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8051 Cross-Assembler, Linker, Utilities User`s Manual

1. Display an explanation of options at stdout amp If the same module is mentioned twice in an argument list it may be put in the archive twice Utilities 10 3 OBJECT REPORT WRITER DMP51 Name dmp51 Syntax dmp51 dmp51 dmp51 Description report the contents of an object file options file UNIX C shell or dmp51 gives a complete report of all files in the argument list which have been created by the TASKING assembler or linker If no file is given the file a out is displayed Options Options start with a dash Options can be combined after one dash For example vh is the same as v h h sS c r n a e vV V Display the header record of the input file Display the section records of the input file Display the code bytes of each section Display the relocation records of the input file Display the symbol table records of the input file Display the string area of the input file Display the extension records of the input file Verbose mode Display also section names when a reference to a section number is made Type information is also decoded into symbolic names as mentioned in out h and sd_class h Display version information at stderr Display an explanation of options at stdout All options except the v V and options are on by default The use of any option except the v option turns off all other options 10 8 Chap
2. The number of code banks Description Specify the number of code banks used Example To specify that you have 2 code memory banks enter link51 test obj banks 2 otest out d gt See section 9 8 Bank Switching for more details 9 12 Chapter 9 bankids Option amp From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Bank Switching Enter new bank ids in the Use alternative code bank numbers field E bankids ist Arguments A comma separated list of alternative code bank numbers Description By default code bank numbers used in the bank switch will equal the code bank In some situations different bank ids are required For example the Silicon Laboratories CF12x family uses 0x00 0x11 0x22 0x33 for banks O 1 2 and 3 respectively Example To specify alternative bank numbers enter link51 test obj banks 4 bankids 0x00 0x11 0x22 0x33 otest out d gt See section 9 8 Bank Switching for more details Linker 9 13 common Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Bank Switching Enter a size in the Size of common area starting at code address 0 field E common size Arguments The size of the common area Description Specify the size of the common area used for code bank switching Example To specify that you have 2 code memory banks and that the common area is at code addre
3. The syntax for defining macros with parameters is very similar to the syntax for macros without parameters Syntax DEFINE macro namel parameter list macro body The macro name must be a valid identifier The parameter list is a list of macro identifiers separated by macro delimiters These identifiers comprise the formal parameters used in the macro The macro identifier for each parameter in the list must be unique but they may be the same as other formal argument names to other macros since they have no existence outside the macro definition They may also be the same as the names of other user macros or of macro functions Note however that in this case the macro or function cannot be used within the macro body since its name would be recognized as a parameter instead To reference a formal argument within the macro body use its name preceded by the metacharacter Typically the macro delimiters are parentheses and commas When using these delimiters you would enclose the parameter list in parentheses and separate each formal parameter with a comma When you define a macro using parentheses and commas as delimiters you must use those same delimiters when you call that macro The example below shows the definition of a macro with three parameters SOURCE DEST and COUNT The macro produces code to copy any number of words from one part of memory to another 2 30 Chapter 2 Example DEFINE MOVE ADD GEN SOU
4. S SET TOM 3 DEFINE STEVE SET TOM TOM 1 TOM SDEFINE ADAM A B DB A B A B A B The call ADAM is presented here in the normal mode with TOM as the first actual parameter and STEVE as the second actual parameter The first parameter is completely expanded before the second parameter is expanded After the call to ADAM has been completely expanded TOM will have the value 02H Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion SADAM TOM STEVE gt DB 03H 02H 03H 02H 03H 02H Now reverse the order of the two actual parameters In this call to ADAM STEVE is expanded first and TOM is decremented before the second parameter is evaluated Both parameters have the same value SSET TOM 3 SADAM SSTEVE TOM gt DB 02H 02H 02H 02H 02H 02H Now we will literalize the call to STEVE when it appears as the first actual parameter This prevents STEVE from being expanded until it is inserted in the macro body then it is expanded for each replacement of the formal parameters TOM is evaluated before the substitution in the macro body SSET TOM 3 SADAM STEVE TOM gt DB 02H 03H 01H 03H 00H 03H Chapter 2 2 64 dOSS4908dduHd OUJOV N ASSEMBLER ail TASKING M diLdVHO Assembler 3 3 3 1 DESCRIPTION The 8051 assembler asm51 is a three pass program Pass 1 Reads the source file and performs lexical actions such as evaluating eguate statements This pass wil
5. Syntax maintain update and reconstruct groups of programs mk51 option target macro value mk51 V mk51 UNIX C shell or Description mk51 takes a file of dependencies a makefile and decides what commands have to be executed to bring the files up to date These commands are either executed directly from mk51 or written to the standard output without executing them If no target is specified on the command line mk51 uses the first target defined in the first makefile amp Long filenames are supported when they are surrounded by double guotes It is also allowed to use spaces in directory names and file names Options G dirname W target Show invocation syntax Display the text of the makefiles as read in Display the text of the makefiles and mk51 mk Change to the directory specified with dirmame before reading a makefile This makes it possible to build an application in another directory than the current working directory Do not remove temporary files Undo the effect of the k option Stop processing when a non zero exit status is returned by a command Display version information at stderr Execute as if this target has a modification time of right now This is the What If option 10 22 a C e err file f file P q Chapter 10 Always rebuild the target without checking whether it is out of date Run
6. The IF built in function did not have a FI terminator The macro is processed but may not be interpreted as you intended E 306 missing THEN in FI The IF built in macro did not have a THEN clause following the conditional expression clause The call to IF is aborted and processing continues at the point in the string at which the error was discovered E 307 illegal attempt to redefine macro name It is illegal for a built in function name or a parameter name to be redefined with the DEFINE or MATCH built in functions Also a user function cannot be redefined inside an expansion of itself E 308 missing identifier in define pattern In a DEFINE macro an identifier is missing e g an identifier type delimiter was expected after the occurrence of The DEFINE is aborted and scanning continues from the point at which the error was detected Appendix B E 309 missing balanced string A balanced string in a call to a built in function is not present The macro function call is aborted and scanning continues from the point at which the error was detected E311 missing delimiter A delimiter required by the scanning of a user defined function is not present The macro function call is aborted and scanning continues from the point at which the error was detected E318 illegal metacharacter char The METACHARACTER built in function has specified a character that cannot legally be used as a
7. 4 P both binary and unary 5 EQ NE LE LT GE GT 6 NOT 7 AND 8 OR XOR The symbolic forms of the relational operators i e lt gt lt gt gt lt are not recognized by the macro preprocessor The macro preprocessor cannot access the assembler s symbol table The values of labels location counter EQU and SET symbols are not known during macro time expression evaluation Any attempt to use assembly time symbols in a macro time expression generates an error Macro time symbols can be defined however with the predefined macro SET 2 40 Chapter 2 2 5 4 SET FUNCTION SET assigns the value of the numeric expression to the identifier macro variable and stores the macro variable in the macro time symbol table macro variable must follow the same syntax convention used for other macro identifiers Expansion of a macro variable always results in hexadecimal format Syntax SET macro variable expression The SET macro call affects the macro time symbol table only when SET is encountered the macro preprocessor replaces it with the null string Symbols defined by SET can be redefined by a second SET call or defined as a macro by a DEFINE call The SET function is thanks to the necessary compatibility with Intel the only predefined macro function which may be redefined Such a redefinition of the SET function must however be strongly dissuaded because as a consequence the original functionalit
8. ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES 7 1 7 1 Introduction cette 7 3 F2 Directives Overview eee 7 3 73 Debusging ee y dy o ddy i dn A 7 4 7 4 Location COUNTER eee ec cei Sides Be ads OE RSS 7 4 75 DifeCtivies lt ok sisson YRS a oes Gw xe oho te NEN 7 4 VII VIII Table of Contents INSTRUCTION SET 8 1 LINKER 9 1 91 OVERVIEW a oesi ud GW dM adie UG AA 9 3 9 2 Introduction ee we Y WG Y Y RA SR 9 3 9 3 Naming Conventions Y FF YE eee 9 4 9 4 INVOCANO e EE EEE RG RHEW BE WAR WAR 9 5 9 5 Link5l OptionS V YF FFF FA RAA 9 8 9 6 DARSE CONTO ce da ND ite WRN oie 9 23 9 6 1 Overview link51 Controls V YF YR AD 9 23 9 6 2 Linking Controls 5 ned GW Y Y Y ates Sie 9 25 9 6 3 Locating Controls see Y yd Dd Y 9 25 9 6 4 Listing Controls ua a cw ydd ek aad Lav d e 9 28 9 6 5 Detailed Description of Controls 9 28 9 7 Link 1 Output ce eu ety Actas sein Laie ae 9 73 9 8 Bank Switching eu euiar nierk wate oo eae re ean 9 74 9 8 1 Writing Your own Bank Switch Routine 9 75 9 8 2 COMMON Area Au ns A RR alse eels SR 9 76 9 8 3 Locating Algorithm FFF FF Y 9 76 9 8 4 Function Pointers iye reregan A Y YI TAU 9 77 9 8 5 RESOULCES geu Meee ror re Meer AF GNWD FY A 9 77 9 9 Linker Special Labels V Y YF eee 9 78 9 10 Linking with Libraries V YF YF Y AA 9 79 91 Linking OMF51 Objects and Libraries 9 80 9 1
9. MA008 010 00 00 Doc ver 1 12 8051 v7 2 Cross Assembler Linker Utilities User s Manual A publication of Altium BV Documentation Department Copyright O 2006 Altium BV All rights reserved Reproduction in whole or part is prohibited without the written consent of the copyright owner TASKING is a brand name of Altium Limited The following trademarks are acknowledged EMUL is a trademark of NOHAU Corporation FLEXlm is a registered trademark of Macrovision Corporation Intel and ICE are trademarks of Intel Corporation MS DOS and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation SUN is a trademark of Sun Microsystems Inc UNIX is a registered trademark of X Open Company Ltd All other trademarks are property of their respective owners Data subject to alteration without notice http www tasking com http www altium com Tbe information in ibis document bas been carefully reviewed and is believed to be accurate and reliable However Altium assumes no liabilities for inaccuracies in this document Furthermore the delivery of this information does not convey to the recipient any license to use or copy the software or documentation except as provided in an executed license agreement covering the software and documentation Altium reserves the right to change specifications embodied in this document without prior notice TABLE OF CONTENTS ail TASKING M SLNALNOD Table of
10. can t reopen file The file file cannot be opened because the file does not exist or the file permissions do not allow access can t create file The file file cannot be created because the parent directory does not exist the directory is not writable or file already exists and does not allow write access invalid segment type value The segment type can only be of type BIT CODE DATA IDATA or XDATA write error on output file An error occurred during a write to the output file C 4 Appendix C 3 ASSEMBLY ERRORS The following errors may occur during the assembly process and cause the assembler to stop at the end of the current pass For errors marked FATAL the assembler stops immediately because it is impossible to continue E000 internal error Something is wrong with the assembler Assistance can be obtained from your local TASKING representative E 001 syntax error The current line contains a syntax error E 003 arithmetic overflow in numeric constant A number with more than 20 digits is used E 004 attempt to divide by zero Division by zero error during expression evaluation E005 expression with forward reference not allowed A forward reference was used in the expression defining an eguate E 007 symbol already defined An attempt was made to define a symbol which is already defined E012 illegal character in numeric constant Unexpected letters were found in a numerical constan
11. pri Not implemented causes a warning Abbr Abbreviation of the control Type of control pri for primary controls gen for general controls 1 This control is only implemented for compatibility the assembler will ignore the control Table 5 1 asm51 controls continued 5 5 5 6 Chapter 5 5 3 DESCRIPTION OF ASM51 CONTROLS amp With controls that can be set from within EDE you will find a mouse icon that describes the corresponding action ASMLINEINFO Control ASMLINEINFO Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous Enable the option Generate source line information for assembly files Abbreviation AL Class General Default Description ASMLINEINFO results in high level language source line information being generated for the assembly source This way assembly source can be shown in a debugger allowing stepping through the source as if it is a C module You can only use this control when the DEBUG control is in effect ASMLINEINFO switches off the handling of SYMB and LINE directives Setting DEBUGINFO to a value enabling SYMB or LINE will on the other hand switch off this control Thus setting this control on a C module already containing symbolic debug will have no effect Example asm51 debug src ASMLINEINFO generate source line information Assembler Controls 5 7 BYPASS Control BYPASS mumber From t
12. 5 13 gen genonly nogen 5 14 include 5 15 list nolist 5 16 listall nolistall 5 17 macro nomacro 5 18 message 5 19 mod51 momod51 5 20 noexternalmemory 5 21 object noobject 5 22 optimize nooptimize 5 23 overview of 5 4 5 35 pagelength 5 24 pagewidth 5 25 paging nopaging 5 26 print noprint 5 27 regaddr noregaddr 5 28 registerbank noregisterbank 5 29 save restore 5 30 smallrom 5 31 symbols nosymbols 5 32 title 5 33 workfiles 5 34 xref noxref 5 35 error messages C 1 general controls 5 3 options 5 4 primary controls 5 3 Index 4 ASMDIR 2 13 2 23 asmlineinfo 5 6 assembler 3 1 input files and output files 3 4 invocation 3 3 options summary 3 4 assembler controls 5 1 overview of 5 45 35 assembler directives 7 1 ffile 7 5 Pline 7 6 symb 7 7 bit 7 8 bseg 7 9 code 7 10 cseg 7 11 data 7 12 db 7 13 dbit 7 14 ds 7 15 dseg 7 10 dw 7 17 end 7 18 equ 7 19 extrn 7 20 idata 7 21 iseg 7 22 name 7 23 org 7 24 public 7 25 rseg 7 26 segment 7 27 set 7 29 using 7 30 xdata 7 31 xseg 7 32 assembler options La C 3 6 cd assembly source file 3 4 Index backward referencing in libraries 9 83 bank link51 control 9 29 bank id 9 12 bank operator 6 14 bank switching 9 11 9 12 9 13 9 74 common area 9 76 function pointers 9 77 locating algorithm 9 76 resources 9 77 write your own bank switch routine 9 7
13. 5 18 Chapter 5 MACRO Control MACRO NOMACRO Abbreviation MR NOMR Class Primary Default Description These controls are ignored macro expansion is done by the preprocessor Included for compatibility Assembler Controls MESSAGE Control MESSAGE string Abbreviation MSG Class General Default Description With this control you tell the assembler to print a message on stdout during the assembling process This is for example useful in combination with conditional assembly to indicate which part is assembled Examples SMESSAGE Assembling SMSG Using the abbreviated control 5 20 Chapter 5 MOD51 Control MOD51 NOMOD51 Abbreviation MO NOMO Class General Default MOD51 Description The ASM51 assembler uses a list of predefined register names With NOMODS1 the list will not be used by the assembler Example asm51 x src nomod51 use no predefined list of register names Assembler Controls 5 21 NOEXTERNALMEMORY Control NOEXTERNALMEMORY Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Processor entry and select Memory Disable the option External memory access allowed Abbreviation NOEM Class Primary Default Description Certain derivatives like the 8xC751 have no external memory support and therefore do not allow the MOVX instruction With this control an error message is issued whenever a MOVX instruction is en
14. 9 42 debugsymbols link51 control 9 43 define 2 24 2 25 delimiters 2 56 identifier 2 57 implied blank 2 56 literal 2 58 derivatives 3 6 development flow 1 4 directive 4 3 directives 7 1 directives overview 7 3 division 6 12 dmp51 1 3 10 7 dot operator 6 14 ds 7 15 dseg 7 16 dw 7 17 eject asm51 control 5 12 else 2 44 10 24 end assembly 7 18 endif 10 24 environment variables ASMDIR 1 5 2 13 2 23 CC51INC 1 5 10 32 CC51LIB 1 5 9 18 HOME 10 23 LIBDIR 10 32 LM_LICENSE FILE 1 5 overview of 1 5 PATH 1 5 10 32 TASKING_LIC_WAIT 1 5 TMPDIR 1 5 1 6 used by toolchain 1 5 eqs function 2 42 equ 7 19 equal operator 6 12 error function 2 53 error list file 3 4 Index 6 error messages assembler 1 8 C 1 linker D 1 macro preprocessor B 1 errorprint asm51 control 5 13 escape function 2 35 eval function 2 41 exit function 2 49 expression string 6 8 expressions 6 7 absolute 6 7 relocatable 6 7 extension 1 7 abs 1 7 asm 1 7 bex 1 7 151 1 7 lib 1 7 lst 1 7 obj 1 7 out 1 7 src 1 7 sre 1 7 extension header A 9 extension records A 8 external memory 5 21 external RAM page 9 72 extrn 7 20 F fatal function 2 53 fbranch link51 control 9 44 fi 2 44 file extensions 1 7 file header A 4 flash tools 10 9 flashphytec 10 9 flashsilabs51 10 9 flashwinbond 10 9 function branch 9 44 function overlay prevent 9
15. Control Abbr Type Def Description ASMLINEINFO AL gen Generate source line information for assembly files BYPASS number BP pri Bypass CPU functional problem CASE CA pri All user names are case sensitive NOCASE NOCA pri NOCA User names are not case sensitive DATE date string DA pri spaces Set date in header of list file DEBUG DB pri DB Produce symbolic debug information NODEBUG NODB pri Do not produce symbolic debug info DEBUGINFO number DI gen 033H Specify amount of debug info EJECT EJ gen Generate formfeed in list file ERRORPRINT err file EP pri Print errors to named file NOERRORPRINT NOEP pri NOEP No error printing GEN GE gen Implemented with macro processor GENONLY GO gen Implemented with macro processor NOGEN NOGE gen Implemented with macro processor INCLUDE inc file IC gen Implemented with macro processor LIST LI gen Ll Resume listing NOLIST NOLI gen Stop listing LISTALL LA pri List in every pass NOLISTALL NOLA pri NOLA Do not list in every pass MACRO MR pri Implemented with macro processor NOMACRO NOMR pri Implemented with macro processor MESSAGE String MSG gen Programmer generated message MOD51 MO gen MO Use predefined register names NOMOD51 NOMO gen Predefined list not used NOEXTERNALMEMORY NOEM gen Assemble for derivatives without external memory Abbr Abbreviation of the control Type Type of control pri for primary controls gen for gene
16. Description Turn the generation of formfeeds and page headers in the listing file on or off If paging is turned off the EJECT control is ignored Example asm51 x src nopi turn paging off no formfeeds and page headers Assembler Controls 5 27 PRINT Control PRINT fi e NOPRINT From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enable or disable the option Generate list file lst Abbreviation PR NOPR Class Primary Default PRINT Gourcefile st Description The PRINT control specifies an alternative name for the listing file The NOPRINT control causes no listing file to be generated NOPRINT overrules a following LISTALL Examples asm5l x src list file name is x lst asm5l x src pr mylist list file name is mylist 5 28 Chapter 5 REGADDR Control REGADDR NOREGADDR From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous Disallow use of absolute register addresses by specifying NOREGADDR in the Additional assembler controls field Abbreviation RA NORA Class General Default REGADDR Description The NOREGADDR control disallows the use of absolute register addresses as instruction operands By default absolute registers like ARO are allowed as operands Examples ra mov Rl AR2 valid assembly instruction nora mov RO AR7 AR7 not allowed gt assemble
17. METACHAR balanced text Although the balanced text string may be any number of characters long only the first character in the string is taken to be the new metacharacter Macro calls in the balanced text string are still recognized and corresponding actions that will not lead to any direct expansion on the output file will be performed So for example a SET macro call inside the balanced text string will be performed amp Characters that may not be used as a metacharacter are a blank letter digit left or right parenthesis or asterisk The following example is catastrophic SMETACHAR amp This examples defines the space character as the new metacharacter since it is the first character in the balanced text strings Macro Preprocessor 2 39 2 5 3 NUMBERS AND EXPRESSIONS IN MPP51 amp Many built in functions recognize and evaluate numerical expressions in their arguments mpp51 uses the same rules for representing numbers as asm51 see chapter Operands And Expressions for detailed information Numbers may be represented in the formats binary B suffix octal O or Q suffix decimal D or no suffix and hexadecimal H suffix Internal representation of numbers is 16 bits 00H to OFFFFH the processor does not recognize or output real or long integer numbers The following operators are recognized by the macro preprocessor in descending precedence LY y 2 LOW HIGH ae a MOD SHL SHR
18. On each line a code address is prepended This address is calculated from the segment start address and the relative offset in the Linker 9 83 code part In the new format this approach is not suitable The start addresses displayed by dmp51 may therefore be not correct 9 12 3 CONTROLS A number of controls defined by Intel are not supported by link51 The linker gives a warning and the control is ignored The following controls are not supported e GENERATED NOGENERATED e LIBRARIES NOLIBRARIES IXREF NOIXREF 9 12 4 MODULE SELECTION The Intel linker allows you to select one or more object modules from an object file This is useful because the OMF51 file format allows you to append a number of object modules into a file without use of a library manager The TASKING a out format is built upon the assumption that an object file contains one object module The selection of modules from a file becomes meaningless in this approach 9 12 5 BACKWARD REFERENCING IN LIBRARIES The TASKING linker link51 is shipped with a library manager ar51 This archiver allows you to build libraries of object modules The manual page of this program enclosed in this manual describes how this should be done The linker scans the object modules in a library in the first phase If a module contains public definitions of symbols that are unresolved so far the module is included in the second phase If such a module itself c
19. Option 2 3 1 Option 2 gt 3 Option 3 The first example add a literal in the text The second example keeps the date as one actual parameter adding a literal The third example adds a literal right parenthesis to each parameter 2 5 1 3 BRACKET FUNCTION The bracket function is the other built in function that prevents the macro preprocessor from expanding text Syntax balanced text The bracket function prevents all macro preprocessor expansion of the text contained within the parentheses However the escape function the comment function and the parameter substitution are still recognized Since there is no restriction for the length of the text within the bracket function it is usually easier to use than the escape function The literal character is not accepted in connection with this function Example DEFINE DW LIST NAME NAME DW LIST The macro DW expands DW statements where the variable NAME represents the first parameter and the expression LIST represents the second paramcter The following expansion should be obtained by the call PHONE DW 198H 3DH OFOH Macro Preprocessor 2 37 If the call in the following form SDW 198H 3DH OFOH PHONE occurs the macro preprocessor would interpret the first argument 198H as NAME and everything after the first comma as the second parameter since the first comma would be interpreted as the delimiter separating the m
20. Synopsis USING expression Description This directive notifies the assembler of the register bank that is used by the subseguent code The expression is the number between 0 and 3 inclusive which refers to one of four register banks The USING directive allows you to use the predefined symbolic register addresses ARO through AR7 instead of their absolute addresses In addition the directive causes the assembler to reserve a space for the specified register bank Examples USING 3 PUSH AR2 Push register 2 of bank 3 USING 1 PUSH AR2 Push register 2 of bank 1 amp If you eguate a symbol e g using EOU directive to an ARi symbol the user defined symbol will not change its value as a result of the subseguent USING directive Assembler Directives 7 31 XDATA Synopsis name XDATA expr Description The XDATA directive assigns an XDATA address to a symbol name The expression must evaluate into a number or XDATA address and may not contain forward references The symbol will be of type XDATA Examples RSEG XSPACE ROOM DS 4 reserve 4 bytes of XDATA MORE _X XDATA ROOM 2 define MORE X to be 2 bytes after ROOM 7 32 Chapter 7 XSEG Synopsis XSEG SHORT AT abs_expr Description Switch to the absolute XDATA segment The following statements will be assembled in the absolute mode within the XDATA address space The specified segment remains in effect until another segment directive is encou
21. The compiler first looks in these directories then always looks in the default include directory relative to the installation directory CC51LIB With this variable you specify one or more additional directories in which the linker link51 looks for library files LM_LICENSE_FILE With this variable you specify the location of the license data file You only need to specify this variable if the license file is not on its default location c f lex1m for Windows usr local flexlm licenses for UNIX PATH With this variable you specify the directory in which the executables reside This allows you to call the executables when you are not in the bin directory Usually your system already uses the PATH variable for other purposes To keep these settings you need to add rather than replace the path Use a semicolon to separate pathnames TASKING_LIC_WAIT If you set this variable the tool will wait for a license to become available if all licenses are taken If you have not set this variable the tool aborts with an error message Only useful with floating licenses TMPDIR With this variable you specify the location where programs can create temporary files Usually your system already uses this variable In this case you do not need to change it Table 1 1 Environment variables 1 6 Chapter 1 1 3 TEMPORARY FILES The assembler linker locator and archiver may create tempora
22. abbreviated this general syntax to emphasize certain concepts Macro Preprocessor 2 25 2 4 1_ CREATING PARAMETERLESS MACROS When you create a parameterless macro there are two parts to a DEFINE call the macro name and the macro body The macro name defines the name used when the macro is called the macro body defines the return value of the call Syntax DEFINE macro name macro body The character signals a macro call The is the optional literal character When you define a macro using the literal character as shown above macro calls contained in the body of the macro are not expanded until the macro is called The exact use of the literal character is discussed in the advanced concept section When you define a paramcterless macro the macro name is a macro identifier that follows the 96 character in the source line The rules for macro identifier are The identifier must begin with an upper or lowercase alphabetic character A B Z or a b Z or a special character a question mark or an underscore character _ The remaining characters may be alphabetic special or decimal digits 0 1 2 9 Only the first 31 characters of a macro identifier are recognized as the unique identifier name Upper and lower case characters are not distinguished in a macro identifier The macro body is usually the return value of the macro call However the macro body may contain calls to o
23. be informed how it has to do certain tasks A control is accepted only once If it is found twice the linker displays an error message and aborts There are three types of controls e Linking controls e Locating controls e Listing controls 9 6 1 OVERVIEW LINK51 CONTROLS Control Abbr CI Def Description BANK bank segment address BA Loc Locate code segment in specified bank BANKGRAPH BG List References and calls between code banks in map file BIT segment address BI Loc Locate bitaddressable on chip data CASE CA G CA Scan symbols case sensitive NOCASE NOCA Scan symbols as is CHECK CH G Check for empty segments NOCHECK NOCH NOCH Accept empty segments CODE segment address co Loc Locate code memory COMMON segment address CM Loc Locate code segment in common area DATA segment address DA Loc Locate direct addressable data DEBUGLINES DL D DL Generate debug line records NODEBUGLINES NODL No debug line records DEBUGPUBLICS DP D DP Generate public symbol records NODEBUGPUBLICS NODP No public symbol records DEBUGSYMBOLS DS D DS Generate local symbol records NODEBUGSYMBOLS NODS No local symbol records FBRANCH c_segm c_segm FB Mem Designate branch for overlaying Abbr Abbreviation of the control Cl Class type of control D means a debugging control G means a miscellaneous linking control List mean
24. idata 9 27 9 50 overview of 9 27 precede 9 27 9 60 stack 9 27 9 67 xdata 9 27 9 71 location counter 6 7 7 4 logical expressions mpp51 2 42 low 6 14 Index Its function 2 42 macro 5 18 macro delimiters 2 29 2 56 macro name 2 25 macro preprocessor 2 1 macros creating and calling 2 24 local symbols in 2 31 parameterless 2 25 user defined 2 24 with parameters 2 29 makefile 10 21 map link51 control 9 53 match function 2 52 memory external 5 21 reserve 9 65 message asm51 control 5 19 metachar function 2 38 metacharacter 2 24 2 38 minus operator 6 11 mk51 10 21 DEFAULT target 10 29 DONE target 10 29 IGNORE target 10 50 INIT target 10 30 PRECIOUS target 10 30 SILENT target 10 30 SUFFIXES target 10 30 comment lines 10 24 conditional processing 10 24 exist function 10 28 export line 10 24 functions 10 27 ifdef 10 24 implicit rules 10 31 include line 10 24 macro definition 10 23 Index Index 9 macro MAKE 10 26 macro MAKEFLAGS 10 26 macro PRODDIR 10 26 macro SHELLCMD 10 26 macros 10 25 makefiles 10 23 match function 10 27 nexist function 10 28 protect function 10 28 rules in makefile 10 30 separate function 10 27 special macros 10 26 special targets 10 29 targets 10 28 mod51 asm51 control 5 20 module 9 5 module selection 9 83 OMF51 9 81 modulo 6 12 mpp51 1 3 advanced concepts 2 56 built in functions 2 33 _ FILE funct
25. not overlaid When using the FUNCTIONOVERLAY control data segments are overlaid by using a naming convention When no code segment is found to the data segment the data will not be overlaid WARNING 15 functionoverlay and overlay cannot be used at the same time control name ignored Only one control of FUNCTIONOVERLAY and OVERLAY can be supported at the same time The last given control is ignored WARNING 16 control GRAPH only supported when control functionoverlay is selected Function call graphs can only be made when FUNCTIONOVERLAY is done WARNING 17 functionoverlay gt is ignored It is of no use to specify all functions calling all other functions The result would be that no data is overlayable with any other data WARNING 18 recursive call from secm1 to segm2 When specifying the FUNCTIONOVERLAY control the linker checks for recursion between code segments When recursion is found the first found relation of the segments causing the recursion is displayed This warning may not be ignored because the application probably will not run anyway Unresolved externals may cause this warning to occur also WARNING 19 error in command line option option See the description of the option for the correct invocation syntax D 6 Appendix D WARNING 20 cannot find segment name A segment name in one of the locating controls on the command line does not exist The segment name in
26. only those modules are replaced for which a file with the same name is found in the current directory New modules are placed at the end unless another position is specified by one of the positioning options Scan for the end of a module do not use the size in the module header The end of a module is found if end of file is detected or if a new module header is reached Note that this may give false results if the modules happen to contain lines resembling module headers Normally this letter is used as an option but if no command character is present it behaves as a command the archive is rewritten with correct module sizes 10 6 Chapter 10 t Print a table of contents of the archive file If no names are given all modules in the archive are printed If names are given only those modules are tabled v Verbose Under the verbose option ar51 gives a module by module description of the making of a new archive file from the old archive and the constituent modules When used with t it gives not only the names but also the sizes of modules When used with p it precedes each module with a name x Extract the named modules If no names are given all modules in the archive are extracted In neither case does x alter the archive file Q file Use this option for very long command lines The file is used as an argument string Each line in the file is treated as a separate argument for ar51 V Display version information at stderr
27. 2 local names compiler generated names names defined in SYMB directives records for LINE and FILE directives GN MY IN SD segment names 7 version information Each category is associated with one bit of a 7 bit pattern for a full description see the chapter Assembler Controls By default all categories except compiler generated names are included in the load file which is correct for user written assembly programs PL M51 generated assembly source files contain the control DEBUGINFO OF9H which exports everything except compiler generated names and assembler local symbols In the following example we shall use DEBUGINFO reguesting that all possible information be generated asm5l write src DEBUGINFO 3770 For more information see the the debugging directives SYMB LINE FILE in the chapter Assembler Directives 1 10 OVERVIEW Chapter 1 MACRO PREPROCESSOR ail TASKING M diLdVHO Macro Preprocessor 2 3 2 1 INTRODUCTION The macro preprocessor mpp51 is a string manipulation tool which allows you to write repeatedly used sections of code once and then insert that code at several places in your program mpp51 also handles conditional assembly assembly time loops console I O and recursion The macro preprocessor is implemented as a separate program which saves both time and space in an assembler particularly for those programs that do not use macros and thus need not
28. 25 naming conventions 9 4 options 9 8 link51 controls bank 9 29 bit 9 32 case nocase 9 34 check nocheck 9 35 code 9 36 common 9 37 data 9 39 debuglines nodebuglines 9 41 debugpublics nodebugpublics 9 42 debugsymbols nodebugsymbols 9 43 fbrancb 9 44 functionoverlay 9 45 graph 9 31 9 49 idata 9 50 ignored controls 9 83 lines nolines 9 52 map nomap 9 53 multipass 9 54 name 9 55 overlay nooverlay 9 56 overview 9 23 pagewidth 9 59 precede 9 60 print noprint 9 62 publics nopublics 9 63 ramsize 9 64 reserve 9 65 stack 9 67 symbols nosymbols 9 69 to 9 70 xdata 9 71 xpage 9 72 linker 9 1 command file 9 6 convert errors to warnings 9 22 convert warnings to errors 9 14 error messages D 1 implementation 9 82 input files 9 6 invocation 9 5 Index 8 labels 9 78 object format 9 82 options summary 9 8 output files 9 6 linker functions 9 4 linker options 7 9 9 A 9 10 bankids 9 12 banks 9 11 common 9 13 e 9 14 err 9 15 f 9 16 L 9 18 9 29 0 9 20 V 3 8 9 21 w 9 22 linking controls 9 25 linking with libraries 9 79 list asm51 control 5 16 list file 3 4 listall asm51 control 5 17 literal delimiters 2 58 literal mode 2 60 local 2 31 local symbols in macros 2 31 locating reserve memory 9 65 locating algorithm 9 25 9 76 locating controls 9 25 bit 9 27 9 32 code 9 27 9 36 data 9 27 9 39 format 9 26
29. 44 Index functionoverlay link51 control 9 45 G gen 5 14 genonly 5 14 ges function 2 42 graph link51 control 9 31 9 49 greater than operator 6 12 greater than or equal operator 6 12 group function 2 37 gts function 2 42 high 6 14 HOME 10 23 idata 7 21 locate control 9 27 locating control 9 50 idata address space 6 3 7 27 identifier 4 3 identifier delimiters 2 57 ieee51 1 3 10 11 if function 2 44 ifdef 10 24 ifdef function 2 46 ifndef 10 24 ifndef function 2 46 ihex51 1 3 10 12 implied blank delimiters 2 56 in function 2 55 inblock 7 28 include 5 15 include files 6 17 selling search directories 1 5 Index Index 7 inpage 7 27 input files linker 9 6 input specification 4 1 instruction 4 3 instruction set 8 1 Intel hex record type E 3 interrupt routine prevent overlaying 9 44 invocation assembler 3 3 linker 9 5 mpp51 2 4 iseg 7 22 L label 4 3 linker 9 78 len function 2 50 les function 2 42 less than operator 6 12 less than or equal operator 6 12 LIBDIR 10 32 libraries 9 10 9 18 9 19 backward referencing 9 83 libraries OMF51 backward referencing 9 81 library 9 5 linking 9 79 position 9 79 rescan 9 79 library search path 9 18 license wait for available license 1 5 license file setting search directory le5 lines link51 control 9 52 link51 1 3 controls 9 23 listing controls 9 28 locating controls 9
30. BIT address space The specified segment remains in effect until another segment directive is encountered Unless a starting address is specified with abs_expr the assembler continues the last absolute BIT segment The first absolute BIT segment starts at address zero Examples BSEG AT 70H absolute bit segment 7 10 Chapter 7 CODE Synopsis name CODE expr Description The CODE directive assigns a CODE address to a symbol name The expression must evaluate into a number or CODE address and may not contain forward references The symbol will be of type CODE Examples RESTART CODE 00H Assembler Directives 7 11 CSEG Synopsis CSEG AT abs_expr Description Switch to the absolute CODE segment The following statements will be assembled in the absolute mode within the CODE address space The specified segment remains in effect until another segment directive is encountered Unless a starting address is specified with abs_expr the assembler continues the last absolute CODE segment The first absolute CODE segment starts at address zero When the assembler starts up an implicit CSEG AT 0 is performed Examples CSEG AT 00H first absolute code segment 7 12 Chapter 7 DATA Synopsis name DATA expr Description The DATA directive assigns a DATA address to a symbol name The expression must evaluate into a number or DATA address and may not contain forward references The symbol will be of type DATA E
