reached Back Arrow to cancel out the process and return to the OS flags the listing to go backwards both in manual and auto modes Like it s the case with the standard Catalogues the buffer listing in Auto mode will terminate automatically when the last buffer or first if running backwards has been shown In manual mode the last first entry will remain shown until you press BackArrow or R S Should buffers not be present the message VO BUFFERS will be shown and the catalog will terminate Note also that the cataloque will be printed if in NORM TRACE mode producing a record of all buffers present in th
55. on are well known amongst all HP41 users PEEKR and POKER PEEKR can be compared to the RCL function however it is now possible to read the contents of any register and without normalization into the X register This removed one of the main problems of synthetic programming The address of the register to be read is entered as absolute address in to X As when using RCL IND X the stack registers are lifted PEEKR works for every existing register address from zero to 1 023 If we want to use relative data register numbers with PEEKR the absolute address of the data registers must be first obtained e POKER writes over the absolute register which address is specified in the Y register with the contents of the X register POKER works for the entire existing register range of the calculator The stack registers remain unchanged as long as they are not specified by the absolute address in Y Since POKER can change any register this function should only be employed if the calculator structure is well understood Otherwise it may result in unwanted changes in programs data registers status registers etc or even a MEMORY LOST condition c ngel M Martin Page 34 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 7 2 Buffer Utilities Fascinating things these Buffers so challenging and elusive they are that prompted the development of the BUFFERLAND Module Some of its functions are incorporated in here as well as follows Buffer
56. on of the module added bank switching support which allowed for a substantial increase in the number of functions Several utilities from the ToolBox and Rampage ROMs were added to the set so at this stage the module was fulfilling its goal of being a permanent fixture in all systems with only minimal footprint requirements It was also modified to be compatible with pages 6 and 7 assuming of course that no printer or HL IL module are plugged in Amongst the added functions you ll find the usual suspects Buffer and Page Catalogs Buffer and KA Save Write to X Mem Focal program compiler X Mem write to read from HP IL disk file Checksum Page summing and other X Mem file utilities The last touch was the addition of a third bank including the AECROM Program Generator arguably the first CAS like approach even if in proto embryonic shape You may not find it very useful nowadays but it remains a world class example of MCODE programming Consider that it takes more than 3k of ROM space the third bank is pretty full Porting the original code from the AECROM to a bank switched implementation was a challenge but also a very rewarding project and certainly a lot of fun Remember The AMC OS X extensively uses routines and functions from the Page 4 Library Make sure the Library 4 revision K or higher is installed on your system or things can go south Refer to the Page 4 Library documentation to properly configure the Library 4 before y
57. one none prompt for ROM id none 0 1 2 in prompt Prog Name in ALPHA Output Splash Screen Deletes Rightmost chr added to Alpha in HEX integer part to ALPHA Asisgns function B A in Alpha YES NO skips if false NNN in X reg Deletes chars after blank Deletes buffer from I O Deletes all X Memory String in ALPHA Text copied to ALPHA Shows all LCD chars sets both flags execution transferred suspends activates Local KA executes function shows OS message values exchanged length in bytes adds text to ALPHA Decimal number in X reg branches execution random number in X creates SEED in buffer Toglles autostart flag c 16 toggles flag status Toggles ALPHA LC mode shows HEX in display decodes its contents changes setting recalls WS to X adds HEX to Alpha branches execution Writes FOCAL program shows XROM s plugged in Enumerates Buffers Tests OK BAD chksum Tests XROM conflicts sets complement Compiles GTO XEQ buf idit in X FileName in ALPHA Buffer loaded from X Mem File Name in ALPHA prompts for digits PG in Prompt Merge Key Assignments File Name in ALPHA absolute adr in X prompts for page none KA loaded from X Mem NNN in X reg Traininlg Text Merges keys w existing reg contents to X XROM fcns in X Enumerates page contents Author Nelson F Crowe W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH Fritz Ferwerda ngel Martin W amp W GmbH Ken Emery W amp W GmbH W amp W GmbH H kan Th rngre
