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Manufacturing Manual

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1. Eye Protection Personal Protective Equipment Office Safety Specific Equipment Machinery Operations Video Display Terminals Computers Control of Hazardous Energy Sources Lockout Tagout Bonding and Grounding of Flammable Liquids J Forklift Operations K Confined Spaces Pa Gy eh Ee Cy Sa Each Company must determine the training is necessary based upon their equipment hazard exposure and potential hazards When the employee will be exposed to specific hazards additional training such as servicing tires wheels respiratory protection chemicals or other hazards will be provided Employees will not be permitted to operate machinery equipment or expose themselves to hazards without proper training If an employee is not sure of a hazard or has any questions regarding the safety and health of any job assigned that employee must not perform the job until such time as adequate training is provided IF YOU HAVEN T BEEN TRAINED AND AUTHORIZED don t operate the equipment or machinery If you are assigned to jobs or tasks with which you are unfamiliar or haven t been properly trained do not accept the job or task until you re satisfied that you have been properly trained and understand the potential hazards of the job or task 10 Your Company Name DOCUMENTATION OF TRAINING SUBJECT DATE INSTRUCTOR INSTRUCTOR S SIGNATURE LESSON PLAN TITLE AND TRAINING AIDS USED PERSONS
2. Among other things the OSHA standard requires the employer s program to e Identify and evaluate permit space hazards before allowing employee entry e Test conditions in the permit space before entry and monitor the space during entry e Perform in the following sequence appropriate testing for atmospheric hazards oxygen combustible gases or vapors and toxic gases or vapors e Implement necessary measures to prevent unauthorized entry e Establish and implement the means procedures and practices such as specifying acceptable entry conditions isolating the permit space providing barriers verifying acceptable entry conditions purging making inert flushing or ventilation of the permit space to eliminate or control hazards necessary for safe permit space entry operations e Identify employee job duties e Provide maintain and require at no cost to the employee the use of personal protective equipment and any other equipment necessary for safe entry e g testing monitoring ventilating communications and lighting equipment barriers shields and ladders e Ensure that at least one attendant is stationed outside the permit space for the duration of entry operations e Coordinate entry operations when employees of more than one employer are to be working in the permit space e Implement appropriate procedures for summoning rescue and emergency services e Establish in writing and implement a system for the preparation
3. Light optical radiation B Sources During the walk through survey the safety officer should observe 1 Sources of motion i e machinery or processes where any movement of tools machine elements or particles could exist or movement of personnel that could result in collision with stationary objects Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns eye injury or ignition of protective equipment etc Types of chemical exposures Sources of harmful dust 98 5 Sources of light radiation i e welding brazing cutting furnaces heat treating high intensity lights etc Sources of falling objects or potential for dropping objects 6 7 Sources of sharp objects which might pierce the feet or cut the hands 8 Sources of rolling or pinching objects that could crush the feet 9 Layout of workplace and location of co workers and 10 Any electrical hazards Injury accident data should be reviewed to identify problem areas C Organize data Following the walk through survey it is necessary to organize the data and information for use in the assessment of hazards The objective is to prepare for an analysis of the hazards in the environment to enable proper selection of protective equipment D Analyze data Having gathered and organized data on a workplace an estimate of the potential for injuries should be made Each of the basic hazards paragraph 3 a should be reviewed and a determination made as t
4. A shock also can cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work surface To protect the user from shock tools must either have a three wire cord with ground and be grounded be double insulated or be powered by a low voltage isolation transformer Three wire cords contain two current carrying conductors and a grounding conductor One end of the 92 grounding conductor connects to the tool s metal housing The other end is grounded through a prong on the plug Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two hole receptacle the adapter wire must be attached to a known ground The third prong should never be removed from the plug Double insulation is more convenient The user and the tools are protected in two ways by normal insulation on the wires inside and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity to the operator in the event of a malfunction These general practices should be followed when using electric tools e Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations e Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools e When not in use tools should be stored in a dry place e Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations e Work areas should be well lighted POWERED ABRASIVE WHEEL TOOLS Powered abrasive grinding cutting polishing and wire buffing wheels create special safety problems because they may throw off flying fragments Before an abrasive wheel is mo
5. Are all solvent wastes and flammable liquids kept in fire resistant covered containers until they are removed from the worksite Is vacuuming used whenever possible rather than blowing or sweeping combustible dust Are firm separators placed between containers of combustibles or flammables when stacked one upon another to assure their support and stability Are fuel gas cylinders and oxygen cylinders separated by distance and fire resistant barriers while in storage Are fire extinguishers selected and provided for the types of materials in areas where they are to be used Class A Ordinary combustible material fires Class B Flammable liquid gas or grease fires Class C Energized electrical equipment fires 133 15 16 17 18 19 20 pA 22 23 24 23 Are appropriate fire extinguishers mounted within 75 feet of outside areas containing flammable liquids and within 10 feet of any inside storage area for such materials Are extinguishers free from obstructions or blockage Are all extinguishers serviced maintained and tagged at intervals not to exceed 1 year Are all extinguishers fully charged and in their designated places Where sprinkler systems are permanently installed are the nozzle heads so directed or arranged that water will not be sprayed into operating electrical switch boards and equipment Are NO SMOKING signs posted where appropriate in areas where flammable or combustible ma
6. The following hand held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary contact on off control switch drills tappers fastener drivers horizontal vertical and angle grinders with wheels larger than 2 inches in diameter disc and belt sanders reciprocating saws saber saws and other similar tools These tools also may be equipped with a lock on control provided that turnoff can be accomplished by a single motion of the same finger or fingers that turn it on The following hand held powered tools may be equipped with only a positive on off control switch platen sanders disc sanders with discs 2 inches or less in diameter grinders with wheels 2 inches or less in diameter routers planers laminate trimmers nibblers shears scroll saws and jigsaws with blade shanks 1 4 inch wide or less Other hand held powered tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter greater than 2 inches chain saws and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means must be equipped with a constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released ELECTRIC TOOLS Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers the most serious is the possibility of electrocution Among the chief hazards of electric powered tools are burns and slight shocks which can lead to injuries or even heart failure Under certain conditions even a small amount of current can result in fibrillation of the heart and eventual death
7. as in the case of sewer systems that may be affected by high tides heavier than air gases or flash floods The most hazardous kind of confined space is the type that combines limited access and mechanical devices All the hazards of open top and limited access confined spaces may be present together with the additional hazard of moving parts Digesters and boilers usually contain power driven equipment which unless properly isolated may be inadvertently activated after entry Such equipment may also contain physical hazards that further complicate the work environment and the entry and exit process WHY ENTER A CONFINED SPACE Entering a confined space as part of the industrial activity may be done for various reasons It is done usually to perform a necessary function such as inspection repair maintenance cleaning or painting or similar operations which would be an infrequent or irregular function of the total industrial activity Entry may also be made during new construction Potential hazards should be easier to recognize during construction since the confined space has not been used The types of hazards involved will be limited by the specific work practices When the area meets the criteria for a confined space all ventilation and other requirements should be enforced One of the most difficult entries to control is that of unauthorized entry especially when there are large numbers of workers and trades involved such as wel
8. basic indirect and direct At the lowest level an accident results only when a person or object receives an amount of energy or hazardous material that cannot be absorbed safely This energy or hazardous material is the DIRECT CAUSE of the accident The direct cause is usually the result of one or more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions or both Unsafe acts and conditions are the INDIRECT CAUSES or symptoms In turn indirect causes are usually traceable to poor management policies and decisions or to personal or environmental factors These are the BASIC CAUSES In spite of their complexity most accidents are preventable by eliminating one or more causes Accident investigations determine not only what happened but also how and why The information gained from these investigations can prevent recurrence of similar or perhaps more disastrous accidents Accident investigators are interested in each event as well as in the sequence of events that led to an accident The accident type is also important to the investigator The recurrence of accidents of a particular type or those with common causes shows areas needing special accident prevention emphasis 125 INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES The actual procedures used in a particular investigation depend on the nature and results of the accident The agency having jurisdiction over the location determines the administrative procedures In general responsible officials will appoint an individual to be in
9. e Operate according to the manufacturer s instructions e Provide and use the proper protective equipment Employees and employers have a responsibility to work together to establish safe working procedures If a hazardous situation is encountered it should be brought to the attention of the proper individual immediately 96 Safety Hazard Information Bulletin on Bench Grinders from OSHA The Directorate of Technical Support issues Hazard Information Bulletins HIB as needed to provide relevant information regarding unrecognized or misunderstood safety and health hazards inadequacies of materials devices techniques and engineering controls HIB s are initiated based on information provided by the field staff studies reports and concerns expressed by safety and health professionals employers and the public Information is compiled based on a comprehensive evaluation of available facts literature and in coordination with appropriate parties HIB s do not necessarily reflect OSHA policy The Boston Regional Office has bought to our attention a potentially serious hazard existing with an employer s use of a bench grinder equipped with abrasive wheels were rated at 3103 RPM and the grinder motor was rated at 3450 RPM The BR Tools bench grinder Model BG 8 was purchased with 8 inch TAI HWA Grinding Wheel Company Ltd wheels already installed Both the grinder and the abrasive wheels were manufactured in Taiwan The employer could not provid
10. information and training are going to be met in your facility THE COMPLIANCE OFFICER S INSPECTION The following discussion provides the type of information compliance officers will be looking for to decide whether these elements of the hazard communication program have been properly addressed A Labels and other forms of warning In plant containers of hazardous chemicals must be labeled tagged or marked with the identity of the material and appropriate hazard warnings Chemical manufacturers importers and distributors are required to ensure that every container of hazardous chemicals they ship is appropriately labeled with such information and with the name and address of the producer or other responsible party Employers purchasing chemicals can rely on the labels provided by their suppliers If the employer subsequently transfers the material from a labeled container to another container the employer will have to label that container unless it is subject to the portable container exemption See paragraph f for specific labeling requirements The primary information to be obtained from an OSHA required label is an identity for the material and appropriate hazard warnings The identity is any term that appears on the label the MSDS and the list of chemicals and thus links these three sources of information The identity used by the supplier may be a common or trade name Black Magic Formula or a chemical name 1 1 1 trichlor
11. issuance use and cancellation of entry permits e Review established entry operations and annually revise the permit space entry program e When an attendant is required to monitor multiple spaces implement the procedures to be followed during an emergency in one or more of the permit spaces being monitored If hazardous conditions are detected during entry employees must immediately leave the space and the employer must evaluate the space to determine the cause of the hazardous atmospheres When entry to permit spaces is prohibited the employer must take effective measures to prevent unauthorized entry Non permit confined spaces must be reevaluated when there are changes in their use or configuration and where appropriate must be reclassified If testing and inspection data prove that a permit required confined space no longer poses hazards that space may be reclassified as a non permit confined space If entry is required to eliminate hazards and to obtain the data the employer must follow procedures as set forth under sections d through k of the standard A certificate documenting the data must be made available to employees entering the space The certificate must include the date location of the space and the signature of the person making the certification Contractors also must be informed of permit spaces and permit space entry requirements any identified hazards the employer s experience with the space i e the knowle
12. 4 applying the lockout or tagout device s to the energy isolating device s 5 safely releasing all potentially hazardous stored or residual energy and 6 verifying the isolation of the machine s or equipment prior to the start of service or maintenance work In addition before lockout or tagout devices are removed and energy is restored to the machines or equipment certain steps must be taken to re energize equipment after service is completed including 1 assuring that machines or equipment components are operationally intact 2 notifying affected employees that lockout or tagout devices are removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device Energy Isolating Devices The employer s primary tool for providing protection under the standard is the energy isolating device which is the mechanism that prevents the transmission or release of energy and to which all locks or tags are attached This device guards against accidental machine or equipment start up or the unexpected re energization of equipment during servicing or maintenance There are two types of energy isolating devices those capable of being locked and those that are not The standard differentiates between the existence of these two conditions and the employer and employee responsibilities in each case When the energy isolating device cannot be locked out the employer must use tagout Of course the employer may choose to modify or replace
13. 7 11 Determine the most likely sequence of events and the most probable causes 12 Conduct a post investigation briefing 13 Prepare a summary report including the recommended actions to prevent a recurrence Distribute the report according to applicable instructions An investigation is not complete until all data are analyzed and a final report is completed In practice the investigative work data analysis and report preparation proceed simultaneously over much of the time spent on the investigation FACT FINDING Gather evidence from many sources during an investigation Get information from witnesses and reports as well as by observation Interview witnesses as soon as possible after an accident Inspect the accident site before any changes occur Take photographs and make sketches of the accident scene Record all pertinent data on maps Get copies of all reports Documents containing normal operating procedures flow diagrams maintenance charts or reports of difficulties or abnormalities are particularly useful Keep complete and accurate notes in a bound notebook Record pre accident conditions the accident sequence and post accident conditions In addition document the location of victims witnesses machinery energy sources and hazardous materials In some investigations a particular physical or chemical law principle or property may explain a sequence of events Include laws in the notes taken during the investigation or
14. ATTENDING THE TRAINING Name Department 11 MANDATED POSTING REQUIREMENTS THIS INFORMATION IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE PART OF YOUR MANUAL BUT IT CAN BE RETAINED AS SO DESIRED State jurisdictions and OSHA require a variety of POSTERS to be posted in workplaces Most states provide these POSTERS free of charge as does OSHA If you don t want the hassle of writing to a variety of governmental agencies OSHA posters are available for all State jurisdiction and requirements This listing here is designed for CALIFORNIA but you can obtain the required POSTERS from any state just ask You may also contact www postercompliance com GENERAL OFFICE PACKAGE All the State Federal and OSHA postings you need to be in compliance on just two posters The State and Federal All on One Labor Law Poster includes all the postings you need to comply with the law The All on One OSHA Poster meets all of OSHA s demanding mandatory to post and mandatory to communicate requirements Both are laminated to keep them protected and looking new for years LABOR LAW State plus Federal All on One California Pregnancy Disability Leave Revised 9 95 CA EDD Unemployment amp Disability Notice DE1857 a amp d Revised 8 95 and DE1858 Revised 12 96 CA Workers Compensation Revised 8 95 CA EDD Withholding Allowance Certificate for the IRS DE35 Revised 1 93 became mandatory posting 1 95 Emergency Phone Num
15. Precautions both at home and at work 80 COMPANY NAME EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS This discussion details the basic steps to handle emergencies in the workplace These emergencies include accidental releases of toxic gases chemical spills fires explosions and bodily harm and trauma caused by workplace violence This discussion is intended to assist small businesses that do not have safety and health professionals It is not intended as an all inclusive safety program but rather to provide guidelines for planning for emergencies PLANNING The effectiveness of response during emergencies depends on the amount of planning and training performed Management must show its support for plant safety programs and the importance of emergency planning If management is not interested in employee protection and in minimizing property loss little can be done to promote a safe workplace It is therefore management s responsibility to see that a program is instituted and that it is frequently reviewed and updated The input and support of all employees must be obtained to ensure an effective program The emergency response plan should be developed locally and should be comprehensive enough to deal with all types of emergencies specific to that site When emergency action plans are required by a particular OSHA standard the plan must be in writing except for firms with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees The plan must
16. The proper selection and use of a respirator depends upon an initial determination of the concentration of the hazard s present in the workplace Keep in mind that NIOSH certifications are minimum standards This certification may not protect from exposures in every case so each organization must assess the exposure and recommend the proper respirator for that particular hazard or hazards Powered Filtering Respirators Powered filtering respirators are simply respirators that have small motors that increase air flow through the respirator They may be either air purifying or atmosphere supplying respirators TYPES OF FILTERS Certification of respirators are obtained for the complete respirator assembly not just the filters Filters vary according to the atmosphere they are to filter There are three series of filters N R and P To help you remember the difference between the N R and P filters think about oil Oil in the air makes a big difference in the type of filter you select The N designation means the filter is NOT RESISTANT to oil The R designation means the filter is RESISTANT to oil but not oil proof The P designation means the filter is oil PROOF Respirator filters are tested against the most penetrating size of aerosol hygiene factors damaging air contaminates and breathing resistance Efficiency ratings are granted depending on the amount of filter leakage that can be accepted The higher the efficiency rating the lowe
17. acetylene and thinners To extinguish a class B fire the objective is to remove the oxygen from the fire Carbon dioxide or CO2 extinguishing agents displace the oxygen of the fire Here is a CO2 extinguisher in action It puts the fire out very quickly These extinguishers are filled with CO2 which is a non flammable carbon dioxide gas under extreme pressure You can recognize a CO2 extinguisher by it hard plastic or metal horn and lack of pressure gauge The pressure in the cylinder is so great that when you use it bits of dry ice may shoot out the horn CO2 extinguishes the fire by displacing oxygen or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle It is a clean extinguishing agent and generally will not leave a residue on sensitive electronic or other equipment It is also non conductive which means it can be used for electrical fires CO2 may be ineffective on Class A fires as it may not displace enough oxygen to successfully put out the fire 121 Class C is for fires involving electricity Motors compressors pumps electrical tools fuse boxes appliances and anything energized with electricity You wouldn t want to use water on electrical fires as the electrical shock hazard could be as damaging as the fire itself Class D fires are those fires involving exotic metals such as beryllium sodium titanium magnesium and other metals that can burn Class d extinguishers smother the fire with a dry chemical to extinguish burning
18. all extinguishers at least monthly Once a year fire extinguishers must be inspected and service by an authorized service company After the extinguishers have been inspected and serviced the servicing company will issue a service tag This tag is good for one year During your monthly inspections check these service tags to make sure this tag is on the extinguisher and it s current If the tag is over a year old it needs to be re serviced TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS Fire extinguishers come in all shapes and sizes but you re probably most familiar with the red extinguishers Many years ago fire extinguishers looked like this Actually it was a bottle of water that was thrown at the fire The bottle broke and hopefully cooled the fire Later evolved a water and acid solution extinguisher This type of extinguisher was activated by turning the extinguisher upside down and the acid reacted with the water to build pressure and expel the 120 extinguishing agent We don t use these anymore because they re old and when activated they have a tendency to explode when pressurized If you have any of these types of extinguishers don t use them as they could be very dangerous when used Today we have a variety of extinguishers each designed to fight different types of fires Most are pressurized with an inert gas that expels the extinguishing agent such as dry chemical carbon dioxide foam water mists or other agents USING AN EXTINGUIS
19. any area where vehicles may be operated are adequate barriers and warnings provided to prevent employees stepping into the path of traffic 11 Do stairway landings have a dimension measured in the direction of travel at least equal to the width of the stairway Elevated Surfaces 1 Are signs posted when appropriate showing the elevated surface load capacity 2 Are surfaces elevated more than 30 inches above the floor or ground provided with standard guardrails 3 Are all elevated surfaces beneath which people or machinery could be exposed to falling objects provided with standard 4 inch toeboards 4 Isa permanent means of access and egress provided to elevated storage and work surfaces 5 Is required headroom provided where necessary 6 Is material on elevated surfaces piled stacked or racked in a manner to prevent it from tipping falling collapsing rolling or spreading 7 Are dock boards or bridge plates used when transferring material between docks and trucks or rail cars HAZARD COMMUNICATION 1 Is there a list of hazardous substances used in your workplace 2 Is there a written hazard communication program dealing with Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS labeling and employee training 3 Is each container for a hazardous substance 1 e vats bottles storage tanks etc labeled with product identity and a hazard warning communication of the specific health hazards and physical 4 hazards 5 Is there
20. application includes exemptions for various chemicals or workplace situations After compiling the complete list of chemicals you should review paragraph b to determine if any of the items can be eliminated from the list because they are exempted materials For example food drugs and cosmetics brought into the workplace for employee consumption are exempt So rubbing alcohol in the first aid kit would not be covered Once you have compiled as complete a list as possible of the potentially hazardous chemicals in the workplace the next step is to determine if you have received material safety data sheets for all of them Check your files against the inventory you have just compiled If any are missing contact your supplier and request one It is a good idea to document these requests either by copy of a letter or a note regarding telephone conversations If you have MSDSs for chemicals that are not on your list figure out why Maybe you don t use the chemical anymore Or maybe you missed it in your survey Some suppliers do provide MSDSs for products that are not hazardous These do not have to be maintained by you Do not allow employees to use any chemicals for which you have not received an MSDS The MSDS provides information you need to ensure proper protective measures are implemented prior to exposure 4 Preparing and implementing a hazard communication program All workplaces where employees are exposed to hazardous chemicals must ha
21. are required by their employer to administer first aid People who perform unanticipated Good Samaritan Acts are not held to these same standards but certainly it is an advantage to be aware of the precautionary measures that should be taken to avoid an exposure BLOODBORNE DISEASES Before we go further let s define a few key words Occupational Exposure A reasonably anticipated skin eye mucous membrane or skin puncture contact with blood or other potentially infections materials that may result from the performance of an employee s duties Bloodborne A microscopic organism or substance carried by the blood or fluid systems of the body is said to be bloodborne Pathogens A virus or bacteria causing damage stress or disease to the human body 75 HBV HCV HIV Although the information is directed at occupational hazards in the workplace the information in this program can be used by anyone regardless of their job Let s now examine bloodborne diseases and what are bloodborne pathogens Actually they are bacteria viruses and other microorganisms carried in the blood stream These microorganisms may cause disease and some pathogens can be deadly Some of these pathogens that are of greatest risk include Hepatitis B virus HBV Hepatitis C virus HCV and human immunodeficiency Virus HIV HBV Hepatitis B or HBV attacks the liver and is the major infectious bloodborne occupational hazard to health care workers HBV
22. assigned protection factor of ten Therefore the wearer must achieve a fit factor ten times greater than the APF or 100 This safety factor may be set higher at the discretion of the respiratory program administrator A probed respirator is a respirator that has been modified by the manufacturer to provide a sampling port through which internal air can be monitored This probed respirator can only be used for fit testing and CAN NEVER BE USED FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Another practical alternative is a fit test adapter This adapter allows the conversion of a working respirator to be fitted with a probe An advantage to this procedure is the wearer can be fit tested in his or her own respirator QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING Qualitative fit testing is not accurate and merely provides a pass fail result without obtaining a numerical or scientific measurement In this type of test the respirator s face to face seal is challenged with a substance detectable by the human senses such as smell or taste The test subject is relied upon to provide an unbiased and honest response Since the test subject is the person who will be detecting the smell or taste of the testing material pre screening is necessary to demonstrate an ability of the person being tested to detect the test agent A qualitative fit test would be extremely unsatisfactory if the person being tested could not detect or smell the testing material Every human being is different Some
23. behavior s or unsafe act s may have contributed to the accident or injury in which the employee may had been involved COMPANY NAME SAFETY TRAINING COUNSELING Safety counseling is designed to promote safety awareness and improve prevention of injuries and illnesses It s designed primarily to explain to the employee how his her unsafe behavior or unsafe act contributed to an accident injury or illness Continued demonstration of unsafe acts or unsafe behavior may lead to disciplinary action WHAT WAS THE UNSAFE ACT OR UNSAFE BEHAVIOR THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE ACCIDENT INJURY ILLNESS HOW CAN THE EMPLOYEE CORRECT THE BEHAVIOR TIME ALLOWED FOR THE EMPLOYEE TO CORRECT THE BEHAVIOR EMPLOYEE COMMENTS REGARDING THE COUNSELING OR INCIDENT Employee s name Employee s Signature Date COMPANY NAME SAFETY TRAINING Management will provide safety training as necessary Employees are responsible for obtaining proper training as may be necessary to adequately educate themselves in the safe work practices required to prevent all accidents injuries and illnesses Generally safety training includes but is not limited to the following 1 GENERAL HAZARDS TO WHICH EXPOSED A Employee Safety Orientation B Safe Lifting Back Injury Prevention C Earthquake Safety D Fire Extinguisher Operations and Safety E Chemical Safety 2 SPECIFIC HAZARDS TO WHICH EXPOSED Hazard Communications Right to Know Ladder Safety
24. charge of the investigation The investigator uses most of the following steps 1 2 Define the scope of the investigation Select the investigators Assign specific tasks to each preferably in writing Present a preliminary briefing to the investigating team including a Description of the accident with damage estimates b Normal operating procedures c Maps local and general d Location of the accident site List of witnesses f Events that preceded the accident Visit the accident site to get updated information Inspect the accident site a Secure the area Do not disturb the scene unless a hazard exists b Prepare the necessary sketches and photographs Label each carefully and keep accurate records Interview each victim and witness Also interview those who were present before the accident and those who arrived at the site shortly after the accident Keep accurate records of each interview Use a tape recorder if desired and if approved 7 Determine a What was not normal before the accident b Where the abnormality occurred When it was first noted Se gt How it occurred Analyze the data gathered 126 8 Analyze the data obtained in step 7 Repeat any of the prior steps if necessary 9 Determine a Why did the accident occur b A likely sequence of events and probable causes direct indirect basic c Alternative sequences 10 Check each sequence against the data from step
25. containers stored in a storage cabinet or in safety cans or in an inside storage room not having a door that opens into that portion of the building used by the public General Purpose Public Warehouses There are tables in the standard summarizing the storage requirements applicable to General Purpose Public Warehouses These tables refer to indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids which are confined in containers and portable tanks Storage of incompatible materials that create a fire exposure e g oxidizers water reactive chemicals certain acids and other chemicals is not permitted 108 Warehouses or Storage Buildings The last type of inside storage covered by this paragraph addresses storage in warehouses or storage buildings These structures are sometimes referred to as outside storage rooms Practically any quantity of flammable and combustible liquid can be stored in these buildings provided that they are stored in a configuration consistent with the tables in this paragraph Containers in piles shall be separated by pallets or dunnage where necessary to provide stability and to prevent excessive stress on container walls Stored material shall not be piled within 3 feet of beams or girders and shall be at least 3 feet below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of water spray or other fire protection equipment Aisles of at least 3 feet in width shall be maintained to access doors windows or standpipe
26. event of hydraulic failure If shock stands are used while a vehicle is lifted at least TWO shock stands must be used Never allow just one shock stand to be used All lifts should be inspected daily before use to determine serviceability and safety 148 BRAKES CLUTCHES Only those persons trained and authorized may service brakes and clutches Training includes the potential hazard of asbestos proper personal protection and proper disposal of any asbestos residue or fluids used in cleaning brakes clutches Proper safety procedures must be established relating to asbestos use handling storing disposing and required personal protective equipment Documentation of such procedures must be on file for documentation purposes GRINDING EQUIPMENT Abrasive wheels must be matched to the speed and specifications of the grinders Safety glasses AND full face shield is required when using grinding equipment Abrasive grinding wheels must be changed when the wheel becomes worn All guards must be in place before grinding is considered Tool placement guard must be no more than 1 8 inch from the abrasive wheel when grinding Do not allow soft metals such as brass or aluminum to be used on any abrasive wheel BATTERIES Use safe lifting methods when lifting batteries Use appropriate personal protective equipment to reduce battery acid exposure to eyes face and skin Do not allow smoking sparking or open flames near batteries
27. hands or by replacing the filter seals Inhale gently so the face piece collapses slightly and hold your breath for 10 seconds The design of the inlet opening of 66 some cartridges cannot be effectively covered with the palm of the hand If this occurs the test can be performed by covering the inlet opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or nitrile glove If the face piece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air is detected the tightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory If the respirator manufacturer recommends a different seal check then their recommendations should be followed Doffing a Respirator To remove the respirator you should loosen the straps and while pulling on the straps Allow the mask to gently release from the face seal Upon removing the mask it should be cleaned disinfected and stored according to the manufacturer s recommendations HAZARD IDENTIFICATION REMEMBER that identification of the hazard is the first step in selecting respirators This means identifying the respiratory hazards and the level of employee exposure If you ve confirmed that the atmosphere is not IDLH and it is not oxygen deficient and the hazard is a particulate then you need to select a particulate respirator You ll need to know the HAZARD RATIO for the contaminant Hazard ratio is the hazard concentration and the exposure limit for the contaminant Generally technically qualified indi
28. in the Washington D C metropolitan area Specific questions on ERNS the SPCC regulation as well as requests for the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule may be directed to the Emergency Response Division s Information Line at 202 260 2342 For printed information on CERCLA and SARA Title III such as copies of rulemakings as well as records supporting rulemakings call the Agency s Superfund Docket at 202 260 3046 The Public Information Center at the Agency answers inquiries from the public about EPA its programs and activities For a variety of general non technical information call 202 260 7751 116 ASBESTOS IN MANUFACTURING REPAIR FACILITIES OSHA s 1986 asbestos rule included methods of suppression and collection of asbestos dust and debris in brake and clutch repair operations These were described in a non mandatory appendix to the rule In response to a court remand of the 1986 rule OSHA reconsidered certain provisions and issued a revised asbestos rule on August 10 1994 In the final standard 29 CFR 1910 1001 Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Appendix F OSHA lists two preferred methods the wet brush recycle method and the enclosure HEPA vacuum system A more recent change is that OSHA will accept the use of spray solvent cans when performing brake and clutch repair as full compliance with the standard when simple clean up procedures Welding Operations in an MANUFACTURING Environment Conditions That D
29. in the later analysis of data In addition gather data during the investigation that may lend itself to analysis by these laws principles or properties An appendix in the final report can include an extended discussion 127 INTERVIEWS In general experienced personnel should conduct interviews If possible the team assigned to this task should include an individual with a legal background In conducting interviews the team should Appoint a speaker for the group Get preliminary statements as soon as possible from all witnesses Locate the position of each witness on a master chart including the direction of view Arrange for a convenient time and place to talk to each witness Explain the purpose of the investigation accident prevention and put each witness at ease Listen let each witness speak freely and be courteous and considerate ot NS SOs ae SO SS oe Take notes without distracting the witness Use a tape recorder only with consent of the witness 8 Use sketches and diagrams to help the witness 9 Emphasize areas of direct observation Label hearsay accordingly 10 Be sincere and do not argue with the witness 11 Record the exact words used by the witness to describe each observation Do not put words into a witness mouth 12 Word each question carefully and be sure the witness understands 13 List the qualifications of each witness name address occupation years of experience etc 14
30. it is useful information for all employee training programs This is NOT a written Bloodborne Pathogens plan It s information to inform all employees about the potential of developing a serious illness if they come in contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is ill with various diseases Vviruses It is most applicable to anyone who is trained as a First Aid or CPR provider If you have employees that are exposed to blood or body fluids you must have a written Bloodborne Pathogens Plan Throughout the industrialized world great strides have been made in promoting knowledge about Bloodborne Pathogens Training programs such as this one have been designed to educate people about the hazard and the protective measures that should be used to avoid exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens This updated program will discuss and demonstrate proper methods of infection control and exposure control that will help you to avoid the risk of contamination with potentially infectious materials There are governmental regulations and standards relating to bloodborne pathogens The purpose of these standards is to eliminate or to minimize an employee s risk of an occupational exposure to Hepatitis B virus HBV to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus also referred to as HIV and to other potentially infectious bloodborne pathogens These standards do not automatically apply to employees if they are trained in first aid however they do apply to employees who