31. INC INC DJNZ 50 100 24 R1 RO R7 A R1 RO A R1 RO R7 LABOA Since macro identifiers follow the same rules as ASM51 any macro identifier can be used in a ocal ist However if long identifier names are used they should be restricted to 29 characters Otherwise the label suffix may cause the identifier to exceed 31 characters and these would be truncated Macro Preprocessor 2 33 2 5 THE MACRO PREPROCESSOR S BUILT IN FUNCTIONS The macro preprocessor has several built in or predefined macro functions These built in functions perform many useful operations that are difficult or impossible to produce in a user defined macro We have already discussed one of these built in functions DEFINE DEFINE creates user defined macros DEFINE does this by adding an entry in the macro preprocessor s tables of macro definitions Each entry in the tables includes the macro name of the macro its parameter list its local list and its macro body Entries for the built in functions are present when the macro preprocessor begins operation Other built in functions perform numerical and logical expression evaluation affect control flow of the macro preprocessor manipulate character strings and perform console I O The following sections deal with the following Comment escape bracket group lywy Ty Ga ek Metachar function METACHAR Expressions processed by mpp51 Calculating functions SET EVAL Und
32. OR operand OR operand Bitwise XOR operand XOR operand Bitwise NOT NOT operand The AND OR and XOR operators take the bit wise AND OR respectively XOR of the left and right operand The NOT operator performs a bit wise complement on its operand The operands can be any expression evaluating to an absolute number or a relocatable operand Examples OBh and 3 result is 3 1011b 0011b and 0011b NOT OAh result is 5 not 1010b 0101b NOT OAh result is 0fff5h not 00000000 00001010b 11111111 11110101b 6 14 Chapter 6 6 3 6 SHIFT OPERATORS Synopsis Shift left operand SHL count Shift right operand SHR count These operators shift their left operand operand either left SHL or right SHR by the number of bits absolute number specified with the right operand count The operands can be any expression evaluating to an absolute number or a relocatable operand Examples AVAR shr COUNT shift right variable AVAR COUNT times 6 3 7 SELECTION OPERATORS Synopsis Select high byte HIGH operand Select low byte LOW operand Select code bank BANK operand Dot operator bitbyte bitpos LOW selects the least significant byte of its operand HIGH selects the most significant byte With BANK you get the code bank in which the operand is located The dot operator singles out the bit number specified by the bitpos from the bitbyte The result is an address in the BIT addressable memory space bitb
33. Use special function register definitions for cpu The filename looked for is regcpu sfr With the I option you can specify an alternative directory to look for the sfr file Example To specify to the assembler to look for a file named regp87c1881 sfr and to use this file as a special function register definition file enter asm51 Cp87cl181 test src lle Assembler 3 7 From the Project menu select Directories Add one or more directory paths to the Include Files Path field Option Ee Idirectory Arguments The name of the directory to search for the sfr file Description Specify alternative directories to search for sfr files First the path specified with the I option is searched If the sfr file is not found the directory Yinclude relative to the directory where the assembler binary is located is searched With the C option you can specify the sfr file which should be used Example asm51 I proj include test asm d gt lt 3 8 Chapter 3 V Option V Description With this option you can display the version header of the assembler This option must be the only argument of asm51 Other options are ignored The assembler exits after displaying the version header Example asm51 V TASKING 8051 asssembler vx yrz Build nnn Copyright years Altium BV Serial 00000000 Assembler 3 9 3 4 SEGMENTS AND MEMORY ALLOCATION A segment is a logical piece of
34. Warnings OW nue ug y Ad Sie tacks Wats nag B 3 3 Errors BY ee a ele ee Sia Du laste Seale B 3 4 Fatal Errors BP ociveie nein Cd y hs na he ea B 6 5 Informational Messages I 00 0 0 eee eee B 8 ASSEMBLER ERROR MESSAGES C 1 1 OVERVIEW Silica i YN wd FR e AG HAW O NF C 3 2 Fatal Errors us y gy o A sed ice toy AA C 3 3 AssemblysEiTotS eiu oh el Du GG Gy ynd C 4 4 Assembly Warnings Y Y ug C 11 LINKER ERROR MESSAGES Table of Contents HM O Mm INTEL HEX RECORDS Overview Fa Warnings V Ya Error Messages Fatal Errors 0 00 00 Fy MOTOROLA S RECORDS F 1 INDEX Manual Purpose and Structure XI MANUAL PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE PURPOSE This manual is aimed at users of the ASM51 Cross Assembler It assumes that you are conversant with programming the 8051 MANUAL STRUCTURE Related Publications Conventions Used In This Manual Chapters 1 Overview Contains an introduction to the assembler which is part of the 8051 toolchain 2 Macro Preprocessor Describes the action of and options applicable to the Macro Preprocessor 3 Assembler Describes the actions and invocation of the ASM51 Cross Assembler 4 Input Specification Describes the formats of the possible statements for an assembly program 5 Assembler Controls Describes the syntax and semantics of all assembler controls 6 Operands and Expressions D
35. absolute OMF51 format A program which formats files generated by the linker to Motorola S record Format A make utility program to maintain update and reconstruct groups of programs aN When you use a UNIX shell Bourne shell C shell arguments containing special characters such as and must be enclosed with or escaped The option in the C shell becomes or The utilities are explained on the following pages 10 4 Chapter 10 10 2 ARCHIVER AR51 Name ar51 archive and library maintainer Syntax ar51 d p q s t x vl archive files ar51 r m a b i posmame cvl archive files ar51 Qfile ar51 V ar51 UNIX C shell or Description ar51 maintains groups of files modules combined into a single archive file Its main use is to create and update library files as used by the assembler linker It can be used though for any similar purpose The ar51 archiver uses a full ASCII module header This makes archives portable and allows them to be edited The header only contains name and size information A file produced by ar51 starts with the line lt ar gt followed by the constituent files each preceded by a file header for example lt ar filename 8439 gt Note that ar51 has an option that searches for headers instead of using the size archive is the archive file If is used as archive file name then the original archi
36. bit 7 0 not used You can only use this control when the DEBUG control is in effect Example source lines di 037H also generate debug information for compiler generated labels 5 12 Chapter 5 EJECT Control EJECT Abbreviation EJ Class General Default New page started when page length is reached Description The current page is terminated with a formfeed after the current control line the page number is incremented and a new page is started Ignored if NOPAGING NOPRINT or NOLIST is in effect Example 7 assembler source lines Seject generate a formfeed x more source lines ej generate a formfeed Assembler Controls 5 13 ERRORPRINT Control ERRORPRINT fi e NOERRORPRINT Abbreviation EP NOEP Class Primary Default NOERRORPRINT Description ERRORPRINT redirects the error messages normally displayed at the console to an error list file Examples redirect errors to file errlist asm5l x src ep errlist r r 5 14 Chapter 5 GEN GENONLY NOGEN Control GEN GENONLY NOGEN Abbreviation GE GO NOGE Class General Default Description These controls are ignored since the macro preprocessor is not integrated with the assembler They are included for compatibility Assembler Controls INCLUDE Control INCLUDE ile Abbreviation IC Class General Default Description The INCLUDE control is
37. can be used Instead of calling one general routine passing the new code bank the bank switch routine will be copied for every bank and the specific routine will be called that switches to the required new bank If you use EDE you can enter bank switching information in the Linker Bank Switching entry of the Project Project Options dialog Linker 9 75 Each stub routine calls a routine which performs the actual code bank switch and calls the function in the new code bank The following example shows an implementation of such a bank switching routine The example assumes SFR P1 is used to select the code bank If you use another hardware implementation adapt the routine likewise Example __ BANKSW SEGMENT CODE RSEG __ BANKSW __LK BANKSWITCH PUSH P1 push current bank CALL _bankswitch POP P1 Switch back to original bank RET _bankswitch MOV Pl LK FUNCTION BANK switch to new bank CLR A JMP A DPTR AN The stub routine and bank switching routine are present in the file stub src in the lib src directory This file is part of the C library 9 8 1 WRITING YOUR OWN BANK SWITCH ROUTINE If you do not want the default bank switch routines you can write your own routines You have to rewrite two routines at the most the stub routine and the bank switch routine You can use the file stub asm in the lib src directory as a starting point Writing your own stub routine Requirements use a unique segment name th
38. code or data which will be assigned to physical memory as a single block Every segment has a name a memory type CODE DATA IDATA XDATA or BIT and possibly some segment attributes There are two types of segments relocatable segments and absolute segments The assembler can handle up to 253 different segments in a module Each module consists of at least one segment Segments in different modules but with the same name will be combined into one segment by the linker The resulting number of segments the linker generates may not exceed 1250 3 10 ASSEMBLER Chapter 3 INPUT SPECIFICATION ail TASKING M diLdVHO Input Specification 4 3 An assembly program consists of zero or more statements one statement per line A statement may optionally be followed by a comment which is introduced by a semicolon and terminated by the end of the input line Lines starting with a dollar character in the first column are control lines They are interpreted independently from the rest of the input The syntax of these lines is described separately in the chapter Assembler Controls A line with a character in the first position is a line generated by a macro preprocessor to inform the assembler of the original source file name and line number The format of the remaining lines is given below A statement can be defined as label instruction directive comment where label is an identifier The oc
39. consist of one or more filenames or macros which expand into same called targets followed by a colon The is followed by a list of dependent files The dependency list may be terminated with a semicolon which may be followed by a rule or shell command Special allowance is made on PC for the colons which are needed to specify files on other drives so for example the following will work as intended c foo obj a foo c If a target is named in more than one target line the dependencies are added to form the target s complete dependency list The dependents are the ones from which a target is constructed They in turn may be targets of other dependents In general for a particular target file each of its dependent files is made to make sure that each is up to date with respect to it s dependents The modification time of the target is compared to the modification times of each dependent file If the target is older one or more of the dependents have changed so the target must be constructed Of course this checking is done recursively so that all dependents of dependents of dependents of are up to date To reconstruct a target mk51 expands macros and functions strips off initial white space and either executes the rules directly or passes each to a shell or COMMAND COM for execution For target lines macros and functions are expanded on input All other lines have expansion delayed until absolutely r
40. determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order The valid range for on chip ram addresses IDATA depends on the physical limits of the target processor The default size is 128 This value can be altered with the RAMSIZE control 9 68 Chapter 9 Example d gt link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj o demo out stack m stk The stack control is used to force the IDATA segment m_stk in the upper part of on chip ram m_stk is located in the highest internal ram locations of all IDATA segments Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls Linker 9 69 SYMBOLS Control SYMBOLS NOSYMBOLS From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enable or disable the option Include LOCAL symbol information in the map file Abbreviation SB NOSB Class Listing control Default NOSYMBOLS Description With the SYMBOLS control local symbols can be printed in the link map file NOSYMBOLS prevents the printing of local symbols Examples link51 x obj y obj sb print local symbols in link map file x 151 9 70 Chapter 9 TO Control TO filename Arguments An output filename Default a out Description Use filename as output filename of the linker If this control is omitted the default filename is a
41. file contains high level language debug information it is also formatted to IEEE debug records It is recommended to use debuginfo 3710 of asm51 to control the amount of generated debug information With this option the assembler exports everything but compiler generated labels and assembler local symbols Options Display an explanation of options at stdout V Display version information at stderr c No distinction between parameters and automatics and no stack adjustments This option makes the output strict IEEE 695 sstarladdr Define the hex execution start address of the IEEE file If you omit this option the default execution start address is 0 10 12 Chapter 10 10 6 FORMATTER IHEX51 Name ihex51 format object code into Intel hex format Syntax ihex51 Icount z ssectlist i8 i16 caddress address aaddress address poffset ebex w infile o outfile ihex51 V ihex51 UNIX C shell or Description ihex51 formats object files and executable files to Intel hex format records for E PROM programmers Hexadecimal numbers A to F are always generated as capitals Empty sections in the input file are skipped No empty records are generated for empty sections The program can format records to Intel hex8 format for addresses less then OxFFFF and Intel hex16 format When a section jumps over a 64k limit the program switches to hex16 records automa
42. first argument has a lower value than second argument or if both arguments are identical less than or equal GTS arg1 arg2 TRUE if first argument has a higher value than second argument greater than GES arg1 arg2 TRUE if first argument has a higher value than second argument or if both arguments are identical greater than or equal Before these functions perform a comparison both strings are completely expanded Then the ASCII value of the first character in the first string is compared to the ASCII value of the first character in the second string If they differ then the string with the higher ASCII value is to be considered to be greater If the first characters are the same the process continues with the second character in each string and so on Only two strings of equal length that contain the same characters in the same order are equal Macro Preprocessor 2 43 Example Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion SEOS ABC ABC SEOS ABC ABC SLTS CBA cba SGES ABC ABC GTS 16 111H OffffH TRUE The character strings are identical OOH FALSE The space after the comma is part of the second argument OffffH TRUE The lower case characters have a higher ASCII value than upper case 00H FALSE The space at the end of the second string makes the second string greater than the first one OffffH TRUE ASCII 6 is greater than ASCII 1 The strings to the string compariso
43. in the first record found The user should be aware of the fact that there is no detection of skipping an entire section in a file The p option may not occur more than once in a command line Warning sections are adjacent in the input file but do not have to be contiguous in memory ebex hex is the length of the data output must be used in combination with p option The user must have a clear view of the sizes and base addresses of the sections when he uses the p and e options Example srec5l p10 eDO myfil out r2 10 20 aaddress caddress o outfile W Chapter 10 skips 16 bytes in the first section and output the following 208 bytes of the file myfil out in S2 format records to the standard output address specifies the address that is to be added to the address of any data record This option specifies the start address which is loaded into the processor The start address is placed in the termination record Suppress header S0 and termination records S7 S8 or S9 No output of header record No output of termination record outfile is the name of the file to which output is written This option must be used if the input is standard input and the output must be written in a file Select word address count instead of byte address count Display version information at stderr Display an explanation of options at stdout Utilities 10 21 10 9 MAKE UTILITY MK51 Name mk51
44. in the linker command file causes the linker to produce the same filename for one of the input files and the output file Since this is a conflicting situation for most operating systems the error message is displayed FATAL ERROR 210 I O error error input file filename An I O error occurred on an attempt to open an input file The file does not exist or cannot be read FATAL ERROR 211 I O error output file filename The output file the linker wants to produce cannot be created Probably the file already exists and cannot be overwritten or the filename is invalid FATAL ERROR 212 I O error listing file filename The listing file cannot be created FATAL ERROR 213 I O error temporary file filename The linker creates a temporary file in the current directory if OVERLAY is enabled If this file cannot be created the error message above is displayed FATAL ERROR 214 input phase error file filename The input in the second phase differs from the input read in the first phase Probably a file is overwritten or corrupted by the linker in the first phase FATAL ERROR 216 insufficient memory All memory that can be allocated dynamically by the linker is used This happens only with very large applications using great number of PUBLIC and EXTERNAL symbol definitions D 12 Appendix D FATAL ERROR 217 no module to be processed There is no module in the list of modules to be processed after read
45. interpreted by the macro preprocessor and will be deleted when the include is performed When this control is recognized by the assembler it causes an error message because the user apparently forgot to run the source through the macro preprocessor 5 16 LIST Control Chapter 5 LIST NOLIST Abbreviation LI NOLI Class General Default LIST Description Switch the listing generation on or off These controls take effect starting at the next line LIST does not override the NOPRINT control Example Snoli list Turn listing off These lines are not present in the list file Turn listing back on These lines are present in the list file Assembler Controls 5 17 LISTALL Control LISTALL NOLISTALL From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enable or disable the option Generate listing in every pass Abbreviation LA NOLA Class Primary Default NOLISTALL Description The LISTALL control causes a listing to be generated in every pass of the assembler instead of just in pass 3 This can be useful for getting a listing with error messages even when the assembler does not perform pass 3 due to errors occurring in pass 1 or 2 LISTALL overrules a following NOPRINT PRINT is only effective when it is specified before LISTALL Example asm5l x src listall generate listing in every pass of the assembler
46. listing information will be written The filename may be omitted Then the map filename is created from the basename of the output file and the extension 151 NOPRINT prevents the linker from generating any listing information The default setting is PRINT Examples link51 modulel obj print mod1 151 map filename is mod1 151 Linker 9 63 PUBLICS Control PUBLICS NOPUBLICS From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enable or disable the option Include PUBLIC symbol information in the map file Abbreviation PL NOPL Class Listing control Default NOPUBLICS Description The PUBLICS control enables printing of public symbol names and their corresponding addresses in the link map file NOPUBLICS disables the printing of public symbols Examples link51 x obj y obj pl print public symbols in link map file x 151 9 64 Chapter 9 RAMSIZE Control RAMSIZE ize From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Processor entry and select Memory Select a size in the On chip data RAM size 0 256 field Arguments The size of internal RAM in bytes Abbreviation RS Class Linking control Default RAMSIZE 128 Description The ramsize control can be used to inform the linker about the size of internal data ram in bytes The default value assumed by the linker is 128 8051 on chip ram size The valid range for r
47. mod2 obj mod3 obj banks 2 o demo out bank 1 ml_seg 2000H common m2_seg common m3_seg Locate code segment ml_seg in bank 1 at 2000H and locate segments m2_seg and m3_seg in the common area 9 38 Chapter 9 Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls d gt See section 9 8 Bank Switching for more details Linker 9 39 DATA Control DATA segment address segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter the segment and optionally a locate address in the Locate DATA segments field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation DA Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in the direct addressable on chip data space address range 0 7FH The segment must be of type DATA or IDATA The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order The valid range for on chip ram addresses IDATA depends on the physical limits of the target processor The default size is 128 This value c
48. mysrc inc include the contents of file mysrc inc other source lines 2 4 CREATING AND CALLING MACROS Macro calls differ between user defined macros and so called built in functions All characters in bold typeface in the syntax descriptions of the following sections are constituents of the macro syntax Italic tokens represent place holders for user specific declarations The macro preprocessor scans through the input source one character at a time looking for a special character called the METACHARACTER the percent sign initially This metacharacter must precede a macro call Until the macro preprocessor finds a metacharacter it does not process text It simply passes the text from the input file to the output file Since mpp51 only processes macro calls it is necessary to call a macro in order to create other macros the so called user defined macros The built in function DEFINE creates macros Built in functions are a predefined part of the macro language so they may be called without prior definition The general syntax for DEFINE is shown below Syntax DEFINE macro name parameter list LOCAL local list macro body DEFINE is the most important mpp51 built in function This section is devoted to describing this built in function Each of the symbols in the syntax above macro name parameter list local list and macro body are described in detail on the pages that follow In some cases we have
49. name of the output file with the same basename as the input file and extension src Eg ofilename Arguments An output filename Default Basename of input file with src suffix Description Use filename as output filename of the macro preprocessor instead of the basename of the input file with the src extension Example To create the assembly file myfile src instead of test ssrc enter mpp51 test asm omyfile src Macro Preprocessor 2 19 skip asm comment Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E skip asm comment no skip asm comment Default no skip asm comment Description With option skip asm comment the macro preprocessor skips parsing after assembly comment By default comment is also parsed Example mpp51 skip asm comment test asm 2 20 Chapter 2 U Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Remove definitions from the Define user macros field or add the option lt U to the Additional macro preprocessor options field EE Umacro Arguments The macro you want to undefine Description With this option you can undefine a previously defined symbol Example The following command undefines symbol LEVEL mpp51 ULE
50. number is reset to zero The filename can be used by a high level language debugger 7 6 Chapter 7 LINE Synopsis LINE abs_expr Description This directive is intended mainly for use by a high level language code generator It generates a symbol record containing the high level source file line number which is written to the object file The line number can be used by a high level language debugger abs_expr is any absolute expression If abs_expr is omitted the line number defined by the previous LINE or FILE is incremented and used Assembler Directives 2SYMB Synopsis SYMB string expression abs_expr abs_expr Description The SYMB directive is used for passing high level language symbol information to the assembler This information can be used by a high level language debugger 7 8 Chapter 7 BIT Synopsis name BIT expr Description The BIT directive assigns a BIT address to a symbol name The expression must evaluate into a number or BIT address and may not contain forward references The symbol will be of type BIT Examples RSEG A SEG relocatable bit addressable segment CTRL DS 1 TST BIT CTRL 0 bit in relocatable byte OK BIT TST 1 snmext bit TST2 BIT 64H absolute bit Assembler Directives 7 9 BSEG Synopsis BSEG AT abs_expr Description Switch to the absolute BIT segment The following statements will be assembled in the absolute mode within the
51. or too complex to be in one single unit As programs in a single unit grow too large they become more difficult to maintain An application broken down in small functional units is easier to code and debug Translation of these programs into load modules is faster than their counterpart in one module The linker translates relocatable object modules into absolute load files This lets you write programs that are partially made up of modules that can be placed anywhere in memory Doing so reusability of your code increases Those programs that fulfill a specific task needed in many applications I O routines can be placed in a library thus making them available for many programmers Linker functions link51 performs the following tasks e Combine partial segments defined with the same name in different modules into a single segment e Transforming relocatable addresses into absolute addresses e Generate an absolute output file and link map e Resolve external references e Combine object modules in single files or in libraries in a load module e Allocate address space for segments and associate an absolute address with each segment e Overlay segments in internal ram and external ram 9 3 NAMING CONVENTIONS Segment A segment is a unit of code or data in memory Every segment has a type the memory type in which it is located A segment can be absolute in the assembler source text an absolute address is bound to the segmen
52. overview of the locating controls 9 52 Chapter 9 LINES Control LINES NOLINES From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enable or disable the option Include LINE information in the map file Abbreviation LI NOLI Class Listing control Default NOLINES Description The LINES control enables printing of line numbers with their corresponding addresses in the link map file NOLINES prevents the printing of line numbers Example link51 x obj lines generate line numbers in map file Linker 9 53 MAP Control MAP NOMAP From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enable or disable the option Include a link map in the map file Abbreviation MA NOMA Class Listing control Default MAP Description This control can be used to enable or prevent generation of a link map in the map file Print must be enabled If NOPRINT is specified the MAP setting is ignored Example link51 x obj nomap do not generate link map in map file 9 54 Chapter 9 MULTIPASS Control MULTIPASS From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Linking Enable or disable the option Use multipass library rescanning Abbreviation MP Class Linking control Default On the command line one scan through library When you use EDE this control is enabled by defa
53. run the macro preprocessor mpp51 is compatible with Intel s syntax for the 8051 macro processing language MPL A user of macros must submit his source input to the macro preprocessor The macro preprocessor produces one output file which can then be used as an input file to the 8051 Cross assembler The macro preprocessor regards its input file as a stream of characters not as a sequence of statements like the assembler does The macro preprocessor scans the input source file looking for macro calls A macro call is a request to the macro preprocessor to replace the call pattern of a built in or user defined macro with its return value As soon as a macro call is encountered the macro preprocessor expands the call to its return value The return value of a macro is the text that replaces the macro call This value is then placed in a temporary file and the macro preprocessor continues The return value of some macros is the null string i e a character string containing no characters So when these macros are called the call is replaced by the null string on the output file and the assembler will never see any evidence of its presence This is of course particularly useful for conditional assembly This chapter documents mpp51 in several parts First the invocation of mpp51 is described The following sections describe how to define and use your own macros describe the syntax of the macro processing language and describe the macro p
54. segment must be of type DATA or IDATA The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order The valid range for on chip ram addresses IDATA depends on the physical limits of the target processor The default size is 128 This value can be altered with the RAMSIZE control Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj o demo out precede ml_seg m2_seg bit m2 dseg 10H Linker 9 61 d gt The linker first locates the segment m1_ seg in memory m2_ seg is put at the next address available succeeding m1_seg The segment m2_ dseg is located at bitaddress 10H This eguals byte address 22H Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls 9 62 Chapter 9 PRINT Control PRINT fi e NOPRINT From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enable or disable the option Generate a linker map file 151 Arguments Optionally the map file name Abbreviation PR NOPR Class Listing control Default PRINT output file 151 Description The filename determines where the
55. segments used An unsigned short containing the number of relocation records An unsigned short containing the number of name records also called symbol records A long containing the sum of the sizes of all sections in the file A long containing the size of the symbol string area file header layout Version 1 byte type description number 0 1 unsigned short oh magic magic number 2 3 unsigned short oh stamp version stamp 4 5 unsigned short oh_flags flag field 6 char oh_nsect number of sections 7 char oh_nsegm number of segments 8 9 unsigned short oh_nrelo number of relocation records 10 11 unsigned short oh_nname number of name records 12 15 long oh_nemit number of bytes initialized 16 19 long data in the file oh_nchar size of string area Appendix A file header layout Version 2 byte type description number 0 1 unsigned short oh magic magic number 2 3 unsigned short oh stamp version stamp 4 5 unsigned short oh flags flag field 6 7 unsigned short oh_nsect number of sections 8 9 unsigned short oh_nrelo number of relocation records 10 11 unsigned short oh_nname number of name records 12 15 long oh_nemit number of bytes initialized data in the file 16 19 long oh_nchar size of string area 20 21 unsigned short oh_nsegm number of segments 1 2 SECTION HEADERS The section header records comprise a separate header for each output section each section header record occupi
56. target is out of date with respect to a dependent the seguence of commands is executed Shell lines may have any combination of the following characters to the left of the command will not echo the command line except if n is used mk51 will ignore the exit code of the command i e the ERRORLEVEL of MS DOS Without this mk51 terminates when a non zero exit code is returned mk51 will use a shell or COMMAND COM to execute the command If the is not attached to a shell line but the command is a DOS command or if redirection is used lt gt the shell line is passed to COMMAND COM anyway For Unix redirection backguote parentheses and variables force the use of a shell Utilities MER You can force mk51 to execute multiple command lines in one shell environment This is accomplished with the token combination Example cd c cc51 bin cc5l V AN The must always directly be followed by the V token Whitespace is not removed when it is at the end of the previous command line or when it is in front of the next command line The use of the as an operator for a command like a semicolon separated list with each item on one line and the V as a layout tool is not supported unless they are separated with whitespace mk51 can generate inline temporary files If a line contains lt lt WORD then all subseguent lines up to a line starting with WORD are placed in a
57. the control is ignored WARNING 21 this bank switch method is no longer supported please use the alternate method The previous linker version supported two methods to perform bank switching one of these two methods is no longer supported WARNING 22 multipe interrupts defined for vector address addr modules modA and modB When the same interrupt vector is used in multiple modules this warning will be triggered WARNING 23 overlapping interrupts addr mod lt gt addr mod Some devices allow for interrupts to be defined on alternative address ranges This warning is triggered when multiple interrupts overlap each other WARNING 24 different accelerated interrupt base values used addr mod lt gt addr mod Some devices allow for specification of an interrupt base address When multiple modules define different base values this warning is triggered 3 ERROR MESSAGES ERROR 101 segment segment_name combination error in module module_name A segment is declared in two modules with different memory types or relocation types Errors of this type are detected in the first pass of the linkage process The linker terminates after creating a list file An output file is not made ERROR 102 external attribute mismatch symbol symbol_name module filename module_name A symbol is declared external in two or more modules The attributes of the symbol are used in conflicting context e g de
58. the segment If absolute addresses are given in a control they should be in ascending order The following locating controls are supported Linker Control Abbr Address range Address space Segment type PRECEDE PC OOH 2FH on chip ram DATA IDATA BIT Bl OOH 7FH bitaddressable on BIT DATA chip data space IDATA DATA DA 00H 7FH on chip data directly DATA IDATA addressable IDATA ID OOH OFFH _ indirectly address IDATA able on chip ram STACK ST OOH OFFH indirectly address IDATA able on chip ram XDATA XD OOH OFFFFH external RAM XDATA CODE CO OOH OFFFFH code memory CODE Table 9 3 Locate controls Bitaddressable segments are only allowed in the BIT control On all other places where data segments are mentioned they must be unit aligned A unit is the minimal addressable memory part in a segment a bit in bit segments a byte in all other segments Segment addresses in the BIT control must be dividable by eight if the segment involved is of type DATA bit addressable If the segment is of bit type any bitaddress is allowed The valid range for on chip ram addresses IDATA depends on the physical limits of the target processor The default size is 128 This value can be altered with the RAMSIZE control The STACK control is meant to inform the linker which IDATA segments must be located in the upper part of the IDATA space The start address for the first s
59. this is set as an environment variable the set of options is processed before any command line options This macro may be explicitly passed to nested mk51 s but it is also available to these invocations as an environment variable The f and d flags are not recorded in this macro PRODDIR This macro expands the name of the directory where mk51 is installed without the last path component The resulting directory name will be the root directory of the installed 8051 package unless mk51 is installed somewhere else This macro can be used to refer to files belonging to the product for example a library source file Example DOPRINT PRODDIR lib src doprint c When mk51 is installed in the directory cc51 bin this line expands to fDOPRINT cc5l lib src doprint c SHELLCMD This contains the default list of commands which are local to the SHELL If a rule is an invocation of one of these commands a SHELL is automatically spawned to handle it This macro translates to a dollar sign Thus you can use in the makefile to represent a single There are several dynamically maintained macros that are useful as abbreviations within rules It is best not to define them explicitly The basename of the current target lt The name of the current dependency file The name of the current target Utilities 10 27 amp The names of dependents which are younger than the target The names of all depen
60. ue yD GU ay Ed 2 41 2 5 6 UNDEF Function OU 2 41 2 5 7 Logical Expressions and String Comparisons in mpp51 2 42 2 5 8 Control Flow Functions and Conditional Assembly 2 45 2 5 8 1 TR FUODD eth ate OD GN GAD OND 2 44 VI Table of Contents 2 5 8 2 IFDEF IFNDEF Function AU 2 46 2 5 8 3 WHILE Function FFY uu 2 47 2 5 8 4 REPEAT Function uad 2 48 2 5 8 5 EXIT FUNCHON csti 8064 4 DIAR dyd FED o 2 49 2 5 9 String Manipulation Functions VY Fee 2 50 2 5 9 1 LEN Function aa se wng peak GE Wakes chee ee tke 2 50 2 5 9 2 SUBSTRFunction ce eu pe a A EO 2 51 2 5 9 3 MATCH Function Lle ead eiie e ma E 2 52 2 5 10 Message Functions terta eee eee 2 53 2 5 11 File Line Info Functions FAU 2 54 2 5 12 OPTION Function ee ees 2 54 2 5 13 Console I O Functions 0 0 00000 FAU 2 55 2 6 Advanced mpp51 Concepts VV 2 56 2 6 1 Macro Delimiters 0 0000 cee eas 2 56 2 6 1 1 Implied Blank Delimiters 0 0 0000 2 56 2 6 1 2 Identifier Delimiters Y Y ees 2 57 2 6 1 3 Literal Delimiters V uad 2 58 2 6 2 Literal vs Normal Mode Y eee 2 60 2 6 3 Algorithm for Evaluating Macro Calls 2 62 ASSEMBLER 3 1 3 1 TD CSCHPUOM in sinks Meg a a a dG wha oa lea ath hee RR 3 3 3 2 Tnvocatonu ois oe Mec ye SON oe y y 3 3 3 3 ASmoJO ptions erore y FN DDR 3 4 3 4 Segment
61. unsigned short containing the magic number specifying the type of file assembler linker output file 0x201 specifies a TCP loadfile 0x202 specifies a TCP object file 0x401 specifies a loadfile from the Intel compatible linker 0x402 specifies an object file from the Intel compatible assembler An unsigned short containing the version stamp the assembler linker release version The upper 8 bits of the stamp field contain a code specifying the target processor An unsigned short specifying the following format flags HF BREV If bit 0 of oh_flags is 1 then the high order byte of an adjacent pair of bytes is contained in the lower address otherwise it is in the higher address HF WREV If bit 1 of oh _flags is 1 then the high order word of an adjacent pair of words is contained in the lower address otherwise it is in the higher address A out File Format oh_nsect oh_nsegm oh_nrelo oh_nname oh_nemit oh_nchar HF LINK If bit 2 of oh_flags is 1 then one or more references remain unresolved otherwise all references have been resolved HF 8086 If bit 3 of oh_flags is 1 then os_base has been specially encoded for an 8086 machine Version l A char containing the number of output section fillers Version 2 An unsigned short containing the number of output section fillers Version l A char containing the number of segments used Version 2 An unsigned short containing the number of
