pages 21-40 - IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Contents
1. Total Biomass a Include only consumption of crude oil that is burned not crude oil which is refined into petroleum products Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 ENERGY MopuLE ENERGY SUBMODULE CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY SOURCE CATEGORIES TIER I 1 2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS SHEET 2 OF 16 ENERGY INDUSTRIES Energy Industries Fraction of Carbon Stored Net Carbon Fraction of Actual Carbon Actual CO 2 Carbon Stored GgC Emissions Carbon O xidised Emissions Emissions GgC Gg C GgC02 H FxG I F H K Ix L K x 44 12 Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas Diesel O il Residual Fuel O il LPG Ethane Naphtha Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite _ Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub Bituminous C oal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas W orks Gas Coke O ven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid W aste _ Industrial W aste Memo items W ood W ood W aste _ Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass _ Total Biomass a Use a value of 0 5 for lubri2. 0 50 LPG 0 80 Ethane 0 80 Other fues a Enter these J when they are used as feedstocks b Use the O ther fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 37 ENERGY 1 38 MoDULE ENERGY SUBMODULE CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY SOURCE CATEGORIES TIER I 1 2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS SHEET lor 16 ENERGY INDUSTRIES Energy Industries Carbon Emission Factor t C TJ Consumption Conversion Consumption Factor TJ TJ unit Carbon Content tC Carbon Content GgC C AxB E CxD F E x 10 3 Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas Diesel O il Residual Fuel O il LPG Ethane N aphtha Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite _ Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub Bituminous C oal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke O ven Coke Gas Coke Gas W orks Gas Coke O ven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid W aste _ Industrial W aste Memo items W ood W ood W aste _ Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass
3. 000 Gas Produced 6 000 30 000 758 000 175 000 209 000 1 046 000 CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION STORAGE AND REFINING Transportation O il Tankered 745 745 745 745 745 Refining Oil Refined 90 1 400 90 1 400 90 1 400 90 1 400 90 1 400 Storage Tanks O il Refined 20 250 20 250 20 250 20 250 20 250 NATURAL GAS PROCESSING TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION commercial sectors Emissions from Gas Produced 288 000 288 000 high 5 288 000 high b Processing 628 000 Transmission and Distribution Gas Consumed 72 000 57 000 118 000 low C 118 000 low 133 000 118 000 Leakage at industrial N on residential G as plants and power Consumed 175 000 0 175 000 0 175 000 stations 384 000 Leakage in the Residential Gas residential and Consumed 87000 192000 0 87 000 0 87 000 a In the United States and C anada the emissions are based on total production of both oil and gas produced b The emission factor of 288 000 kg P of gas produced is used only for the high emissions estimate d Gas consumption by utilities and industries a b c The emission factor of 118 000 kg PJ of gas consumed is used only for the low emissions estimate d e e Gas consumption by the residential and commercial sectors Source Constructed from the literature summarised in the Reference M anual Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
4. LTO in t LTO in Column E see Reference M anual Section 1 5 3 5 for default values 3 Calculate the fuel consumption for LTO activity per aircraft type a a and b 0 in tonnes by multiplying the fuel use per LTO Column E by the number of LTO s carried out for that specific aircraft type Column D and enter the results in Column F 4 Calculate the total fuel use for LTO activities by summing the results of the individual aircraft type in Column F and enter the results in the Total and Total rows of Column F STEP 3 ESTIMATE THE FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR CRUISE ACTIVITIES BY AIRCRAFT TYPE Do the following calculations for domestic aviation and international aviation separately 1 Enter the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights in tonnes Column B multiplied by 1000 and the total amount of fuel sold for international aviation in tonnes Column C multiplied by 1000 in ColumnG gt This method assumes that the share in fuel consumption in the cruise mode by a type of aircraft will by and large be proportional to the number of LTO cycles of that type of aircraft It is recognised that by using this method the contribution from larger aircraft may be underestimated However this simplifying assumption has been made in order to minimise the amount of aircraft specific data required for the Tier 2 method Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories W orkbook 2 Calculate the total fuel
5. Other Kerosene Shale O il Gas Diesel Oil Residual Fuel O il Ethane N aphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke LPG l Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil Primary Fuels Anthracite Coking Coal Sub bit Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat Secondary Fuels Other Bit Coal BKB amp Patent Fuel Coke O ven Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil Natural Gas Dry Total Biomass T otal solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass l a If anthracite is not separately available include with O ther Bituminous Coal Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 33 ENERGY MoDULE SUBMODULE CO FROM ENERGY SOURCES REFERENCE APPROACH WORKSHEET 1 1 SHEET 20F5 g a H J K Conversion Apparent Carbon Emission Carbon Content Carbon Content Factor Consumption Factor TJ U nit TJ t C T tC GgC H FxG J HxI K Jx10 3 FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels Crude Oil Orimulsion IN atural Gas Liquids Secondary Fuels G asoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane IN aphtha Bitu
