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Graphic State 2 User`s Manual

1. AFTER a time has elapsed State entry transitions are made UPON ENTRY for the Nth time All of these transition conditions may be made probabilistic that isto go or not go to the new state based upon the P value appended to the GO TO condition P may be set from the default value of 100 certainty down to 1 for any transition TRANSITION is also usedin this manual as shorthand for the transition requirements stated in the TRANSITION LINES in the state graphic each of which specifies the set of requirements that must be met to go to another state TIME DRI VEN Experiments are time driven if they require only the passage of time for the experiment to progress Any experiment that has one or more states in which the only way to progress from state to state is for the animal to respond is response driven See Response Driven YOKING There are two types of yoking in behavioral padanoe experiment run yoking and stimulus yoking Graphic State may function as a response diiven orinteractive program where what the animal does will determine where the program goes Since all ofthe animals will be doing at least slightly different things the program for each wil or atleast may be in a different state for each subject at any given time Because ofthe restriction that this independent action of the subjects places on the synchrony of runs experiment run yoking in a response diiven protocol is not possible See below Expe
2. Data Analysis where you create and name groups of counters and distribution sorts into which to place data based upon Boolean logic sorts of events and states or combinations of both to perform mathematical analysis CREATE OPTION 1 CREATING STATES The CREATE STATES windowis where you set the specifications for each ofthe states that determine what the contingendes are which will cause an exit from one state and a move on to the next state thereby creating the flow of the experiment Atthis point let us pick up from the earlier discussion of states and continue with the basics of state notation and the flow through the states of an experiment protocol Refer back to the state diagrams presented before pages 11 amp 12 18 THE STATE CREATION SCREEN When you click on the State Creation button in the first window of the file option Create a New Experiment Protocol the following window will appear Here is where the major business of Graphic State takes place When the state creation window appears there will be 2 boxes in the window The box to the left is the state list list box Thisisa list ofall statesin the protocol The box to the right isthe state to which the name stimuli and exit transition spedfications you choose will be added until the state is the way you want it to be The state graphicis something like the state diagrams in the previous illustrations but more elaborate having all of the available stimulus outputs
3. Globals simply save you having to keep track of a mass of portables if you wish to apply them to all states Globals may be used for things like making transitions to separate state groups that have no transitions in a state within a group to any state in anothergroup They may also be used to force transitions from alternate contingencies or to terminate the experiment on a total number of state entries events or time Global transitions are created in another second tier window under Create a Protocol Itis accessible from the top Create screen by dicking the button just belowthe State Creation button labeled Globals The 3 types of transitions state entry event and time available for states are also available as global transitions Conjunctive transition groups may also be spedfied in the Global window Thereisa fourth type of global transition the Manual Finish or MAN FIN global Thistype isused to allow an operatorto manually end an experiment run by dicking on the MAN FIN option in the top menu bar of the Run Screen Global transition lines except MAN FIN are created in bar windows that look just like the bar windows used to create the regular transitions which are appended to a state graphic exoept that they are not appended to any state they are simply stacked up in a list like column They lookjust like other transition lines except there is no reset option and no portable option because they do not relate to s
4. NUMBER of a PROPORTIONAL EVENT in RUN FRACTIONS This element allows you to select one event that you have designated to be proportional and to which you have assigned a unit of measure in the first create a protocol screen The vertical axis of your graph may be named here with any name you choose As above the units of measure will be automatically applied by conversion of raw event counts by the computer when itanalyzes the data The counts are distributed overthe run into the number of bins you spedfy You must have a global exit to FIN to use this element This element unlike discrete event counts restricts the event to be plotted to a single input event rather than a Boolean set of inputs because the units of measure are usually not the same for other proportional events EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of a PROPORTIONAL EVENT in STATE FLOW FRACTIONS Like the element above this restricted element allows you to select one event that you have designated to be proportional and to which you have assigned a unit of measure in the first create a protocol screen and allows you to name the vertical axis The units of measure wil also be automatically applied by conversion of raw event counts by the computer when it analyzes the data This element allows you to selecta state or group disjoint Boolean of states in which counts of the event will be distributed over the time flow of those states in bins representing equal fractions of the total cumul
5. and raw data acquired These new analysis structures may specify any arrangement of analysis elements Thisis a powerful and unique feature of Graphic State software You can go back and find things you weren t looking for when you first ran the experiments without running new subjects You can also export to a spreadsheet to analyze for virtually anything because Graphic State stores a real time date stamp for every state entry and every response input in any experiment Inputs need not be specified as contingent responses in a protocol to be recorded and analyzed If a response sensor is merely connected to the environment connection board any report from it will be dated and stored RESPONSE See also EVENTS Any behavior of the animal thatis above the threshold of one of the system s input sensors and is therefore measured a reported behavioral event is a response This may indude responses the animal makes on an operandum or a behavior recorded by an incidental response sensor like a ceiling mounted activity monitor oran ergometric force platform RESPONSE DRIVEN An experiment protocol which does not move forward unless re sponses are made by the subject is response driven Experiments may be time driven requiring only that time pass for the experiment to progress Any experiment that has any one or more states in which the only way to progress is for the animal to respond is response driven See Time Driven RUN See Experimen
6. byte salad or maybe even bitsalad The first altemative is the most serious because there s a chance the data might look O K Since they are linked the experiment summary records from each analysis structure B through Q that is generated for any given protocol are comparable and may be averaged using any filter or sort based on the coded attributes of the record name Similarly all raw data records sorted and filtered by any subset of one or more ofthe 6 charaders in the subject name by station session or run may be analyzed by any of the associated analysis structures within the protocol This may be done even when you add them to the protocol ata later time Generally speaking you will initially create only a single analysis structure for a protocol The provision for multiple analysis structures has been made so that you can go back later and reanalyze data to look for something you may have overlooked initially However you may want to create multiple analysis structures with one of them being very simple having just a few analysis elements This will allow you to look at one or two elements at session end to check the general performance of the subjed You can then analyze the bulkof the data ata later time when the computer can do a solo while you go to a party RAW DATA Once every station sample interval time unit the computer services all stations and reads each event from each switch input f one occurred All input events
7. click on the desired element type in the upper left box A tab folder window will appear Itis from this folder that you will create the element by naming it naming its graph axes and column heads and by selecting one or more of the following events states data bins episode delimiter specifications and display options that make up the data element 41 Analysis structure name P Untitled N of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE S x T 5 5 T of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE S w FRACTION N of DISCRETE EVENT S in RUN FRACTIONS Events RATE of EVENT S in STATE S General Event s Bins Options LEE RATE of EVENT S in RUN FRACTIONS N of DISCRETE EVENT S TOTALS for RUN EVENT LATENCY CLASS INTERVALS in STATE INTER EVENT CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S INTER EVENT CLASS INTERVALS for RUN HETEROGENOUS IE CLASS INTERVALS in ST4 r Select one or more states for the current bin 51 LICKING 52 FEED OP 53 FEEDER Named Elements in Analysis Structure E r The following bins are defined Mstat E A 9 G Graphic State Proi dd ssPM The option to display the event frequency distribution data either showing the bins in the orderlisted orin population orderis afforded in each tab folder for event frequency elements You are also given the option to auto scale the bin width for class interval time sort elements a unique feature of Graphic State s computational a
8. tandem and chained schedules where one member has been completed butthe others have not In Graphic State we have made this as simple as designating thata transition line may be carried to shared or imported into another state or states We call this type of transition specification line a Portable Transition PORTABLES the IJMA Refer back to the screen print on page 24 On the extreme right of each type of transition specification wndow there is an election check box to select that the transition be made portable The defaultis not portable to make a transition portable you must dick on the box to select it Select and deselect is a toggle function just like the reset on entry option When selected and the O K is clicked to apply the transition line to the state graphic it will appear with a White P followed by a second white letterin a blue flag similar to the red reset flag The second letterdesignates this portable transition as one of 26 allowed in each protocol In the screen print on page 24 the 3rd transition line the event transition line specifying 1000 activity units to cause a transition to FIN is portable This means that whatever value the 1000 event counter has reached in this state will be the value in the counter in the next state in which the transition line is used THE PORTABLE TRANSITION LIST Each portable transition created in the protocol will be added to the list as itis created The nextletteris used each time a n
9. the program must retum afterleaving the common target state Entering FIN causes the experiment run to go to the finished state the details of which are discussed on page 91 You may select the current state by number as a target You do this by simply entering or selecting the number of the state on which you are working This allows the state to go back on itself from any one or more of the transition specification lines thus causing a reset of parameters in any of the other lines having a reset on entry spedfication selected You may use this feature to reset for example some of the event parameter values 25 with a time transition line if a selected time passe s without a requisite number of events responses having counted down any of the event transition lines If this sounds like a DRH schedule to you operant conditioners it is Likewise if a response occurs before a requisite time elapses and the transition targets the current state causing a reset of a time transition line itis a DRL The TO or target state specification pull down shows BAK and FIN at the top and the states thus far created showin numeric order below When you use the target state box the numbers available in the pull down are the same as those in the state list at the top left of the screen If you type an existing number over a selected number the program will not delete the typed over state If you type in a yet to be created state it wll a
10. 58 BOX 1 RESTRICTION or FILTERING The first of the 5 boxes allows you to restrictor filter the selection list by attributes of the record name that were automatically assembled when you ran each subject This boxis on the left side of the screen In the spedfication box there are 4 attribute sets you may use to restrict the list 1 Session 2 Station 3 Run 4 Subject I D The list from which you will choose which records you want to average can be filtered by the above attributes to refine and thus reduce the size of the list The default in each of these 4 boxesis to indude all If you want to indude all ofthe records having any one attribute do nothing just move to the next You may restrict the list from all sessions to a group of sessions beginning at a specified number and ending at another spedfied number You might have run the same protocol in experiments with different independent variables surgical preps toxins etc during the history of using the protocol This filter will allow you look at data structures in each independently or to combine them You may restrict the list from all stations to a group of stations by checking the station number s you want to be induded Suppose you discover that station 1 was directly under a hot air outlet and the data are suspect You may restrict the list from all runs to a group of runs beginning ata specified number and ending at another specified number This will allow you
11. The FIN state may also be a list member or the go to specification of an exhausted target state list EDITING STATES If you want to change edit any specification afteritis appended to the state graphic just double click on the smaller title bar stimulus array box or one of the transition lines in the graphic The enlarged working specification bar or box wil pop up again so that you can make the changes DELETING A STATE To delete a state selectitby selecting it from the state list and then dickon the Delete State button at the bottom of the column of buttons between the state list and the state graphic Even ifitis only a targeted state it will not disappear from the state list but it will turn red the next time you resolve states see below because itisa targeted but not yet created state As with othertargeted butuncreated states the only way to get it off the list altogetheris to edit the state s containing the targeting transition line s and delete the line s To find out which states contain the targeting transition lines use the Resolve button discussed below It will list them for you RESOLVING STATES Resolving or checking for executable state flow is an automated function in Graphic State The program will check to see thatthere is no indeterminate or dead end specification that could cause your program to hang up when you runit To initiate this function just click on the Resolve States button You may
12. and the current active state in the station event counts for each event in the current state and cumulative counts for each event in the run CHANGING PROTOCOLS WHILE RUNNING A SESSION Protocols that were initially typed in any of the station I D boxes or highlighted in the list underthe multi protocol option may be used to replace the protocol used in the previous run in any station Thisis accomplished 56 by clicking the protocol change option in the subject I D box You may change protocols any time that you change a subjectand starta new run TERMINATING A SESSION AND REVIEWING THE DATA To terminate a session all active stations must have the blue finished state or the magenta subject I D status cell showing When you dick on End T erminate in the top menu bar the Terminate Session window appears Here you have the option to dose the session or to analyze and review one or more ofthe data structures for one or more of the runsin the session You may also create a session average of all of the runs in all of the stations for each different protoool in the session if you ran multiple protocols There are 2 buttons in this window 1 Close 2 Analyze amp Review CLOSE Just click this button to close the session Your raw data events and state onsets with session time clock tick dates are already in the database records and may be reoovered and analyzed at any time This option allows you to simply close a sessi
13. are three things that can cause the program to go to another state a number of events on an input the passage of time and the number of times the state has been entered You must specify the time or the number foreach of these In Graphic State Notation each type of transition you wish to make from one state to go to the next state is created in a bar like transition creation window When the transition statement is complete and you wish to apply it to the graphic a simple dick on O K causes a bar containing all of the transition parameters to be added to the state graphic beneath the stimulus specification box W Graphic State Project Z GS 2 Manual Caps Create States Protocol 1 File Portables Lists Conjoin Help State List State 1 RATIO COMP RDY Ready state FIN Finished state Add En Ba To Si RATIO COMP Resolve States Copy This State Global Transitions Delete This State Close CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG 1000 1002 OF 1002 10 10 10001002 OP 1002 10 10 28 OO 1002 ML 3004 20 20 2000 1002 ML 3004 20 20 NULLO HLITEO TONEO A HLITEO TONE O Al Left Lever Add Event Go To Add Time Go To New State in EH 17 63 Graphic state Proi dl 4 35PM 22 There is a select button foreach type of transition between the state list and the state graphic in the center top of the protocol construction screen Clicking on one of these buttons will present the
14. due to transition caused selected events The numberof entries into a selected target state is distributed into bins each bin representing a single event or a collective group disjoint Boolean of events that caused the transition Touse this element name the state select one or more events for each bin and name the bin and then eled to plot orlist the binsin the order created or by population STATES ANALYSIS ELEMENT STATE ENTRIES FROM NAMED STATE S When a state is entered and is redirected to another target state by the Nth orlast count of an Entry Transition itis as if that state had never been entered The Nth or satisfying entry is not recorded as a state entry It is asif the transition had taken place directly to the redirect target state As in the element above number of entries into a target state of your selection is distributed into bins Here each bin represents the state or multiple collection disjoint Boolean of states fromw hich the transition was made To use this element name the target state select one or more originating states for each bin and name the bin and then elect to plot orlist the bins either in the order created orby population STATES ANALYSIS ELEMENT STATE ENTRIES RUN TO TAL SORTS In this element you may plot or list the frequency of entry into each state You may select any one or more states disjoint Boolean from the state list to define each bin The number of times a state or any member of
15. greater when they are used in conjunction with the reset on entry option by applying the reset to the portable in some states but not in others This will allow it to be reset counted reset counted and counted further in sequential states until it finally counts out and causes a transition USING STATE ENTRY PORTABLES Recall the discussion on the previous page about resetting the parameter value on entry in a state entry transition the only circumstance w here it makes sense to use the reset option on a state entry type of transition is if the transition is portable It makes no sense to reset these transitions lines upon entry into a state that uses them for exit because they will never count down one count per entry upon entry Because of this the reset on entry option for the state entry transition is grayed out and unusable until the portable option is selected Then and only then may you select the resetoption If you select portability then select reset and then change your mind the deselection ofthe portable option will automatically deselect the reset option as well Portable transitions follow all of the rules for non portable transitions with respect to parameter value lists resetting probability and target state lists Transition portability is one of the most powerful if not most frequently used features of Graphic State Notation For those of you who have used other state notation programs this feature obviates the requirem
16. iin one state and specify that they be drawn in order or at random and with or without replacement When using time lists in the non replacement mode the same 3 alternatives are available Start Over Set Value and Withdraw Graphic State allows you to create for each database up to 99 parameter lists for events and times In the Lists windows you may REVIEW the list of lists You may EDIT a list add and delete subjects target states and parameters You may create a NEW list and may also PRINT any list so that you can file it with reports or in the case of subjed draw lists distribute it to assistants or post itin the animal housing or experimental room The INSERT button will cause a new spedfication to be added above a highlighted item ADD will add the new item to the end ofthe list When project4evel lists have been used in a protocol they may not be edited or deleted until all protocols calling using them are deleted from the database FILE MENU OPTIONS Setup Options Create an Experiment Protocol Review Experiment Protocol s RUN A SESSION Statistical Review Analysis Delete Aborted Data Exit FILE OPTION Setup Options This screen is automatically entered if you eled to create a new database upon log in Here you do the follow ing 1 Select the station sampling interval or time Units the time resolution for the all experiment protocols to be created in this project database by dicking on 100 Milli
17. instantaneous sample by multi bit A D converters TIME INTEGRATED SIGNAL GRAM NEWTON MILLI VOLT SECONDS ETC EACH PULSE REPRESENTS ANUMBER di ttt Ut gp p EMMI oF emseconps Newron seconps MILLIVOLT SECONDS ETC p Zi to 7 7 AGRAPHIC STATE ANALYSIS ELEMENT CAN PARSE PULSES INTO AVARIETY OF HISTOGRAMS GY ZY 7 ZA r p Ly LY CONVERTING ANALOG SIGNAL REPRESENTING RESPONSE MAGNITUDE INTO DISCRETE EVENT PULSES AND DISTRIBUTING THEM OVER TIME If an event is to be proportional it must be designated as such in the event name list and bear the P prefix To record these types of signals and present your data in units of measure corresponding to the transducer double dick on the event name box in the top create a protocol window Then scale your graphs by selecting the proportional option for that event this will also append the P A pop up window will appear for you to specify the units of measure that the event represents Here you select units such as gram seconds or Newton seconds for force PSI or Pascal seconds for pressure g seconds for acceleration or other amplitude time integral units Thisis very simple to do when you are using Coulbourn Instruments or similar transducers and our A24 72 Transducer Monitor In the event type box cick on the button labeled proportional to select the unit of measure This will change the default unit from a discrete named event to
18. is the yellow banner atthe top of the screen just under the title and menu bars It displaysthe project user code letter Linc station configuration and the station sample interval along with the date time session number the operator s name or code you entered and the name of the subject I D drawJist if you use one Unless you opted to run under the Pilot test session provision T type data all of this information will be appended to the R type data records and carried through to the B through Q data structure records automatically Otherinformation that will appearin the experiment run record name for each individual animal such as animal 54 I D protocol run number and station are displayed below the masthead in the information cells of the run screen THE RUN SCREEN MAIN MENU BAR The main menu bar active in the Run Session window offers the pop up options listed below Please note that clicking on an option in the menu bar takes you to a pop up window because Windows suspends program function during the time the usual pull down would be present This would result in a suspension of data acquisition while the pull down is present ABORT This window is used to stop an experiment run in one or more designated stations all stations or to abort the entire session When you do this raw data foreach experiment will be filed as an A type record ALARMS This allows you to turn on oroffa beep alarm to be sounded by the com