31. liquids Where the term Class III liquids is used in this section it shall mean only Class IIA liquids When a combustible liquid is heated to within 30 F 16 7 C of its flash point it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for the next lower class of liquids 105 Flammable liquid means any liquid having a flash point below 100 F 37 8 C or higher The total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids It should be mentioned that flash point was selected as the basis for classification of flammable and combustible liquids because it is directly related to a liquid s ability to generate vapor i e its volatility Since it is the vapor of the liquid not the liquid itself that burns vapor generation becomes the primary factor in determining the fire hazard The expression low flash high hazard applies Liquids having flash points below ambient storage temperatures generally display a rapid rate of flame spread over the surface of the liquid since it is not necessary for the heat of the fire to expend its energy in heating the liquid to generate more vapor Portable tank shall mean a closed container having a liquid capacity over 60 U S gallons and not intended for fixed installation Safety can shall mean an approved container of not more than 5 gallons capacity having a spring closing lid and spout cover and so designed that it will
32. lockout tagout rule The following paragraphs illustrate some of these instances Servicing and or Maintenance Operations If a servicing activity such as lubricating cleaning or unjamming the production equipment takes place during production the employee performing the servicing may be subjected to hazards that are not encountered as part of the production operation itself Workers engaged in these operations are covered by lockout tagout when any of the following conditions occurs e The employee must either remove or bypass machine guards or other safety devices resulting in exposure to hazards at the point of operation 55 e The employee is required to place any part of his or her body in contact with the point of operation of the operational machine or piece of equipment or e The employee is required to place any part of his or her body into a danger zone associated with a machine operating cycle In the above situations the equipment must be de energized and locks or tags must be applied to the energy isolation devices In addition when normal servicing tasks such as setting equipment up and or making significant adjustments to machines do not occur during normal production operations employees performing such tasks are required to lock out or tag out if they can be injured by unexpected energization of the equipment OSHA also recognizes that some servicing operations must be performed with the power on Making ma
33. metals In most cases now he most familiar type of extinguisher is the ABC type Why is it called ABC Primarily because this extinguisher uses a dry chemical powder that extinguishes CLASS A CLASS B and CLASS C FIRES There s another extinguishing agent called Halon which is a clean chemical extinguisher that s was designed for computers electronic equipment and other sensitive equipment Halon is no longer being used and has been banned in the United States and other countries due to the potential damage to the environment by depleting the ozone There are new extinguishers and systems that will replace Halon such as a water mist type extinguishing agent Water mist is non toxic and has no ozone depletion potential Water mist is electrically non conductive and enhances the cooling and soaking characteristics of the agent It is designed to replace Halon in health care facilities electronic equipment manufacturing and similar environments FIRE PREVENTION Good housekeeping is one of the most important parts of fire prevention Clean neat and organized Don t forget to keep closets janitorial rooms and other equipment areas clean neat and organized Store flammable liquids in approved containers and don t leave paint cans thinners or solvents around your work area Flammables and combustibles should be kept in safety containers and properly stored when not in use Check your equipment especially your electrical cords
34. must ensure that a person or persons are adequately trained to render first aid The first aid is to begin within 3 to 4 minutes of the incident if the injury is of a serious nature Where the eyes or body of any employee may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials eye washes or suitable equipment for quick drenching or flushing must be provided in the work area for immediate emergency use Employees must be trained to use the equipment The employer must ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of employees health This does not mean that health care must be provided but rather that if health problems develop in the workplace medical help will be available to resolve them To fulfill the above requirements the following actions should be considered 1 Survey the medical facilities near the place of business and make arrangements to handle routine and emergency cases A written emergency medical procedure should then be prepared for handling accidents with minimum confusion If the business is located far from medical facilities at least one and preferably more employees on each shift must be adequately trained to render first aid The American Red Cross some insurance carriers local safety councils fire departments and others may be contacted for this training First aid supplies should be provided for emergency use This equipment should be ordered through consultat
35. no contaminants or threats to a person s health however some people may feel more comfortable wearing a filtering face piece If respirator use is strictly voluntary you must develop certain parts of the respirator program to ensure the face pieces that are worn are kept clean and in a sanitary condition Furthermore the user must be medically capable to wear the respirator and trained in its limitations This requires standard operating procedures medical evaluations training and maintenance Filtering face pieces are to be single use which means only one person may wear the filtering face piece The voluntary use of filtering face pieces is strictly for comfort and not protection In some cases the wearing of a filtering face piece in itself can be hazardous Be sure each person who voluntarily wears a face piece has been evaluated as being medically qualified to wear it If filtering face pieces are mandatory then a comprehensive written program and training are required just as is the case with other types of respirators SCBA AND RESPIRATOR MAINTENANCE Self contained breathing apparatus SCBA and air supplied respirators are a bit more complicated and require additional training This information is contained in another training program Respirators must be maintained in a clean sanitary condition After each use respirators must be cleaned disinfected and properly stored The information on how to clean and maintain respirators will
36. on an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure ensures that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed Lockout device Any device that uses positive means such as a lock either key or combination type to hold an energy isolating device in a safe position thereby preventing the energizing of machinery or equipment When properly installed a blank flange or bolted slip blind are considered equivalent to lockout devices Tagout The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed Tagout device Any prominent warning device such as a tag and a means of attachment that can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure 54 The tag indicates that the machine or equipment to which it is attached is not to be operated until the tagout device is removed in accordance with the energy control procedure SCOPE AND APPLICATION The lockout tagout standard applies to general industry employment and covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in which the unexpected start up or the release of stored energy could cause injury to employees If employees are performing service or main
37. people have very sensitive senses such as some people can detect a very minor odor while another person would have to be saturated with an odor before they could smell it That s why qualitative fit testing is not scientifically accurate but it does have value in helping respirator wearers evaluate the respirator they will be wearing will protect their health from potential hazards The qualitative test only verifies a protection factor of ten If more protection is required then a quantitative fit test must be performed During the qualitative fit test if the person s senses detect the substance inside the face piece the respirator being tested fails Commonly used aerosols and testing substances include irritant smoke and bitrex These materials are designed for the safety of the person being tested and for the strength of the test material for proper detection Although passing a qualitative fit test only verifies a protection factor of ten this type of fit test can be used to comply with the new fit testing requirements for all tight fitting face piece respirators up to a protection factor of ten Some disadvantages of qualitative fit test protocols is the subjectivity of the test as well as lack of information on the magnitude of the respirator leakage Other limitations are the ability of the 71 subject to detect the test agent and the type of response it elicits The only recourse in overcoming these limitations is to perform a quan
38. respirator Check the strap tension make sure it s not too loose or too tight Some respirators have a tendency to slip so check the fit in the mirror and through testing of the fit Move your mouth as if talking to make sure you don t break the seal or fit Seal Checks Before conducting the negative and positive pressure checks seat the mask on your face and move your head from side to side and up and down Ensure a stable fit Make sure there is room for eye protection and good vision If you wear glasses the glasses cannot extend through the seal of the mask Conduct seal checks If you have any facial hair or sideburns that would prevent a proper seal you cannot wear or select the respirator While selecting or wearing a respirator and you have any difficulty in breathing you must be provided a medical evaluation before being allowed to use respiratory protection To conduct a positive pressure seal check close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently into the face piece The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the face piece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal This method of leak testing requires the wearer to first remove the exhalation valve cover before closing off the valve and then carefully replace it after the test The negative pressure test is conducted by closing off the inlet opening of the canister or cartridges by covering with the palm of the
39. the device to make it capable of being locked When using tagout the employer must comply with all tagout related provisions of the standard and in addition to the normal training required for all employees must train his or her employees in the limitations of tags Limitations of tags includes but is not limited to the following elements e Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices and do not provide the physical restraint of a lock e When a tag is attached to an isolating means it is not to be removed except by the person who applied it and it is never to be bypassed ignored or otherwise defeated e Tags must be legible and understandable by all employees e Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials that will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the work place e Tags may evoke a false sense of security They are only one part of an overall energy control program e Tags must be securely attached to the energy isolating devices so that they cannot be detached accidentally during use 58 If the energy isolating device is lockable the employer shall use locks unless he or she can prove that the use of tags would provide protection at least as effective as locks and would assure full employee protection Full employee protection includes complying with all tagout related provisions plus implementing additional safety measures that can provide the level of sa
40. the following requirements 53 e It is designed with a hasp to which a lock can be attached e It is designed with any other integral part through which a lock can be affixed e It has a locking mechanism built into it or e It can be locked without dismantling rebuilding or replacing the energy isolating device or permanently altering its energy control capability Energized Machines and equipment are energized when 1 they are connected to an energy source or 2 they contain residual or stored energy Energy isolating device Any mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy These include but are not limited to manually operated electrical circuit breakers disconnect switches line valves and blocks Energy source Any source of electrical mechanical hydraulic pneumatic chemical thermal or other energy Energy control procedure A written document that contains those items of information an authorized employee needs to know in order to safely control hazardous energy during servicing or maintenance of machines or equipment Energy control program A program intended to prevent the unexpected energizing or the release of stored energy in machines or equipment on which servicing and maintenance is being performed by employees The program consists of energy control procedure s an employee training program and periodic inspections Lockout The placement of a lockout device
41. the respirator After employees leave a respirator use area they should wash their hands and faces and respirator face pieces as necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation associated with respirator use Naturally if the wearer experiences any difficulty leakage changes in breathing resistance the respirator 13 must be cleaned and tested If the respirator is defective it must be repaired or replaced Proper maintenance cleaning storing and inspecting respirators is an important part of the respiratory protection program The use of respirators is simply one method of helping protect the health of people working in environments where their health could be affected if this protection were not used If respiratory protection is not used or used improperly in these environments and conditions then the worker s health could be impaired It s up to the company to provide the training equipment and supervision The most important element of the program is the wearer s responsibility in following the rules and regulations established by the company The respirator wearer s attitude towards safety and complying with the standards will make the difference between an effective program and a less than effective program Protection of your health is the goal of the respirator program 74 COMPANY NAME BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Note This may not be applicable to this industry unless you have First Aid CPR trained employees however
42. they should have the responsibility of meeting more comprehensive standards VACCINES There are no vaccines or cures for HCV or HIV However there is a vaccine for HBV Vaccination is your best protection against HBV The vaccine is given in a series of three doses Most often these three doses are taken over a six month time period The vaccine works most effectively when all three doses are taken If you decide to get the HBV vaccination you should check with your doctor and or your employer The vaccine is safe and effective and is currently recommended for children as well as adults T11 STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Standard Precautions is a method of infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if they are known to be infectious for any bloodborne pathogen Standard Precautions are to be observed in all situations where there is a potential for contact with blood or other potentially infectious material Some body fluids may be difficult to differentiate between other types of body fluid In this case all body fluids are to be considered potentially infectious A good rule of thumb to follow is always place a barrier between you and any moist or wet substance originating from another person Utilizing Standard Precautions can help protect you not only from HBV HCV and HIV but also from all other bloodborne pathogens PERSONAL PROTECTION In the workplace it s important to be familiar with per
43. to be entry supervisor s e Purpose of entry and known space hazards e Measures to be taken to isolate permit spaces and to eliminate or control space hazards i e locking out or tagging of equipment a procedures for purging making inert ventilating and flushing permit spaces e Name and telephone numbers of rescue and emergency services e Date and authorized duration of entry e Acceptable entry conditions e Communication procedures and equipment to maintain contact during entry e Additional permits s i e hot work issued to authorize work in the permit space e Special equipment and procedures including ppe and alarm systems and e Any other information needed to ensure employee safety 49 Training and Education Before initial work assignment begins the employer must provide proper training for all workers who are required to work in permit spaces Upon completing this training employers must ensure that employees have acquired the understanding knowledge and skills necessary for the safe performance of their duties Additional training is required when 1 the job duties change 2 there is a change in the permit space program or the permit space operation presents a new hazard and 3 when an employee s job performance shows deficiencies Training also is required for rescue team members including cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR and first aid training see Emergencies Employers must certify that training ha
44. tools plugs and receptacles to make sure they re in serviceable condition If you work with flammable liquids pay attention to spark producing tools electrical motors and other items that can ignite flammable vapors Do you know what makes a safety container for flammable liquids An approved flammable liquid container has a spring loaded lid to prevent spills but will allow the liquid in the container to expand by slightly releasing the lid enough for small amounts of vapors to escape It allows excess pressure to escape but won t spill the liquid Gasoline cans without spring loaded lids cannot breath therefore expansion of the liquid can cause the can to burst Perhaps the most important part of a safety container is the flame arrestor It s a mesh screen inside the container that looks like a filter It s designed to prevent flames from returning inside the container causing an explosion This type of container that is sold in almost any hardware or gas station today does not have a flame arrestor If you re pouring a flammable liquid out of this type of container and a spark 122 or other ignition source causes a fire the flame can be sucked back into the can causing a violent explosion Now you know the difference in a safety container and a potential bomb We didn t even mention bonding and grounding of flammable liquid containers to reduce the potential of explosion due to static electricity That information comes in another progra
45. training is needed when new equipment materials or processes are introduced when procedures have been updated or revised or when exercises show that employee performance is inadequate Personal Protection Employees exposed to accidental chemical splashes falling objects flying particles unknown atmospheres with inadequate oxygen or toxic gases fires live electrical wiring or similar emergencies need personal protective equipment including Safety glasses goggles or face shields for eye protection Hard hats and safety shoes Properly selected and fitted respirators Whole body coverings gloves hoods and boots Body protection for abnormal environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures MEDICAL ASSISTANCE Employers not near an infirmary clinic or hospital should have someone on site trained in first aid have medical personnel readily available for advice and consultation and develop written emergency medical procedures It is essential that first aid supplies are available to the trained medical personnel emergency phone numbers are placed in conspicuous places near or on telephones and prearranged ambulance services for any emergency are available 89 COMPANY NAME HAND AND PORTABLE POWER TOOLS HAZARD RECOGNITION Tools are such a common part of our lives that it is difficult to remember that they may pose hazards All tools are manufactured with safety in mind but tragically a serious accident of
46. E For maximum protection against eye injury establish a 100 percent mandatory program that requires eye protection throughout all operations areas of your plant Experience shows this kind of program prevents more injuries and is easier to enforce that one limited to certain departments areas or jobs FIT Workers cannot be expected to use their protective eyewear unless it fits properly and comfortably To ensure the eyewear is satisfactory have it fitted by an eye care professional or someone trained to do this Provide the means for maintenance and require each worker to be responsible for his or her own eyewear PLAN FOR AN EMERGENCY Establish first aid procedures for eye injuries Make eyewash stations accessible particularly where chemicals are used Train employees in basic first aid and identify those with more advanced first aid training EDUCATE Conduct ongoing educational programs to establish maintain and reinforce the need for protective eyewear Add eye safety to your regular employee education training programs and include it as a large part of new employee orientation SUPPORT Management support is a key ingredient in successful eye safety programs All management personnel should set an example by wearing protective eyewear whenever and wherever required REVIEW Continually review and when necessary revise your accident prevention strategies Aim for the elimination of all accidents and injuries PUT IT IN WRITING
47. EMENTS SAFETY CHECKLIST OFFICE AREA OSHA and other required posters properly posted where employees have access to viewing them OSHA Log 200 Posted on the bulletin board during the month of Feb OSHA Record keeping information up to date and in files Injury IlIness Plan written with appropriate safety Policies Procedures Other Written Plans Hazard Communications Hazard Assessment for Personal Protective Equipment Safety Procedures for Tire Servicing and other Equipment Processes Safety Health Procedures for Hazardous Materials Waste Sexual Harassment this is not a safety requirement Workplace Violence Program not a requirement Respiratory Protection required if respirators worn First Aid Program Medical Emergencies Plan Bloodborne Pathogens Exposure Control Plan for First Aid Trained Persons Medical Evaluation for anyone wearing a respirator Medical Records of anyone requiring Health Evaluations Exams Exposures Asbestos Policies Procedures relating to Brakes Clutch linings and proper disposal procedures VDT Safety for computer operators not required but recommended Ergonomics Plan for mechanics not required but recommended Emergency Action Plan Fire Extinguisher Maintenance Maintenance records of all equipment including compressors lift systems hydraulic jacks and other equipment Documentation records of all self inspections and action taken to correct any noted deficiencies Note any equipment taken out of se
48. ER respirators certified under previous standards Before an employee may be required to use any respirator with a negative or positive pressure tight fitting face piece the employee must be fit tested with the same make model style and size of respirator that will be used The employer shall ensure employees using a tight fitting face piece respirator pass an appropriate qualitative fit test or quantitative fit test FIT TESTING Fit testing a respirator determines the quality of the respirator to face seal and is the only way to screen out poorly fitting face pieces A fit test should not be confused with a fit check or user seal check The fit check or user seal checks are used only to verify that a respirator is seated properly before a fit test or before entering a work area with a previously fitted respirator The two basic types of fit tests are quantitative and qualitative QANTITATIVE FIT TESTING Quantitative fit testing provides a numerical or scientific measurement of the respirator fit It is the most accurate type of fit testing Quantitative fit testing is performed by challenging the seal of a probed respirator equipped with P100 HEPA filters to a challenge aerosol that is easily detected by the fit test instrument or by measuring the pressure inside the face pieces during a controlled Negative Pressure fit test The words challenge aerosol refers to approved materials such as smoke or other aerosols that can be detec
49. Follow the battery and battery charging equipment manufacturers recommendations Never allow two cables to be attached to batteries when jump starting One cable should always be connected to the vehicle ground It is recommended that a wet rag be placed over the battery caps when installing or jump starting batteries This reduces the escaping hydrogen gas from batteries When charging batteries the vent caps should remain on unless otherwise directed by the battery manufacturer Do not use damaged cut or frayed cables on any battery charger Batteries should never be placed on a concrete floor Use rubber insulated flooring surfaces or pallets 149 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS All petroleum products are considered hazardous waste Includes oil dirty oil filters gasoline solvent paints varnishes and many other chemicals They must be handled stored used and disposed according to federal state and local regulations Petroleum products can cause skin dermatitis therefore appropriate personal protective equipment should be used Properly store all flammables including spray cans in a metal cabinet when not in use All chemicals must have an MSDS be on the company chemical inventory and employees trained in their use and potential hazards They must be properly labeled FIRE EXTINGUISHERS The annual maintenance tag must be installed and be within a year of last inspection A monthly inspection should occur and docume
50. HA does not expect that every worker will be able to recite all of the information about each chemical in the workplace In 23 general the most important aspects of training under the HCS are to ensure that employees are aware that they are exposed to hazardous chemicals that they know how to read and use labels and material safety data sheets and that as a consequence of learning this information they are following the appropriate protective measures established by the employer OSHA compliance officers will be talking to employees to determine if they have received training if they know they are exposed to hazardous chemicals and if they know where to obtain substance specific information on labels and MSDSs The rule does not require employers to maintain records of employee training but many employers choose to do so IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU DOCUMENT ALL TRAINING This may help you monitor your own program to ensure that all employees are appropriately trained If you already have a training program you may simply have to supplement it with whatever additional information is required under the HCS An employer can provide employees information and training through whatever means found appropriate and protective Although there would always have to be some training on site such as informing employees of the location and availability of the written program and MSDSs employee training may be satisfied in part by general trainin
51. HER We use the word PASS to help you remember how to use an extinguisher Pull the pin Aim the nozzle Squeeze the handle and Sweep from side to side Pass Remember we said these extinguishers were pressurized This means you need to hold the extinguisher firmly as the force of the expelled gas can be fairly strong so hang onto the extinguisher if you re going to pull the pin and squeeze the handle Also if you ve never used an extinguisher the noise of the expelling gas can startle you so be prepared THE FIRE TRIANGLE Combustion is created by interaction of three basic elements Heat or ignition Oxygen and Fuel We call it the fire triangle To extinguish a fire you have to interrupt one or more elements Therefore to kill a fire one or more of these elements must be denied You can exclude oxygen from the fire remove the fuel on which the fire is feeding or lower the temperature We have different types of extinguishers for each type or classes of fire CLASSES OF FIRES AND EXTINGUISHING AGENTS First there s CLASS A FIRES Generally they have glowing embers as a by product A persons house on fire could be classified as a class A fire Wood clothing curtains paper or similar materials are considered Class A Fires Water is the extinguishing agent on class a fires which cools the temperature of the fire until it s extinguished CLASS B FIRES include flammable liquids and gases such as gasoline oil paints grease
52. IGATION Thousands of accidents occur throughout the United States every day The failure of people equipment supplies or surroundings to behave or react as expected causes most of the accidents Accident investigations determine how and why these failures occur By using the information gained through an investigation a similar or perhaps more disastrous accident may be prevented Conduct accident investigations with accident prevention in mind Investigations are NOT to place blame An accident is any unplanned event that results in personal injury or in property damage When the personal injury requires little or no treatment it is minor If it results in a fatality or in a permanent total permanent partial or temporary total lost time disability it is serious Similarly property damage may be minor or serious Investigate all accidents regardless of the extent of injury or damage Accidents are part of a broad group of events that adversely affect the completion of a task These events are incidents For simplicity the procedures discussed in later sections refer only to accidents They are however also applicable to incidents This discussion introduces the reader to basic accident investigation procedures and describes accident analysis techniques ACCIDENT PREVENTION Accidents are usually complex An accident may have 10 or more events that can be causes A detailed analysis of an accident will normally reveal three cause levels
53. INJURY AND ILLNESS PREVENTION MANUAL GUIDELINES DISCLAIMER Information provided in this written material should not be considered as all encompassing or suitable for all situations conditions or environments Each company is responsible for implementing their own safety injury illness prevention program and should consult with their legal medical or other advisors as to the suitability of using this information Application of this information does not guarantee you will be successful in your safety efforts or that the information will meet Federal OSHA standards or requirements At the time this information was provided it was believed to be from reliable sources and current with applicable local state or federal safety standards however the producers of the program assume no liability arising from the use of or reliance on the information provided Always seek the advice of your legal medical or other advisors as necessary before using this information in your Company s safety efforts We have provided this Manual on disk so you may remove information that may not be applicable to your operations Admittedly there is more information in this Manual than may be required You may also want to add information we may not have included It is recommended that you place your name and address as HEADER OR FOOTER to more personalize the Manual Where we have COMPANY NAME simply go to the Word format EDIT file in the top menu then th
54. S OR JUMPSUITS prevent contaminated infectious material from reaching clothing under garments and skin surfaces The material should be appropriate for the level of exposure 78 CPR MASK or other mouth to barrier device is strongly recommended CAPS and BOOTIES cover the head and shoes completely Be sure the booties are tied securely Any PPE or normal clothing items that become soiled with infectious material must be removed as soon as possible Contaminated materials must be handled with caution and placed in an appropriately labeled bag or container until it is decontaminated or properly disposed Along with PPE is the advice that you should never drink smoke handle contact lenses or apply cosmetics or lip balm until you have left the area containing potentially infectious materials Do not leave the area until you have thoroughly washed your hands CONTAINERS COLOR CODING AND LABELS For decontamination and disposal methods your employer will provide specifically labeled and color coded containers such as Biohazard Bags sharps items containers and biohazard laundry bags Regulated waste containers are required to be color coded or labeled with the biohazard sign These color codes and labels are intended to warn the person who handles the container Biohazard symbols and labels must be fluorescent orange or orange red with letters or symbols in a contrasting color These symbols must be affixed to containers used to store or t
55. SURFACES General Work Environment Is a documented functioning housekeeping program in place Are all worksites clean sanitary and orderly Are work surfaces kept dry or is appropriate means taken to make surfaces are slip resistant Are all spilled hazardous materials or liquids including blood and other potentially infectious materials cleaned up immediately and according to proper procedures 140 Are combustible scrap debris and waste stored safely and removed from the worksite properly 6 Is all regulated waste as defined in the OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard 1910 1030 discarded according to federal state and local regulations 7 Are accumulations of combustible dust routinely removed from elevated surfaces including the overhead structure of buildings etc 8 Is combustible dust cleaned with a vacuum system to prevent it from going into suspension 9 Is metallic or conductive dust prevented from entering or accumulating on or around electrical enclosures or equipment 10 Are covered metal waste cans used for oily and paint soaked waste Walkways 1 Are aisles and passageways kept clear 2 Are aisles and walkways marked as appropriate 3 Are wet surfaces covered with non slip materials 4 Are holes in the floor sidewalk or other walking surface repaired properly covered or otherwise made safe 5 Is there a safe clearance for walking in aisles where motorized or mechanical handling equipment is oper
56. Supply each witness with a copy of his or her statements Signed statements are desirable After interviewing all witnesses the team should analyze each witness statement They may wish to re interview one or more witnesses to confirm or clarify key points While there may be inconsistencies in witnesses statements investigators should assemble the available testimony into a logical order Analyze this information along with data from the accident site Not all people react in the same manner to a particular stimulus For example a witness within close proximity to the accident may have an entirely different story from one who saw it at a distance Some witnesses may also change their stories after they have discussed it with others The reason for the change may be additional clues A witness who has had a traumatic experience may not be able to recall the details of the accident A witness who has a vested interest in the results of the investigation may offer biased testimony Finally eyesight hearing reaction time and the general condition of each witness may affect his or her powers of observation A witness may omit entire sequences because of a failure to observe them or because their importance was not realized 128 PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES Accidents represent problems that must be solved through investigations Several formal procedures solve problems of any degree of complexity This section discusses two of the most comm
57. When all elements of your safety program have been established put them in writing Display a copy of the policy in areas frequented by employees and include a review of the policy in new employee orientation 103 COMPANY NAME FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS INTRODUCTION The primary basis of this standard is the National Fire Protection Association s publication NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code This standard applies to the handling storage and use of flammable and combustible liquids with a flash point below 2000F There are two primary hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids Explosion and fire In order to prevent these hazards this standard addresses the primary concerns of design and construction ventilation ignition sources and storage DEFINITIONS There are a number of definitions included in 1910 106 These definitions were derived from consensus standards and were not uniquely developed for OSHA regulations Some of the more important definitions are discussed below Aerosol shall mean a material which is dispensed from its container as a mist spray or foam by a propellant under pressure Approved shall mean approved or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory Boiling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14 7 pounds per square inch absolute psia This pressure is equivalent to 760 millimeters of mercury 760 mm Hg At temperatures a
58. a Material Safety Data Sheet readily available for each hazardous substance used 143 Is there an employee training program for hazardous substances Does this program include e An explanation of what an MSDS is and how to use and obtain one e MSDS contents for each hazardous substance or class of substances e Explanation of Right to Know e Identification of where an employee can see the employers written hazard communication program and where hazardous substances are present in their work areas e The physical and health hazards of substances in the work area and specific protective measures to be used Do details of the hazard communication program include how to use the labeling system and MSDS s Are employees trained in the following e How to recognize tasks that might result in occupational exposure e How to use work practice and engineering controls e How to use personal protective equipment and know their limitations e How to obtain information on the types selection proper use location removal handling decontamination and disposal of personal protective equipment e Who to contact and what to do in an emergency 144 AUTOMOTIVE FLEET SHOP INSPECTION CHECKLIST Designed specifically for fleet automotive operations THIS IS A SHORT CHECKLIST AND IS NOT DESIGNED TO COVER ALL ASPECTS OF SAFETY IN A SHOP IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO ADD TO OR DELETE INFORMATION AS NECESSARY TO MEET YOUR SPECIFIC REQUIR
59. acids or caustics before entry 2 Are all lines to a confined space containing inert toxic flammable or corrosive materials valved off and blanked or disconnected and separated before entry 3 Are all impellers agitators or other moving parts and equipment inside confined spaces locked out if they present a hazard 4 Is either natural or mechanical ventilation provided prior to confined space entry 5 Are appropriate atmospheric tests performed to check for oxygen deficiency toxic substances and explosive concentrations in the confined space before entry 6 Is adequate illumination provided for the work to be performed in the confined space 7 Is the atmosphere inside the confined space frequently tested or continuously monitored during conduct of work Is there an assigned safety standby employee outside of the confined space when required whose sole responsibility is to watch the work in progress sound an alarm if necessary and render assistance 8 Is the standby employee appropriately trained and equipped to handle an emergency 9 Is the standby employee or other employees prohibited from entering the confined space without lifelines and respiratory equipment if there is any question as to the cause of an emergency 137 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Is approved respiratory equipment required if the atmosphere inside the confined space cannot be made acceptable Is all portable electrical equi
60. adequately addresses the means of communicating information to employees in 24 your workplace and provides answers to the basic questions outlined above it will be found to be in compliance with the rule 6 Checklist for compliance The following checklist will help to ensure you are in compliance with the rule Obtain a copy of the rule Read and understood the requirements Assigned responsibility for tasks Prepared an inventory of chemicals Ensured containers are labeled Obtained MSDS for each chemical Prepared written program Made MSDSs available to workers Conducted training of workers Established procedures to maintain current program Established procedures to evaluate effectiveness Complete and use the SAMPLE HAZARD COMMUNICATION Plan as your WRITTEN HAZCOM PLAN if so desired The above information is for your study and use relating to hazard communications 25 COMPANY NAME WALKING AND WORKING SURFACES SLIPS TRIPS AND FALLS Slips trips and falls constitute the majority of general industry accidents They cause 15 of all accidental deaths and are second only to motor vehicles as a cause of fatalities The OSHA standards for walking and working surfaces apply to all permanent places of employment except where domestic mining or agricultural work only is performed GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Housekeeping Some of the most frequently overlooked general requirements involve housekeeping e A