58. originally written by Clifford Stern Pretty much identical to it except that it uses the text in Alpha if any as prompt useful in programs For all purposes it supersedes CDE as there s no need to first type the digits in ALPHA manually The prompt will only accept hex characters A F and 0 9 Use Back Arrow to delete digits and R S to terminate the data entry Upon termination the corresponding NNN is placed in the X register HEXIN was written by Hakan Th rngren and published in PPC V13N4 p13 You may be wondering how come this is a prompting function if it is located in a bank Switched page and the answer is that such is possible as long as the partial key entry method is not employed This is the case here and also in SUMPG as well both functions use a key pressed detection loop as alternative approach more demanding on power requirements as the CPU doesn t get to Light Sleep and therefore no switching back to bank 1 The drawback of course is the higher battery consumption not to be underestimated e TGPRV is the inevitable Set Clear Private status functions with a twist To use it the program name must be in ALPHA This includes programs in RAM or in HEPAX RAM seen as ROM by the calculator If Alpha is empty the program pointer must set to any line within the program TGPRV is also programmable e PLNG asks for the program name in the prompt and returns the program length in bytes This function is not programmable
59. ou start using it c ngel M Martin Page 5 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Function index at a glance Without further ado here are all AMC OS X functions a full house FAT with the best tools in town Function Description ARCL Integer Multi byte Assign Alpha Swap Buffer presence test Code CLA from blank Shows OS Message Exchanges PC and RTN Program Length prompts in ALPHA Prompts for HEX Key Prompt Random Number Generates SEED oggles Auto start oggle flag oggle Lower Case Sets Word size Gets Word Size Program Generator OSX BANK2 ROM List BFCAT Buffer Catalog CHKROM _ _ Checks ROM CHKSYS Checks System CMP _ 1 2 s complement COMPILE Compiles FOCAL prg GETBF Get Buffer GETKA Get Key Assignments HEXIN _ HEX input PGSIG __ Page Signature MRGKA PEEKR Peeks Register PG Page Info PGCAT Page Catalog Input None Text in Alpha number in X reg number in X reg Prompts for data A B in Alpha buffer id in X reg string in ALPHA String in ALPHA buffer id in X reg None NNN in X reg text in display none none address as NNN zero non zero in X reg prompts for fcn id prompts for msg id values in PC and RTN stack Prompts for Name prompts for text prompts for digits Prompts for key SEED in buffer number in X reg none prompts for flag none number in X reg prompts for RG prompts for size none chr in X rg prompts Y N Prompts formula N
60. ould be able to use them in your formulas right Certainly Notice that the un shifted version of the 3 key is the function H This key is used as a prefix to turn a trigonometric function into a hyperbolic Example Execute PROG name it TEST and key in the formula x sinh a cosh b Solution when the display reads ENTER FORMULA key in one of the following sets of keystrokes either will work Notice how the low priority multiply function reduces the number of parentheses in the resulting formula Set 1 SHIFT SIN SHIFT H A SHIFT 2 E 1 COS SHIFT H IB SHIFT 2 X 5 times SHIFT 22 keystrokes in total Resulting formula SINH A 2 COSH B 2 X Set 2 SHIFT C J C J SIN SHIFT H A SHIFT 1 1 2 E J COS SHIFT H B SHIFT CL 2 E SHIFT X 6 times SHIFT 24 keystrokes in total Resulting formula SINH A 2 COSH B 2 X Finally either press R s to have PROG complete the program or press the back arrow key repeatedly until the function cancels Obviously the SandMath needs to be plugged in to execute it properly c Angel M Martin Page 46 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 8 4 Details of PROG PROG is non programmable When you key is a formula at the prompt PRG insists that you follow certain rules These rules are listed
61. ous File existence DUP FL Note that while it is possible to have multiple files with different or the same contents of one specific buffer id only one buffer id can exists in the I O RAM area at a time GETBF will check for available memory showing NO ROOM when there isn t enough room in main RAM to proceed These functions are new versions of those in the CCD Module using routines in the CX OS code and a novel design with the same functionality but shorter than the original ones and possibly a tad faster in execution b3 B3 Header Many other functions are available in the RAMPAGE and POWERCL modules for buffer management you re encouraged to check those as well if you want to create resize retype buffers or simply view buffer contents The list also includes Data registers and stack exchange with buffers and much more b2 B2 Header b1 B1 Header oco NNI c ngel M Martin Page 36 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 7 3 Key Assignment Utilities The table below shows the Key Assignments related functions Typically no inputs are required no need to identify the buffer type in this case with a few of exceptions ASG Multi byteASN _ Supports synthetics Frits Ferwerda GETKA Gets KA from File FileName in Alpha H kan Th rngren Turns Local KA On Off Zero Non Zero in X Gordon Pegue MRGKA _ Merge KA to File FileName in Alpha Hakan Th rngren Save KA to File