19. like to take to a spreadsheet for further analysis and or to plot in a different way Of course you may make up a new element if the elements that were originally created do not produce the numbers you want to export To export averaged data for some or all runs across se ssions first make an X file under Create Averaged X Files by filtering and sorting to select the animals stations sessions runs etc for the records you want to export This can also be a newelement if the elements that were originally created do not produce the numbers you want to export Then under the review option for the averaged data select View Numbers and dick the Export button Here you name the file and direct it to be saved in any Windows directory you wish When you open the spreadsheet application just open the raw data file accepting all the defaults in the data import Wizard A sample file from an individual animal is illustrated below Filename Bin Count Description 011 7A01001 B 1 12781 011 7A01001 B 2 24082 A sample from the averaged records for a different run is shown below Filename Bin Average Std Dev Description 16SESS AVGR120 BX 1 225 081 FR 5 COMPONENT 16SESS AVGR120 BX 2 178 082 EXTINCTION COMPONENT 16SESS AVGR120 BX 3 1 0 S3 REINFORCEMENT EXPORTING ANALYZED DATA FOR MULTIPLE ANIMAL S IN SPREAD SHEET FORMAT Here is where you may process data to create a single exported data file for groups of records for the entire histor
20. number of reinforcements it will record 25 12 GRAPHIC STATE DATA ORGANIZATION Graphic State software has an automatic system for creating data record identification with provision for the user to entera subject I D code of up to 6 alphanumeric characters The automatic portion of the data record name is entered automatically when you run a session Each character in the record name represents key specifications to facilitate record sorting and filtering for archiving retrieving review ing comparing different aspects or recalculating data at a later time You may filter or sort on any automatically entered attribute and or each some or all of the 6 characters of the subject I D you enter You may also filterby date in the window where the record name specifications are presented Graphic State uses a 16 character record name The first character A Z is the user project code you select or create when you open the program The nexttwo characters 01 99 are the protocol number The next 6 characters shown as XXXXXX below are the subject I D that you enter or that a subject draw list enters for you before you initiate each run in a station during the session Judicious naming or numbering of your subjects done in conjunction with the project user code will give you very powerful archiving tools The remaining 7 characters are generated automatically by Graphic State The meaning of each characteris detailed below GS DAT
21. one way relationship Specifically there is no direct feedback from the affected system backto the affecting system A good example of this type of experimental design is the classical conditioning experiment In the above design no feedback exists in the control system Thisis a time driven protocol The scientist may read the record and modify the timing and or stimulus parameters in a future session to discover relationships that exist In these instances the operator is the feedback portion of the control system This type of system uses the control system to present stimuli but does not interact with the subjed thatis it does not change the presentation of stimuli as a function of what the subject does Other examples of this type of relationship are the monitoring of feeding drinking and activity over a preset time course Anotheropen loop system is characterized by the recording of behavior when the independent stimulus variable isan outside event stimulus which is not under the direct control of the system A good example of this type of system is measuring the effect of drugs on a subject s activity Here the drugs are administered by the expenmenter and the temporal relationship is synchronized by manually starting the activity recording at a known time relative to drug administration STIMULUS A variation of this theme is an open loop system where stimuli are not under control of either the experimenter or the control sy
22. program available for change in a current state Thisis analogous to taking a wire fromone currently active module or group of modules back to another module or group to reset modify a parameter count down or to sense the previously determined condition of the other as a partidpant in current action 30 ERROR CHECKING OF TRANSITIONS As you create a state each transition linewill automatically be checked for functionality as you apply the working window to the state graphic When you attempt to enter a transition specification line by dicking O K you will be advised if the line is not sufficiently complete to be acceptable asa transition specification for the state Each message will advise what if anything is missing from the line However the program obviously cannot anticipate what you intended to do if you specified the incorrect parameter value list probability or target state Neither can the program check to see that you have created one of the lines but not the others you had planned to create for a state Obviously itis your responsibility to be sure that all of the transition lines applied and their specifications for each state are as you intend DELETING TRANSITIONS Transitions may be canceled before being applied to the state graphic To delete a complete transition line which has been added to the graphic just double dick on the line and when the transition bar pops up dick on Delete at the right hand side of the
23. selecting auto scaling the computer will take the percentage of events you specify and place them in the overflow bin It wil distribute the remainder of the events in the number of bins you specify The width ofthe bins will be equal and will be determined by the computer to cover the range of the elapsed times between counted events from time zero to the longest inter event time of the remaining events The overflowbin is the last bin in the distribution and contains all of the events with a time longer than the bin width times the number of specified bins Thus the number of bins in the list or plot wil be the number you spedfy plus 1 bin the overflow bin This measure is used for the dassic IRT Inter Response Time distribution EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT INTER EVENT TIME by CLASS INTERVAL for RUN This element plots and lists an Inter Event Time distribution sort for one event for the entire experiment run for all states rather than a selected state or states Select the number of bins and their time width or select the number of bins and auto scale as for this element type in state related data above HETEROGENOUS INTER EVENT CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S This element plots events in bins of elapsed time since the last occurrence of one specified event and the first occurrence of a second specified event within a state or a group disjoint Boolean of states Like the inter event data element above data are presented as a dassinterval tim
24. the breaker will tip on that Linc only If the breaker trips you can reset it by turning the switch back on If no protocol is running and it trips again immediately then there is a direct short in an S R module on an ECB orits cable orin the Lincitself The switch may also be used turn power off if you are not going to use the Lincin a session butitis not necessary to turn it off atthe Linc You may tum an unused Linc off in software when you log in to run a session you can even leave iton and simply notinstall a subject IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT STATION NUMBERS When you set up the Lincs ina stack on the power base it is best to number them from the TOP DOWN Thatis set the top Linc number to 0 the next one down to 1 the next to 2 and so on down to the bottom Linc which you should set to 7 or the number equal to the number of Lincs you have This is important because when grouped as multi Linc stations the stimulus section of the combined state graphic represents the Lincs in this relationship see the stack of Lincs on page 5 THE ECB ENVIRONMENT CONNECTION BOARD Connect the 25 foot flat environment connection ribbon cables with one or two 25 foot extension cables if necessary from the Linc s environment cable connectors to the Environment Connection Board for the environmental arena s for each station s Note These connectors are keyed just like the Linc to Linc connectors on the previous page Install them with the key tabs up
25. the entire protoool by selecting them on a global basis This will make them default to being on for all states allowing you click them off in each state In addition ourhardware is also labeled with the names of stimulus devices corresponding to the stimuli specified at the top of the window so you will see Cue Lite 1 H Lite and Feeder 1 instead of just the numbers shown in the simplified general illustration above With Graphic State you dont have to remember which devices are connected to which stimulus outputs or to set up the software with a configuration table Each Habitest Linc H02 08 2 station interface module has all ofthe drivers and switch buffers built in from the time you purchase it Itisrare to have to use outputs for devices other than what the label indicates but you can forexarmple retract 11 a lever via a tone control output if need be RESPONSES In state notation which response events and how many ofthem are required are specified to produce a state change or transition The Graphic State protoool creation window shows by name in a point and dick list the inputs available for use The event parameter spedfication windowin each state window allows you to point and dick to select one or more of these inputs and to spedfy the number of events for each required in order to leave the state For each event transition you specify the number of input events required from a named input device which will cause t
26. type of analysis element appears in the element type selection list below You may think of each general type as a template For each type template you select you will specify one or more events and or states to construct the element You will name the element select options for graphing and place it in the list that defines the analysis structure Analysis elements reflect relationships to state flow Those listed in red are Restricted Application Analysis Elements and may be used only in protocols with certain limitations on the nature of the state flow These elements will produce a warning screen when you dick on New Element to remind you ofthe restriction Beloware the analysis elements from which you may select INPUT EVENTS NUMBER of a PROPORTIONAL EVENT in a STATE or STATE S 1 NUMBER of a PROPORTIONAL EVENT in RUN FRACTIONS 1 2 NUMBER of a PROPORTIONAL EVENT in STATE FLOW FRACTIONS 1 NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE S NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in RUN FRACTIONS 2 NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE FLOW FRACTIONS NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE S RATE of a DISCRETE EVENT in RUN FRACTIONS 2 RATE of DISCRETE EVENTS in STATE S EVENT LATENCY CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S INTER EVENT CLASS INT ERVALS in STATE S INTER EVENT CLASS INT ERVALS for RUN HETEROGENOUS INTER EVENT CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S HETEROGENOUS INT ER EVENT CLASS INTERVALS for RUN EPISODES of INPUT EVENTS NUMBER of EPISODES in S
27. with names instead of just numbers for the stimuli J Graphic State Project Z GS 2 Manual Caps Create States Protocol 1 File Portables Lists Conjoin Help State List State RDY Ready state RDY Ready state Add Erin Cie To CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG FIN Finished state ate 10001002 0F 1002 10 10 1000 1002 OF 1002 10 10 1 2000 1002 ML 3004 20 20 2000 1002 ML 3004 20 20 NULL HLITEO TONEO A HLITEO TONEO B Ada Byent Go lic dd Ti ime ao Tio New State Resolve States Copy This State Global Transitions Delete This State Close Pstart E 77 Gs Graphic State Proj BO 423PM When the State Creation window first comes up the state list has RDY FIN and S1 for state 1 at the top RDY is the ready state FIN is the finished state The ready state is the state used to set initial stimuli before the protocol begins running All protocols must go to the finished state in order to terminate a run and post the fact thatthe run is finished to the computer screen when you are running a session These three entries are shown in red because they are not completed yet We use red type to indicate that a state has been specified but has not yet been completed so that you may see at a glance what remains to be done RDY and FIN are red because they have no stimuli specified yet S1 has no stimuli no name and no transitions specified and it neednt remain S1 you may change the nu
28. you are actually running an experiment Global Stimuli that are on for the entire protocol may be specified in the globals window This will make them default to being on for all states unless you click them off in each state 20 Stimuli induding AUX outputs may be flashed pulsed on and off for the duration that the state is active To do this double click on the button representing any stimulus shown in the state graphicinduding the auxiliaries A small window will appear where you may dick on the PULSE option The light will flash when that state ison To seled the rate and duty cyde enter up to three digits of time in units sample intervals for the on time and two digits for the off time There is also a STEADY option Steady on all ofthe time default Use this button to deselect pulsing if you change your mind A slash through the colored spot representing the stimulus in the state graphic indicates that it has been both selected for the state and for flashing T Graphic State Project D john test 8 100 Create States Prot File Portables Lists Conjoin Help State List a Programmable Device Control x RDY Ready state FIN Finished state Add Entry Go To Device Selection 51 Linc Analog Output Add Event Go To 412 33 Audio Signal Generator 412 33 Audio Stim Tone Click Frequency Add Time Go To 412 33 Audio Stim Tone Click Amplitude 412 33 Audio Stim Noise Amplitude CUES FEEDERS SPARES
29. 2 DELETING A STATE 32 RESOLVING STATES 32 33 CREATE OPTION 2 GLOBAL TRANSITIONS 33 34 ORDER OF SERVICE FOR TRANSITIONS 34 CREATE OPTION 3 DATA ANALYSIS 34 35 SELECTING UNITS OF MEASURE FOR SERIAL PULSE ANALOG EVENTS 36 38 ANALYZING THE DATA 39 RAW DATA 39 ANALYSIS STRUCTURES and ELEMENTS 40 ANALYSIS ELEMENTS 40 RUN FRACTION ELEMENTS GENERAL 41 DATA ELEMENTS for RUN GENERAL 41 CREATING ANALYSIS STRUCTURES 41 42 EVENT DATA 42 45 EPISODE DATA 46 47 STATE DATA 47 48 TIME LINE DATA 48 49 EDITING AND DELETING DATA STRUCTURES 49 COMPLETING STORING AND USING PROTOCOLS 49 FILE OPTION EDIT REVIEW PROTOCOLS 50 51 FILE OPTION RUN an EXPERIMENT 52 57 LOGGING IN TO RUN A SESSION 52 53 RUNNING THE SESSION 54 56 TERMINATING A SESSION AND REVIEWING THE DATA 57 58 FILE OPTION STATISTICAL REVIEW amp ANALYSIS 58 62 COULBOURN INS TRUMENTS 7462 PENN DRIVE ALLENTOWN PA 18106 USA ONLINE www coulbourn com E MAIL sales coulbourn com FAX 610 391 1333 TEL 610 395 3771 DEFINITIONS and TERMINOLOG Y ARENA Arenas are the confining spaces in which the animal works including cages and hubs that have tracks to hold stimulus presentation and response sensing modules the computer uses to interact with the subject CHAMBER A total experimental environment consisting of a test arena above placed inside of an optional isolation cubicle below to block extraneous stimuli when and where necessary CUBICLE An optional enclosur
30. 6 of attempts are failures to go TO the target state and result in the event parameter counter being reset To try to GO TO again requires that the total initial value number of input counts be registered again The default value for P is 10096 or certainty oftransition Thisis because you will most likely wantthe majority of your transitions to be certain Again note well that in the case where a parameter is drawn from a list and probability is failed the parameter value is reset again to the same number A new value is not drawn from the list in a given state Drawing is done when and only when the line causes a transition and the value is zero upon exit This insures that when lists are used forparameter values in randomized transitions each list me mber value is fully used in accordance with the rules fora parameter value This ensures that base values remain the same so that probability is the sole variable in each use of a parameter value from drawing it through successful completion via probability to exit Event parameter lists make it possible to do things like progressive random ratios in just two states If you have a contingency state and a reinforcement state set up like the first fixed ratio state flow diagram on page 10 all you need to dois add a probability less than 10096 to create arandomratio If you then use a parameter value list for the number of input events required you can use any set of numbers for each successive
31. 8 9 oo0000000 0000800080080 IF 10 RESPONSE 1 GOTO STATE 2 AFTER 7 SEC GO TO STATE1 In a state notation graphic a state graphic a fixed ratio 10 looks something like the diagram above though the actual graphicis more elaborate in the Graphic State program showing much more detail A house light stimulus 1 and a cue light stimulus 5 are on If the animal presses response lever 1 10 times the program goes to the next state state 2 In state 2 the feeder stimulus 7 and the feeder light stimulus 8 are also turned on The house light and cue light remain on for the entire time because they are spedfied in both states After 7 seconds the program goes back to state 1 and the procedure repeats Graphic State experiments or experiment protocols are created in windows thatlead you through constructing the states You specify the stimuli the elapsed time and the input event response variables necessary to exit and make a transition to the next state and change the stimuli Then you specify the data and howto analyze and presentthem STIMULI In typical state notation the stimuli to be turned on when the state is active are listed by the user With Graphic State they are presented in an array at the top of the state graphic you just point and dick in boxes bearing the stimulus names to tum them on They will light up when selected to indicate ata glance which ones will be turned on in this state You may also tum stimuli on for
32. A RECORD NAME ATTRIBUTES A99XXXXXX799001R A Project User code A to Z 99 Protocol number 01 to 99 XXXXXX Subject I D 6 alphanumeric characters 7 Station number 0 to 7 99 Run number 01 to 99 runs per session in each station 001 Session number 01 to 999 sessions R Data type A Aborted raw data R Raw data B through Q Analyzed R Data X Averaged data Note The 16 station splitLinc database configuration has 17 characters The station I D for these databases has 2 characters 0A OB 1A 1B etc through 7A and 7B See the last page in the manual for a copy sheet of attributes to post for quick reference SELECT CREATE PROJECT DATABASE This file menu option window comes up automatically when you first enter the program You may re enteritat any time the program is active but not running experiments You must select an existing code in which to run or create a new code There are 26 A through Z project or user codes This code partitions the 2574 possible experiment protocols into 26 groups of 99 each to provide for separate users and or separate projects and to facilitate archive access If you have already created one or more databases select the one in which you wantto work to run a session review data or create a new protocol If you want to create a new database enter the letter and description and click on Enter This will take you directly to the Setup O
33. AUX PRG 1000 10020 1002 19 1 v Br a DNI T rece 2000 10 02M 3004 20 20 NULL HLITE TONE A r Parameter Selection Initialize on Entry set to pil m Einished w States C Increment on Entry by Na C Decrement on Entry by m C Multiply on Entry by Delete Cancel Mstart E 77 ES Graphic State Proj d 11 534m Programmable stimulus control outputs which are used to control the four PROG output jacks on the back of the Linc module are selected or entered by double clicking on the small button corresponding to each output This will produce a pop up window listing the options to enter values for the outputs of any Cl proportional stimulus synthesis device DAC Programmable Shocker Audio Signal Generator etc or any other DAC controlled device working on 0 to 2 5 volts As a simple DAC you set the output in millivolts You may select a Cl device and set the output directly to the value you wish in the units of measure that the selected device produces shocker output in milliamps tone frequency in Hz amplitude in dB SPL etc The program will automatically convert your selection to the code necessary to produce the value you select for the Cl device The selection window for programmable devices allows you to directly seta value either by typing in a number or drawing it from a list each time you enter the state To draw the direct set value from a list
34. Event parameter lists Eventlists may be called to insert the number of events requirement in the IF transition line of an event contingency specification You may use these lists in lieu of entering a numberin the transition requirement box for any input event Using lists for event parameters allows you to use a changing numberin place of the fixed number for the eventinput requirement If you entera number for the requirement it will always be the same every time you are in the state If you use a list for the event value by entering the letter L and a number from 1 to 99 the program wil draw a new number from the list each time it counts down and causes a transition It will then insert the newly drawn value as the event transition requirement In each list you may specify up to 999 5 digit numbers and specify that they be drawn in order or at random andwith or without replacement When using the list in the non replacement mode there are 3 alternatives from which to chose to specify what to do when the list is exhausted 1 Start Over and reuse the list This allows you to use at random each value atleast once before going through the list again 2 Set Value to use thereafter The Set Value option will use the number that you enter for the remainder ofthe run after all of the values in the list have been used once And lastly 3 Withdraw which effedively sets the parameter value to infinity thus making it impossible for the tran
35. Graphic State 2 A State Notation Program USER S GUIDE to SOFTWARE and the H SERIES HABITEST CONTROL SYSTEM COPYRIGHT 2002 VERSION 2 101 Revised Dec 9 2002 CI COULBOURN BEL ES LD BITEST Lil lana QUE LIGHTS TOWE AUX SWTQOHINFUTS CUELIGHT S TONE AUX 2 1 LINC NUMBER PONER 1 1 2 1 1 Sev 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 SPARES FEEDERS HUTE SPARES FEEDERS Dm 28V 1 2 1 20 A 1 2 1 20P B ip E ON LINE 0 7 ONLY C COULBOURN BEP ES I DEST LRE oramus QUELIGHTS TONE AUX l SWTQHINPUTS CUELIGHTS TONE ALK 2 1 LINC NUMBER PONER 1 1 2 1 1 ne 3 4 2 2 2 E 2 V SPARES FEEDERS HUTE SPARES FEEDERS Dm i 1 2 1 20 A 1 E 1 20P B dp E ON LINE pe d 3 4 1 2ML 3 4 1 2 ML via 07 ONLY C LOULBOURN ZEE ES ILES UM LINC lra INPUTS QEUGHTS TONE AUX l SWTQHINPUTS CUELIGHTS TONE AUK 2 1 NUMBER poner 1 1 2 4 1 G zw 3 4 a2 2 E E E Sy SPARES FEEDERS HUE SPARES FEEDERS HUTE 2 1 202 A 1 2r t 20P B ip n ONUNE cig 4 1 2ML 3 41 2 ML oe 07 ONLY ke va C COULBOURW BAP EAD DIVEST MRE LINC liara INPUTS QEUGHTS TOE AUX l SWTQHINPUTS CUELIGHTS TONE ALK 2 1 1 NUMBER 1917 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 BV 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 ay SPARES FEEDERS HUE SPARES FEEDERS HUTE 1 2 1 20 A 1 2 1 2 OP B Li i ONDINE s 4 1 2ML 3 4 1 2ML 5r 07 ONY ae 3 4 1 2ML 3 4 1 2 ML id CC amp A COULBOURN INSTRUMENTS man was walking down the street one evening and came upon another man under a corner streetlight The second man was walking around looking down at the sidewalk and gu
36. Linc cables and ECB using the industry standard 28Volt control signals Controlled stimuli are those over which the Graphic State program has control Contextual stimuli may be the structure or other physical aspect of an arena but they may also be controlled stimuli if they are specified to be on for the duration of the run for all runs They may be on in the entire environment orin any specific part of it at the time the animal is in that part Extraneous stimuli are those unintended stimuli that impinge upon the environment and are above the subject s threshold of sensation Elimination of extraneous stimuli is usually accomplished by placing the test arena in a cubide to block visual stimuli and to attenuate auditory sti muli Masking stimuli usually white noise may used to cover extraneous auditory sti muli SWITCH The name for the inputon the Environment Connection Board ECB to which response sensing modules are connected Thisis a carryover from early days when all response sensors were simple switches See also EVENTS TARGET STATE The state towhich a transition is made when the current state is leftis called the transition target state or simply the target state TRANSITI ON A move from one state to another state Initiated by the GO TO condition in a transition line in the state Event transitions are made IF a criterion number of occurrences of a specified response event have been reached Time transitions are made