61. ally approved precautionary procedures Are protective gloves aprons shields or other means provided and required where employees could be cut or where there is reasonably anticipated exposure to corrosive liquids chemicals blood or other potentially infectious materials See 29 CFR 1910 1030 b for the definition of other potentially infectious materials Are hard hats provided and worn where danger of falling objects exists Are hard hats inspected periodically for damage to the shell and suspension system Is appropriate foot protection required where there is the risk of foot injuries from hot corrosive or poisonous substances falling objects crushing or penetrating actions Are approved respirators provided for regular or emergency use where needed Is all protective equipment maintained in a sanitary condition and ready for use Do you have eye wash facilities and a quick drench shower within the work area where employees are exposed to injurious corrosive materials Where special equipment is needed for electrical workers is it available Where food or beverages are consumed on the premises are they consumed in areas where there is no exposure to toxic material blood or other potentially infectious materials Is protection against the effects of occupational noise exposure provided when sound levels exceed those of the OSHA noise standard Are adequate work procedures protective clothing and equipment provided and
62. ally in use either covered or protected by guardrails or equivalent Are manhole covers trench covers and similar covers plus their supports designed to carry a truck rear axle load of at least 20 000 pounds when located in roadways and subject to vehicle traffic Are floor or wall openings in fire resistive construction provided with doors or covers compatible with the fire rating of the structure and provided with a self closing feature when appropriate Stairs and Stairways 1 2 Are standard stair rails or handrails on all stairways having four or more risers Are all stairways at least 22 inches wide Do stairs have landing platforms not less than 30 inches in the direction of travel and extend 22 inches in width at every 12 feet or less of vertical rise Do stairs angle no more than 50 and no less than 30 degrees Are step risers on stairs uniform from top to bottom Are steps on stairs and stairways designed or provided with a surface that renders them slip resistant Are stairway handrails located between 30 and 34 inches above the leading edge of stair treads 142 8 9 Do stairway handrails have at least 3 inches of clearance between the handrails and the wall or surface they are mounted on Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway is there a platform provided so the swing of the door does not reduce the width of the platform to less than 21 inches 10 Where stairs or stairways exit directly into
63. artner you have had unprotected sex you or your partner have ever been diagnosed with another sexually transmitted disease such as herpes gonorrhea syphilis chlamydia or genital warts or if you or your partner have had unprotected sexual contact with an infected person WORKPLACE RISKS Certainly your employer must determine which jobs are at risk The employer must advise those employees to the exposure risks and the measures to take to reduce such exposure Occupational risks include professionals in the health care industry first responders such as fire police Emergency Medical Technicians who give first aid and medical attention or through other exposures An occupational risk includes coming into contact with blood or body fluids at work FIRST AID PROVIDERS A common barrier to action in an emergency is fear of disease transmission between an ill or injured person and a first aid provider As an example the perceived risk of disease transmission during CPR has reduced the willingness of some laypersons to initiate mouth to mouth ventilation to unknown victims of cardiac arrest Because of disease transmission concerns first aid providers must learn the importance of Standard precautions or body substance isolation They must know what steps to take for personal protection from bloodborne pathogens These steps include how to use remove and discard such equipment First aid providers are obviously at an increased exposure risk and
64. asses If beards are trimmed so they do not break the respirator this is acceptable HOWEVER the fit test shall not be conducted if there is any hair growth beard mustache or sideburns which cross the respirator sealing surface In the 72 example shown here would this person be allowed to fit test or wear a respirator under this condition The answer is no There is facial hair stubble that may interfere with an appropriate seal between the face and respirator There must be a proper seal before anyone may be fit tested or wear a respirator SEAL CHECKS Each time a worker puts on a respirator a user seal check is required These seal checks are not substitutes for fit testing Exactly how do you perform these seal checks A POSITIVE PRESSURE CHECK is performed by closing off the exhalation valve and exhales gently into the face piece The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the face piece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal A NEGATIVE PRESSURE CHECK is performed by covering the inlet opening of the canister or cartridges and inhale gently so the face piece collapses slightly and you hold your breath for 10 seconds If the face piece remains in the slightly collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air is detected the tightness of the respirator s seal to the face is considered satisfactory The purpose of fit testing and seal checks is to make sure th
65. at a temperature not exceeding 300 F Maximum allowable sizes of various types of containers and portable tanks are specified based on the class of flammable and combustible liquid they contain 107 DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND CAPACITY OF STORAGE CABINETS Not more than 60 gallons of Class I and or Class II liquids or not more than 120 gallons of Class IM liquids may be stored in an individual cabinet This standard permits both metal and wooden storage cabinets Storage cabinets shall be designed and constructed to limit the internal temperature to not more than 325 F when subjected to a standardized 10 minute fire test All joints and seams shall remain tight and the door shall remain securely closed during the fire test Storage cabinets shall be conspicuously labeled Flammable Keep Fire Away The bottom top door and sides of metal cabinets shall be at least No 18 gage sheet metal and double walled with 11 2 inch air space The door shall be provided with a three point lock and the door sill shall be raised at least 2 inches above the bottom of the cabinet STORAGAE INSIDE BUILDINGS Exits Flammable or combustible liquids including stock for sale shall not be stored so as to limit use of exits stairways or areas normally used for the safe egress of people Office Occupancies Storage shall be prohibited except that which is required for maintenance and operation of equipment Such storage shall be kept in closed metal
66. atarsal protection should be provided and in other special situations electrical conductive or insulating safety shoes would be appropriate Safety shoes or boots with impact protection would be required for carrying or handling materials such as packages objects parts or heavy tools which could be dropped and for other activities where objects might fall onto the feet Safety shoes or boots with compression protection would be required for work activities involving skid trucks manual material handling carts around bulk rolls such as paper rolls and around heavy pipes all of which could potentially roll over an employee s feet Safety shoes or boots with puncture protection would be required where sharp objects such as nails wire tacks screws large staples scrap metal etc could be stepped on by employees causing a foot injury 101 10 Selection guidelines for hand protection Gloves are often relied upon to prevent cuts abrasions burns and skin contact with chemicals that are capable of causing local or systemic effects following dermal exposure OSHA is unaware of any gloves that provide protection against all potential hand hazards and commonly available glove materials provide only limited protection against many chemicals Therefore it is important to select the most appropriate glove for a particular application and to determine how long it can be worn and whether it can be reused It is also important to know the perfor
67. ating 6 Are materials or equipment stored in such a way that sharp projecting parts will not interfere with the walkway 7 Are spilled materials cleaned up immediately 8 Are changes of direction or elevation readily identifiable 9 Are aisles or walkways that pass near moving or operating machinery welding operations or similar operations arranged so employees will not be subjected to potential hazards 10 Is adequate headroom provided for the entire length of any aisle or walkway 11 Are standard guardrails provided wherever aisle or walkway surfaces are elevated more than 30 inches above any adjacent floor or the ground 12 Are bridges provided over conveyors and similar hazards 141 Floor and Wall Openings bs Are floor openings guarded by a cover a guardrail or equivalent on all sides except at entrance to stairways or ladders Are toeboards installed around the edges of permanent floor openings where persons may pass below the opening Are skylight screens of such construction and mounting that they will withstand a load of at least 200 pounds Is the glass in the windows doors glass walls etc which are subject to human impact of sufficient thickness and type for the condition of use Are grates or similar type covers over floor openings such as floor drains of such design that foot traffic or rolling equipment will not be affected by the grate spacing Are unused portions of service pits and pits not actu
68. ation about respirators and respiratory hazards with which you may come in contact Armed with the proper information we know you will make wise choices to protect your health and well being We ll be explaining basic terminology sharing with you the different types of respirators and filters discussing proper fit explaining the use and limitations and explaining maintenance of respirators TERMINOLOGY Before you can properly select a respirator you need to know some basic terminology We ll discuss the hazards later Right now concentrate on understanding the basic terms and meaning of these words and phrases We re not giving you exact terminology of these words or phrases just some basic information so you ll have an understanding of what they mean in a general sense Permissible Exposure Limit PEL PEL s are exposure limits for each different chemical Established by OSHA PEL s may be expressed as a time weighted average TWA or as a ceiling exposure limit Threshold Limit Values TLV TLV s are used by industrial hygienists to express the airborne concentration of a material to which nearly all workers can be exposed day after day without adverse effects Each chemical or airborne concentration has different TLV s Oxygen Deficiency Oxygen Deficiency simply means there isn t enough oxygen in the air to support life Self Contained Breathing Apparatus SCBA These respirators are used in oxygen deficient atmos
69. be covered in other training programs Selection of respirators requires knowledge thought planning and understanding the hazards in the workplace Just because a respirator is new and looks great that doesn t mean it works for your particular hazards It requires special effort and training to make sure you use the proper respirator for the potential exposure If you follow the rules company policies and procedures you will be much more capable of protecting your health Respirator selection is an important part of your job responsibilities so don t take the job lightly Be informed and put your knowledge and good judgment to work for you 69 COMPANY NAME FIT TESTING RESPIRATORS UNDER NIOSH STANDARDS This short program explains the rules and procedures for proper fit testing of respiratory equipment as defined by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH These standards have established filtering efficiency and performance criteria for all non powered air purifying particulate filter respirators The purpose of fit testing is to make sure the respirator you use will not leak under normal use and working conditions Almost any respirator you use will appear to fit but individuals wearing a respirator may not always be able to detect a leak therefore a comprehensive fit testing program is necessary The standard allows respirator users to continue using and purchasing AIR PURIFYING and PARTICULATE FILT
70. bers Pay Day Notice Time Off for Voting Notice Harassment amp Discrimination Act Revised 1 96 CA Minimum Wage Notice IWC Order No MW 98 Revised 11 96 Equal Employment Opportunity is The Law ADA Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Employee Polygraph Protection Act Federal Minimum Wage Notice Revised 10 96 12 HEALTH CARE PACKAGE This also applies to hotels motels schools and other institutions If any of the special situations described below apply to your workplace OSHA regulations require that you display the appropriate posters LABOR LAW State plus Federal All on One California Pregnancy Disability Leave Revised 9 95 CA EDD Unemployment amp Disability Notice DE1857 a amp d Revised 8 95 and DE1858 Revised 12 96 CA Workers Compensation Revised 8 95 CA EDD Withholding Allowance Certificate for the IRS DE35 Revised 1 93 became mandatory posting 1 95 Emergency Phone Numbers Pay Day Notice Time Off for Voting Notice Harassment amp Discrimination Act Revised 1 96 CA Minimum Wage Notice IWC Order No MW 98 Revised 11 96 Equal Employment Opportunity is The Law ADA Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Employee Polygraph Protection Act Federal Minimum Wage Notice Revised 10 96 OSHA SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE Job Safety amp Health Protection Medical amp Exposure Records Safety Awareness and Safety Meetings ABC s of CPR Choking Rescue with Diagrams Hazard Communications Che
71. bove the boiling point the pressure of the atmosphere can no longer hold the liquid in the liquid state and bubbles begin to form The lower the boiling point the greater the vapor pressure at normal ambient temperatures and consequently the greater the fire risk Container shall mean any can barrel or drum Closed container shall mean a container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures Fire area shall mean an area of a building separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour and having all communicating openings properly protected by an assembly having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour Flash point means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid The flash point is normally an indication of susceptibility to ignition 104 The flash point is determined by heating the liquid in test equipment and measuring the temperature at which a flash will be obtained when a small flame is introduced in the vapor zone above the surface of the liquid A standard closed container is used to determine the closed cup flash point and a standard open surface dish for the open cup flash point temperature as specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM Thes
72. capacity and specific use e Other factors which contribute to the practical safeguarding of employees using or likely to come in contact with the equipment Note This requirement is in effect an electrical general duty clause similar to Section 5 a 1 of the OSH Act each employer shall furnish a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious harm to his employees INSTALLATION AND USE OF EQUIPMENT Listed or labeled equipment shall be used or installed in accordance with any instructions included in the listing or labeling IDENTIFICATION OF DISCONNECTING MEANS AND CIRCUITS Disconnecting means A disconnecting means is a switch that is used to disconnect the conductors of a circuit from the source of electric current Disconnect switches are important because they enable a circuit to be opened stopping the flow of electricity and thus can effectively protect workers and equipment Each disconnecting means required by this subpart for motors and appliances shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose unless located and arranged so the purpose is evident Each service feeder and branch circuit at its disconnecting means or over current device shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose unless located and arranged so the purpose is evident These markings shall be of sufficient durability to withstand the environment involved Each disconnect swi
73. ceived maintain material safety data sheets that are received and give employees access to them and provide information and training for employees Employers do not have to have written hazard communication programs and lists of chemicals for these types of operations The limited coverage of laboratories and sealed container operations addresses the obligation of an employer to the workers in the operations involved and does not affect the employer s duties as a distributor of chemicals For example a distributor may have warehouse operations where employees would be protected under the limited sealed container provisions In this situation requirements for obtaining and maintaining MSDSs are limited to providing access to those received with containers while the substance is in the workplace and requesting MSDSs when employees request access for those not received with the containers As a distributor of hazardous chemicals that employer will still have responsibilities for providing MSDSs to downstream customers at the time of the first shipment and when the MSDS is updated Therefore although they may not be required for the employees in their work operation the distributor may nevertheless have to have MSDSs to satisfy other requirements of the rule 2 Identifying responsible staff Hazard communication is going to be a continuing program in your facility Compliance with the HCS is not a one shot deal In order to have a successful
74. ck should never be used to support a lifted load Once the load has been lifted it must immediately be blocked up 95 Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure If the lift surface is metal place a 1 inch thick hardwood block or equivalent between it and the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage To set up a jack make certain of the following e The base rests on a firm level surface e The jack is correctly centered e The jack head bears against a level surface and e The lift force is applied evenly Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety All jacks must be inspected before each use and lubricated regularly If a jack is subjected to an abnormal load or shock it should be thoroughly examined to make sure it has not been damaged Hydraulic jacks exposed to freezing temperatures must be filled with an adequate antifreeze liquid GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Employees who use hand and power tools and who are exposed to the hazards of falling flying abrasive and splashing objects or exposed to harmful dusts fumes mists vapors or gases must be provided with the particular personal equipment necessary to protect them from the hazard All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following five basic safety rules e Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance e Use the right tool for the job e Examine each tool for damage before use
75. cklist Emergency Numbers Quick Reference Hazard Materials SB 198 Injury amp Illness Prevention Program Freedom from Violence Injury Fraud Notice No Smoking Law 13 Are your employees exposed to blood or other bodily fluids You Need the OSHA Bloodborne Poster Meets 29 CFR 1910 1030 requirements First aid CPR trained persons Postings included Quick Guide to Definitions Personal Protective Equipment PPE Cuts Risks Protect Yourself when Handling Sharps Hepatitis B Vaccination Holding the Line on Contamination Reporting Exposure Incidents Emergency Numbers Important Information for Employees and Supervisors New Health and Safety Codes New Required Personal Protective Equipment PPE Charts INDUSTRIAL PACKAGE Simply select Labor Law and OSHA Safety in the Workplace Poster If your employees are affected by exposure to hazardous chemicals operate a forklift or use a truck OSHA regulations require that you also display the appropriate Specialty Posters Postings included Revised 1997 Operating Rules New Language Added to Paragraph 17 Elevating Employees with Lift Trucks Operator Platforms Back Guards Rated Capacity Brakes and Warning Devices Internal Combustion Engines Maintenance of Industrial Trucks Quick Reference of OSHA Lift Truck Guidelines Quick Reference of OSHA Basic Operating Rules Emergency Numbers 14 Do your employees handle or are exposed to hazardous chemicals Most organizati
76. cleansers Contact cement All fuels Bleach Paint brush cleansers Antifreeze Carbon tetrachloride Paint thinners Brake fluid Disinfectants Paint strippers Car polishes amp waxes Drain cleansers Paints amp wood stains Fertilizers Floor Polish Solvents Fungicides Furniture Polish Varnish Removers Insect repellants Furniture Polish Wood Preservatives Insecticides Hair colorings Liquid Pool chemicals Spot removers Used oil Moth repellants Weed killers Nail acrylics Transmission Fluid Over cleansers Photographic chemicals Rubbing alcohol Rug amp upholstery cleansers Silver amp brass polishes ALTERNATIVES Household Use baking soda as a non abrasive scouring powder Use a vinegar and water mixture to clean windows and other smooth surfaces For safe furniture polish mix 1 tablespoon melted carnauba wax or 1 teaspoon lemon oil with 2 cups mineral oil Rubbing toothpaste on wood will remove water stains Rug and upholstery stains should be treated immediately with cold water or soda water Drains can be kept clear by rinsing them with boiling water twice a week Open clogged drains with a plunger or metal snake Home Improvements Use latex or water based paints wherever possible Thin them with water Re use solvents Give oil based paints and wood stains to neighbors or recyclers Garden Use peat moss manure or fish meal instead of chemical fertilizers Use organic garde
77. connections STORAGE OUTSIDE BUILDINGS Requirements covering storage outside buildings are summarized in tables in this paragraph Associated requirements are given for storage adjacent to buildings Also included are requirements involving controls for diversion of spills away from buildings and security measures for protection against trespassing and tampering Certain housekeeping requirements are given which relate to control of weeds debris and accumulation of unnecessary combustibles Fire Control Suitable fire control devices such as small hose or portable fire extinguishers shall be available at locations where flammable or combustible liquids are stored At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 12 B units shall be located e Outside of but not more than 10 feet from the door opening into any room used for storage and e Not less than 10 feet nor more than 25 feet from any Class I or Class II liquid storage area located outside of a storage room but inside a building The reason for requiring that portable fire extinguishers be located a distance away from the storage room is that fires involving Class I and Class II flammable liquids are likely to escalate rapidly If the fire is too close to the storage area it may be impossible to get to it once the fire has started Open flames and smoking shall not be permitted in flammable or combustible liquid storage areas Materials which react with
78. d Investigations are an effort to prevent a similar or perhaps more disastrous sequence of events Most accident investigations follow formal procedures This discussion covered two of the most common procedures Change Analysis and Job Safety Analysis An investigation is not complete however until completion of a final report Responsible officials can then use the resulting information and recommendations to prevent future accidents 130 COMPANY NAME SELF INSPECTION CHECKLISTS Note This checklist covers a majority of industries therefore may be too extensive for a small organization It is included herein primarily for training purposes We have included a specific Automotive Fleet Shop checklist after this module chapter for your use You may find this chapter redundant however it can be copied and developed into an employee checklist if so desired Otherwise it can be deleted or not used depending upon your operations SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM 1 Do you have an active safety and health program in operation that deals with general safety and health program elements as well as management of hazards specific to your worksite Is one person clearly responsible for the overall activities of the safety and health program Do you have a safety committee or group made up of management and labor representatives that meets regularly and reports in writing on its activities Do you have a working procedure for handlin
79. d energy mechanical hydraulic air etc be released or blocked before equipment is locked out for repairs Are appropriate employees provided with individually keyed personal safety locks Are employees required to keep personal control of their key s while safety locks are in use Is it required that only the employee exposed to the hazard place or remove the safety lock Is it required that employees check the safety of the lock out by attempting a startup after making sure no one is exposed 136 12 Are employees instructed to always push the control circuit stop button immediately after checking the safety of the lockout 13 Is there a means provided to identify any or all employees who are working on locked out equipment by their locks or accompanying tags 14 Are a sufficient number of accident preventive signs or tags and safety padlocks provided for any reasonably foreseeable repair emergency 15 When machine operations configuration or size requires the operator to leave his or her control station to install tools or perform other operations and that part of the machine could move if accidentally activated is such element required to be separately locked or blocked out 16 In the event that equipment or lines cannot be shut down locked out and tagged is a safe job procedure established and rigidly followed CONFINED SPACES 1 Are confined spaces thoroughly emptied of any corrosive or hazardous substances such as
80. d holes wall openings and holes and the open sides of platforms may create hazards People may fall through the openings or over the sides to the level below Objects such as tools or parts may fall through the holes and strike people or damage machinery on lower levels OSHA DEFINITIONS Floor hole An opening measuring less than 12 inches but more than 1 inch in its least dimension in any floor platform pavement or yard through which materials but not persons may fall Floor opening An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its least dimension in any floor platform pavement or yard through which persons may fall Platform A working space for persons elevated above the surrounding floor or ground Wall hole An opening less than 30 inches but more than 1 inch high of unrestricted width in any wall or partition Wall opening An opening at least 30 inches high and 18 inches wide in any wall or partition through which persons may fall PROTECTION FOR FLOOR OPENINGS Standard railings shall be provided on all exposed sides of a stairway opening except at the stairway entrance For infrequently used stairways where traffic across the opening prevents the use of a fixed standard railing the guard shall consist of a hinged floor opening cover of standard strength and construction along with removable standard railings on all exposed sides except at the stairway entrance Standard railing A standard railing consists of to
81. dard also requires the training of employees and periodic inspections of the procedures to maintain or improve their effectiveness Energy Control Program The lockout tagout rule requires that the employer establish an energy control program that includes 1 documented energy control procedures 2 an employee training program and 3 56 periodic inspections of the procedures The standard requires employers to establish a program to ensure that machines and equipment are isolated and inoperative before any employee performs service Or maintenance where the unexpected energization start up or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury The purpose of the energy control program is to ensure that whenever the possibility of unexpected machine or equipment start up exists or when the unexpected release of stored energy could occur and cause injury the equipment is isolated from its energy source s and rendered inoperative prior to servicing or maintenance Employers have the flexibility to develop a program and procedures that meet the needs of their particular workplace and the particular types of machines and equipment being maintained or serviced Energy Control Procedure This standard requires that energy control procedures be developed documented and used to control potentially hazardous energy sources whenever workers perform activities covered by the standard The written procedures must identify the informatio
82. de on an individual basis for a comfortable fit that will maintain the protective device in the proper position Take care fitting devices for eye protection against dust and chemical splash to ensure that the devices are sealed to the face Proper fitting of helmets is important to ensure that it will not fall off during work operations In some cases a chin strap may be necessary to keep the helmet on an employee s head Chinstraps should break at a reasonably low force to prevent a strangulation hazard Follow manufacturer s instructions carefully 7 Reassessment of hazards It is the responsibility of the safety officer to reassess the workplace hazard situation as necessary by identifying and evaluating new equipment and processes reviewing accident records and reevaluating the suitability of previously selected PPE A Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection B Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation As required by the standard protection from both hazards must be provided C Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection spectacles or goggles D As required by the standard filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations in 1910 133 a 5 Tinted and shaded lenses a
83. ders painters electricians and safety monitors A final and most important reason for entry would be emergency rescue This and all other reasons for entry must be well planned before initial entry is made and the hazards must be thoroughly reviewed The standby person and all rescue personnel should be aware of the structural design of the space emergency exit procedures and life support systems required 40 HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES Hazardous atmospheres encountered in confined spaces can be divided into four distinct categories Flammable Toxic Irritant and or Corrosive and Asphyxiating Flammable Atmospheres A flammable atmosphere generally arises from enriched oxygen atmospheres vaporization of flammable liquids byproducts of work chemical reactions concentrations of combustible dusts and desorption of chemical from inner surfaces of the confined space An atmosphere becomes flammable when the ratio of oxygen to combustible material in the air is neither too rich nor too lean for combustion to occur Combustible gases or vapors will accumulate when there is inadequate ventilation in areas such as a confined space Flammable gases such as acetylene butane propane hydrogen methane natural or manufactured gases or vapors from liquid hydrocarbons can be trapped in confined spaces and since many gases are heavier than air they will seek lower levels as in pits sewers and various types of storage tanks and vessels In a clo
84. determine if the employees are physically able to use the respirator Written procedures must be prepared covering safe use and proper care of the equipment and employees must be trained in these procedures and in the use and maintenance of respirators A fit test must be made to determine a proper match between the face piece of the respirator and the face of the wearer This testing must be repeated periodically Training must provide the employee an opportunity to handle the respirator have it fitted properly test its face to face seal wear it in normal air for a familiarity period and wear it in a test atmosphere A regular maintenance program must be instituted including cleaning inspecting and testing of all respiratory equipment Respirators used for emergency response must be inspected after each use and at least monthly to assure that they are in satisfactory working condition A written record of inspection must be maintained Distribution areas for equipment used in emergencies must be readily accessible to employees 86 Need and Requirements for SCBA A positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus SCBA offers the best protection to employees involved in controlling emergency situations It must have a minimum service life rating of at least 30 minutes Conditions that require a positive pressure SCBA include the following 1 Leaking cylinders or containers smoke from chemical fires or chemical spills that ind
85. dge of hazardous conditions and precautions or procedures to be followed when in or near permit spaces 48 When employees of more than one employer are conducting entry operations the affected employers must coordinate entry operations to ensure that affected employees are appropriately protected from permit space hazards Contractors also must be given and other pertinent information regarding hazards and operations in permit spaces and are debriefed at the conclusion of entry operations Permit System A permit signed by the entry supervisor and verifying that pre entry preparations have been completed and that the space is safe to enter must be posted at entrances or otherwise made available to entrants before they enter a permit space The duration of entry permits must not exceed the time required to complete an assignment Also the entry supervisor must terminate entry and cancel permits when an assignment has been completed or when new conditions exist New conditions must be noted on the canceled permit and used in revising the permit space program The standard also requires the employer to keep all canceled entry permits for at least 1 year Entry Permits Entry permits must include the following information e Test results e Tester s initials or signature e Name and signature of supervisor who authorizes entry e Name of permit space to be entered authorized entrant s eligible attendants and individual s authorized
86. ding platforms shall be provided for each 20 feet of height or fraction thereof Ladder safety devices may be used on tower water tank and chimney ladders over 20 feet in unbroken length in lieu of cage protection No landing platform is required in these cases The preferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be considered to come in the range of 75 degrees and 90 degrees with the horizontal Fixed ladders shall be considered to be substandard if they are installed within the pitch range of 60 and 75 degrees with the horizontal Substandard fixed ladders are permitted only where it is found necessary to meet conditions of installation This substandard pitch range shall be considered as a critical range to be avoided if possible Ladders having a pitch in excess of 90 degrees with the horizontal are prohibited As with all ladders fixed ladders shall be maintained in a safe condition and inspected regularly 32 OTHER WORKING SURFACES An important requirement which can prevent many serious accidents is contained in this section portable dockboards bridge plates shall be secured in position either by being anchored or equipped with devices which will prevent their slipping Movement of the dockboard during material handling operations has resulted in forklifts overturning or falling off the dock often with serious injury or death to the driver and damage to equipment and material Another major contribution to accident experience comes from
87. e information as to where the bench grinder was purchased While this may be an isolated case of mismatched abrasive wheels and bench grinder it has not been possible to contact the manufacturer to verify the same Indeed this grinder in the same configuration may have been imported by various distributors nationwide 97 MANDATORY HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1 Controlling hazards Personal Protective Equipment PPE devices alone should not be relied on to provide protection against hazards but should be used in conjunction with guards engineering controls and sound manufacturing practices 2 Assessment and selection It is necessary to consider certain general guidelines for assessing the foot head eye and face and hand hazard situations that exist in an occupational or educational operation or process and to match the protective devices to the particular hazard It should be the responsibility of the safety officer to exercise common sense and appropriate expertise to accomplish these tasks 3 Assessment guidelines In order to assess the need for PPE the following steps should be taken A Survey Conduct a walk through survey of the areas in question The purpose of the survey is to identify sources of hazards to workers and co workers Consideration should be given to the basic hazard categories hh NON 2S A a ee oe Impact Penetration Compression roll over Chemical Heat Harmful dust
88. e REPLACE file Click the box that says REPLACE On the find what box type in COMPANY NAME In the replace with box type your company name Then click on replace all This will remove COMPANY NAME and will replace it with your company s name On the CD ROM disk there is a separate section for OSHA RECORDKEEPING which is valuable information relating to OSHA RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS Even if you have no injuries to report you must POST the OSHA Log 200 where employees may see it for the entire month of February each month For the MANUFACTURING industry you should have the following minimum written plans INJURY ILLNESS PREVENTION PLAN HAZARD COMMUNICATION WRITTEN PLAN LOCKOUT TAGOUT PLAN CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT ENTRY if you have confined spaces RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM if you use respirators PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT HAZARD ASSESSMENT SPECIFIC POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR TIRE SERVICING HAZARDOUS WASTE CHEMICALS FORKLIFT OPERATING RULES PROCEDURES if you use forklifts You must be able to show through documentation that your company enforces safety This is one reason why we included SAFETY COUNSELINGS in this manual Unless you can show that you do enforce safety you do not have an EFFECTIVE safety program Basically there are several elements of an effective safety program that must be PROVEN THROUGH DOCUMENTATION should your company be engaged in a legal dispute e Written safety
89. e balcony gallery or platform e By elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or other working surface Note that although equipment elevated at least 8 feet is considered to be guarded this may not be adequate if material being handled is likely to make contact with live parts Where electric equipment would be exposed to physical damage enclosures or guards shall be so arranged and of such strength as to prevent such damage Entrances to rooms and other guarded locations containing exposed live parts shall be marked with conspicuous warning signs forbidding unqualified persons to enter You should be constantly aware of hazards in your workplace New work or changes may create a new hazard or poor maintenance may allow reappearance of old ones 36 IDENTIFICATION OF CONDUCTORS A conductor used as a grounded conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors A conductor used as an equipment grounding conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors The grounded conductor is an energized circuit conductor that is connected to earth through the system ground It is commonly referred to as the neutral The equipment grounding conductor is not an energized conductor under normal conditions The equipment grounding conductor acts as a safeguard against insulation failure or faults in the other circuit conductors The equipment grounding conductor is energized only if there is a lea
90. e equipment e g safety goggles gloves etc should be worn due to hazards that may be encountered while using portable power tools and hand tools Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools 90 Around flammable substances sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a dangerous ignition source Where this hazard exists spark resistant tools made from brass plastic aluminum or wood will provide for safety POWER TOOL PRECAUTIONS Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used There are several types of power tools based on the power source they use electric pneumatic liquid fuel hydraulic and powder actuated Employees should be trained in the use of all tools not just power tools They should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to prevent those hazards from occurring The following general precautions should be observed by power tool users e Never carry a tool by the cord or hose e Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle e Keep cords and hoses away from heat oil and sharp edges e Disconnect tools when not in use before servicing and when changing accessories such as blades bits and cutters e All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area e Secure work with clamps or a vise freeing both hands to operate the tool e Avoid accidental s