62. used in combination with the control FUNCTIONOVERLAY link51 is an overlaying linker This means that the linker is capable of overlaying segments within the same range in internal ram locations Two segments are overlayable if the following conditions are met e The two segments have the same memory type Linker 9 57 e The segments are marked overlayable and use the same register bank declared with the overlay control in the assembly text e The segments belong to disjoint modules This means that symbols external in one module may not be resolved in the other The linker only checks this property for code references Two modules both using variables located in internal ram can use the same address ranges for these variables if the two modules are disjoint That means they do not call each other directly or indirectly If two modules do not call each other their variables are not alive at the same time so they can be put on the same addresses The smallest unit of internal data that is possibly overlaid is a segment The TASKING assembler asm51 gives you the opportunity to declare a segment to be overlayable Calls or jumps from one module to another can be detected by the linker via PUBLIC EXTERNAL declaration of code labels If these connections between modules exist the linker will not overlay the segments declared in these modules A problem can arise if the calls are invisible for the linker Then it might b
63. uses a commercial at e uses a space tab carriage return or linefeed You can use the escape function 9677 or the bracket function 0 to literalize the delimiter string Example Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion DEFINE MAC A B A B gt null string 8MAC 2 3 so 3 In the following example brackets are used instead of parentheses The commercial at symbol separates the parameters DEFINE OR A B OR A B gt null string SOR A1 A2 gt OR Al A2 Macro Preprocessor 2 59 In the next example delimiters that could be identifier delimiters have been defined as litteral delimiters DEFINE ADD AS AND B AND A B gt null string ADD A AND 34H gt AND A 27H The spaces around AND are considered as part of the argument string Next folllows an example to demonstrate the difference between identifier delimiters and literal delimiters Example DEFINE ADD M1 TO M2 AND M3 MOV A Ml ADD A M2 MOV M2 A MOV A Ml ADD A M3 MOV M3 A The following call ADD ATOM TOBILL ANDLIST returns the following code after expansion the TO in ATOM is recognized as the delimiter MOV A A ADD A M TOBILL MOV M TOBILL A MOV A A ADD A LIST MOV LIST A 2 60 Chapter 2 2 6 2 LITERAL VS NORMAL MODE In normal mode the macro preprocessor scans text looking for the metacharacter When it finds one it begins expanding the macro call Parameters and macro cal
64. 0 38400 or 57600 default depends on the flasher com 1 2 3 4 Specify the serial port to use Windows only tty device Specify the device to use UNIX only dir directory Set working directory err file Append errors to file f file Read options from file go Start the application directly after flashing only for flashsilabs51 h Display a short explanation of options level number Log level 0 none until 3 all nodialog Do not use the Flash dialog Example To flash and verify the file demo sre in a Silicon Laboratories device connected at serial port COM2 using a command line interface type flashsilabs51 actions PV com2 nodialog demo sre To erase the flash device and flash the file demo sre at a baud rate of 19200 in a Phytec device connected at serial port COM2 using a command line interface type flashphytec actions FP baudrate 19200 com2 nodialog demo sre Utilities ay 10 5 FORMATTER IEEE51 Name ieee51 format a out absolute object code to standard IEEE 695 object module format Syntax ieee5l sstartaddr c inputfile outputfile ieee51 V ieee51 UNIX C shell 7 or Description The program ieee51 formats a TASKING a out file to IEEE 695 Object Module Format as required by a debugger The inputfile must be a TASKING a out load file which is already linked The section information and data part are formatted to IEEE format If the a out
65. 000H bank 2 m2_seg Locate code segment ml_seg in bank 1 at 2000H and locate segment m2_seg in bank 2 9 30 Chapter 9 Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls d gt See section 9 8 Bank Switching for more details Linker 9 31 BANKGRAPH Control BANKGRAPH From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Bank Switching Enable the option Include references and calls between code banks in the linker map file Abbreviation BG Class Listing control Default In EDE this option is enabled by default when code bank switching and map file generation are enabled Description You can use this control to include references and calls between different code banks in the linker mapfile i e 151 Example link51 x obj banks 2 bankgraph pr x 151 9 32 Chapter 9 BIT Control BIT segment address segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter the segment and optionally a locate address in the Locate BIT segments field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation BI Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in the bitaddressable on chip data space address range 0 7FH The segment must be of type BIT DATA or IDATA
66. 1 1 Case Sensitivity sau nat en peers eae NR Y dad 9 80 9 11 2 Object Format se y eet yw Mas Ca eek des 9 80 9 11 3 Module Selection 2 0 00 00 ee eens 9 81 9 11 4 Backward Referencing in Libraries 9 81 9 12 Linker Implementation FFF Y AU 9 82 9121 CrosszRefer n Euog GG YW Fd geet 9 82 9 12 2 Object Format cede heme ER FI pee gale eee 9 82 9 12 3 Controls pic5 334 epee TARA ee ois TA NN 9 83 9 12 4 Module Selection FF FF Y Aa 9 83 9 12 5 Backward Referencing in Libraries 9 83 Table of Contents UTILITIES 10 1 101 OVervieW ee i Y Y ahs haa y NAY Y Bh 10 3 10 2 Archiver ars o Su LL GG TD NU 10 4 10 3 Object Report Writer dmp5l 10 7 10 4 Flash Utilities ue pit date Y Y ed es 10 9 10 5 Fermatter iece5d a eo wis eae habeas es 10 11 10 6 Formatter ihex5l Y eee 10 12 10 7 Formatter omf5l eee 10 15 10 8 Formatter srec51 eens 10 18 10 9 Make Utility mk51 FY Ra 10 21 A OUT FILE FORMAT A 1 1 Introduction ru i y y DU Caw YA hs A 3 1 1 File Header ee rrn a a a Dyd dod A 4 1 2 Section Headers Y Y ua A 6 1 3 Section Fillers YY YA A 6 1 4 Relocation Records Fu ee A 7 1 5 Name Records gu Y GY YY dene tices A 7 1 6 Extension Records cece eens A 8 MACRO PREPROCESSOR ERROR MESSAGES B 1 1 Introduction ee Aur PRA Siw ke ees Bee GA ae Uy B 3 2
67. 5 binary operator 6 10 bit assembler directive 7 8 locate control 9 27 locating control 9 32 bit address space 6 3 7 27 bit addresses 6 16 bitaddressable 7 27 bitwise and operator 6 13 bitwise not operator 6 13 bitwise operators 6 13 bitwise or operator 6 13 bitwise xor operator 6 13 bracket function 2 36 bseg 7 9 built in functions 2 24 bypass asm51 control 5 7 C call graph 9 49 case asm51 control 5 8 link51 control 9 34 CC51INC 10 32 Index Index 5 CC51LIB 9 18 check link51 control 9 35 code assembler directive 7 10 locate control 9 27 locating control 9 36 code address space 6 3 7 27 code addresses 6 17 code bank 9 11 command file 2 10 9 16 command line processing 2 10 9 16 comment function 2 34 common link51 control 9 37 common area 7 27 9 13 9 76 conditional assembly 2 44 2 45 2 46 console I O built in functions 2 55 control flow functions 2 43 control lines 5 3 controls ignored by link51 9 83 linker 9 23 creating and calling macros 2 24 creating macros with parameters 2 29 cross reference 9 82 cseg 7 11 data assembler directive 7 12 locate control 9 27 locating control 9 39 data address space 6 3 7 27 data addresses 6 16 date asm51 control 5 9 db 7 13 dbit 7 14 debug asm51 control 5 10 debugging 1 9 7 4 format a file 1 6 debuginfo asm51 control 5 11 debuglines link51 control 9 41 debugpublics link51 control
68. 57 xpage parameter out of range The page number in the XPAGE control is outside the valid range 0 255 FATAL ERROR 258 string too long string A string longer than 200 characters is encountered D 14 Appendix D FATAL ERROR 259 too many library rescans When you use the MULTIPASS control the linker rescans all libraries to resolve as many externals as possible A fail safe method is implemented to prevent the rescan mechanism to enter an endless loop this fatal error is triggered when a certain amount of rescans is reached FATAL ERROR 300 too many segments The maximum number of segments is exceeded This number is 1250 FATAL ERROR 301 input file not in proper archive format format file file One of the input files is recognized as an library file This file turns out to be an improperly organized archive You can resynchronize the archive using the ar51 utility See also the manual page in the Utilities chapter in this manual FATAL ERROR 302 internal error assertion failed filename lineno This error message indicates the linker got into an undefined state Recovery from this state is not possible This can be caused by a lot of reasons The most likely one is that one of the input files is corrupted though not that severe that it caused error number 220 If you checked this over and you still do not see what went wrong please contact your TASKING representative FATAL ERROR 303 non bitaddress
69. 9 46 nes function 2 42 nocase asm51 control 5 8 link51 control 9 34 nocheck link51 control 9 35 nodebug asm51 control 5 10 nodebuglines link51 control 9 41 nodebugpublics link51 control 9 42 nodebugsymbols link51 control 9 43 noerrorprint asm51 control 5 13 noexternalmemory asm51 control 5 21 nogen 5 14 nolines link51 control 9 52 nolist asm51 control 5 16 nolistall asm51 control 5 17 nomacro 5 18 nomap link51 control 9 53 nomod51 asm51 control 5 20 noobject asm51 control 5 22 nooptimize asm51 control 5 23 nooverlay link51 control 9 56 nopaging asm51 control 5 26 noprint asm51 control 5 27 link51 control 9 62 Index nopublics link51 control 9 63 noregaddr asm51 control 5 28 noregisterbank asm51 control 5 29 normal mode 2 60 nosymbols 5 32 link51 control 9 69 not equal operator 6 12 noxref 5 35 number 6 3 6 8 binary 6 8 decimal 6 8 hexadecimal 6 8 octal 6 8 o object asm51 control 5 22 object file 3 4 object format 9 82 OMF51 9 80 OMF51 backward referencing libraries 9 81 case sensitivity 9 80 linking objects and libraries 9 80 object format 9 80 omf51 1 3 10 15 operands 6 3 operators 6 10 mpp51 2 39 precedence list 6 10 optimize asm51 control 5 23 option function 2 54 options assembler 3 4 linker 9 8 options summary assembler 3 4 linker 9 8 mpp51 2 5 org 7 24 out function 2 55 output link51 9 73 Index In
70. BIT 0D2H AC BIT OD6H RSO BIT 0D3H CY BIT 0D7H Table 6 3 BIT Addresses DATA Addresses Symbol DATA Address Symbol DATA Address PO DATA 080H P1 DATA O90H SP DATA 081H SCON DATA 098H DPL DATA 082H SBUF DATA O99H DPH DATA 083H P2 DATA OAOH TCON DATA 088H IE DATA OA8H TMOD DATA 089H P3 DATA 0BOH TLO DATA 08AH IP DATA OB8H TL1 DATA 08BH PSW DATA ODOH THO DATA 08CH ACC DATA 0E0H TH1 DATA 08DH B DATA 0FOH Table 6 4 DATA Addresses Operands and Expressions CODE Addresses Symbol CODE Address Symbol CODE Address RESET CODE 000H EXTH CODE 013H EXTIO CODE 003H TIMER1 CODE 01BH TIMERO CODE 00BH SINT CODE 023H Table 6 5 CODE Addresses 6 6 INCLUDE FILES Included in the assembler package subdirectory 8051 of the directory include are a number of include files containing symbol definitions for the extra hardware registers and bits of the various 8051 derivatives By including the right definition file it is possible to use all symbolic register and bit names of a particular derivative as defined by the manufacturer For example reg44 inc for the 8044 processor Chapter 6 6 18 SNOISS384dXd SGNVdsAdO ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES ail TASKING M diLdVHO Assembler Directives 7 3 7 1 INTRODUCTION Assembler directives or pseudo instructions are used to control the assembly process Rather than being translated into a 8051 machine instruction assemb
71. Chapter 2 f Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E f file Arguments _ A filename for command line processing The filename denote standard input may be used to Description 2 Use file for command line processing To get around the limits on the size of the command line it is possible to use command files These command files contain the options that could not be part of the real command line Command files can also be generated on the fly for example by the make utility More than one f option is allowed Some simple rules apply to the format of the command file It is possible to have multiple arguments on the same line in the command file To include whitespace in the argument surround the argument with either single or double guotes If single or double guotes are to be used inside a guoted argument we have to go by the following rules a If the embedded guotes are only single or double guotes use the opposite guote around the argument Thus if a argument should contain a double guote surround the argument with single guotes b If both types of guotes are used we have to split the argument in such a way that each embedded guote is surrounded by the opposite type of guote Macro Preprocessor 2 11 Example This has a single quote
72. Contents OVERVIEW 1 1 11 Introduction sa gg ee bu gy ES Pe RR 1 3 1 2 Environment Variables 00 00 cece eee 1 5 13 Temporary Files uu cise Posed hess eid YA Gy Ms A 1 6 1 4 Formatting a File fora Debugger 1 6 15 File Extensionsuo sy y GW GYG DI DDOE 1 7 1 6 PLEPFOCESSING o wae Rate an Be OER AREER RE 1 7 1 7 Assembler Listing VF YY ene 1 8 1 8 Error Message a eia aa wy Sianeli Me giant dy 1 8 1 9 Symbolic Debugging VVYY FF Y RA 1 9 MACRO PREPROCESSOR 2 1 21 Introduction a ee gd y is GW WD Ro 2 3 2 2 mpp51 Invocation 06 0 eee 2 4 PRGA Detailed Description of Macro Preprocessor Options 2 5 2 3 INCLUDE Files ys Dw dw oka Ae Haan sited Oo Pees 2 23 2 4 Creating and Calling Macros V Y uu 2 24 2 4 1 Creating Parameterless Macros 9 0005 2 25 2 4 2 Creating Macros with Parameters 2 29 2 4 3 Local Symbols in Macros 2 00 00 00 000 cece eee 2 31 2 5 The Macro Preprocessor s Built In Functions 2 33 2 5 1 Comment Escape Bracket and Group Functions 2 34 2 5 1 1 Comment Function sssaaa saaa 2 34 2 5 1 2 Escape Function ei ite acy neh Ga kN oe ve eG 2 35 2 5 1 3 Bracket Function 0 00 00 2 36 2 5 1 4 Group Function 2 0 0 0 cette 2 37 2532 METACHAR Function 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 38 2 5 3 Numbers and Expressions in mpp51 2 39 2 5 4 SET FUNCION nou E hate BRON woh gl GU a FY 2 40 2 5 5 EVAL Functions a
73. DC A DEST 1 MOV SDEST 1 A IF BYTES GT 2 THEN MEM ADD _MEM SOURCE 2 DEST 2 BYTES 2 FI 2 49 2 50 Chapter 2 Example This EXIT is a simple jump out of a recursive loop DEFINE BODY MOV A MVAR SSET MVAR MVAR 1 DEFINE UNTIL CONDITION EXE BODY EXE_BODY IF CONDITION THEN EXIT ELSE SUNTIL CONDITION EXE BODY FI SET MVAR 0 SUNTIL MVAR GT 3 BODY 2 5 9 STRING MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS The macro language contains three functions that perform common string manipulation functions namely the LEN SUBSTR and MATCH function 2 5 9 1 LEN FUNCTION The built in function LEN takes a character string argument and returns the length of the character string in hexadecimal format the same format as EVAL Syntax LEN balanced text Macro Preprocessor 2 51 Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion SLEN ABNCDEFGHIJKLMOPORSTUVWXYZ gt 1bH SLEN A B C gt 05H LEN gt 00H SMATCH STR1 STR2 Cheese Mouse SLEN STR1 gt 06H SLEN SUBSTR STR2 1 3 gt 03H 2 5 9 2 SUBSTR FUNCTION The built in function SUBSTR returns a substring of its text argument The macro takes three arguments a string from which the substring is to be extracted and two numeric arguments Syntax SUBSTR balanced text expression1 expression2 balanced text as described earlier It may contain a macro call expression specifies the
74. GSYMBOLS Control DEBUGSYMBOLS NODEBUGSYMBOLS Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Linking Enable or disable the option Include debug information for LOCAL symbols Abbreviation DS NODS Class Linking control Default DEBUGSYMBOLS Description This control can be used to start generation of symbolic information in the output file DEBUGSYMBOLS starts generation of symbol records for local symbols The negated version causes the linker to suppress the output of these records 9 44 Chapter 9 FBRANCH Control FBRANCH c_segm c_segm From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Overlay Fill in the code segments that have to be handled as separate branches by the overlaying mechanism Arguments One or more CODE segment names Abbreviation FB Class Linking control Default Description During execution of the main loop interrupts may occur at any moment This means that data areas used by the interrupt routines may not be overlayed with data areas used by the main thread The linker already prevents overlaying of interrupts that use a different register bank than the default one However for interrupts using the default register bank it is required to use the FBRANCH control in order for the linker to prevent overlaying of their data areas Example Suppose we have defined the following interrupt
75. LER STATE END End assembly ORG expression Modify location counter SEGMENT SELECTION RSEG segment_name Select relocatable segment CSEG AT address Select absolute CODE segment DSEG AT address Select absolute DATA segment ISEG AT address Select absolute IDATA segment BSEG AT address Select absolute BIT segment XSEG ISHORT AT address Select absolute XDATA segment REGISTER BANK USING expression Use register bank number Table 7 1 asm51 directives continued 7 3_ DEBUGGING The assembler asm51 supports the following debugging directives FILE LINE and SYMB These directives will not be used by an assembler programmer They are used by a high level language code generator to pass high level language symbol information to a debugger 7 4 LOCATION COUNTER The location counter keeps track of the current offset within the current segment that is being assembled This value symbolized by the character is considered as an offset and may only be used in the same context where offset is allowed 7 5 DIRECTIVES The rest of this chapter contains an alphabetical list of the assembler directives Assembler Directives 7 5 FILE Synopsis FILE filename Description This directive is intended mainly for use by a high level language code generator It generates a symbol record containing the high level source filename which is written to the object file Also the current high level line
76. NING 6 xdata space memory overlap from byte bit_address to byte bit_address Two external data segments are located in the same address range WARNING 7 module name not unique module module name filename A module name in one of the archives or the plain object files occurs twice WARNING 10 maximum number of modules exceeded 255 overlay disabled If overlay is enabled the maximum number of modules in a program is 255 Each module in a library is counted as a separate one If this number is exceeded which is detected in the first pass overlaying is switched off automatically Linking proceeds normally WARNING 11 control name not supported A number of controls supported by the Intel assembler are not supported See also the section Linker Implementation for more information on this subject WARNING 12 cannot allocate memory for corefile The linker attempts to speed up intput output actions by creating a large buffer in memory If the allocation request for the buffer fails this warning is displayed If no further errors occur the output file is created normally Linker Error Messages D 5 WARNING 13 more than one registerbank specified segment segm not overlaid When using the FUNCTIONOVERLAY control all overlayable data segments may have only one register bank specified Otherwise the segment is treated as non overlayable WARNING 14 no corresponding code segment found segment segm
77. OV R1 1 Sa MOV A R1 MOV R2 A 2 28 Chapter 2 Example 4 Macro definition at the top of the program DEFINE ADD5 MOV RO 5 MOV R5 R2 ADD R5 RO The macro call as it appears in the original program body MOV R5 2 SADD5 The program after the macro expansion MOV R5 2 MOV RO 5 MOV R5 R2 ADD R5 RO Example 5 Macro definition at the top of the program DEFINE MOVE AND ADD MOVE ADD5 The macro call as it appears in the body of the program MOV R1 1 MOVE AND ADD The program after the macro expansion MOV R1 1 MOV A R1 MOV R2 A MOV RO 5 MOV R5 R2 ADD R5 RO Macro Preprocessor 2 29 2 4 2 CREATING MACROS WITH PARAMETERS If the only function of the macro preprocessor was to perform simple string replacement then it would not be very useful for most of the programming tasks Each time we wanted to change even the simplest part of the macro s return value we would have to redefine the macro Parameters in macro calls allow more general purpose macros Parameters leave holes in a macro body that are filled in when you call the macro This permits you to design a single macro that produces code for typical programming operations The term parameters refers to both the formal parameters that are specified when the macro is defined the holes and the actual parameters or arguments that are specified when the macro is called the fill ins
78. RCE DEST COUNT MOV R1 SOURCE MOV RO DEST MOV R7 COUNT MOV A R1 MOV RO A INC R1 INC RO DJNZ R7 4 To call a macro with parameters you must use the metacharacter followed by the macro s name as with parameterless macros However a list of the actual parameters must follow These actual parameters have to be enclosed within parentheses and separated from each other by commas The actual parameters may optionally contain calls to other macros A simple call to a macro defined above might be MOVE_ADD GEN 10 24 8 The above macro call produces the following code MOV R1 10 MOV RO 24 MOV R7 8 MOV A R1 MOV RO A INC R1 INC RO DJNZ R7 4 Macro Preprocessor 2 31 2 4 3 LOCAL SYMBOLS IN MACROS If we used a fixed label instead of the offset 4 in the previous example the macro using the fixed label can only be called once since a second call to the macro causes a conflict in the label definitions at assembly time The label can be made a parameter and a different symbol name can be specified each time the macro is called A preferable way to ensure a unigue label for each macro call is to put the label in a ocal list The local list construct allows you to use macro identifiers to specify assembly time symbols Each use of a LOCAL symbol in a macro guarantees that the symbol will be replaced by a unigue assembly time symbol each time the symbol is called The macro pr
79. SE clause SIFDEF DOADD THEN ADD R7 03H ELSE SUB R7 03H FI 2 5 8 3 WHILE FUNCTION The IF macro is useful for implementing one kind of conditional assembly including or excluding lines of code in the source file However in many cases this is not enough Often you may wish to perform macro operations until a certain condition is met The built in function WHILE provides this facility Syntax WHILE expression balanced text The WHILE function evaluates the expression If it results to TRUE the balanced text is expanded WHILE expands to the null string Once the balanced text has been expanded the logical argument is retested and if it is still TRUE the balanced text is expanded again This continues until the logical argument proves FALSE 2 48 Chapter 2 Since the macro continues processing until the expression is FALSE the balanced text should modify the expression or else WHILE may never terminate A call to built in function EXIT always terminates a WHILE macro EXIT is described below The following example shows the common use of the WHILE macro Example SET COUNTER 7 SWHILE COUNTER GT 0 MOV R2 COUNTER MOV R1 R2 ADD R1 2 SSET COUNTER COUNTER 1 This example uses the SET macro and a macro time symbol to count the iterations of the WHILE macro 2 5 8 4 REPEAT FUNCTION mpp51 offers another built in function that performs the counting loop autom
80. Segment addresses in the BIT control must be dividable by eight if the segment involved is of type DATA bit addressable If the segment is of type BIT any bitaddress is allowed The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order The valid range for on chip ram addresses IDATA depends on the physical limits of the target processor The default size is 128 This value can be altered with the RAMSIZE control Linker 9 33 Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj o test out bit m2_dseg 10H locate segment m2_dseg in bitaddressable memory Starting at bitaddress 10H is byte address 22H d gt Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls 9 34 Chapter 9 CASE Control CASE NOCASE From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Linking Enable or disable the option Link case sensitive Abbreviation CA NOCA Class Linking control Default CASE Description With these controls the linker can be told to treat case sensitive or not Programs written in the C language produce case
81. VEL test asm Macro Preprocessor 2 21 V Option V Description With this option you can display the version header of the macro preprocessor This option must be the only argument of mpp51 Other options are ignored mpp51 exits after displaying the version header Example mpp51 V TASKING 8051 macro preprocessor vx yrz Build nnn Copyright years Altium BV Serial 00000000 2 22 Chapter 2 warn on undefined macro Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E warn on undefined macro no warn on undefined macro Default no warn on undefined macro Description With option warn on undefined macro the macro preprocessor generates warning W 201 instead of error E 301 when an undefined macro name is found Example mpp51 warn on undefined macro test asm Macro Preprocessor 2 23 2 3 INCLUDE FILES If the macro preprocessor encounters a INCLUDE statement in the input file preprocessing will continue by scanning the specified file until an end of file or another INCLUDE is encountered Syntax INCLUDE file Abbreviation 1C file Expansion lt spaces gt lt eol gt 1 file Description The must be in column 1 for the macro preprocessor to recognize it for processing at macro time In the output f
82. a That way the entries in this function pointer table can be accessed using only 16 bit pointers So actually an extra indirection is used Normally the __ ICALL run time routine is called to handle the call through a function pointer but in order to handle the extra indirection level a different __ IICALL run time routine is called when bank switching is enabled Since this routine also handles the actual bank switch it is reguired to change it dependent on the hardware bank switch method SFR P1 by default The __ IICALL runtime routine is present in the file iicall src in the lib src directory This file is part of the C library 9 8 5_ RESOURCES You have take into account the following resources when using code bank switching e code for the bank switching routine e extra stub code for each call from one bank to another bank e extra stack space for each call to another bank 9 78 Chapter 9 9 9 LINKER SPECIAL LABELS The linker locator assigns addresses to the following labels when they are referenced __LK B name Begin of segment name __LK E name End of segment name __LK L name Size of segment name You can use these labels to obtain the addresses of segment name in a program The relation between the three labels is __LK E name _ LK B name _ LK L name Linker 9 79 9 10 LINKING WITH LIBRARIES If you are linking from libraries only those objects you need are extracted from the librar
83. able byte in fixup The assembler produced a fixup record for a symbolic reference to a bitaddressable byte After the first link phase this symbol turns out to outside the bitaddressable byte area To fix this problem check if you are referring to the correct external symbol If so locate the segment in which the symbol is contained inside the bitaddressable area either by giving it the bitaddressable attribute or by using a locating control FATAL ERROR 304 fixup error value too big for relocation size value The linker detected a situation after calculating the value for a relocatable expression in which this value became too big for the number of bytes reserved in the code part This message is followed by message number 121 giving you the information you need to fix this problem FATAL ERROR 305 assertion failed See fatal error 302 Linker Error Messages D 15 FATAL ERROR 306 module selection not supported A control was found on the command line while an input file was expected The input filename must not contain parenthesis FATAL ERROR 307 short segment segment_name cannot be located in first xdata page The linker cannot place given segment into the first page of XDATA memory Other SHORT segments or absolute segments may have filled this space already Appendix D D 16 SHOMUud LSANIT INTEL HEX RECORDS ail TASKING M XIGNAddV Intel Hex Records E 3 Intel Hex re
84. acro parameters In order to change this method of interpretation all tokens that are to be combined for an individual parameter must be identified as a parameter string and set in a bracket function SDW 198H 3DH OFOH PHONE This way the bracket function prevents the string 198H 3DH OFOH from being evaluated as separate paramcters 2 5 1 4 GROUP FUNCTION The group function does the opposite of the bracket function it ensures that the text is expanded Syntax balanced text The contents of the group macro is expanded and the resulting string is then interpreted itselve like a macro command This allows for definition of complex recursive macros Another useful application of the group command is to separate macro identifiers from surrounding possible valid identifier characters The literal character is not accepted in connection with this function Example sdefine TEXTA Text A sdefine TEXTB Text B sdefine TEXTC Text C define SELECT B S TEXT SELECT 2 38 Chapter 2 The contents of the group function TEXT SELECT expands to TEXTB which on its turn is expanded like TEXTB resulting in Text B Example define op add op and move The group function ensures that the macro op is expanded Without it op_and_move would be seen as the macro identifier 2 5 2 METACHAR FUNCTION The METACHAR function can be used to redefine the metacharacter initially Syntax
85. affect on M2 it changes the return value of M1 as illustrated below Macro Preprocessor 2 61 Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion SSET TOM 2 SM1 gt 02H M2 gt 01H The macros themselves can be called with the literal character The return value then is the unexpanded body M2 gt 01H Ml gt EVAL TOM Sometimes it is necessary to obtain access to parameters by several macro levels The literal mode is also used for this purpose The following example assumes that the macro M1 called in the macro body is predefined Example DEFINE M2 P1 MOV A P1 M1 P1 In the above example the formal parameter P1 is used once as a simple place holder and once as an actual parameter for the macro M1 Actual parameters in the contents must not be known in literal mode since they are not expanded If the definition of M2 however occurred in normal mode the macro preprocessor would try to expand the call from M1 and therefore the formal parameter P1 used as an actual parameter However this first receives its value when called from M2 If its contents happen to be undefined an error message is issued Another application possibility for the literal mode exists for macro calls that are used as actual parameters macro strings macro variables macro calls Example M1 M2 The formal parameter of M1 was assigned the call from M2 M2 by its expansion M2 is expanded from M1 when
86. al using value 0x7600 8051 ea_desc An unsigned short currently not used but it can be used for future debugging extensions ea_valu A long containing the page size or the base address ea_sect An unsigned short containing the segment type information format version 2 only MACRO PREPROCESSOR ERROR MESSAGES ail TASKING M XIGNAddV Macro Preprocessor Error Messages B 3 1 INTRODUCTION This appendix contains all warnings W errors E fatal errors F and informational messages I of the macro preprocessor mpp51 2 WARNINGS W W 201 undefined macro name name The text following a metacharacter initial 96 is not a recognized use function or built in function The reference is ignored and processing continues with the character following the name If you specified option warn on undefined macro this warning occurs instead of error E 301 W 339 register sfr include file will be included by the assembler include can be removed With the C option of the asm51 assembler you can specify a specific sfr file to be included You don t need to include this file with the INCLUDE statement 3_ERRORS E E 100 user error message This message is the result of the ERROR command Macro preprocessing will continue after the ERROR command E 104 unexpected character wrong cbar expecting char Please check and correct the syntax of the command This err
87. al ram CODE co code memory STACK segment address ST Loc Locate indirect addressable on chip ram SYMBOLS SB List Local symbol information in map file NOSYMBOLS NOSB NOSB No local symbols in map file XDATA segment address XD Loc Locate external ram XPAGE page_number XP Mem 0 Specify auxiliary page Abbr Abbreviation of the control Cl Class type of control D means a debugging control G means a miscellaneous linking control List means a listing control Loc means a locate control Mem means a memory control Def Default control Table 9 2 link51 controls continued Linker 9 25 9 6 2 LINKING CONTROLS Linking controls can be divided into Debugging controls DEBUGLINES NODEBUGLINES DEBUGPUBLICS NODEBUGPUBLICS DEBUGSYMBOLS NODEBUGSYMBOLS Memory controls FBRANCH FUNCTIONOVERLAY OVERLAY NOOVERLAY RAMSIZE RESERVE XPAGE Other controls CASE NOCASE CHECK NOCHECK MULTIPASS NAME 9 6 3 LOCATING CONTROLS Locating controls give you the opportunity to control the strategy the linker uses to determine the absolute addresses of segments You can use these controls to inform the linker about the order in which the segments should be located or at which absolute address a specific segment should be placed Locating algorithm If locating controls are omitted the linker uses the following list of rules to locate the segments ordered by precedence grouped
88. alls occur not allowed when using FUNCTIONOVERLAY this will be reported Examples link51 modulel obj functionoverlay graph 9 50 Chapter 9 IDATA Control IDATA segment address segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter the segment and optionally a locate address in the Locate IDATA segments field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation ID Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in the indirectly addressable on chip data space address range 0 FFH The segment must be of type IDATA The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order The valid range for on chip ram addresses IDATA depends on the physical limits of the target processor The default size is 128 This value can be altered with the RAMSIZE control Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj o test out idata ml seg 80H locate segment ml seg in IDATA memory starting at address 80H Linker 9 51 Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an
89. am execution start address Layout 04 0000 os address checksum Example 0400000500FF0003F5 _ checksum _ address type _ offset length Intel Hex Records E 7 Start Segment Address Record The Start Segment Address Record contains the 20 bit program execution start address Layout 04 0000 03 address checksum Example 0400000300FF0003F7 _ checksum _ address _ type _ offset _ length End of File Record The hexadecimal file always ends with the following end of file record 00000001FF _ checksum type _ offset _ length INTEL HEX Appendix E MOTOROLA S RECORDS ail TASKING M XIGNAddV Motorola S Records F 3 The srec51 program generates three types of S records by default S0 S1 and S9 S1 records are used for 16 bit addresses With the r2 option of srec51 S2 records are used for 24 bit addresses and with r3 S3 records are used for 32 bit addresses They have the following layout SO record S O lt length_byte gt lt 2 bytes 0 gt lt comment gt lt checksum_byte gt An srec51 generated S record file starts with a SO record with the following contents length byte 14H comment c TASKING Inc checksum _ 72H c TASKING Inc S0140000286329205441534B494E472C20496E632E72 The S0 record is a comment record and does not contain relevant information for program execution The len
90. amsize values is 128 256 Example link51 x obj rs 200 link51 assumes an internal RAM of 200 bytes Linker RESERVE Control RESERVE memory_type start_address end address memory _type start_address end_address Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Reserved Areas Enter an address range in the Reserve memory_type memory field You can enter several address ranges by separating them with a semi colon Optionally enable the option Reserve first byte of XDATA to prevent pointers on address 0 Arguments A memory type and an address range to be excluded from locating memory_type can be CODE CO XDATA XD IDATA D DATA DA BIT BI Abbreviation RE Class Linking control Default All memory is assumed available Description With this control you can tell the linker which address ranges should not be used to locate code or data When a certain part of code ram space is already in use by a previously programmed EPROM or by some other hardware use this control to specify the linker it cannot use the specified address space 9 65 9 66 Chapter 9 A specified address range start_address end_address is reserved starting at the first given address up to and including the last address specified It is possible to specify multiple address ranges for the same memory type Examples link51 modl obj mod2 obj o demo
91. an be altered with the RAMSIZE control Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj o test out data ml dseg 30H locate segment ml_dseg in DATA memory starting at address 30H 9 40 Chapter 9 Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls Linker 9 41 DEBUGLINES Control DEBUGLINES NODEBUGLINES From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Linking Enable or disable the option Include debug information for LINE records Abbreviation DL NODL Class Linking control Default DEBUGLINES Description The C compiler generates LINE pseudos in the generated assembly text The assembler creates line records in the object file for each occurrence of this pseudo If you want to suppress generation of these records in the absolute output file the NODEBUGLINES control will do so 9 42 Chapter 9 DEBUGPUBLICS Control DEBUGPUBLICS NODEBUGPUBLICS amp From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Linking Enable or disable the option Include debug information for PUBLIC symbols Abbreviation DP NODP Class Linking control Default DEBUGPUBLICS Description This control causes the linker to generate public symbol definition records in the output file NODEBUGPUBLICS disables the generation of public symbol records Linker 9 43 DEBU
92. as child process Display the reasons why mk51 chooses to rebuild a target All dependencies which are newer are displayed Display the dependency checks in more detail Dependencies which are older are displayed as well as newer Let environment variables override macro definitions from makefiles Normally makefile macros override environment variables Command line macro definitions always override both environment variables and makefile macros definitions Redirect all error output to the specified file Use the specified file instead of makefile A as the makefile argument denotes the standard input Ignore error codes returned by commands This is equivalent to the special target IGNORE When a nonzero error status is returned by a command abandon work on the current target but continue with other branches that do not depend on this target Read command line information from file If file is a the information is read from standard input Perform a dry run Print commands but do not execute them Even lines beginning with an are printed However if a command line is an invocation of mk51 that line is always executed Normally if a command in a target rule in a makefile returns an error or when the target construction is interrupted the make utility removes that target file With this option you tell the make utility to make all target files precious This means that all dependency files are never rem
93. at is not used elsewhere the segment must contain the label __ LK _STUB_ENTRY This label is the entry jumped to the segment must contain the variable _ LK FUNCTION ADDRESS This variable will contain the 16 bit offset of the remote function 9 76 Chapter 9 Writing your own bank switch routine More likely than replacing the default stub routine is changing the bank switch routine The default routine assumes that SFR P1 is used to select the code bank If you have an implementation that uses a different SFR or one that uses for instance an external data address you have to rewrite the bank switching routine Requirements use a unique segment name that is not used elsewhere use the variable _ LK FUNCTION_BANK in this routine The routine will be copied for each code bank and in each copy the variable will be replaced with the 8 bit code bank number 9 8 2 COMMON AREA db Because interrupts can occur at any moment the interrupt vectors need to be present in each code bank This is also the case for the bank switching routine which must be reachable at any time from any code bank Instead of copying all this code in every bank you have to define an area that is independent of the selected code bank the so called common area Since a function in the common area can be called from any code bank without a stub routine it can also be used to locate functions that are called very often decreasi