37. NG status cell to suspend running This will freeze the experiment where it is and cause the yellow PAUSED status to appear in the cell This suspends the dock asif time weren t passing for the protocol s state flow BE CAREFULL Pauses change the nature of the experiment flow but do not prohibit the averaging of files Use this feature judiciously to make quick checks to see if the animal died orif auxiliary stimulus devices are connected if you are not getting the responses you expect etc If all is not well and cannot be corrected quickly you can eliminate the data from the record by using the abort function When yoking you wil have a green ready cell showing foreach yoked station as you identify each subject When you have entered all subject D s for all active stations and have all green ready cells a click on any one of themwill cause them all to go to the red Running status together The same istrue for Paused Note if you click on one of them before all of them have a subject assigned that station wil show a yellow paused status to remind you that there are still some stations that require that subjects be assigned The blue FINISHED status will show when the experiment has run its course and enters the FIN state This indicates that you may remove the animal and then identify and start the next one A white SERVICE indication in the status barindicates that something is wrong and needs attention Clicking on the l
38. Operator BFS Session Description Walden til EQUIPMENT CHECK PROTOCOL S Select addtional protocols SINGLE EXPERIMENT PROTOCOL IN ALL STATIONS 1 Global entries no lists TURN THE POWER ON IN ALL LINCS TO BE SINGLE EXPERIMENT PROTOCOL IN ALL STATIONS 2 E enti t ist ady b ux USED IN THIS SESSION THEN CLICK ON 1 first protocol number to be run E opy of protocol 2 no ENTER first protocol number to be rur 4 G anty ist hold CHECK TO ACTIVATE LINCS Y oking 5 3 event list order with 8 Global t no list Check JE Stimulus Y oking Master Station 9G event ls in dec bs 10 G events order hold 11 G event list in order w 12 G event list rand w repl f Lines Stations Y oking causes the control subjects to receive the same n H E stimuli as the master subject ra m ti MULTIPLE EXPERIMENT PROTOCOL a POWERED AND USED IN THIS SESSION ENTER first protocol number to be run in each station BE NOT PRESENT OR NOT POWERED 0 E 1 S 2 ES 3 E Cancel L TURNED OFF FOR THIS SESSION hn hi il Click on green powered station numbers above to exclude them from this session 1 ri 3 r Data Acquisition Subject I D User Defined Pilot Record DATA TYPE From List in Order e Experimental Archive ARCHIVE Q From List at Random Astar Ear es Graphic State Proj 5 22 PM Enter your name or other Operator I D and session descrip
39. RN SE P MO 77 LIE Vowircwinpurs cueviewts rove mx SWITCHINPUTS CUE LIGHTS TONE AUX E f 1 1 2 4 LINC NUMBER power 1 1 E n E 4 a E 2 3 2 2 Ke SPARE S FEEDERS HLITE SPARE S FEEDERS m 1 2 dl 2 0P 1 2 a 20P F ONLINE 1 rm IPM oronY l RN SEE UT MO BUT EST LITE surcrmeurs curves rove aux Uswircninpurs cueuigns Tone aux fee 1 fe e r E 4 2 E 2 E SPARES FEEDERS HLITE SPARE S FEEDERS ALTE CONNECT 1 OR 2 ECB S TO EACH LINC USING THE FLAT CABLES Connect the line mains power cord to the power connector on the back of the Linc Power Base Stack the Lincs on the base Install the Lincs on the power base Connect the first the bottom most on the power base Linc to the power base using the onger small daisy cable connector that was supplied with the base Then connect each Linc to the Linc belowit using the shorterdaisy cable connector supplied wth each Linc NOTE The connectors are keyed there isa right side up The key tabs must be at the top and the red stripe on the cable to the right KEYING TABS UP The connectors must be fully seated and NORMAL VIEW r 1 FROM BACK OF the locking tabs on the side must snap CONNECTOR STRIPE TO securely around the connector shoulder THE RIGHT See the picture on page 7 4 It may be dark grayor a color The 4 jacks on the bottom of the Linc plug into the 4 Stacking the Lincs distributes power upfrom the base corresponding rece
40. TATE S NUMBER of EPISODES in RUN FRACTIONS 2 INTER EPISODE INTERVAL CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S INTER EPISODE INTERVAL CLASS INTERVALS for RUN EPISODE DURATION CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S EPISODE DURATION CLASS INTERVALS for RUN STATES STATE ENTRIES FROM named EVENT S STATE ENTRIES FROM named STATE S STATE ENTRIES RUN TOTAL SORTS STATE EXITS TO named STATE S STATE DURATION by CLASS INTERVALS CUMULATIVE TIME spent in STATE S TIME LINE 1 to 8 CHANNEL EVENT RECORDER CUMULATIVE RECORD WITH EVENT LINES 40 1 The events in these elements may be scaled as serial pulse timeintegrated proportional analog units when using the transducer monitor See pages 36 38 2 Run Fraction elements may be selected if and only if the protocol terminated ona global time transition and not by any other route to the FIN state See below RUN FRACTION ELEMENTS GENERAL Run fraction elements may be selected only if you use a global time transition as the sole route to FIN The run fraction element selections will be gray in the element type selection list if this is not the case You must have a fixed run time every time you run a protocol in order to be able to divide the run bins of the same time width Runs will be of different length when they are response driven by the subject s behavior because response rates vary In these cases each of the fixed number of bins would vary in time as a function of the behaviorof e
41. UPED PROTOCOL The protocol or experiment protocol as it relates to the running of Graphic State software is the structure or control logic flow sequence ofa run experiment called the state flow and the specifications for one or more data analysis structures The flow sequence through the states is caused by time and input events Data analysis structures are used to analyze the raw data from a run They specify one or more analysis elements representing an aspect of the relationship between the states and events The data analysis portion of each protocol is appended to the experiment for current presentation and storing of analyzed experiment data Raw data and the analyzed experiment data are stored separately Protocols may be designed at any time and filed by number for later use in sessions When a session is run a protocol is selected and assigned to one or more stations an environment occupied exdusively by one subject by entering the protocol number This designates that the protocol is to be used in each designated station orin all ofthe stations that are active and are to be run in the session Protocols may also be changed in each station at any time during a session that you change the subjectin a station The raw data from any animal orgroup of animals in any project session or experiment may be rerun using a newly created analysis structure for a protocol which may be added at any time even after the protocol has been run
42. a group of states was entered is plotted vertically and the bins may be listed or plotted in the order created or by population frequency 47 STATES ANALYSIS ELEMENT STATE EXITS TO named STATE S For this element you select an origin state and create a frequency distribution of bins of a target state ora collection disjoint Boolean of target states to which the program moved from the origin state To use this element name the origin state select one ormore target states for each bin and name the bin and then elect to plot or list the bins eitherin the order created or by population STATES ANALYSIS ELEMENT STATE DURATION S by CLASS INTERVALS Thisisa time dass interval analysis element In this state duration element you sped fy a single state from the state list and the standard bin configuration from the user auto scaling tab STATES ANALYSIS ELEMENT STATE S CUMULATIVE TIME RUN TO TAL SORTS new for 2 101 Here you may select a single state or collection of states disjoint Boolean from the state list to create each bin The total time each state or group of states was active is plotted vertically in time and is auto scaled by seconds up to one hour and by minutes thereafter The state bins may be listed or plotted in the order they were created orin descending order by total time TIME LINE DATA 1 to 8 CHANNEL EVENT RECORDER In this data element you may select from one to eight channels upon which to record th
43. a proportional one It will also bring up a window with a chart of our transducers by model number The chart for each hasone ormore units of measure for the type of energy the transducermeasures along with a boxto selectthe setting you have already made or will make on the switches on the transducer monitor Here you may select the transducer model number the units of measure desired and the sensitivity setting on the monitor When you create a data analysis element the data presented in youreventlists and graphs will have the selected datum name and will be automatically scaled for the sensitivity and range of the transducer and the setting on the interface monitor Your event graphs will bear the datum name you selected activity etc with the associated proportional units of measure Newton seconds etc 37 Both our A24 72 Transducer Monitor and our H24 61 Ceiling Mount Activity Monitor are capable of pulse rates well above 10 per second The Transducer monitor is capable of rates up to 50 per second bs Graphic State Project Z GS 2 Manual Caps Protocol switch names 8 inputs station 81 x File r Name E vents Switch Onsets Switch Offsets y arty l A1 CimbX ducet Climb X ducet ia Select Discrete Proportional x E Pulse analog transducer Cancel a Model transducer type Pe xi E45 04 Ergometric Platform E45 10 Ergometric Platform E E45 11 Erqorgetric Platform E45 12 Ergo
44. ach of the 29 transition lines that you want to conjoin This will cause the boxon the left side ofthe transition bar next to the Reset check box in each line to become yellow with the letter C followed by a letter starting with A forthe first group through Z This makes it possible to create up to 26 conjunctive groups in each state After you dick on all ofthe lines that you want to be in the group click O K and they wil be grouped asa conjunctive transition If you want to add another member later create it and then dick on the Conjoin menu item When the conjoin window appears select the group letterfrom the scroll box that will present the group window When the Lettered group appears click on any member of the group and the newline and then on O K Authors Note The reasoning behind the portable transition line and the conjoin feature came as a result of trying to introduce the concept of sequential signal flow and parallel Boolean logic operations inherent in modular logic systems to the program This would eliminate the somewhat different and more complex feel of state notation fromthe simpler single plane notational styles used in flow charts behavioral experiment diagramming e g Mechner and even modular control logic connection diagrams In fact what this allows the program to do while still being state focused and flow oriented for conceptual simplicity is to have all of the logic and parameters of the
45. ach subject and any data averaged across runs would be meaningless To use any run fraction element select the number of bins or the width of each bin and dick on the compute button The computer will divide the run into the proper bin width or number of bins You may want to pick either of the two values so that the width and bins work out to whole numbers but itis not necessary bins may be less than whole numbers and calculated to tenths of seconds DATA ELEMENTS for RUN GENERAL These types of elements may be used for any run regardless of the duration ofthe run The data are simply calculated across the entire run The runs for these measures do not have to terminate ona global time transition to FIN The sample duration will vary with run length but the bin widths will not be distorted as they would be in run fractions CREATING ANALYSIS STRUCTURES From the first screen in the Create a Protocol option the one where you assign a number to the protocol you may enter the Data Analysis screen of the creation process Here you may create up to 16 analysis structures each containing up to 99 elements for each experiment protocol The structures are lettered B through Q Remember A is for Aborted data and R is for Rawdata Assignment of the letters for summary data analysis records is automatic B first and in order to Q from then on When you dick on Data Analysis a new screen will appear This isthe data structur
46. ate and review screens for protocols The first three items are available from all screens and the last two are available only when creating a protocol Click on the menu item and select the type of list you want to create from those available The first 3 types oflists may be created in the project database window or when working under the create a protoool file menu option They are stored independently from protocols so that they may be drawn for use with any protocol Because state transitions and their target states 4 and Programmable Output values 5 are specific to the protocol these two list types are created in the create protocol screen and stored with the protocol structure These last two are discussed later 1 Subject draw lists When you run an experiment you may manually enter a subject 1 D or automatically draw the subject from one of these lists to select the next one to be run These are lists of 6 charader alphanumeric subject D s which can be called up when you run a session to automatically select the next subject I D for you orthe experiment operator and enterit into the experiment run record name You may elect to draw from these lists at random or in the order the list was created when you log in to run a session Graphic State allows you to create for each database up to 99 subject I D lists The maximum number of subjects one can run in a session is 1584 99 experiment runs in each of 16 stations 2
47. ative time of the spedfied states To accomplish equal time itis restricted to use where the selected states and only the selected states all carry a portable fixed time transition no list or probability to the FIN state in addition to any other transitions you desire for each state Remember that a global to FIN accomplishes the same thing in the element above and also recall that a global is just a convenient way to attach a portable to all states The purpose of this restriction is to assure that all runs of the protocol have exactly the same cumulative total time in the selected state or states Thisis necessary to make it possible to meaningfully average the data from multiple runs Ifthe state flow structure is not as required Graphic State upon encountering different times in the records you have requested to be averaged will inform you that an average cannot be made EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE S This element allows you to select single or collective disjoint Boolean input events from the input name list Unlike the proportional elements the plotted event may be collective because they are all discrete NOTE You may select events froma seiial pulse proportional device like the A24 72 Transducer Monitor foruse in a nonproportional analysis element The adual counts will be used and not converted to units of measure see pg 28 amp 29 This allows collective presentation with discrete events
48. bar Don t worry if this deletes the only path to a spedfied state the Resolve States fundion will find it automatically and allow you to create another path or delete the state WORKING ON THE NEXT S TATE After completing some orall of the spedfications for the state on which you are working you may do one of four things to work on another state 1 You may double dick on any state red or black in the state list In the case of states listed in black it will be to review or edit them perhaps to change stimuli or transition specifications To edita state afterithas been selected and its state graphic appears double dick on any item in the state graphic name stimuli or any transition line The same enlarged portion of the graphic will be presented as a working window as it was when you first created that portion of the state Make your changes and dick O K as you did the first time 2 When you double click on states listed in red it wil be to make further specifications or to complete them In the case ofa state that you have targeted but not worked on at all a blank state graphic with only the selected number showing atthe top wil appear To create the state use the buttons to access and then specify each function name stimuli and transitions in its enlarged working window In the case of a partially complete state just pickup where you left off and add more specifications 3 You may also use the New State button to bri
49. but allow all operations within those databases Still others may be allowed to create protocols but not delete data The lowest level of access is for that of an operator who may only run experiments To set the system up for multi level access you will need to fill in the chart on the access designation screen that is presented by dicking the Security button in the SELECT CREATE PROJECT DATABASE screen The screen below will appear so that you can make security assignments to researchers students experiment technidans and others Graphic State m x File r User security User ID fo Security level Administrator Limited User Name Title Password Select Databasefs ALL FUNCTIONS BELOW LILILILILILILILILI LIDIDILIL TEILTE IL Create database LILILILILILILILILI LIDILDILILTLILILIL T Delete database LILILILILILILILILILILILILIL TE I LILIL T Create edit review protocol LILILIEJEJLILILIE Run session OOOOOOU LIL L OOL LIL Statistical analysis LILIEIEIEJLJLILIEIJLILEILI DUD OLI OOD Delete aborted data AStart 4 Ay ES Graphic State Bm 1 58PM 14 MAIN MENU BAR LISTS Graphic State allows you to create 5 types of lists 1 Subject draw lists 2 Event parameter lists 3 Time parameter lists 4 Go to or transition target state lists 5 Programmable Output Value Lists This menu baritem is available in the initial screen and in all of the cre
50. but you will generally not want to count proportional events in the same analysis element with discrete events because proportional counts are usually more numerous by orders of magnitude than discrete events and the scaling can make the graphs hard to read The vertical axis of your graph may be named here with any name you choose The units of measure will be events The plotted event may be distributed overa numberof binsin a graphic plot and in a corresponding list Each of these bins may be designated as a single state or a disjoint Boolean group of states Each state orgroup of states may beara name you give it to appearin the list and the plot of data EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in RUN FRACTIONS Single or collective disjoint Boolean events may be selected and distributed across the run fraction bins The vertical axis of your graph may be named here with any name you choose The units of measure will be oollective Events referring to the events you specify to be members of the collective The counts are distributed overthe run into the number of bins you specify You must have a global exit to FIN to use this element 43 EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENT S in STATE FLOW FRAC TIONS Like the element above this element allows you to select single or collective disjoint Boolean events and you may name the vertical axis as you desire The units of measure will be collective Events referr
51. by dass intervals of time The user selected bin width or computer determi ned best fit bin width options for dass interval sorts are available see the next element for details Allowing the response to be measured in the current stimulus state or the next time contiguous state or even at any time thereafter permits you to use the first state to present very brief stimuli When the duration of the first state is so brief that the response can rarely if ever be made during the time the state is present it will be sensed in the next state or a subsequent state 44 EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT INTER EVENT TIME by CLASS INTERVAL in STATE S This element plots events in bins of elapsed time since the last occurrence of the same input event within a state or a group disjoint Boolean of states Itisa recyding or dassinterval time distribution You may select only one named event First you select the number of bins and then either select the time width of the bins or let the computer find a best fit If you select the number and width yourself you must be careful to select a span that covers the expected distribution If you err you may find that the distribution falls into only a few of yourbins It may be truncated at eitherend ofthe span or fall in the center but with only very coarse resolution perhaps all events falling into 3 of 30 or so bins If you select the number of bins and specify that the computer find the best fit by
52. cale as for this element type in state related data above 45 EPISODE DATA EPISODE DEFINITION An episode is a clustered group of input events the duster being user defined by a maximum allowable time between individual events In other words the episode is delimited by a maximum IET Inter Event Time An episode is then defined as a contiguous group of events each of whichis no further than a specified period of time away from the last You may define an episode by setting the time required between events when you create each data element for episode analysis The value entered is the maximum time allowed between any two events that will remain members of the same episode Episodes are delimited in station sample units seconds or minutes An additional qualifier or delimiter for an episode is a specification for the minimum number of time qualified events that must occur in a row before itis defined as an episode You specify a delimiting definition by time and count in each tab folder relating to episodes Episodes are used to properly describe things from common parlance that may not be sufficiently well defined for science For example when monitoring feeding the taking of a food pellet is a discrete event An episode of pellet taking can properly and objectively define a meal Likewise in activity monitoring an event is a time integrated spatial displacement unit ora time integrated ergometric unit of applied force or accele
53. ch bridge bins will be counted in the bin in which they end EPISODE ANALYSIS ELEMENT INTER EPISODE TIME by CLASS INTERVAL in STATE S This analysis element is a distribution over dass intervals of time Itis analogous to the Inter Event Time in State s measure Here however the time between episodesis listed and plotted instead of the time between events Naming options are the same and the user defined bin width or computer determined best fit width option is also available EPISODE ANALYSIS ELEMENT INTER EPISODE TIME by CLASS INTERVAL for RUN Thisis a time dass interval analysis element Itisthe same asthe Inter Episode Class Interval in State s measure except here the measure is for al states in the run instead of selected states Naming options are the same and the user defined bin width or computer determined best fit width options are also available 46 EPISODE ANALYSIS ELEMENT EPISODE DURATION by CLASS INTERVAL in STATE S Thisis a time dass interval analysis element In this episode element you also specify a single event from the event name list and a time and number delimiter to define episodes of the event For this one you selecta state or a group disjoint Boolean of states in which you wish to selectively look at the episode The vertical axis of the plotis defined both by the event episode and the state s in which the episode occurred Specifically episodes will be included if they begin and end in one state or
54. create the list by using the menu bar pull down window Here you may create up to 99 lists of valuesforeach ofthe 4 PROGrammable outputs Just asin the window where you type a fixed value forthe output there is a chart ofthe devices and their output types to directly specify values in mA of shock from the E13 16 as shown below Hz dBA etc Using lists for these values allows you to seta different value each time you enter a specific state The 21 draw ofthe next value froma list will only be made when the program enters a state that specifies that list You may have any number of states each with its own specificlist of values for the output These lists have the same features that the parameter value lists do for transitions You may draw at random or in order and with or without replacement You may set the value to a constant after all values have been drawn Math functions increment decrement and multiply upon entry are also available in this window The actual presentation of the stimulus for each device is controlled by a stimulus output connected to the Operate signal input on the device the 6 pin modular phone jack in the case of modules Just setting a PROG output to zero some of them don t even go to zero does not mean the stimulus producing device is actually off 3 4 and 5 EXITING THE STATE STATE EXITS TRANSITIONS or GO TO s You will recall from ourprevious state diagrams and discussions of transitions that there