91. e inspected prior to being carried into the workplace Mouth bit or other emergency escape respirators are carried into the workplace for use by one 67 person in an emergency and must be inspected for proper condition prior to being carried into the workplace Therefore escape only respirators need only be inspected before being carried into the workplace Inspection procedures must include the respirator is working properly and all connections are tight and all the various components of the respirator are functioning properly and in good condition When there is an IDLH situation a standby person must be in communications with people in the IDLH atmosphere This standby person must be properly fitted with respiratory equipment and be adequately prepared to facilitate rescue attempts Prior to entering an IDLH atmosphere for rescue the standby rescue person should notify management to take the responsibility for the rescue and to make sure the rescue is carried out appropriately The employer should be advised of the rescue to ensure the rescue is necessary and that an emergency response team has been advised of the emergency No one should enter an IDLH atmosphere that has not been properly trained or is not wearing appropriate respiratory protection REPIRATOR LIMITATIONS Not all workers can wear respirators Individuals with impaired lung function due to asthma or emphysema for example may be physically unable to wear a respirator Indiv
92. e methods are referenced in OSHA s 1910 106 standard Combustible liquid means any liquid having a flash point at or above 1000F 37 80C Classes of Combustible Liquids Class I Liquids Class IA shall include liquids having flash points below 73 F 22 8 C and having a boiling point below 100 F 37 8 C Class IB shall include liquids having flash points below 73 F 22 8 C and having a boiling point at or above 100 F 37 8 C Class IC shall include liquids having flash points at or above 73 F 22 8 C and below 100 F 37 8 C Class II Liquids Class II Liquids shall include those with flash points at or above 100 F 37 8 C and below 140 F 60 C Any mixture having components with flash points of 200 F 93 3 C or higher the volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture are also listed as Class II Liquids Class ITI Liquids Class III liquids shall include those with flash points at or above 140 F 60 C Class M liquids are subdivided into two subclasses Class IA liquids shall include those with flash points at or above 140 F 60 C and below 200 F 93 3 C Any mixture having components with flash points of 200 F 93 3 C or higher the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture are classed as Class ITA Class IIB liquids shall include those with flash points at or above 200 F 93 3 C This section does not regulate Class IIIB
93. e of the stairs 28 Standard stair railing A standard stair railing stair rail shall be of construction similar to a standard railing but the vertical height shall be not more than 34 inches nor less than 30 inches from the upper surface of the top rail to the surface of the tread in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the tread Standard handrail A standard handrail consists of a lengthwise member mounted directly on a wall or partition by means of brackets attached to the lower side of the handrail in order to keep a smooth unobstructed surface along the top and both sides of the handrail They shall hold the rail 3 inches from the wall and be no more than 8 feet apart The height of handrails shall be no more than 34 inches nor less than 30 inches from the upper surface of the handrail to the surface of the tread in line with the face of the riser or to the surface of the ramp Winding stairs shall have a handrail that is offset to prevent people from walking on any portion of the treads where the width is less than 6 inches FIXED INDUSTRIAL STAIRS This section contains specifications for the safe design and construction of fixed general industrial stairs including interior and exterior stairs around machinery tanks and other equipment and stairs leading to or from floors platforms or pits This section does not apply to stairs used for fire exit purposes to construction operations to private residence
94. e procedures you establish regarding for example purchasing storage and handling of these chemicals will improve and thereby reduce the risks to employees exposed to the chemical hazards involved Furthermore your workers comprehension will be increased and proper work practices will be followed in your workplace If you are going to do the training yourself you will have to understand the material and be prepared to motivate the workers to learn This is not always an easy task but the benefits are worth the effort More information regarding appropriate training can be found in OSHA Publication No 2254 which contains voluntary training guidelines prepared by OSHA s Office of Training and Education A copy of this document is available from OSHA s Publications Office at 202 219 4667 In reviewing your written program with regard to information and training the following items need to be considered Designation of person s responsible for conducting training Format of the program to be used audiovisuals classroom instruction etc Elements of the training program and Procedure to train new employees at the time of their initial assignment to work with a hazardous chemical and to train employees when a new hazard is introduced into the workplace haat ee The written program should provide enough details about the employer s plans in this area to assess whether or not a good faith effort is being made to train employees OS
95. e that the energy control procedures locks and tags continue to be implemented properly and that the employees are familiar with their responsibilities under those procedures In addition the employer must certify that the periodic inspections have been performed The certification must identify the machine or equipment on which the energy control procedure was used the date of the inspection the employees included in the inspection and the name of the person performing the inspection For lockout procedures the periodic inspection must include a review between the inspector and each authorized employee of that employee s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected When a tagout procedure is inspected a review on the limitation of tags in addition to the above requirements must also be included with each affected and authorized employee Application of Controls and Lockout Tagout Devices The established procedure of applying energy controls includes the specific elements and actions that must be implemented in sequence 3 These are briefly identified as follows 1 Prepare for shut down 2 Shut down the machine or equipment 3 Apply the lockout or tagout device 4 Render safe all stored or residual energy 5 Verify the isolation and de energization of the machine or equipment Removal of Locks and Tags Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and energy is restored to the machine or equipment the aut
96. ecked regularly for deterioration or damage 135 Powder Actuated Tools ii Are employees who operate powder actuated tools trained in their use and carry a valid operator s card Is each powder actuated tool stored in its own locked container when not being used Is a sign at least 7 inches by 10 inches with bold face type reading POWDER ACTUATED TOOL IN USE conspicuously posted when the tool is being used Are powder actuated tools left unloaded until they are actually ready to be used Are powder actuated tools inspected for obstructions or defects each day before use Do powder actuated tool operators have and use appropriate personal protective equipment such as hard hats safety goggles safety shoes and ear protectors LOCKOUT TAGOUT PROCEDURES 1 10 11 Is all machinery or equipment capable of movement required to be de energized or disengaged and locked out during cleaning servicing adjusting or setting up operations whenever required Where the power disconnecting means for equipment does not also disconnect the electrical control circuit Are the appropriate electrical enclosures identified Is means provided to assure the control circuit can also be disconnected and locked out Is the locking out of control circuits in lieu of locking out main power disconnects prohibited Are all equipment control valve handles provided with a means for locking out Does the lockout procedure require that store
97. ed protection provided by a properly functioning respirator or class of respirators to a given percentage of properly fitted and trained users Generally respirators have APF s of 10 or greater than 10 An APF of 10 is for half masks and 50 for full face masks air purifying respirators End of Service Life Indicator ESLD The ESLI will be provided by the respirator manufacturer indicating the life of the respirator After that ESLI has expired the respirator can no longer be used Where there is no ESLI your employer must develop change schedules for respirators This means that based upon the chemicals or contaminants in the air a respirator s filter or cartridge must be changed every two hours four hours or the established schedule developed for that particular respirator If the respirator does not have an ESLI or there is no change schedule established then a supplied air respirator must be used It takes time and effort to fully understand the terminology and meaning of respirator related equipment atmosphere concentrations and all the things you need to protect your health Hang in there with us more information is necessary when you re selecting respirators TYPES OF RESPIRATORS There are two major classifications of respirators and these are air purifying and atmosphere supplying respirators Air purifying Respirators Air purifying respirators remove contaminants such as particulate vapor and gas or a combination of b
98. electricity is affected The alarm must be distinctive and recognizable as a signal to evacuate the work area or perform actions designated under the emergency action plan The employer must explain to each employee the means for reporting emergencies such as manual pull box alarms public address systems or telephones Emergency phone numbers should be posted on or near telephones on employees notice boards or in other conspicuous locations The warning plan should be in writing and management must be sure each employee knows what it means and what action is to be taken It may be necessary to notify other key personnel such as the plant manager or physician during off duty hours An updated written list of key personnel should be kept listed in order of priority ACCOUNTING FOR PERSONNEL Management will need to know when all personnel have been accounted for This can be difficult during shift changes or if contractors are on site A responsible person in the control center must be appointed to account for personnel and to inform police or Emergency Response Team members of those persons believed missing EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAMS Emergency Response Teams are the first line of defense in emergencies Before assigning personnel to these teams the employer must assure that employees are physically capable of performing the duties that may be assigned to them Depending on the size of the plant there may be one or several teams trained in the f
99. ere is a proper fit and seal without any leakage inside the respirator Fit testing and seal checks are mandatory DOCUMENTATION The respirator plan requires extensive employee training in all aspects of respirator use selection fit testing maintenance and of course the respirator program must be written Documentation of all training testing repairing and maintenance is required One of the more important parts of the respirator program will be if employees can answer some of the following questions 1 Has your respirator been properly fit tested 2 Do you know the proper procedures for selecting respirators 3 Have you completed a medical questionnaire and has a health professional evaluated your health to ensure you are able to wear a respirator Do you know how to properly conduct a seal check Have you been trained in the various aspects of respiratory protection Do you know the capabilities and limitations of respirators Do you know how to properly care for and maintain respiratory equipment Can you recognize the signs and symptoms that may limit or the effective use of respirators See These questions will help evaluate the effectiveness of your company s respiratory protection program Of course appropriate surveillance shall be maintained of work area conditions and degree of exposure or stress When there is a change in work area conditions or exposure the employer shall reevaluate the continued effectiveness of
100. erformance made immediately by management and employees When possible 84 drills should include groups supplying outside services such as fire and police departments In buildings with several places of employment the emergency plans should be coordinated with other companies and employees in the building Finally the emergency plan should be reviewed periodically and updated to maintain adequate response personnel and program efficiency PERSONAL HAZARDS EXPOSURES Effective personal protection is essential for any person who may be exposed to potentially hazardous substances In emergency situations employees may be exposed to a wide variety of hazardous circumstances including 1 Chemical splashes or contact with toxic materials 2 Falling objects and flying particles 3 Unknown atmospheres that may contain toxic gases vapors or mists or inadequate oxygen to sustain life 4 Fires and electrical hazards and 5 Violence in the workplace PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT It is extremely important that employees be adequately protected in these situations Some of the safety equipment that may be used includes 1 Safety glasses goggles or face shields for eye protection 2 Hard hats and safety shoes for head and foot protection 3 Proper respirators for breathing protection 4 Whole body coverings chemical suits gloves hoods and boots for body protection from chemicals and 5 Body protection for abnormal environmenta
101. ermining whether an emergency exists that requires activating the emergency procedures 2 Directing all efforts in the area including evacuating personnel 3 Ensuring that outside emergency services such as medical aid and local fire departments are called in when necessary and 4 Directing the shutdown of plant operations when necessary COMMUNICATIONS During a major emergency involving a fire or explosion it may be necessary to evacuate offices in addition to manufacturing areas Also normal services such as electricity water and telephones may be nonexistent Under these conditions it may be necessary to have an alternate area to which employees can report or that can act as a focal point for incoming and outgoing calls Since time is an essential element for adequate response the person designated as being in charge should make this the alternate headquarters so that he she can be easily reached 82 Emergency communications equipment such as amateur radio systems public address systems or portable radio units should be present for notifying employees of the emergency and for contacting local authorities such as law enforcement officials private sector charitable groups and the fire department A method of communication also is needed to alert employees to the evacuation or to take other action as required in the plan Alarms must be audible or seen by all people in the plant and have an auxiliary power supply in the event
102. ers both physical hazards such as flammability and health hazards such as irritation lung damage and cancer Most chemicals used in the workplace have some hazard potential and thus will be covered by the rule One difference between this rule and many others adopted by OSHA is that this one is performance oriented That means that you have the flexibility to adapt the rule to the needs of your workplace rather than having to follow specific rigid requirements It also means that you have to exercise more judgment to implement an appropriate and effective program The standard s design is simple Chemical manufacturers and importers must evaluate the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import Using that information they must then prepare labels for containers and more detailed technical bulletins called material safety data sheets MSDS Chemical manufacturers importers and distributors of hazardous chemicals are all required to provide the appropriate labels and material safety data sheets to the employers to which they ship the chemicals The information is to be provided automatically Every container of hazardous chemicals you receive must be labeled tagged or marked with the required information Your suppliers must also send you a properly completed material safety data sheet MSDS at the time of the first shipment of the chemical and with the next shipment after the MSDS is updated with new and significant information about
103. ers on the containers These will generally be verbal text labels and do not usually include numerical rating systems or symbols that require special training The most important thing to remember is that this is a continuing duty all in plant containers of hazardous chemicals must always be labeled Therefore it is important to designate someone to be responsible for ensuring that the labels are maintained as required on the containers in your facility and that newly purchased materials are checked for labels prior to use B Material safety data sheets Chemical manufacturers and importers are required to obtain or develop a material safety data sheet for each hazardous chemical they produce or import Distributors are responsible for ensuring that their customers are provided a copy of these MSDSs Employers must have an MSDS for each hazardous chemical which they use Employers may rely on the information received from their suppliers The specific requirements for material safety data sheets are in paragraph g of the standard There is no specified format for the MSDS under the rule although there are specific information requirements OSHA has developed a non mandatory format OSHA Form 174 which may be used by chemical manufacturers and importers to comply with the rule The MSDS must be in English You are entitled to receive from your supplier a data sheet that includes all of the information required under the rule If you do not recei
104. es that cannot be shut down for every emergency alarm and use of fire extinguishers For emergency evacuation the use of floor plans or workplace maps that clearly show the emergency escape routes and safe or refuge areas should be included in the plan All employees must be told what actions they are to take in emergency situations that may occur in the workplace such as a designated meeting location after evacuation This plan must be reviewed with employees initially when the plan is developed whenever the employees responsibilities under the plan change and whenever the plan is changed A copy should be kept where employees can refer to it at convenient times In fact to go a step further the employer could provide the employees with a copy of the plan particularly all new employees CHAIN OF COMMAND A chain of command should be established to minimize confusion so that employees will have no doubt about who has authority for making decisions Responsible individuals should be selected to coordinate the work of the emergency response team In larger organizations there may be a plant coordinator in charge of plant wide operations public relations and ensuring that outside aid is called in Because of the importance of these functions adequate backup must be arranged so that trained personnel are always available The duties of the Emergency Response Team Coordinator should include the following 1 Assessing the situation and det
105. escription of alternatives to actual data sheets in the workplace if used For employers using hazardous chemicals the most important aspect of the written program in terms of MSDSs is to ensure that someone is responsible for obtaining and maintaining the MSDSs for every hazardous chemical in the workplace The list of hazardous chemicals required to be maintained as part of the written program will serve as an inventory As new chemicals are purchased the list should be updated Many companies have found it convenient to include on their purchase orders the name and address of the person designated in their company to receive MSDSs C Employee information and training Each employee who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals when working must be provided information and trained prior to initial assignment to work with a hazardous chemical and whenever the hazard changes Exposure or exposed under the rule means that an employee is subjected to a hazardous chemical in the course of employment through any route of entry inhalation ingestion skin contact or absorption etc and includes potential e g accidental or 22 possible exposure See paragraph h of the standard for specific requirements Information and training may be done either by individual chemical or by categories of hazards such as flammability or carcinogenicity If there are only a few chemicals in the workplace then you may want to discuss each one individual
106. exceeding 1 gallon in size DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND CAPACITY OF CONTAINERS Only approved containers and portable tanks may be used to store flammable and combustible liquids Metal containers and portable tanks meeting the requirements of the Department of Transportation DOT 49 CFR 178 are deemed acceptable when containing products authorized by the DOT 49 CFR 173 The latest version of NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code indicates that certain petroleum products may be safely stored within plastic containers if the terms and conditions of the following specifications are met a ANSI ASTM D 3435 80 Plastic Containers Jerry Cans for Petroleum Products b ASTM F 852 86 Standard for Portable Gasoline Containers for Consumer Use c ASTM F 976 86 Standard for Portable Kerosene Containers for Consumer Use d ANSI UL 1313 83 Nonmetallic Safety Cans for Petroleum Products This standard also requires portable tanks to have provision for emergency venting Top mounted emergency vents must be capable of limiting internal pressure under fire exposure conditions to 10 psig or 30 percent of the bursting pressure of the tank whichever is greater Portable tanks are also required to have at least one pressure activated vent with a minimum capacity of 6 000 cubic feet of free air at 14 7 psia and 60 F These vents must be set to open at not less than 5 psig If fusible vents are used they shall be actuated by elements that operate
107. fety and Health Administration OSHA has concluded that effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and the severity of work related injuries and illnesses Effective management addresses all work related hazards including those potential hazards which could result from a change in worksite conditions or practices It addresses hazards whether or not they are regulated by government standards The language in these guidelines is general so it may be broadly applied in general industry regardless of the size nature or complexity of operations The guidelines consist of program elements a distillation of applied safety and health management practices used by employers who are successful in protecting the safety and health of their employees Many safety and health professionals and consultants advocate these program elements They are strongly endorsed by individuals corporations professional associations and labor representatives who responded to the OSHA request for comments and information regarding these guidelines ENFORCEMENT OF SAFETY RULES Management has an obligation and responsibility to all employees to enforce safety rules The vast majority of work related injuries are caused by the unsafe acts such as carelessness negligence violation of safety rules taking short cuts or not following proper procedures When an investigation reveals the cause of an incident was a resu
108. fety equivalent to that obtained by using lockout This might include removing and isolating a circuit element blocking a controlling switch opening an extra disconnecting device or removing a valve handle to reduce the potential for any inadvertent energization Although OSHA acknowledges the existence of energy isolating devices that cannot be locked out the standard clearly states that whenever major replacement repair renovation or modification of machines or equipment is performed and whenever new machines or equipment are installed the employer must ensure that the energy isolating devices for such machines or equipment are lockable Such modifications and or new purchases are most effectively and efficiently made as part of the normal equipment replacement cycle All newly purchased equipment must be lockable Requirements for Lockout and Tagout Devices When attached to an energy isolating device both lockout and tagout devices are tools that the employer can use in accordance with the requirements of the standard to help protect employees from hazardous energy The lockout device provides protection by holding the energy isolating device in the safe position thus preventing the machine or equipment from becoming energized The tagout device does so by identifying the energy isolating device as a source of potential danger it indicates that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tago
109. fire extinguishers but only if there is no danger to your life In the event of a fire always call the fire department even if the fire can be extinguished It s best to have the fire department notified in case the fire gets out of control The company must provide written emergency procedures must verify inspection of all fire extinguishers on a monthly basis with annual inspections required by a fire service company and must document all inspections and services EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS In the event of an earthquake tornado or similar emergency the best advice is to DUCK COVER and HOLD Duck under a desk or sturdy workbench cover to protect your head eyes and other body parts from falling equipment or broken glass Never run out of the building since power lines are located in the proximity of our facilities Flying glass from windows could be another hazard Follow emergency procedures and use common sense to protect yourself and property ACCIDENTS INJURIES ILLNESSES Report all work related accidents injuries or illnesses to management WHEN THEY OCCUR First aid facilities are available and when required competent medical assistance will be provided Worker compensation insurance will cover all medical costs for injuries that are work related Report all accidents injuries and illnesses when they occur even if you don t think medical treatment is required SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES The Occupational Sa
110. formed from incomplete combustion of organic materials such as wood coal gas oil and gasoline it can be formed from microbial decomposition of organic matter in sewers silos and fermentation tanks Carbon monoxide is an insidious toxic gas because of its poor warning properties Early stages of CO intoxication are nausea and headache Carbon monoxide may be fatal at 1000 ppm in air and is considered dangerous at 200 ppm because it forms carboxyhemoglobin in the blood which prevents the distribution of oxygen in the body Carbon monoxide is a relatively abundant colorless odorless gas therefore any untested atmosphere must be suspect It must also be noted that a safe reading on a combustible gas indicator does not ensure that CO is not present Carbon monoxide must be tested for specifically The formation of CO may result from chemical reactions or work activities therefore fatalities due to CO poisoning are not confined to any particular industry There have been fatal accidents in sewage treatment plants due to decomposition products and lack of ventilation in confined spaces Another area where CO results as a product of decomposition is in the formation of silo gas in grain storage elevators In another area the paint industry varnish is manufactured by introducing the various ingredients into a kettle and heating them in an inert atmosphere usually town gas which is a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen In welding operations
111. funding and for measures to prevent oil spills from happening in the first place These Clean Water Act provisions were expanded upon and strengthened by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 OPA The oil spill regulations that EPA has issued to fulfill its Clean Water Act duties have two basic purposes preventing spills from occurring and ensuring a quick effective cleanup of spills that do occur Laws for Oil Spill Responses The Clean Water Act Section 311 of the Clean Water Act was amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 to require that EPA and the Coast Guard direct responses to oil spills that pose a substantial threat to public health and welfare The Oil Pollution Act also added a requirement that vessels and fixed facilities prepare plans to prevent oil spills and to respond to spills that do occur Other provisions of section 311 of the Clean Water Act authorize EPA and the Coast Guard to e Establish criteria for notifying the Federal government of discharges of oil into U S waters e Direct and conduct responses to oil spills e Assess civil and criminal penalties for violation of oil spill laws and e Administer a Federal oil spill response fund 113 Prevention The Best Response The easiest and simplest way to avoid the environmental and economic costs of oil spills is to keep them from happening in the first place The Agency s Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures SPCC regulation requires certain non transportat
112. g a respirator you begin to feel faint dizzy have headaches become nauseous or have any abnormal health effects get out of the atmosphere immediately Have your respirator tested for proper seal fit and to make sure the filtering cartridge or filter is working properly No need to take chances 68 To fully understand the health effects and symptoms of each chemical used you should review and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet or MSDS that is maintained in your workplace Each chemical is different with different exposure reactions Respirators are used to protect you from health hazards but you should be aware of the symptoms for any unplanned exposures All the potential hazards in the workplace and potential problems associated with respirator use must be taken into consideration when selecting respiratory protective equipment AIR QUALITY FOR ATMOSPHERE SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS When using atmosphere supplying respirators the suppliers of breathing air must now provide a certificate of analysis to verify that the breathing air meets the requirements of type 1 grade D This certifies that the air supplied meets breathing air quality standards It is advisable that this certification verification be documented in your company s files and if the vendor is changed to obtain certification from the new vendor FILTERING FACEPIECE Filtering face piece is new terminology for dust masks A number of instances may arise where there are
113. g about the requirements of the HCS and about chemical hazards on the job which is provided by for example trade associations unions colleges and professional schools In addition previous training education and experience of a worker may relieve the employer of some of the burdens of informing and training that worker Regardless of the method relied upon the employer is always ultimately responsible for ensuring that employees are adequately trained If the compliance officer finds that the training is deficient the employer will be cited for the deficiency regardless of who actually provided the training on behalf of the employer D Other requirements In addition to these specific items compliance officers will also be asking the following questions in assessing the adequacy of the program 1 Does a list of the hazardous chemicals exist in each work area or at a central location 2 Are methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards of non routine tasks outlined 3 Are employees informed of the hazards associated with chemicals contained in unlabeled pipes in their work areas 4 On multi employer worksites has the employer provided other employers with information about labeling systems and precautionary measures where the other employers have employees exposed to the initial employer s chemicals 5 Is the written program made available to employees and their designated representatives If your program
114. g in house employee complaints regarding safety and health Are you keeping your employees advised of the successful effort and accomplishments you and or your safety committee have made in assuring they will have a workplace that is safe and healthful Have you considered incentives for employees or workgroups who have excelled in reducing workplace injuries illnesses PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1 Are employers assessing the workplace to determine if hazards that require the use of personal protective equipment for example head eye face hand or foot protection are present or are likely to be present If hazards or the likelihood of hazards are found are employers selecting and having affected employees use properly fitted personal protective equipment suitable for protection Has the employer been trained on personal protective equipment when they need it and how to properly adjust it Are protective goggles or face shields provided and worn where there is any danger of flying particles or corrosive materials Are approved safety glasses required to be worn at all times areas where there is a risk of eye injuries such as punctures abrasions contusions or burns 131 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Are employees who need corrective lenses glasses or contacts in working environments having harmful exposures required to wear only approved safety glasses protective goggles or use other medic
115. g named person is hereby appointed as Safety Coordinator The following named person is hereby designated as Acting Safety Coordinator in the absence of the appointed Safety Coordinator The duties of the Safety Coordinator are to consult with management and other employees on all aspects of safety and health and to properly maintain records training documentation and hazard identification correction as deemed necessary by management Specific duties are to be outlined by management in an appropriate job description or other method prescribed by management The Safety Coordinator s job is to COORDINATE safety efforts however the RESPONSIBILITY for the safety program remains upon management and supervision Responsibility for individual safety is the responsibility of each employee GENERAL SAFETY DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES Each employee should be the person most concerned for his her own safety In addition each employee has a responsibility to assure safety and health on the job for the general public and other employees By accepting employment each employee is accepting safety responsibility as a condition of continued employment e Knowing his her job and applying safe work practices e Recognizing the hazards of the job and taking precautions to assure the safety of the employee and others e Informing your department head or the Safety Coordinator of hazards and recommending how to eliminate them or improve performance e Active
116. ght fitting and full face piece Tight fitting respirators such as quarter masks which cover the mouth and nose and where the lower sealing surface rests between the chin and the mouth The half mask which fits over the nose and under the chin and the full face piece which covers from the hairline to below the chine There are also loose fitting hoods helmets or full suits that cover the head completely WEARING A RESPIRATOR Donning a Respirator Anyone wearing a respirator must be trained and authorized by the company in several different areas such as how to put on and take off the respirator We call that donning and doffing You are being asked to select the respirator that provides the most acceptable fit A mirror must be provided to assist you in evaluating the fit and positioning of the respirator Each respirator represents a different size and shape and if fitted and used properly will provide adequate protection Hold each face piece up to the face and eliminate those that do not give you an acceptable fit Put the most comfortable mask on your face and wear it for at least five minutes If you re not experienced wearing a respirator put it on and take it off several times to become familiar with the process Adjust the straps each time the respirator is donned While wearing the respirator check the comfort of the mask how it fits your face nose and proper seal between the mask and your face and cheeks Make sure your chin fits the
117. guidelines for head protection All head protection helmets is designed to provide protection from impact and penetration hazards caused by falling objects Head protection is also available which provides protection from electric shock and burn When selecting head protection knowledge of potential electrical hazards is important Class A helmets in addition to impact and penetration resistance provide electrical protection from low voltage conductors they are proof tested to 2 200 volts Class B helmets in addition to impact and penetration resistance provide electrical protection from high voltage conductors they are proof tested to 20 000 volts Class C helmets provide impact and penetration resistance they are usually made of aluminum which conducts electricity and should not be used around electrical hazards Where falling object hazards are present helmets must be worn Some examples include working below other workers who are using tools and materials which could fall working around or under conveyor belts which are carrying parts or materials working below machinery or processes which might cause material or objects to fall and working on exposed energized conductors 9 Selection guidelines for foot protection Safety shoes and boots which meet the ANSI Z41 1991 Standard provide both impact and compression protection Where necessary safety shoes can be obtained which provide puncture protection In some work situations met
118. he fire Pull the pin then aim the extinguisher nozzle towards the base of the fire standing approximately 6 to 10 feet from the fire Then squeeze the handle If you stand too close to the fire and squeeze the handle the force of the pressurized gas and extinguishing material could actually spread the flames Stand away aim the nozzle towards the base of the flame squeeze the handle sweeping from side to side then move closer After the fire is out check to make sure it s really out Don t leave the area until you have verified that a fire will not re ignite Many times fires start up again after you think they re out That s another reason for calling the fire department If you are successful in extinguishing the fire the fire department professionals can double check to make sure it s fully extinguished and they re happier if you already have the fire extinguished They get real upset if you don t call them until the fire gets out of hand It s also a good idea to communicate and train with your local fire department This gives them better training and familiarity at your facilities in the event of an emergency Fire extinguisher service vendors often provide hands on training with the extinguishers as well 123 Don t be afraid to let your supervisor know you never have used an extinguisher Most people haven t used an extinguisher and extinguishing a fire with an extinguisher does require a little training and p
119. hich a Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS or other similar written information is required to be kept at the worksite that MSDS or other written information must be made available to the medical facility treating the exposed entrant 52 COMPANY NAME CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY LOCKOUT TAGOUT This standard helps safeguard employees from hazardous energy while they are performing service or maintenance on machines and equipment The standard identifies the practices and procedures necessary to shut down and lock out or tag out machines and equipment requires that employees receive training in their role in the lockout tagout program and mandates that periodic inspections be conducted to maintain or enhance the energy control program In the early 1970 s OSHA adopted various lockout related provisions of the then existing national consensus standards and Federal standards that were developed for specific types of equipment or industries When the existing standards require lockout the new rule supplements these existing standards 1 by requiring the development and utilization of written procedures the training of employees and periodic inspections of the use of the procedures OSHA has determined that lockout is a more reliable means of de energizing equipment than tagout and that it should always be the preferred method used by employees The Agency believes that except for limited situations the use of lockout devices will provide a m
120. horized employee s must take the following actions or observe the following procedures 1 Inspect the work area to ensure that non essential items have been removed and that machine or equipment components are intact and capable of operating properly 2 Check the area around the machine or equipment to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed 3 Notify affected employees immediately after removing locks or tags and before starting equipment or machines and 61 4 ONLY those employees who attached locks or tags are authorized to remove them In the very few instances when this is not possible the device may be removed under the direction of the employer provided that he or she strictly adheres to the specific procedures outlined in the standard Additional Safety Requirements Special circumstances exist when 1 outside contractor personnel are at the worksite 2 machines need to be tested or repositioned during servicing 3 servicing or maintenance is performed by a group rather than one specific person and 4 shift changes or personnel changes occur Testing or Positioning of Machines OSHA allows the temporary removal of locks or tags and the re energization of the machine ONLY when necessary under special conditions For example when power is needed for the testing or positioning of machines equipment or components The re energization must be conducted in accordance with the sequence of