94. atically The built in function REPEAT expands its balanced text a specified number of times Syntax REPEAT expression balanced text Unlike the IF and WHILE macros REPEAT uses the expression for a numerical value that specifies the number of times the balanced text should be expanded The expression is evaluated once when the macro is first called then the specified number of iterations is performed A call to built in function EXIT always terminates a REPEAT macro EXIT is described in the next section Macro Preprocessor Example Lab MOV A 8 MOV R2 0FFFFH SREPEAT 8 MOV R2 A ADD R1 A 2 5 8 5 EXIT FUNCTION The built in function EXIT terminates expansion of the most recently called user defined macro It is most commonly used to avoid infinite loops e g a recursive user defined macro that never terminates It allows several exit points in the same macro Syntax EXIT Example This use of EXIT terminates a recursive macro when an odd number of bytes have been added DEFINE MEM ADD MEM SOURCE DEST BYTES The above example adds two pairs of bytes and stores results in DEST As long as there is a pair of bytes to be added the macro MEM_ADD_MEM is expanded When BYTES reaches a value of 1 or 0 the macro is exited IF BYTES LE 0 THEN EXIT FI ADD A SOURCE ADDC A DEST MOV DEST A IF BYTES EQ 1 THEN EXIT FI MOV A SOURCE 1 AD
95. atter finds a type number outside the valid range this warning is generated Section type mismatch for section number The symbol type conflicts with the memory type of the section it belongs to Error messages Cannot open file for input The input file is not present or cannot be opened for reading 10 16 Chapter 10 Cannot open ofi e for output The output filename is illegal or the file may not be written in the directory specified Input is not an a out file The input file is in the wrong format Only files produced by the linker can be formatted Unexpected end of file on input The input file is corrupted or cannot be read successfully Memory allocation failed range records A reguest for dynamic memory failed This occurred while reading the range records of the a out file Memory allocation failed symbol record buffers A reguest for dynamic memory failed This occurred while reading the symbol records of the a out file Language not equal to PL M 51 Conversion of high language debug information can only be done for PL M 51 generated files Nesting of procedures too deep The conversion program uses a stack to maintain the declaration sequence of procedure names in the PL M 51 program If this program contains a deeply nested declarations the stack overflows The maximum stack depth is 32 Syntax error omf51 expects the symbolic debug records in a predefined seguence If symbolic debug records appear in a
96. bank switch ERROR 131 too many banks specified option The linker supports up to a maximum of 256 banks ERROR 132 error in option option error The specified command line option has a syntax error ERROR 133 code space memory overlap between segments segA and segB range siart end Two segments have an overlap in the code space ERROR 134 segment segment_name combination error in module module attribute attr mismatch Two segments with the same name are defined with different segment attributes 4 FATAL ERRORS FATAL ERROR 201 invalid command line syntax partial command The command line is not in the correct syntax FATAL ERROR 204 invalid key word name The linker expected a keyword on the command line The text found does not match one of the known keywords FATAL ERROR 205 numeric constant too large partial command A numeric constant in the command line is outside the valid range If a constant greater than OFFFFH is entered the message is generated Linker Error Messages D 11 FATAL ERROR 206 invalid constant partial command The linker expected a constant in one of the controls on the command line This constant is not there or is is misspelled FATAL ERROR 207 invalid name partial command A invalid name is found on the command line FATAL ERROR 209 file used in conflicting context file filename One of the filenames on the command line or
97. bit offset is encoded in the instruction so the code address must be within 128 to 127 bytes from the first byte of the following instruction For in block jumps and calls the lower 11 bits of the destination address are encoded into the instruction so the address must be within the same 2K page as the next instruction The assembler provides yet another type of jump and call instruction the generic jump and call The mnemonics jmp and call are recognized by the assembler although they are not 8051 instructions The assembler replaces jmp by an sjmp ajmp or 1jmp and call by an acall or lcall depending on the destination address The assembler selects the shortest instruction possible provided that the difference between the current location and the destination address can be calculated at assembly time Note that this jmp call optimization can be turned off with the NOOPTIMIZE control In that case all generic instructions are translated into the long form Operands and Expressions 6 7 6 2 EXPRESSIONS An operand of an assembler instruction or directive is either an assembler symbol or an expression The assembler symbols for the 8051 are A AB C DPTR PC and RO to R7 An expression denotes an address in a particular memory space or a number Expressions that can be evaluated at assembly time are called absolute expressions Expressions where the result can not be known until logical sections have been combined and loca
98. ble Calls from one code segment to another can be detected by the linker via relocatable call instructions in the object files If these connections between code segments exist the linker will not overlay the data segments declared to these code segments Linker 9 47 A problem can arise if the calls are invisible for the linker Then it might be that two data segments are overlaid and used at the same time by the application This will lead to unpredictable behavior of the program For this purpose the call indicators can be used They are meant to inform the linker about the calling structure in the application the linker cannot deduce from the relocatable call instructions of the object files Note that the call indicator does not overrule the normal call it is an add on to the existing call structure When using FUNCTIONOVERLAY recursive relations between segments may not occur When the linker finds such a relation it will abort immediately Note however that a segment making a call to itself is allowed by the linker link51 also has an option to print a call graph to show the relation between the code segments See the GRAPH control Examples 1 link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo4 out functionoverlay 2 link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo5 out functionoverlay segm3 msegl 3 link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo6 out functionoverlay segml The first example shows the si
99. by memory type e Internal DATA segments Absolute segments BIT DATA IDATA and register banks Segments in the PRECEDE control in the invocation line Segments in a BIT control in the invocation line Relocatable DATA segments with the BIT ADDRESSABLE attribute 9 26 Chapter 9 Other relocatable BIT segments Segments in a DATA control in the invocation line Other DATA segments Segments in the IDATA control in the invocation line Other IDATA segments except STACK Segments in the STACK control in the invocation line STACK if it is in IDATA and not mentioned in another control e External DATA segments Absolute external data segments Segments in the XDATA control in the invocation line External data segment having the SHORT attribute Other relocatable XDATA segments e Code segments Absolute code segments Segments in the CODE control in the invocation line Other relocatable code segments CODE segments with the ROMDATA attribute Locating controls syntax The locating controls have the following general format control segment segment where segment is segment_name address The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address in a control forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the rules mentioned above but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of
100. ces and the name of the macro to be exported Macros are exported at the moment an export line is read This implies that references to forward macro definitions are eguivalent to undefined macros Conditional Processing Lines containing ifdef ifndef else or endif are used for conditional processing of the makefile They are used in the following way ifdef macroname if lines else else lines endif The 1f ines and else lines may contain any number of lines or text of any kind even other ifdef ifndef else and endif lines or no lines at all The else line may be omitted along with the else lines following it Utilities 10 25 First the macroname after the if command is checked for definition If the macro is defined then the if lines are interpreted and the e se lines are discarded if present Otherwise the 7 ines are discarded and if there is an else line the else lines are interpreted but if there is no else line then no lines are interpreted When using the ifndef line instead of ifdef the macro is tested for not being defined These conditional lines can be nested up to 6 levels deep Macros Macros have the form WORD text and more text The WORD need not be uppercase but this is an accepted standard Spaces around the equal sign are not significant Later lines which contain WORD or WORD will have this replaced by text and more text If the macro name is a single character the parenthes
101. cess external data space The registers RO and R1 can be used within a 256 byte page of external RAM since the high word of the address P2 is not influenced by these instructions 6 1 1 2 IMMEDIATE DATA An immediate operand is an 8 or 16 bit number which is encoded as part of the instruction Immediate operands are indicated by the character before the expression defining the value of the operand Most instructions with immediate operands require the operand to fit into a byte The value of the expression must be in the range of 256 to 255 thus must be representable with 9 bits The lower 8 bits of this value is used in the instruction Operands and Expressions 6 5 Immediate data operands do not reguire any specific segment type Operands of type XDATA and IDATA can not be used as immediate operand Data in these address spaces can be accessed only by first loading the address into a register and then using indirect addressing 6 1 1 3 DATA ADDRESSING A data address operand is an expression specifying one of the 128 on chip RAM locations or one of the hardware locations Addresses 0 127 access the internal RAM and addresses 128 255 access the hardware registers The value of the expression must be in the range of 256 to 255 Note that it is not possible to access the hardware registers using indirect addressing Indirect addressing with an address above 127 will access IDATA space rather that the hardware regist
102. ch are processed before the first source line is read For a description of all possible controls please refer to the chapter on assembler controls In the default situation an object file with extension obj and a list file with extension lst are produced With appropriate assembler controls it is possible to suppress these files or give them another name Error messages are written to the terminal unless they are directed to an error list file with the errorprint assembler control 3 3 ASM51 OPTIONS The assembler recognizes the following options Option Description Display invocation syntax Ccpu Use special function register definitions for cpu ldirectory Look in directory for the s r file V Display version header only Table 3 1 Options summary A detailed description of the option is given below With options that can be set from within EDE you will find a mouse icon that describes the corresponding action Assembler a Option Description Display an explanation of the invocation syntax at stdout Example asm51 3 6 Chapter 3 C Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Processor entry and select Processor Selection Choose a processor from the list of derivatives or select User specified CPU and enter your own processor type EE Ccpu Arguments The cpu name which identifies your 8051 derivative Description
103. cified with Ldireciory then in the standard directories specified with the environment variable CC51LIB and finally in the 1ib directory relative to the directory where the executable is located amp This option is position dependent see section 9 10 Linking with Libraries Example To link library c51s 1ib after the user object and library are linked enter link51 myobj obj mylib lib lc5l1s 9 20 Chapter 9 O Option o filename Arguments An output filename Default a out Description Use filename as output filename of the linker If this option is omitted the default filename is a out Example To create the output file test out instead of a out enter link51 test obj otest out Linker 9 21 V Option V Description With this option you can display the version header of the linker This option must be the only argument of link51 Other options are ignored The linker exits after displaying the version header Example link51 V TASKING 8051 linker locator vx yrz Build nnn Copyright years Altium BV Serial 00000000 9 22 Option w3auunm Arguments The error message number Description Convert the specified error message to a warning Example To convert error 114 to a warning enter link51 test obj w114 otest out Chapter 9 Linker 9 6 LINK51 CONTROLS The behavior of the linker can be influenced with controls The linker can
104. clared twice with a different memory type Linker Error Messages D 7 ERROR 103 external attributes do not match public symbol symbol name module filename module name The attributes of an symbol declared public in one module and external in another are in conflict with each other E g it is not allowed to declare a symbol as a code label in one module and use it as a data label in the other module ERROR 104 multiple public definition symbol symbol name module ilename module name A symbol is defined public in more than one module This is not allowed Public symbols must be unigue in the entire application ERROR 106 segment segment_name overflow The size of a segment is larger than the size allowed for the memory type it belongs to This error can only occur after combining two or more partial segments into one segment The assembler checks whether a partial segment is within its limits ERROR 107 address space overflow space memory_type_name segment segment_name size value The linker is unable to link the specified segment within the valid range for the memory type Other segments used the available space for the specified memory type ERROR 108 segment in locating control cannot be allocated segment segment_name The linker cannot find free memory space for the segment specified in a locating control on the command line precede bit data ERROR 109 empty rel
105. cords describe the hexadecimal object file format for 8 bit 16 bit and 32 bit microprocessors The hexadecimal object file is an ASCII representation of an absolute binary object file There are six different types of records Data Record 8 16 or 32 bit formats End of File Record 8 16 or 32 bit formats Extended Segment Address Record 16 or 32 bit formats Start Segment Address Record 16 or 32 bit formats Extended Linear Address Record 32 bit format only Start Linear Address Record 32 bit format only The ihex51 program generates records in the 8 bit format by default When a section jumps over a 64k limit the program switches to 32 bit records automatically 16 bit records can be forced with the i16 option General Record Format In the offsel type output file the record format is is the record header is the record length which specifies the number of bytes of the content field This value occupies one byte two hexadecimal digits The locator outputs records of 255 bytes 32 hexadecimal digits or less that is length is never greater than FFH is the starting load offset specifying an absolute address in memory where the data is to be located when loaded by a tool This field is two bytes long This field is only used for Data Records In other records this field is coded as four ASCII zero characters 0000 is the record type This value occupies one byte two hexadecimal dig
106. countered Examples asm51 test src NOEXTERNALMEMORY issue error on MOVX instruction 5 22 Chapter 5 OBJECT Control OBJECT fi e NOOBJECT Abbreviation OJ NOOJ Class Primary Default OBJECT sourcefile obj Description The OBJECT control specifies an alternative name for the object file The NOOBJECT control causes no object file to be generated Examples asm5l x src generate object file x obj asm51 x src oj xl generate object file xl asm5l x src nooj do not generate object file Assembler Controls 5 23 OPTIMIZE Control OPTIMIZE NOOPTIMIZE From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous Enable or disable the option Optimize forward generic JMP CALL instructions Abbreviation OP NOOP Class General Default OPTIMIZE Description NOOPTIMIZE turns off the optimization for forward generic jmp and call instructions Normally the assembler tries to select a sjmp ajmp or acall instruction for a generic jmp call in an absolute or relocatable INBLOCK segment even with forward references If the optimization is turned off a forward generic jmp is always translated to an 1jmp and call is translated to lcall Example noop turn optimization off source lines op turn optimization back on source lines 5 24 Chapter 5 PAGELENGTH Control PAGELENGTH dines Q From the Project menu select Pr
107. currence of label defines the symbol denoted by abel and assigns the current value of the location counter to it identifier can be up to 80 characters made up of letters digits underscore characters _ and or question marks The first character may not be a digit Example LAB1 This is a label instruction is any valid 8051 assembly language instruction consisting of a mnemonic and one two three or no operands Operands are described in the chapter Operands and Expressions The instructions are described separately in the chapter 8057 Family Instruction Set Examples RETI No operand INC RO One operand AND A RO Two operands CJNE R1 01 LAB1 Three operands directive any one of the assembler directives described separately in the chapter Assembler Directives A statement may be empty Chapter 4 4 4 NOLLVOI4l 3dS LAdNI ASSEMBLER CONTROLS ail TASKING M diLdVHO Assembler Controls 5 3 5 1 INTRODUCTION Assembler controls are provided to alter the default behavior of the assembler They can be specified on the command line or on control lines embedded in the source file A control line is a line with a dollar sign on the first position Such a line is not processed like a normal assembly source line but as an assembler control line Zero or more controls per source line are allowed An assembler control line may contain comments The controls are classi
108. dents The lt and macros are normally used for implicit rules They may be unreliable when used within explicit target command lines All macros may be suffixed with F to specify the Filename components e g F F Likewise the macros lt and may be suffixed by D to specify the directory component The result of the macro is always without double quotes regardless of the original target having double guotes around it or not The result of using the suffix F Filename component or D Directory component is also always without double guotes regardless of the original contents having double guotes around it or not Functions A function not only expands but also performs a certain operation Functions syntactically look like macros but have embedded spaces in the macro name e g match arg1 arg2 arg3 Y All functions are built in and currently there are five of them match separate protect exist and nexist The match function yields all arguments which match a certain suffix match obj prog obj sub obj mylib a will yield prog obj sub obj The separate function concatenates its arguments using the first argument as the separator If the first argument is enclosed in double quotes then n is interpreted as a newline character t is interpreted as a tab Nooo is interpreted as an octal value where ooo is one to three octal digits and spaces are taken literally F
109. dex 11 output file 2 18 9 20 linker 9 6 overlay link51 control 9 56 overlay attribute 28 overview 1 1 P page alignment 7 27 pagelength asm51 control 5 24 pagewidth asm51 control 5 25 link51 control 9 59 paging asm51 control 5 26 parameterless macros 2 25 parameters 2 29 parentheses 6 7 PATH 10 32 plus operator 6 11 precede locate control 9 27 locating control 9 60 predefined symbols 6 16 preprocessing 1 7 print asm51 control 5 27 link51 control 9 62 program 9 5 program development 1 3 public assembler directive 7 25 publics link51 control 9 63 RAM 6 5 ramsize link51 control 9 64 recursion 2 26 regaddr asm51 control 5 28 registerbank asm51 control 5 29 relational operators 6 12 relocation records A 7 relocation type bitaddressable 7 27 common 7 27 inblock 7 28 inpage 7 27 page 7 27 romdata 7 28 short 7 28 unit 7 28 repeat function 2 48 reserve link51 control 9 65 reserve memory 9 65 restore asm51 control 5 30 ROM size 5 31 romdata 7 28 rseg 7 26 S save asm51 control 5 30 section base and page specification records A 10 section fillers A 6 section headers A 6 segment 9 4 assembler directive 7 27 naming convention 9 46 segment overlay 7 28 segment range specification records A 9 segment type 6 3 expressions 0 15 segments and memory allocation 3 9 select bank operator 6 14 select high operator 6 14 select low
110. done for libraries in a out format 9 82 Chapter 9 9 12 LINKER IMPLEMENTATION This chapter describes the differences between the Intel linker and the TASKING link51 In particular the following subjects are discussed e cross reference e object format e controls e module selection e backward referencing in libraries 9 12 1 CROSS REFERENCE IXREF NOIXREF The cross reference control is not supported by link51 9 12 2 OBJECT FORMAT The linker link51 generates files in modified version of the COFF a out format used by other TCP assemblers and linkers Linker input files may be in the a out format or the OMF51 format see section 9 11 Linking OMF51 Objects and Libraries The COFF a out format has been extended to support the Intel defined assembly language constructs The changes of the format can be found in the extension part of the format description The extension records are redefined to store new information in the relocatable object files and the absolute load files Utility programs like dmp51 and the object conversion programs have been adapted to be able to read these files In the TCP a out file format the contents of the code part of a section is always contiguous so there is at most one code part per section The Intel approach towards segments is different there may be discontiguous ranges in an absolute segment The dmp51 program displays the contents of a segment as one contiguous block
111. e address of the instance of the segment in the current module The expression may not contain any forward references Examples ORG 1000 the current location counter is incremented by 1000 ORG 60 set location counter to 60 Assembler Directives 7 25 PUBLIC Synopsis PUBLIC name name Description The PUBLIC directive allows symbols to be known outside the currently assembled module Each symbol name may be declared public only once in a module Any symbol declared PUBLIC must have been defined somewhere else in the program Examples public pub symb pub symb is known outside module 7 26 Chapter 7 RSEG Synopsis RSEG segmeni name Description Switch to a relocatable segment previously defined by a SEGMENT directive The following statements will be assembled in the relocatable segment segmeni name using the location counter of the named segment The specified segment remains in effect until another segment directive is encountered The location counter of the relocatable segment is initially set to zero Examples CD SEG SEGMENT CODE relocatable code segment RSEG CD SEG select relocatable code segment Assembler Directives 7 27 SEGMENT Synopsis name SEGMENT type attr OVERLAY b b Description The SEGMENT directive allows you to declare a relocatable segment assign a set of segment attributes and initialize the location counter to Zero The seg
112. e described in the following sections If the grouping of the operators is not specified with parentheses the operator precedence is used to determine evaluation order Every operator has a precedence level associated with it The following table lists the operators and their order of precedence in descending order Operators Type LOW HIGH BANK unary unary MOD SHL SHR binary binary EQ NE LT LE GT GE lt gt lt lt gt gt binary NOT unary AND binary OR XOR binary binary Table 6 2 Operators Precedence List Except for the unary operators the assembler evaluates expressions with operators of the same precedence level left to right The unary operators are evaluated right to left So 4 3 2 evaluates to 4 3 2 Note that you can also use the operator in expressions for bit selection in a byte Operands and Expressions 6 11 6 3 1 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION Synopsis Addition operand operand Subtraction operand operand The operator adds its two operands and the operator subtracts them The operands can be any expression evaluating to an absolute number or a relocatable operand Examples 0a342h 23h addition of absolute numbers Offlah AVAR subtraction with a variable 6 3 2 SIGN OPERATORS Synopsis Plus operand Minus operand The operator does not modify its operand The operator subtracts its operand
113. e filename is given it is assumed that it is the name of the input file hence output is written to standard output It is also possible to omit both the input filename and output filename In that case standard input and standard output are used Options Options must be separated by a blank and start with a minus sign Decimal and hexadecimal arguments should be concatenated directly to the option letter Options may be specified in any order Utilities ma Output filenames should be separated from the o option letter by a blank Example srec5l myfile out 120 z outfile hex The next example gives the same result srec51 120 z o outfile hex lt myfile out r1 Output of Motorola S1 data records for 16 bits addresses This is the default record type r2 Output of Motorola S2 records for 24 bits addresses r3 Output of Motorola S3 records for 32 bits addresses lcount Number of character pairs in the output record The number of characters in a line is given by count 2 4 The default count is 32 zZ Do not output records with zeros 0x00 only ssectlist secilist is a list of section numbers that must be written to output The section numbers must be separated by commas Note section numbers start at 0 and can be found with the dmp51 utility poffset offset is the offset in a section at which the output must start If no section number is specified with the s option then bytes are skipped
114. e linker to Motorola S Format The 8051 assembler is part of a toolchain that provides an environment for modular program development and debugging The following figure 1 4 Chapter 1 explains the relationship between the different parts of the TASKING 8051 toolchain C source file assembly source file eC asm cc51 mpp51 Compiler Macro Preprocessor assembly file Src asm51 Assembler List file 1st relocatable object module obj ar51 Librarian object library C 51 library lib Linker command file OMF51 relocatable OMF51 library object file link51 Linker Locator List file 151 absolute object module a out ihex51 ieee51 omf51 Formatter Formatter Formatter Intel Hex records IEEE 695 load module xfw51 CrossView Pro Debugger Absolute OMF51 file 8051 execution environment Figure 1 1 8051 development flow Overview 1 2 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES This section contains an overview of the environment variables used by the 8051 toolchain Environment Description Variable ASMDIR With this variable you specify one or more additional directories in which the macro preprocessor mpp51 looks for include files CC51INC With this variable you specify one or more additional directories in which the C compiler cc51 looks for include files
115. e number This warning is triggered when the same absolute code address is used more than once W 017 absolute xdat address addr already occupied previous definition on line line number This warning is triggered when the same absolute xdat address is used more than once W018 AJMP ACALL requires segment name to have INPAGE or INBLOCK attribute The AJMP ACALL instructions require the destination address to be in the same 2 kB block When you use these instructions in a segment without the INPAGE or INBLOCK attribute this is not guaranteed LINKER ERROR MESSAGES ail TASKING M XIGNAddV Linker Error Messages D 3 1 OVERVIEW This appendix describes the messages link51 produces if erroneous situations occur Three levels of severity are distinguished 1 Warnings 2 Errors 3 Fatal errors A warning indicates a situation where the linker makes assumptions how the link has to take place This might lead to a result you do not want The linker finishes all its tasks after generating a warning A complete output file is produced Error conditions may cause the linker to terminate before the complete output file is written If they occur in the first phase reading the input modules the only task the linker performs is to calculate the possible link map of the segments and produce a listing file The second pass writing the output file is omitted If errors occur in the second pass an outpu
116. e that two data segments are overlaid and used at the same time by the application This will lead to unpredictable behavior of the program For this purpose the call indicators can be used They are meant to inform the linker about the calling structure in the application the linker cannot deduce from the PUBLIC EXTERNAL definitions Examples 1 link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo4 out overlay 2 link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo5 out overlay mod3 modl 3 link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo6 out overlay modl The first example shows the simplest use of the overlay control All segments in the three modules that are marked overlayable and conform to the reguirements mentioned above will be overlaid by the linker The second example shows how to inform the linker that there is a connection between the third and the first module which is invisible for the linker Suppose in the third module there is code like 9 58 Chapter 9 jmp a dptr If dptr contains an address of a code label in the first module the code above is an indirect jump into the first module If there are no other PUBLIC EXTERNAL references between these two modules the linker might erroneously conclude that overlaying data segments of these modules is correct This is not true To prevent the linker from making this false assumption the overlay control is used to explicitly inform the linker about the calling str
117. ecimal number with the 0 character Examples 45H 0FFD4h 9abcH 6 2 2 EXPRESSION STRING An expression_string is a string with a length of 0 1 or 2 bytes The value of the string is calculated by putting the last character if any in the least significant byte of a word and the second last character if any in the most significant byte of the word string is a string of ASCII characters enclosed in single or double guotes The starting and closing guote must be the same To include the enclosing guote in the string double it E g the string containing both quotes can be denoted as or Operands and Expressions 6 9 Examples Aa 1 a l byte ASCII string result 42H 9c 1 a 2 byte ASCII string result 3944H 6 2 3 SYMBOL A symbol is an identifier A symbol represents the value of an identifier which is already defined or will be defined in the current source module by means of a label declaration equate directive or the EXTRN directive Symbols result in relocatable expressions Examples CON1 EQU 3H The variable CON1 represents the value of 3 Move contents of address MOV R1 CON1 OFFD3H OFFD7H to register R1 6 10 Chapter 6 6 3 OPERATORS There are two types of operators unary operators binary operators Operators can be arithmetic operators relational operators logical operators or special operators All operators ar
118. ed once E115 literal mode not allowed The literal character is not accepted in connection with the comment function escape function 9672 bracket function 0 and balanced text mode function 96 E116 unknown command command The text following a metacharacter initial 96 is not recognized as a valid command or built in function E117 parameter mame already used Every parameter name should be unigue Macro Preprocessor Error Messages B 5 E 119 error writing to output char error message The specified character could not be written The error message explains why E 120 macro type macro not supported The macro must be a prededined macro command or a user macro E 301 undefined macro name name The text following a metacharacter initial 96 is not a recognized use function or built in function The reference is ignored and processing continues with the character following the name E 302 illegal exit macro The built in macro EXIT is not valid in the context The call is ignored A call to EXIT must allow an exit through a user function or the WHILE or REPEAT built in functions E 304 illegal expression A numeric expression was required as a parameter to one of the built in functions EVAL IF WHILE REPEAT and SUBSTR or as a parameter to the predefined macro SET continues with the character following the illegal expression E 305 missing FT in IF
119. efine function UNDEF Controlling functions IF IFDEF IFNDEF WHILE REPEAT EXIT String processing functions LEN SUBSTR MATCH String comparing functions EQS NES LTS LES GTS GES Message functions ERROR FATAL File line info functions _FILE_ __LINE_ Option function OPTION Input Output functions IN OUT 2 34 Chapter 2 2 5 1 COMMENT ESCAPE BRACKET AND GROUP FUNCTIONS 2 5 1 1 COMMENT FUNCTION The macro processing language can be very subtle and the operation of macros written in a straightforward manner may not be immediately obvious Therefore it is often necessary to comment macro definitions Syntax text or text end of line The comment function always evaluates to the null string Two terminating characters are recognized the apostrophe and the end of line line feed character ASCII OAH The second form of the call allows macro definitions to be spread over several lines while avoiding any unwanted end of lines in the return value In either form of the comment function the fext or comment is not evaluated for macro calls The literal character is not accepted in connection with this function Example DEFINE MOVE ADD GEN SOURCE DEST COUNT LOCAL LAB MOV Rl SOURCE This is the source address MOV RO DEST This is the destination MOV R7 COUNT COUNT must be a constant SLAB This is a local label End of line is inside the co
120. egment in the STACK control is the first free memory location above the highest located segment in on chip RAM The segment STACK is located in the uppermost part of IDATA space if it is not mentioned in any previous control A segment with this name is created within the startup code of the C 51 compiler Data segments placed with any locating control are located as non overlayable segments This influences optimal locating by link51 when using the OVERLAY FUNCTIONOVERLAY controls 9 27 9 28 Chapter 9 Examples 1 link51 mod1 obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo4 out precede m1_seg m2_seg bit m2_dseg 10H This example shows the precede control The linker first locates the segment m1_ seg in memory m2_ seg is put at the next address available succeeding m1_ seg The segment m2_ dseg is located at bitaddress 10H This eguals byte address 22H 2 link51 mod1 obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo5 out code m1_cseg 2000H m2_cseg m3_cseg In the example above the code control is used to locate all the code segments above 2000H 3 link51 mod1 obj mod2 obj mod3 obj to demo6 out stack m_stk Here the stack control is used to force the IDATA segment m_stk in the upper part of on chip ram m_stk is located in the highest internal ram locations of all IDATA segments 9 6 4 LISTING CONTROLS The linker can produce a map file In a map file a memory map of the linked segments in the application is given The listing c
121. eguired i e macros and functions in rules are dynamic Special Targets DEFAULT The rule for this target is used to process a target when there is no other entry for it and no implicit rule for building it mk51 ignores all dependencies for this target DONE This target and its dependencies are processed after all other targets are built 10 30 Chapter 10 IGNORE _ Non zero error codes returned from commands are ignored Encountering this in a makefile is the same as specifying i on the command line NIT This target and its dependencies are processed before any other targets are processed SILENT Commands are not echoed before executing them Encountering this in a makefile is the same as specifying s on the command line SUFFIXES The suffixes list for selecting implicit rules Specifying this target with dependents adds these to the end of the suffixes list Specifying it with no dependents clears the list PRECIOUS Dependency files mentioned for this target are not removed Normally if a command in a rule returns an error or when the target construction is interrupted mk51 removes that target file You can use the p command line option to make all target files precious Rules A line in a makefile that starts with a TAB or SPACE is a shell line or rule This line is associated with the most recently preceding dependency line A seguence of these may be associated with a single dependency line When a
122. embedded or This has a double quote embedded or This has a double quote and a single quote embedded 4 Some operating systems impose limits on the length of lines within a text file To circumvent this limitation it is possible to use continuation lines These lines end with a backslash and newline In a quoted argument continuation lines will be appended without stripping any whitespace on the next line For non guoted arguments all whitespace on the next line will be stripped Example This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line control filel mode type file2 type gt control filel mode type file2 type 5 Itis possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file mycmds contains the following line DLEVEL 3 test asm The command line can now be mpp51 f mycmds 2 12 Chapter 2 file info Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E file info no file info Default file info Description By default the macro preprocessor generates source file line information such as 1 lt path gt test asm With option no file info the macro preprocessor does not generate this information Example mpp51 no file info test asm Macro Preproce
123. en font bold font For example Items shown inside curly braces enclose a list from which you must choose an item Items shown inside square brackets enclose items that are optional The vertical bar separates items in a list It can be read as OR Items shown in italic letters mean that you have to substitute the item If italic items are inside square brackets they are optional For example filename means type the name of your file in place of the word filename An ellipsis indicates that you can repeat the preceding item zero or more times Represents input examples and screen output examples Represents a command name an option or a complete command line which you can enter command option filename This line could be written in plain English as execute the command command with the optional options option and with the file filename XIV e Manual Purpose and Structure Illustrations The following illustrations are used in this manual amp This is a note It gives you extra information A This is a warning Read the information carefully Q This illustration indicates actions you can perform with the mouse EE This illustration indicates keyboard input d gt This illustration can be read as See also It contains a reference to another command option or section OVERVIEW ail TASKING M diLdVHO Overview 1 1 INTRODUCTION The TASKING 8051 toolcha