55. cture without animals to re analyze data using different event and state sorts histogram bin widths etc to find effects that were missed or to look at other behavors that were notinduded in your original analysis protocol You can go back months or years to earlier experiments with totally different independent variables and rerun them if something was overlooked because different data aspects were studied This feature contributes to meeting requirements for running as few animals as possible and using extant data wherever possible Data may be easily exported using Graphic State s automatic formatting for export to a spreadsheet This allows you to perfom custom statistics not available in the automatic analysis structures PRECISI ON Graphic State s precision is selectable offering a maximum time resolution of 20 milliseconds The maximum output rate of any Habitest response sensing device is 50 events per second 20 milliseconds apart The integration time of our switch bounce bufferis 6 milliseconds to accommodate the bounciest of switches thus the total on time is at least 12 milliseconds The system simply cannot sense events any faster INTRODUCTION to EXPERIMENT STRUCTURE The organismis always right BF Skime The overall test environment and software system may be grouped into 4 areas 1 Signal Conditioning and Input of Responses 2 Experiment Sequence Control 3 Signal Output or Stimulus Synthesis 4 Data Acquisiti
56. d along with the time and name ofthe operator who aborted it and used in a spreadsheet ORDER OF SERVICE FOR TRANSITIONS What happens if two or more transition parameter specifications are satisfied on the same clock tick of the station service interval A timing coincidence such as this could be a problem if we did not set rules for which transition is to be processed first so that as you create protoools you wil know the outcome ofa tie if it isimportant even though they are highly improbable If you have been working with the program as you have been reading the manual you may have noticed that the different colored transition bars always arrange themselves in order with the entry types first the event types second and the time types last This represents the orderin which the program processes the different types For each type the global versions are first followed by the state associated types When you create a new transition itis automatically added to the list global or state in the priority order discussed above according to its type When you create a new transition of the same type itis listed in the order it is created and it will be processed in the order it is listed You may change the order of listing and therefore processing within a type If you do not want the items processed in the order created you may rearrange their order within a type If you create a transition statement of a given type a
57. d even on multiple entries in accordance with your option for reset 24 WHICH EVENT INPUT will provide the number of events specified above is selected in the next box The inputs both onsets and offsets are listed by number along with the name if any you gave them in the setup options window orin the first create window in a pull down window Just dick on the arrow and highlight one to select it If yu haven t yet named inputs then just the number will appear you can add a name later When you are finished with this line having used the selected input and dicked on O K to enter the line the input number and name will be removed from the list because it may not be selected again used in anotherline in this state PROBABILITY is the next spedfication for the transition line After the statement GO P there is a box with a spin button You may type or spin to the probability value you want to use Values for P may be selected from 196 to 100 in 1 increments When you select a value for P the program will try probability upon reaching the last count in the event parameter specification and if successful wil cause the transition to the target state specified in the nex TO box to the right If not successful the parameter value will be reset for another try The number you selectis the probability for success Thus the selection of 75 would predicate that 75 of the tries would resultin a transition The remaining 259
58. d name Just click on the run you wish to view and then select the data element to view From there itis the same as viewing the average Note that if you have made a journal entry there will be a small red triangle in the upper right hand comerof the cell representing the run for which it was made You may also add to or make new journal entries here if desired From here on the two options are again the same In either you have options to open journals and then to view and print the graph or numbers When a graph is on the screen you may also save it SAVING GRAPHICS Graphs may be saved as JPG or Bitmap files for importing into your publication documents Just select the option format and name the file and path PRINTING DATA While each list orplotis open it may be printed If you have a printer connected to your computer just click on PRINT and the table or graph wil be printed on the default printer FILE OPTION STATISTICAL REVIEW amp ANALYSIS Here is where you do the majority of your data processing and save the files for export publication preparation or sharing with collaborators You may prooess data by combining records by an attribute of the record name by sessions selected attributes of the subject name station or run When you select this file option a screen will be presented to elect the type of analysis you wish to perform There are 5 main options under this file option Review and or recalculate end of
59. de the User Defined subject I D default and then select either the From List at Random or From List in Order options Then you must enter the number of the list you want to use TEST or PILOT SESSION NO PERMANENT DATA You may want to run a test or Pilot session to familiarize yourself with the equipment or to checkthe functioning of a new protocol The option also provides a way to run test animals to test your protocol without putting the data in the regular Archive data files where it would be available to average with valid experimental data in the database To selectthe type of session you wantto run just click on one ofthe buttons at the bottom of the Check window to file as you wish The default will be Archive unless you select Pilot for a particular session You may analyze raw pilot data just as you do archive data When you do this the summary data will be filed just asitis with R type data bearing the B through Q record I D suffix but it wil have the letter T appended to the B through Q designation The suffix for summary analysis of T type raw data is T B through T Q in accordance with 53 the purpose for the T type recording function These data are not available to average with R type or summaries derived from R type data RUNNING THE SESSION You are now ready to run experiments in a session Clickon the RUN box in the login window and the second screen for running experiments will appear Itisthe sess
60. dless of the orderin which they were satisfied all you have to do is specify the same target state for all ofthe lines To create conjunctive transitions use the same procedure to create each member as you would fora standard transition line You may use parameter value lists and target state lists target state lists operate independently for each transition even if you use the same list in several of the lines The lines will arrange themselves in the same order by the type oftransition and in the order created as do standard lines Because they are not different from standard lines in this respect you may place them in any order within the transition type group by the drag and drop method page 32 to achieve the service order priority desired You may move them before orafter they are grouped into a conjunctive transition After they are conjoined individual members of a conjunctive transition group still follow the same service priority rules as standard transitions A transition line may not be both conjunctive and portable it may be only one or the other All ofthe rules for standard transition specifications apply to conjunctives Resetting on entry is elective and independent for each transition line in a conjundive group When the members have been created click on the Conjoin menu item on the top bar of the window A window will appear showing all of the transition lines for this state except the portables and tell you to dickon e
61. do this at any time just to prompt yourself about what has not yet been done to complete a functioning program The addition of a state by creation or by specifying it asa target causes it to be added to the state list immediately However the status color codes black or red of a state in the state list will not change as a function of edit actions you must use the resolve states button to update their status indication You are not allowed to close the Create a Protoool option and file a protocol ready foruse without having done the follow ing 1 Created every state which is specified as a target of a transition or alist 2 Spedfied a stimulus configuration for every created state 3 Created atleast one nonwithdrawal type event or time transition targeting every created state remember states with state entry transitions only are dead end states as are those with all of their transitions withdrawn 4 Created atleast one transition to FIN eitherhere or under Global Transitions discussed next When you use resolve to complete states note the items listed that need to be finished Then dickon each state listed in red type in the state seled list and make the additions required Select them in turn until they are all listed in black type You may click resolve at any time to see what still remains to be done Some of your transitions may be global transitions These are created under the Global option discussed next from the fir
62. e by simply entering the number in the login window when you are ready to run a session 49 FILE OPTION EDIT REVIEW PROTOCOLS This file option is where you can review the lists of saved protocols the state flow and analysis structures only the acquired experimental data do not reside here Here isthe list of up to 99 protocols for the project user code in which you are working From the list you may select the protocol you want to rev iew edit copy import export or delete Each protocol wil be listed by the number with the description you gave it when it was created The protocols will be listed in one of 3 colors red green or black Those listed in red are incomplete and may not be run Those in green are complete and ready to run but have not yet been run undera regular session to gather experimental R type data The black ones are complete and have been run and have valid experimental data associated with them atleast R type and possibly summary B through Q type if an analysis was done REVIEWING AND EDITING PROTOCOLS You may select click to highlight any protocol and then dick Edit Review to open it Selecting a protoool listed in red wil bring up the top or first Create screen just asitappeared when you first entered the Create file option above this one so that you may complete it The protoools listed in red are the ones you saved as incomplete and are just as you left them ready for completion Protoools tha
63. e computer controlling all of the stations and finally to the Graphic State program The 8 Graphic State program in turn makes decisions about the responses events relationship to each other to time and to the current stimulus outputs of the control system Those decisions are then used to modify the stimulus output of the system and its future dedsion making criteria as well as to create the data files The variations in measurable behavior responses of the subjed are a function of and depend upon the variations in energy stimuli from the control system that impinge upon the subject The two systems subject and control interact and itis the behavior of the organism in the context of the behavior of the control system that constitutes the dependent variables The behavior of each is a function of and bears a systematic relationship to the other The yardstick of measurement is the know n behavior of the control system It is the control overthe preset behavior of the control system that you exercise to analyze the behavior of the subject Graphic State was developed to make this quite easy to do and still make it possible for the control structure to be very complex It is convenient to dassify different experimental schema by the type of interaction that transpires between the two systems There are two basictypes of relationships that the subject and control system may have Open Loop and Closed Loop The Open Loop System is a
64. e distribution The only difference is that here there are two events The time is measured between the first event and the second event only not vice versa It is a one way measure Select the number of bins and then either select the time width of the bins orletthe computerfind a best fit If you select the number and width yourself you must be careful to select a span that covers the expected distribution If you select the numberof bins and specify that the computer find the best fit by selecting auto scaling the computer will take the percentage of events you specify and place them in the overflow bin It will distribute the remainder of the events in the number of bins you specify The width of the bins will be equal and will be determined by the computer to coverthe range of the elapsed times between the event pairs from time zero to the longest time The overflow bin is the last bin in the distribution and contains all of the inter event intervals of a time longer than the bin width times the number of specified bins Thus the number of bins in the list or plot will be the number you specify plus 1 bin the overflow bin HETEROGENOUS INTER EVENT CLASS INTERVALS for RUN This element plots and lists an Inter Event Time distribution sort for two heterogeneous events for the entire experiment run forall states rather than a selected state or states Select the number of bins and theirtime width or select the number of bins and auto s
65. e into which to place a test arena in order to block visual stimuli and to attenuate auditory stimuli ECB See Environment Connection Board ENVIRONMENT The total environmentindudes arenas with stimulus and response modules runways hide boxes running wheels and cubides in which arenas are placed ENVIRONMENT CONNECTION BOARD or ECB The printed circuit board in the environment to which the stimulus and response modules are connected This board connects to the Habitest Linc via multi conductor ribbon cables The Linc receives switch input signals representing responses and sends signals to tum on stimuli via the cables and board to the connectors on the S R modules EVENT S Switch events or response input events to the ECB and the Habitest Linc and ultimately the Graphic State Notation program are the industry standard 28 Volt response sensor signals from the Habitest or other environment s levers photocells etc All ofthe words response response input switch input switch input event or event input are used interchangeably in this manual They referto the inputs on the ECB to which the Habitest response sensing modules are connected on the environment connection board and to the corresponding inputs and indicatorlights on the Habitest Linc EXIT An exit or state exit isthe leaving of one state and implicitly going to another state The term is synonymous with the word Transition in Graphic S
66. e occurrence of any one or more disjoint Boolean group of the input events as upward deflections of the trace on the horizontal time axis The time axis spans the entire session however you may elect to record the event or events if and only if they occur in a selected state or disjoint Boolean group of states For each channel select one or more events to be recorded Then select the state s in which the event s must occur to be accepted for plotting You may select ALL states or list one ormore states Finally select the recording mode You may select one of the three modes ONSET OFFSET or DURATION In the onset and offset modes a single line width stroke upward pip will mark the onset or offset of the event respectively In the duration mode the line will deflect upwards and remain there until the offset of the input event If you have specified more than one input they are truly disjoint Thatisif one event goes on and a second event goes on before the first goes off the deflection will bridge both events as an or function It wil go up atthe onset ofthe first and not go down until the offset of the second You may repeatthe process of creating specifications for each channel for up to 8 channels The Chart will show a time line only for created channels there will be no flatdine traces for channels that are not used Time resolution The chart speed is selected by setting the time that will represent one page
67. e remaining count in the parameter counter to cause the transition In the case of time this will be only a single station sample interval not seconds or minutes if they are specified Graphic State runs in units regardless of the seconds or minutes specification you make NOTE WELL In a tie situation if the first transition parameter value tries probability and fails the program will go on to the next member in the tie group The other rules resetting the parametervalue for failed probability target state list lookup and list exhaustion all apply here When we created Graphic State we had two options for what to do with descending priority tie entries and events 1 honor orexecute them immediately upon the next return to the state or 2 treat them as if they never happened We chose the second because there may be many intervening states thus a lot of time and many stimulus changes between the transition in question and the retum to the state To make another transition immediately upon reentry makes no sense in the majority of cases This is especially true forinput events It would make little sense to make a transition which is contingent upon an input event if significant ime and one or more stimulus changes have occurred since the event itself occurred Operant conditioners will see the inadvisability of this readily From a behavioral point of view ignoring an event in a tie means nothing more than treating itas if it had occu
68. e screen It will bear the next highest structure letter not already used in this protocol On the left of this screen are two columns The one at the top is the list of the 23 available data element types and the one at the bottom is the list of each of the elements you have thus far constructed named and entered into the current analysis structure The name you apply is the name that wil be used as the list and plot titles for the elementin your data graphics You may create any number of each of the 23 element types up to a grand total of 99 elements foreach analysis structure you create for a protocol This provides a grand total of 368 elements You may not change the state flow portion of a protocol after it has been run and collected raw data because subsequent runs ofthe protocol would have a different flow structure As described before the consequences of statistically combining data from different in this case the old and the new structures would be disastrous number salad You are not allowed to change the input names the station sample rate the state flow structure orthe existing analysis portion of an experiment protocol once it has been run You may however add new analysis structures to an existing experiment protocol you will recall that this is how you run a new experiment with old data You may also edit or delete any structure that has not yet been used to analyze data To begin creating the elements of the structure
69. e way as for event transitions Except in this pop up window you specify that AFTER a specified time has passed PROBABILITY will be tried to cause the program to GO TO the next state AFTER how many Units the database sample interval of 20 50 or 100 milliseconds Seconds or Minutes probability will be tried is specified by entering a number in the box following the word AFTER This numberis followed by the U S orM time unit designation and is selected by dicking on the box to pull down the 3 options The number may also be picked up from a list just as for event transitions by entering an L in the parameter box followed by the number of the list you wantto use Ithasthe same options and follows the same rules asthe event transition Time parameterlists are created under the list creation file option see pg 14 As with events the list will not be queried unless it is ata current value of zero owing to timing out and successfully passing probability to cause a transition This allows each picked value to be completed even on multiple entries in accordance with your option for reset All of the same rules apply to targeting BAK and FINin time transition list as apply to event transition lists PROBABILITY and TO specifications for time transitions are identical to these specifications forevent transitions discussed above They also function in the same manner SPECIFYING STATE ENTRY TRANSITIONS There will be numerous times whe
70. eitherof the options With Replacement because the list will never be exhausted the selected state is replaced in the list When the program resolves states to check for a workable flow it will take this into account treating a state with a sole transition which is subject to withdrawal as if it were a state without a transition Note that target state lists are not intended to be used to step to states with transition parameters for variable or progressive ralios and intervals though this is certainly not disallowed These things are better handled by probability or parameter value lists 26 SPECIFYING TIME TRANSITIONS Click on the button next to the stateJist box to produce the enlarged time transition pop up bar window Itis similarto the event transition pop up except here you select how many Units Seconds or Minutes of fime will cause with a given probability a transition On the left of the baris the same button to reset the parameter to the initial value upon entry to the state as on the event transition line When you dick here the transition line will have a red R on itslefthand side when it is installed in the state graphic just as with event lines so that you may see it readily when reviewing the state graphic The reset option fortime transitions works the same as it does in event transition lines in all respects The rest of the window is where you create the specifications for this transition line in much the sam
71. ents to nest and or transfer register values that you would have to use in those programs One could use portables to go to the FIN state upon completion of a total time or total number of input events by specifying a portable transition for the time or event parameterand using it in every state in the protocol except of course FIN to terminate But Graphic State provides an easier way to do this and other things itis called a global transition It is discussed later CONJUNCTIVE TRANSI TIONS All transitions in Graphic State are normally disj unctive the logical or Satisfying any one of the transition lines OR any one of the other transition lines in a state will cause a state change But suppose that you want to go to another state only if a transition line AND one or more other transition lines are also satisfied CONJUNCTIVES the BIG YELLOW FLAG In Graphic State Notation you may designate any two or more non portable transitions in any state to be members of a conjunctive group As members of the group they must ALL be satisfied to cause a transition to a target state Parameter count and probability of the member lines may be satisfied in any order When the last parameter value and probability for the last line in the conjoined group is satisfied the transition will take place The transition will be to the target state spedfied in the last transition line to be satisfied f you want the transition to be to the same state regar