62. ower case mode for direct character input as described in the first section of this manual Note on the Lower Case characters in ALPHA These are not to be confused with the extended set of characters available to the LCD display of Half Nut machines Contrary to those the Alpha characters will not be legible in program steps or using AVIEW or when switching ALPHA on A few functions in the ALPHA ROM may come handy to display the ALPHA characters in the LCD display as proper lower case characters refer to that module s QRG or the PowerCL Manual for more details c ngel M Martin Page 40 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 7 5 Other Miscellaneous Utilities The following group deals with other important functions indispensable in every system _ HEXstringtoNNN Hex string in Alpha NNN to HEX string NNN in X W amp W GmbH HEXInpt 1 9 and A F H kan Th rngren Mainframe Launcher Fnc id in prompt Clifford Stern PILE Compiles jump distances Global LBL in ALPHA Frits Ferwerda e Functions CDE and DCD are the ubiquitous NNN lt gt HEX functions present in every ROM worth its name ML ROM HEPAX TOOLBOX We can t have enough of a good thing or so it seems As an example to impress your friends decode the contents of the Status c register m I e HEXIN is another version of the well known HEXNTRY function published in Ken Emery s book MCODE for beginners and
63. r prg name status changed Sebastian Toelg Write Page FileName in Alpha pg in X reg Rom image written to HP IL Raymond del Tondo Write All X Memory FileName in Alpha X Memory written to HP IL Skwid XEQ to XROM Program name in Alpha Converts XEQ to XROM W amp W GmbH Original authors are listed to the best of my knowledge W amp W is credited for the CCD functions let me know if you know the names of the actual programmers which should include Holger Adelmann and W Baltes according to the introduction in the CCD Module manual With 22 functions from the CCD in addition to the other system extensions the initial spirit is preserved as a genuine derivative from the original masterpiece No doubt you ve also noticed some redundancy with the TOOLBOX and RAMPAGE modules it s true that several functions are repeated amongst these three but as a general theme the OS X should provide access to the most frequently used functions whilst the other two would extend the toolsets with more specialized functions on the subjects that they cover The last remark is regarding the CX dependency the AMC OS X is designed for the CX version of the 41 OS as it profusely uses subroutines from the CX OS code This was a compromise to maximize the functionality and the economy of ROM space avoided having to replicate large code streams already available on the CX c ngel M Martin Page 7 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L
64. r you Efficient user friendly error free programs are written for virtually any size equation in seconds Any number and combination of most HP 41 match functions in addition to new hyperbolic functions may be used in your equations c ngel M Martin Page 47 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L That s all folks this concludes the AMC OS X manual Hope you find it useful or at least interesting to have all these functions documented at last from the historian of the archaeological SW department to the global community with my best wishes PRGM ALPHA c Angel M Martin Page 48 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Appendix 1 p Function AMC OS TOOLBO Rampage Class Function Repeats ABSP UTILS ARCLH UTILS The table on the right shows all functions ARCU UTILS in the OS X module indicating in which EAD m other modules they re also available KA BUF BFCAT KA BUF The table does not include the Power CL cuksys UTILS module which pretty much has them all CHKROM __ MCODE included CODE MCODE CLA UTILS The stats are as follows E CLEM XMEM CMP _ UTILS 38 unique functions COMPILE MCODE 13 dup fns in the TOOLBox DCD MCODE 13 dup fns in the RAMPAGE DCODE ___ MCODE DTOA UTILS DTST UTILS F E UTILS GETBF XMEM GETKA XMEM GTADR UTILS HEXIN _ MCODE MNFR UTILS MRGKA XMEM MSGE UTILS OSREV MCODE PC lt gt RTN 0 UTILS PEEKR RAM