124. ent must be followed by ile F 122 internal error invalid unary type type Use one of the unary operators LOW HIGH NOT F 123 internal error invalid binary type ype Use one of the valid binary operators F 300 more errors detected not reported A maximum of 40 errors are reported F 312 premature eof The end of the input file occurred while the call to the macro was being scanned This usually occurs when a delimiter to a macro call is omitted causing the macro preprocessor to scan to the end of the file searching for the missing delimiter F 332 cannot open source file file The input file specified on the command line does not exist or cannot be opened F 333 input and output file are identical The input file is of the form src or an output file was specified identical to the input file F 334 illegal option name The specified option does not exist See the usage for a list of valid options F 335 cannot open output file file Check if you have enough free disk space and that you have write permissions Appendix B F 337 out of memory There is not enough memory to continue Close some other running programs and try again or add more memory INFORMATIONAL MESSAGES I By default informational messages can be shown You can disable these messages by specifying the option no info messages I 400 parameter is a parameter for macro name that is current
125. eprocessor increments a counter once for each symbol used in the list every time your program calls a macro that uses the LOCAL construct Symbols in the oca list when used in the macro body receive a_two to five digit suffix that is the hexadecimal value of the counter The first time you call a macro that uses the LOCAL construct the suffix is 00 The syntax for the LOCAL construct in the DEFINE function is shown below This is the complete syntax for the built in function DEFINE Syntax DEFINE macro name parameter list LOCAL local list macro body The local list is a list of valid macro identifiers separated by spaces Since these macro identifiers are not parameters the LOCAL construct in a macro has no effect on a macro call To reference local symbols in the macro body they must be preceded by the metacharacter The symbol LOCAL is not reserved a user symbol or macro may have this name The next example shows a macro definition that uses a LOCAL list 2 32 Example DEFINE MOV MOV MOV SLAB MOV MOV INC INC DJNZ Chapter 2 MOVE ADD GEN SOURCE DEST COUNT LOCAL LAB Rl SOURCE RO DEST R7 COUNT A R1 RO A R1 RO R7 LAB A simple call to a macro defined above might be MOVE_ADD_GEN 50 100 24 The above macro call might produce the following code if this is he eleventh call to a macro using a LOCAL list MOV MOV MOV LABOA MOV MOV
126. er space if the processor type involved supports IDATA in this range 6 1 1 4 BIT ADDRESSING A bit address represents a bit addressable location in bytes 32 through 47 of the internal RAM or a bit in one of the bit addressable hardware registers You can specify a bit address by giving the bit number explicitly The expression now represents the bit address in bit space The segment type of the expression should be BIT or NUMBER Alternatively you can select one bit of a bit addressable byte with the bit selection operator The segment type of the expression denoting the byte should be DATA or NUMBER If the byte is in a relocatable DATA segment the segment must have the BITADDRESSABLE attribute Bit addresses 0 through 127 map onto bytes 32 through 47 of the on chip RAM bits 128 through 255 map onto the hardware registers whose addresses are divisible by 8 6 6 Chapter 6 6 1 1 5 CODE ADDRESSING A code address is an expression with a value in the range of 0 through 65535 specifying an address in the code space The segment type of a code address expression should be CODE or NUMBER There are three types of instructions reguiring a code address in their operands They are relative jumps in block 2K page jumps or calls and long jumps or calls The long jump call instructions accept any code address as their operand but the other instructions impose restrictions on the code address For relative jumps a signed 8
127. er use User defined macros may invoke themselves within their bodies This property is called recursion Any macro which calls itself must terminate eventually or the macro preprocessor may enter an infinite loop Once a macro has been created it may be redefined by a second call to DEFINE Macro Preprocessor 2 27 To call a macro you use the character followed by the name of the macro the literal character is only admissible for defined macros whose call is passed to a macro as a an actual parameter example M1 M2 The macro preprocessor removes the call and inserts the return value of the call If the macro body contains any call to other macros they are replaced with their return values Example 2 SPart_1 String 5 gt An elephant goes shopping Once a macro has been created it may be redefined by a second call to DEFINE Note however that a macro should not redefine itself within its body see Advanced mpp51 Concepts The examples below show several macro definitions Their return values are also shown Example 3 Macro definition at the top of the program DEFINE MOVE MOV A R1 MOV R2 A The macro call as it appears in the program MOV R1 1 MOVE The program as it appears after the macro preprocessor made the following expansion where the first expanded line is preceded by the four blanks preceding the call the sign indicates the preceding blanks M
128. es 20 bytes and comprises the following os_base A long containing the start address of the section in the machine Os_size A long containing the size of the section in the machine os_foff A long containing the start address of the section in the file os_flen A long containing the size of the section in the file os_lign A long containing the alignment of the section 1 3 SECTION FILLERS The section contents follow the section headers and comprise the contents of each output section in the same order as the section headers The contents start at the address specified by os_base and are of the length specified by os_size The initialized portion of the section is of the length specified by os_flen An uninitialized portion of the contents comprising os_size os_flen bytes is left at the end of the contents There are no restrictions on section boundaries so sections may overlap A out File Format A 7 1 4 RELOCATION RECORDS Relocation records comprise an 8 byte entry for each occurrence of a relocatable value the entries have the following structure or_type A char containing the type of reference or_sect A char containing the number of the referencing section If or_sect is zero the relocation record is a symbol table relocation record rather than a code relocation record or_nami An unsigned short containing the referenced symbol index the offset from the start of the symbol table or _addr A long containi
129. es are optional Note that the expansion is done recursively so the body of a macro may contain other macro invocations The right side of a macro definition is expanded when the macro is actually used not at the point of definition Example FOOD EAT and DRINK EAT meat and or vegetables DRINK water export FOOD FOOD becomes meat and or vegetables and water and the environment variable FOOD is set accordingly by the export line However when a macro definition contains a direct reference to the macro being defined then those instances are expanded at the point of definition This is the only case when the right side of a macro definition is partially expanded For example the line DRINK DRINK or beer after the export line affects FOOD just as the line DRINK water or beer would do However the environment variable FOOD will only be updated when it is exported again amp You are advised not to use the double guotes for long filename support in macros otherwise this might result in a concatination of two macros with double quotes in between 10 26 Chapter 10 Special Macros MAKE This normally has the value mk51 Any line which invokes MAKE temporarily overrides the n option just for the duration of the one line This allows nested invocations of MAKE to be tested with the n option MAKEFLAGS This macro has the set of options provided to mk51 as its value If
130. escribes the operands and expressions to be used in the assembler instructions and pseudos directives 7 Assembler Directives Describes the Pseudo instructions to pass information to the assembler program 8 Instruction Set Gives a list of assembly language instruction mnemonics XII Manual Purpose and Structure 9 Linker Describes the action of and options controls applicable to the linker link51 10 Utilities Contains descriptions of the utilities supplied with the package which may be useful during program development Appendices A A out File Format Contains the layout of the output file produced by the package B Macro Preprocessor Error Messages Gives a list of error messages which can be generated by the macro preprocessor C Assembler Error Messages Gives a list of error messages which can be generated by the assembler D Linker Error Messages Gives a list of error messages which can be generated by the linker E Intel Hex Records Contains a description of the Intel Hex format F Motorola S Records Contains a description of the Motorola S records Manual Purpose and Structure XIII RELATED PUBLICATIONS e 8051 C Cross Compiler User s Manual TASKING MA008 002 00 00 e 8051 CrossView Pro Debugger User s Manual TASKING MA008 041 00 00 CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS MANUAL The notation used to describe the format of call lines is given below italics scre
131. ex format record The number of characters in a line is given by count 2 11 The default count is 32 z Do not output records with zeros 0x00 only ssectlist sectlist is a list of section numbers that must be written to output The section numbers must be separated by commas Note section numbers start at 0 and can be found with the dmp51 utility poffset offset is the offset in a section at which the output must start If no section number is specified with the s option then bytes are skipped in the first record found The user should be aware of the fact that there is no detection of skipping an entire section in a file The p option may not occur more than once in a command line Warning sections are adjacent in the input file but do not have to be contiguous in memory 10 14 ehex Chapter 10 hex is the length of the data output must be used in combination with p option The user must have a clear view of the sizes and base addresses of the sections when he uses the p and e options Example ihex5l s2 p0 eFF myfil out outputs the first 255 bytes of the third section of the file myfil out to the standard output aaddress address If only one address is given the specified address is added to the address of any data record If both addresses are given then the first address is the segment address offset and the second address is the instruction pointer offset e g a1000 0 Note that if you s
132. extension src to assembler source files you can distinguish them easily Another reason for using the src extension is that the assembler uses this extension by default if it is omitted So asm51 write has the same effect as asm5l write src Both these commands assemble the file write src and create a list file write lst and a relocatable object module write obj For compatibility with future TASKING Cross Software the following extensions are suggested asm input assembly source file for mpp51 STC output from the string macro preprocessor mpp51 or the C compiler input for asm51 obj relocatable object files lib object libraries files in archive format out relocatable output files from link51 abs absolute IEEE 695 output files hex absolute Intel Hex output files sre absolute Motorola S record output files Ast assembler list file 151 linker list file 1 6 PREPROCESSING For a description of the possibilities offered by the string macro preprocessor see the chapter Macro Preprocessor In this section we shall merely show how it can be used in conjunction with the assembler The program write src does not need to be preprocessed using mpp51 We shall nevertheless use write src file to demonstrate the use of the macro preprocessor First the file write src is renamed to write asm 1 8 Chapter 1 The simplest call to mpp51 is mpp5l write asm The result of this command is that the file write src w
133. f the debug code 2 5 8 2 IFDEF IFNDEF FUNCTION The IFDEF built in function tests if a macro is defined and the IFNDEF built in function tests if a macro is not defined Based on this test the function expands or withholds its text arguments The IFDEF IFNDEF function allows a user to decide at macro time whether to assemble certain code or not conditional assembly So the assembler never has to see any code which is not to be assembled Syntax IFDEF macro THEN balanced text1 ELSE balanced text2 FI IFNDEF macro THEN balanced text1 ELSE balanced text2 FI The IFDEF and IFNDEF functions first test if macro is defined IFDEF or not IFNDEF If it is TRUE then the succeeding balanced text1 is expanded if it is FALSE and the optional ELSE clause is included in the call then the balanced text2 is expanded If the expression results to FALSE and the ELSE clause is not included the IF call returns the null string The macro call must be terminated by FI Macro Preprocessor 2 47 IFDEF IFNDEF calls can be nested The ELSE clause refers to the most recent IF call that is still open not terminated by FD FI terminates the most recent IF call that is still open The level of macro nesting is limited to 500 Example This is a simple example of the IFNDEF call with no ELSE clause IFNDEF MODEL THEN SDEFINE MODEL SMALL FI Example This is a simple form of the IFDEF call with an EL
134. fied as primary or general Primary controls affect the overall behavior of the assembler and remain in effect throughout the assembly For this reason primary controls may only be used on the command line or at the beginning of a source file before the assembly starts If you specify a primary control more than once a warning message is given and the last definition is used This enables you to override primary controls via the invocation line General controls arc used to control the assembler during assembly Control lines containing general controls may appear anywhere in a source file and are also allowed on the command line When you specify general controls via the command line the corresponding general controls in the source file are ignored The controls GEN NOGEN GENONLY and INCLUDE are implemented in the macro preprocessor If one of these controls is encountered the assembler generates a warning On the next pages an overview is given of all the assembler controls followed by a detailed description the available assembler controls listed in alphabetic order Some controls have separate versions for turning an option on and off These controls are described together Some controls are set by default and some controls have a default value The examples in this chapter are given for the PC environment 5 4 Chapter 5 5 2 OVERVIEW ASM51 CONTROLS
135. from zero Example 5 3 result is 2 6 12 Chapter 6 6 3 3 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION Synopsis Multiplication operand operand Division operand operand Modulo operand MOD operand The operator multiplies its two operands the operator performs an integer division discarding any remainder The MOD operator also perform an integer division but discards the quotient and returns the remainder The operands can be any expression evaluating to an absolute number or a relocatable operand Examples AVAR 2 multiplication Off3cH COUNT division 23 mod 4 modulo result is 3 6 3 4 RELATIONAL OPERATORS Synopsis Equal operand EQ operand operand operand Not equal operand NE operand operand lt gt operand Less than operand LT operand operand lt operand Less than or equal operand LE operand operand lt operand Greater than operand GT operand operand gt operand Greater than or equal operand GE operand operand gt operand These operators compare their operands and return an absolute number a bit of OffffH for true and 0 for false The operands can be any expression evaluating to an absolute number or a relocatable operand Operands and Expressions 6 13 Examples 3 GE 4 result is 0 false 4 EO COUNT OffffH true if COUNT is 4 0 otherwise 9 LT 0Ah result is OffffH true 6 3 5 BITWISE OPERATORS Synopsis Bitwise AND operand AND operand Bitwise
136. function in module int0 c _interrupt 1 void ISRO void then the following command will prevent data areas used by the interrupt routine to be overlayed by ones used by the main routine link51 main obj int0 obj o demo out FO FBRANCH INTO ISRO Linker 9 45 FUNCTIONOVERLAY Control FUNCTIONOVERLAY calling scheme calling scheme From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Overlay Select the Function based overlaying for C radio button or select User specified overlaying and fill in your own overlay control Arguments A calling scheme is defined as follows code segment name call indicator code segment name where code segment name is the name of one of the code segments created by asm51 or referring to all valid code segments in the program call indicator gt all hosts or PC and UNIX only Abbreviation FO Class Linking control Default Function overlay is off Description The control FUNCTIONOVERLAY cannot be used in combination with the control OVERLAY The control FUNCTIONOVERLAY can be used for C 51 only 9 46 Chapter 9 link51 is an overlaying linker This means that the linker is capable of overlaying segments within the same range in internal ram locations Two segments are overlayable if the following conditions are met e The two segments have the same memory type e The segments are marked overlayable and use the sa
137. g S3 records The checksum calculation of S3 records is identical to SO S7 record With the r3 option of srec51 at the end of an S record file srec51 generates an S7 record which contains the program start address S7 is the corresponding termination record for S3 records Layout S 7 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt checksum_byte gt Example S70500006E6824 _ checksum _ address _ length The checksum calculation of S7 records is identical to SO INDEX ail TASKING M X3GaNI Index Index 3 Symbols DEFAULT 10 29 DONE 10 29 IGNORE 10 30 INIT 10 30 Ist file extension 3 4 PRECIOUS 10 30 SILENT 10 30 src file extension 3 4 SUFFIXES 10 30 file directive 7 5 line directive 7 6 symb directive 7 7 7 4 location counter 6 7 INCLUDE 2 13 2 23 2 34 2 36 960 2 37 96_ FILE 2 54 96_ LINE 2 54 ERROR 2 53 FATAL 2 53 _ FILE _ function 2 54 _ LINE _ function 2 54 __LK_ 9 78 a out file header A 5 file header 2 A 6 a out file format A 1 addition and subtraction 6 11 address space 6 3 addressing modes bit 6 5 code 6 6 data 6 5 immediate 6 4 indirect 6 4 algorithm evaluation of macro calls 2 62 ar51 1 3 10 4 arithmetic operators 6 11 asm51 1 3 controls asmlineinfo 5 6 bypass 5 7 case nocase 5 8 date 5 9 debug nodebug 5 10 debuginfo 5 11 eject 5 12 errorprint noerrorprint
138. gh carry ret Return from subroutine reti Return from interrupt setb Set Carry or direct bit sjmp Short jump subb Subtract from Accumulator with borrow swap Swap nibbles within the Accumulator Instruction Set 8 5 amp Mnemonic Operation xch Exchange with Accumulator xchd Exchange low order Digit indirect with Accumulator xrl Exclusive OR direct byte indirect RAM immediate data to Accumulator Exclusive OR Accumulator to direct byte Exclusive OR immediate data to direct byte Table 8 1 Instruction set The 8051 assembler recognizes generic jump and call instructions The call instruction is translated to an acall or lcall instruction dependent on the address of the operand The jmp instruction is translated to an ajmp 1jmp or sjmp instruction In most cases the assembler selects the shortest possible instruction but with for instance external references in the address expression the assembler has to generate an instruction with a 16 bit address When it is known beforehand that a short instruction will suffice it is always possible to use this instruction instead of the generic version If it turns out during linkage that an offset address doesn t fit the linker will give a warning message Chapter 8 8 6 13S NOLLODnaLSNI LINKER ail TASKING M diLdVHO Linker 9 3 9 1 OVERVIEW The next sections describe how the 8051 linker prog
139. gth _byte represents the number of bytes in the record not including the record type and length byte The checksum is calculated by first adding the binary representation of the bytes following the record type starting with the length byte to just before the checksum Then the one s complement is calculated of this sum The least significant byte of the result is the checksum The sum of all bytes following the record type is 0FFH F 4 Appendix F t S1 record With the r1 option of srec51 which is the default for srec51 the actual program code and data is supplied with S1 records with the following layout S T lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt code bytes gt lt checksum_byte gt This record is used for 2 byte addresses Example S1130250F03EF04DF0ACE8A408A2A013EDFCDB00E6 _ checksum _ code _ address _ length srec51 has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating S1 records The checksum calculation of S1 records is identical to SO S9 record With the r1 option of srec51 which is the default for srec51 at the end of an S record file srec51 generates an S9 record which contains the program start address S9 is the corresponding termination record for S1 records Layout S 9 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt checksum_byte gt Example S9030000FC checksum _ address _ length The checksum calculation of S9 records is identical to SO Mo
140. h have been declared with the INBLOCK attribute the segments has become greater than 2048 bytes ERROR 117 bit addressable segment segment_name is greater than 16 bytes A bitaddressable segment is greater than the bitaddressable memory space of the 8051 The segment is ignored ERROR 118 reference made to erroneous external symbol symbol_name module module name reference code_address A relocation record in the object file refers to an ignored symbol The symbol is ignored because of an error reported in an earlier stage of the link process The fixup of the code address will be wrong because the linker does not know the correct value of the symbol Linker Error Messages D 9 ERROR 119 reference made to erroneous segment symbol symbol_name module module_name reference code_address A fixup record is found referring to a segment that caused an error in a previous stage The fixup will produce wrong code bytes at the specified location ERROR 121 improper fixup module module_name segment segment_name name name offset code_address_in_segment The calculated value for a fixup of a code address exceeds the value that fits in the number of bytes that will be fixed up E g the value for a one byte operand has become greater than 255 the destination of an ajmp is in a different 2K block than the jump itself ERROR 123 absolute idata segment does not fit module module_na
141. he Project menu select Project Options Expand the Processor entry and select Bypasses Enable the option Bypass DS80C390 erratum 6 DIV AB preceded by ACC access Abbreviation BP Class Primary Default Description Enable bypass for certain CPU functional problems number is the TASKING chip erratum bypass number Bypass number 1 bypasses DS80C390 erratum 6 and inserts an extra NOP before any DIV AB instruction Example To bypass DS80C390 erratum 6 enter asm51 test src bp 1 5 8 Chapter 5 CASE Control CASE NOCASE From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous Enable the option Case sensitive assembly Abbreviation CA NOCA Class Primary Default NOCASE Description Selects whether the assembler operates in case sensitive mode or not In case insensitive mode the assembler maps characters on input to uppercase literal strings excluded Example asm51 x src case asm51 in case sensitive mode Assembler Controls 5 9 DATE Control DATE dale string From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enter the date string in the Date in header of listing file field Abbreviation DA Class Primary Default spaces Description asm51 uses the specified date string as the date in the header of the list file Only the first 11 characters of date string a
142. he expression can be completely evaluated at assembly time it is called an absolute expression if it is not it is called a relocatable expression See the section Expressions for more details 6 4 Chapter 6 6 1 1 OPERANDS AND ADDRESSING MODES 6 1 1 1 INDIRECT ADDRESSING In an instruction using indirect addressing the operand does not directly specify the memory address used in the operation Rather a register is specified whose contents is used to access the required data Indirect addressing is specified with the character before the register name In most instructions indirect addresses affect on chip RAM However the MOVC and MOVX instructions use an indirect address operand to address code memory and external data memory respectively In on chip indirect addressing IDATA addressing space either register RO or R1 can be specified as an indirect address operand On the 8051 the address contained in the specified register must be between 0 and 127 since you cannot access hardware registers through indirect addressing If an indirect address register contains a value greater than 127 when it is used as a source operand a byte containing undefined data is returned If it is used as destination operand the data is lost Processors supporting IDATA above 127 e g 8052 80C552 will execute these instructions as expected In the MOVX instruction the 16 bit DPTR register is used as indirect address register to ac
143. ile the INCLUDE e part of the INCLUDE call is replaced by spaces because the assembler also recognizes the character but does not recognize INCLUDE as a control Also a line containing 7 file is put in the output file As soon as the macro preprocessor encounters an end of file in the include file input is resumed where it left off namely at the next line after the latest INCLUDE call which due to nesting does not necessarily mean returning to the original input file Nesting of include files is allowed up to 32 files If the macro preprocessor after recognizing the character does not find an INCLUDE before it encounters an end of line due to misspelling or simple because the is followed by a control only recognized by the assembler no macro time error is reported and scanned characters are simply passed to the output file mpp51 first searches for INCLUDE files in the directory of the file containing the INCLUDE line then in directories named in I options in left to right order If the files are still not found mpp51 checks if the environment variable ASMDIR exists If it does it searches the directories specified in ASMDIR More than one directory can be specified to ASMDIR by separating the directories with a semi colon 2 24 Chapter 2 Restriction Each control line i e a line starting with may not contain more than one INCLUDE call Example source lines Sinclude
144. ility More than one f option is allowed Some simple rules apply to the format of the command file It is possible to have multiple arguments on the same line in the command file To include whitespace in the argument surround the argument with either single or double guotes If single or double guotes are to be used inside a guoted argument we have to go by the following rules a If the embedded guotes are only single or double guotes use the opposite guote around the argument Thus if a argument should contain a double guote surround the argument with single guotes b If both types of guotes are used we have to split the argument in such a way that each embedded guote is surrounded by the opposite type of guote Linker 9 17 Example This has a single quote embedded or This has a double quote embedded or This has a double quote and a single quote embedded 4 Some operating systems impose limits on the length of lines within a text file To circumvent this limitation it is possible to use continuation lines These lines end with a backslash and newline In a quoted argument continuation lines will be appended without stripping any whitespace on the next line For non guoted arguments all whitespace on the next line will be stripped Example This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line control filel mode type file2 type gt con
145. ill be created The contents of this file will be the same as write asm 1 7 ASSEMBLER LISTING The assembler generates a listing file by default As a result of the command asm5l write src the listing file write lst is created If a listing is not desired the NOPRINT control can be used For example asm5l write src NOPRINT To redirect the listing information to another file the PRINT control is available For example asm5l write src PRINT list lst asm51 is a three pass assembler The listing file is generated in the last phase 1 8 ERROR MESSAGES Error messages from the cross assembler are sent to the standard error device and written in the list file If severe errors occur in one of the first two passes the error messages only occur on the standard error device because the assembler aborts before the third pass It may however be useful to have a not yet complete list file of these first phases with the error messages inserted on the place where they occurred This can be done using the LISTALL control If this control is specified the assembler creates a listing file in every phase If a phase ends successfully the listing file will be overwritten in the next phase Overview 1 9 1 9 SYMBOLIC DEBUGGING To facilitate debugging the programmer can decide how much symbolic debugging information to include in the load file The following categories of information are available 1 PUBLIC names
146. in can produce load files for running on the entire 8051 family The assembler asm51 accepts programs written according to the Intel assembly language specification for the 8051 A formatter enables the load file to be formatted into IEEE format ready for loading into a debugger Another formatter enables the load file to be formatted into Intel Hex format ready for loading into an E PROM programmer or into an emulator using a terminal emulation program The product contains the following programs mpp5l asm51 link51 xfw51 ar51 dmp51 ieee5l ihex51 omf51 srec51 A string macro preprocessor allowing macro substitution file inclusion and conditional assembly according to the Macro Preprocessor Language described in the chapter Macro Preprocessor The assembler program which produces an object file from a given assembly file An overlaying linker which combines several object files and object libraries into one target load file The 8051 CrossView Pro Debugger Librarian facility which can be used to create and maintain object libraries A utility program to report the contents of an object file A program which formats files generated by the assembler to the IEEE format used by a debugger A program which formats files generated by the linker to Intel Hex Format Format A formatter to translate TCP a out formatted files into absolute OMF51 format A program which formats files generated by th
147. ing all the input files This is probably because there are only libraries in the input file list FATAL ERROR 218 not an object file filename The input file does not have the valid object code file format FATAL ERROR 219 not an 8051 object file filename The input file is in the object code file format but is not created by asm51 FATAL ERROR 220 invalid input module module name The input module is not in the correct object format The linker recognized it as a valid object file the file header is correct Reading the rest of the file the contents turned out to be erroneous FATAL ERROR 222 segment segment_name specified more than once A segment name is mentioned more than once or in conflicting context in the locating controls on the command line FATAL ERROR 224 duplicate keyword name A keyword in the control part of the command line is used twice FATAL ERROR 226 segment address invalid for control In one of the locating controls an address is used that is outside the valid range off the memory type the segment belongs to FATAL ERROR 227 pagewidth parameter out of range The value in the PAGEWIDTH control is outside the valid range 78 132 FATAL ERROR 228 ramsize parameter out of range The value in the RAMSIZE control is outside the valid range 80H 100H FATAL ERROR 229 I O error overlay file filename The size of the symbol table item reference is grea
148. ion 2 54 _ MINE _ function 2 54 bracket function 2 36 comment function 2 34 define 2 24 2 25 eqs 2 42 error function 2 53 escape function 2 35 eval 2 41 exit 2 49 fatal function 2 53 ges 2 42 group function 2 37 gts 2 42 if 2 44 ifdef 2 46 ifndef 2 46 in 2 55 len 2 50 les 2 42 lts 2 42 match 2 52 nes 2 42 option 2 54 oul 2 55 repeat 2 48 sel 2 40 substr 2 51 undef 2 41 while 2 47 console I O built in functions 2 55 control flow functions 2 43 error messages B 1 expressions 2 39 include files 2 23 introduction 2 3 invocation 2 4 literal vs normal mode 2 60 local symbols 2 31 logical expressions 2 42 macro evaluation algorithm 2 62 operators 2 39 options summary 2 5 string comparisons 2 42 mpp51 options 2 6 allow undefined macro 2 7 dlisable 2 9 file info 2 12 info messages 2 14 max nesiing 2 15 no allow undefined macro 2 7 no file info 2 12 no info messages 2 14 no parameters redefine 2 16 no skip asm comment 2 19 no warn on undefined macro 2 22 parameters redefine 2 16 prompl 2 17 skip asm comment 2 19 warn on undefined macro 2 22 D 2 8 f 0 ol 2 13 o 2 18 U 2 20 V 2 21 multipass link51 control 9 54 multiplication 6 12 name assembler directive 7 23 link51 control 9 55 name records A 7 naming convention link51 9 4 overlayable segments
149. ion counter of the current segment is incremented by the value of the expression Examples DS 3 2 reserve 5 bytes 7 16 Chapter 7 DSEG Synopsis DSEG AT abs_expr Description Switch to the absolute DATA segment The following statements will be assembled in the absolute mode within the DATA address space The specified segment remains in effect until another segment directive is encountered Unless a starting address is specified with abs_expr the assembler continues the last absolute DATA segment The first absolute DATA segment starts at address zero Examples DSEG switch to DATA segment Assembler Directives 7 17 DW Synopsis label DW expr expr Description The DW directive initializes memory with word values This directive is only allowed in a CODE segment For every expression in the item list the word value represented by the expression is placed in memory with the high byte first Unlike the DB directive no more than two characters are permitted in a character string and the null string evaluates to 0000h Examples WRDS DW 34 OK initialize 2 words in memory 7 18 Chapter 7 Synopsis END Description This should be the last statement of the assembly source Text following the END directive is skipped and a warning message is generated if there is any When the END is missing a warning is generated also Empty lines lines consisting of tabs and spaces only may follo
150. iption When an application fits in a 2K byte block or no more ROM is supported LCALLs and LJMPs can be translated into shorter ACALL and AJMP calls With this control the conversion will be done automaticly You can also use this control for derivatives like the 80C751 752 that do not support the LCALL instruction Example asm51 test src SMALLROM translate LCALL LJMP to ACALL AJMP 5 32 SYMBOLS Control SYMBOLS NOSYMBOLS Abbreviation SB NOSB Class Primary Default Description Not implemented causes a warning message Chapter 5 Assembler Controls 5 33 TITLE Control TITLE title From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enter the title in the Title of listing file field Abbreviation TT Class General Default spaces Description Sets the title which is to be used in the page headings of the list file To ensure that the title is printed in the header of the first page the control has to be specified in the first source line The title string is truncated to 60 characters If the page width is too small for the title to fit in the header it will be truncated even further Example title NEWTITLE title in page header is NEWTITLE 5 34 WORKFILES Control WORKFILES rives Abbreviation WE Class Primary Default Description Ignored included for compatibility only Chapter 5 A
151. its The record types are E 4 Appendix E Byte Type Record type 00 Data 01 End of File 02 Extended segment address 20 bit 03 Start segment address 20 bit 04 Extended linear address 32 bit 05 Start linear address 32 bit content is the information contained in the record This depends on checksum the record type is the record checksum The locator computes the checksum by first adding the binary representation of the previous bytes from length to content The locator then computes the result of sum modulo 256 and subtracts the remainder from 256 two s complement Therefore the sum of all bytes following the header is zero Extended Linear Address Record The Extended Linear Address Record specifies the two most significant bytes bits 16 31 of the absolute address of the first data byte in a subseguent Data Record 02 0000 upper address checksum The 32 bit absolute address of a byte in a Data Record is calculated as address offset index modulo 4G where address offset index is the base address where the two most significant bytes are the upper_address and the two least significant bytes are zero is the 16 bit offset from the Data Record is the index of the data byte within the Data Record 0 for the first byte Intel Hex Records E 5 Example 0200000400FFFB l _ checksum l _ upper address _ type _ offset length Ex
152. l generate an intermediate token file Pass 2 Performs optimization of jump instructions Pass 3 Generates machine code and list file Because of the three passes the assembler can perform optimizations for the generic jump and call instructions jmp call even with forward references File inclusion and macro facilities are not integrated into the assembler Rather they are provided by the macro preprocessor mpp51 which is supplied as a separate program The assembler can be used with or without the mpp51 macro preprocessor Alternatively another macro preprocessor such as a standard C preprocessor may be used 3 2 INVOCATION The command line invocation of asm51 is asm51 option source file control When you use a UNIX shell C shell Bourne shell controls containing special characters such as Y must be enclosed with The invocations for UNIX and PC are the same except for the option in the C shell asm5l or asm51 Invocation with V only displays a version header shows the invocation syntax 3 4 Chapter 3 The asm51 assembler requires the source file name to be its first argument This file contains assembly code which is either hand written generated by cc51 or processed by mpp51 Any name is allowed for this file If this name does not have an extension the extension src is assumed The remaining arguments on the invocation line are considered assembler controls whi
153. lanced text2 FI The IF function first evaluates the expression If it is TRUE then the succeeding balanced text1 is expanded if it is FALSE and the optional ELSE clause is included in the call then the balanced text2 is expanded If the expression results to FALSE and the ELSE clause is not included the IF call returns the null string The macro call must be terminated by FI IF calls can be nested The ELSE clause refers to the most recent IF call that is still open not terminated by FI FI terminates the most recent IF call that is still open The level of macro nesting is limited to 300 Example This is a simple example of the IF call with no ELSE clause SET VALUE OFOH IF VALUE GE OFFH THEN MOV R1 VALUE FI Macro Preprocessor 2 45 Example This is a simple form of the IF call with an ELSE clause IF EQS ADD OPERATION THEN ADD R7 03H ELSE SUB R7 03H FI Example This is an example of three nested IF calls IF EQS OPER ADD THEN ADD Rl 03H ELSE IF EOS SOPER SUB THEN SUB R1 03H ELSE IF EQS OPER MUL THEN MOV R1 03 JMP MUL LAB ELSE MOV R1 DATUM JMP DIV LAB FI FI FI Example Demonstrating conditional assembly SSET DEBUG 1 IF DEBUG THEN MOV Rl DEBUG JMP DEBUG FI MOV R1 R2 This expands to 2 46 Chapter 2 MOV Rl DEBUG JMP DEBUG MOV R1 R2 96SET can be changed to SSET DEBUG 0 to turn of