121. icate high potential for exposure to toxic substances 2 Atmospheres with unknown contaminants or unknown contaminant concentrations confined spaces that may contain toxic substances or oxygen deficient atmospheres Permit required Confined Space Entry Emergency situations may involve entering confined spaces to rescue employees who are overcome by toxic compounds or who lack oxygen These permit required confined spaces include tanks vaults pits sewers pipelines and vessels Entry into permit required confined spaces can expose the employee to a variety of hazards including toxic gases explosive atmospheres oxygen deficiency electrical hazards and hazards created by mixers and impellers that have not been deactivated and locked out Personnel must never enter a permit required confined space unless the atmosphere has been tested for adequate oxygen combustibility and toxic substances Conditions in a permit required confined space must be considered immediately dangerous to life and health unless shown otherwise If a permit required confined space must be entered in an emergency the following precautions must be adhered to 1 All lines containing inert toxic flammable or corrosive materials must be disconnected or blocked off before entry 2 Allimpellers agitators or other moving equipment inside the vessel must be locked out 3 Employees must wear appropriate personal protective equipment before entering the vessel Ma
122. iduals who cannot get a good face piece fit including those individuals whose beards or sideburns interfere with the face piece seal will be unable to wear tight fitting respirators An adequate fit is necessary for a respirator to be effective In addition to these problems respirators may restrict communications or vision Fatigue and reduced work efficiency are also potential problems when wearing respirators Keep in mind there are many considerations to be taken into account when selecting respirators Heavy breathing due to overexertion on a particular job will increase the air used so this could reduce the amount of supplied air available and you would not be able to stay in an atmosphere as long as you would normally Some people will have reduced capabilities by simply wearing a respirator Heat humidity extremely cold weather may affect the type of respirator selected Proper seals on the face fit of the respirator on different sizes of faces All these things must be taken into consideration A worker who must speak loudly to communicate may experience a seal leak It s important for all respirator users to understand the signs and symptoms of improper seals or wearing of respirators Quite often the user for a variety of reasons does not detect seal leaks It could be that the user has been desensitized to the odor or quite possibly there is no odor yet the user is exposed to these contaminants If during the time you are usin
123. ies of the chemicals they are exposed to when working They also need to know what protective measures are available to prevent adverse effects from occurring The HCS is designed to provide employees with the information they need Knowledge acquired under the HCS will help employers provide safer workplaces for their employees When employees have information about the chemicals being used they can take steps to reduce exposures substitute less hazardous materials and establish proper work practices These efforts will help prevent the occurrence of work related illnesses and injuries caused by chemicals The HCS addresses the issues of evaluating and communicating hazards to workers Evaluation of chemical hazards involves a number of technical concepts and is a process that requires the professional judgment of experienced experts HCS is designed so that employers who simply use chemicals rather than produce or import them are not required to evaluate the hazards of those chemicals Hazard determination is the responsibility of the producers and importers of the materials Producers and importers of chemicals are then required to provide the hazard information to employers that purchase their products Employers that don t produce or import chemicals need only focus on those parts of the rule that deal with establishing a workplace program and communicating information to their workers This appendix is a general guide for such employers to hel
124. include as a minimum the following elements 1 Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments 2 Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to perform or shutdown critical plant operations before the plant is evacuated 3 Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation has been completed 4 Rescue and medical duties for those employees who are to perform them 5 The preferred means for reporting fires and other emergencies and names or regular job titles of persons or departments to be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan The emergency action plan should address all potential emergencies that can be expected in the workplace Therefore it will be necessary to perform a hazard audit to determine toxic materials in the workplace hazards and potentially dangerous conditions For information on chemicals the manufacturer or supplier can be contacted to obtain Material Safety Data Sheets These forms describe the hazards that a chemical may present list precautions to take when handling storing or using the substance and outline emergency and first aid procedures 81 The employer must list in detail the procedures to be taken by those employees who must remain behind to care for essential plant operations until their evacuation becomes absolutely necessary This may include monitoring plant power supplies water supplies and other essential servic
125. ion related facilities e g storage facilities refineries that store oil to prepare plans for the prevention and containment of oil spills The U S Department of Transportation regulates transportation related facilities e g pipelines shoreline loading facilities for vessels Under the Agency s SPCC program EPA OSCs States and Technical Assistance Teams inspect hundreds of facilities each year Inspectors examine the layout organization and structure of the facility and review the facility s SPCC plan to ensure compliance with the regulation Planning for an Oil Spill Despite prevention efforts oil spills do occur Therefore it is most important to be ready with a plan for minimizing the size of the spill and the amount of damage it causes The National Contingency Plan requires that Federal State and Local officials as well as responsible parties plan for and work together to clean up spills quickly and effectively Under the Clean Water Act as amended by the OPA facility owners and operators must have specific plans for response to a worst case spill from their facilities Periodically EPA also inspects facilities spill removal equipment The OPA requires EPA and other Federal State and Local officials to develop spill response plans for every inland area of the U S These Area Contingency Plans facilitate the coordination of response efforts when spills do occur The OPA planning and inspection requirements assure that both gover
126. ion with a physician Emergency phone numbers should be posted in conspicuous places near or on telephones Sufficient ambulance service should be available to handle any emergency This requires advance contact with ambulance services to ensure they become familiar with plant location access routes and hospital locations 88 SECURITY PROVISIONS During an emergency it is often necessary to secure the area to prevent unauthorized access and to protect vital records and equipment An off limits area must be established by cordoning off the area with ropes and signs It may be necessary to notify local law enforcement personnel or to employ private security personnel to secure the area and prevent the entry of unauthorized personnel Certain records also may need to be protected such as essential accounting files legal documents and lists of employees relatives to be notified in case of emergency These records may be stored in duplicate outside the plant or in protected secure locations within the plant TRAINING Every employee needs to know details of the emergency action plan including evacuation plans alarm systems reporting procedures for personnel shutdown procedures and types of potential emergencies Drills should be held at random intervals at least annually and include if possible outside police and fire authorities Training must be conducted initially when new employees are hired and at least annually Additional
127. irculation of contaminants improper arrangement of the inlet duct or by the substitution of anything other than fresh normal air approximately 20 9 oxygen 78 1 nitrogen and 1 argon with small amounts of various other gases The terms air and oxygen are sometimes considered synonymous However this is a dangerous assumption since the use of oxygen in place of fresh normal air for ventilation will expand the limits of flammability and increase the hazards of fire and explosion Hazardous conditions covered in this discussion include Hazardous Atmospheres flammable toxic irritant and asphyxiating and General Safety Hazards mechanical communications entry and exit and physical TYPES OF CONFINED SPACES Confined spaces can be categorized generally as those with open tops and with a depth that will restrict the natural movement of air and enclosed spaces with very limited openings for entry In either of these cases the space may contain mechanical equipment with moving parts Any combination of these parameters will change the nature of the hazards encountered Degreasers pits and certain types of storage tanks may be classified as open topped confined spaces that usually contain no moving parts However gases that are heavier than air butane propane and other hydrocarbons remain in depressions and will flow to low points where they are difficult to remove Open topped water tanks that appear harmless may develop toxic at
128. ire and inflation equipment Check for worn or damaged air hoses Replace worn hoses Inspect the Wheel Balancers for proper working condition and that all ancillary equipment is in good condition Only those technicians trained and authorized may operate the equipment Inspect the Wheel Balancers for appropriate manufacturer s warning labels affixed to the equipment as required Make sure wheel weights are never allowed to remain on the floor after servicing tires Use extra caution when moving heavy wheel weight boxes or containers SOLVENT PARTS WASHER Inspect parts washer to make sure only authorized solvent is used Appropriate personal protective equipment must be used when washing parts Appropriate warning signs posted in this area as required Only those persons who have been trained in the proper handling using storing and disposing of parts washer solvents may use the parts washer Never allow flammable liquid to be used to wash parts VEHICLE LIFTS HOISTS Only those persons who are trained and authorized may use vehicle lifts hoists Never allow the air compressor handle to be tied down to lift a vehicle Maintain and retain documentation inspection and servicing of hydraulic lift systems When anyone is working under a lifted vehicle the appropriate safety stop should be used When using portable hydraulic jacks never allow anyone under the vehicle without using jack stands Jack stands provide protection in the
129. irectly Effect Safety amp Health in Welding Operations e Welding and cutting are hot processes the fires and explosions are ever present e Fire prevention is a major priority Four acceptable options for preventing fires and explosions caused by welding amp cutting processes Move the combustibles away from the welding Move the welding away from the combustibles Protect the combustibles from exposure DON T WELD OR CUT Separate the Combustibles From the Welding Cutting Operation e Welding and cutting operations must be separated from combustibles by at least 35 feet e This distance should be multiplied by at least 2 5 when the welding cutting operation is suspended over combustibles Protect the Combustibles From Welding Cutting Operations e This option should only be chosen when the welding cutting operation and the combustibles cannot be adequately separated e Protective barriers may include fire blankets steel partitions or other types of covers e A FIRE WATCHER should also be present 117 Duties and Specifications for the Fire Watcher e The Fire Watcher must be adequately trained to operate fire fighting equipment e The Fire Watcher must be properly instructed on what to do if a fire occurs e The Fire Watcher must remain for at least 1 2 hour after the job has been completed Special Notes for Preventing Fire amp Explosions due to Welding or Cutting e Find out what s on the other side of the wall e Watch ou
130. is considered to be extremely infectious The exposure to extremely small amounts of HBV positive blood may transmit infection Fortunately there are vaccines available to prevent the development of HBV infection HCV Hepatitis C infects up to 150 000 people each year in the United States alone Hepatitis C attacks and inflames the liver Between 8 000 to 10 000 die each year from HCV related chronic liver disease People most at risk for HCV include people who have received blood transfusions before 1990 intravenous drug users who share needles household members and sexual partners of infected persons and of course persons in the medical field who are exposed to infected blood Many people who are infected may not experience any signs or symptoms at all There are tests now available to assist in making the diagnosis of HCV Although no preventative medication or treatment has been conclusive an antiviral medication is now available that has been shown to be helpful for some people with HCV HIV The Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV attacks the body s immune system weakening it so that it cannot fight and destroy other deadly diseases HIV causes Acquired Immune Disorder Syndrome or AIDS AIDS is a fatal disease and while treatment for it is improving there is no known cure Others Some of the other less common bloodborne diseases include Hepatitis D Malaria Syphilis Viral Hemorrhagic Fever and Ebola While we will not be discus
131. is energized and must include a legend such as the following DO NOT START DO NOT OPEN DO NOT CLOSE DO NOT ENERGIZE DO NOT OPERATE Employee Training The employer must provide effective initial training and retraining as necessary and must certify that such training has been given to all employees covered by the standard The certification must contain each employee s name and dates of training For the purposes of the standard there are three types of employees authorized affected and other The amount and kind of training that each employee receives is based upon 1 the relationship of that employee s job to the machine or equipment being locked or tagged out and 2 the degree of knowledge relevant to hazardous energy that he or she must possess For example the employer s training program for authorized employees those who are charged with the responsibility for implementing the energy control procedures and performing the service and maintenance must cover at minimum the following areas e details about the type and magnitude of the hazardous energy sources present in the workplace and e the methods and means necessary to isolate and control those energy sources i e the elements of the energy control procedure s By contrast affected employees usually the machine operators or users and all other employees need only be able to 1 recognize when the control procedure is being implemented and 2 understand the pu
132. k or fault in the normal current path and it directs this current back to the source Directing the fault current back to the source enables protective devices such as circuit breakers or fuses to operate thus preventing fires and reducing the hazard of electrical shocks The grounded and equipment grounding conductors of an electrical circuit must be marked or color coded in a way that allows employees to identify them and tell them apart from each other and from the other conductors in the circuit POLARITY OF CONNECTIONS No grounded conductor may be attached to any terminal or lead so as to reverse designated polarity A grounding terminal or grounding type device on a receptacle cord connector or attachment plug may not be used for purposes other than grounding The above two subparagraphs dealing with polarity of connections and use of grounding terminals and devices address one potentially dangerous aspect of alternating current many pieces of equipment will operate properly even though the supply wires are not connected in the order designated by design or the manufacturer Improper connection of these conductors is most prevalent on the smaller branch circuit typically associated with standard 120 volt receptacle outlets lighting fixtures and cord and plug connected equipment When plugs receptacles and connectors are used in an electrical branch circuit correct polarity between the ungrounded hot conductor the grounded ne
133. ker is usually not aware of any increase in his her exposure to toxic substances Asphyxiating Atmospheres The normal atmosphere is composed approximately of 20 9 oxygen and 78 1 nitrogen and 1 argon with small amounts of various other gases Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be the result of either consumption or displacement The consumption of oxygen takes place during combustion of flammable substances as in welding heating cutting and brazing A more subtle consumption of oxygen occurs during bacterial action as in the fermentation process Oxygen may also be consumed during chemical reactions as in the formation of rust on the exposed surface of the confined space iron oxide The number of people working in a confined space and the amount of their physical activity will also influence the oxygen consumption rate A second factor in oxygen deficiency is displacement by another gas Examples of gases that are used to displace air and therefore reduce the oxygen level are helium argon and nitrogen Carbon dioxide may also be used to displace air and can occur naturally in sewers storage bins wells tunnels wine vats and grain elevators Aside from the natural development of these gases or their use in the chemical process certain gases are also used as inerting agents to displace flammable substances and retard pyrophoric reactions Gases such as nitrogen argon helium and carbon dioxide are frequently referred t
134. l Be sure you have repaginated your manual as so desired since you will have deleted and added information therefore the pages may not be in a correct format The original manual begins on page 3 here so if you delete these first two pages and repaginate your manual begins on page one We have not included a table of contents as page numbers will change because of the deletions additions TABLE OF CONTENTS Manual Guidelines Injury and Illness Prevention Plan Management Guidelines Safety Training Counseling Form Documentation of Training Form Mandated Posting Requirements Hazard Communication Walking and Working Surfaces Electrical Safety Confined Space Hazards Control of Hazardous Energy Respirator Training Fit Testing NIOSH Standards Bloodborne Pathogens Emergency Preparedness Hand and Portable Power Tools Mandatory Assessment for PPE Prevention of Eye Injuries Flammable and Combustible Liquids Responding to Oil Spills Asbestos in Manufacturing Facilities Welding Operations Fire Extinguisher Training and Use Accident Investigation Company Self Inspection Checklists Automotive Fleet Shop Checklists Separate Files on CD Rom 11 12 16 26 34 39 53 64 71 76 82 91 99 104 105 114 118 118 121 126 132 146 152 COMPANY NAME INJURY ILLNESS PREVENTION PLAN SAFETY POLICY One of the principles of sound business management is the control of all factors which have a bearing on incidents of l
135. l conditions such as extreme temperatures The equipment selected must meet the criteria contained in the OSHA standards or described by a nationally recognized standards producing organization The choice of proper equipment is not a simple matter and consultation should be made with health and safety professionals before making any purchases Manufacturers and distributors of health and safety products may be able to answer questions if they have enough information about the potential hazards involved 85 Respirators Professional consultation will most likely be needed in providing adequate respiratory protection Respiratory protection is necessary for toxic atmospheres of dust mists gases or vapors and for oxygen deficient atmospheres There are four basic categories of respirators 1 4 Air purifying devices filters gas masks and chemical cartridges which remove contaminants from the air but cannot be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres Air supplied respirators hose masks air line respirators which should not be used in atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life or health Positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus SCBA which are required for unknown atmospheres oxygen deficient atmospheres or atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health Escape masks Before assigning or using respiratory equipment the following conditions must be met 1 A medical evaluation should be made to
136. led properly the equipment grounding conductor is the current path that enables protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses to operate when a fault occurs Flexible cords shall be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tap Hard service flexible cords No 12 or larger may be repaired if spliced so that the splice retains the insulation outer sheath properties and usage characteristics of the cord being spliced Flexible cords shall be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided which will prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws 38 COMPANY NAME CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS INTRODUCTION The hazards encountered and associated with entering and working in confined spaces are capable of causing bodily injury illness and death to the worker Accidents occur among workers because of failure to recognize that a confined space is a potential hazard It should therefore be considered that the most unfavorable situation exists in every case and that the danger of explosion poisoning and asphyxiation will be present at the onset of entry Before forced ventilation is initiated information such as restricted areas within the confined space voids the nature of the contaminants present the size of the space the type of work to be performed and the number of people involved should be considered The ventilation air should not create an additional hazard due to re c
137. lets Biological techniques such as the introduction of microbes or microbe nutrients may be used to promote the natural microbial consumption and decomposition of oil 114 The Agency maintains a list of chemical and biological products the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule that may be approved and used on particular spills The list provides data available on the products thus ensuring that responders have certain baseline information to use in their decision making EPA and the Coast Guard seek to recover spill response costs and damages from responsible parties whenever possible When the party responsible for a spill cannot be determined or does not have the funds to cover response costs the costs may be paid from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund Fund monies are supplied by a five cent per barrel fee on domestic and imported oil The Fund provides up to 1 billion per incident for cleanup costs and other damages An example of a Federal response to an inland oil spill is provided next PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND OUTREACH Getting Involved EPA plays a vital role in protecting our environment but this cannot be accomplished without assistance and cooperation from the public Some important responsibilities of local communities are to notify the National Response Center 800 424 8802 of any emergency incidents be prepared for releases that do occur assist with the response and generally stay informed The Agency work
138. ll places of employment passageways storerooms and service rooms shall be kept clean and orderly and in a sanitary condition e The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and so far as possible a dry condition Where wet processes are used drainage shall be maintained and gratings mats or raised platforms shall be provided e Every floor working place and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails splinters holes or loose boards Aisles and Passageways e Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repair with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard e Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked e Where mechanical handling equipment is used aisles shall be sufficiently wide Improper aisle widths coupled with poor housekeeping and vehicle traffic can cause injury to employees damage to the equipment and material and limit egress in emergencies Covers and Guardrails e Covers and or guardrails shall be provided to protect personnel from the hazards of open pits tanks vats ditches and the like 26 Floor Loading Protection Load rating limits shall be marked on plates and conspicuously posted It shall be unlawful to place or cause or permit to be placed on any floor or roof of a building or other structure a load greater than that for which such floor or roof is approved GUARDING FLOOR AND WALL OPENINGS AND HOLES Floor openings an
139. lled as to minimize electrical dangers to people in any workplace The OSHA electrical standards were based on the National Fire Protection Association s standard NFPA 70E Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces and the NFPA 70 Committee derived Part I of their document from the 1978 edition of the National Electrical Code NEC The standards extracted from the NEC were those considered to most directly apply to employee safety and least likely to change with each new edition of the NEC OSHA s electrical standards are performance oriented therefore they contain few direct references to the NEC However the NEC contains specific information as to how the required performance can be obtained EXAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT Electrical equipment shall be free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees 1 Safety of equipment shall be determined using the following considerations e Suitability for installation and use in conformity with the provisions of this subpart Suitability of equipment for an identified purpose may be evidenced by listing or labeling for that identified purpose e Mechanical strength and durability including for parts designed to enclose and protect other equipment the adequacy of the protection thus provided e Electrical insulation 34 e Heating effects under conditions of use e Arcing effects e Classification by type size voltage current
140. lp an injury could become a fatality Frequently the body positions that are assumed in a confined space make it difficult for the standby person to detect an unconscious worker When visual monitoring of the worker is not possible because of the design of the confined space or location of the entry hatch a voice or alarm activated explosion proof type of communication system will be necessary Suitable illumination of an approved type is required to provide sufficient visibility for work in accordance with the recommendations made in the Illuminating Engineering Society Lighting Handbook 44 Entry and Exit Entry and exit time is of major significance as a physical limitation and is directly related to the potential hazard of the confined space The extent of precautions taken and the standby equipment needed to maintain a safe work area will be determined by the means of access and rescue The following should be considered type of confined space to be entered access to the entrance number and size of openings barriers within the space the occupancy load and the time requirement for exiting in event of fire or vapor incursion and the time required to rescue injured workers Physical Hazard Thermal Effects Four factors influence the interchange of heat between people and their environment They are 1 air temperature 2 air velocity 3 moisture contained in the air and 4 radiant heat Because of the nature and design of mo
141. lt of the unsafe acts of an employee s that employee s will be given a written counseling as to the behavior that contributed to the cause of the incident and the action that must be taken by the employee to eliminate this behavior A time frame in which to correct the unsafe behavior will be given the employee This counseling should be viewed as TRAINING Understanding the cause of the incident is essential and then what the employee should do to correct the unsafe behavior should follow Without this information the employee would not know why the incident occurred and would have no reason to change his her behavior A safety counseling is not disciplinary action however continued demonstration of unsafe behavior could result in disciplinary action up to and including termination THE VALUE OF A WRITTEN COUNSELING In the context of SAFETY a written counseling for violation of safety rules unsafe acts or unsafe behavior is of unparalleled value To ease the temperament of the person receiving a written counseling for safety violations the best thing to do is call the written counseling a SAFETY COUNSELING or SAFETY TRAINING No one wants to get a disciplinary written counseling in their file however if you re title it SAFETY COUNSELING it becomes a bit more palatable to the employee as well as being viewed as an individual recurrent training by any auditing agency Safety counseling is designed to explain to the employee what
142. ly Where there are large numbers of chemicals or the chemicals change frequently you will probably want to train generally based on the hazard categories e g flammable liquids corrosive materials carcinogens Employees must have access to the substance specific information on the labels and MSDSs Information and training is a critical part of the hazard communication program Information regarding hazards and protective measures are provided to workers through written labels and material safety data sheets Through effective information and training workers will learn to read and understand such information determine how it can be obtained and used in their own workplaces understand the risks of exposure to the chemicals and ways to protect themselves A properly conducted training program will ensure comprehension and understanding It is not sufficient to either just read material to the workers or simply hand them material to read You want to create a climate where workers feel free to ask questions This will help you to ensure that the information is understood You must always remember that the underlying purpose of the HCS is to reduce the incidence of chemical source illnesses and injuries This will be accomplished by modifying behavior through the provision of hazard information and information about protective measures If your program works you and your workers will better understand the chemical hazards within the workplace Th
143. ly devastating oil spills of recent years such as the 1989 on Valdez incident have underscored the need for prompt effective government and private sector response Oil spills kill and injure plants and wildlife and can often upset delicate ecological balances This environmental damage can threaten public health and welfare by endangering drinking water supplies and ruining commercial fishing industries With oversight by the On Scene Coordinator OSC the party responsible for the spill may spend millions of dollars to clean up the spill restore damaged natural resources and pay penalties As many people know from news coverage of spills such as the Exxon Valdez the U S Coast Guard is in charge of response to coastal spills What many people do not realize however is that EPA responds to oil spills to inland waters e g rivers lakes and adjoining shorelines Inland spills can be as catastrophic as the more publicized coastal incidents The 1988 collapse of an above ground oil storage tank in Pennsylvania released almost one million gallons of diesel fuel into the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers disrupting water supplies forcing the closing of schools and businesses and inflicting serious ecological damage Laws and Regulations EPA carries out its oil spill response activities as part of its responsibilities under section 311 of the Clean Water Act Specifically section 311 provides for oil spill reporting response enforcement and
144. ly participating and cooperating in the overall safety program Maintaining cleanliness and good personal health habits e Each employee has the responsibility to communicate with management openly and without fear of reprisal any aspect of safety and health specifically to make recommendations for safety and health improvement in the facilities equipment and procedures Each employee has the responsibility to report to management any safety or health hazard so it may be corrected to prevent injury or illness e Each employee has the responsibility to work and act safely at all times on all jobs every day BASIC SAFETY REQUIREMENTS PERSONAL HYGIENE Be fit for the job by developing healthy habits eating proper meals getting sufficient rest and guaranteeing cleanliness KNOW YOUR JOB AND RESPONSIBILITIES You learn the proper way by asking not by trial and error Communicate suggestions to management on better and safer methods of improving job safety and health Be conscious of the safety of others as well as your own If you see a hazard correct it if possible even if it s not in your department For those hazards you cannot immediately correct notify your supervisor so the hazard can be corrected CLOTHING Wear proper acceptable clothing for the job If you re not sure of what clothing is acceptable ask your supervisor Rings and jewelry should not be worn on around or near moving machinery Long hair must be kept
145. m How about those shop rags oily clothing and other fire hazards Be sure to put soiled rags into safety waste cans Metal cans with metal lids You can create spontaneous combustion by leaving greasy rags sitting in a corner or stored in a container other than a metal container that has a metal lid We could continue with fire prevention such as not blocking exits with materials smoking only in authorized areas emptying trash daily knowing where exits are located and keeping your equipment clean to prevent residue buildup and fire potential but we don t have time to cover these subjects in this program They re common sense items and the importance of preventing fires rather than extinguishing them is well known Fire and Smoke Hazards Life safety is paramount your life and the lives of others Don t take chances If you re not sure if you can extinguish a fire safely leave the area and close the door behind you to keep the fire from spreading Understand that smoke from any type of fire kills more people than the actual fire Never try to extinguish a fire if smoke presents any hazard The fumes and gases of smoke are very toxic and can kill you When fighting a fire with an extinguisher always keep your back toward an available escape route Remember the word PASS This word is a reminder to Pull the pin Aim the nozzle Squeeze the handle and Sweep from side to side Remove the extinguisher from its mount and take it to t
146. m selenium and silver 118 Each welder must be adequately protected from injury that may result from exposure to the Watch out for chlorinated solvents such as lead nickel chromium cadmium fluorine tin Inherent Hazards Associated With Welding and Cutting UV and IR light sources lens shade Thermal burns gloves shoes hood Heat stress water breaks scheduling Cuts materials handling gloves Trip Fall injuries housekeeping Struck by injuries shoes hard hats Those to which any other worker may be exposed You MUST be Familiar With and Expect Variations in the WORKPLACE The nature and degree of exposure to hazards changes from day to day This is especially true in the construction industry The only way you can keep up with new developments is to go into the work area REMEMBER no two jobs are the same 119 COMPANY NAME FIRE EXTINGUISHER TRAINING AND USE INTRODUCTION Fire extinguishers and extinguishing material has been around for a long time You ve seen them everywhere they re very useful and have saved many lives But not everyone understands them or know how to use them If you were experiencing a flammable liquid fire what type of extinguisher would be necessary to extinguish the fire Water Would you use an ABC type extinguisher or an ABCD type extinguisher Always remember that life safety is much more important than property If you can t extinguish a fire safely call the fire depart
147. mance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated e g chemical hazards cut hazards flame hazards etc These performance characteristics should be assessed by using standard test procedures Before purchasing gloves the employer should request documentation from the manufacturer that the gloves meet the appropriate test standard s for the hazard s anticipated A Factors to be considered for glove selection in general include 1 As long as the performance characteristics are acceptable in certain circumstances it may be more cost effective to regularly change cheaper gloves than to reuse more expensive types and 2 The work activities of the employee should be studied to determine the degree of dexterity required the duration frequency and degree of exposure of the hazard and the physical stresses that will be applied B With respect to selection of gloves for protection against chemical hazards 1 The toxic properties of the chemical s must be determined in particular the ability of the chemical to cause local effects on the skin and or to pass through the skin and cause systemic effects 2 Generally any chemical resistant glove can be used for dry powders For mixtures and formulated products unless specific test data are available a glove should be selected on the basis of the chemical component with the shortest breakthrough time since it is possible for solvents to carry active ingredien
148. material handling Handholds shall be provided on portable dockboards to permit safe handling when the dockboard must be repositioned or relocated 33 COMPANY NAME ELECTRICAL SAFETY Electricity has become an essential of modern life both at home and on the job Some employees work with electricity directly as is the case with engineers electricians or people who do wiring such as overhead lines cable harnesses or circuit assemblies Others such as office workers and salespeople work with it indirectly As a source of power electricity is accepted without much thought to the hazards encountered Perhaps because it has become such a familiar part of our surroundings it often is not treated with the respect it deserves OSHA s electrical standards address the government s concern that electricity has long been recognized as a serious workplace hazard exposing employees to such dangers as electric shock electrocution fires and explosions The objective of the standards is to minimize such potential hazards by specifying design characteristics of safety in use of electrical equipment and systems OSHA s electrical standards were carefully developed to cover only those parts of any electrical system that an employee would normally use or contact The exposed and or operating elements of an electrical installation lighting equipment motors machines appliances switches controls enclosures etc must be so constructed and insta
149. ment and let them handle the situation In the event of a small fire call the fire department anyway because small fires can quickly get out of hand and seconds count in the fire fighting business Fire extinguishers are not designed to fight a large or spreading fire and even against small fires extinguishers are useful only under the right conditions We know that everyone takes fire extinguishers for granted because they aren t used on a frequent basis You don t pay much attention to them because you know they ll be there in case of an emergency INSPECTION OF EXTINGUISHERS First of all extinguishers must be inspected at least monthly Be sure to retain these inspection records in your files Inspect extinguishers to make sure they re clean and in serviceable condition the pin is sealed on the handle to indicate it hasn t been used and of course to check the correct pressure if your extinguisher has a pressure gauge Remember that once an extinguisher has been used if only for a second it must be completely serviced and recharged Extinguishers get damaged and may not work when the need arises so check for visible damage to the container and the handle You re also checking to make sure the extinguisher is located in its proper place In the event an extinguisher is used or found to be defective most organizations have extra extinguishers to replace the damaged or defective extinguisher while it s being repaired or serviced Inspect