65. rent word size is defined with the function WSIZE Its value is stored in a dedicated Buffer with id 5 from where it s read in every required instance The default setup and the one after a MEMORY LOST condition is word size 8 2 The current sign mode The decimal and the internal hex representations are linked by the complement or sign mode employed Before executing a certain arithmetic function the displays always shows the number in decimal after having been converted to binary using the signed mode and back to decimal again The default setup is unsigned mode 3 The functions only use the integer part of the number in the X register 6 2 Functions to manage Word size and Signed Mode Value in Prompt W amp W GmbH Recalls current word size Wsize to X reg Sebastian Toelg Sets sign mode 0 1 2 in prompt W amp W GmbH The word size is set using function WSI ZE It sets the word size bb used by all hex functions in the OS X Module The allowed range is 1 to 32 bits and its value is stored in the dedicated CCD buffer id 5 A value of zero clears the word size input in the I O buffer and sets the word size to its default value of 8 bits WSI ZE is now a prompting function simply input the value using the numeric keys or the 2 top keys as shortcut for 0 9 When used in a program the function s argument will be taken from the X register instead The argument number in X may be negative as well as contain digits after t
66. rge for the current word size Only keys 0 9 and A F are active The function can be terminated by pressing the back arrow or ON In program mode text can be shown during the execution of PMTH to specify the data wanted for the prompt For example with ADR in ALPHA and a current word size of 16 executing PMTH in a program will prompt for e The function VIEWH shows views the hexadecimal equivalent of the number in X in accordance to the current sign mode and word size The value must lie within the allowed range or otherwise a DATA ERROR message will be put up Alpha data in X generates the ALPHA DATA error condition For numbers with a hex representation with fewer digits than the current word size is set for leading zeros are placed in the most significant digits e ARCLH is the ALPHA counterpart to the same functionality it appends the hex equivalent of the number in the X register to the contents of the ALPHA register The same considerations as above apply as to the allowed number range and error conditions e XTOAH appends one or more characters with the value of the X register converted to Hex to the contents of the ALPHA register The value of the characters to be appended depends on the current word size and sign mode It is therefore very similar to XTOA but in hex mode Example set the word size to 10 input 340 in X and execute XTOAH Since 340 d 154 h this will append two characters to ALPHA byte 01 and byte 5
67. ry 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L HM rit sv v MA pth m A Table of Contents Introduction 1 1 ntroduction 5 1 2 Page 4 Library and Bank Switching 5 1 3 The Functions at a glance 6 2 System Extensions 2 1 Enhanced Catalogs 9 2 2 Extended XEQ ASN 13 2 3 Direct Memory functions 15 2 4 Alpha characters input 16 2 5 Prompt Lengthener 17 2 6 Buffer Catalog 18 2 7 I O Page Catalogs 20 3 RAM Editor 3 l Editing RAM with RAMED 21 4 System amp I O Pages 4 1 The system as a whole 23 4 2 Thel O Pages within 24 5 Alpha amp Display Utilities 5 1 ALPHA Strings and Display 26 6 Hex Functions 6 1 The hexadecimal number system 28 6 2 Managing Word size and Sign mode 30 6 3 Input and Output Hex functions 31 6 4 Random numbers revisited 32 c Angel M Martin Page 3 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 7 System Advanced Utilities 7 1 Main and X Memory functions 33 7 2 Buffer Management 35 7 3 Key Assignment Revisited 37 7 4 Flags and Program Branching 38 7 5 Other Miscellaneous utils 41 8 AECROM Program Generator 8 1 Intro and quick Example 43 8 2 A general description 44 8 3 Keying in Formulas the Overlay 45 8 4 Details of PROG 47 Appendices l Overlap with the AMC OS X Module 49 2 HP 41 Byte Table 50 c Angel M Martin Page 4 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L HM 1i X Mnonrul e L OS Extens
68. s the same as 1 2 which is also the same as 1 2000 so don t use commas for grouping When you execute PROG and get the prompt PROG _ you have to key in a name for the program that is going to be created You can key in any ALPHA name up to seven characters long PROG always uses this name as the global ALPHA label at the first line of the program If you use the single characters A through J or a through e which are commonly used as local ALPHA labels you will find that PROG still makes them into global ALPHA labels They show up in CAT 1 but because the HP 41 expects these single letters to be local ALPHA labels you can t access them using GTO or XEQ except perhaps in a synthetic program line if you re into that sort of thing In short don t use those single letters as program names with PROG unless you enjoy the additional hassle Clearing programs The programs created by PROG can be cleared by the same methods that you use to clear any program The HP 41 function CLP and the extended function PCLPS are dynamite when it comes to clearing programs Excerpt taken from the AECROM Brochure don t we all love the marketing department Writes its own programs Artificial intelligence Close to it The AECROM in conjunction with the HP 41 creates its own programs to solve user supplied equations and fast Simply key in the desired program name and your equation the AECROM will automatically write the program fo