154. led with the TASKING C 51 compiler Linker 9 81 Assembly level debug information is present All symbols are placed in the output file of link51 The a out file created by the linker can be formatted to the OMF51 format with use of the formatter omf51 9 11 3 MODULE SELECTION The Intel linker allows you to select one or more object modules from an object file The TASKING linker link51 does not support this feature If an object file containing more than one object module is linked with link51 only the first module in this file is linked 9 11 4 BACKWARD REFERENCING IN LIBRARIES The TASKING linker link51 has no library manager for OMF51 libraries Only existing libraries can be linked The linker scans the object modules in a library in the first phase If a module contains public definitions of symbols that are unresolved so far the module is included in the second phase If such a module itself contains external symbols the definitions of these symbols are first sought in the modules that are found in the remainder of the library After the linker has scanned all modules in the library it does a rescan of the library to see if one of the previous modules contains a definition of the symbols Only when no more external definitions can be resolved by any object module in the library the linker will continue with the next file object or library given in the linker command Rescanning of a library is not
155. ler directives are interpreted by the assembler Only the DB and DW directives actually cause code to be generated The other directives perform actions like defining or switching segments defining symbols or changing the location counter 7 2 DIRECTIVES OVERVIEW Directive Description DEBUGGING FILE filename Generate filename symbol record LINE abs_expr Generate line number symbol re cord SYMB _ string expr abs_expr abs_expr Generate hll symbol info record SYMBOL DEFINITION name SEGMENT type attr OVERLAY b b Declare relocatable segment egu name EQU expression Assign expression to name set name SET expression Define symbol for expression bit name BIT bit address Assign bit address to name name DATA expression Assign DATA address to name name IDATA expression Assign IDATA address to name name XDATA expression Assign XDATA address to name name CODE expression Assign CODE address to name STORAGE INITIALIZATION AND RESERVATION llabel DS abs_expr Reserve bytes llabel DBIT abs_expr Reserve bits llabel DB item 1 byte initialization llabel DW init 2 byte initialization PROGRAM LINKAGE PUBLIC _ name Define symbols to be public EXTRN type sym sym type sym sym Set symbols to be defined extern NAME module name Define module name Table 7 1 asm51 directives 7 4 Chapter 7 Directive Description ASSEMB
156. ls are expanded This is the usual operation of the macro preprocessor but sometimes it is necessary to modify this mode of operation The most common use of the literal mode is to prevent macro expansion The literal character in DEFINE prevents the expansion of macros in the macro body until you call the macro When you place the literal character in a DEFINE call the macro preprocessor shifts to literal mode while expanding the call The effect is similar to surrounding the entire call with the bracket function Parameters to the literalized call are expanded the escape comment and bracket functions are also expanded but no further processing is performed If there are any calls to other they are not expanded If there are no parameters in the macro being defined the DEFINE built in function can be called without the literal character If the macro uses parameters the macro will attempt to evaluate the formal parameters in the macro body as parameterless macro calls Example The following example illustrates the difference between defining a macro in literal mode and normal mode SSET TOM 1 DEFINE M1 EVAL STOM SDEFINE M2 EVAL STOM When M1 and M2 are defined TOM is equal to 1 The macro body of M1 has not been evaluated due to the literal character but the macro body of M2 has been completely evaluated since the literal character is not used in the definition Changing the value of TOM has no
157. lso use the OVERLAY attribute E090 illegal equate redefinition of symbol use set Only the SET directive can be used to redefine a symbol E092 _ no external memory operation not allowed With the NOEXTERNALMEMORY control specified the MOVX instruction is not allowed E 093 SFR include file f ename not found The sfr file you specified with the C option cannot be found in the search path Check whether the specified sfr file exists or change the search path with the I option C 10 Appendix C E 094 mov a acc is an invalid instruction The content of the accumulator after the execution of this instruction is undefined E095 maximun line length number exceeded A line longer than 1500 characters is encountered E 096 using absolute register addresses not allowed When the NOREGADDR control is specified the assembler will trigger this error on occurrence of instructions using absolute register addresses like MOV RO AR1 E097 unknown command line option option The specified command line option is unknown to the assembler E 098 no input file specified The assembler reguires an input file to be processed not specifying one triggers this error Assembler Error Messages C 11 4 ASSEMBLY WARNINGS The following warnings may occur during the assembly process Warnings do not cause the assembler to stop premature W 002 overlapping ranges in segment Two parts of the same segment overla
158. ly under definition This message usually follows error 301 or warning 201 In its turn it is followed by message I 401 I 401 probably literal mode should have been used on macro name define With the literal mode character macro calls contained in the body of the macro are not expanded until the macro is called I 402 macro name expanded within 96ifdef ifndef You probably used a character before the macro name I 403 probably 96ifdef zame ifndef mame should be used instead Remove the character from the macro name to prevent expansion I 404 both input and outputfile already specified This message appears when an extra argument is found after the o option This message is followed by fatal erro F 334 ASSEMBLER ERROR MESSAGES ail TASKING M XIGNAddV o Assembler Error Messages C 3 1 OVERVIEW This appendix describes the error messages and warnings produced by the assembler asm51 There are three types of messages fatal errors assembly errors E and assembly warnings W 2 FATAL ERRORS The following errors cause the assembler to exit immediately assertion failed This signifies an internal assembler error If you get this message from the assembler please contact your local TASKING representative cannot open file The file file cannot be opened because the file does not exist or the file permissions do not allow access
159. macro preprocessor options field E allow undefined macro no allow undefined macro Default no allow undefined macro Description With this option the macro preprocessor will not issue an error when it finds an undefined macro Example mpp51 allow undefined macro test asm 2 8 Chapter 2 D Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Define a macro syntax macro de in the Define user macros field You can specify and define more macros by separating them with commas Eg Dmacro def Arguments The macro you want to define and optionally its definition Description Define macro as in define Any number of symbols can be defined If def is not given the symbol is defined to the null string Example The following command defines symbol LEVEL to 3 mpp51 DLEVEL 3 test asm The following command defines symbol LEVEL to the null string mpp51 DLEVEL test asm Macro Preprocessor 2 9 disable Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field Ee disable number number Description With this option you can suppress one or more errors or warnings Example To suppress errors 115 and 116 enter mpp51 disable 115 116 test asm 2 10
160. mber of range specification records An unsigned short containing the number of allocation records Segment Range Specification Records The segment range allocation records specify the lower bound and upper bound of a particular memory range es_type es_desc es_lval es_uval es_sect An unsigned short containing segment type information S_TYP In version 1 of the file format these bits contain the segment number In version 2 these bits are meaningless S_ETC Bits 8 15 are the type specification bits Currently used values are S_RNG with a value of 0x7100 range record An unsigned short currently not used but it can be used for future debugging extensions A long containing the lower bound value of the memory range A long containing the upper bound value of the memory range An unsigned short containing the segment type information format version 2 only A 10 Appendix A Section Base and Paging Specification Records ea_type An unsigned short containing segment type information Types are S_TYP In version 1 of the file format these bits contain the segment number In version 2 these bits are meaningless S_ETC Bits 8 15 are the type specification bits Currently used values are S_BAS specifies the base value 0x7200 S_PAG specifies the page value 0x7300 S_INP specifies the inpage value 0x7400 S_SBAS specifies the SBASE value 0x7500 8086 80186 S_USE specifies the fin
161. me from start_address to end_address The absolute addresses of one of the ranges of an absolute IDATA segment is outside the valid range The linker default of internal RAM is 7FH If there is IDATA space above this value the RAMSIZE control must be used to inform the linker ERROR 126 overlay module module name not found One of the module names mentioned in the OVERLAY control cannot be found in the input files ERROR 127 overlay data address space overflow Space memory_space name The linker can not locate a number of overlaid segments in internal data After determining the possible overlay structure the linker treats groups of overlaid segments as if they were one greater segment It is possible that this one segment is greater than the available memory space However the linker can place the individual segments in small gaps that are not yet occupied It is advisable to run the linker with NOOVERLAY to see if this is the case ERROR 128 cannot allocate stubs in bank_name The linker did not succeed in locating the stubs in the specified bank D 10 Appendix D ERROR 129 code references between different banks segment1 lt gt segment2 The linker detected code references between different code banks this may result in runtime errors ERROR 130 stub not found for call from src to dst When using bank switching all calls between different banks have to go through a special stub that performs the actual
162. me register bank declared with the overlay control in the assembly text e The segments belong to disjoint functions which do not directly or indirectly call each other This check is done by using a naming convention for all segments in the program Two code segments both using variables located in internal ram can use the same address ranges for these variables if the two code segments are disjoint That means they do not call each other directly or indirectly Because only code segments can reference each other while the used data space for these code segments should be overlaid we need to know which code segment uses which data segment Therefore link51 uses a naming convention for all segments The name of the code segment using overlayable data should be named func_PR For function overlay all used data segments for this code segment should be declared overlay and use the following naming convention Bit Segment Junc BI Bit addressable Segment func_BA Data Segment func_DA Idata Segment func ID Xdata SHORT Segment func_PD Xdata Segment func_XD All data segments not using this naming convention will not be overlaid If two code segments do not call each other their variables are not alive at the same time so they can be put on the same addresses The smallest unit of internal data that is possibly overlaid is a segment The TASKING assembler asm51 gives you the opportunity to declare a segment to be overlaya
163. me used before declaration A segment should be declared before it is first used E055 numerical argument expected for control control name The assembler control control_name requires a numerical argument E056 string argument expected for control control name The assembler control control requires an argument enclosed in parenthesis Assembler Error Messages C 7 E057 illegal control conirol name The assembler control control ame does not exist E058 label already declared external An attempt was made to define a label which is already declared external E059 label label already declared local The label declared external is already declared local E060 incompatible expression types The operands of a binary operation have incompatible expression types E061 incompatible segment types The operands of a binary operation are incompatible because they are defined in different memory spaces E 062 wrong expression type This error is generated if A bit selection is attempted from a byte which is not in DATA space The type of the expression defining the value for a typed equate does not match the eguate type The expression defining the value for an ORG directive has the wrong memory space attribute E 063 low high not allowed here An expression involving the LOW HIGH operators and relocatable symbols may not be used as operand in another expression Thus in a rel
164. ment Accumulator Complement Carry or direct bit da Decimal addition adjust dec Decrement djnz Decrement and jump if not zero div Divide inc Increment jb Jump if direct bit is set jbc Jump if direct bit set and clear bit jc Jump if Carry set jmp Jump indirect jmp Generic jump jnb Jump if direct bit is NOT set 8 3 Chapter 8 Mnemonic Operation jnc Jump if Carry not set jnz Jump if Accumulator is not zero jz Jump if Accumulator is zero Icall Long subroutine call ljmp Long jump mov Move register direct byte indirect RAM or immediate data to Accumulator Move Acc immediate data or direct byte to register Move Acc register direct byte indirect RAM or immediate data to direct byte Move Acc direct byte or immediate data to indirect RAM Load Data pointer with a 16 bit constant Move direct bit to Carry Move Carry to direct bit movc Move code byte to Accumulator movx Move External RAM to Accumulator or vice versa mul Multiply nop No operation orl OR register direct byte indirect RAM or immediate data to Accumulator OR Accumulator to direct byte OR immediate data to direct byte OR direct bit to Carry OR complement of direct bit to Carry push Push direct byte onto stack pop Pop direct byte from stack rl Rotate Accumulator left ric Rotate Accumulator left through carry rr Rotate Accumulator right rrc Rotate Accumulator right throu
165. ment type specifies the address space where the segment will reside Allowable segment types are Type Description BIT bit address space on chip CODE code address space DATA direct addressable data on chip IDATA indirect addressable space on chip XDATA external address space Table 7 2 Segment memory types The optional segment attribute defines the relocation type for this segment Possible relocation types are BITADDRESSABLE Specifies a segment to be relocated within the bit space on a byte boundary Allowed only for DATA segments and the segment size is limited to 16 bytes COMMON Specifies a segment to be located in the common area Allowed only for CODE segments This is only useful when code bank switching is used PAGE Specifies a segment whose start address must be on a 256 byte page boundary Allowed only for CODE and XDATA segments INPAGE Specifies a segment which must be contained in a 256 byte page Allowed only with CODE and XDATA segments 7 28 Chapter 7 INBLOCK Specifies a segment which must be contained in a 2048 byte page Allowed only for CODE segments UNIT The default relocation attribute the segment will not be aligned ROMDATA Specifies that the segment contains initialized data This attribute is allowed for CODE and XDATA segments only This information is meaningful to allocate constant data in the XDATA memory space When used with CODE
166. metacharacter a blank letter digit left or right parenthesis or asterisk The current metacharacter remains unchanged E319 unbalanced in argument to user defined macro During the scan of a user defined macro the parenthesis count went negative indicating an unmatched right parenthesis The macro function call is aborted and scanning continues from the point at which the error was detected E 323 cannot open include file file The given name of the include file does not exist or cannot be opened Processing continues in the current source file E 324 include file file nested too deeply The maximum number of nested include files is 32 An INCLUDE call trying to nest the 33rd include file is just ignored Processing continues in the current source file i e 32nd nested include file E 338 illegal define undine syntax at command line Darg Uarg Check the syntax for the D option or the lt U option FATAL ERRORS F Fatal errors cause the macro preprocessor to exit immediately F101 user fatal message This fatal error message is the result of the FATALQ command Macro Preprocessor Error Messages B 7 F 102 missing argument for o option The option o expects the name of an output file as argument F 103 option ofilename output file already specified tlename Only one o option is allowed F118 expected after INCLUDE The INCLUDE IC statem
167. mment MOV A R1 MOV RO A INC Rl INC RO DJNZ R7 LAB Call the above macro SMOVE ADD GEN 50 100 24 Macro Preprocessor Return value from above call MOV R1 50 MOV R0 100 MOV R7 24 LABOA MOV A R1 MOV RO A INC Rl INC RO DJNZ R7 LABOA Note that the comments that were terminated with the end of line removed the end of line character along with the rest of the comment The metacharacter is not recognized as flagging a call to the macro preprocessor when it appears in the comment function 2 5 1 2 ESCAPE FUNCTION Sometimes it is necessary to prevent the macro preprocessor from processing text The escape function and the bracket function perform such tasks Syntax n text of n characters long The escape function prevents the macro preprocessor from processing a text string of n characters long where n is a decimal digit from 0 to 9 The escape function is useful for inserting a metacharacter as text adding a comma as part of an argument or placing a single parenthesis in a character string that requires balanced parentheses The literal character is not accepted in connection with this function 2 35 2 36 Chapter 2 Example Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion Average of 20 1 gt Average of 20 SDTCALL JAN 2131 1992 gt JAN 21 1992 JUN 12 1 1992 gt JUN 12 1992 SMYCALL 1 1 Option 1 gt 1 Option 1 2 1 Option 2 gt 2
168. mplest use of the functionoverlay control All segments in the three modules that are marked overlayable and conform to the requirements mentioned above will be overlaid by the linker The second example shows how to inform the linker that there is a connection between two segments out of any of the modules which is invisible for the linker Suppose there is code like jmp a dptr in some code segment e g C51 produces this for indirect function calls If dptr contains an address of a code label in the first segment the code above is an indirect jump into a second segment If there are no other call references between these two segments the linker might erroneously conclude that overlaying data segments of these functions is correct This is not true To prevent the linker from making this false assumption the functionoverlay control is used to explicitly inform the linker about the calling structure of segml and segm3 SEGM1_PR and SEGM3_PR 9 48 Chapter 9 The third example shows how to prevent the linker from overlaying any segment in internal data mentioned in the first segment The segm1 gt all hosts segm1 PC UNIX calling scheme causes the linker to assume references between segm1 and any other code segment in the application This causes no overlay for segm1 The assumption is made that the calling scheme segm1 gt or segm1 does not introduce recursion This is not checked link51 only recog
169. n E 077 _ non bit addressable byte The byte used for a bit selection is not a bit addressable memory location E 079 relocation overflow More than 10 external symbols are used on one source line E 080 invalid address for this memory type The expression does not correspond to a valid address in the memory space associated with the expression E 081 overlay not possible for code segment The OVERLAY attribute is invalid for segments in CODE memory space Assembler Error Messages C 9 E082 phasing error The value of a symbol in pass 3 is different from its value in pass 2 This error only occurs under very rare circumstances E 083 invalid segment attributes The number of segment attributes excluding the OVERLAY attribute is greater than one E 084 too many externals in expression Is is not allowed to have two external references in one expression Make at least one of the symbols global E085 too many controls on command line FATAL The total length of the controls given on the command line exceeds 256 characters E 086 string too long A string longer than 200 characters is encountered E 087 bad bit number A bit number which is not in the range 0 7 is used E 088 short relocated segment overflow segment segment The size of a segment with the SHORT attribute exceeds 256 E089 overlay cannot be combined with page or inpage When you used the PAGE or INPAGE attribute on the XDATA segment you cannot a
170. n macros have to follow the rules of the balanced text described earlier MATCH NEXT LIST CAT DOG MOUSE EQS NEXT CAT gt OffffH TRUE SEOS DOG SUBSTR LIST 1 3 gt OffffH TRUE 2 5 8_ CONTROL FLOW FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY Some built in functions expect logical expressions in their arguments Logical expressions follow the same rules as numeric expressions The difference is in how the macro interprets the 16 bit value that the expression represents Once the expression has been evaluated to a 16 bit value mpp51 uses only the low order bit to determine whether the expression is TRUE or FALSE If the low order bit is one the expression is TRUE If the low order bit is zero the expression is FALSE 2 44 Chapter 2 Typically the relational operators EQ NE LE LT GE or GT or the string comparison functions EQS NES LES LTS GES or GTS are used to specify a logical value Since these operators and functions always evaluate to OFFFFH or 00H internal determination is not necessary 2 5 8 1 IF FUNCTION The IF built in function evaluates a logical expression and based on that expression expands or withholds its text arguments The IF function allows a user to decide at macro time whether to assemble certain code or not conditional assembly So the assembler never has to see any code which is not to be assembled Syntax IF expression THEN balanced text1 ELSE ba
171. n unexpected order this error message is displayed Internal errors seek error A search reguest to an offset in the input file failed error in start position The start position of the code part in the input file is outside the valid range inconsistent range of records The size of a code range conflicts with the size of the segment it belongs to Utilities Tee Write error symbol records type num An attempt to write a symbol record in the OMF51 file failed 10 18 Chapter 10 10 8 FORMATTER SREC51 Name srec51 format object code into Motorola S format Syntax srec51 Icount z w ssecilist caddress r1 r2 r3 aaddress n nh nt poffset ebex infile o outfile srec51 V srec51 UNIX C shell or Description srec51 formats object files and executable files to Motorola S format records Hexadecimal numbers A to F are always generated as capitals Empty sections in the input file are skipped No empty records are generated for empty sections The program can format records to Motorola S1 S2 and S3 format Addresses that lie between sections are not filled in The output does not contain symbol information There is no need to place the input and output file names at the end of the command line If data is to be read from standard input and the output is not standard output the output file must be specified with the o option If only on
172. name The expression must evaluate into a number or IDATA address and may not contain forward references The symbol will be of type IDATA Examples TSTART IDATA 60H define TSTART to be at location 60H TEND IDATA 6DH define TEND to be at location 6DH 7 22 Chapter 7 ISEG Synopsis ISEG AT abs_expr Description Switch to the absolute IDATA segment The following statements will be assembled in the absolute mode within the IDATA address space The specified segment remains in effect until another segment directive is encountered Unless a starting address is specified with abs_expr the assembler continues the last absolute IDATA segment The first absolute IDATA segment starts at address zero Examples ISEG AT 80H start IDATA segment at address 80H Assembler Directives 7 23 NAME Synopsis NAME module name Description The NAME directive is used to identify the current program module If this directive is not present the module name is taken from the input source file name Examples name my prog module name is my_prog 7 24 Chapter 7 ORG Synopsis ORG expr Description The ORG directive is used to alter the assembler s location counter of the current segment to set a new program origin for statements following the directive If the current segment is absolute the value will be an absolute address in the current segment if it is relocatable the value is an offset from the bas
173. nd the contents of this file are interpreted as command line information e g lcmd modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj mod4 obj mod5 obj mod6 obj o demo3 out ramsize 080H After reading the file lcmd the six object modules are linked in the output file demo3 out The control ramsize informs the linker about the size of on chip ram link51 _Icmd The linker first tries to read the file _lemd as a text file If this fails the linker tries to read the file 1cmd as a text file If this fails also the linker issues a warning message If the file was found the content of this file is interpreted as command line information e g _lcmd modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj float lib util lib 0 demo4 out ramsize 080H After reading the file _ 1cmd the three object modules and two libraries are linked in the output file demo4 out The control ramsize informs the linker about the size of on chip ram 9 8 Chapter 9 9 5 LINK51 OPTIONS The linker recognizes the following options bankids ist common size Option Description Display invocation syntax Aarchitecture Select libraries specifically designed for a particular architecture Ldirectory Additional search path for libraries V Display version header only banks num Specify the number of code banks Specify alternative code bank identification numbers Specify the size of the common area used for code bank switching enum Convert wa
174. nd select Startup Code Enter a page number in the External RAM page to be used for paged data _pdat field Arguments A value between 0 and 255 Abbreviation XP Class Linking control Default 0 Description XDATA segments having the SHORT attribute will be located in a page of auxiliary memory By default the first 256 bytes page will be used for this You can use the XPAGE control to specify a different page in auxiliary memory Linker 9 73 9 7 LINK51 OUTPUT The linker creates different sorts of output map file output file error messages The map file contains information about the absolute object file produced by the linker The following items appear in the map file The way link51 was invoked The input files the linker has read If an input file is a library this is mentioned The link map A list of ignored segments A list of unresolved external symbols The name for the map file is derived from the output filename The extension if present of this filename is substituted by 151 9 74 Chapter 9 9 8_ BANK SWITCHING link51 supports code memory banking With this technigue you can extend your code memory beyond 64Kb When specifying multiple banks the linker automatically locates segments across all code banks The problem that arises is when a function in one bank needs to call a function that is located in another bank Since the 8051 instruction set supports n
175. ng both access time as well as code size You can use the common option to define the size of the common area starting at code address 0 You can define segments to be located in the common area with the COMMON control 9 8 3 LOCATING ALGORITHM When multiple code banks are used the linker will use a different locating algorithm than the default for Code segments see section 9 6 3 Locating Controls The following locating order is used 1 Absolute code segments 2 Segments in the COMMON control in the invocation line 3 Segments in the BANK control in the invocation line Linker 9 77 4 ROMDATA segments 5 Related segments linked due to code relocatables 6 Other relocatable segments When a certain CODE segment has references to another segment for instance to access constant ROM data it is absolutely necessary they are located in the same bank If not then accessing the constant ROM data will result in data in the wrong bank being retreived Since the program counter of the 8051 is only 16 bits it is not possible to cross 64Kb borders without using the bank switching routine The linker therefore ensures that no segment will be located over a 64Kb boundary 9 8 4 FUNCTION POINTERS Since function pointers are only 16 bit the compiler uses a special method to support 24 bit functions pointers including the bank number All 24 bit function pointers are gathered in a table that will be located in the common are
176. ng the address where relocation is to take place If the current relocation record is a symbol table relocation record or_addr contains the index of the symbol to be relocated 1 5 NAME RECORDS The name records comprise a variable length entry for each symbol Each entry consists of a record and an associated identifier the record and the identifier are held separately to allow variable length identifiers The records comprise the following on_u A union which can contain at different times either a char pointer on_ptr or a long on_off on_ptr is the symbol name when the file is loaded into memory for execution and on_off is the offset in the file to the first character of the identifier on_type An unsigned short which describes the symbol as follows S_TYP This comprises the least significant 7 bits of on_type which have the following significance If all bits are 0 the symbol is undefined S_UND If bit 0 is 1 and bits 1 to 6 are all O the symbol is absolute S_ABS S_PUB S_EXT S_ETC Appendix A Otherwise it is relative In version 1 of the a out file format these bits specify the section number In version 2 of the a out file format a separate field is used S_SEC The number of bits are not enough to hold all possible section numbers If bit 6 of on_type is 1 the symbol is associated with a comm pseudo If bit 7 of on_type is 1 the symbol is external otherwise it is local Bit
177. nizes CALL instructions between segments not JMP instructions Within a complete C 51 application the only JMP instruction causing incorrect overlaying of data is generated when using indirect function calls within the C application as described earlier When handwritten assembly code is linked together with C generated code all segment crossing JMP instructions should be defined to the linker with the functionoverlay command Otherwise no guarantee can be given that overlaying of data is correct d gt See also the controls FBRANCH and OVERLAY Linker 9 49 GRAPH Control GRAPH number From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enable the option Include C 51 function call graph in map file and optionally enable the option Use extensive version of C 51 function call graph Arguments Optionally the number 0 or 1 Abbreviation GR Class Listing control Default GRAPH 0 Description This control only has effect when the control FUNCTIONOVERLAY is specified too A call graph of the code segments will be reported One of two styles can be chosen GRAPH or GRAPH 0 Each CODE segment will be displayed followed by the CODE segment directly called by it This is the default GRAPH 1 Each so called root segment i e a CODE segment not called by another segment is displayed A complete calling tree will follow When recursive c
178. ntered With the SHORT attribute the linker allocates the segment in a page of auxiliary memory PDATA Unless a starting address is specified with abs_expr the assembler continues the last absolute XDATA segment The first absolute XDATA segment starts at address zero Examples XDAT SEG SEGMENT XDATA reloc data segment XSEG SHORT AT 10H abs pdata segment DS 1 XSEG AT 70H abs xdata segment DS 1 INSTRUCTION SET ail TASKING M diLdVHO Instruction Set The asm51 8051 Assembler accepts all the assembly language instruction mnemonics defined for the 8051 by Intel The mnemonics are listed in the table below The addressing modes used with the instructions and the meaning and use of the Condition Codes are identical to the corresponding Intel features Mnemonic Operation acall Absolute subroutine call add Add into Accumulator addc Add with carry into Accumulator ajmp Absolute jump anl AND register direct byte indirect RAM or immediate data to Accumulator AND Acc or immediate data to direct byte AND direct bit to Carry AND complement of direct bit to Carry call Generic call cjne Compare direct byte or immediate data to Accumulator and jump if not egual Compare immediate data to register and jump if not egual Compare immediate to indirect and jump if not egual clr Clear Accumulator Clear Carry Clear direct bit cpl Comple
179. o SWORDS well done gt TEXT well done 2 6 1 2 IDENTIFIER DELIMITERS Identifier delimiters are legal macro identifiers designated as delimiters To define a macro that uses an identifier delimiter in its call pattern you must prefix the delimiter with the commercial at symbol You must separate the identifier delimiter from the macro identifiers by a blank character When calling a macro defined with identifier delimiters an implied blank delimiter is required to precede the identifier delimiter but none is required to follow the identifier delimiter Example DEFINE ADD Ml TO M2 AND M3 MOV A Ml ADD A M2 MOV M2 A MOV A Ml ADD A M3 MOV M3 A The following call there is no blank after TO and AND ADD ATOM TOBILL ANDLIST 2 58 Chapter 2 returns the following code after expansion MOV A ATOM ADD A BILL MOV BILL A MOV A ATOM ADD A LIST MOV LIST A 2 6 1 3 LITERAL DELIMITERS The delimiters we used with the user defined macros parentheses and commas were literal delimiters A literal delimiter can be any character except the metacharacter When you define a macro using a literal delimiter you must use exactly that delimiter when you call the macro When defining a macro you must literalize the delimiter string if the delimiter you wish to use meets any of the following conditions e uses more than one character e uses a macro identifier character A Z _ or e
180. o 24 bit call or jump instruction another solution is needed The linker solves the problem by automatically inserting a piece of code called a stub routine Instead of calling the remote function directly the stub routine is called The stub routine on its turn calls a special bank switching routine passing the new code bank number and the offset of the remote function within that bank The bank switching routine then switches to the new code bank calls the function and on return switches back to the original bank and function An example of a possible stub code implementation is shown below Example __LK STUB SEGMENT CODE RSEG __LK STUB __LK STUB ENTRY MOV DPTR __LK FUNCTION ADDRESS pass 16 bit offset JMP __LK BANKSWITCH Each time this stub routine is inserted the variable __LK FUNCTION ADDRESS will be replaced with the 16 bit offset address of the function to be called And the JMP to __ LK_BANKSWITCH will be replaced with a JMP to the right bank switch routine for example __LK BANKSWITCH3 to switch to bank 3 All inter code bank calls will be detected by the linker and will be replaced with such a stub routine When the same remote function is called several times from one bank the same stub code will be used When there is a large number of inter code bank calls the number of stubs will also be large Therefore it is best to keep the stub routine as small as possible So instead of the previous stub routine another method
181. ocatable expression the operators LOW and HIGH must be at the outermost level E 064 file inclusion must be done by the macro processor The INCLUDE i e control must be interpreted by the macro preprocessor where the control will be erased when the file is included The assembler signals an error if the control is still there because the user apparently forgot to invoke the preprocessor Appendix C E 065 unrecoverable syntax error parser terminated The parser encountered a syntax error from which it cannot recover so the parsing is aborted This error only occurs under very rare circumstances Normally error number 1 is generated for a syntax error E066 value doesn t fit This error is generated when the expression defining a byte value evaluates into a number less than 256 or greater than 255 E 067 bad branch offset The offset for a branch or jump is too large to fit in the instruction E 069 bad operand This type of operand is not allowed for this instruction E 070 bad register Generated if an indirect register RO or R1 is required but another register is used E 072 illegal equate The assembler cannot evaluate the defining expression of the equate E 074 illegal operator This error is caused by an illegal operation involving a relocatable subexpression The only operations possible on a relocatable sub expression are adding and subtracting an absolute value and performing the LOW or HIGH operatio
182. ocatable segment segment_name The linker found a segment with size 0 This message is displayed only if the CHECK control is effective Empty segments are accepted otherwise ERROR 110 cannot find segment segment_name A segment name in one of the locating controls on the command line does not exist The segment name in the control is ignored D 8 Appendix D ERROR 111 specified bit not on byte boundary segment segment_name Segments in the BIT locating control that are not of the memory type bit must have a starting address that is divedable by eight If in the BIT control this rule is violated the error message mentioned above appears ERROR 112 segment type not legal for command segment segment_name In one of the locating controls on the command line a segment is used that has a memory type not permitted for that control ERROR 114 segment segment_name does not fit start end A segment in one of the locating controls cannot be located at the specified address within the valid range for the memory type the segment belongs to ERROR 115 inpage segment segment_name is greater than 256 bytes A segment defined with the INPAGE attribute has after the partial segments have been combined by the linker become greater than 256 bytes The segment is ignored ERROR 116 inblock segment segment_name is greater than 204S bytes After combining the partial segments each of whic
183. oject Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enter the length in the Page length lines per page field Abbreviation PL Class Primary Default PAGELENGTH 60 Description Sets the maximum number of lines on one page of the listing file This number does not include the lines used by the page header 4 but it does include lines with error messages Example asm5l x src pl 50 set page length to 50 Assembler Controls 5 25 PAGEWIDTH Control PAGEWIDTH characters From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enter the number of characters in the Page width characters per line field Abbreviation PW Class Primary Default PAGEWIDTH 104 Description Sets the maximum number of characters on one line in the listing Lines exceeding this width are wrapped around on the next lines in the listing The valid range for the PAGEWIDTH control is 64 255 Although greater values for this control are not rejected by the assembler lines are truncated if they exceed the length of 255 Example asm5l x src pw 130 Set page width to 130 characters 5 26 Chapter 5 PAGING Control PAGING NOPAGING From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select List File Enable or disable the option Format listing file into pages Abbreviation PI NOPI Class Primary Default PAGING