150. ments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool Eye protection is required and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools Noise is another hazard Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper effective use of hearing protection When using pneumatic tools employees must check to see that they are fastened securely to the hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an added safeguard A safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments such as chisels on a chipping hammer from being unintentionally shot from the barrel Screens must be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers riveting guns staplers or air drills Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone Users should never dead end it against themselves or anyone else POWDER ACTUATED TOOLS Powder actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and should be treated with the same respect and precautions In fact they are so dangerous that they must be operated only by specially trained employees Safety precautions to remember include the following e These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere e Before using the tool the worker should inspect it to determine that it is clean that all moving parts operate freely and that the bar
151. mospheres such as hydrogen sulfide from the vaporization of contaminated water Therefore these gases heavier than air are a primary concern when entry into such a confined space is being planned Other hazards may develop due to the work performed in the confined space or because of corrosive residues that accelerate the decomposition of scaffolding supports and electrical components Confined spaces such as sewers casings tanks silos vaults and compartments of ships usually have limited access The problems arising in these areas are similar to those that occur in open topped confined spaces However the limited access increases the risk of injury Gases that are 39 heavier than air such as carbon dioxide and propane may lie in a tank or vault for hours or even days after the containers have been opened Because some gases are odorless the hazard may be overlooked with fatal results Gases that are lighter then air may also be trapped within an enclosed type confined space especially those with access from the bottom or side Hazards specific to a confined space are dictated by 1 the material stored or used in the confined space as an example damp activated carbon in a filtration tank will absorb oxygen thus creating an oxygen deficient atmosphere 2 the activity carried out such as the fermentation of molasses that creates ethyl alcohol vapors and decreases the oxygen content of the atmosphere or 3 the external environment
152. n File is quite extensive with more info than is normally required Good for training office personnel who are assigned duties to maintain OSHA and Insurance records within your organization WORKPLACE VIOLENCE PLAN ON CD ROM Contains comprehensive plan on Workplace Violence Recommended each organization have a written Workplace Violence Plan WORKPLACE SEXUAL HARASSMENT PLAN ON CD ROM Basic program for developing a sexual harassment written program All organizations should have a written plan and training program to combat this potential liability INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION FILE ON CD ROM Contains Instructor Manual how to develop lesson plans and printable questions for each video and answers to video test questions VIDEO AND CD ROM INTERACTIVE FILE ON CD ROM Contains complete catalog of over 800 videos and CD Interactive programs End 151
153. n climbing or descending ladders Metal ladders shall never be used near electrical equipment 31 FIXED LADDERS Fixed ladder A fixed ladder is a ladder permanently attached to a structure building or equipment e Fixed ladders of more than 20 feet to a maximum unbroken length of 30 feet shall be equipped with cages or a ladder safety device Cage A cage is a guard that is fastened to the side rails of the fixed ladder or to the structure to encircle the climbing space of the ladder for the safety of the person who must climb the ladder e Cages shall extend a minimum of 42 inches above the top of a landing unless other acceptable protection is provided e Cages shall extend down the ladder to a point not less than 7 feet nor more than 8 feet above the base of the ladder Ladder safety device A ladder safety device is any device other than a cage or well designed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of accidental falls and may incorporate such features as life belts friction brakes and sliding attachments Another feature of fixed ladders is the landing platform which provides a means of interrupting a free fall and serves as a resting place during long climbs When fixed ladders are used to ascend to heights exceeding 20 feet except on chimneys landing platforms shall be provided for each 30 feet of height or fraction thereof when cages are used except that where no cage well or ladder safety device is provided lan
154. n should perform as many different exercises that would closely relate to respirator use in a normal working environment Depending on the type of test these may or may not include Normal breathing deep breathing turning the head side to side moving the head up and down talking grimacing bending over or jogging in place and normal breathing again These exercises are performed in the above order for one minute except for the grimace exercise which is performed for only 15 seconds The objective to perform enough exercises to demonstrate that the seal of the respirator is satisfactory for normal routine respirator use Proper fit testing is an important element of any respirator program No matter what else you do if a respirator doesn t fit properly it s useless The standards require fit testing on all tight fitting face pieces including air supplying and powered air purifying respirators Fits tests are required annually and after a significant change in the type or model of respirators Also fit testing is required if there is a physical change in a person such as weight gain or loss facial scarring cosmetic surgery substantial dental work or other factors that could affect the wearing of the respirator There are other conditions of respirator use that can affect the fit Nothing must interfere with the seal of a tight fitting respirator including facial hair and gl
155. n specified by employer s rescue procedure e Know existing and potential hazards including information on the mode of exposure signs or symptoms consequences of the exposure and their physiological effects 50 e Maintain communication with and keep an accurate account of those workers entering the permit required space e Order evacuation of the permit space when a prohibited condition exists when a worker shows signs of physiological effects of hazardous exposure when an emergency outside the confined space exists and when the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform required duties e Summon rescue and other services during an emergency e Ensure that unauthorized persons stay away from permit spaces or exit immediately if they have entered the permit space Inform authorized entrants and entry supervisor of entry by unauthorized persons and Perform no other duties that interfere with the attendant s primary duties Entry Supervisor s Duties e Know space hazards including information on the mode of exposure signs or symptoms and consequences of exposure e Verify emergency plans and specified entry conditions such as permits tests procedures and equipment before allowing entry e Terminate entry and cancel permits when entry operations are complete or if a new condition exists e Take appropriate measures to remove unauthorized entrants and e Ensure that entry operations remain consistent with the ent
156. n that authorized 2 employees must know in order to control hazardous energy during service or maintenance If this information is the same for various machines or equipment or if other means of logical grouping exists then a single energy control procedure may be sufficient If there are other conditions such as multiple energy sources different connecting means or a particular sequence that must be followed to shut down the machine or equipment then the employer must develop separate energy control procedures to protect employees The energy control procedure must outline the scope purpose authorization rules and techniques that will be used to control hazardous energy sources as well as the means that will be used to enforce compliance The written energy control procedure includes but is not limited to the following elements e astatement on how the procedure will be used e the procedural steps needed to shut down isolate block and secure equipment e the steps designating the safe placement removal and transfer of lockout tagout devices and who has the responsibility for them and e the specific requirements for testing machines or equipment to determine and verify the effectiveness of locks tags and other energy control measures 57 The procedure must include the following steps 1 preparing for shutdown 2 shutting down the machine s or equipment 3 isolating the machine or equipment from the energy source s
157. ndatory use of harnesses must be stressed 4 Rescue procedures must be specifically designed for each entry A trained stand by person must be present This person should be assigned a fully charged positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus with a full face piece The stand by person must maintain unobstructed lifelines and communications to all workers within the permit required confined space and be prepared to summon rescue personnel if necessary The stand by person should not enter the confined space until adequate assistance is present While awaiting rescue personnel the stand by person may make a rescue attempt utilizing lifelines from outside the permit required confined space OSHA Reference A more complete description of procedures to follow while working in confined spaces may be found in the OSHA standard for permit required confined spaces 29 CFR 1910 145 and the 87 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Publication Number 80 106 Criteria for a Recommended Standard Working in Confined Spaces MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROVISIONS In a major emergency time is critical factor in minimizing injuries Most small businesses do not have a formal medical program but they are required to have the following medical and first aid services 1 In the absence of an infirmary clinic or hospital in close proximity to the workplace that can be used for treatment of all injured employees the employer
158. ning techniques for weed control pull weeds in the summer and cover the garden in the fall with organic mulch to discourage weed growth Start a compost heap Pest Control Prevent pest problems by growing healthy plants Choose disease resistant plant varieties Wash aphids off of plants with a strong stream of water Use cardboard collars around transplants to protect them from cutworms Place sticky bands on tree trunks in the fall to trap winter moths Spray BTK for leaf eating caterpillars Cover carrots with fine screening to keep away rust fly Attract the beneficial insects that control pests by growing flowers rich in pollen and nectar SAFE DISPOSAL Don t dump hazardous wastes in water soil drains or your household garbage Reduce hazardous wastes by buying environmentally safe products If you must buy hazardous products buy only as much as you need Use them up or give them to others who will use them Re use hazardous products whenever possible Examples Use old paint as a primer coat Re use turpentine after paint particles have settled to the bottom Recycle everything you can Used paint motor oil antifreeze solvents and batteries are some of the products being recycled Safe disposal options may be available through community programs or industry stewardship collection depots 112 RESPONDING TO OIL SPILLS refers to large spills may not be applicable for small shops Oil Spill Response The large environmental
159. nment and responsible parties are prepared to respond effectively to dangerous spills When an Oil Spill Occurs The Discharge of Oil Regulation also known as the sheen rule under the Clean Water Act states that whenever an oil spill occurs in U S waters that causes a discoloration or sheen on the surface of a body of water the person in charge of the facility or vessel responsible for the spill must notify the National Response Center immediately at 800 424 8802 If the spill is in inland waters the National Response Center will relay the information by telephone to an EPA OSC in the appropriate EPA Regional office so that the Agency can assess whether and how it should respond EPA directs any responses to inland spills that pose a substantial threat to the public health or welfare and has the authority to respond to any other discharges Even where other State or Federal agencies assume control of the response EPA provides advice and monitors response efforts OSCs consider and apply a full range of resources and methods for responding to spills Mechanical methods booms skimmers and containers may be used to recover the spilled oil and to store the oil until it can be disposed of or reused Mechanical containment or recovery is the most common type of response action Chemical treatments may be employed to coagulate the oil for easier collection or to direct the oil to a less sensitive location by dispersing it into tiny drop
160. ntation of inspection should be retained All extinguishers must be in their proper mounting bracket and in good condition Pressure gauges should read in the green to indicate proper pressure Extra fire extinguishers should be maintained if an extinguisher is used or found damaged the extra extinguisher can serve as replacement until the other is serviced All employees should be trained in the proper use of fire extinguishers Sprinkler systems should also be inspected to make sure they are working properly A SELF INSPECTION SHOULD BE CONDUCTED AT LEAST MONTHLY ANY HAZARDS NOTED DURING THE INSPECTION SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED ANY EQUIPMENT PROCESS OR EQUIPMENT THAT IS NOTED AS A POTENTIAL HAZARD SHOULD BE TAKEN OUT OF SERVICE UNTIL REPAIRED OR REPLACED THIS INFORMATION SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED AS WELL The date of the inspection and who conducted the inspection should be noted on the inspection checklist and documented in the company files as record of the inspection Please make any changes deletions and additions as necessary to make an inspection checklist for your organization This checklist has not listed all safety considerations 150 SEPARATE FILES ON CD ROM Can be used as additional information for training or for developing specific written plans as necessary These files are located on this CD Rom and can be used as so desired OSHA RECORDKEEPING FILE ON CD ROM Contains all OSHA Record keeping informatio
161. ntral location e g in the pick up truck on a construction site Others particularly in workplaces with large numbers of chemicals computerize the information and provide access through terminals As long as employees can get the information when they need it any approach may be used The employees must have access to the MSDSs themselves simply having a system where the information can be read to them over the phone is only permitted under the mobile worksite provision paragraph g 9 when employees must travel between workplaces during the shift In this situation they have access to the MSDSs prior to leaving the primary worksite and when they return so the telephone system is simply an emergency arrangement In order to ensure that you have a current MSDS for each chemical in the plant as required and that employee access is provided the compliance officers will be looking for the following types of information in your written program 1 Designation of person s responsible for obtaining and maintaining the MSDSs 2 How sheets are maintained in the workplace e g in notebooks in the work area s or in a computer with terminal access and how employees can obtain access to them when they are in their work area during the work shift 3 Procedures to follow when the MSDS is not received at the time of the first shipment 4 For producers procedures to update the MSDS when new and significant health information is found and 5 D
162. nveying grain products nitrated fertilizers finely ground chemical products and any other combustible material High charges of static electricity which rapidly accumulate during periods of relatively low humidity below 50 can cause certain substances to accumulate electrostatic charges of sufficient energy to produce sparks and ignite a flammable atmosphere These sparks may also cause explosions when the right air or oxygen to dust or gas mixture is present 41 Toxic Atmospheres The substances to be regarded as toxic in a confined space can cover the entire spectrum of gases vapors and finely divided airborne dust in industry The sources of toxic atmospheres encountered may arise from the following 1 The manufacturing process for example in producing polyvinyl chloride hydrogen chloride is used as will as vinyl chloride monomer which is carcinogenic 2 The product stored removing decomposed organic material from a tank can liberate toxic substances such as hydrogen sulfide H2S 3 The operation performed in the confined space for example welding or brazing with metals capable of producing toxic fumes During loading unloading formulation and production mechanical and or human error may also produce toxic gases that are not part of the planned operation Carbon monoxide CO is a hazardous gas that may build up in a confined space This odorless colorless gas that has approximately the same density as air is
163. ny types of fine adjustments such as centering the belt on conveyors is one example Certain aspects of troubleshooting such as identifying the source of the problem as well as checking to ensure that it has been corrected is another OSHA requires the employer to provide effective protection for employees performing such operations Although in these cases a power on condition is essential either to accomplish the particular type of servicing or to verify that it was performed properly lockout or tagout procedures are required when servicing or maintenance occurs with the power off Minor Servicing Tasks Employees performing minor tool changes and adjustments and or other minor service activities during normal production operations that are routine repetitive and integral to the use of the production equipment are not covered by the lockout tagout standard provided the work is performed using alternative measures that give effective protection PROVISIONS OF THE STANDARD The standard requires employers to establish procedures for isolating machines or equipment from the input of energy and affixing appropriate locks or tags to energy isolating devices to prevent any unexpected energization start up or release of stored energy that would injure workers When tags are used on energy isolating devices capable of being locked out the employer must provide additional means to assure a level of protection equivalent to that of locks The stan
164. o as non toxic inert gases but have claimed many lives The use of nitrogen to inert a confined space has claimed more lives than carbon dioxide The total displacement of oxygen by nitrogen will cause immediate collapse and death Carbon dioxide and argon with specific gravities greater than air may lie in a tank or manhole for hours or days after opening Since these gases are colorless and odorless they pose an immediate hazard to health unless appropriate oxygen measurements and ventilation are adequately carried out 43 Oxygen deprivation is one form of asphyxiation While it is desirable to maintain the atmospheric oxygen level at 21 by volume the body can tolerate deviation from this ideal When the oxygen level falls to 17 the first sign of hypoxia is a deterioration to night vision which is not noticeable until a normal oxygen concentration is restored Physiologic effects are increased breathing volume and accelerated heartbeat Between 14 16 physiologic effects are increased breathing volume accelerated heartbeat very poor muscular coordination rapid fatigue and intermittent respiration Between 6 10 the effects are nausea vomiting inability to perform and unconsciousness Less than 6 spasmatic breathing convulsive movements and death in minutes GENERAL SAFETY HAZARDS General safety hazards may be classified as Mechanical Hazards Communication Problems Entry and Exit Physical Hazards thermal noise vibration expo
165. o the type level of risk and seriousness of potential injury from each of the hazards found in the area The possibility of exposure to several hazards simultaneously should be considered 4 Selection guidelines After completion of the procedures in paragraph 3 the general procedure for selection of protective equipment is to A Become familiar with the potential hazards and the type of protective equipment that is available and what it can do i e splash protection impact protection etc B Compare the hazards associated with the environment i e impact velocities masses projectile shape radiation intensities with the capabilities of the available protective equipment C Select the protective equipment which ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from the hazards and D Fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care and use of the PPE It is very important that end users be made aware of all warning labels for and limitations of their PPE 5 Fitting the device Careful consideration must be given to comfort and fit PPE that fits poorly will not afford the necessary protection Continued wearing of the device is more likely if it fits the wearer comfortably Protective devices are generally available in a variety of sizes Care should be taken to ensure that the right size is selected 99 6 Devices with adjustable features Adjustments should be ma
166. oethane The hazard warning is a brief statement of the hazardous effects of the chemical flammable causes lung damage Labels frequently contain other information such as precautionary measures do not use near open flame but this information is provided voluntarily and is not required by the rule Labels must be legible and prominently displayed There are no specific requirements for size or color or any specified text 20 With these requirements in mind the compliance officer will be looking for the following types of information to ensure that labeling will be properly implemented in your facility 1 Designation of person s responsible for ensuring labeling of in plant containers 2 Designation of person s responsible for ensuring labeling of any shipped containers 3 Description of labeling system s used 4 Description of written alternatives to labeling of in plant containers if used and 5 Procedures to review and update label information when necessary Employers that are purchasing and using hazardous chemicals rather than producing or distributing them will primarily be concerned with ensuring that every purchased container is labeled If materials are transferred into other containers the employer must ensure that these are labeled as well unless they fall under the portable container exemption paragraph f 7 In terms of labeling systems you can simply choose to use the labels provided by your suppli
167. ollects wastes that may not be defined by EPA as hazardous but present a significant enough hazard to warrant handling as a hazardous waste General Characteristics Wastes exhibiting any of these characteristics are hazardous a Liquids that have a flash point less than 140 F 60 C e g xylene acetonitrile ethanol toluene b Solids capable of causing fire by friction absorption of moisture spontaneous chemical change and when ignited burn vigorously and persistently to create a hazard e g picric acid sodium dithionite Flammable compressed gases e g hydrogen ethylene methane d Oxidizers substances which yield oxygen readily to stimulate combustion e g potassium permanganate sodium chlorate sodium nitrate 2 Corrosivity EPA code D002 a Liquids capable of corroding steel at a specified rate and temperature b Aqueous solutions with pH equal to or less than 2 or greater than 12 5 3 Reactivity EPA code D003 110 a Substances that react with water violently or produce toxic gases or explosive mixtures with water e g potassium sodium and sodium hydride Substances that are normally unstable or explosive e g c Phosphorous d Chemicals containing cyanide or sulfide that generate toxic gases when exposed to pH between 2 and 12 5 e g potassium cyanide sodium sulfide 4 Toxicity EPA code D series Materials that have certain heavy metals or organic constituents above
168. ollowing areas Use of various types of fire extinguishers First aid including cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR Shutdown procedures Evacuation procedures Chemical spill control procedures Use of self contained breathing apparatus SCBA Search and emergency rescue procedures Incipient and advanced stage firefighting and SO OO Sal OY SE ER Ne Trauma counseling 83 The type and extent of the emergency will depend on the plant operations and the response will vary according to the type of process the material handled the number of employees and the availability of outside resources OSHA s Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR part 1910 1200 is designed to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced or imported are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees This is done by means of comprehensive hazard communication programs including container labeling and other forms of warnings material safety data sheets and employee training Emergency Response Teams should be trained in the types of possible emergencies and the emergency actions to be performed They are to be informed about special hazards such as storage and use of flammable materials toxic chemicals radioactive sources and water reactive substances to which they may be exposed during fire and other emergencies It is important to determine when not to intervene For example team members mu
169. on procedures Change Analysis and Job Safety Analysis Change Analysis As its name implies this technique emphasizes change To solve a problem an investigator must look for deviations from the norm Consider all problems to result from some unanticipated change Make an analysis of the change to determine its causes Use the following steps in this method 1 Define the problem What happened 2 Establish the norm What should have happened 3 Identify locate and describe the change What where when to what extent 4 Specify what was and what was not affected 5 Identify the distinctive features of the change 6 List the possible causes 7 Select the most likely causes Job Safety Analysis Job safety analysis JSA is part of many existing accident prevention programs In general JSA breaks a job into basic steps and identifies the hazards associated with each step The JSA also prescribes controls for each hazard A JSA is a chart listing these steps hazards and controls Review the JSA during the investigation if a JSA has been conducted for the job involved in an accident Perform a JSA if one is not available Perform a JSA as a part of the investigation to determine the events and conditions that led to the accident REPORT OF INVESTIGATION As noted earlier an accident investigation is not complete until a report is prepared and submitted to proper authorities Special report forms are available in many case
170. ons Add an OSHA Hazard Identification Poster Complies with General Industry Safety Order 5494 and the National Fire Protection Agency mandatory identification requirements Provides the necessary reference tool for identifying hazardous chemicals in the workplace Hazard ratings include Health Flammability Reactivity and Special Notice Protects the work environment by communicating safe use rules as well as warning of potential hazards that may exist Additionally if you mount demount service tires and wheel rim assemblies you should contact OSHA to obtain the required Poster FOR EMPLOYEE APPLICANT INTERVIEW ROOM The Federal All on One Poster is required for your lobby reception area or interview room where job applicants can readily see it Postings included Employee Polygraph Protection Act Job Safety and Health Protection Revised Federal Minimum Wage Notice Federal Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Equal Employment Opportunity is the Law ADA Title VII of the Civil Rights Act Emergency Numbers 15 COMPANY NAME HAZARD COMMUNICATION Guidelines for Employer Compliance HAZCOM IS THE NUMBER ONE CITATION BY OSHA FOR COMPANIES WHO DO NOT HAVE HAZCOM WRITTEN PLANS OR WHO ARE DEFICIENT IN THE PLAN AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION SEE THE ACCOMPANYING SAMPLE HAZCOM PLAN The Hazard Communication Standard HCS is based on a simple concept that employees have both a need and a right to know the hazards and identit
171. ore secure and more effective means of protecting employees from the unexpected release of hazardous energy or start up of machines and equipment This rule requires that in general before service or maintenance is performed on machinery or equipment the machinery or equipment must be turned off and disconnected from the energy source and the energy isolating device must be either locked or tagged out OSHA estimates that adherence to the requirements of this standard can eliminate nearly 2 of all workplace deaths in establishments affected by this rule and can have a significant impact on worker safety and health in the U S GLOSSARY Affected employee An employee who performs the duties of his or her job in an area in which the energy control procedure is implemented and servicing or maintenance operations are performed An affected employee does not perform servicing or maintenance on machines or equipment and consequently is not responsible for implementing the energy control procedure An affected employee becomes an authorized employee whenever he or she performs servicing or maintenance functions on machines or equipment that must be locked or tagged Authorized employee An employee who performs servicing or maintenance on machines and equipment Lockout or tagout is used by these employees for their own protection Capable of being locked out An energy isolating device is considered capable of being locked out if it meets one of
172. oss Whenever there is a personal injury or damage to property from whatever cause it is a direct reflection on our ability to perform our work in a correct and conscientious manner To help insure your continued good health and that of visitors to our offices facilities we are adopting and sponsoring a program of action dedicated to the reduction or elimination of causes for loss In accepting this responsibility management requests unqualified cooperation from every employee Our basic safety policy for all employees is simply stated WE HAVE NO JOB OR TASK TO PERFORM THAT WOULD ENDANGER THE HEALTH OR SAFETY OF ANY EMPLOYEE EACH EMPLOYEE HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO WORK AND ACT SAFELY AT ALL TIMES IN THE FACILITY OR ON ASSIGNED DUTIES AWAY FROM THE OFFICE IF ANY TASK IS UNHEALTHY OR UNSAFE TO PERFORM NO ONE SHALL PERFORM THAT TASK IF IT CAN T BE DONE SAFELY WE DON T WANT ANY EMPLOYEE TO DO IT We recognize our responsibility in safety matters and shall endeavor to do our part in maintaining a safe and healthy place to work The employer has the legal and moral obligation to provide a safe and healthful work environment consequently each and every employee as a condition of employment has the obligation to work in a safe and healthful and productive manner Safety is a team effort requiring the diligence of all levels of management supervision and employees President DATE APPOINTMENT OF SAFETY COORDINATOR The followin
173. oth but they do not supply oxygen An air purifying respirator cannot be used in an oxygen deficient or IDLH atmosphere The respirator should be equipped with a NIOSH certified ESLI or on a change schedule based on objective data to ensure that the cartridges are changed before the end of their service life Air purifying respirators are grouped into three general types particulate removing vapor and gas removing and combination Elements that remove particulates are called filters while vapor and gas removing elements are called either chemical cartridges or canisters Filters and canisters cartridges are the functional portion of air purifying respirators and they can generally be removed and replaced once their effective life has expired The exception would be disposable respirators those which cannot be cleaned and disinfected or refitted with an unused filter after each use Combination elements are those that protect for both particulates and vapors and gases 64 Atmosphere supplying Respirators This type of respirator provides oxygen to the employee An atmosphere supplying respirator equipped with a NIOSH certified HEPA filter or an air purifying respirator equipped with NIOSH certified filter for particulates provide protection against particulates There are many types of respiratory hazards that may result from an oxygen deficient atmosphere or from breathing air contaminated with toxic particles vapors gases fumes or mists
174. oxides of nitrogen and ozone are gases of major toxicological importance and incomplete oxidation may occur and carbon monoxide can form as a byproduct Another poor work practice which has led to fatalities is the recirculation of diesel exhaust emissions Increased CO levels can be prevented by strict control of the ventilation and the use of catalytic converters 42 Irritant and or Corrosive Atmospheres Irritant or corrosive atmospheres can be divided into primary and secondary groups The primary irritants exert no systemic toxic effects effects on the entire body Examples of primary irritants are chlorine ozone hydrochloric acid hydrofluoric acid sulfuric acid nitrogen dioxide ammonia and sulfur dioxide A secondary irritant is one that may produce systemic toxic effects in addition to surface irritation Examples of secondary irritants include benzene carbon tetrachloride ethyl chloride trichloroethane trichloroethylene and chloropropene Irritant gases vary widely among all areas of industrial activity They can be found in plastics plants chemical plants the petroleum industry tanneries refrigeration industries paint manufacturing and mining operations Prolonged exposure at irritant or corrosive concentrations in a confined space may produce little or no evidence of irritation This may result in a general weakening of the defense reflexes from changes in sensitivity The danger in this situation is that the wor
175. p rail mid rail and posts and shall have a vertical height of 42 inches nominal from the upper surface of top rail to floor platform runway or ramp level Nominal height of mid rail is 21 inches Standard toeboard A standard toeboard is 4 inches nominal in vertical height with not more than 1 4 inch clearance above floor level Floor openings may be covered rather than guarded with rails When the floor opening cover is removed a temporary guardrail shall be in place or an attendant shall be stationed at the opening to warn personnel 27 Every floor hole into which persons can accidentally walk shall be guarded by either e A standard railing with toeboard or e A floor hole cover of standard strength and construction While the cover is not in place the floor hole shall be constantly attended by someone or shall be protected by a removable standard railing PROTECTION OF OPEN SIDED FLOORS PLATFORMS AND RUNWAYS Frequently overlooked requirements in walking working surfaces is the requirement that every open sided floor or platform 4 feet or more above adjacent floor or ground level shall be guarded by a standard railing on all open sides except where there is an entrance to a ramp stairway or fixed ladder The railing shall be provided with a toeboard wherever beneath the open sides e Persons can pass e There is moving machinery or e There is equipment with which falling materials could create a hazard Eve
176. p them determine what s required under the rule It does not supplant or substitute for the regulatory provisions but rather provides a simplified outline of the steps an average employer would follow to meet those requirements 1 Becoming familiar with the rules OSHA has provided a simple summary of the HCS in a pamphlet entitled Chemical Hazard Communication OSHA Publication Number 3084 Some employers prefer to begin to become familiar with the rule s requirements by reading this pamphlet A copy may be obtained from your local OSHA Area Office or by contacting the OSHA Publications Office at 202 523 9667 The standard is long and some parts of it are technical but the basic concepts are simple In fact the requirements reflect what many employers have been doing for years You may find that you are already largely in compliance with many of the provisions and will simply have to modify your 16 existing programs somewhat If you are operating in an OSHA approved State Plan State you must comply with the State s requirements which may be different than those of the Federal rule Many of the State Plan States had hazard communication or right to know laws prior to promulgation of the Federal rule Employers in State Plan States should contact their State OSHA offices for more information regarding applicable requirements The HCS requires information to be prepared and transmitted regarding all hazardous chemicals The HCS cov
177. pagation of flame does not occur These boundary line mixtures of vapor with air are known as the lower and upper flammable or explosive limits LEL or UEL respectively and they are usually expressed in terms of percentage by volume of vapor in air In popular jargon a vapor air mixture below the flammable limit is too lean to burn or explode and a mixture above the upper flammable limit is too rich to burn or explode No attempt is made to differentiate between the terms flammable and explosive as applied to the lower and upper limits of flammability 106 CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE This section applies only to the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in drums or other containers including flammable aerosols not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity and portable tanks of less than 660 gallon individual capacity A portable tank is a closed container which has a liquid capacity of over 60 gallons and is not intended for fixed installations This section does not apply to the following e Storage of containers in bulk plants service stations refineries chemical plants and distilleries e Class I or Class II liquids in the fuel tanks of a motor vehicle aircraft boat or portable or stationary engine e Flammable or combustible paints oils varnishes and similar mixtures used for painting or maintenance when not kept for a period in excess of 30 days e Beverages when packed in individual containers not
178. pheres and where filtering cartridges or face piece respirators would not provide sufficient protection Oxygen cylinders provide the air needed for breathing Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health IDLH All oxygen deficient atmospheres must be considered IDLH There are exceptions to this rule but there are many technicalities that must be met so in general oxygen deficient atmospheres are considered IDLH If an atmosphere is IDLH the employer must provide the following respirators a full face piece NIOSH certified SCBA with a minimum service life of 30 minutes or a full face piece pressure demand airline respirator with auxiliary self contained air supply If a respirator is to be used for escape from an IDLH atmosphere only the respirator must be NIOSH certified for escape from the atmosphere in which it will be used Generally these escape respirators are available for 5 or 10 minute uses 63 Particulate The word particulate means a particle of solid or liquid matter Matter is comprised of three states solids liquids and gases Solids Particulates are either finely divided dust particles such as from grinding operations or as still more finely divided metal fume particles as generated when smoldering hot metals vaporize They combine with oxygen in the air and condense as oxide Hazard ratio is the hazard concentration and the exposure limit for the contaminant Assigned Protection Factors APF This is the minimum anticipat
179. pment used inside confined spaces either grounded and insulated or equipped with ground fault protection Before gas welding or burning is started in a confined space are hoses checked for leaks Compressed gas bottles are forbidden inside of the confined space Are torches lighted only outside of the confined area and the confined area tested for an explosive atmosphere each time before a lighted torch is to be taken into the confined space If employees will be using oxygen consuming equipment such as salamanders torches and furnaces in a confined space is sufficient air provided to assure combustion without reducing the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere below 19 5 percent by volume Whenever combustion type equipment is used in a confined space are provisions made to ensure the exhaust gases are vented outside of the enclosure Is each confined space checked for decaying vegetation or animal matter which may produce methane Is the confined space checked for possible industrial waste which could contain toxic properties If the confined space is below the ground and near areas where motor vehicles will be operating is it possible for vehicle exhaust or carbon monoxide to enter the space ELECTRICAL 1 Do you specify compliance with OSHA for all contract electrical work 2 Are all employees required to report as soon as practicable any obvious hazard to life or property observed in connection with electrical equipment or line
180. policies and procedures Employees must be trained in these policies and procedures training documentation e Safety policies and procedures must be enforced How do you prove your policies procedures are enforced Documentation of disciplinary action taken on those individuals who violate company safety policies procedures This can come in the form of safety counseling You simply cannot say that no employee has ever violated a safety rule policy or procedure That won t fly This manual addresses many of mandated requirements however you must edit the manual plan to make the written plans site specific which means specifically for your organization your equipment your facilities and your employees A canned manual is worthless unless it is edited and changed to fit your operations Some of the information may be outdated or incorrect for your company and operations so it s your responsibility to add delete and improve on these guidelines ANY pre written manual such as this one is good only as GUIDE Don t just put your name on it and call it your written plan It is not your written plan or plans until you have made it fit your company operations Take your time and learn the requirements and make sure you have proper documentation to support your program If you don t have documentation you don t have a plan Note You should remove the preceding information pages 1 and 2 before printing out your manua