69. s to indirect indexing This is due to the way indirect addresses are built by the OS adding hex 0x80 to the register number This also means that for registers 128 and up only the standard indirect addressing is available to store and recall their contents m J 13 a 135 INDO The prompt lengthener is meant to be used with the following functions STO RCL X lt gt LBL XEQ and GTO It will however also be triggered during other prompts like SF CF FS CAT which obviously have no practical application for it and that will typically generate the NONEXI STENT error message c ngel M Martin Page 17 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L CATalog functions are notoriously complex and take up a significant amount of space but if you re like me you ll like to have good visibility into your machine s configuration Therefore you d hopefully agree with me that the usability enhancements they provide make them worthwhile the admission price 2 6 1 Buffer Catalog BFCAT Buffer CATaloc Hot keys R S SST SHIFT D H D Deletes Buffer Asks Y N H Decodes Header register mmanualmode This function is very close to my heart both because it was a bear to put together and because the final result is very useful and informative It doesn t require any input parameter and runs sequentially through all buffers present in the calculator providing information with buff
70. standard capabilities of the native system Usual suspects you ll surely recognize the names READXM___ Read X Mem from Disk _ FNAME in Alpha Skwid PEEKR POKER Writes register content _ Adr In Y NNNinX W amp W GmbH VRG DecodesRegister RG addresinX Fritz Ferwerda __ The following short descriptions summarize the most important points for each function e CLEM is an expeditious Extended Memory eraser all files will be irreversibly gone in the blink of an eye just by deleting the content of the X Mem main status register at address 0x040 In RUN mode the function will show the message DIR EMPTY for confirmation e RENMFL is a handy utility that renames an X Mem file The syntax is the same used by RENAME for the HPIL Disks that is the string OLDNAME NEWNAME must be in ALPHA The function will check that the OLDNAME file exists FL NOT FOUND condition otherwise and that there isn t any other filed named NEWNAME already DUP FL error message e RETPFL is a bit of a hacker trick it modifies the file type information for the file named in ALPHA changing it to the value in X This is actually useful in a number of circumstances like sorting a Matrix file using SORTFL which only works for DATA files just change the type to 2 sort its contents with SORTFL and change it back to 4 You can use any value from 1 to 14 in X other values will cause FL TYPE ERR
71. t function name is also displayed but not saved in Alpha Note that this is very similar to PG only that the input is not the page number but the XROM id instead If the ROM is not found the display will simply show NO indicating that this functions doubles as a test function as well and therefore it ll skip one line in a program in this case e PGSIG will retrieve the signature string of the ROM plugged in the page entered at the prompt in decimal format or in the X register if used in a program If no ROM is plugged it ll return four characters input prompt represents a blank signature value Entering any value greater than 15 will trigger the OSREV function instead as described before c ngel M Martin Page 24 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L E CHKROM will check the ROM which XROM id is input at the prompt or in X when run in PRGM mode for the correct checksum byte value The display shows information message while the test takes place followed by a confirmation or a warning depending on the case Incidentally it s more than likely that if you run CHKROM on the OS X itself the result is BAD This is not because of an error just usually don t bother to update the checksum values as the code is updated very frequently e SUMPG prompts for the page number in Hex in a fancy manner with alternating texts as shown below that alone covered its admission price Its mission