184. ontains external symbol declarations the definitions of these symbols are sought only in the modules that are found in the remainder of the library The linker does not rescan the library to see if one of the previous modules contains the definition of the symbol Creating a library you should pay attention to the order the archiver puts the modules in 9 84 LINKER Chapter 9 UTILITIES ail TASKING M diLdVHO Utilities 10 3 10 1 OVERVIEW The following utilities are supplied with the Cross Assembler for the 8051 which can be useful at various stages during program development ar51 dmp51 flashsilabs51 flashphytec flashwinbond ieee5l ihex51 omf51 srec51 mk51 A librarian facility which can be used to create and maintain object libraries A utility program to report the contents of an object file A utility for the Silicon Laboratories 8051 family to flash an IEEE 695 OMF51 Intel Hex or Motorola S Records file A utility for the Phytec 8051 target boards to flash an IEEE 695 OMF51 Intel Hex or Motorola S Records file A utility for the Winbond 8051 target boards to flash an IEEE 695 OMF51 Intel Hex or Motorola S Records file A program which formats files generated by the assembler to the IEEE format used by a debugger A program which formats files generated by the linker to Intel Hex Format Format A formatter to translate TCP a out formatted files into
185. ontrols allow you to specify what the contents of the map file should look like The following listing controls are recognized by the linker BANKGRAPH GRAPH LINES NOLINES MAP NOMAP PAGEWIDTH PRINT NOPRINT PUBLICS NOPUBLICS SYMBOLS NOSYMBOLS 9 6 5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS With controls that can be set from within EDE you will find a mouse icon that describes the corresponding action Linker 9 29 BANK Control BANK bank segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Bank Switching Enter a bank number a code segment and optionally a locate address in the Locate segments in specific code bank field Arguments The bank number a segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation BA Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in a specified code bank in memory address range 0 0FFFFH The segment must be of type CODE You can specify more than one BANK control The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj banks 2 o demo out bank 1 ml_seg 2
186. operator 6 14 selection operators 6 14 set assembler directive 7 29 set function 2 40 shift left operator 6 14 shift operators 6 14 shift right operator 6 14 Index 12 short attribute 7 28 7 32 sign operators 6 11 smallrom asm51 control 5 31 special function registers 3 6 srec51 1 3 10 18 stack locate control 9 27 locating control 9 67 statement 4 3 string 6 8 string comparisons mpp51 2 42 string manipulation functions 2 50 stub routine 9 74 substr function 2 51 symbol 6 9 symbol records See name records symbols 5 32 link51 control 9 69 predefined 6 16 syntax of an expression 6 7 T temporary files 1 6 setting directory 1 5 then 2 44 title asm51 control 5 33 TMPDIR 1 6 to link51 control 9 70 toolchain 1 3 U unary operator 6 10 undef function 2 41 Index unit relocation attribute 7 28 using assembler directive 7 30 utilities 10 1 ar51 10 4 dmp51 10 7 flash tools 10 9 flashphytec 10 9 flashsilabs51 10 9 flasbwinbond 10 9 ieee51 10 11 ibex51 10 12 mk51 10 21 omf51 10 15 srec51 10 18 Vv version information 2 21 3 8 9 21 W while function 2 47 workfiles 5 34 X xdata 7 31 locate control 9 27 locating control 9 71 xdata address space 6 3 7 27 xfw51 1 3 xpage link51 control 9 72 xref 5 35 xseg 7 32
187. or example separate n prog obj sub obj will result in prog obj sub obj Function arguments may be macros or functions themselves So 10 28 Chapter 10 separate An match obj will yield all object files the current target depends on separated by a newline string The protect function adds one level of guoting This function has one argument which can contain white space If the argument contains any white space single guotes double guotes or backslashes it is enclosed in double guotes In addition any double guote or backslash is escaped with a backslash Example echo protect I ll show you the protect function will yield echo I ll show you the protect function The exist function expands to its second argument if the first argument is an existing file or directory Example exist test c ccxa test c When the file test c exists it will yield cc51 test c When the file test c does not exist nothing is expanded The nexist function is the opposite of the exist function It expands to its second argument if the first argument is not an existing file or directory Example nexist test src cc5l test c Targets A target entry in the makefile has the following format target dependency rule rule Utilities 10 29 Any line which does not have leading white space other than macro definitions is a target line Target lines
188. or occurs when parentheses or a comma are missing E105 command expecting identifier The specified command requires an identifier as argument E 106 syntax error in macro definition expected or LOCAL The built in function DEFINE needs a macro body and optionally a list with local symbols E 107 empty option See the command line usage for a valid list of options B 4 Appendix B E 108 syntax error in expression unexpected token token See section for a list of valid expression operators E 109 empty expression A numeric expression was reguired as a paramcter to one of the built in functions EVAL IF WHILE REPEAT and SUBSTR or as a parameter to the predefined macro SET E110 invalid delimiter s expected s A delimiter required by the scanning of a user defined function was expected but instead another token was found The macro function call is aborted and scanning continues from the point at which the error was detected E111 invalid macro delimiter char Typically the macro delimiters are parentheses and commas E112 syntax error in parameter list Use parentheses and commas to separate the paremeter list from the macro name E 113 expected parameter identifier A delimiter was found in the parameter list but it was not followed by a parameter Remove the delimiter or add a parameter E 114 cannot redefine local label name The local symbol can only be defin
189. out This is the same as the o option Example To create the output file test out instead of a out enter link51 test obj to test out Linker 9 71 XDATA Control XDATA segment address segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter the segment and optionally a locate address in the Locate XDATA segments field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation XD Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in external RAM space address range 0 0FFFFH The segment must be of type XDATA The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj o test out xdata ml_seg OFFOOH m2_seg locate segments ml_seg and m2_seg in XDATA memory starting at address 0FFO00H d gt Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls 9 72 Chapter 9 XPAGE Control XPAGE page number From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Processor entry a
190. out reserve xdata O 400H code O 2000H code 3000H 4000H External RAM addresses 0 up to and including address 400H cannot be used Code range 0 up to 2000H and the code range 3000H up to 4000H also cannot be used amp Absolute segments and segments placed with a linker control are placed into the reserved areas when specified In this case a memory overlap is reported Linker 9 67 STACK Control STACK segment address segment address Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation ST Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in the indirectly addressable on chip data space address range 0 0FFH The segment must be of type IDATA The STACK control is meant to inform the linker which IDATA segments must be located in the upper part of the IDATA space The start address for the first segment in the STACK control is the first free memory location above the highest located segment in on chip RAM The segment STACK is located in the uppermost part of IDATA space if it is not mentioned in any previous control A segment with this name is created within the startup code of the C 51 compiler The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to
191. oved Question mode mk51 returns a zero or non zero status code depending on whether or not the target file is up to date Utilities 10 23 r Do not read in the default file mk51 mk s Silent mode Do not print command lines before executing them This is equivalent to the special target SILENT t Touch the target files bringing them up to date rather than performing the rules to reconstruct them time Display current date and time w Redirect warnings and errors to standard output Without mk51 and the commands it executes use standard error for this purpose macro value Macro definition This definition remains fixed for the mk51 invocation It overrides any regular definitions for the specified macro within the makefiles and from the environment It is inherited by subordinate mk51 s but act as an environment variable for these That is depending on the e setting it may be overridden by a makefile definition Usage Makefiles The first makefile read is mk51 mk which is looked for at the following places in this order in the current working directory in the directory pointed to by the HOME environment variable inthe etc directory relative to the directory where mk51 is located Example PC when mk51 is installed in CC51 BIN the directory CC51 ETC is searched for makefiles Example UNIX when mk51 is installed in usr local cc51 bin the directory usr local cc51 etc is
192. p W 003 primary control control not valid on this place A primary control may be used only at the beginning of a source file W 004 primary control control already set A primary control may not be set more than once W 005 unexpected control internal error The assembler encountered an assembler control it does not recognize This error indicates an inconsistency in the assembler W 006 pagewidth too small set to 64 The page width specified with the PAGEWIDTH width control is too small to produce a reasonable listing so it is set to 64 W 007 premature end of file no end statement The END statement is missing W 008 text found beyond end statement ignored The END statement is not on the last line of the source file The remaining lines are ignored although they appear in the listing W 009 symbol table generation not implemented The generation of a symbol table is not implemented W012 bit table overflow The bit table used for jump optimizations is full so that no further optimizations take place W 014 cannot allocate memory for corefile The assembler attempts to speed up disk I O by using a large buffer in memory If the allocation of the buffer fails this warning is generated If no further errors occur the output file is created normally C 12 Appendix C W 015 _ xref noxref controls not implemented W 016 absolute code address addr already occupied previous definition on line lin
193. pecify two hexadecimal numbers the program understands that you want to use the Intel hex16 format caddress address o outfile W This option specifies the start address which is loaded into the processor The start address is placed in the end of file record See the a option for further details about the format outfile is the name of the file to which output is written This option must be used if the input is standard input and the output must be written in a file Select word address count instead of byte address count Display version information at stderr Display an explanation of options at stdout Utilities nee 10 7 FORMATTER OMF51 Name omf51 translate a out formatted files to absolute OMF51 format Syntax omf51 r jfile ofile omf51 V omf5l UNIX C shell or Description omf51 formats a out formatted files to files in the absolute OMF51 file format of Intel The program can format the code part as well as the symbolic debug part If the program is invoked in its most simple form omf5l a out a int code and symbolic debug information will be formatted The r option can be used to format the code part only Options r Format the code part only V Display version information at stderr Display an explanation of options at stdout Diagnostics Warnings Illegal memory type for section number Sections and segments have a memory type If the form
194. put file is machine independent through being fully byte oriented compact and accepts variable length symbols All chars are 1 byte shorts are 2 bytes and longs are 4 bytes The elements of an a out file describe the sections in the file and the symbol debug information These elements include File Header record Section Header records Raw data for each section with initialized data Relocation records Name records Identifier strings Extension Header record Extension records Segment Range records Allocation records The linker produces absolute object files These files do not contain relocation records The following figure illustrates the layout of an a out file File Header Section Header 1 Section Header n Section 1 Data Section n Data Relocation Records Name Records Identifier Strings Appendix A Extension Header Segment Range Records Allocation Records 1 1 FILE HEADER Linking large applications the maximum number of sections in an a out file 62 is easily reached There is a new version of a out version 2 that supports a larger maximum section count This is 256 Due to this change the layout of the header for version 1 and version 2 is slightly different The two figures at the end of this section show the difference The file header occupies the first 20 bytes version 1 or 22 bytes version 2 of the file and comprises oh_magic oh_stamp oh_flags An
195. r error 96 Assembler Controls 5 29 REGISTERBANK Control REGISTERBANK b r0 NOREGISTERBANK From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous Specify a register bank by enabling the corresponding Register bank option Abbreviation RB NORB Class Primary Default REGISTERBANK 0 Description Specifies the register banks used in the current source module This information is used by the linker to allocate the memory containing the register banks NORB specifies that no memory is initially reserved for register banks The USING assembler directive also reserves register banks Examples asm5l x src rb 0 1 2 reserve register banks 0 1 and 2 5 30 Chapter 5 SAVE RESTORE Control SAVE RESTORE Abbreviation SA RS Class General Default Description SAVE stores the current value of the LIST NOLIST controls onto a stack RESTORE restores the most recently SAVEd value it takes effect starting at the next line SAVEs can be nested to a depth of 16 Example Snolist source lines save save values of LIST NOLIST Slist restore restore value nolist Assembler Controls 5 31 SMALLROM Control SMALLROM From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Processor entry and select Memory Enable the option ROM size limited to 2K byte no LCALLs Abbreviation SR Class Primary Default Descr
196. ral controls Def Default 1 This control is only implemented for compatibility the assembler will ignore the control Table 5 1 asm51 controls Assembler Controls Type Def Default Control Abbr Type Def Description OBJECT file OJ pri src obj Alternative name for object file NOOBJECT NOOJ pri Do not produce an object file OPTIMIZE OP gen OP Turn optimization on NOOPTIMIZE NOOP gen Turn optimization off PAGELENGTH length PL pri 60 Set list page length PAGEWIDTH width PW pri 104 Set list page width PAGING Pl pri PI Format print file into pages NOPAGING NOPI pri Do not format print file into pages PRINT print file PR pri src lst Define print file name NOPRINT NOPR pri Do not create a print file REGISTERBANK rb rb RB pri 0 Specify register banks used NOREGISTERBANK NORB pri Reserve no memory for register banks RESTORE RE gen Restore saved listing control SAVE SA gen Save listing control REGADDR RA gen RA Allow disallow operands to refer to an NOREGADDR NORA gen absolute register address SMALLROM SR pri Application fits in one 2K byte block SYMBOLS SB pri Not implemented causes a warning NOSYMBOLS NOSB pri Not implemented causes a warning TITLE title TT gen spaces Set list page header title WORKFILES drives WF pri Ignored XREF XR pri Not implemented causes a warning NOXREF NOXR
197. ram link51 works The installation of this program is part of the installation of the assembler package TASKING 8051 Cross Assembler We first introduce the linker by describing its functions globally and giving some basic examples Later on a more elaborate description of all the features follows The OMF51 format mentioned in this chapter is the standard OMF51 object and OMF51 library format as defined by Intel 9 2 INTRODUCTION link51 is a program that reads one or more object modules created by the assembler asm51 or object modules in OMF51 format and locates them in memory Object modules can be in ordinary files or in object libraries The format of the object modules can be in the a out file format or the OMF51 format Modules in the a out format have been created by the assembler as a separate module in an individual object file Afterwards you can put these files in a library with the library manager ar51 d gt For linking OMF51 objects and OMF51 libraries see section 9 11 Linking OMF51 Objects and Libraries The following diagram shows the input files and output files of the linker relocatable object module obj object library C 51 library lib Linker command file OMF51 relocatable ___ ___ OMFS51 library object file link51 Linker Locator List file 151 absolute object module a out Figure 9 1 Linker 9 4 Chapter 9 7 Linker purpose Many programs are often too long
198. re used If less than 11 characters are present asm51 pads them with blanks Examples Jul 08 2002 in header of list file asm5l x src date Jul 08 2002 08 07 2002 in header of list file asm51 x src da 08 07 2002 5 10 Chapter 5 DEBUG Control DEBUG NODEBUG From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous Enable or disable the option Generate symbolic debug information Abbreviation DB NODB Class Primary Default DEBUG Description Controls the generation of debugging information in the object file DEBUG enables the generation of debugging information and NODEBUG disables it When DEBUG is set the amount of symbolic debug information is determined by the DEBUGINFO control Example asm51 x src db generate debug information Assembler Controls DEBUGINFO Control DEBUGINFO 111mber Abbreviation DI Class General Default DEBUGINFO 033H Description DEBUGINFO specifies the amount of symbolic debug information which is generated when DEBUG is in effect Each bit in number hex or octal representation corresponds to a different type of information according to the list below The default settings are shown in parentheses bit 0 1 public symbols bit 1 1 local symbols bit 2 0 compiler generated labels bit 3 0 not used bit 4 1 SYMB records bit 5 1 LINE and FILE records bit 6 0 not used
199. reprocessor s built in functions This chapter also contains a section that is devoted to the advanced concepts of mpp51 The first five sections give enough information to begin using the macro preprocessor However sometimes a more exact understanding of mpp51 s operation is needed The advanced concepts section should fill those needs 2 4 Chapter 2 t amp At macro time symbols labels predefined assembler symbols EOU and SET symbols and the location counter are not known The macro preprocessor does not recognize the assembly language Similarly at assembly time no information about macro symbols is Known 2 2 MPP51 INVOCATION The command line invocation line of mpp51 is mpp51 option nput file output file mpp51 V mpp51 When you use a UNIX shell C shell Bourne shell arguments containing special characters such as must be enclosed with The invocations for UNIX and PC are the same except for the option in the C shell mpp51 or mpp51 The input file is an assembly source file containing user defined macros You must give a complete filename no default file extension is taken The ouiput file is an assembly source file in which all user defined macros are replaced This file is the input file for asm51 If output file is omitted the output file has the same basename as the input file but with the file extension src Invocation with V only displays a ve
200. ribes how to link OMF51 object modules with link51 In particular the following subjects will be discussed e case sensitivity e object format e module selection e backward referencing in libraries 9 11 1 CASE SENSITIVITY CASE NOCASE In the OMF51 object format all symbols are always in uppercase In the a out object format symbols are case sensitive i e names in uppercase and lowercase are distinct The TASKING C compiler generates case sensitive labels the C function names in the C library are all in lowercase So a call from an object module in OMF51 format to a function which is in the library of the TASKING C compiler would be impossible Therefore it may be reguired to use the NOCASE control of the linker Be aware that this control may introduce naming conflicts In the C language it is possible to create two functions with the names func and Func which are distinct names When using the NOCASE control the names will not be distinct anymore 9 11 2 OBJECT FORMAT The linker link51 reads files in the OMF51 format used by Intel compilers assemblers and linkers The output file of link51 is always in the COFF a out format described before Libraries in the OMF51 library format are accepted also High level language debug information represented in the OMF51 object module will not be placed in the output file of the linker link51 High level source debugging can only be done on modules compi
201. rning num to an error err file Redirect error messages to file f file Read command line information from file means stdin k Link library file x Lib 0 file Specify name of output file wnum Convert error num to a warning Table 9 1 Options summary A detailed description of the option is given below With options that can be set from within EDE you will find a mouse icon that describes the corresponding action Linker E Option Description Display an explanation of the invocation syntax at stdout Example link51 9 10 Chapter 9 A Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous Add the option to the Additional linker options controls field E Aarcbiteciure Arguments The name of the subdirectory to search for architecture specific libraries Description Specify a subdirectory of the library directory to search for architecture specific libraries If a library is not found in the architecture subdirectory it is searched for in the library directory itself Example To specify the directory for libraries specifically designed for dallas_aa enter link51 Adallas_aa x obj y obj Linker 9 11 banks Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Bank Switching Enter the number of banks in the Number of code banks field E banks number Arguments
202. roup of characters to be used as a delimiter Regardless of the type of delimiter used to define a macro once it has been defined only the delimiters used in the definition can be used in the macro call Macros defined with parentheses and commas require parentheses and commas in the macro call Macros defined with spaces or any other delimiter require that delimiter when called Macro delimiters can be divided into three classes implied blank delimiters identifier delimiters and literal delimiters 2 6 1 1 IMPLIED BLANK DELIMITERS Implied blank delimiters are the easist to use and contribute the most readability and flexibility to macro definitions An implied blank delimiter is one or more spaces tabs or new lines a carriage return linefeed pair in any order To define a macro that uses the implied blank delimiter simply place one or more spaces tabs or new lines surrounding the parameter list and separating the formal parameters When you call the macro defined with the implied blank delimiter each delimiter will match a series of spaces tabs or new lines Each parameter in the call begins with the first non blank character and ends when a blank character is found Macro Preprocessor 2 57 Example S DEFINE WORDS FIRST SECOND TEXT SFIRST SECOND All of the following calls are valid Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion SWORDS hello world gt TEXT hello world SWORDS one two gt TEXT one tw
203. rsion header Macro Preprocessor no allow undefined macro disable nr nr no Jfile info no info messages max nesting value no parameters redefine no prompt string no skip asm comment no warn on undefined macro Option Description Display invocation syntax Dmacro def Define preprocessor macro f file Read options from file ldirectory Look in directory for include files Umacro Undefine preprocessor macro V Display version header only ofilename Specify name of output file Allow expansion of undefined macros Suppress a warning and or error Generate source file line info Generate info messages Set the maximum include file nesting level default 31 Allow macro parameters to be redefined Set the prompt for the IN command Skip parsing after assembly comment Warn on expansion of undefined macros Table 2 1 mpp51 options 2 2 1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MACRO 2 5 PREPROCESSOR OPTIONS With options that can be set from within EDE you will find a mouse icon that describes the corresponding action 2 6 Option Description Display an explanation of options at stdout Example mpp51 Chapter 2 Macro Preprocessor 2 7 allow undefined macro Option amp From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional
204. ry files By default these files will be created in the current directory If you want the tools to create temporary files in another directory you can enforce this by setting the environment variable TMPDIR PC set TMPDIR c tmp UNIX Bourne shell Korn shell TMPDIR tmp export TMPDIR csh setenv TMPDIR tmp Note that if you create your temporary files on a directory which is accessible via the network for other users as well conflicts in the names chosen for the temporary files may arise It is safer to create temporary files in a directory that is solely accessible to yourself Of course this does not apply if you run the tools with several users on a multi user system such as UNIX Conflicts may arise if two different computer systems use the same network directory for tools to create their temporary files 1 4 FORMATTING A FILE FOR A DEBUGGER Before a file generated by the linker can be loaded into a debugger it must be in a suitable format This format is known as IEEE 695 The 8051 Cross Assembler package includes a utility program ieee51 which can format output files into this IEEE format The simplest call of this program follows for a full description of ieee51 see the chapter Utilities ieee5l opprog3 opprog3 abs The output file opprog3 abs can now be loaded into a debugger Overview 1 7 1 5 FILE EXTENSIONS The assembler accepts files with any extension or even no extension but by adding the
205. s then the list of dependents is searched for a file with the correct extension and the implicit rules are invoked to create the target Examples This makefile says that prog out depends on two files prog obj and sub obj and that they in turn depend on their corresponding source files prog c and sub c along with the common file inc h CSTART PRODDIR lib cstart obj LIB PRODDIR lib c51ls lib CC51INC PRODDIR include export CC51INC PATH PRODDIR bin PATH export PATH prog out prog obj sub obj link51 CSTART prog obj sub obj LIB to prog out prog obj prog c inc h cc51 prog c asm51 prog src NOPRINT sub obj sub c inc h cc51 sub c asm51 sub src NOPRINT The following makefile uses implicit rules from mk51 mk to perform the same job It is assumed that the environment variables LIBDIR CC51INC and PATH are set prog out LIBDIR cstart obj prog obj sub obj LIBDIR Nc51s lib prog obj prog c inc h sub obj sub c inc h Utilities 10 33 Files makefile Description of dependencies and rules Makefile Alternative to makefile for Unix mk51 mk Default dependencies and rules Diagnostics mk51 returns an exit status of 1 when it halts as a result of an error Otherwise it returns an exit status of 0 10 34 UTILITIES Chapter 10 A OUT FILE FORMAT ail TASKING M XIGNAddV A out File Format A 3 1 INTRODUCTION The layout of the assembler linker out
206. s 8 15 are the type specification for the symbol table information The include file sd class h contains a list of possible numbers and their meaning on_desc An unsigned short containing the debug information on_valu A long containing the symbol value on_sect An unsigned short containing the number of the relocatable section the symbol belongs to format version 2 only In order to permit several symbolic debug features all symbol entries are in the order of their definition The section symbols occupy the last entries in the symbol table for the purpose of guick reference 1 6 EXTENSION RECORDS The way the link information is passed from the assembler to the linker is through extension records at the end of the a out file Within the framework of these extension records we can describe all the extra information required The extension records only occur in object files Extension records consist of an extension header range specification records allocation specification records A out File Format Extension Header The extension header consists of 8 bytes and consist of eh_magic eh_stamp eh_nsegm eh_allo An unsigned short containing the magic number specifying the type of file assembler linker output file N MAGIC 0x202 specifies an object file An unsigned short containing the version stamp the assembler linker release version An unsigned short containing the nu
207. s a listing control Loc means a locate control Mem means a memory control Def Default control Table 9 2 link51 controls 9 23 9 24 Chapter 9 Control Abbr CI Def Description FUNCTIONOVERLAY c_segm gt c_segm FO Mem No overlay Overlay code segments GRAPH number GR List GR 0 Generate a call graph IDATA segment address ID Loc Locate indirect addressable on chip ram LINES LI List Line numbers in map file NOLINES NOLI NOLI No line number information MAP MA List MA Produce a link map in list file NOMAP NOMA Inhibit production of map MULTIPASS MP G Rescan libraries to resolve externals NAME module name NA G No action OVERLAY module gt module OL Mem NOOL Overlay segments in modules NOOVERLAY NOOL Do not overlay PAGEWIDTH width PW List 78 Set map file page width PRECEDE segment address PC Loc Locate precedence on chip ram PRINT filename PR List PR Print link map to named file NOPRINT NOPR Do not generate list file PUBLICS PL List Public symbols in map file NOPUBLICS NOPL NOPL No public symbols in map file RAMSIZE size RS Mem 128 Specify internal data ram size RESERVE memtype adaress adadress RE Mem Reserve memory space for memtype is BIT Bl bit addressable data DATA DA Direct addressable data IDATA ID indirect addressable on chip ram XDATA XD extern
208. s and Memory Allocation s 2 9 INPUT SPECIFICATION 4 1 ASSEMBLER CONTROLS 5 1 5 1 Introduction se aey y dw od Mig yy Pht a 5 3 5 2 Overview asm51 ControlS VFF Ry 5 4 5 3 Description of asm51 ControlS 5 6 Table of Contents OPERANDS AND EXPRESSIONS 6 1 6 1 Operandsows ue i y NR als got ate ets 6 3 6 1 1 Operands and Addressing Modes s 6 4 6 1 1 1 Indirect Addressing Y YF eee 6 4 6 1 1 2 Immediate Data 00 20 eens 6 4 6 1 1 3 Data Addressing ee ae wih abe 64 Cac FYD ease 6 5 6 1 1 4 Bit Addressing o coe pete hake Ri ed ee ev aE A 6 5 6 1 1 5 Cod Addressing ci ions oad etn eed EF GN 6 6 6 2 EXPPESSIONS anii Fana Un inte leached geg 6 7 6 2 1 NUMDED ta nine Osi OTS OA SAAS AAS 6 8 6 2 2 Expression String 0 cece 6 8 6 2 3 Symbol gnes Mo ae irn dg ani tn ar A AL BG Ms od 6 9 6 3 OperatOrSx y ee en A tence oon ud id RR ee 6 10 6 3 1 Addition and Subtraction V 6 11 6 3 2 Sign Operators 23 ed ea asin k Ane GO Ew 6 11 6 3 3 Multiplication and Division Ya 6 12 6 3 4 Relational Operators eee 6 12 6 3 5 Bitwise Operators ouuu usa 6 13 6 3 6 Shift OpecatOtS osere AN TERE Y WW PAA E EA i 6 14 6 3 7 Selection Operators 2 0 0 Y au 6 14 6 4 Segment Type of Expressions 0 00005 6 15 6 5 Predefined Symbols 0 00 0006 6 16 6 6 Include Filesis sap cs sea iaes nai date Pate Go GYR 6 17
209. searched for makefiles It typically contains predefined macros and implicit rules 10 24 Chapter 10 The default name of the makefile is makefile in the current directory If this file is not found on a UNIX system the file Makefile is then used as the default Alternate makefiles can be specified using one or more f options on the command line Multiple f options act as if all the makefiles were concatenated in a left to right order The makefile s may contain a mixture of comment lines macro definitions include lines and target lines Lines may be continued across input lines by escaping the NEWLINE with a backslash If a line must end with a backslash then an empty macro should be appended Anything after a 7 is considered to be a comment and is stripped from the line including spaces immediately before the If the is inside a quoted string it is not treated as a comment Completely blank lines are ignored An include line is used to include the text of another makefile It consists of the word include left justified followed by spaces and followed by the name of the file that is to be included at this line Macros in the name of the included file are expanded before the file is included Include files may be nested An export line is used for exporting a macro definition to the environment of any command executed by mk51 Such a line starts with the word export followed by one or more spa
210. segments it is only meaningful for debugging purposes A segment that has been declared with the ROMDATA attribute cannot be disassembled by a debugger SHORT XDATA segments can be declared with the SHORT attribute The linker allocates the segment in a page of auxiliary memory With the optional OVERLAY attribute it is possible to specify the register banks b used in the segment This information will be used by the linker to overlay segments using the same register banks No overlaying will be done when the OVERLAY attribute is omitted The OVERLAY attribute is not allowed for CODE segments Examples DATSEG SEGMENT DATA relocatable data segment Assembler Directives 7 29 SET Synopsis name SET expr name SET register Description The SET directive assigns a numeric value or register name to a symbol name The expression may not contain forward references The symbol gets the same type as expr and can be used in any context where expr is allowed In the second form name is declared to be equivalent to a register name the identifier name can be used in any context where register is allowed Valid register names are A AB C DPTR PC and RO R7 Unlike the EQU directive multiple SET directives for the same symbol may be present in one source file The most recent SET directive determines the value of the symbol Examples CNT SET 0 set counter to 0 CNT SET CNT 1 increment counter 7 30 Chapter 7 USING
211. sensitive symbols Example link51 x obj case link51 in case sensitive mode Linker 9 35 CHECK Control CHECK NOCHECK Abbreviation CH NOCH Class Linking control Default NOCHECK Description The linker accepts empty relocatable segments These segments have no code bytes or a segment size greater than 0 Labels may have been defined in the segment but they do not influence the segment size link51 accepts these segments For compatibility reasons Intel does not accept them you can use the CHECK control to reject these segments if they occur The default setting is NOCHECK Empty segments are located at the address following the highest addresses occupied in the memory space they belong to Example link51 x obj check link51 rejects empty segments 9 36 Chapter 9 CODE Control CODE segment address segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter a code segment and optionally a locate address in the Locate CODE segments field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation CO Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in code memory address range 0 0FFFFH The segment must be of type CODE The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segmen
212. set to a value below the segment base address E 036 _ code segment address expected The extern label is not of type CODE E 040 bytes of bit address not in bitaddressable data segment DATA segment must be declared BITADDRESSABLE to enable bit selections E 042 bad register bank number The register bank number must be 0 1 2 or 3 Appendix C E 043 invalid simple relocatable expression An expression defining the value for an ORG directive may not contain relocatable symbols defined in other segments E 044 invalid relocation expression An expression must not contain references to different segment types E 045 inpage relocated segment overflow segment segment The size of a segment with the INPAGE attribute exceeds 256 E 046 _ inblock relocated segment overflow segment segment The size of a segment with the INBLOCK attribute exceeds 2048 E 048 illegal relocation for this segment type One of the segment attributes is not allowed for this segment type PAGE and INPAGE are allowed for CODE and XDATA only INBLOCK is valid for CODE only BITADDRESSABLE is valid for DATA only E050 out of memory FATAL There is not enough memory to continue E052 duplicate segment name segment already defined Each relocatable segment must be declared exactly once E053 illegal segment name symbol already defined The name used in a segment definition is already used in another declaration E 054 segment na
213. ss range 0 8000H enter link51 test obj banks 2 common 8000H otest out d gt See section 9 8 Bank Switching for more details 9 14 Option enum Arguments The warning message number Description Convert the specified warning message to an error Example To convert warning 6 to an error enter link51 test obj e6 otest out Chapter 9 Linker 9 15 err Option In EDE this option is not so useful If you would use this option you would not see the error messages in the Build tab Ee err filename Arguments An error output filename Description The linker redirects error messages to a file with the name filename Example To write errors to the file test e1k instead of stderr enter link51 test obj err test elk otest out 9 16 Chapter 9 f Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous Add the option to the Additional linker options controls field E f file Arguments _ A filename for command line processing The filename denote standard input may be used to Description 2 Use file for command line processing To get around the limits on the size of the command line it is possible to use command files These command files contain the options that could not be part of the real command line Command files can also be generated on the fly for example by the make ut
214. ssembler Controls 5 35 XREF Control XREF NOXREF Abbreviation XR NOXR Class Primary Default Description Not implemented causes a warning message 5 36 CONTROLS Chapter 5 OPERANDS AND EXPRESSIONS ail TASKING M diLdVHO Operands and Expressions 6 3 6 1 OPERANDS An operand is the part of the instruction that follows the instruction opcode There can be one two or even no operands in an instruction The operands of the assembly instruction can be divided into the following six classes e Register names A AB C DPTR PC RO R7 e Indirect addresses RO R1 A or DPTR e Immediate data e internal Data Addresses e Bit Addresses e Code Addresses Operands of the last four classes are expressions evaluating into a number Depending on the instruction the number is interpreted as a plain number or as an address The expression may have an associated segment type which is used by the assembler to perform type checking The segment types correspond with the available address spaces of the 8051 processor Type Description BIT bit address space on chip CODE code address space DATA direct addressable data on chip IDATA indirect addressable space on chip XDATA external address space Table 6 1 Segment memory types Additionally the segment type NUMBER is used for expressions representing a typeless number If t