6. W orkbook 1 ENERGY 1 7 Ozone Precursors and SO2 Emissions from Oil Refining Introduction A basic refinery converts crude petroleum into a variety of sub products Principal products of a refinery may include liquid fuels coke feedstocks and primary petrochemicals like ethylene This section covers basic refineries not the synthesis of petrochemicals Chemical production is included in Chapter 2 Industrial Processes whether or not the actual production takes place at a refinery or in a separate plant Data Sources Data on crude oil throughput required for the simplified Tier 1 approach is usually readily available from national sources or international compendia of energy statistics The Tier 2 methods require data on internal refinery operations which can be obtained only locally either through a national industry association including refiners or by direct contact with the refiners These contacts also provide the opportunity to obtain local emission factors for use in place of the default factors provided below Completing the Worksheet Use WORKSHEET 1 8 OZONE PRECURSORS AND SO EMISSIONS FROM OIL REFINING to enter your data for this submodule ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF CO NO NMVOC anD SO Tier 1 Using Crude Oil Throughput A simple estimation method uses average default emission factors for all four pollutants based on the crude oil throughput of the refineries Local emission factors should be used wherever p
7. consumption for cruise by subtracting the total amount of fuel for LTO activities total from Column F from the total fuel sold Column G and enter the results in Column H 3 Calculate the fuel consumption for cruise activities for each aircraft type as total fuel used for cruise activities total in Column H x number of LTO s carried out by aircraft type Column D total number of LTO s total in Column D and enter in Column l STEP 4 ESTIMATE THE EMISSIONS FOR EACH GAS Photocopy Sheet 3 seven times and do the following calculations for each gas CO CH4 N20 NO CO NMVOC and SO The calculations for domestic aviation and international aviation should be done separately 1 Enter the emission factors per LTO for each aircraft type in kg LTO in Column J Default emission factors are available in Section 1 5 3 5 in the Reference M anual 2 Calculate the emissions from LTO s for each aircraft type in tonnes by multiplying the total number of LTO s per aircraft type Column D by the emission factors per LTO Column J and then dividing by 1000 Enter the results in Column K 3 Enter the emission factors per fuel consumption for cruise activities for various engine types in kg t in Column L Default emission factors are available in the Reference M anual Section 1 5 3 5 4 Calculate the emissions from cruise activities for each aircraft type in tonnes by multiplying the fuel used for cruise activities Column I
8. 1 ENERGY O perations of aircraft are divided into two parts e The Landing Take Off LTO cycle which includes all activities near the airport that take place under the altitude of 914 metres 3000 feet This includes taxi in and out climbing and descending e Cruise is defined as all activities that take place at altitudes above 914 metres 3000 feet No upper limit is given Data sources Locally available data should be used whenever possible The fuel consumption and LTO information can be obtained from the national airports Total number of aircraft per type and engines types can be obtained from the airline companies Some emission factors are in the Reference Manual tables At the Tier 2 level emission factors are based on the specific national aircraft fleet and typical airport TIM ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank International Civil Aviation Organization Another possibility is US EPA 1985 Compilation of air pollutant emission factors Vol Il Mobile sources 4th edition or US O ffice of Environment and Energy 1991 FAA Aircraft Emission Database User s M anual Methodology To use the Tier 2 method the aircraft types used for both domestic and international flights as well as the number of LTO s carried out by the various aircraft types must be known If this information on a per aircraft type basis is not available it is recommended that the Tier 1 method be used The Tier 2 Approach breaks the calc
9. CH generated during coal mining is primarily a function of coal rank and depth as well as other factors such as moisture If two coal seams have the same rank the deeper seam will hold larger amounts of CH because the pressure is greater at lower depths all other things being equal As a result most methane released to the atmosphere from coal mining is assumed to come from underground rather than surface mining As a result the methane emission factors for surface mined coal are assumed to be lower than for underground mining Methane is also emitted from post mining activities such as coal processing transportation and utilisation Methane is released mainly because the increased surface area allows more CH to desorb from the coal Transportation of the coal contributes to CH emissions because CH desorbs directly from the coal to the atmosphere while in transit e g in railroad cars Coal may also release methane during its preparation for final use For instance in steel production coal is crushed to a particle size of less than 5 mm vastly increasing the surface area of the coal and allowing more CH to desorb Data Sources The basic data necessary to perform these calculations are at a minimum quantity of coal mined by type of mine underground or surface Use locally available data where these are reliable Country statistics on underground and surface coal production are available from the OECD IEA for certain OECD Me