72. er from the 99 available in the project user code in which you are working You will be allowed to import it only to a project database with the same sample rate and Station to Linc configuration asthe one under which it was created DELETING PROTOCOLS There are tw o ways to delete a protocol You may delete the entire protocol structure and the acquired data or you may delete the acquired data only The provision to delete the data only allows you to use the protocol as a basis fora new protocol by making some changes If you have run the protocol and discovered it wasn t produdng the results you expected this makes provision for deleting the data so that the protocol structure will revert to the green status Thatis it wil be listed in green asa complete but not yet run protocol and as such may be modified To delete a protoool highlightit to selectit and dick on either the Delete Protocol or Delete Data buttons You will be asked to provide the Graphic State password in order to do this When you delete a protocol structure you delete all of the data associatedwith it You will be strongly advised in a pop up windowto save it to a portable permanent storage medium before you delete it In order to save itto one ofthe drives on your system just dickthe Export button and select the drive If you are going to delete a protocol and there are alarge numberof sessions in its history you may need a high capacity medium like a zip dr
73. ever T ADMIN 1 1 7 1JFW123 0 0 1 0 T ADMIN 1 1 7 1JFW123 23 1 0 0 T ADMIN 1 1 7 1JFW123 26 1 0 0 60 0 1 1 In this example at 23 and 26 sample units of time 20 50 or 100 ms following the start of the run in State 1 switch closures were detected on Switch 1 labeled lever in the protocol Neither event caused a state transition the 0 in Transition State indicates no transition In the Current State column 0 indicates the RDY state and 1 indicates the FIN state EXPORTING ANALYZED OR SUMMARIZED DATA FOR ONE ANIMAL OR GROUP IN SPREAD SHEET FORMAT This option allows you to format summary or preprocessed aspect data records to tab delimited format for export to a spreadsheet This is not a direct election in the opening window you must go through option 1 or 3 in the opening window and then seled the Export option in the View Numbers window These are the statistical compilations generated by one of the analysis elements Wherever you can view a graph or view the numbers that appear on the graph in a list of bins you can export those numbers These places are in data review at the end of a session as well as in the session revewor the averaged X file option The screens look the same in all three places Summary data are the numbers that make up the graphs for each data element Itis these that you may export When you want to export summary data make up an analysis element that expresse s the summary aspect you would
74. ew portable transition is added to the state graphic Thisisthe only way to generate a list of portables APPLYING PORTABLES TO O THER STATES The portable transition list may be viewed by clicking on the Portables item in the top menu bar when a state graphicis present active in the screen From the pull down menu you may select a portable transition and by clicking the APPLY button apply it to the active working state graphic This will cause the original working bar window to be presented You may now elect only two things in this window the reset option and the target state The parameter value and probability are fixed at the time the transition specification bar was made portable because many times these are the only properties of the transition that you wantto be portable Click O K to append it to the current state graphic just as you would forany other transition line When a portable has been applied to 2 or more states its parameter value will be counted down and the probability specification tried in each state in which it appears from the most recent value it had in the last state in which it was acted upon This type of transition statement may be counted down in any number of states and cause a transition to another state from any one of them RETARGE TING PORTABLES When a portable is applied to another state it will bear the original target state as a default target however the transition creation bar window allows you
75. f the cumulative trace before it resets or returns to the cumulative baseline 700 events was the full scale factory setting for Gerbrands paper chart cumulative recorders 500 for Scientific Prototype s model Hatch or Pip mark The cumulative trace may be deflected downward offset by any state foraslong asit persists Thisisusually used to mark reinforcements usually a state of relatively short duration in operant schedules but it may be used to mark any state of longer duration Time resolution The chart speed is selected by setting the time that will represent one page since roll paperis notused in computer printers The records are printed in the landscape mode set for an 11 inch page width Since printers are not capable of printing to the edge we have limited the live area to 7 5 by 10 inches You may select 5 10 20 30 60 120 or240 minutes to be represented by the 10 inches of paperin the time axis EDITING AND DELE TING DATA STRUCTURES A data structure may be deleted even if the protocol of which itis a part has been run provided thatit has never been used to analyze data i e the file is empty You will recall that under the Edit Review Experiment Protocols option the state flow portion of protocols which have been run and gathered raw data may not be changed and are listed in black Likewise if a protocol has been run and a given analysis structure has been used to analyze data thus creating a summary B throug
76. for the new experiment use the same stalte flow structure but there are many questions that can be answered in this way For example you may notice after months or even years that in a given protocol some of your subjects seemto have a more consistent speed when pressing a lever licking a water bottle etc You can create a new data analysis structure specifying an Inter Event Time distribution sort and run it on the protocol over all orpart of its history sorting by subject species sex gene knockouts administered compounds or any variable for which your subject I D is coded 39 ANALYSIS STRUCTURES and ELEMENTS The data analysis that you specify to be performed on the raw data from the protocol is specified in one or more analysis structures Each analysis structure is made up of 1 to 99 analysis elements There are a numberof types of analysis element listed and defined below that you may select to create the overall structure You may create one ormore ofthe same and of different types As you create each element give ita name and add it to the structure you are working on Each structure wil be saved as type B through Q summary data records automatically after analysis As you create each new structure the next letter in order will be added These summary records bear the project code protocol number and a 12 character record name you choose followed by the letter B through Q See page 13 ANALYSIS ELEMENTS The name for each
77. fter creating others of the same type and then dedde that 34 you want the program to honorit first you may move the transition bar above the others To do this just click on the bar and drag it to the place in the list that you want to put it Here isthe processing order 1 MAN FIN GLOBAL 2 ENTRY GLOBAL 3 ENTRY STATE 4 EVENT GLOBAL 5 EVENT STATE 6 TIME GLOBAL 7 TIME STATE What happens to a parameter value in the case ofa time tie when itis not used because another transition of higher priority was executed The answer is itis still counted down but not if the count is 1 which would result in reaching 0 and causing a transition In other words Graphic State does not allow ties or dead heats to reduce any parameter value to zero exceptin the highest priority line that will cause a transition If there are transitions in a tie situation all counters will be decremented except if that decrement would take them to zero and create ambiguous targeting Each preempted orunexecuted transition will be left just as if the final entry or response was not made orasif the last tick of time station sample interval had not occurred In other words once a transition is made from a state the other transitions are not operated upon i e their parameter counters are not counted down that last remaining unit Therefore the next time the state is entered if there is no reset on entry there will be only on
78. h Q data record it may not be deleted It will also be listed in black in the structure list in the Define Analyses screen of protocol construction Ifit has not been used to analyze data it will be listed in green and even though the protocol is listed in black those listed in green may be deleted or modified When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know something about it Lord Kelvin COMPLETING STORING AND USING PROTOCOLS In the top create screen belowthe States Creation Global Transitions and Define Analyses buttons there are two more buttons Cancel and Finished When you are finished working on a protocol complete or not you may save it to the protoool list If your protocol is complete dicking on Finished will cause it to be saved as a complete ready to run protocol A ready to run protocol must have all states resolved and contain at least one data analysis structure containing atleast one data element to be saved as complete Since some protocols may be very complex and it may take some time to create them Graphic State also allows you to save incomplete protocols If you need to stop working on a protocol before itis complete dicking on Finished wil cause itto be saved as incomplete You may create and store up to 99 different protocols in each of the 26 databases a total of 2574 protocols Once created they may be used to run experiments at any tim
79. he program to go to another state of your choosing IF this number of events occurs then the program will go to the state you specify where the stimulus configuration and response consequences change You may also select the number required from a list which you create to require a different number each time the program uses up a value Or you may import an entire transition line with the originally specified target state along with the count value for the number remaining from count down in other states along the way TIME Time is handled the same way You determine the duration a state will persist by speafying an exit AFTER a period of time You may select any number of time specification lines Here is a definite departure from standard state notation for those of you who have used it How can you possibly use multiple times You will leave the state after the shortest interval has elapsed not so Yes you will but in Graphic State transition parameters are not automatically reset on state entry Sothe elapsed times ofthe longerintervals may be preserved Since you have the option to reset or to not reset any transition requirement line the next time you enter the state any remaining time s may continue from when the state was left So the next time you enter you can exit after a different elapsed time This means that you can also exita state after a cumulative time in the state As with event transitions you may also select time from a
80. he termination of a run aftereach state in the list has been visited just one time a very useful feature You may also specify BAK asa list memberin a target state list Note that BAK means the same thing it normally means when itis selected directly in the target state box specifically back to the state that targeted the present using state not back to the state using the list itself Using the FIN state as a list member will cause the run to finish when itis reached in the list It may be anywhere in the list if the list is used at random causing random termination times If FINisused asa list member in order it of course makes no sense to have any entries beyond itin the list To create a target state list dick on the Lists option in the menu barat the top of the window Use the List menu bar option and select Target states This window will allow you to assign a list number and to create a list of up to 99 states Option buttons allow you to select In Order or At Random and with or without Replacement If you select eitherof the orderoptions In Order or At Random Without Replacement you must elect to Start Again to Go To a specified state or to WITHDRAW the transition statement from the state If you elect the last you must have another eventor time transition in the state because if your program were to come to an exhausted list having no place to go it would hang up Thisis not the case when you select
81. ich aspects of the response time relationship information are of interest to you Note well Response events are recorded even if they are not specified to cause a transition in an experiment If the response sensor is connected and functioning reporting to the interface all events fromthat device will be logged It is not necessary to specify the event in state flow in order to analyze it Nor is it necessary to create states as bins for histogram records although you certainly may the data analysis ti me bin sorting specifications are independent Some Habitest response sensors provide infomation about the analog magnitude of certain types of behaviors The Transducer Monitor reduces that analog information to a series of pulses that vary in rate so that they may be handled by the interface as event like inputs Thus units of behaviorare handled the same way if they are discrete events defined by the nature of a binary on off response device like a lever orthey are time magnitude integrals like gram seconds SELECTING UNITS OF MEASURE FOR SERIAL PULSE ANALOG EVENTS THRESHOLD SETTING LOGIC 1 ON emm 1 1 1 1 T tecor A OT LOOT LO TM THRESHOLD COMPARATOR MODE A pus wu 2c i LOGIC 1 ON ov tocicoorry LLL ELEIELTL 1 1 Vitti PL PILLE PROPORTIONAL TIME INTEGRATED SERIAL PULSE AN ALOG MODE CONVERTING ANALOG SIGNALS TO EVENTS The default unit in each event type analysis element specification window is for discrete on off e
82. if they begin in one state and end in another state if and only if the second state is a also member of the list and the two states were time contiguous in the state flow The vertical axis will be a count of the numberof episodes and as with all plots will be auto scaled The horizontal axis will be dass intervals of time duration of the episode You may select to specify the number and width of bins or spedfy the width and the percentage overflow and let the computer auto scale the width EPISODE ANALYSIS ELEMENT EPISODE DURATION for RUN In this episode element as itis for Episodes in State s you may specify a single event from the event name list and a delimiter in either sample units or seconds and a state or states in which to consider episodes The vertical axis of the plot is defined both by the event episode and the state s in which the episode occurred Episodes will be included if they begin and end in one state or begin in one state and end in another if and only ifthe second state is a member of the list and the states were time contiguous in state flow The vertical axis will be time in seconds and as with all plots will be auto scaled You may selectto specify the numberand width of bins or specify the bin width and the percentage overflow and let the computer auto scale the width STATE DATA STATE ANALYSIS ELEMENT STATE ENTRIES FROM NAMED EVENT S Use this element to list or graph the numberof times a state was entered
83. ighted SERVICE cell in any station brings up the Service Window This window will display the error and the suggested corrective action Three successive failures with attempts to retry will cause the data for the current run only not prior runs to be recorded as Aborted and the station to be withdrawn from the session When this happens the status cell will show in a black cell This will not affect the successful completion of the session vis vis the other stations nor will it affect the functioning of the subject drawlist since you may post subjects only to active stations The station status cell will also show a message in a black cell for all stations not currently in use will appear for stations that were not connected or were not powered at login BUNI is shown for those stations connected and powered but which have been designated by dicking on the green boxin the login window to not be used in this session EXPERIMENT RUN I D CELLS The three tows of cells just under the station status cells show the subject I D the protocol number and the run number These three pieces of information also make up part of the record name The rest of the record name information is derived from the station number and the session number shown in the header RUN S TATUS CELLS The Cum run time status cells in the next row down show the time the run has been active The remaining cells in the rows below show the previous active state
84. ill come up There are no transitions to be spedfied for the ready state Station status flow initiated by the operator not the protocol s state flow determines the transition from RDY to state 1 You may only select stimuli if desired for this state 31 The FIN or finished state is entered via the protocol s state flow All protocols must end in the FIN state When you are running the protoool in a session this state tells the program that the experiment run is over You may not dose an experiment run and select a new subject for the next run unless the run reaches the finished state and the run screen displays FINISHED in the station status cell nor may you terminate a session unless all active stations are in the finished state The FIN state is terminated by station status flow controlled by the operator installing the next subject or terminating the session so there are no transitions available As with the RDY state you may specify only the stimuli for this state Specifically yu spedfy which stimuli are to be on house light levers extended or retracted guillotine doors opened or dosed etc when the protocol run has reached its state flow endpoint You may specify GO TO FIN in any number of transition statements you wish In other words the experiment may terminate on any numberof time or event drcumstanoes that you want to spedfy You may type FIN into any target state specification box or select it from the pull down
85. iment is complete In the first window of CREATE an EXPERIMENT PROTOCOL you specify the following PROTOCOL I D Here you identify the protocol by number from 1 to 99 for filing the project user letter code is added automatically data archiving and acrossruns analysis You also give the protocol a name or description of up to 25 characters to prompt your memory when looking it up in a list for selection to run in an experiment or to process data with other experiment runs for statistical analysis purposes NAME EVENTS In the white boxes associated with each of the numbered switch onset or offsets input events you may enter a name of your choosing to override the names selected if any in Setup You may have used names in Setup Options to describe the device physically and now for this specific protocol you may wish to give the inputs functional names Switch onsets are listed with unbracketed numbers N in the state graphic Switch Offsets are listed with bracketed N numbers These offset events report to the computer as the switch opens or goes off SECOND TIER OPTIONS UNDER CREATE A PROTOCOL There are 3 second tier windows available from the create protocol window 1 State Creation where you create the states through which your experiment will low as time passes or the subject responds 2 Global Transitions where you specify time or number transition specifications which are independent of states 3
86. ing to the events you specify to be members of the collective This element allows you to selecta state or group disjoint Boolean of states in which counts of the event will be distributed over the time flow of those states in bins representing equal fractions of the total cumulative time of the spedfied states To accomplish equal time itis restricted to use where the selected states and only the selected states all carry a portable fixed time transition no list or probability to the FIN state in addition to any other transitions you desire for each state Remember that a global to FIN accomplishes the same thing in the element above and also recall that a global is just a convenient way to attach a portable to all states The purpose of this restriction is to assure that all runs of the protocol have exactly the same cumulative total time in the selected state or states Thisis necessary to make it possible to meaningfully average the data from multiple runs Ifthe state flow structure is not as required Graphic State upon encountering different times in the records you have requested to be averaged will infom you that an average cannot be made EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT RATE of a DISCRETE EVENT in STATE S This element is created in just the same way as the element three items above It simply displays rate instead of number EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT RATE of a DISCRETE EVENT in RUN FRACTIONS 2 This element is created in just the sa
87. ion run window or Run Screen THE RUN SCREEN 55 Graphic State Project Y 24 Appetitive COULBOURN INSTRUMENTS Graphic State Notation End Terminate Abort Joumal Alarms tan HN Help Subject ID User Defined oC Station 0A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A FINISHED FINISHED FINISHED WITHDRAWN RUNNING RUNNING RUNNING Protocol DOP TTT TTT 1 Cumruntme 000 01 00 0000100 0000100 0000011 0000016 0000015 0000014 Currentstate FN FN FN s s j 5 81 EventTinstate p o y Evm3insae Eventi total Event3tetal Enter Subject ID for this run fw 28F 7B SUBJ ID SUBJ ID Station Change protocol Li H e 1 1 mm med Cumruntime oP Current state Even tin state CP Event3instate poo poo ooo poo po E Eventitotal poo po o o oo LLL Evm3total e Mstat E 17 X 63 Graphic State Proi BQ sm Thisis a Run Screen for a 16 station setup using 8 Lincs in the split configuration Notice that experiment runs in the various stations are in different stages of completion and that a new subject I D is being entered Now that you have loggedin and brought up the run screen everything is ready to start putting animalsin the cages and start the experiments The run screen wil be present until the session is terminated The masthead
88. is what you want to run just enter the protocol numberin the top box This will set up the session to run the specified protocol in all active stations You may refer to the protoool list to refresh your memory and make the entry manually Highlighting protocols in this list is for multi protoool sessions where you can change protocols in any station during the session The next option is for that same single protocol to be yoked from a master station to all of the other active stations To run this configuration dick the select button and specify the master station This will run a stimulus yoked session see Yoking page 4 If you want to run a multi protocol session use the lowerboxes and enter the number of each protocol to be run first in the session in the box representing the station in which you wish to run that protocol Again use the list to find the protocol numberand enterit manually Next if needed go to the protocol list and highlight any additional protocols you may wish to run during the session The initial protocols and those highlighted may be selected for any station and any run while you are in the session SELECT SUBJECT DRAW LIST NOTE WELL Subject I D draw ists can only be used in non yoked single protocol sessions In mult protocol sessions there is too great a chance thatthe right subject may be placed in the wrong cage If you have a subject draw list that you want to use in this session you must overri
89. ist and the only ext condition isa time transition to the state using the list Of course a loop of any number of states targeting the next in tum and finally back to the first may be what you intend to accomplish but Graphic State will require at least one transition targeting a state outof the loop If the loop is the protocol you must still target FIN with a number of entries into one ofthe states in the loop orby using a global for the all states the program to be resolved FINISHED WITH STATES When you are finished with the state creation function dick on Finished with States button below the state list If you have not yet resolved states Graphic State will ask you if you wish to do it now If you elect to resolve states and there are still some specifications missing you will be notified which necessary items have not been completed You may ignore this message and return to the first screen to select global transitions or to save as incomplete CREATE OPTION 2 GLOBAL TRANSITIONS Global transitions are state independent thatis they are not part of any state Global transitions cause the program to go directly to a specified state at any time between the beginning and end of the experiment run You may think of them as transitions that supersede override or bypass the state transitions You may also think of them as portable transitions which are automatically applied to every state you create because they are just that