72. that each of these addresses a single page of the I O ports of the HP 41 Both the catalogs and the ROM pages are numbered from 8 to F As one might therefore expect each of the catalogs in this group has a number identical to the ROM page whose content it examines Each port of the HP 41 can be occupied by up to 8 Kbytes of program material in non bank switched configuration or up to 32k if bank switching is used to its max Since most application modules address the lower 4K of the port they re plugged into then the upper page of that I O port is inaccessible under normal circumstances and the corresponding catalog will display the message NO ROM for that address block Some modules use both pages but have only one Function Address Table FAT In those cases the message NO FAT is shown as appropriate c ngel M Martin Page 10 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Note that there are no direct shortcuts to list the ROMs plugged in the internal pages of the I O bus pages 1 to 7 Pages 0 to 5 are used by the operating system CX Functions and TIME module code therefore in practical terms only pages 6 and 7 are not covered They have to be listed using the general CAT 2 stopping the listing at the corresponding ROM header Related functionality Another function in the OS X Module is PGCAT taken from the HEPAX Module and written by Steen Petersen PGCAT enumerates the first function of each page starting
73. this contingency BFCAT will add a question mark to the buffer id in the display For example see the screen below showing an orphan buffer id 5 on V41 c ngel M Martin Page 35 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L IFAS 95 882 USER With these preambles made let s delve into the description of buffer functions The following general remarks and individual comments apply When the function operates on a given buffer its id is expected to be in the X register This is the case for B and CLB The X MEM Save Get functions SAVEBF and GETBF also expect the File Name in Alpha B will check for the existence of a buffer with id in the X register When executed in RUN mode the result will be YES NO shown in the display and if run in a program it ll follow the do if true rule skipping the next program line if the buffer is not present in the system CLB will remove the buffer with id in X It works simply by clearing the nybble 14 in the buffer header register and then calling the OS routine PKIOAS to reclaim the registers previously used by it so no uncommitted buffers are left behind SAVEBF and GETBF are used for saving and Getting buffers in from Extended memory They follow the same convention used for other file types with the buffer id in X and the FileName in Alpha Error handling includes checking for duplicate buffer DUP BF buffer existence NO BUF as well as previ
74. ts they will check for available memory showing NO ROOM when there isn t enough for the retrieval These functions are new versions of those in the CCD Module using routines in the CX OS code and a novel design with the same functionality but shorter and possibly faster execution e LKAX is meant to be used in two ways to temporarily suspend first and later activate the local key assignments on keys A J so that they don t interfere with local program labels used in FOCAL programs The action to perform is determined by the value in the X register zero will suspend the local KA whereas any non zero value will re activate them These functions only modify the key mappings in status registers 10 and 15 e not altering the actual KA registers c ngel M Martin Page 37 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 7 4 Program Branching and Flag Handling Utilities AMC OS X Jr Togerg lus ay fag Kentney Prompts from Menu Choices in ALPHA W amp W GmbH Y N Prompts for Yes No Input Y N PANAME ROM Menu Prompting and Program Branching e he function PMTK makes it possible to use a menu function for the HP 41 The ALPHA register is displayed and program execution is interrupted Now the calculator is waiting for the user to press a key and for this there are four different possibilities 1 The ON key turns off the calculator The program pointer is still set to the same line so
75. warning message depending on the case It will also report all and every offending id in case of conflicts as many as there may exist Use it as frequently as you need it s the best way to ensure that things are fine after plugging any of the many modules available on the CL library a match made in heaven dr NN or ac Ra Ad plus ree OSREV is now hidden under PGSIG used with any argument larger than 15 the highest page number on the I O Bus OSREV shows the revisions for the three first pages containing the core Operating System code in ROMS 1 2 3 which for an unmodified HP 41CX are as follows e ROMLST has somewhat of a similar purpose it will produce a list in Alpha with the XROM id s of the plugged modules on the system so you can check for dups Because of the 24 char limit in the Alpha string only the last 8 modules will be shown sufficient in the majority of cases specially considering that pages 3 4 and 5 are most likely unique because of being dedicated to the X Functions the Library 4 and the Time Module ial Sai Example winning Lotto combination or ROM list Note that due to the limited number of FAT entries available on the OS X Module this function is hidden under the section header OS X BANK2 You can use its XROM id to assign it execute it or to insert it as a program line XROM 05 36 c ngel M Martin Page 23 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L