10. RENCE APPROACH WORKSHEET 1 1 SHEET 5 oF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR TRANSPORT G H j K L Fraction of Carbon Stored N et Carbon Fraction of Actual Actual CO gt Carbon GgC Emissions Carbon Carbon Emissions Stored GgC O xidised Emissions GgCO gt GgC FUEL TYPES l H FxG F H K Ix L Kx44 12 Solid Fossil Other Bituminous 0 0 Coal Sub Bituminous C oal l 0 0 Liquid Fossil Gasoline l 0 0 Jet Kerosene l 0 0 Gas Diesel O il o 0 Residual Fuel oil o0 0 Lubricants l 0 5 l Total a i a The bunker emissions are not to be added to national totals 1 36 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook ENERGY MoDULE ENERGY SUBMODULE CO2 FROM ENERGY WORKSHEET AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 1 1 ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS SHEET lorl EE ee eee eee H A B G D E F G Estimated Fuel Conversion Estimated Fuel Carbon Carbon Carbon Fractionof Carbon Stored Q uantities Factor Quantities Emission Factor Content Content Carbon Stored GgC TJ U nits TJ t C T tC GgC Fue tvres C AxB E CxD F Ex10 3 H FxG waphtna 080 Lubricants 0 50 Bitumen 10 Coal Oils and Tars 0 75 from Coking Coal Natural Gas 0 33 Gas Diesel oi
11. by the emission factors per fuel consumption for cruise activities Column L and then dividing by 1000 Enter the results in Column M 5 Calculate the total emissions by type of aircraft in Gigagrams by adding the emissions from LTO activities Column K and the emissions from cruise activities Column M and dividing by 1000 Enter the results in Column N 6 Calculate total emissions from aircraft by summing the results of the individual aircraft type in Column N and enter the results in the Total and Total rows of Column N Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook ENERGY ENERGY 1 5 FUGITIVE SOURCES Methane Emissions from Coal Mining and Handling Introduction The process of coal formation commonly called coalification inherently generates methane and other by products The degree of coalification defined by the rank of the coal determines the quantity of methane generated and once generated the amount of methane stored in coal is controlled by the pressure and temperature of the coal seam and by other less well defined characteristics of the coal The methane will remain stored in the coal until the pressure on the coal is reduced which can occur through the erosion of overlying strata or the process of coal mining O nce the methane has been released it flows through the coal toward a region of lower pressure such as a coal mine and into the atmosphere The amount of
12. cants Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 39 ENERGY MopuLE ENERGY 1 2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS SUBMODULE CO gt FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY SOURCE CATEGORIES TIER I WORKSHEET SHEET 3 OF 16 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND CONSTRUCTION Manufacturing Consumption Conversion Consumption Carbon Emission Carbon Carbon Industries and Factor TJ Factor Content Content Construction TJ unit t C T tC GgC C AxB E CxD F Ex 10 3 Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids _ Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene _ Gas Diesel O il Residual Fuel 0 il LPG Ethane _ Naphtha _ Lubricants Petroleum Coke _ Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub Bituminous C oal _Lignite _Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas W orks Gas Coke O ven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid W aste Industrial W aste Memo items _ W ood W ood W aste _ Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass Note To separately identify emissions associated with autogeneration from those associated with process heat photocopy sheets 3 and 4 clearly indicati
13. cludes the world s other major oil producing countries the 11 OPEC members Algeria Libya Nigeria Venezuela Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Q atar Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates Gabon Ecuador and Mexico e Rest of the World This region includes the remaining countries of Asia Africa Middle East O ceania and Latin America Completing the Worksheet Use WORKSHEET 1 7 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES TER 1 to enter your data for this submodule Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories W orkbook ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF METHANE EMITTED BY OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES 1 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Enter data for each type of oil and gas production activity in Column A Data sources are discussed above Ensure that the data you use are consistent with the activity data used to calculate CO from Energy Sources in the first submodule of this module For each type of activity enter an Emission Factor in Column B Use locally available data or the data in Table 1 6 below N ote that these tables provide a range of values to account for the uncertainty implicit in this method You should use your judgement to select a single value from this range You are also encouraged to provide an estimate of uncertainty with the values see the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions Multiply the amounts of oil and gas for each Activit