90. its NOTE When running the counts on the Graphic State run screen are the input event pulses from the monitor The conversion to the selected proportional measurement units is made later when data are processed The same is true forevents used in event transitions they are the input event pulses from the monitor not the units of measure Forexample each pulse may equal 0 16 Newton seconds 38 ANALYZING THE DATA Along with the control structure the state flow part of a protocol that you create to run an experiment you may also create one or more sets of data analysis specifications or data structures in order to analyze the data You may create up to 16 data structures for each protocol coded B through Q in the record name These determine which aspects of the raw data will be analyzed and how they will be analyzed and presented The data analysis structures for an experiment are part of the experiment protocol and are associated with the control structure in the record naming and archiving system The experiment control structure and each related analysis structure must be linked because the analysis structure s may only be used to analyze the data for the experiment with the corresponding control protocol Using the analysis structure s Boolean and math operations on raw data from different control protocols would produce disastrous results number salad which would certainly not mean anything if indeed they could be processed at all
91. ive tape drive or CD In fact an 8 gigabyte backup tape drive can store months or years of data Itis a good idea to back up the entire Graphic State database directory on one of these drives on a daily basis You can do this in the Statistical Review Analysis file menu option 51 FILE OPTION RUN an EXPERIMENT LOGGING IN TO RUN ASESSION Experiments are iun in a session When you wantto run experiments go to the file menu and dick on Run a Session The first of two main windows the login window will appear Here is where you login to run the session You don t have to create experiments or do other lengthy operations here all you have to dois Enter your name or other Operator I D unless you are using security options that enter it for you Initiate the Automatic Equipment Check Select the Protocol s you want to run Select the Subject Draw List to use if any Electan optional Pilot data testsession IMPORTANT NOTE Graphic State runs on a real time dock You must tum off all other programs utilities screen saver modems and LAN connections or you could miss clock ticks and fail to service the stations on time ALSO NOTE You must turn on the power base to initialize the interface PCI card before you enter the log in screen and click on the CHECK button to have Graphic State check the status of the hardware 55 Graphic State Project G Test of 08 Globals Log In to Run a Session File Lists Help
92. list The carry import function the Portable Transition is where the preservation of remaining event and time values really pays off Accumulated events and elapsed time can be carried throughout the program flow ratherthan being restricted to use within the specified state If you have used other state notation programs you will see that this obviates many complex operations induding nesting in those programs and opens powerful protocol creation techniques STATE 1 STATE 2 STIMULI STIMULI 12 3 45 6 7 8 9 0000080080080 UPON 26 ENTRIES GO TO FIN AFTER 7 SEC GOTO STATE 1 123 45 67 8 9 0000800000 IF 10 RESPONSE 1 GOTO STATE 2 STATE ENTRY There are many times when itis desired that UPON the Nth entry to a state you change program structure by going to a different state which may if you wish be linked to a totally different group of states representing a different stage of the experiment Such transitions are accomplished by using the state entry transition line You simply specify that upon the Nth entry attempt the program will make a transition to another state Our state diagram above has been modified to show that upon the 26th entry we wil go to another state in this case the finished state so that after 25 reinforcements the experiment will end Note that the state is not actually entered on the nth try If you are using an analysis element to count the number of entiies in this example to record the
93. mber All will remain listed in red until the things above are added The state flow always starts with state one or the lowest number in the list From there it may of course go anywhere contingencies dictate Other states will be added as the building of your protocol progresses States are added three ways 1 Astate will be added when itis specified in a transition line asa GO TO target 2 Astate wil be added when itis listed in a target state transition list as will every state in the list in the protocol 3 A state will be added by clicking either the New State button or the Copy State button 19 1 NAMING THE STATE T Graphic State Project Z GS 2 Manual Caps Create States Pr l x File Portables Lists Conjoin Help State List RADY Ready state FIN Finished state S1 Add Entry Go To CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG 10001002 OF 1002 10 10 10001002 oF 1002 10 10 20001002 ML 3004 20 20 20001002 ML 3004 20 20 NULL HLITEOQ TONEO A HLITEO TONEO B Add Event Go To 11 Add Time Go To ENTER the STATE NAME S1 RATIO COMF Resolve States Copy This State Global Transitions Delete This State il Close E EIE eal Mstart 77 ES Graphic State Proj d 41pm After dickng on the red S1 oron the RDY or FIN states in the state list box or on the New State button the state naming pop up bar will appear Here you may enter an
94. me way as the element three items above It simply displays rate instead of number EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of DISCRETE EVENTS TOTALS for RUN This analysis element allows you to count one or more disjoint Boolean discrete events into a bin You may select for each bin any one or more events you wish from all events in the input list Each bin will accumulate counts for the entire run You may create as many bins of one or more events as you wish You may eled to list and display them in the order the bins were created orby population frequency EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT EVENT LATENCY by CLASS INTERVALS in STATE S With this element you create the dassic S R latency measure Since states define the stimulus configuration of the environment a state onset is a stimulus presentation The time to the first response named event that occurs after the stimulus onset is recorded You have 3 options You may limit the scoring or the acceptance of the response according to when itoccurs You may specify that it must occur 1 in the stimulus state or 2 in the stimulus state or the state following the stimulus state or 3 in the stimulus state orany subsequent state after the stimulus state onset If you select option 3 and no response occurs before the nex entry into the stimulus presentation state itis a no response presentation and is notindudedi in the distribution Select the state and the response input event Latendes are distributed
95. metervalue to reset to its initial value upon entry to the state cicking toggles between selecting reset and non reset the check shows that itis selected When you enter O K with the check selected the transition line wil have a white R in a red flag on its left hand side when itis installed in the state graphic This will allow you to see readily if the parameter value isto be reset on entry when you are reviewing the state graphic As discussed above this option causes only this specific parameter line to be reset when the state is entered no matter what number was left at the time of the last exit No other line in the state will be reset unlessthat line a so has the R option selected HOW MANY EVENTS are to be required for a transition is specified in the box following the word IF This number may be entered manually by typing itin It may also be picked up from a list by typing the letter L in the same box followed by the number up to 99 ofthe list you want to use Event parameter lists lists of numbers to spedfy how many are created under the Lists top menu bar option discussed earlieron pg 14 When a list specifies the parameter value each completion and successful transition will cause a new value for the parameter to be picked from the list The list is not queried on entry it is queried only when the current value counts out successfully passes probability and causes a transition This allows each picked value to be complete
96. more than one was run in the session and under each protocol the structure or structures you wish to analyze With eitherof these options you also have the option to compute an average forthe structure s you selected above When you have made your seledion and dick O K the computer will make the analysis and advise you when it isfinished Click O K and the next screen to appear will be where you select the data to display Here you select which protocol and structure you wish to view and then select to view the average if you did not elect to compute it the button will be disabled orview individual runs If you elect to view the average the subsequent screen will allow you to select the data element from the elements you created under the structure when you created the protocol It wil give you the options to VIEW GRAPH and VIEW NUMBERS The numbers are a list of the values in each of the bins in the element and graph is the plot of those numbers Standard deviations will be computed along with the averages The standard deviation will be plotted asa A above each bin column in the graph plots If you elect to v iew the individual runs the subsequent screen will be a matrix of cells by station across and run numberdown ltisan extra screen to allow you to select the run a step that is unnecessary when viewing the overall average It looks like the run screen with runs posted to the array using the automatically assembled 57 recor
97. n Since the two sections of the Linc A and B have exadly the same inputs and outputs using the Linc in the split mode provides 4 inputs 2 feeders and a numberof other stimuli for each station Using one whole Linc per station provides 8 inputs and 4 feeders and twice as many other stimuli per station Using 2 or 4 Lincs combined gives you 16 inputs or 32 inputs per station and proportionally more feeders and other stimuli for each station In Setup Options you make the election for the Linc Station allocation Select one of the fouroptions 2 stations per Linc 1 station per Linc 2 Lincs per station or 4 Lincs per station This election dedicates all protocols under this project user code to the selected configuration IMPORTANT NOTE When you set up the Lincsin a stack on the power base itis best to number them from the top down Thatis setthe top Linc to station 0 the next one down to station 1 the next to 2 and so on down to the bottom Linc which you should set to 7 see page 5 Thisis important because when grouped the combined stimulus section of the state graphic arranges the representation of the Lincs showing themin this relationship The run screen also arranges them with the lower number on top 17 FILE OPTION Create Experiment Protocol Here is where you create the control structure of your experiment along with the specifications for the analysis and presentation of the summary data you want to display when the exper
98. n in each station 001 Session number 01 to 999 sessions R Data type A Aborted raw data R Raw data B through Q Analyzed R Data X Averaged data NOTE The 16 station split Linc database configuration has 2 characters for station I D 0A OB 1A 1B etc through 7A and 7B amp A COULBOURN INSTRUMENTS COULBOURN INSTRUMENTS L L C 7462 PENN DRIVE ALLENTOWN PA 18106 USA INTERNET www coulbourn com E MAIL sales coulboum com FAX 610 391 1333 TEL 610 395 3771
99. n you will wantto go someplace else in the program aftera given state has been entered a given number of times Here is where you can do that As with time and event dickon the Entries GO TO button beside the state list side box Just asfor the time and event GO TO selections this will produce a specification pop up window For this funcion you have only to select how many entries a probability and to specify the target state In the box following the word UPON and before the word ENTRIES enter how many entries into the state will be required to send the program to another state NOTE WELL it should be obvious that state entry transitions can be used only if the state also has one or more event or time transition soecifications so that it may be exited and reentered for the state entry count and probability to be tried In other words a state is incomplete if you have specified only state entry transitions If you do this the automatic error checking feature of Graphic State called Resolve States discussed on page 32 will find it and not allow you to file the protocol as ready to run You may use more than one state entry transition in a state Of course the two ormore should have different target states You might think at first that the one with lowest value will always be used first and that you would never getto the second butthis is not necessarily true Consider probabilistic transitions parameter counters are reset when they c
100. nd display capability All plots feature auto scaling on the vertical axis The highest bin determines the full scale of the vertical axis EVENT DATA NOTE Remember you may elect to record events that are not used in transitions in the state flow because passive behavior events may still have record value Even though they may have had no stimulus change consequences they did afterall occur in the context of the stimulus environment EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of a PROPORTIONAL EVENT in STATE S This element allows you to select one event that you have designated to be proportional and to which you have assigned a unit of measure in the first create a protocol screen The vertical axis of your graph may be named here with any name you choose The units of measure will be automatically applied by conversion of raw event counts by the computer when it analyzes the data Like a discrete event a proportional event may be distributed over a number of bins in a graphic plot and in a corresponding list Each of these bins may be designated asa single state or a disjoint Boolean group of states Each state or group of states may bear a name you give it to appearin the list and the plot of data This element unlike discrete event counts restricts the event to be plotted to a single input event rather than a Boolean set of inputs because the units of measure are usually not the same for other proportional events 42 EVENT ANALYSIS ELEMENT
101. ng up a blank state graphic It will show the lowest state number not yet specified You work on this state asa first time state you must give ita name and you may change the number 4 You may also dick on the Copy State button to copy the presentstate with all of its stimulus and transition properties except that it will appear without a name or number Double dick on the number name box and after giving ita numberand name handle it the same way you would when editing an existing state called from the state list Just double dick on each item to be changed to bring up the working graphic window Copy is a convenience feature provided so that you can quickly replicate a complicated state that isto be nearly identical to an existing state requiring only minor edits to become the new state SPECIAL STATES RDY AND FIN The RDY state or ready state is used to spedfy the status of the environmental stimuli when the program is ready for the next subject spedfically which stimuli are on house light levers extended or retracted guillotine doors opened or dosed etc when the animal is placed in the environment Unlike a regular state it exists only as part of the program flow for the time that the subject I D has been entered and the ready status is displayed on the session run screen about which more in due course When you dick the status cell to cause the protocol to begin running the first state or state 1 in the protocol w
102. ntly Those that are selected for reset in each transition creation bar window will have the letter R in a red flag on the left of the transition specification line when it appears in the state graphic In the screen print above the only counter reset upon entry to the state is Licks All others hold the value otherthan zero they had when the state was exited The omission of automatic reset on entry with the option to selectively reset on entry is a powerful feature of Graphic State and is among the most important of its control logic functions You may not need to use the entry independent reset feature because your programs are simple but itis one of several features which have made very complicated things which were done with complex nesting and store and retrieve variables in other programs quite easy to do in Graphic State The final thing to spedfy in a transition statement isto which state you wantthe program to go next This specification is also entered in each of the 3 types of transition creation windows SPECIFYING EVENT TRANSITIONS To specify EVENT transitions dick on the Add Event Go To button next to the state list box This will produce the enlarged event transition or Event GO TO specification pop up bar window Here you select how many of which event with what given probability will take you to another specified state On the left of the baris the reset election which if enabled default will cause the para
103. o be entered into the station s subject I D cell When the subject I D is entered either manually or automatically from a draw list the program will progress to the ready phase and present the stimuli you specified if any for the RDY state in the protocol If you have created a Subject I D Draw List and opted to use itin this session to identify the next subject to run the next subject to run will appearin the subject I D window when you dick on the magenta SUB I D cell Subjects I D s will be presented either in the order listed or at random according to your selection when logging in Alternatively you may have elected to not use a list and to manually enter the 6 characters of the subject I D in the I D window Either way you must click on the magenta cell to bring up the I D window for each of the subjects as you run them so that their I D will be appended to the record name Here is also where you may change a protoool in a station You must have a green READY indication before you can run the animal You may start the experiment only if there is a green ready indication in the status cell of the station you wish to start 55 Clicking on the green READY cell will cause the experiment to start running and the red RUNNING indication to appearin the status cell When the program enters the running phase the RDY state is exited and state 1 of the protocol is entered While running you may double dick on the RUNNI
104. on and Analysis Behavior units response s are sensed and defined by the Habitest response sensing modules Responses are converted from various energy forms by the properties of the response modules to input signals Mechanical optical thermal and other sensors convert energy into 28 Volt event pulse signals appropriate to the Habitest Linc interface For example a lever press re sponse is defined by the physical characteristics of the lever such as its location above the floor the linkage spring and switch mechanics which determine travel and force required to close the switch and send the 28 Volt signal Otherexamples indude photobeams that detect when the animal places its head into a feederopening enters a runway or stands in a particular location in the cage The Habitest system can also detect spatial movement gross activity by sensing the animal s infrared body heat image and sending a series of 28 Volt pulses representing spatial position change movement units to an event input of the interface Analog inputs from a variety of sensors may also send a series of 28 Volt pulses to the interface varying in rate inter pulse time asa function of response magnitude See pages 36 amp 37 The 28 Volt response signals constitute response events that are sent to the Habitest Linc An event isthe name for a discrete piece of input information They are then sent down from each Linc to the power base then to the interface card in th
105. on parameter values are only reset immediately when probability is failed so that when one event or time line causes a transition all of the others in the state can be left where they were with a partial count ora partial elapsed time remaining The remainder of these parameter values will not be lost by an automatic reset when you return as in other programs When the state is reentered at any lime in the future the other transitions unless they have the optional reset on entry selected will pick up where they left off and try via their own probability specification to exit the state after the remaining number of events occurs ortime elapses The optional reset is a very powerful tool It allows among many otherthings concurrent operant ratio to be accomplished in 2 states without resorting to complicated nesting or variable storage and recovery It will go to the other state reinforcement etc and retum to pick up where it left off for the othertransitions RESET the JRT Of course many times it does serve a purpose to reset on entry into a state Sometimes you may go to a 1 tick state for the sole purpose of resetting parameter values forone or more transition lines If you do want to reset the remaining value s in one some orall of the transition lines for any state lines upon re entry just use the default option to reset on entry You may opt to reset one some or all time or event parameter specification lines in any state independe
106. on without analysis of the data so that you can do it ata later time The data are automatically saved as they are acquired in the session To analyze data at any future time use the main file menu option Statistical Review Analysis This option is covered in the next main heading ANALYZE and REVIEW SESSION When you select this option yu may analyze some or all of the data gathered in this session There are several branching options First you selectthe protoool if you ran multiple protoools in this session and the data Structure or structures you wish to analyze This gives you the option to analyze and check data from a structure having just a few basic analysis elements TIP The raw data will be processed foronly the selected analysis structure or structures B through Q in each protocol If all you want to do at session end isto look at a few elements to confirm general performance then you should create several structures with the protocol so that one of them will analyze the minimal data that you want to review atthat ime This saves alot of processing time if all you want at session end is a quick look When you select this option the first window to appear will allow you to choose to analyze all or only some of the session s data structures Click the button to select Analyze ALL protocols and structures or the button to Analyze SELECTED structures Under the latter there is a tree list where you can select the protoool if
107. onsequences changes as time passes and or responses occur 10 INTRODUCTION to GRAPHIC STATE NOTATION Graphic State Notation orjust Graphic State is a 32 bit Windows program for Window s 98 ME with 2000 XP compatibility coming soon Itis designed for experimenters to create interactive experiment control protocols for behavioral experiments using state logic Itis also designed to robustly store and manage protocols manage analyze and archive data and manage and archive user access and activity within its database for a paperless laboratory Itisa conceptual extension of while at the same time a major improvement on state notation languages of the past Graphic State is a point and dick Windows program using a graphic screen that presents options to be selected by the user and represents the structure of each state graphically Itis inherently user friendly because the Screen contains all of the options and acts as a universal prompt You need notleam a language or remember what to type or how to type it for each option Itisall there in each window Like its predecessors Graphic State conceives of an experiment as a series of states through which an experiment moves Each state specifies a stimulus configuration in the subject s environment and a set of time and or response requirements which cause the program to exit the current state and move on to the next state STATE 1 STATE 2 STIMULI STIMULI 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 1 2 3
108. ount out and try probability Failures to cause a transition due to a probability of less than 100 in one line means that a second line even with a higher parameter value can be reached You may not set the parameter value for entry transitions to 1 because you would skip the state every time just as ifit did not exist Nor are you offered the reset on entry function for a regular state entry transition Think aboutit if reset on entry the parameter value counter would never count out it counts entries The reset option box with the is normally grayed out for the state entry transition There is however one condition under which it makes sense to allow an entry reset for this type oftransition Thatis when a state entry transition is used asa portable transition Thisis discussed next under Portable Transitions 27 PORTABLE TRANSITIONS Please refer back to the discussion of resetting or not resetting transition parameters on pg 25 If you do not recall the material please refresh your memory Suppose that you want to pick up where you left an unfinished count ortime specification when you lefta state not just upon return to the original state but ina totally different state from the original For many applications it is useful to be able to carry unfinished or remaining parameter values to other states Complicated applications in other state notation programs that this feature simplifies nicely are illustrated by concurrent