181. program it will be necessary to assign responsibility for both the initial and ongoing activities that have to be undertaken to comply with the rule In some cases these activities may already be part of current job assignments For example site supervisors are frequently responsible for on the job training sessions Early identification of the responsible employees and involvement of them in the development of your plan of action will result in a more effective program design Evaluation of the effectiveness of your program will also be enhanced by involvement of affected employees For any safety and health program success depends on commitment at every level of the organization This is particularly true for hazard communication where success requires a change in behavior This will only occur if employers understand the program and are committed to its success and if employees are motivated by the people presenting the information to them 3 Identifying hazardous chemicals in the workplace The standard requires a list of hazardous chemicals in the workplace as part of the written hazard communication program The list will eventually serve as an inventory of everything for which an MSDS must be maintained At this point however preparing the list will help you complete the rest of the program since it will give you some idea of the scope of the program required for compliance in your facility 18 The best way to prepare a comprehen
182. protective gloves and use an appropriate and approved solution An inexpensive approved solution is 10 percent bleach and water or 1 2 79 cup of bleach to one gallon of water which is freshly made You should use disposable towels and if necessary a disposable brush and tray to clean the spill Everything must be placed in a biohazard bag and disposed of according to the workplace exposure control plan If during work you come into contact with IV needles hypodermic needles razors scalpels scissors broken glass and or other sharp objects use extreme caution Needles should be disposed of by carefully placing them into an appropriate labeled puncture proof containers designed for sharps Never clean up broken sharp materials with your hands Use a dustpan and brush or tongs These materials must to go into sharps containers and not placed in biohazard bags Contaminated laundry must be placed into leak resistant labeled containers If plastic biohazard bags are being used they should be doubled as an extra precaution Remember to wear the proper personal protection whenever handling soiled contaminated laundry We certainly haven t covered all aspects of bloodborne pathogens but speak with your employer and contact your local public health unit for more information on bloodborne pathogens You can protect yourself and reduce your risk of exposure to a bloodborne pathogen by the use of personal protective equipment and practicing Standard
183. quipped with a metal spreader or locking device of sufficient size and strength to securely hold the front and back sections in open position Single ladders longer than 30 feet shall not be used Extension ladders longer than 60 feet shall not be used Ladders shall be maintained in good condition at all times Ladders shall be inspected frequently and unsafe ladders shall be withdrawn from service for repair or destruction and tagged or marked as Dangerous Do Not Use Proper use of ladders is essential in preventing accidents Even a good ladder can be a serious safety hazard when used by workers in a dangerous way OSHA standards require the following safety precautions for ladder use Ladders shall be placed with a secure footing or they shall be lashed or held in position Ladders used to gain access to a roof or other area shall extend at least 3 feet above the point of support The foot of a ladder shall where possible be used at such a pitch that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is one quarter of the working length of the ladder the length along the ladder between the foot and the support The worker shall always face the ladder when climbing up or down Short ladders shall not be spliced together to make long ladders Ladders shall never be used in the horizontal position as scaffolds or work platforms The top of a regular stepladder shall not be used as a step Use both hands whe
184. r the filter leakage Each series will have an efficiency rating N95 R95 P95 The 95 number means it is 95 percent efficient N99 R99 P99 means filters have a minimum efficiency of 99 percent N100 R100 P100 means these filters have a 99 7 percent efficiency rating The N Series Filter The N series filter is limited to use in atmospheres containing non oil based particulates It cannot be used if oil particles are present such as those generated when cutting oil covered steel Generally these filters have a time use restriction of eight hours The R and P Series Filters Both the R and P series are intended for filtering any non oil or oil containing particles If oil particles such as lubricants or cutting fluids are present use an R or P series filter Eight hour time usage is also generally eight hours The P series may be used in either a non oil or oil containing atmosphere and do not have by time restrictions other than those normally associated with particulate filters If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift use only a P series filter When selecting respirators look for the NIOSH certification 65 number 84A This means it has the new certification There are no requirements for color coding on respirators or cartridges except the P100 filter The P100 respirators will be color coded magenta RESPIRATOR FIT TYPES Respirators are of two general fit types Ti
185. ractice SUMMARY REVIEW It s important to remember the classes of fire and why certain extinguishing agents work better on certain types of fires Remember we stated that some extinguishing agents such as water cools the temperature of the fire until it s extinguished Some agents such as carbon dioxide removes oxygen from the fire This is important because if you re in an area where large amounts of carbon dioxide is used to extinguish a fire there will be insufficient oxygen for you to breathe There are other fire suppression systems such as a foam extinguishing system You can see here a gasoline loading dock s foam system was activated and it acts like a sprinkler system covering the entire area with foam There are dry chemical and CO2 systems commonly used in kitchens to automatically suppress a fire You should be familiar with any automatic systems in your area and know how they work and what type of extinguishing agent is used Knowing and understanding classes of fires types of extinguishing agents and how to use fire extinguishers is extremely important This knowledge can save your life in case of emergency Remember that life safety is paramount Never try to extinguish a fire where your life or the lives of others are in jeopardy Get out and leave the fire fighting to the professionals Keep calm and put your emergency plan in action The life you save may be your own 124 COMPANY NAME ACCIDENT INVEST
186. ransport potentially infectious materials EXPOSURE One of the most common definitions of an occupational exposure is a specific contact with eye mouth other mucous membrane non intact skin or piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needle stick human bites cuts and abrasions contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee s duties IN CASE OF AN EXPOSURE remember these key words STOP WASH and REPORT STOP whatever you are doing as soon as possible WASH the exposed area immediately with soap and running water Cleanse thoroughly by scrubbing vigorously and creating a good lather Rinse mucous membranes which is considered the eyes and mouth with plenty of water Try to save any contaminated object for testing purposes REPORT the incident to your employer as promptly as possible Seek medical help treatment and counseling If you have not already been vaccinated against HBV get vaccinated even after you have been exposed EXPOSURE CONTROL Each organization must have an exposure control plan All new employees must be informed and trained in these policies and procedures Workplace exposure control plans are implemented to eliminate or minimize the employee s exposure to bloodborne pathogens When cleaning a spill you must remember to use Standard Precautions Protect yourself and others from exposures When cleaning wear appropriate
187. re not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as such E As required by the standard persons whose vision requires the use of prescription Rx lenses must wear either protective devices fitted with prescription Rx lenses or protective devices designed to be worn over regular prescription Rx eyewear F Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment It should be recognized that dusty and or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers G Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas H Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog Frequent cleansing may be necessary 100 I Welding helmets or face shields should be used only over primary eye protection spectacles or goggles J Spectacles without side shields are available for frontal protection only but are not acceptable eye protection for the sources and operations listed for impact K Ventilation should be adequate but well protected from splash entry Eye and face protection should be designed and used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from splash entry L Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density See note 4 Select the darkest shade that allows task performance 8 Selection
188. red serviced or otherwise out of service must not be started or tampered with while the lock or tag is in place Only the person installing the lock or tag is authorized to remove the lock or tag MOVEMENT Walk never run Use handrails on stairs Be cautious when approaching swinging doors corners or congested areas Particular attention should be devoted to the prevention of slips and falls particularly when carrying materials equipment or tools Most slips and falls are the result of not watching where a person is walking or inattention to footing 10 11 SAFE LIFTING Each employee has been or will be trained in the safe lifting method Each employee must exercise these techniques and methods when lifting anything If at anytime an employee believes an object is too heavy or awkward to be lifted by one person then he is expected to get help or move the object by mechanical lifting means Each employee should maintain adequate fitness to keep the back healthy thereby reducing the exposure to back injuries HORSEPLAY PRACTICAL JOKES Practical jokes horseplay and similar activities are strictly prohibited Each employee has the responsibility to behavior in a professional manner at all times FIRE PREPAREDNESS Know what to do what action to take and where to go in the event of an emergency In the event of a fire life safety is of paramount importance If you have been trained and can safely extinguish a fire use portable
189. regulated levels e g silver cadmium chloroform etc ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS Hazard Kitchen amp Bathroom Bleach Drain cleansers Floor wax Strippers Glass cleaners Laundry stain Removers Lye Muriatic acid Oven cleansers Powdered cleansers Corrosive Flammable Aerosol spray Butane refills Purniture Cleansers Hair sprays Home perm Solutions Nail acrylics Nail polishes Removers Propane gas Rubbing alcohol Spot removers Transmission fluid Reactive Aerosol sprays Home Workshop Dry cell batteries Muriatic Acid TSP Acetone Aerosol paints Contact cement Oil based Wood stains Oil based paints Oil Paint thinners Turpentine Degreasers Garden amp Garage Brake fluid Glass cleansers Pool chemicals Tire cleansers Wet cell batteries Aerosol sprays Aerosol insect repellants All fuels Antifreeze Barbeque starters Oil Brake fluid Car waxes Gas barbeques Kerosene Petroleum based solvents and cleansers Acetone Aerosol sprays Aerosol sprays All fuels Propane Petroleum based solvents Bleach when mixed with ammonia or degreasers Petroleum degreasers mixed with any degreaser acid or base 111 Hazard Kitchen amp Bathroom Home Workshop Garden amp Garage Toxic Air fresheners Acetone Aerosol sprays Ammonia based
190. rel is free from obstructions e The tool should never be pointed at anybody e The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately A loaded tool should not be left unattended especially where it would be available to unauthorized persons e Hands should be kept clear of the barrel end e To prevent the tool from firing accidentally two separate motions are required for firing one to bring the tool into position and another to pull the trigger The tools must not be able to operate until they are pressed against the work surface with a force of at least 5 pounds greater than the total weight of the tool 94 If a powder actuated tool misfires the employee should wait at least 30 seconds then try firing it again If it still will not fire the user should wait another 30 seconds so that the faulty cartridge is less likely to explode than carefully remove the load The bad cartridge should be put in water Suitable eye and face protection are essential when using a powder actuated tool The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered perpendicularly on the barrel to confine any flying fragments or particles that might otherwise create a hazard when the tool is fired The tool must be designed so that it will not fire unless it has this kind of safety device All powder actuated tools must be designed for varying powder charges so that the user can select a powder level necessary to do the work withou
191. rk to be performed the calculated weight to be supported the surface on which the scaffolding is placed and the substance previously stored in the confined spaces Structural hazards within a confined space such as baffles in horizontal tanks trays in vertical towers bends in tunnels overhead structural members or scaffolding installed for maintenance constitute physical hazards which are exacerbated by the physical surroundings In dealing with structural hazards workers must review and enforce safety precautions to assure safety Rescue procedures may require withdrawal of an injured or unconscious person Careful planning must be given to the relationship between the internal structure the exit opening and the worker If the worker is above the opening the system must include a rescue arrangement operated from outside the confined space if possible by which the employee can be lowered and removed without injury PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACES Many workplaces contain spaces that are considered to be confined because their configurations hinder the activities of any employees who must enter into work in and exit from them In many instances employees who work in confined spaces also face increased risk of exposure to serious physical injury from hazards such as entrapment engulfment and hazardous atmospheric conditions Confinement itself may pose entrapment hazards and work in confined spaces may keep employees closer to hazard
192. rmit spaces in the workplace the employer must inform exposed employees of the existence location and danger posed by the spaces This can be accomplished by posting danger signs or by another equally effective means The following language would satisfy the requirements for such a sign DANGER PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS ONLY If employees are not to enter and work in permit spaces employers must take effective measures to prevent their employees from entering the permit spaces If employees are to enter permit spaces the employer must develop a written permit space program which shall be made available to employees or their representatives Under certain conditions the employer may use alternate procedures for worker entry into a permit space For example if employers can demonstrate with monitoring and inspection data that the only hazard is an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere which can be made safe for entry by the use of continuous forced air ventilation alone they may be exempted from some requirements such as permits and attendants Even in such circumstances however the internal atmosphere of the space must be tested first for oxygen content second for flammable gases and vapors and third for potential toxic air contaminants before any employee enters Written Program Employers who allows employee entry must develop and implement a written program for permit required confined spaces 47
193. rpose of the procedure and the importance of not attempting to start up or use the equipment that has been locked or tagged out Because an affected employee is not one who is performing the service of maintenance that employee s responsibilities under the energy control program are simple Whenever there is a lockout or tagout device in place on an energy isolating device the affected employee leaves it alone and does not attempt to operate the equipment Every training program must ensure that all employees understand the purpose function and restrictions of the energy control program and that authorized employees possess the knowledge and skills necessary for the safe application use and removal of energy controls Training programs used for compliance with this standard which is performance oriented should deal with the equipment type s of energy and hazard s specific to the workplace being covered Retraining must be provided as required whenever there is a change in job assignments a change in machines equipment or processes that present a new hazard or a change in energy control 60 procedures Additional retraining must be conducted whenever a periodic inspection reveals or whenever the employer has reason to believe that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee s knowledge or use of the energy control procedure Periodic Inspections Periodic inspections must be performed at least annually to assur
194. rvice and date returned to service 145 Training Train all employees in the General Hazards to Which they may be Exposed Safety orientation General Safety Rules Fire Prevention Safe Lifting Slips Falls general safety information and company rules Train all employees in the Specific Hazards to Which they may be Exposed Grinders batteries solvents chemicals asbestos tire servicing wheel balancing tools lift equipment and other equipment used Training documentation The names dates of training what training was provided and who provided the training Documentation the training was taken and understood tests Lesson Plans of the instructor if at all possible names of videos or training media Maintain accurate records and documentation of all training Disciplinary or counseling action taken Companies must prove they ENFORCE safety rules Without counseling or disciplinary action documentation you cannot prove you enforce safety rules SALES AREAS Inspect floors for proper maintenance and free from oil other slippery conditions Inspect displays to make sure they are secure Inspect doors for proper opening closing operation A walk off mat should be provided inside the front door to reduce shoe residue buildup on floors Check outside walkways parking lots for potential tripping hazards trash debris Inspect fire extinguishers for proper mounting pressure and maintenance tags In
195. ry permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained Confined Space Emergencies The standard requires the employer to ensure that rescue service personnel are provided with and trained in the proper use of personal protective and rescue equipment including respirators trained to perform assigned rescue duties and have had authorized entrant s training The standard also requires that all rescuers be trained in first aid and CPR and at a minimum one rescue team member be currently certified in first aid and in CPR The employer also must ensure that practice rescue exercises are performed yearly and that rescue services are provided access to permit spaces so that they can practice rescue operations Rescuers also must be informed of the hazards of the permit space 51 When appropriate authorized entrants who enter a permit space must wear a chest or full body harness with a retrieval line attached to the center of their backs near shoulder level or above their heads Wristlets may be used if the employer can demonstrate that the use of a chest or full body harness is infeasible or creates a greater hazard The employer must ensure that the other end of the retrieval line is attached to a mechanical device or to a fixed point outside the permit space A mechanical device must be available to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep In addition if an injured entrant is exposed to a substance for w
196. ry runway shall be guarded by a standard railing or the equivalent on all sides 4 feet or more above floor or ground level Wherever tools machine parts or materials are likely to be used on the runway a toeboard shall also be provided on each exposed side Regardless of height open sided floors walkways platforms or runways above or adjacent to dangerous equipment pickling or galvanizing tanks degreasing units and similar hazards shall be guarded with a standard railing and toeboard PROTECTION USING RAILINGS AND GUARDS Every flight of stairs with four or more risers shall have standard stair railings or standard handrails as specified below Stair width is measured clear of all obstructions except handrails e On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides enclosed at least one handrail shall be affixed preferably on the right side descending e On stairways less than 44 inches wide with one open side at least one stair rail shall be affixed on the open side e On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides open two stair rails shall be provided one for each side e On stairways more than 44 inches wide but less than 88 inches one handrail shall be provided on each enclosed side and one stair rail on each open side e On stairways 88 inches or more in width one handrail shall be provided on each enclosed side one stair rail on each open side and one intermediate stair rail approximately in the middl
197. s 3 Are employees instructed to make preliminary inspections and or appropriate tests to determine what conditions exist before starting work on electrical equipment or lines 4 When electrical equipment or lines are to be serviced maintained or adjusted are necessary switches opened locked out and tagged whenever possible 5 Are portable electrical tools and equipment grounded or of the double insulated type 6 Are electrical appliances such as vacuum cleaners polishers and vending machines grounded 138 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Do extension cords being used have a grounding conductor Are multiple plug adaptors prohibited Are ground fault circuit interrupters installed on each temporary 15 or 20 ampere 120 volt AC circuit at locations at construction demolition modifications alterations or excavations sites Are all temporary circuits protected by suitable disconnecting switches or plug connectors at the junctions with permanent wiring Do you have electrical installations in hazardous dust or vapor areas If so do they meet the National Electrical Code NEC for hazardous locations Is exposed wiring and cords with frayed or deteriorated insulation repaired or replaced promptly Are flexible cords and cables free of splices or taps Are clamps or other securing means provided on flexible cords or cables at plugs receptacles tools equipment etc and i
198. s Other instances may require a more extended report Such reports are often very elaborate and may include a cover page a title page an abstract a table of contents a commentary or narrative portion a discussion of probable causes and a section on conclusions and recommendations 129 The following outline has been found especially useful in developing the information to be included in the formal report 1 Background Information a Where and when the accident occurred b Who and what were involved c Operating personnel and other witnesses 2 Account of the Accident What happened a Sequence of events b Extent of damage c Accident type d Agency or source of energy or hazardous material 3 Discussion Analysis of the Accident HOW WHY a Direct causes energy sources hazardous materials b Indirect causes unsafe acts and conditions c Basic causes management policies personal or environmental factors 4 Recommendations to prevent a recurrence for immediate and long range action to remedy a Basic causes b Indirect causes c Direct causes such as reduced quantities or protective equipment or structures SUMMARY Thousands of accidents occur daily throughout the United States These result from a failure of people equipment supplies or surroundings to behave as expected A successful accident investigation determines not only what happened but also finds how and why the accident occurre
199. s or to articulated stairs such as may be installed on floating roof tanks the angle of which changes with the rise and fall of the base support Where are fixed stairs required Fixed Industrial Stairs shall be provided for access to and from places of work where operations necessitate regular travel between levels OSHA requirements include e Fixed industrial stairs shall be strong enough to carry five times the normal anticipated live load e At the very minimum any fixed stairway shall be able to carry safely a moving concentrated load of 1000 pounds e All fixed stairways shall have a minimum width of 22 inches e Fixed stairs shall be installed at angles to the horizontal of between 30 and 50 degrees e Vertical clearances above any stair tread to an overhead obstruction shall be at least 7 feet measured from the leading edge of the tread 29 When inspecting the condition of stairways in your place of work here are some items to check e Handrails and Stair rails A Lack of B Placement C Smoothness of surface D Strength E Clearance between rail and wall or other object e Treads A Strength B Slip resistance C Dimensions D Evenness of surface E Visibility of leading edge e Improper inadequate design construction or location of staircases e Wet slippery or damaged walking or grasping surfaces e Improper illumination There is no general OSHA standard for illumination levels Consult with The Ill
200. s such as an asphyxiating atmosphere than they would be otherwise For example confinement limited access and restricted airflow can result in hazardous conditions that would not arise in an open workplace The term permit required confined space i e permit space refers to those spaces that meet the definition of a confined space and pose health or safety hazards thereby requiring a permit for entry A confined space has limited or restricted means of entry or exit is large enough for an employee to enter and perform assigned work and is not designed for continuous occupancy by the employee These spaces may include but are not limited to underground vaults tanks storage bins pits and dikes vessels and silos 46 A permit required confined space is one that meets the definition of a confined space and has one or more of these characteristics 1 contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere 2 contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant 3 has an internal configuration that might cause an entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross section and or 4 contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards REQUIREMENTS OF THE STANDARD General In general employers must evaluate the workplace to determine if spaces are permit required confined spaces See flow chart If there are pe
201. s been accomplished Upon completion of training employees must receive a certificate of training that includes the employee s name signature or initials of trainer s and dates of training The certification must be made available for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives In addition the employer also must ensure that employees are trained in their assigned duties Authorized Entrant s Duties e Know space hazards including information on the mode of exposure e g inhalation or dermal absorption signs or symptoms and consequences of the exposure e Use appropriate personal protective equipment properly e g face and eye protection and other forms of barrier protection such as gloves aprons and coveralls e As necessary maintain communication i e telephone radio visual observation with attendants to enable the attendant to monitor the entrant s status as well as to alert the entrant to evacuate e Exit from permit space as soon as possible when ordered by an authorized person when the entrant recognizes the warning signs or symptoms of exposure exist when a prohibited condition exists or when an automatic alarm is activated and e Alert the attendant when a prohibited condition exists or when warning signs or symptoms of exposure exist Attendant s Duties e Remain outside permit space during entry operations unless relieved by another authorized attendant e Perform no entry rescues whe
202. s subpart may not be used for storage When normally enclosed live parts are exposed for inspection or servicing the working space if in a passageway or general open space shall be suitably guarded GUARDING OF LIVE PARTS OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT It should be noted that the purpose of this requirement is to protect any person who may be in the vicinity of electrical equipment against accidental contact These people are presumably not electricians working on the equipment and are not qualified or trained to be in close proximity to live parts Except as required or permitted elsewhere in this subpart live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more shall be guarded against accidental contact by approved cabinets or other forms of approved enclosures or by any of the following means e By location in a room vault or similar enclosure that is accessible only to qualified persons e By suitable permanent substantial partitions or screens so arranged that only qualified persons will have access to the space within reach of the live parts Any openings in such partitions or screens shall be so sized and located that persons are not likely to come into accidental contact with the live parts or to bring conducting objects into contact with them It is good practice to use covers screens or partitions which can only be removed by use of tools so that unqualified persons are less likely to violate them e By location on a suitabl
203. s the cord jacket securely held in place Are all cord cable and raceway connections intact and secure In wet or damp locations are electrical tools and equipment appropriate for the use or location or otherwise protected Is the location of electrical power lines and cables overhead underground under floor other side of walls determined before digging drilling or similar work is begun Are metal measuring tapes ropes handlines or similar devices with metallic thread woven into the fabric prohibited where they could come in contact with energized parts of equipment or circuit conductors Is the use of metal ladders prohibited in areas where the ladder or the person using the ladder could come in contact with energized parts of equipment fixtures or circuit conductors Are all disconnecting switches and circuit breakers labeled to indicate their use or equipment served Are disconnecting means always opened before fuses are replaced Do all interior wiring systems include provisions for grounding metal parts of electrical raceways equipment and enclosures Are all electrical raceways and enclosures securely fastened in place 139 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Are all energized parts of electrical circuits and equipment guarded against accidental contact by approved cabinets or enclosures Is sufficient access and working space provided and maintained about all electrical equipmen
204. s with the public by informing local communities of emergency incidents and resulting response actions Informing the Community The Agency responds to the public s need for information by answering questions directly making presentations and preparing and distributing publications The National Contingency Plan describes specific requirements for community relations and public participation in emergency responses to releases of oil and hazardous substances In the case of removal actions at hazardous waste sites for example EPA appoints a spokesperson who notifies the community of specific response actions answers any questions and updates the residents on progress at the site An administrative record or a repository of information on the site must be established within 60 days If the removal action is expected to continue for more than 120 days the spokesperson will interview community groups to identify their concerns and prepare a community relations plan to address these concerns Taking Responsibility in Cleanup In cleaning up oil spills or hazardous substance releases EPA notifies the parties potentially responsible for the release to involve them as appropriate in the process Local governments also are encouraged to participate in the response Under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 the Agency established a reimbursement program to help local governments cope with expenses that significantly exceed funds a
205. safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure Vapor pressure shall mean the pressure measured in pounds per square inch absolute exerted by a volatile liquid as determined by the Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products Reid Method American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D323 68 Vapor pressure is a measure of a liquid s propensity to evaporate The higher the vapor pressure the more volatile the liquid and thus the more readily the liquid gives off vapors Ventilation as specified in this section is for the prevention of fire and explosion It is considered adequate if it is sufficient to prevent accumulation of significant quantities of vapor air mixtures in concentration over one fourth of the lower flammable limit FLAMMABLE EXPLOSIVE LIMITS When vapors of a flammable or combustible liquid are mixed with air in the proper proportions in the presence of a source of ignition rapid combustion or an explosion can occur The proper proportion is called the flammable range and is also often referred to as the explosive range The flammable range includes all concentrations of flammable vapor or gas in air in which a flash will occur or a flame will travel if the mixture is ignited There is a minimum concentration of vapor or gas in air below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition There is also a maximum proportion of vapor in air above which pro
206. sed top tank it should also be noted that lighter than air gases may rise and develop a flammable concentration if trapped above the opening The byproducts of work procedures can generate flammable or explosive conditions within a confined space Specific kinds of work such as spray painting can result in the release of explosive gases or vapors Welding in a confined space is a major cause of explosions in areas that contain combustible gas Chemical reactions forming flammable atmospheres occur when surfaces are initially exposed to the atmosphere or when chemicals combine to form flammable gases This condition arises when dilute sulfuric acid reacts with iron to form hydrogen or when calcium carbide makes contact with water to form acetylene Other examples of spontaneous chemical reactions that may produce explosions from small amounts of unstable compounds are acetylene metal compounds peroxides and nitrates In a dry state these compounds have the potential to explode upon percussion or exposure to increased temperature Another class of chemical reactions that form flammable atmospheres arises from deposits of pyrophoric substances carbon ferrous oxide ferrous sulfate iron etc that can be found in tanks used by the chemical and petroleum industry These tanks containing flammable deposits will spontaneously ignite upon exposure to air Combustible dust concentrations are usually found during the process of loading unloading and co
207. sing this diseases specifically all of the protective techniques that stop or eliminate the spread of disease by bloodborne pathogens will also be effective against these diseases MODES OF TRANSMISSION Let s now take a quick look at how these potentially deadly viruses can pass from one person to another The HIV and HBV bloodborne pathogens may be transmitted from the infected individual to other individuals by blood or Other Potentially Infections Materials OPIM such as semen vaginal secretions fluids around the brain and spinal cord around the joints abdomen uterus heart saliva from dental procedures or saliva containing blood breast milk and any body fluid 76 visibly contaminated with blood In situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids it must be assumed to be infectious Bloodborne pathogens can be transmitted by any detached body tissue or organ from a human living or dead It s extremely important for you to understand how exposure and transmission can most likely occur in your particular work or life setting LIFESTYLES HBV and HIV are most commonly transmitted through sexual contact sharing of hypodermic needles from mothers to their children at or before birth accidental puncture wounds contact between broken or damaged skin and infected body fluids and contact between mucous membranes and infected body fluids You may be at risk if you have had more than one sexual p
208. sive list is to survey the workplace Purchasing records may also help and certainly employers should establish procedures to ensure that in the future purchasing procedures result in MSDSs being received before a material is used in the workplace The broadest possible perspective should be taken when doing the survey Sometimes people think of chemicals as being only liquids in containers The HCS covers chemicals in all physical forms liquids solids gases vapors fumes and mists whether they are contained or not The hazardous nature of the chemical and the potential for exposure are the factors which determine whether a chemical is covered If it s not hazardous it s not covered If there is no potential for exposure e g the chemical is inextricably bound and cannot be released the rule does not cover the chemical Look around Identify chemicals in containers including pipes but also think about chemicals generated in the work operations For example welding fumes dusts and exhaust fumes are all sources of chemical exposures Read labels provided by suppliers for hazard information Make a list of all chemicals in the workplace that are potentially hazardous For your own information and planning you may also want to note on the list the location s of the products within the workplace and an indication of the hazards as found on the label This will help you as you prepare the rest of your program Paragraph b scope and
209. sonal protection Personal protective equipment PPE PPE is considered appropriate if it does not permit blood or other potentially infectious substances and contaminated materials to pass through or reach your work clothing street clothing undergarments skin eyes mouth nor other mucous membranes under normal conditions of use and for the duration of time the protective equipment is in use To protect yourself e Wash your hands immediately after removal of gloves or other personal protective equipment e Always wear personal protective equipment in exposure situations e Remove PPE before leaving the work area e Keep your work area clean and sanitized Decontaminate area routinely e Handle and dispose of any sharp items that may be contaminated with extreme caution by using mechanical means such as tongs brush and dustpan or forceps Never use bare or gloved hands PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT GLOVES should be disposable single use gloves made of latex or other fluid impervious materials Cuts or sores on your hands should be covered with a bandage as additional protection before applying your gloves GOGGLES or PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR must be worn whenever there is a risk of splashing or vaporizing of contaminated fluids Bloodborne pathogens can be transmitted through the thin membranes of the eyes so it is extremely important to protect them FACE SHIELDS can be worn in addition to goggles to protect the nose and mouth APRON
210. spect customer rest rooms waiting areas for cleanliness and free from defects GENERAL RULES APPLYING TO ALL AREAS Compressed air should not be used for cleaning equipment or clothing Inspect fire extinguishers for proper mounting pressure and maintenance tags Soiled shop rags must be placed in a metal can with a metal lid Inspect all electrical cords plugs for frays cracks or damage Replace any damaged cords or plugs All electrical tools must be properly grounded with either a three prong plug or double insulated tools and must be maintained in a serviceable condition 146 Due to a wide variety of flammable liquids combustibles battery vapors and others there should be NO SMOKING allowed in any shop area Appropriate safety and warning signs should be posted such as EXITS DANGER CAUTION and other appropriate warning signs to warn of potential hazards Electrical panels must have 36 inches of clearances and all electrical breakers fuses and disconnect switches must be properly identified Do not block exits with vehicles or supplies Egress must be open All floors and walking working surfaces must be kept in a clean and non slip condition Trash must be emptied daily Tools regardless of ownership must be maintained in a serviceable condition Worn or damaged tools must be removed from the workplace until they are repaired or replaced All tires batteries lead wheel weights and other potentially hazardous wa