14. e coal 106 m3 CH4 Completing the Worksheet Use WORKSHEET 1 6 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM COAL MINING AND HANDLING to enter your data for this submodule STEP 1 ESTIMATING METHANE EMISSIONS FROM COAL MINING AND HANDLING 1 Enter the amount of coal produced by each type of mining activity in millions of tonnes in Column A The total amount of coal should be consistent with that used in the CO from Energy submodule W orksheet 1 1 Sheet 1 Column A 2 Select an Emission Factor using Table 1 5 below Do this for each type of mining activity involved in your inventory Select a point within the possible range of values which is appropriate to your country If you do not have the information to select a point use an average value Enter the value in Column B W orkbook ENERGY ALTERNATIVE LEVELS OF DETAIL TIERS The information provided in this Workbook including global default emission factors allows for calculation at the Tier 1 level Tier 2 calculations follow the same structure but would use country or basin specific emission factors if available locally If a country is capable of Tier 3 estimates this would indicate that the emissions estimates are already available having been directly measured and the Workbook methodology for calculating emissions is not needed Countries with Tier 3 estimates can move directly to the Reporting Instructions volume of these Guidelines for guidance on reporting and docum
15. e methane emissions from oil and gas activities in your country you require the following energy data Oil Gas N umber of wells drilled Quantity of gas produced Quantity of oil produced Quantity of gas consumed Q uantity of oil refined In addition emission factors will be required as discussed below Data sources Locally available data should be used wherever possible Energy data for a large number of countries are also published by the International Energy Agency and the United Nations Statistical Division See Reference M anual Sections 1 8 2 and 1 8 3 In addition to energy data default emissions factors and other input assumptions are provided in the Workbook methodology where available In calculating national emissions users of this method are free to override any of these assumptions or recommendations if other information is preferred Wherever information is used other than the values recommended in the Workbook this should be noted and documentation should be provided on the sources of the information Users should ensure that data used in this section are consistent with those entered in the CO from Energy calculations Countries which have significant emissions from oil and natural gas should consult the discussion in the Reference Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 27 ENERGY Manual and look for locally available data which will allow the development of more country sp
16. ecific factors Methodology Three different tiers or levels of detail for calculating these emissions are presented in the Reference M anual e Tier 1 Production Based Average Emission Factors Approach e Tier 2 Mass Balance Approach e Tier 3 Rigorous Source Specific Approach O nly Tier 1 is presented in this W orkbook This requires assembling activity data production etc for the country selecting emission factors based on information in the tables of typical regional values or from locally available data and multiplying through to produce emissions estimates by major subcategory Explanations of the regions used are provided below Regional Definitions Regions have been defined recognising the limitations in data on emissions factors and activity levels and key differences in oil and gas activities throughout the world The following five regions have been chosen e USA and Canada e Former USSR and Eastern Europe This region includes the former USSR which is by far the largest oil and gas producer in the region Albania Bulgaria Czech amp Slovak Republics Hungary Poland Romania and the former Yugoslav republics e Western Europe This region includes Austria Belgium Denmark Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Malta N etherlands N orway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland and the United Kingdom e Other Oil Exporting Countries This region in
17. enting emissions estimates The highest tier of estimation methodology possible should be used for each component of mining activity It is acceptable to provide estimates using different tiers for various components provided that the level of calculation is clearly identified in each component For example even if Tier 3 is used to estimate underground emissions Tier 1 or 2 can be used to estimate emissions from other components of mining activity USING THE WORKSHEET e Copy the worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory e Keep the original of the worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary ENERGY TABLE 1 5 HIGH AND Low EMISSION FACTORS FOR MINING ACTIVITIES M3 TONNE Type of Mine Activity Emission Factor Underground Surface Mining 10 25 0 3 2 0 Postmining 0 9 4 0 0 0 2 Source Compiled from various country studies as summarised in Reference Manual 3 Multiply the Amount of Coal Produced Column A by the Emission Factor Column B to give Methane Emissions in millions of cubic metres for each type of mining activity Enter the result in Column C STEP 2 CONVERTING METHANE EMISSIONS IN M3 TO METHANE EMISSIONS IN GIGAGRAMS 1 Enter a Conversion Factor in Column D The conversion factor converts volume of CH4 to a weight measure gigagrams using the density of methane at 20 C and at a pressure of 1 atmosphere This conversion fac