109. pop up bar ike window for the type you select The previous two screens show presentation of an event type working window and its installation into the state graphic on the right of the Create States window By using these three pop up windows you specify how many state entries which and how many input events or how much time must elapse to cause a transition Each transition or exit is also subject to a probability value that may or may not allow the completion of a transition The probability value is also specified in each type of transition bar window This allows randomness to be programmed for response ratios time intervals and the number of times a state may be entered Probability is used to create randomized parameter values for contingency structures such as randomized ralio and interval schedules or to present stimuli at random times G Graphic State Project Z GS 2 Manual Caps Create States Protocol 2 File Portables Lists Conjoin Help State List State 1 LICKING RDY Ready state ws CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG CUES FEEDERS SPARES AUX PRG FIN Finished state Add Entry Go To 1600 1002 0P 1002 10 1 O 1000 10020P 1002 10 10 Sl LICKING 2000 1002 ML 3004 20 20 2000 1002 ML 3004 20 20 S2 FEED OP NULLO HLITEO TONEO A HLITEO TONEO 53 FEEDER Add Event Go To Entries B3 Lickometer Add Time Go To A 4 Act y Monitor RAFTER 60 Minutes New State Resolve States Copy This State Global Transitions Delete Thi
110. ppear in red type in the state list as another incomplete state Target state or Go to lists may be called to insert a target state for a transition from the current state to the nextone The option to create target state lists is only available in protocol creation because target states are part of protocol dependent state flow With this type of list you may select one of many states to which to go when a transition requirement has been attained Instead of entering the state number enterthe letter L followed by the list numberin the target state box to the right of GO TO The program will go to the list and query it to select the target state each time you exita state from a transition line that specifies a list lookup In each list you may specify up to 99 states as targets and specify that they be drawn either in order orat random with or without replacement If you use the list in order orat random without replacement there is a choice for what to do when the list is exhausted You may opt to Start Again or to Go To a specified state Using the option to Start Again means that all of the states in the list will be visited once and only once before being visited again Using the empty list Go To option to go to a target state for the rest of the run provides the way to use each state in the list just once and not query it again for aslong asthe run is active In fact you can use the FIN state as the empty list target state to cause t
111. ptacles on the top cf the Linc below to the Lincs via the power jacks on each modulefrom the The first Linc mounts on the receptacles on top of the receptacles below Align the tips of the jacks with the power base center of the receptacles openings on the Linc below When aligned push the Linc module down to seat it To remove Lincs push up on the thumb tab as shown firmly After you have installed the Lincs install the lid to apply upward force properly from thefront of the Linc on top of the stack to complete the power saf ety circuit Lifting from the back of the Linc will bend the jacks There is a safety circuit that prevents the Linc power from coming on until all Lincs are in place and their circuitry is protected All Lincs in the stack must be firmly seated and the lid must be seated on the top Linc before power will be distributed See the complete illustration on the previous page The power switch is located on the same assembly into which you plugged the power cord There is a2 to 3 second delay on power up The Power Base is capable of delivering 8 Amperes of 28VDC steady state power to the Lincs with short surges above that In case of a catastrophic failure in the Linc stack current exceeds 8 Amperes for appreciably more than a few seconds a circuit breaker will trip and shut down the entire system Thisis very unlikely to occur from total system overload from excessive S R module current draw but you can create a situa
112. ptions window discussed on page 16 In this screen you also select the security mode and password s Graphic State features an encrypted GLP oriented multi tier security system The principal investigator or system administrator ADMIN may elect to run the system with no password with a single password or as multi tier multi password secured system To electthe no password mode dickon the Security button and then click on Password Control and select the Inactive mode We recommend however that you use atleast the factory set single password mode The 13 factory set administrator password is password you may wantto change it There are functions such as deleting protocols and data and several otheroperations for which a password requirementis a good idea in any lab This level of security has been a part of Graphic State from the beginning With the introduction of version 2 101 we have added a much more robust system of security as well as protocol documentation All security files are now encrypted to prevent tampering in the Windows directory There are now levels of security which allow the prindpal investigator or system administrator to assign passwords having different levels of access to Graphic State You may allow persons access to all operations induding creating databases and protocols running experiments analyzing data and making any deletions they desire You may limitthe databases to which they have access
113. puter upon the occurrence of the finished and or service status indications This is accomplished here rather than in the login window so that you can change the alarms during a session JOURNAL You may access this window at any time during the session to append notes to the entire session file or to any station s data file for the current run You may recover them under review functions An entry for a specific run will cause a small red triangle to be placed in the record cell of the station run matrix from which you select individual records for review The full log for the session is recoverable and printable from the top menu bar HELP The help screen offered here is an abbreviated form of this manual NOTE Help is not available during a session when any station is in either the RUNNY or PAUSED mode because it could cause data loss STATION STATUS CELLS The cell rectangular box below each station number in the run screen shows the status of each station In addition to black coded status indications for Absent Unused and Withdraw n and awhite coded Service status all of which are discussed later there are colored active status codes to show the status of active experiments There are four active phases to each experiment run sequence shown by the status cells under each station To start a run you must click on the magenta SUB I D cell to bring up a small window to identify the next subject and cause its number t
114. ration Episodes of these units with relatively short delimiting times can define small or large movements during a short run say an hour or so while a longer delimitation interval would be used to objectively define an active period during a relatively longer perhaps a 24 hour experiment run TIP Create two different episode analysis elements during the same experiment to define meals and eating bursts within meals orthree to define active periods small and large movements If you want to measure the time duration of episodes of the same event using the same delimiter you used in anotherelement you must reiterate the event and delimiter for each new element Ther is no way to link specifications to those specified under another element type template EPISODE ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of EPISODES in STATE S This measure records episodes of a given event In this episode element you may specify a single event from the eventname list and a delimiter of time and minimum number required Each occurrence of an episode may be distributed over a number of bins each bin consists ofa single state or multiple disjoint Boolean states inwhich it occurs EPISODE ANALYSIS ELEMENT NUMBER of EPISODES in RUN FRACTIONS For this analysis element an episode is defined fora single event as before in state related data by a delimiter The number of episodes is plotted across the number of equal bins you select for the run Episodes whi
115. rd of the interface Linc has an input number that corresponds to the number shown in the software graphics Here you can make a default list of names for the inputs and their complements When you create any protocol these names will be presented in the first Create screen You might want to use 16 hardware descriptive names here in the initial setup to identify the actual devices when you are creating a protocol When you go to the Create screen you can overwrite them with functional names for each protocol The names in the create screen are the names that will be used to label your data lists and graphs a handy feature when you export graphic data files to yourpublication program You may enter hardware names like Lever 1 Lickometer Activity Nosepoke Runway 3 Entry Runway 3 Exit the complement of entry In Create you can replace them with functional names like FR Response Licks Movements etc You may also just skip names altogether and create protocols using input numbers onl y 3 Select the station configuration The H02 08 LabLinc Interface Module Linc is capable of being used to serve a single station subject environment or of being split to serve 2 stations A and B when fewerinputs and outputs are required for each station see the illustration on page 2 Lincs may also be grouped having 2 Lincs or even 4 Lincs serve a single station to increase the number of inputs and outputs allotted to each statio
116. reate it all over again from scratch You can do this by copying a protocol This is notwhere you copy a protocol to portable media to send it to someone that is accomplished using Export below To copy just highlight the protocol you wish to copy and dickon Copy The copy will immediately be made and opened to the Create screen When you copy a protocol the copy will be identical to the original except that it will have the lowest unused number and the name will be Copy of N where N is the old number You may change the number to any unused number and change the name to anything you wish The whole protocol wil be fully editable In fact you may save it just asitis and it will be saved and listed in green Though it serves little purpose to keep an exact copy of a protocol you may want to wait untl laterto make the change to the structure EXPORTING PROTOCOLS This button in the Edit Review screen allows you to copy a protocol to any floppy zip tape or other portable medium or the system hard drive Just highlight the protocol dick the Export button and select the destination You should use this option before deleting a protocol from the active database 50 IMPORTING PROTOCOLS Clicking this button allows you to import a protocol structure sent by a colleague orby one ofour helpful sales and applications people When the window comes up just specify the source and dick O K You will have to assign an unused protocol numb
117. riment run yoking is used only in noninteractive or time driven protocols In this type of protocol the experiment progresse s through a fixed time interval s and nothing the animal does behavioral events changes the time driven protocol sequence The behavioris simply recorded in intervals of time elapsed since the beginning of the experiment run as a dependant variable function ofthe stimuli associated with each state These are commonly called data intervals You can create this type of protocol wth Graphic State but you do not use event type transitions to progress toward the finished state in these programs You may synchronize the running of this type of protocol so that the stimuli are all presented at the same time by using the yoked option when you log in to run a session Just install the protocol and select any station asthe master Thisis done so that all of the stations start at the same time and stimulus presentations will occur at the same time in all stations eliminating the need forisolation cubides so that one animal does not receive stimuli presented in other different stations Stimulus yoking paired stimulus presentation may be used in interactive protocols In interactive designs the subject s behavior responses cause s the program s states and therefore the stimuli to change as a fundion of the animal s behavior Yoking in this type of protocol causes one or more other subjects to receive the same stimuli as the animal ca
118. rred after the state was exited at most 100 milliseconds In the case of time itis of little concem the next lowest ranking time transition will be executed on the first dock tick if not reset on entry the next time the state is entered anyway So by processing state entries first events second and time last we have only to worry about tie event type response inputs which are even less likely than other ties because it is very unlikely that a subjed will make 2 responses in one dock tick We have eliminated an already insignificant problem Others obviate this problem by limiting the interface hardware to reporting only one of all of the possible events the first on each dock fick But in that case the other events are never recorded as data In a system designed for operant conditioning with only levers nose pokes etc itis not a problem because itis almost impossible for a subject to respond on two devices at once However when using ergometric or body heat activity monitors vocalization monitors orother passive response sensors outputs may occur at the same time as a lever press 35 CREATE OPTION 3 DATA ANALYSIS Graphic State logs every state transition onset and event response input with the experiment elapsed time date Thisisthe time in station sample intervals from the beginning of the experiment run From this information all of the data elements are analyzed In the data analysis series of windows you specify wh
119. s State EAr lifes Graphic State Proj dig 451PM Upon completion of a count or time requirement probability is tried If probability is set to anything less than 100 certainty an attempt to go to another state may pass or fail If failed the count or time parameter will be reset It will restart from its initial value and try probability again upon completion This reset and try again process will repeat until the state is left Sequential failures result in longer intervals or count sequences on a probabilistic basis thus introducing randomness in multiples of the base value or the specified parameter value When the try is successful and passes probability the state is left with the causing count or time parameter register at zero On the next entry it will be set to the specified fixed initial value orto a newinitial value drawn 23 from a parameter value list Although all transitions in Graphic State are probabilistic the default is 100 or certainty because this is what is most frequently used Each base number the count or time parameter you selected is automatically reset when and only when itis completed and fails to pass probability Itis not automatically reset on either state exit or on state entry asin other state control programs The only parameter value that will be reset to an initial value on the next entry is the one that caused the transition because it was left at zero Transiti
120. s section Review and or recalculate end of session analysis All of the same options exist here EXPORTING RAW DATA IN SPREAD SHEET FORMAT This option in the opening window allows you to format raw data records to tab delimited ASCII format for export to a spreadsheet Thisis elected in the first screen ofthe file option This option isto be used foranalysis not afforded by one ofthe analysis elements in Graphic State Itisa bit more difficult to use than the summary export below because ofthe large numberof data points that must be put in the spreadsheet When you export you create a file name and save itto any Windows directory you wish When you open the spreadsheet application just open the raw data file accepting all the defaults in the data import Wizard The data indude a time stamped record of every switch closure and every state transition that occurred during each run There will be two columns for each switch input possible from 4 to 32 depending on the Linc configuration one forthe onset ofthe switch dosure and one for the offset There is a column forthe current state and one for the target state if a transition occurred A record row is only recorded if there is a switch closure ora state transition A few sample records up through the first switch input column A1 Lever are illustrated below Project UserlD Protocol Session Station Run Subject Time Current State Transition State Transition Event A1 l
121. seconds 10 samples per second 50 Milliseconds 20 samples per second or 20 Milliseconds 50 samples per second If your computer cant keep up and misses sample intervals a message will appear so that you may take appropriate action The designation Units is used in the program as the minimum time specification for state exit parameters and for data acquisition and analysis factors A Unitis the station sample interval that defines the maximum time resolution for the protocol Times are specified as Units Seconds or Minutes when constructing timed state exit parameters You may work in only one database at a time because different protocols can be run in different stations in a session You are restricted to a single sample rate for each project database All protocols run at the same time same session must have the same sample rate for the systemto acquire data at the specified rate Therefore you are restricted to running protocols fromthe same project database in a given session Also a protocol may be run in multiple sessions thus data must have been taken at the same sample rate otherwise it would not be comparable and average data would be meaningless The simplest way to do thisisto have only one database active at a time and to have all protocols in that database sampled at the same rate 2 Select the default names if any you wish to use for the numbered inputs Each input connector on the Habitest environment connection boa
122. sed in session one followed by the lowest station numberin session 2 Within each of these the runs would be listed in order If runs and subject I D are not restricted then runs supersede and obviously therefore subject I D is not used BOX 3 SELECT LIST OPTION Thisisa further restriction on the list but not by record name attributes Here you may include orexdude runs for which no summary analysis exists If you wantto make an averaged summary analysis only for records that were previously analyzed either at session end orlater under session review you can save time in analysis by restricting the selection to analyzed records only If you select all here and indude any or all of these records in the final selection the program will first automatically create a summary analysis for each of the records for which only raw data exists This obviously takes more time 59 BOX 4 HIGHLIGHT RECORDS to AVERAGE Here is where you make the actual selection of the records on which to perform the calculations This boxis on the top right hand side of the screen The selection list containing only those records meeting the filter and select options are in a scroll box just below this one In this box you may select all and deselect all if you change your mind The select all will cause all records to be highlighted If you have used the filter to define the attributes you want and there are no exceptions you may proceed to name
123. session analysis Create summary X files by user defined attributes Review summary analysis X files Export raw data in spreadsheet format Export analyzed data in spreadsheet format RYN You may also export summary data the numbers from analyzed elements under 1 2 and 3 above REVIEW AND OR RECALCULA TE END OF SESSION ANALYSIS If you select this option a screen will appear where you may elect to just review analyses already performed either at the end of a session orin a later visit to this option or to complete a session analysis When you select this the sequence of screens isthe same asitis when you finish a session and opt to process the data CREATE SUMMARY X FILES BY USER DEFINED ATTRIBUTES Here is where you may process data to create averaged summaries for groups of records for the entire history of the protocol not just sessions When you select this option the first window to appear will be a 2 column list with protocols on the left When you select a protocol the right column will display all of the data structures created for that protocol Here you specify which of those data structures you wantto analyze After selecting the protocol and structure s and clicking O K the attribute selection screen will appear Thisis a full screen window with 4 specification boxes Thisis where you select the specific records you wish to combine and analyze to create an averaged summary analysis of the selected records
124. since roll paperis notused in computer printers The records are printed in the landscape mode set for an 11 inch page width Since printers are not capable of printing to the edge we have limited the live area to 7 5 by 10 inches You may select 5 10 20 30 60 120 or240 minutes to be represented by the 10 inches of paperin the time axis TIME LINE ANALYSIS ELEMENT CUMULATIVE RECORDS Cumulative Records are plots of events accumulated on the vertical axis along a continuous horizontal time axis They are generally used for recording operant responding to show schedule performance factors such as overall rate slope consistency of rate uniformity of slope slopes of response rate before and after reinforcements as a function of schedules e g Fl scalloping and post reinforcement pauses extinction etc However the use of cumulative records is by no means limited to operantwork They may be used to plot movement units of activity licking and pellet taking in a feeding and drinking protocol tumsin a running wheel oreven ergometric proportional units of things like dimbing behavior 48 Cumulative Trace Any single event input response may be assigned to increment the cumulative trace progressively upward The cumulative trace moves up one increment for each occurrence of the single event or anyone ofthe members of a collective group assigned to it You may select 100 300 500 700 or 1000 events as the full vertical resolution o
125. sition line to cause another transition This allows you to limit the number of times a transition is used With the withdrawal feature you may even use a transition a single time by having only one member in the list and never again NOTE 7he withdrawal function is a very powerful feature but you must have one or more other transitions in the state containing a transition from a list which specifies withdrawal otherwise the state effectively has no place to go after the list is exhausted and the program would stop When you use the automatic Resolve States feature of Graphic State to check your state flow to make sure all states and transitions are properly linked you will not be allowed to file your protocol as ready to run if this condition exists 3 Time parameter lists These lists may be called to insert the value in an AFTER transition line for the elapsed time requirement If you enter a number and a time unit U S or M for the requirement it will always be 15 the same every time you enter the state If you use a list forthe time value by entering the letter L and a number from 1 to 99 then the program wil drawa new number and time unit specification from your list each time it times out and causes a transition It wil then insert the new y drawn value as the event transition requirement In each list you may specify up to 999 4 digit numbers and the time unit specification Units Seconds or Minutes 9999M 6 94 days
126. st Create window If you are going to use global transitions as the only transitions to certain states then you will have to exit this window to do that Ifthisisthe case then you obviously cannot completely resolve before you go there to create those transitions Just go to Globals and create them There is also a Resolve States button there You may return by dicking on State Creation from the top Create window after you finish with globals 32 If you attempt to close out the protocol creation option you will be warned that if you have an unresolved protocol and that you must resolve it orelectto save it as incomplete in the protocol list Saving lets you preserve what might be a considerable amount of work to this point if you stop working on a protocol to do other things IMPORTANT NOTE on LIMITATI ONS of STATE RESOLUTION Graphic State cannot fully resolve all state sequence situations that could cause your programto fail to flow as you intend There are several things you can do when creating a protocol to make it Ping Pong back and forth between two slates or to run around in an N state loop If you create two states that target one another each having only a single time transition and the program enters either of them from any other state you will setup a Ping Pong situation the program will just bounce backand forth This also applies if you specify BAK as the target state to which to go upon exhausting a target state l