215. ssor 2 13 Option From the Project menu select Directories Add one or more directory paths to the Include Files Path field Eg Idirectory Arguments The name of the directory to search for include file s Description Change the algorithm for searching INCLUDE files whose names do not have an absolute pathname to look in directory Thus INCLUDE files are searched for first in the directory of the file containing the INCLUDE line then in directories named in I options in left to right order If the files are still not found mpp51 checks if the environment variable ASMDIR exists If it does it searches the directories specified in ASMDIR More than one directory can be specified to ASMDIR by separating the directories with a semi colon Example mpp51 I proj include test asm d gt Section Include Files 2 14 Chapter 2 info messages Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E info messages no info messages Default info messages Description By default the macro preprocessor can generate informational messages in addition to errors or warnings With option no info messages the macro preprocessor does not generate informational messages Example mpp51 no info messages test asm Macro Preprocessor 2 15 ma
216. starting character of the substring expression2 specifies the number of characters to be included in the substring If expression I is zero or greater than the length of the argument string SUBSTR returns the null string If expression2 is zero then SUBSTR returns the null string If it is greater than the remaining length of the string then all characters from the start character of the substring to the end of the string are included Example The examples below several calls to SUBSTR and the value returned Before Macro Expansion After Macro Expansion SSUBSTR ABCDEFG 5 1 gt E SUBSTR ABCDEFG 5 100 gt EFG SSUBSTR 123 56 890 4 4 gt 56 SUBSTR ABCDEFG 8 1 gt null SUBSTR ABCDEFG 3 0 gt null 2 52 Chapter 2 2 5 9 3 MATCH FUNCTION The MATCH function primarily serves to define macro identifiers The MATCH function searches a character string for a delimiter character and assigns the substrings on either side of the delimiter to the macro identifiers Syntax MATCH macro id1 delimiter macro id2 balanced text balanced text as described earlier It may contain a macro call macro id1 and macro id2 may be any valid mpp51 identifier delimiter is the first character to follow macro id1 You can use a space or a comma or any other delimiter See the Advanced mpp51 Concepts section for more information on delimiters MATCH searches the balanced text for the first delimiter When i
217. t E015 illegal character A non ASCII character was encountered in the input E 017 arithmetic overflow in location counter The location counter overflowed to a value greater than 0FFFFH E018 undefined symbol symbol The symbol was not defined local and not declared external E019 value will not fit into a byte The value of a DB expression is not between 256 and 255 Assembler Error Messages C 5 E020 operation invalid in this segment A DS DBIT DB or DW assembler directive was used in the wrong segment E021 unterminated string A string without a terminating single or double quote was encountered E022 string longer than two characters not allowed in this context A string used in an expression may not be longer than two characters E027 absolute expression expected An absolute expression not containing any relocatable symbols is reguired here E 028 reference not to current segment Conditional instructions cannot have a destination address outside the current segment E 031 external reference not allowed in this context External references are not allowed in eguate definitions or ORG assembler directives E 032 segment reference not allowed in this context Segment names are not allowed in eguate definitions E 033 too many relocatable segments The total number of segments may not exceed 253 E 035 location counter may not point below segment base The location counter may not be
218. t A relocatable segment is a segment that is defined in the assembler text without an address For these segments the final location in memory is determined by the linker A segment can be split up into parts each of which can reside in different modules in the application These parts are called partial segments Linker 9 5 Module A module is a unit of code that can be located in a file A module can contain one or more segments The terms object module and object file are used as eguivalent terms Library An object library is a file containing a number of object modules The linker includes only those parts from a library that have been referred to from other modules Program A program can be created out of one single module or out of a number of modules A part of the program can be in a library 9 4 INVOCATION The linker can be called in three different ways link51 jfile ifile option control link51 linker command file link51 _ inker command file When you use a UNIX shell C shell Bourne shell options containing special characters such as must be enclosed with The invocations for UNIX and PC are the same except for the option in the C shell link51 or link51 In the first invocation all relevant information is specified on the command line The second and third invocation of link51 demonstrate the use of a linker command file You can use options and con
219. t at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order Example link51 modl obj mod2 obj mod3 obj o demo5 out code ml cseg 2000H m2_cseg m3_cseg Locate all the code segments above 2000H d gt Section 9 6 3 Locating Controls describes the default locating algorithm and contains an overview of the locating controls Linker 9 37 COMMON Control COMMON segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter the segments to be located in the common area and optionally enter a locate address in the Locate segments common area field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation CM Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in common area in memory The segment must be of type CODE You can specify more than one COMMON control The address part in the segment specification is optional Mentioning a segment name without an address forces the linker to locate the segment at a specific time according to the default locating algorithm but leaving it up to the linker to determine the optimal starting address of the segment If absolute addresses are given they should be in ascending order Example link51 modl obj
220. t file is produced You are recommended not to use this file for further program development but fix the the errors and re link your program Fatal errors are generated if the linker detects situations where it cannot continue at all The program exits immediately 2 WARNINGS WARNING I unresolved external symbol symbol_name module module name A symbol is declared external without being defined public in any of the modules in the program WARNING2 reference made to unresolved external symbol symbol name module module name A symbol reference of an unresolved external is found in a fixup record The linker created a symbol record for such a symbol but its value will be zero Thus it is unlikely that the relocated code address gets the proper value Appendix D WARNING3 assigned address not compatible with alignment segment segment_name The absolute address specified in one of the locating controls on the command line is not compatible with the relocation attribute of the segment PAGE INPAGE or INBLOCK The segment start address will be the one on the command line the relocation attribute will be overruled WARNING 4 data space memory overlap from byte bit_address to byte bit_address Two internal ram segments are located within the same address range WARNING 5 code space memory overlap from byte bil_address to byte bit_address Two code segments are located in the same address range WAR
221. t is found all characters to the left of it are assigned to macro id1 and all characters to the right are assigned to macro id2 If the delimiter is not found the entire balanced text is assigned to macro id1 and the null string is assigned to macro id2 Example SMATCH MS1 MS2 ABC DEF gt MS1 ABC MS2 DEF SMATCH MS3 MS4 GH MS1 gt MS3 GH MS4 ABC SMATCH MS5 MS6 SLEN MS1 gt MS5 03H MS6 null You can use the MATCH function for processing string lists as shown in the next example Example MATCH NEXT LIST 10H 20H 30H WHILE LEN NEXT MOV A NEXT ADD A 2 MOV NEXT A SMATCH NEXT LIST LIST Produces the following code First iteration of WHILE Macro Preprocessor MOV A 10H ADD A 2 MOV 10H A Second iteration of WHILE MOV A 20H ADD A 2 MOV 20H A Third iteration of WHILE MOV A 30H ADD A 2 MOV 30H A 2 5 10 MESSAGE FUNCTIONS Two built in functions ERROR and FATAL can generate a user error or fatal error message Syntax ERROR balanced text FATAL balanced text You can use the ERROR function to trigger a user error E 100 Macro preprocessing will continue after the ERROR function The ERROR function expands to the null string You can use the FATAL function to trigger a user fatal error F 101 Macro preprocessing will stop directly after the FATAL function and the program will exit with value 1 The FATAL function expands to the n
222. ted are called relocatable expressions The syntax of an expression can be any of the following number expression_string symbol expression binary_operator expression unary_operator expression expression All types of expressions are explained below and in following sections represents the current location counter value in the section currently active You can use parentheses to control the evaluation order of the operators What is between parentheses is evaluated first Examples 3 4 5 Result is 35 3 4 is evaluated first 3 4 5 Result is 23 4 5 is evaluated first parentheses are superfluous here me Ne A Ne Ne 6 8 Chapter 6 6 2 1 NUMBER number bin_ num dec num oct num bex_num can be one of the following bin numB dec num or dec numD oct numO _ or oct_numQ bex numH Lowercase eguivalences are allowed b d t o g h is a binary number formed of 0 T ending with a B or b Examples 1001B 1011B 01100100b is a decimal number formed of 0 9 optionally followed by the letter D or d Examples 12 5978D is an octal number formed of 0 7 ending with an O o O or g Examples 110 447o 30146g is a hexadecimal number formed of the characters 0 9 and a f or A F ending with a H or h The first character must be a decimal digit so it may be necessary to prefix a hexad
223. temporary file Next lt lt WORD is replaced with the name of the temporary file amp No whitespace is allowed between lt lt and WORD Example link51 lt lt EOF separate n match obj separate n match lib to LDFLAGS EOF The four lines between the tags EOF are written to a temporary file e g tmp mk2 and the command line is rewritten as link51 tmp mk2 Implicit Rules Implicit rules are intimately tied to the SUFFIXES special target Each entry in the SUFFIXES list defines an extension to a filename which may be used to build another file The implicit rules then define how to actually build one file from another These files are related in that they must share a common basename but have different extensions 10 32 Chapter 10 If a file that is being made does not have an explicit target line an implicit rule is looked for Each entry in the SUFFIXES list is combined with the extension of the target to get the name of an implicit target If this target exists it gives the rules used to transform a file with the dependent extension to the target file Any dependents of the implicit target are ignored If a file that is being made has an explicit target but no rules a similar search is made for implicit rules Each entry in the SUFFIXES list is combined with the extension of the target to get the name of an implicit target If such a target exist
224. tended Segment Address Record The Extended Segment Address Record specifies the two most significant bytes bits 4 19 of the absolute address of the first data byte in a subsequent Data Record where bits 0 3 are zero 02 0000 upper_address checksum The 20 bit absolute address of a byte in a Data Record is calculated as address offset index modulo 64K where address is the base address where bits 4 19 are the upper_address and bits 0 3 are zero offset is the 16 bit offset from the Data Record index is the index of the data byte within the Data Record 0 for the first byte Example 0200000200FFFD _ checksum _ upper_address type _ offset Fe length E 6 Appendix E Data Record The Data Record specifies the actual program code and data length offset 00 data Ea The length byte specifies the number of data bytes The locator has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating Data records The default buffer length is 32 bytes The offset is the 16 bit starting load offset Together with the address specified in the Extended Address Record it specifies an absolute address in memory where the data is to be located when loaded by a tool Example 0F00200000232222754E00754F04AF4FAE4E22C3 _ checksum _ data type _ offset _ length Start Linear Address Record The Start Linear Address Record contains the 32 bit progr
225. ter 10 Files out h sd_class h Utilities 10 9 10 4 FLASH UTILITIES Name flashsilabs51 Flash tool for the Silicon Laboratories 8051 family using Cygnal JTAG wiggler flashphytec Flash tool for the Phytec 8051 target boards flashwinbond Flash tool for the Winbond 8051 target boards Syntax flashsilabs51 option file flashphytec option file flashwinbond option file Description With the flash utilities you can load an IEEE 695 OMF51 Intel Hex or Motorola S record file in a flash device If you invoke the flash utility with the nodialog command line option the absolute file is directly flashed into the target You can configure all flash settings from EDE via the Flasher entry of the Project Project Options dialog You can then start flashing with one click on the Flash IEEE 695 Intel Hex Motorola S Rec or OMF51 file button located in the toolbar Hl You can perform several actions with the flash tools Full erase Select this to erase the entire flash memory Program Select this to program the flash device with the specified file Verify Select this to compare the absolute file with the content of the FLASH 10 10 Chapter 10 Options actions F P V Specify flash actions to perform in the order given F Erase all blocks P Program file V Verify programmed blocks baudrate baudrate Specify the baud rate to use 2400 4800 9600 1920
226. ter than 4 Linker Error Messages D 13 FATAL ERROR 240 internal process error If this error appears please fill in a software problem report and send it to your TASKING representative This error indicates a failure in the internal administration of the linker It is not caused directly by the input program FATAL ERROR 242 segment limit 64k exceeded A maximum of 64K segments is allowed FATAL ERROR 250 overlay function func not found Given function code segment was given in the FUNCTIONOVERLAY control but does not exist FATAL ERROR 251 object file bas wrong version file filename link51 only accepts object files in the new object format given object file has the wrong object type Create the object file again by using the new assembler and link again FATAL ERROR 252 input file not in correct OMF51 format file filename One of the input files is recognized as a file in OMF51 format either object file or object library The administration in this file is found to be corrupt i e a sumcheck is incorrect or an invalid relocation type is read FATAL ERROR 253 duplicate filename output and command file You cannot overwrite the command file Use another name for the output file FATAL ERROR 255 too many symbols unable to continue There is not enough memory to allocate all symbols FATAL ERROR 256 no stub found To support code bank switching a stub segment is required FATAL ERROR 2
227. the formal parameters are processed 2 62 Chapter 2 In normal mode M2 is expanded in its actual parameter list immediately when called from M1 The formal parameters of M1 in its body are replaced by the prior expanded mdacro body from M2 The following example shows the different use of macros as actual parameters in the literal and normal mode Example SSET M2 1 DEFINE M1 P1 SSET M2 M2 1 M2 P1 M1 M2 gt 02H 02H M1 M2 gt 03H 02H M1 M2 gt 04H 04H 2 6 3 _ ALGORITHM FOR EVALUATING MACRO CALLS The algorithm of the macro preprocessor used for evaluating the source file can be broken down into 6 steps 1 Scan the input stream until the metacharacter is found 2 Isolate the macro name 3 If macro has parameters expand each parameter from left to right initiate step one on actual parameter before expanding the next parameter 4 Substitute actual parameters for formal parameters in macro body 5 If the literal character is not used initiate step one on macro body 6 Insert the result into output stream The terms input stream and output stream are used because the return value of one macro may be a parameter to another On the first iteration the input stream is the source line On the final iteration the output stream is passed to the assembler Macro Preprocessor 2 63 Example The examples below illustrate the macro preprocessor s evaluation algorithm
228. ther macros If so the return value is actually the fully expanded macro body including the return values of the call to other macros The macro call is re expanded each time it is called 2 26 Chapter 2 Example 1 S DEFINE String_1 An S DEFINE String_2 ele S DEFINE String 3 phant S DEFINE String 4 shopping SDEFINE String _5 goes SString 4 DEFINE Part _1 String 1 String_2 String_3 The macro body must consist of a balanced text string i e you must have balanced parentheses within the macro body In other words each left parenthesis must have a succeeding right parenthesis and each right parenthesis must have a preceding left parenthesis The possible placement of the macro body and the parenthesis are both represented in the above examples The beginning of the macro body is determined by the syntactical end of the left parenthesis where tabs 08H blanks and the first new line OAH are also part of the macro body The macro body of String _1 starts with the A of An The macro body of String 3 starts with the p of phant The macro body of String 4 starts with the 08H of 08H shopping The end of macro body is determined by the right parenthesis The macro body of String 4 is 08H shopping The macro body of String 5 is goes OAH 08H shopping The expanded value of DEFINE is the null string but the macro body is stored internally for lat
229. tically It is the programmers responsibility that sections do not intersect with each other Addresses that lie between sections are not filled in The output does not contain symbol information There is no need to place the input and output file names at the end of the command line If data is to be read from standard input and the output is not standard output the output file must be specified with the o option If only one filename is given it is assumed that it is the name of the input file hence output is written to standard output It is also possible to omit both the input filename and output filename In that case standard input and standard output are used Utilities ree Options Options must be separated by a blank and start with a minus sign Decimal and hexadecimal arguments should be concatenated directly to the option letter Options may be specified in any order Output filenames should be separated from the o option letter by a blank Example ihex51 myfile out 120 z il6 outfile hex The next example gives the same result ihex51 120 z il6 o outfile hex lt myfile out i8 Output of Intel hex8 records for addresses up to OxFFFF This is the default record format i16 Output of Intel hex16 records i e extended address records with a segment base address are generated for every section This format is also used when a 64k boundary is crossed lcount Number of data bytes in the Intel h
230. torola S Records F 5 S2 record With the r2 option of srec51 the actual program code and data is supplied with S2 records with the following layout S 2 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt code bytes gt lt checksum_byte gt This record is used for 3 byte addresses Example S213FF002000232222754E00754F04AF4FAE4E22BF _ checksum n _ code _ address _ length srec51 has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating S2 records The default buffer length is 32 code bytes The checksum calculation of S2 records is identical to SO S8 record With the r2 option of srec51 at the end of an S record file srec51 generates an S8 record which contains the program start address S8 is the corresponding termination record for S2 records Layout S 8 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt checksum_byte gt Example S804FF0003F9 checksum _ address _ length The checksum calculation of S8 records is identical to S0 F 6 Appendix F S3 record With the r3 option of srec51 the actual program code and data is supplied with S3 records with the following layout S 3 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt code bytes gt lt checksum_byte gt This record is used for 4 byte addresses Example S3070000FFFE6E6825 l _ checksum _ code _ address _ length srec51 has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generatin
231. tring The results of an IN call of the input is interpreted as a macro string IN can also be used everywhere where a macro string is allowed Syntax IN OUT balanced text Example OUT ENTER NUMBER OF PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM SET PROC_ COUNT SIN OUT ENTER THIS PROCESSOR S ADDRESS ADDRESS SET IN SOUT ENTER BAUD RATE SET BAUD SIN The following lines would be displayed on the console ENTER NUMBER OF PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM gt user response ENTER THIS PROCESSOR S ADDRESS gt user response ENTER BAUD RATE gt user response 2 56 Chapter 2 2 6 ADVANCED MPP51 CONCEPTS For most programming problems mpp51 as described above is sufficient However in some cases a more complete description of the macro preprocessor s function is necessary It is impossible to describe all of the obscurities of the macro preprocessor in a single chapter Specific questions to mpp51 can easily be answered by simple tests following the given rules 2 6 1 MACRO DELIMITERS Delimiters are used in the function DEFINE to separate the macro name from the optional parameter list and to separate different parameters in this parameter list In the MATCH function a delimiter is used to define a separator which is used as kind of terminator in the corresponding balanced text argument The most commonly used delimiters are characters like parentheses and commas but the macro language permits almost any character or g
232. trol filel mode type file2 type 5 Itis possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file mycmds contains the following line err test err test obj The command line can now be link51 f mycmds 9 18 Chapter 9 L Option From the Project menu select Directories Add one or more directory paths to the Library Files Path field E Ldireciory Arguments The name of the directory to search for libraries Description Add directory to the list of directories that are searched for libraries Directories specified with L are searched before the standard directories specified by the environment variable CC51LIB and the Lib directory relative to the directory where the executable is located You can use the L option more than once to add several directories to the search path for libraries The search path is created in the same order as in which the directories are specified on the command line Example link51 Le cc51 examples lib test obj lc51s Linker 9 19 Option From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Linking Enable one or more of the Library options It depends on the settings in the C Compiler entry which options are available E x Arguments A string to form the name of the library x 1ib Description Link library x lib where x is a string The linker first searches for libraries in any directories spe
233. trols to steer the linking locating process Options can appear in any order Options start with a Only the lx option is position dependent Options that require a filename can be separated by a space or not oname is equal to o name Options and controls are explained in detail in the following sections 9 6 Chapter 9 Input files ifile can be any object file or library These input files must be separated by commas The first instance where two items on the command line follow each other without being separated by a comma and not preceded by a minus sign an option is taken to be the start of the optional part of the command line the controls Input files must be valid names of disk files of the operating system you are working with Output file The output file is a disk file containing the absolute output of the linker The name of the file can be specified on the command line using the o option or with the TO control The name following this Keyword is used as output file If no output file is specified the linker uses the name of the first input file to create an output filename The basename of this filename is used as an output filename So if no output filename is specified the file created by the linker will have no extension Because of this all input filenames must have an extension Offending this necessity leads to a fatal error reported by the linker Command files Applications consisting of a large n
234. ucture of mod1 and mod3 The third example shows how to prevent the linker from overlaying any segment in internal data mentioned in the first module The mod1 gt calling scheme causes the linker to assume references between mod1 and any other module in the application This causes no overlay for the segments in the first module Linker PAGEWIDTH Control PAGEWIDTH width From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Map File Enter the number of characters in the Page width characters per line field Arguments The number of characters per line Abbreviation PW Class Listing control Default PAGEWIDTH 78 Description The PAGEWIDTH control specifies how many characters can be written on one line in the map file Any value betwcen 72 and 132 is allowed The default value is 78 Example link51 modulel obj print modl l51 pw 80 Set page width to 80 characters 9 59 9 60 Chapter 9 PRECEDE Control PRECEDE segment address segment address From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Segments Enter the segment and optionally a locate address in the User PRECEDE control field Arguments A segment name with optionally a start address Abbreviation PC Class Locating control Default Description Locate a segment in the on chip data space address range 0 2FH The
235. ull string Example IFNDEF TEMP THEN ERROR Macro TEMP not defined ELSE FATAL Macro TEMP is defined FI 2 53 2 54 Chapter 2 2 5 11 FILE LINE INFO FUNCTIONS The macro preprocessor has two functions that are eguivalent to ISO C predefined macros Syntax 96__FILE _ 96__LINE__ The _ FILE _ macro is equivalent to the ISO C predefined macro it translates into the name of the current source file The _ LINE _ macro is equivalent to the ISO C predefined macro it translates into the line number of the current source line Example SERROR Error in file _ FILE on line _ LINE_ 2 5 12 OPTION FUNCTION You can use the OPTION function to trigger a command line option from within the source file Syntax 96OPTION command line option The command line option must be any valid command line option The OPTION function itself is replaced with the null string Example The following command sets the prompt for the IN function to y n from with the source SOPTION promptry n Macro Preprocessor 2 55 2 5 13 CONSOLE I O FUNCTIONS Two built in functions IN and OUT perform console l O They are line oriented IN outputs the character gt as a prompt to the console unless you specify another prompt with option prompt and returns the next line typed at the console including the line terminator OUT outputs a string to the console the return value of OUT is the null s
236. ult Description By default the linker only scans once through a library This means that if an object in a library refers to another object which already has been scanned before without being extracted it will not be scanned again With the linker control MULTIPASS the linker rescans libraries to resolve externals using preceding objects This way you do not have to worry about the library order Example link51 a obj b obj c obj mp Linker 9 55 NAME Control NAME module name Abbreviation NA Class Linking control Default Description The name control is recognized by the linker but no further action is taken The module name is not written into the output file The output filename uniquely identifies the output of the linker 9 56 Chapter 9 OVERLAY Control OVERLAY calling scheme calling scheme NOOVERLAY Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Linker entry and select Overlay Select the User specified overlaying radio button and fill in your own overlay control Arguments A calling scheme is defined as follows module name call indicator module name where module name is the name of one of the modules created by asm51 or referring to all valid modules in the program call indicator gt all hosts or PC and UNIX only Abbreviation OL NOOL Class Linking control Default NOOVERLAY Description The control OVERLAY cannot be
237. umber of object modules reguire a lot of typing if the linker must be started and all the module names and options must be entered Instead of typing all the information on the command line it can be put into a file using spaces tabs and newlines freely The filename can start with a sign or _ sign This filename can be used in the linker invocation as the one and only argument The reason of the two different prefixes is that the amp sign is special to certain operating systems The linker internally removes the sign or _ sign to work better with make utilities The contents of this file is not read as an object module but the linker processes it as if it had been typed on the command line Examples 1 link51 mod1 obj mod2 obj o demol out In the example above the plain object files mod1 obj and mod2 obj are linked into the output file demol out Linker 9 7 2 link51 mod1 obj mod2 obj float lib util lib o demo2 out This example show the use of libraries Besides the plain object files modl obj and mod2 obj two library files are specified The linker includes only those modules from the library that have been referenced in the first two object files link51 lcmd The linker first tries to read the file 01cmd as a text file If this fails the linker tries to read the file 1cmd as a text file If this fails also the linker issues a warning message If the file was fou
238. ve is read from standard input and the resulting archive file is written to standard output This makes it possible to use ar51 as a filter files are constituent modules in the archive file For PC the usage of wildcards is allowed posname is required for the positioning options a b i and specifies the position in the archive where modules are inserted Utilities 10 5 Options a b Append new modules after posname Insert new modules before posname Normally ar51 creates archive when it needs to The create option suppresses the warning message that is produced when archive is created The c option can only be used with the r command and as archive file name to suppress reading from standard input Delete the named modules from the archive file Identical to option b Local This option causes ar51 to place the temporary files in the current directory for PC in the directory tmp for UNIX Move the named modules to the end of the archive or to another position as specified by one of the positioning options Print the named modules in the archive on standard output Quickly append the named modules to the end of the archive file Positioning options are invalid The command does not check whether the added members are already in the archive Useful only to avoid very long waiting times when creating a large archive piece by piece Replace the named modules in the archive file If no names are given
239. viously defined macro and also to undefine one of the predefined macro functions Syntax UNDEF identifier The identifier must be a previously defined macro name or one of the built in functions The UNDEF command is replaced with the null string Example DEFINE TEMP path gt macro TEMP is defined SUNDEF TEMP gt null string TEMP is undefined SUNDEF SET gt null string SSET COUNT 0 gt undefined macro name SET 2 42 Chapter 2 2 5 7 LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS AND STRING COMPARISONS IN MPP51 Several built in functions return a logical value when they are called Like relational operators that compare numbers and return TRUE or FALSE OfffH or 00H respectively these built in functions compare character strings If the function evaluates to TRUE then it returns the character string OffffH If the function evaluates to FALSE then it returns 00H The built in functions that return a logical value compare two balanced text arguments and return a logical value based on that comparison The list of string comparison functions below shows the syntax and describes the type of comparison made for each Both arguments may contain macro calls EQS arg1 arg2 TRUE if both arguments are identical equal NES arg1 arg2 TRUE if arguments are different in any way not equal LTS arg1 arg2 TRUE if first argument has a lower value than second argument less than LES arg1 arg2 TRUE if
240. w the END directive No warning message is generated in this case Examples DSEG AVAR DW 2 CSEG END End of assembler source This line is ignored by asm5l Assembler Directives 7 19 EQU Synopsis name EQU expr name EQU register Description The EQU directive assigns a numeric value or register name to a symbol name The expression may not contain forward references or externals The symbol gets the same type as expr and can be used in any context where expr is allowed In the second form name is declared to be equivalent to a register name the identifier name can be used in any context where register is allowed Valid register names are A AB C DPTR PC and RO R7 Examples COUNT EQU OFFH COUNT is the same as OFFH ACCU EQU A define ACCU to stand for A 7 20 Chapter 7 EXTRN Synopsis EXTRN ype sym sym type sym sym Description With the EXTRN directive it is possible to declare symbols that are defined PUBLIC in other modules The segment type of the symbols is specified with ype which must be CODE DATA XDATA IDATA BIT or NUMBER The segment type NUMBER does not correspond to a specific memory space but indicates a typeless number Examples EXTRN CODE asym get_ info DATA count EXTRN BIT mybit abit NUMBER tnum Assembler Directives 7 21 IDATA Synopsis name IDATA expr Description The IDATA directive assigns an IDATA address to a symbol
241. x nesting Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E max nesting umber Default 31 Description With this option you can set the maximum include file nesting level Example To set the maximum include file nesting level to 50 enter mpp51 max nesting 50 test asm 2 16 Chapter 2 parameters redefine Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field E parameters redefine no parameters redefine Default no parameters redefine Description With option parameters redefine it is allowed to use the SET macro to redefine a macro paramcter Example mpp51 parameters redefine test asm Macro Preprocessor 2 17 prompt Option Q From the Project menu select Project Options Expand the Assembler entry and select Macro Preprocessor Add the option to the Additional macro preprocessor options field Ee prompt siring Default gt Description With this option you can set the prompt for the IN built in function Example To set the prompt for the IN function to cmd gt enter mpp51 promptz cmd gt test asm 2 18 Chapter 2 Option EDE determines the
242. xamples TSTART DATA 60H define TSTART to be at location 60H TEND DATA 6DH define TEND to be at location 6DH Assembler Directives 7 13 Synopsis label DB item item Description The DB directive initializes memory with byte values This directive is only allowed in a CODE segment An item can be either a string or an expression For strings each character in the string is placed in one byte of memory amp With this directive strings longer that 2 characters and empty strings are acceptable For every expression in the item list the least significant byte is placed in memory Examples HELLO DB Hello World 11 bytes in CODE memory NODD DB 1 3 5 7 9 initialize 5 bytes 7 14 Chapter 7 DBIT Synopsis llabel DBIT abs_expr Description The DBIT directive reserves space in bit units It can be used only in a BIT type segment The expression must be an absolute expression without forward references When a DBIT directive is encountered the location counter of the current segment is incremented by the number of bits specified with the expression Examples NBITS DBIT 6 reserve 6 bits Assembler Directives DS Synopsis llabel DS abs_expr Description The DS directive reserves space in byte units It can be used in any segment except a BIT type segment The expression must be an absolute expression without forward references When a DS directive is encountered the locat
243. y This implies that if you invoke the linker like link51 mylib lib nothing is linked and no output file will be produced because there are no unresolved symbols when the linker searches through mylib lib The position of the library is important if you specify link51 lc5ls myobj obj mylib lib the linker starts with searching the system library c51s lib without unresolved symbols thus no module will be extracted After that the user object and library are linked When finished all symbols from the C library remain unresolved So the correct invocation is link51 myobj obj mylib lib lc5ls All symbols which remain unresolved after linking myobj obj and mylib lib will be searched for in the system library c51s 1ib amp The link order for objects user libraries and system libraries is the order in which they appear at the command line Objects are always linked object modules in libraries are only linked if they are needed Multipass support rescan libraries By default the linker only scans once through a library This means that if an object in a library refers to another object which already has been scanned before without being extracted it will not be scanned again With the linker control MULTIPASS the linker rescans libraries to resolve externals using preceding objects When you use EDE this control is enabled by default 9 80 Chapter 9 9 11 LINKING OMF51 OBJECTS AND LIBRARIES This section desc
244. y will be lost for the rest of the program i e macro time symbols can no longer be defined Example SET COUNT 0 gt null string SSET OFFSET 16 gt null string MOV R1 COUNT OFFSET gt MOV R1 0H 10H MOV R2 COUNT gt MOV R2 0H SET can also be used to redefine symbols in the macro time table SET COUNT COUNT OFFSET gt null string SSET OFFSET SOFFSET 2 gt null string MOV R1 COUNT OFFSET gt MOV R1 10H 20H MOV R2 COUNT gt MOV R2 10H Macro Preprocessor 2 41 2 5 5 EVAL FUNCTION The built in function EVAL accepts an expression as its argument and returns the expression s value in hexadecimal Syntax EVAL expression The expression argument must be a legal macro time expression The return value from EVAL is built according to asm51 s rules for representing hexadecimal numbers The trailing character is always the hexadecimal suffix H The expanded value is at most 16 bits and negative numbers are shown in two s complement form If the leading digit of the return value is A B C D E or P it is preceded by a 0 Example COUNT SET EVAL 33H 15H 0f00H gt COUNT SET 0f48H MOV R1 EVAL 10H 13 6 2 7 gt MOV R1 0fff1H SET NUM1 44 gt null string SSET NUM2 25 gt null string MOV Rl EVAL NUM1 LE NUM2 gt MOV Rl 00H 2 5 6 UNDEF FUNCTION The built in function UNDEF can be used to undefine a pre
245. yte can have the following absolute values 20h 2fh 8 bit byte offset in RAM 80h Of8h 8 bit byte offset in SFR value must be a multiple of 8 bitpos can have the following values 00h O7h Operands and Expressions 6 15 Examples DB HIGH 1234H DB LOW 1234H stores 12H stores 34H RV SEGMENT CODE RSEG CODE MOV DPL LOW func MOV DPH HIGH func MOV P1 BANK func EXTRN CODE func END 6 4 SEGMENT TYPE OF EXPRESSIONS The segment type of an expression involving more than one operand is assigned according to the following rules 1 The segment type of a unary operation NOT LOW HIGH BANK will be the same as the segment type of the operand 2 The segment type of a binary or operation is NUMBER unless one of the operands has type NUMBER in which case the segment type will be the type of the other operand 3 The segment type of the binary operations except and will be NUMBER 6 16 6 5 PREDEFINED SYMBOLS Built into the assembler are a number of symbol definitions for various 8051 addresses in bit data and code memory space These symbols are treated by the assembler as though they were defined with the BIT DATA and CODE assembler directives The predefined symbols are listed on the next page BIT Addresses Symbol BIT Address Symbol BIT Address EA BIT OAFH RS1 BIT 0D4H P BIT ODOH FO BIT 0D5H OV

8051 Cross-Assembler, Linker, Utilities User`s Manual

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