18. mber countries Data on coal production by type hard coal and lignite are also available for most countries in the world Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories W orkbook Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Methodology On the advice of an expert group see the Section 1 7 in the Reference Manual calculations have been organised around a single formula which relates tonnes of coal production to total CH emissions from mining and post mining activities The Workbook enables the user to operate at several different levels of detail or tiers discussed in more detail in the Reference M anual Tier 1 is the least accurate and is based upon global average emission factors Tier 2 is possible when a country has enough information to develop average emission factors of its own More detailed calculations can be accommodated by making extra copies of the worksheet and breaking the calculations into sub national components for which more specific emissions factors may be available Tier 3 is based on mine specific measurement of emissions from mine ventilation and degasification This method is recommended if data are available as it should provide much more accurate country based estimates The equation for calculating CH emissions from mining activities is CH3 Coal x Emission x Conversion Emissions Production Factor Factor Gg 106 t m3 CH4 Gg CH4 tonn
19. men Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil Primary Fuels Anthracite Coking Coal O ther Bit Coall Sub bit Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat Secondary Fuels BKB amp Patent Fuel Coke O ven Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil N atural Gas Dry Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass a Please specify units b If anthracite is not separately available include with O ther Bituminous C oal 1 34 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 ENERGY MoDUuULE ENERGY SUBMODULE CO FROM ENERGY SOURCES REFERENCE APPROACH WORKSHEET 1 1 SHEET 30F5 L M N 0 P Carbon Stored Net Carbon Fraction of Actual Carbon Actual CO 2 Emissions Carbon Emissions Emissions Gg O xidised GgC Ggc Ggco FUEL TYPES M K L O MxN P 0 x 44 12 Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale O il Gas Diesel Oil Residual Fuel O il LPG Ethane IN aphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Liquid Fo
20. ng the source of the emissions 1 40 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook
21. ossible as values particularly for N MVO Cs can vary widely Using W orksheet 1 8 Sheet 1 1 Enter the crude oil throughput of the refinery ies in Column A expressed in 1000 tonnes 2 In Column C overwrite the default emission factors with local values if available 3 Multiply in turn the figure in Column A by each of the emission factors entered in Column C and place the results in the corresponding rows of Column D 4 Divide the figures in Column D by 1000 to convert to gigagrams and place the results in Column E Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 31 ENERGY Tier 2 Methods Separate methods for the estimation of the four pollutants from catalytic cracking SO 2 from desulphurisation and N MVO Cs from oil storage are presented below The discussion in Section 1 8 9 of the Reference M anual makes clear that the default emission factors for SO and NO are subject to wide ranges Efforts should be made to use local values for these pollutants and for NMVOCs ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF OZONE PRECURSORS AND SO gt FROM CATALYTIC CRACKING Using Worksheet 1 8 Sheet 2 1 Enter the oil throughput of the catalytic cracker units in Column A expressed in 1000 tonnes 2 In Column C overwrite the default emission factors with local values if available 3 Multiply in turn the figure in Column A by each of the emission factors entered in Column C and place the results in the cor
22. responding rows of Column D 4 Divide the figures in Column D by 1000 to convert to gigagrams and place the results in Column E ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF SO gt FROM DESULPHURISATION Using W orksheet 1 8 Sheet 3 1 Enter the quantity of sulphur recovered in tonnes in Column A 2 Multiply this figure by 139 the default emission factor in kg t and place the result in Column C 3 Divide the figure in kg in Column C by 10 to convert to gigagrams and put the result in Column D ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF NMVOCS FROM OIL STORAGE Using W orksheet 1 8 Sheet 4 1 For each refinery in the country identify the major storage type Sum the crude oil throughputs for each storage type and enter the result in Column A expressed in 1000 tonnes 2 Multiply the emission factor by the crude oil throughput in Column A and place the result in the appropriate row in Column D 3 Divide the figure in Column D by 1000 and put the result in gigagrams in Column E 1 32 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook ENERGY MoDUuULE ENERGY CO FROM ENERGY SOURCES REFERENCE APPROACH WORKSHEET SUBMODULE SHEET Imports Exports International Bunkers Stock C hange Apparent Consumption F A B C D E FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels l Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids l Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene
23. ssil Totals solid Fossil Primary Fuels Anthracite Coking Coal O ther Bit Coal Sub bit Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat Secondary Fuels BKB amp Patent Fuel Coke O ven Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals lG aseous Fossil N atural Gas Dry Total Biomass Total sotid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass Other Oil a If anthracite is not separately available include with O ther Bituminous Coal _ Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 35 ENERGY MoDULE ENERGY SUBMODULE CO gt FROM ENERGY Sources REFERENCE APPROACH WORKSHEET 1 1 SHEET 40F5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR TRANSPORT FUEL TYPES A B C D E F Q uantities Conversion Q uantities Carbon Emission Carbon Carbon Content Delivered Factor Delivered Factor Content GgC TJ unit TJ t C T tC C A xB E CxD F E x 10 3 Solid Fossil Other Bituminous Coal Sub Bituminous C oal Liquid Fossil Gasoline Jet Kerosene Gas Diesel O il Residual Fuel O il Lubricants Total a Enter the quantities from Table 1 1 Sheet 1 Column D International Bunkers MoDULE ENERGY SUBMODULE CO gt FROM ENERGY Sources REFE
24. tor expressed in a form suitable for this Workbook is 0 67 Gg 10 m 2 Multiply the Methane Emissions in millions of m by the Conversion Factor to give the Methane Emissions in gigagrams Enter the result in Column E Sum the figures and enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of the column Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 ENERGY 1 6 Methane Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Activities Introduction Fugitive emissions of methane from oil and gas activities probably account for about 30 to 70 teragrams per year of global methane emissions The category includes all emissions from the production processing transport and use of oil and natural gas and from non productive combustion It excludes use of oil and gas or derived fuel products to provide energy for internal use in energy production processing and transport The latter are considered fuel combustion and treated in an earlier section of this chapter Fugitive emissions do include however emissions which result from the combustion of natural gas during flaring operations Sources of emissions within oil and gas systems include e emissions during normal operation such as emissions associated with venting and flaring during oil and gas production chronic leaks or discharges from process vents e emissions during repair and maintenance and e emissions during system upsets and accidents To calculat
25. ulation of emissions from aviation into 4 steps Step 1 Estimate the total fuel consumption for domestic and international aviation Step 2 Estimate the fuel consumption for LTO activities by aircraft type Step 3 Estimate the fuel consumption for cruise activities by aircraft type Step 4 Estimate the emissions for each gas Completing the Worksheet Use WORKSHEET 1 5 EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT TIER 2 to enter the data for this submodule 4 Some statistics count either a landing or a take off as one operation However it is both one take off and one landing that together define one LTO operation Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook 1 21 ENERGY STEP 1 ESTIMATE THE FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL AVIATION 1 Enter the total amount of fuel sold for all flights in kt in Column A 2 Enter the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights in kt in Column B 3 Calculate the total amount of fuel sold for international flights by subtracting the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights Column B from the total fuel sold ColumnA and enter in Column C STEP 2 ESTIMATE THE FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR LTO CYCLES BY AIRCRAFT TYPE Do the following calculations for domestic aviation and international aviation separately 1 Enter the total number of LTO s carried out per aircraft type a a and b 0 in Column D 2 Enter the appropriate fuel consumption per
26. y Column A by the Emission Factor Column B to give the amount of CH emitted in kilograms CH Enter the results in kilograms in Column C Divide the emissions of CH in kilograms Column C by 10 to convert to gigagrams Enter the results in gigagrams CH in Column D and complete the total boxes W orkbook ENERGY EXPLORATION AND DRILLING A category of exploration and drilling is included on the worksheet However no sources of activity data or default emissions are provided If you have locally available data for these values enter this If you are working from default sources you should ignore this category which is only expected to be a small component of emissions ENERGY 1 30 TABLE 1 6 REVISED REGIONAL EMISSION FACTORS FoR METHANE FROM OIL AND Gas ACTIVITIES SysTEMs kg PJ Former USSR Other Oil Source T ype Basis Western USA amp Central amp Exporting Rest of the Europe Canada Eastern Countries World Europe OIL amp GAS PRODUCTION Fugitive and Other O il Produced 300 5 000 300 5 000 300 5 000 300 5 000 300 5 000 Routine Maintenance Emissions from O il Production Fugitive and Other Gas Produced 15 000 46 000 140 000 46 000 96 000 46 000 96 000 Routine 27 000 84 000 314 000 Maintenance Emissions from Gas Production Venting amp Flaring Oil amp Gas 3 000 14 000 from OilandGas Produced Production Oil Produced 1 000 3
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