76. with page 3 The enumeration can be stalled pressing any key other than R S or ON but the individual functions won t be listed The picture below taken from the HEPAX manual provides the relationship between ports and pages also showing the physical addresses in the bus and those reserved for special uses like OS Timer Printer HP IL etc Note that some pages also called 4k blocks or simply blocks are bank switched As always a picture is worth 1 024 words Block Addresses OQ RB hM t amp i oW OO w PD md Oo 8 EB FOO0 FFFF EOO0 EFFF DOOO DFFF COO0 CFFF BOO 0 BFFF AO000 AFFF 9000 9FFF 8000 8FFF 7000 7FFF 6FO0 6FFF 5000 5FFF 4000 4FFF 3000 3FFF 2000 2FFF 1000 1FFF 0000 0FFF Take over ROM Unused cx System ROM 2 System ROM 1 System ROM 0 Primary bank Secondary bank Lastly but by no means least the Buffer Catalog BFCAT completes the enhanced catalogs set providing a simple and convenient way to list those buffers configured in the system BFCAT behaves in every way identical to the other catalogs with automated or manual enumeration using SST BST and with hot keys to delete and decode the buffer header It ll be described later on in the manual c ngel M Martin Page 11 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L Full House Configuration of the I O Pages A full house configuration like the one shown in the figure below can have up to 132 kB quiite an
77. y access functions RCL STO X can now be accessed directly from the keyboard and use to address all of the status registers of the HP 41 Thus access to and manipulation of the contents of registers M N O P Q a b c d e is now no more complex than working with X Y Z T L This is valid for both the direct and INDirect modes of the functions For instance the keystroke sequences used to apply these functions to the status register d would be RCL D RCL SHIFT D Byte 6 9 4 8 2 0 Exercise caution in manipulating status register contents Altering the contents of registers and a though e can lead to a MEMORY LOST condition or to a system crash if the register contents are Progrom improperly altered Ten ram pointer l return stack Alteration of the cold start constant 169 in register c will always result in MEMORY LOST Before experimenting with these registers the user should thoroughly familiarize himself with the theory and practical applications of synthetic programming Unshifted key assignment flag bits Name Even more interesting considerations apply to the utilization of status registers during program execution Remember that register b holds the current program pointer i e its a powerful way to jump to other programs or even ROM space without any global label ALPHA Register Stack register L Stack register X stac
78. y seem a bit awkward at first but for keying in formulas you ll find this design to be very efficient Once you get the above formula keyed in correctly press the back arrow key repeatedly until you cancel the function completely This shows you that if you respond to the enter formula prompt by pressing the back arrow you exit the PROG function Do not however press R S at that prompt or the calculator will crash same behavior as with the original AECROM in case you wonder c ngel M Martin Page 44 of 50 January 2014 AMC OS X Module Revision 4L 8 3 Keying in formulas Here are a few things you should notice when you are working through the following example 1 PROG accept implicit multiplication That is when you key in ABC it assumes you mean A x B x C this feature reduces the keystrokes required to key in most formulas 2 After you finish keying in a valid formula PROG will prompt you with ENTER LBL CONS which means you need to name your variables and assign values to any constants At this point the keyboard is the same as above except that any non character keys like TAN SIN LOG will be ignored 3 Upto eight characters can be used to name a variable Example Calculate the volume of a cylinder 4 meters in diameter by 12 meters height Create a program that takes the height and diameter of a cylinder and returns its volume Don t label the answer but name the program CYLVOL Make use of the for

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