211. st be able to determine if the fire is too large for them to handle or whether search and emergency rescue procedures should be performed If there is the possibility of members of the Emergency Response Team receiving fatal or incapacitating injuries they should wait for professional firefighters or emergency response groups TRAINING Training is important to the effectiveness of an emergency plan Before implementing an emergency action plan a sufficient number of persons must be trained to assist in the safe and orderly evacuation of employees Training for each type of disaster response is necessary so that employees know what actions are required In addition to the specialized training for Emergency Response Team members all employees should be trained in the following Evacuation plans Alarm systems Reporting procedures for personnel Shutdown procedures and Types of potential emergencies EN LO ES These training programs must be provided as follows Initially when the plan is developed For all new employees When new equipment materials or processes are introduced When procedures have been updated or revised When exercises show that employee performance must be improved and At least annually Dee The emergency control procedures should be written in concise terms and be made available to all personnel A drill should be held for all personnel at random intervals at least annually and an evaluation of p
212. st confined spaces moisture content and radiant heat are difficult to control As the body temperature rises progressively workers will continue to function until the body temperature reaches approximately 1020F When this body temperature is exceeded the workers are less efficient and are prone to heat exhaustion heat cramps or heat stroke In a cold environment certain physiologic mechanisms come into play which tend to limit heat loss and increase heat production The most severe strain in cold conditions is chilling of the extremities so that activity is restricted Special precautions must be taken in cold environments to prevent frostbite trench foot and general hypothermia Protective insulated clothing for both hot and cold environments will add additional bulk to the worker and must be considered in allowing for movement in the confined space and exit time Therefore air temperature of the environment becomes an important consideration when evaluating working conditions in confined spaces Physical Hazard Noise Noise problems are usually intensified in confined spaces because the interior tends to cause sound to reverberate and thus expose the worker to higher sound levels than those found in an open environment This intensified noise increases the risk of hearing damage to workers which could result in temporary or permanent loss of hearing Noise in a confined space which may not be intense enough to cause hearing damage may s
213. ste items must be properly stored handled used and disposed according to federal state and local regulations Customers should not be allowed in the service areas unless accompanied by a company representative Some organizations do allow unaccompanied customers in service areas but that is their responsibility It is not recommended as a general rule Proper safe lifting techniques should be used by all employees as well as appropriate personal protective equipment TIRE SERVICING AREA Tire technicians must wear safety glasses when servicing tires wheels Make sure all tire servicing equipment is in good serviceable condition Includes making sure all appropriate warning labels are affixed to the machines according to the manufacturer s recommendations Required OSHA poster is posted in the tire service area Only those persons trained may operate the equipment and provide tire service Inspect ancillary parts of the tire service equipment to make sure they are serviceable and in good condition Never allow metal to metal hammering on wheels Use a rubber mallet for wheel work Assume that all inflated tires contain FLAMMABLE air inside 147 Use only vegetable based lubricant for lubricating tire beads Inspect clip on chuck and air gauges to make sure they are in good condition and working properly Do not allow tires to be inflated without using the clip on chuck and tire service person stands away from the t
214. steps listed below 1 2 Clear the machines or equipment of tools and materials Remove employees from the machines or equipment area Remove the lockout or tagout devices as specified in the standard Energize and proceed with testing or positioning De energize all systems isolate the machine or equipment from the energy source and reapply lockout or tagout devices as specified e Outside personnel contractors etc The onsite employer and the outside employer must inform each other of their respective lockout or tagout procedures Each employer must ensure that his or her personnel must understand and comply with all restrictions and or prohibitions of the other employer s energy control program e Group lockout or tagout During all group lockout tagout operations where the release of hazardous energy is possible each authorized employee performing service or maintenance shall be protected by his her personal lockout or tagout device or comparable mechanism that affords equivalent protection e Shift or personnel changes Specific procedures must ensure the continuity of lockout or tagout protection during shift or personnel changes 62 COMPANY NAME RESPIRATOR TRAINING A respirator is designed as an enclosure that covers the nose and mouth or the entire face or head The purpose of a respirator is to prevent the inhalation of harmful airborne substances The purpose of this training program is to share with you inform
215. sures and structural Mechanical Hazards If activation of electrical or mechanical equipment would cause injury each piece of equipment should be manually isolated to prevent inadvertent activation before workers enter or while they work in a confined space The interplay of hazards associated with a confined space such as the potential of flammable vapors or gases being present and the build up of static charge due to mechanical cleaning such as abrasive blasting all influence the precautions which must be taken To prevent vapor leaks flashbacks and other hazards workers should completely isolate the space To completely isolate a confined space the closing of valves is not sufficient All pipes must be physically disconnected or isolation blanks bolted in place Other special precautions must be taken in cases where flammable liquids or vapors may re contaminate the confined space The pipes blanked or disconnected should be inspected and tested for leakage to check the effectiveness of the procedure Other areas of concern are steam valves pressure lines and chemical transfer pipes A less apparent hazard is the space referred to as a void such as double walled vessels which must be given special consideration in blanking off and inerting Communication Problems Communication between the worker inside and the standby person outside is of utmost importance If the worker should suddenly feel distressed and not be able to summon he
216. t to permit ready and safe operations and maintenance Are all unused openings including conduit knockouts in electrical enclosures and fittings closed with appropriate covers plugs or plates Are electrical enclosures such as switches receptacles and junction boxes provided with tight fitting covers or plates Are disconnecting switches for electrical motors in excess of two horsepower capable of opening the circuit when the motor is in a stalled condition without exploding Switches must be horsepower rated equal to or in excess of the motor hp rating Is low voltage protection provided in the control device of motors driving machines or equipment which could cause probable injury from inadvertently starting Is each motor disconnecting switch or circuit breaker located within sight of the motor control device Is each motor located within sight of its controller or the controller disconnecting means capable of being locked in the open position or is a separate disconnecting means installed in the circuit within sight of the motor Is the controller for each motor in excess of two horsepower rated in horsepower equal to or in excess of the rating of the motor it serves Are employees who regularly work on or around energized electrical equipment or lines instructed in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR methods Are employees prohibited from working alone on energized lines or equipment over 600 volts WALKING WORKING
217. t excessive force If the tool develops a defect during use it should be tagged and taken out of service immediately until it is properly repaired FASTENERS When using powder actuated tools to apply fasteners there are some precautions to consider Fasteners must not be fired into material that would let them pass through to the other side The fastener must not be driven into materials like brick or concrete any closer than 3 inches to an edge or corner In steel the fastener must not come any closer than one half inch from a corner or edge Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or brittle materials which might chip or splatter or make the fastener ricochet An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing hole A fastener must not be driven into a spalled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening HYDRAULIC POWER TOOLS The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire resistant fluid and must retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed The manufacturer s recommended safe operating pressure for hoses valves pipes filters and other fittings must not be exceeded JACKS All jacks lever and ratchet jacks screw jacks and hydraulic jacks must have a device that stops them from jacking up too high Also the manufacturer s load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and should not be exceeded A ja
218. t for closed containers e Don t expose electric lines or hydraulic lines to heat Unsafe Equipment Promotes Occupational Accidents amp Illnesses e Check the equipment thoroughly and often especially after it has been moved e Check hoses regulators valves power conductors leads transformers and restraining devices e Keep the equipment clean and free of rust moisture and petroleum products Safety Means Communicating e Coordination of efforts promotes safety e Workers who are assigned tasks near welding cutting processes must know how to avoid the associated risks e Welders must communicate with one another on safety matters such as ground connections material stresses etc Occupational Illnesses e Illnesses may be either acute or chronic e Illnesses suffered by welders cutters are generally caused by the hot process or a result of working in confined spaces e You must know and understand the hazards associated with the materials to which the welder cutter is exposed Compile ALL the MSDS e AnMSDS must be available AT THE JOB SITE for every material and found on that site e ach welder must be informed on the hazards associated with the materials and substances job hazards Some MSDS Include Welding rods fluxes gases and resins Base metals which are fabricated by the welding processes Coatings found on the base metal or close to the welding processes brass bronze copper zinc aluminum vanadiu
219. tarting The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button while carrying a plugged in tool e Tools should be maintained with care They should be kept sharp and clean for the best performance Follow instructions in the user s manual for lubricating and changing accessories e Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance e The proper apparel should be worn Loose clothing ties or jewelry can become caught in moving parts e All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and tagged Do Not Use GUARDS Hazardous moving parts of a power tool need to be safeguarded For example belts gears shafts pulleys sprockets spindles drums fly wheels chains or other reciprocating rotating or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees 91 Guards as necessary should be provided to protect the operator and others from the following point of operation in running nip points rotating parts and flying chips and sparks Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used For example portable circular saws must be equipped with guards An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw A retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw except when it makes contact with the work material The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from the work SAFETY SWITCHES
220. tch or over current device required for a service feeder or branch circuit must be clearly labeled to indicate the circuit s function and the label or marking should be located at the point where the circuit originates For example on a panel that controls several motors or on a motor control center each disconnect must be clearly marked to indicate the motor to which each circuit is connected In the figure below the Number 2 circuit breaker in the panel box supplies current only to disconnect Number 2 which in turn controls the current to motor Number 2 This current to motor Number 2 can be shut off by the Number 2 circuit breaker or the Number 2 disconnect If the purpose of the circuit is obvious no identification of the disconnect is required Each Disconnect and Circuit Requires Identification All labels and markings must be durable enough to withstand weather chemicals heat corrosion or any other environment to which they may be exposed 35 WORKING SPACE ABOUT ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT Note that this particular section is concerned with the safety of a person qualified to work on the equipment The hazard must be treated in a different way if the person will remove guards and enclosures and actually work on the live parts Sufficient access and working space shall be provided and maintained about all electric equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment CLEAR SPACES Working space required by thi
221. ted by a human being A probed respirator is one that has a probe inside the respirator for measuring pressure The challenge aerosol material is something that is not harmful but it can be easily detected with sensitive instruments A fit testing instrument will monitor the aerosol concentration both inside and outside the face piece during this test or the instrument will calculate the pressure differences between the inside and outside to determine if there is any leakage Next the instrument will either report these concentrations or calculate the wearer s fit factor A fit factor is the ratio of the concentration outside the face piece divided by the concentration inside the face piece or a measure of the leakage rate 70 While this fit factor represents the actual fit of the respirator in a TEST ENVIRONMENT an assigned protection factor or APF is a limit set by an applicable regulatory agency When the assigned protection factor and the fit factor are compared the fit factor must exceed the APF by at least ten times in order for the fit to be adequate Lets say that again When the assigned protection factor and the fit factor are compared the fit factor must exceed the APF by at least ten times in order for the fit to be adequate This means you need to know and understand Assigned Protection Factors or APF s to make sure you have a proper for the potential hazard For example a half mask respirator has an
222. ten occurs before steps are taken to search out and avoid or eliminate tool related hazards In the process of removing or avoiding the hazards workers must learn to recognize the hazards associated with the different types of tools and the safety precautions necessary to prevent those hazards HAND TOOLS Hand tools are non powered They include anything from axes to wrenches The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance Some examples e Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the screwdriver to break and fly hitting the user or other employees e If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose splintered or cracked the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another worker e Awrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung because it might slip e Impact tools such as chisels wedges or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed heads The heads might shatter on impact sending sharp fragments flying The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees but the employees have the responsibility for properly using and maintaining tools Employers should caution employees that saw blades knives or other tools be directed away from aisle areas and other employees working in close proximity Knives and scissors must be sharp Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones Appropriate personal protectiv
223. tenance tasks that do not expose them to the unexpected release of hazardous energy the standard does not apply The standard establishes minimum performance requirements for the control of hazardous energy The standard does not apply in the following situations e while servicing or maintaining cord and plug connected electrical equipment The hazards must be controlled by unplugging the equipment from the energy source the plug must be under the exclusive control of the employee performing the service and or maintenance e during hot tap operations that involve transmission and distribution systems for gas steam water or petroleum products when they are performed on pressurized pipelines when continuity of service is essential and shutdown of the system is impractical and employees are provided with an alternative type of protection that is equally effective NORMAL PRODUCTION OPERATIONS OSHA recognizes that machines and equipment present many hazardous situations during normal production operations i e whenever machines and equipment are used to perform their usual production function These production hazards are covered by rules in other General Industry Standards such as the requirements in Subpart O of Part 1910 for general machine guarding and guarding power transmission apparatus 1910 212 and 1910 219 In certain circumstances however some hazards encountered during normal production operations may be covered by the
224. terials are used or stored Are safety cans used for dispensing flammable or combustible liquids at a point of use Are all spills of flammable or combustible liquids cleaned up promptly Are storage tanks adequately vented to prevent the development of excessive vacuum or pressure as a result of filling emptying or atmosphere temperature changes Are storage tanks equipped with emergency venting that will relieve excessive internal pressure caused by fire exposure Are NO SMOKING rules enforced in areas involving storage and use of hazardous materials HAND AND PORTABLE POWERED TOOLS Hand Tools and Equipment 1 2 Are all tools and equipment both company and employee owned in good condition Are hand tools such as chisels and punches which develop mushroomed heads during use reconditioned or replaced as necessary Are broken or fractured handles on hammers axes and similar equipment replaced promptly Are worn or bent wrenches replaced regularly Are appropriate handles used on files and similar tools Are employees made aware of the hazards caused by faulty or improperly used hand tools 134 10 11 12 Are appropriate safety glasses face shields etc used while using hand tools or equipment which might produce flying materials or be subject to breakage Are jacks checked periodically to ensure they are in good operating condition Are tool handles wedged tightly in the head of all tools Are tool c
225. the hazards You can rely on the information received from your suppliers You have no independent duty to analyze the chemical or evaluate the hazards of it Employers that use hazardous chemicals must have a program to ensure the information is provided to exposed employees Use means to package handle react or transfer This is an intentionally broad scope and includes any situation where a chemical is present in such a way that employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency The requirements of the rule that deal specifically with the hazard communication program are found in the standard in paragraphs e written hazard communication program f labels and other forms of warning g material safety data sheets and h employee information and training The requirements of these paragraphs should be the focus of your attention Concentrate on becoming familiar with them using paragraphs b scope and application and c definitions as references when needed to help explain the provisions 17 There are two types of work operations where the coverage of the rule is limited These are laboratories and operations where chemicals are only handled in sealed containers e g a warehouse The limited provisions for these workplaces can be found in paragraph b scope and application Basically employers having these types of work operations need only keep labels on containers as they are re
226. tied back or confined under a cap or hat to prevent long hair from entanglements with machinery or equipment PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR EQUIPMENT Although routine tasks performed by employees may not require personal protective equipment there may be times on the job in the facilities or off site where personal protective clothing equipment is necessary When management prescribes and provides personal protection items each employee has an obligation to use the personal protective equipment HOUSEKEEPING A place for everything and everything in its place Keep equipment tools materials and work areas clean and orderly Particular attention must be paid to electrical cables wires and other tripping hazards If debris leaks or any other potential hazards are identified it s up to each individual who notices such hazards to correct them If this is not possible notify supervision or management so the hazard may be corrected All hazardous materials must be properly stored according to company requirements MACHINE GUARDING Any machine that has exposed hazardous parts must be properly guarded Should any machine or equipment have guards removed or require guarding that equipment will not be used until it has been properly guarded Employees are not to use equipment or machinery that is not adequately guarded Should equipment or machinery be locked or tagged out with words such as Danger Do Not Start Machine The machine being repai
227. till disrupt verbal communication with the emergency standby person on the exterior of the confined space If the workers inside are not able to hear commands or danger signals due to excessive noise the probability of severe accidents can increase Physical Hazard Vibration Whole body vibration may affect multiple body parts and organs depending upon the vibration characteristics Segmental vibration unlike whole body vibration appears to be more localized in creating injury to the fingers and hands of workers using tools such as pneumatic hammers rotary grinders or other hand tools which cause vibration 45 Physical Hazard Exposure Surface residues in confined spaces can increase the already hazardous conditions of electrical shock reaction of incompatible materials liberation of toxic substances and bodily injury due to slips and falls Without protective clothing additional hazards to health may arise due to surface residues Physical Hazard Structural Challenges Some physical hazards cannot be eliminated because of the nature of the confined space or the work to be performed These hazards include such items as scaffolding surface residues and structural hazards The use of scaffolding in confined spaces has contributed to many accidents caused by workers or materials falling improper use of guard rails and lack of maintenance to insure worker safety The choice of material used for scaffolding depends upon the type of wo
228. titative fit test with scientific or numerical measurements NEGATIVE PRESSURE MODE Fit testing of tight fitting atmosphere supplying respirators and tight fitting powered air purifying respirators must be accomplished by fit testing in the Negative Pressure Mode regardless of your choice of qualitative or quantitative testing GENERAL REQUIREMENTS The first requirement in fit testing is to allow the wearer to pick the most acceptable respirator from a sufficient number of respirator models and sizes so the respirator is acceptable to and correctly fits the user These sufficient numbers of models do not have to be from different manufacturers Proper training must be provided relating to donning doffing and adjustment of tension straps on the respirator If a person is not familiar with these procedures additional training in donning and doffing must be provided The person should make sure the respirator fits comfortably including the position of the mask on the nose room for eye protection room for talking position of the mask on the face and cheeks chin placement adequate strap tension proper fit across the nose bridge proper size to span the distance from the nose to the chin and tendency of the respirator to slip A mirror must be provided to evaluate fit and respirator position During the fit test the test subject will perform various exercises to determine the effectiveness of the fit and seal of the respirator The tested perso
229. ts through polymeric materials and 11 Cleaning and maintenance It is important that all PPE be kept clean and properly maintained Cleaning is particularly important for eye and face protection where dirty or fogged lenses could impair vision For the purposes of compliance with 1910 132 a and b PPE should be inspected cleaned and maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection It is also important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards 102 PREVENTION OF EYE INJURIES Nearly one million Americans have already lost some degree of sight to an eye injury With over 365 000 work related eye injuries still occurring each year Americans could use a few tips on how to prevent eye injuries in the workplace 1 10 ASSESS Conduct a thorough analysis of plant operations Inspect work areas access routes and equipment Examine eye accident and injury reports Identify operations and areas that present eye hazards TEST Uncorrected vision problems contribute to accidents Incorporate vision testing in your pre placement and routine physical examinations of employees PROTECT Select protective eyewear designed for a specific operation or hazard Protective eyewear must meet the current standards referenced by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and subsequent revisions PARTICIPAT
230. uminating Engineering Society publications for recommendations e Poor housekeeping Cleanliness is imperative to prevent tripping and falls e Landings The length of a staircase is important Long flights of steps without landings should be avoided The OSHA standards do not specify any exact number or placement of landings The National Safety Council recommends landings every tenth or twelfth tread Intermediate landings and platforms on stairways shall be no less than the stair width and a minimum of 30 inches in length measured in the direction of travel PORTABLE LADDERS A ladder is an appliance consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by crosspieces on which a person may step to ascend or descend The chief hazard when using a ladder is falling A poorly designed maintained or improperly used ladder may collapse under the load placed upon it and cause the employee to fall The various types of portable ladders include e Stepladder A self supporting portable ladder non adjustable in length having flat steps and hinged back e Single Ladder A non self supporting portable ladder nonadjustable in length consisting of but one section Its size is designed by overall length of the side rail e Extension Ladder A non self supporting portable ladder adjustable in length 30 OSHA s requirements for portable ladders include Portable stepladders longer than 20 feet shall not be used Stepladders shall be e
231. unted it should be inspected closely and sound or ring tested to be sure that it is free from cracks or defects To test wheels should be tapped gently with a light non metallic instrument If they sound cracked or dead they could fly apart in operation and so must not be used A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone or ring To prevent the wheel from cracking the user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place without distorting the flange Follow the manufacturer s recommendations Care must be taken to assure that the spindle wheel will not exceed the abrasive wheel specifications Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating exploding during start up the employee should never stand directly in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect workers not only from the moving wheel surface but also from flying fragments in case of breakage In addition when using a powered grinder e Always use eye protection e Turn off the power when not in use e Never clamp a hand held grinder in a vise 93 PNEUMATIC TOOLS Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers drills hammers and sanders There are several dangers encountered in the use of pneumatic tools The main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool s attach
232. used when cleaning up spilled toxic or otherwise hazardous materials or liquids Are there appropriate procedures in place for disposing of or decontaminating personal protective equipment contaminated with or reasonably anticipated to be contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials 132 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS Are combustible scrap debris and waste materials oily rags etc stored in covered metal receptacles and removed from the worksite promptly 1 25 10 11 12 13 14 Is proper storage practiced to minimize the risk of fire including spontaneous combustion Are approved containers and tanks used for the storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids Are all connections on drums and combustible liquid piping vapor and liquid tight Are all flammable liquids kept in closed containers when not in use for example parts cleaning tanks pans etc Are bulk drums of flammable liquids grounded and bonded to containers during dispensing Do storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids have explosion proof lights Do storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids have mechanical or gravity ventilation Is liquefied petroleum gas stored handled and used in accordance with safe practices and standards Are NO SMOKING signs posted on liquefied petroleum gas tanks Are liquefied petroleum storage tanks guarded to prevent damage from vehicles
233. ut device is removed Whichever devices are used they must be singularly identified and must be the only devices used for controlling hazardous energy Requirements for Lockout and Tagout Devices e Durable Lockout and tagout devices must withstand the environment to which they are exposed for the maximum duration of the expected exposure Tagout devices must be constructed and printed so that they do not deteriorate or become illegible especially when used in corrosive acid and alkali chemicals or wet environments e Standardized Both lockout and tagout devices must be standardize according to either color shape or size Tagout devices must also have a standardized print and format e Substantial Lockout and tagout devices must be substantial enough to minimize early or accidental removal Locks must be substantial to prevent removal except by excessive force of special tools such as bolt cutters or other metal cutting tools Tag means of attachment must be non reusable attachable by hand self locking and non releasable with a minimum unlocking strength of no less than 50 pounds e The device for attaching the tag also must have the general design and basic characteristics equivalent to a one piece nylon cable tie that will withstand all environments and conditions 59 e Identifiable Locks and tags must clearly identify the employee who applies them Tags must also warn against hazardous conditions if the machine or equipment
234. utral conductor and the grounding conductor must be maintained Reversed polarity is a condition when the identified circuit conductor the grounded conductor or neutral is incorrectly connected to the ungrounded or hot terminal of a plug receptacle or other type of connector 37 GROUNDING This section contains grounding requirements for systems circuits and equipment Grounding electrical circuits and electrical equipment is required to protect employees against electrical shock safeguard against fire and protect against damage to electrical equipment There are two kinds of grounding 1 electrical circuit or system grounding and 2 electrical equipment grounding Electrical system grounding is accomplished when one conductor of the circuit is intentionally connected to earth This is done to protect the circuit should lightning strike or other high voltage contact occur Grounding a system also stabilizes the voltage in the system so expected voltage levels are not exceeded under normal conditions The second kind of ground is equipment grounding This is accomplished when all metal frames of equipment and enclosures containing electrical equipment or conductors are grounded by means of a permanent and continuous connection or bond The equipment grounding conductor provides a path for dangerous fault current to return to the system ground at the supply source of the circuit should an insulation failure takes place If instal
235. utting edges kept sharp so the tool will move smoothly without binding or skipping Are tools stored in dry secure locations where they won t be tampered with Is eye and face protection used when driving hardened or tempered spuds or nails Portable Power Operated Tools and Equipment 1 2 10 Are grinders saws and similar equipment provided with appropriate safety guards Are power tools used with the correct shield guard or attachment recommended by the manufacturer Are portable circular saws equipped with guards above and below the base shoe Are circular saw guards checked to assure they are not wedged up thus leaving the lower portion of the blade unguarded Are rotating or moving parts of equipment guarded to prevent physical contact Are all cord connected electrically operated tools and equipment effectively grounded or of the approved double insulated type Are effective guards in place over belts pulleys chains sprockets on equipment such as concrete mixers and air compressors Are portable fans provided with full guards or screens having openings 1 2 inch or less Is hoisting equipment available and used for lifting heavy objects and are hoist ratings and characteristics appropriate for the task Are ground fault circuit interrupters provided on all temporary electrical 15 and 20 ampere circuits used during periods of construction Are pneumatic and hydraulic hoses on power operated tools ch
236. vailable for temporary emergency response measures 115 Workshops and Publications The Agency conducts workshops and seminars to keep Federal State and local regulators the regulated community trade groups and the general public informed about EPA regulations and programs EPA uses lectures handout materials question and answer sessions hypothetical release scenarios and computer demonstrations to convey important information EPA also prepares and distributes informational materials on releases of oil and hazardous substances cleanup efforts and related issues to a wide variety of audiences Some examples include journal articles and question and answer booklets for the regulated community EPA headquarters and field personnel are kept up to date through bulletins on statutory requirements response activities and new regulations and policies If you would like more information on how EPA s emergency response program works please contact your EPA Regional office For answers to any technical or regulatory questions concerning emergency response to oil and hazardous substance releases please contact the toll free RCRA Superfund Hotline at 800 424 9346 or 703 920 9810 in the Washington D C metropolitan area The Emergency Planning and Community Right To Know EPCRA Information Hotline will answer your questions concerning SARA Title IH and chemical accident prevention issues call toll free at 800 535 0202 or 703 920 9877
237. ve a written plan which describes how the standard will be implemented in that facility Preparation of a plan is not just a paper exercise all of the elements must be implemented in the workplace in order to be in compliance with the rule See paragraph e of the standard for the specific requirements regarding written hazard communication programs The only work operations which do not have to comply 19 with the written plan requirements are laboratories and work operations where employees only handle chemicals in sealed containers See paragraph b scope and application for the specific requirements for these two types of workplaces The plan is intended to be a blueprint for implementation of your program an assurance that all aspects of the requirements have been addressed The written program has to reflect what you are doing in your workplace If you use a generic program it must be adapted to the facility it covers For example the written plan must list the chemicals present at the site indicate who is to be responsible for the various aspects of the program in your facility and indicate where written materials will be made available to employees If OSHA inspects your workplace for compliance with the HCS the OSHA compliance officer will ask to see your written plan at the outset of the inspection The written program must describe how the requirements for labels and other forms of warning material safety data sheets and employee
238. ve one automatically you should request one If you receive one that is obviously inadequate with for example blank spaces that are not completed you should request an appropriately completed one If your request for a data sheet or for a corrected data sheet does not produce the information needed you should contact your local OSHA Area Office for assistance in obtaining the MSDS The role of MSDSs under the rule is to provide detailed information on each hazardous chemical including its potential hazardous effects its physical and chemical characteristics and recommendations for appropriate protective measures This information should be useful to you as 21 the employer responsible for designing protective programs as well as to the workers If you are not familiar with material safety data sheets and with chemical terminology you may need to learn to use them yourself A glossary of MSDS terms may be helpful in this regard Generally speaking most employers using hazardous chemicals will primarily be concerned with MSDS information regarding hazardous effects and recommended protective measures Focus on the sections of the MSDS that are applicable to your situation MSDSs must be readily accessible to employees when they are in their work areas during their work shifts This may be accomplished in many different ways You must decide what is appropriate for your particular workplace Some employers keep the MSDSs in a binder in a ce
239. viduals who have the proper contaminant testing equipment determine the hazard ratio If the hazard ratio is less than 10 you may use a half mask air purifying respirator with a filter efficiency of 95 percent or higher If the hazard ratio is less than 20 you may use a full face piece air purifying respirator with a filter efficiency of 99 percent or higher Keep in mind the oil in the air This makes a difference in the filter classification If the hazard ratio is determined to be 100 or greater then you must use an atmosphere supplying respirator Manufacturers of respirator equipment will generally provide your company with a particulate and hazard ratio flow chart to help in the selection of the proper respirator USES OF RESPIRATORS Routine Use Respirators for use in non emergency situations are to be inspected before each use and during cleaning Emergency Use Respirators designated for use emergency situations should be inspected at least monthly and in accordance with the manufacturer s recommendations Emergency respirators must be examined to ensure they are working properly before and after each use A basic examination of the equipment conducted prior to each use will provide assurance to the wearer that the respirator which is about to be used in an emergency will work properly This includes that cylinders on the SCBA are charged the air is available and flowing Escape Only Use Respirators used for escape only are to b
240. water shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or combustible liquids Many flammable and combustible liquid storage areas are protected by automatic sprinkler or water spray systems and hose lines Consequently any storage of water reactive material in the storage area creates an unreasonable risk 109 TERMINOLOGY The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid will give off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with the air above the surface of the liquid or within its container The lower flammable limit the percentage of vapor in the air below which a fire can t occur because there isn t enough fuel the mixture is said to be too lean The upper flammable limit is the percentage of vapor in the air above which there isn t enough air for a fire the mixture is said to be too rich Vapor density is the weight of a flammable vapor compared to air Air 1 Vapors with a high density are more dangerous and require better ventilation because they tend to flow along the floor and collect in low spots The Permissible Exposure Limit PE of the vapor according to OSHA standards is expressed in parts of vapor per million parts of contaminated air The PEL is listed because many of these substances present inhalation as well as fire hazards HAZARDOUS WASTE DEFINED EPA has defined waste as hazardous because of its general characteristics or it may be specifically listed by technical name HPO also c

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