127. stem The stimuli are recorded along with the behaviors that may be undertheirinfluence TIME OF DAY An example of this is the analysis of circadian rhythms where the control system senses both stimuli and behavior asinputs and records both In this case time of day it measures off the time and records the subject s behavior in this context thus correlating the activity of a subject with the time of day There is still no interadion here The more complicated and more powerful behavior analysis tool is the Closed Loop Response Driven System The dosed loop system embodies the concept of feedback wherein each of the subsystems is aware ofthe behavior of the other The subject senses the stimulus output of the control system and behaves or responds to those stimuli The control system senses the subject s behavior and according to a defined protocol systematically responds in a way that is sensed by the subject by presenting a new stimulus configuration Not only does the behaviorof the subject have record value but the behavior of the control system is also of great importance The behavior of the subject has meaning only in the context of the extant stimulus outputs and contingency structure the state of the control system effecting that behavior at any given instant Additionally the control program s logic structure functions as a data reduction tool in that many of the actions of the control system result from a multiplicit
128. t SESSION A session isthe period of time from when an operatorlogs on and selects the protocol s and starts the session until the time that the last animal in all active stations is finished and data are stored and if desired analyzed displayed and printed A session may consist of running one single animal experiment in one station or up to 99 animals in sequence in each of up to 16 stations STATE A state is the basic element of the interactive control program structure Itis a view ofthe subject s environment at a given point in time that defines the current properties of the state These properties indude 1 The configuration of the stimulus environment the on or off condition of lights tones feeders etc and 2 The specified conditions time response events and the number of times the state has been entered which will cause the program to exit the current state and make a transition to a new state STATION A station is the total set of environmental hardware dedicated to running one animal It includes the arena with stimulus and response modules in which each animal is run and the interface hardware necessary to present the stimuli and the input sensors to register response events for one subject and communicate with the computer STIMULI Stimuli are physical properties of the environment that are above the subject s threshold of sensation Controlled stimuli are those that are turned on and off by the program via the Habitest
129. t are listed in green though complete and ready to run are fully editable because they have not yet been run in a regular session where valid R type data were gathered There are no records yet bearing the letter R NOTE You have the option to run any session under a Test condition so that you may check the functionality of your protocol check the look ofthe data lists graphics bin names etc and to see if it records what it should You may want to run pilot animals to see if the behavioral aspects are as expected Under this option temporary data files are created just for the current session but are not saved after end of session analysis and review Once a protocol has been run and valid experimental data have been collected the protoool will be listed in black No changes except to the description and any analysis structures that have not been used to analyze data may be made to these protocols You will recall thatthisis done so that it will be impossible to average data from two different state flow structures the original version and the modified version and create number salad In the case of analysis structures that have been employed to analyze data it wil be to preserve the ability of the protocol to provide these same analyses in the future without recreating the structure COPYING A PROTOCOL There is a provision for creating a slightly different protocol by making changes to an existing protocol without hav ing to c
130. tate EXPERIM ENT An experiment is referred to asa run A runisthe experiment run foreach subject of a number of subjects in sequence in a single station of up to 16 stations in a system during a session See PROTOCOL INPUTS See EVENTS LINC The Habitest Linc is the interface module that connects the environment to the computer The model number used for this version of Graphic State Notation is HO2 08 Up to 8 of these Lincs can be mounted ona single H01 01 power base and used at the same time This unit has an output driver for every stimulus device and an input switch buffer for every response sensor that you can connect to it built in from the time you purchase it Each Linc can run one or two stations A and B in the illustration below and Lincs may be ganged to run20r4 Lincsasa single station This allows stations to be split so the system can run up to 16 stations when each station requires fewer inputs and outputs or to be run together to serve a single environment when more inputs and outputs are required for stations with large and complex environments See Stations below POWER LINC Fswircn INPUTS CUE LIGHTS TONE AUX l smiren INPUTS CUE LIGHTS TONE AUX T NUMBER 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 SPARES FEEDERS HLITE SPARES FEEDERS HUTE 2 OP 2 OP 1 25 3f E 4 1 2 ML A 3 4 1 2 ML B 0 7 ONLY Eas MN E AM RUM A LER Fai EACH LINC CAN BE SPLIT INTO TWO IDENTICAL STATIONS AAND B LINCS MAY ALSO BE GRO
131. tates MAN FIN globals have no user specification options at all the parameter value is 1 probability is 100 and the target state is FIN When selected the MAN FIN global is applied directly to the top of the global transition list When any of the other three types of global transition ocaurs all parameter values in the current active state s transition lines will follow the rules for reset on entry and portability just as if one of the state s own lines 33 had caused the transition States that are targets of global transitions are entered just asifthey had been the targets of state transitions Probability works for globals just the same as it does for state appended transitions Parameter value lists are also used in the same way New states that are designated as a target ofa global in the Global creation window are entered in the state list in red just as a yet to be created state is when itis designated as a taret in the state creation window In fact the Globals window has the same state list in the upper left that the Create States list has The listis current for both windows as you move back and forth between globals and state creation The selection buttons for bringing up one of the bar Windows are in the same position as they are in the State Creation window between the state list and in this case the globalJist graphic on the right The only difference isthatthe MAN FIN button is at the top MAN FIN globals allow
132. teftric Platform E45 15 Ergometric Platform E45 20 Ergometric Platform V34 05 Aneroid Pressure V34 15 Aneroid Pressure Dispiay C Discrete event ot AStart 4 Ay lifes Graphic State Proj 457PM You wil have to make sure however that the range you select will not produce pulses at a rate faster than your database sample speed can resolve If pulses can come in at 20 per second with a full transducer signal and you have selected a 100 millisecond sample interval you wil of course read only half of them You can select sensitivity ranges on the monitor foreach transducer where the number of pulses per second works out to be less than ten per second when there is a maximum transducer signal A 100 ms sample rate would be quite adequate to record ergometric activity overa 1 hour session in 30 ormore 2 minute bins with plenty of counts If you want a relatively small movement to produce at least one pulse so that the movement could be used to cause a state change then you would need more sensitivity In this case you should use a 20 ms sample interval so that the movement units can be used to reflect minimal activity and take the control structure to another set of states reflecting a defined active state of the animal Nothing is lost with lower settings the inputis just integrated over a longer time period and more activity is required to produce the next pulse but that pulse represents more un
133. the file and process data Graphic State allows you to elect to include or exclude any of the filtered listed records in the list Depending upon how many there are to indude or to exdude you may leave the list in the default not highlighted mode and dick on each record to include it or click on the select all option and click on each highlighted record to exclude it When the list is as you wish it to be that is with all of the records you wish to average highlighted go to the Record name and description box in the lower center of the screen and enter the X record name you wish to use for this analysis The first 3 characters of the record name are already selected for you they are the database or project letter and the protocol number The last two characters to the right ofthe are also appended and may not be changed These are a letter B through Q which designates the data structure you selected to average at the beginning followed by the letter X You may select the remaining up to 12 characters for the middle part of the name Type them and dick O K The computer will compute the data and advise you when itis finished REVIEW SUMMARY ANALYSIS X FILES Here you may review existing X records When you select this option a list will appear allowing you to select the record you want to review From that point on itis the same as reviewing an averaged session record at the end of the session or from the first option in thi
134. the operatorto manually terminate an experiment run and to preserve the data as complete valid R type data You may elect to use MAN FIN globals as the sole route to the FIN State for experiments that are spedfically designed to run until the operator ends them based on subjective perfomanoce based judgement MAN FIN globals may also be used in protocols having one or more other transitions state type or other global type or both targeting the FIN state In this case the MAN FIN transition simply allows the operator to exercise an option to end the run if requirements for the other routes to FIN are not met MAN FIN global transitions must be specified in the protocol if you want to make it possible to manually end an experiment properly and to preserve the data as valid rather than Aborted data MAN FIN global transitions must be entered into the protocol in orderto be used Thisis a safety feature to prevent operators from ending experiment runs that the protocol creator Wishes to teminate only upon the intended full ness of completi on rather than in time for the operator to getto a party Remember that all experiments must go to the FIN State to terminate to allow the data to be filed as valid The only other way to terminate a run is to use the Abort procedure explained later Using the abort route saves what data have been oollected as an A type Aborted record where they may not be averaged with other completed data but may be recovere
135. the stripe to the right and the locks secured The Stimulus output and Response sensor modules S R modules are connected to the Environment Connection Board to provide communications with the Habitest Linc The ECB is considered a part of the Habitest environment and as such itis more fully covered in the The Habitest System Users Guide along with the arenas the S R modules and other environmental hardware This publication is provided with the environment hardware MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES Graphic State Notation software is designed for use with our Habitest animal behavior analysis environments or any other animal behavior testing apparatus that operates on the industry standard 28 Volt control v oltage Other manufacturer s devices can be connected to a Cl Habitest Linc s auxiliary outputs on the back of the Lincor on the Environment Connection Board though you may find it convenient to fit them with Cl type connectors Graphic State software is very easy to use simply point and dick your way to create an experiment protoool that indudes subject I D experiment control and fully automated data analysis with tabular and graphic presentation printing archiving and export forall measures that you create for any protocol RAW DATA All raw data inputs and state entries are filed as events with a real time date for each and permanently archived in the protocol database This means that any experiment can be rerun using a new analysis stru
136. ther type of event the mechanical threshold ofa switch closure oran electronically set threshold point for an analog signal is a discrete event If you have an analog signal that you wish to record with more precision or resolution than simply an above or below setpoint event you may easily do so with Graphic State Such measures are made by using a time integrated unit of an analog proportional measure asis illustrated in the lower trace of the figure on the previous page Thisishow you can easily measure the current average magnitude of analog signals using event pulses in an event counting analysis element Thisis accomplished by using a method of analog to digital conversion known as time integrated serial pulse A D conversion Time integral or serial pulse analog measures which are useful in the analysis of behavior indude things like 1 Ergometric force applied eitherto a force transducerlike an ergometric activity tremor platform or to a dimbing cage wall 2 Aneroid pressures 3 Force applied to press plate key orlever 4 Moving an accelerometer All can be measured asa series of pulses having an instantaneous rate or frequency conversely period or IET which is proportional to the rolling average of the measure s amplitude For proportional analog measures performed in behavior analysis this is the preferred method because the spatial topographic and temporal nature of overt behavioral responses are not suited to periodic
137. tion You must enter something even an X to proceed The operator I D and description along with the date provided by the computer are appended to 52 session file headers The operatorname is recoverable under Joumal along with journal notes if any in the session review window CHECK EQUIPMENT Initiate the Automatic Equipment check This will cause the computer to poll the stations to determine which of them are tumed on and ready to run If you have not turned on the power to the power base a message will appear telling you that you must exit turn on the power and re enter Under the check button there are small square boxes representing the number of stations for which your database is configured that will be black initially After the computer checks each Linc the box will turn green if that station is present powered and ready to tun Those that are not ready to run remain black If you are not going to use one ormore ofthe available stations click on its green box to exclude it from this session the box will turn white indicating that you have made it inactive Do thisif you are using a subject draw list and do not wish to have subjects assigned to certain stations WHAT CANNOT BE CHECKED Software cannot check for connedion of stimulus and response devices at the environment connection board You must checkthis yourself SELECT THE PROTOCOL S TO RUN The default setting is for a single protocol in all stations If this
138. tion where it will For example if you set up a stimulus yoked protocol using a master and 15 slave stations with Pellet Feeders and associated stimuli the supply can be overdrawn and shut down If this happens you must reduce the number of stations To reset the breaker in the Power Base just tum the power switch off for a moment and then back on THE HABI TES T LINC POWER 1 2 1 1 3 4 2 2 m SPARES FEEDERS H LITE SPARES FEEDERS HLITE z 2 OP 2 OP LINC ETEEN E E NEE TOER NUMBER 1 2 1 1 3 4 2 2 H02 08 HABITEST LINC The red GJ and yellow 28V power lights on the left of each Linc face panel next to the Linc Number switch in the illustration above indicate when each Linc and therefore the base is powered The green ONJBINE lights will be lit when the power base is connected to a computer via the interface card and the computer is powered The other lights on the front panel of each Linc are controlled by Graphic State Notation software and indicate the status of inputs and outputs provide extra security to keep modules from separating if the stackis pulled forward from the top Though not absolutely necessary we recommend that you use these locks To engage the locks rotate them down and outward until the notch in the lock tab engages the post on the top of the Linc below as shown to the right There is a circuit breaker on off switch on each Linc module Ifthe total current draw from the Linc exceeds 3 Amperes
139. to change the target state of the portable in any particular state in which it is used This allows you to do things like carry concurrent interval schedule components to different target states depending upon which time member was satisfied first NOTE You may not retarget portables using a list to select the target state If the portable transition specification line was created using a list to select the target state the list is a master list that is there is only one copy and itis used in every state This preserves the integrity of the list with respect to withdrawal of items and the numberof uses of each item Also note Even if you change the target state specification in every one of the states in which the portable appears this still does not change the state specification you originally entered when the transition line was created That value is retained as a default value in the list for future applications of the line to other states This means that if the original target was FIN and you retargeted FIN to different states in ALL of the states in which the portable appeared FIN would still be considered active in the state flow even though not used The 28 consequences of this will be that it prevents you from selecting an experiment run distribution analysis element where the only route to FIN must be a time Global Whyitis so will be apparent when analysis is discussed RESETTING PORTABLES The power of portables is even
140. to do things like separate the early runs fromthose later in the day on the off chance that you suspect that time of day or temperature in the aftemoon could have had an effect on the data You may restrict the list from all subjects to a group of subjects by entering one or more ofthe 6 characters in the subjectname This presumes of course that you use an attribute based numbering system for your subjects Forexample JFW123 Jones Female Wstar number 123 This will enable you to create an averaged data file forall of Dr Jones female rats from the second lot of 100 purchased and to contrastit to the males or to the first lot The filtering done in this first box does not make the selection of records that will be analyzed Thatis not done until the last box BOX 2 LIST ORDER In this box you may select the orderin which you want the run records to be listed The options are the same as the attributes in the first box session station run and subject I D It makes no difference if you selected none one ormore attributes in the first box you may still arrange the list by any attribute dass in this box When you specify the listing attribute here it will use your selection as the highest level sort and the remaining options in descending order from the top For example if you elected the no filter option default in box 1 and the station list order option in this box the records would be listed with all of the lowest station number u
141. tter The first man said Good evening are you looking for something The second man replied Yes I lost my watch Well I ll help you look for it said the first man After many minutes both of them kicking through rubbish in the sutter and searching to the edge of shadow the first man said It just doesn t look like it s here are you sure this is where you lost it The second man replied Oh no it came off of my wrist back in the alley Then why are you looking here said the first man The second replied There s no light in the alley Graphie State 200 Contents DEFINITIONS and TERMINOL OGY 2 4 GRAPHIC STATE HABITEST INTERFACE HARDWARE SETUP 5 7 MEA SUREMENT CAPABILITIES 8 INTRODUCTION to EXPERIMENT STRUCTURE 8 10 INTRODUCTION to GRAPHIC STATE NOTATION 11 13 GRAPHIC STATE DATA ORGANIZATI ON 13 CREATE SEL ECT PROJECT USER CODE 14 MAIN MENU BAR LISTS 14 15 FILE MENU OPTIONS 15 FILE OPTION Setup Op tions 15 16 FILE OPTION Create Experiment Protocol 17 49 CREATE OPTION 1 CREATING STATES 17 33 NAMING THE STATE 21 22 SELECTING STIMULI 23 EXITING THE STATE STATE EXITS TRANSITIONS or GO TO s 23 24 SPECIFYING EVENT TRANSI TIONS 25 26 SPECIFYING TIME TRANSITIONS 27 SPECIFYING STATE ENTRY TRANSITIONS 28 PORTABLE TRANSITIONS 28 CONJUNCTIVE TRANSI TIONS 30 ERROR CHECKING OF TRANSI TIONS 31 DELETING TRANSITIONS 31 WORKING ON THE NEXT S TATE 31 SPECIAL STATES RDY and FIN 32 EDITING STATES 3
142. using the stimulus presentation but with neither the opportunity nor the requirement to make any response which causes state changes The most prevalent use of the procedure has been in having a second or control animal receive the same lights tones shocks or food pellets as the experimental animal which makes the instrumental appetitive escape and or avoidance responses In current usage the tem paired is sometimes used in place of yoked to indicate that a second subject receives the same stimulus as the subject causing the change as in paired feeding or paired shock This type of yoking is provided forin Graphic State You may elect the yoked option when you log in to run a session The animal causing the changes is the one in the master station GRAPHIC STATE HABITEST INTERFACE HARDWARE SETUP THE POWER BASE INSTALL THE INTERFACE C ARD IN THE COMPUTER EEE CONNECT THE ROUND CABLE FROM THE CARD TO THE CONNECTOR ON THE POWER BASE y LASS RLA cm T NOTE THAT THE STATION NUMBERS BEGIN AT THE TOP OF THE STACK SEE PAGE 7 j ZUGE TEST LL swrorwewrs cueLionrs roe xx SWITCHINPUTS CUE LIGHTS TONE AUX 204 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 E 2 SPARE S FEEDERS 0 2 100 0 B pees eornm j peet ieem RV Pe AO TEST LL ee a a SWITCHINPUTS CUE LIGHTS TONE AUX CENE 1 1 2 1 1 SPARE S FEEDERS HLFE 1 2 1 20P 4 2 2 2 3 E SPARE S LES m SPARE S FEEDERS HLFE 1 2 1 20P 0 70NLY CI COULBOU
143. vents specifically lever presse s runway entries nose pokes etc Analog threshold events like those shown in the upper trace ofthe figure on top of the page are also discrete on off events Circuits which detect the level magnitude or amplitude of an analog cursive or proportional signal are variously known as comparators level detectors Schmitt triggers or threshold detectors These events are just like lever press events except that the Transducer Coupler defines the threshold rather than the spring and metal contacts of a lever The comparator function of the A24 72 Transducer Monitor will detect the point at which an analog signal from a transducer exceeds a given user set level and trigger giving a signal which is on logic 1 an event above the setpoint and off ogic 0 not an event below the setpoint This type of circuit is actually a one bit analog to digital converter The output is represented as a single biton a single wre rather than as a multi bit binary code using a greater number of wires This function will convert an analog signal to a discrete digital event with a user selectable analog level as part of the event definition somewhat analogous to tightening a spring to increase the force required to trip the switch in a lever This allows you to use Graphic State to record the number of times the signal which may represent force temperature acceleration etc went above a value of your choosing 36 Ei
144. whether used in the state flow or not are appended with a run time date in station sample units from the beginning of each experiment run and posted as an R type data record Likewise each state entry state onset along with a note if it was the previous event that caused the transition is entered in the raw data records with a date Raw data then consist of every event and every state entry during the course of the experiment run with the run time date at which it occurred Itisfrom these data that all specified data analysis is done immediately or at some later time aftera session isrun These dated events and state entries are all that is necessary to analyze any andall aspects of the experiment These same R type records will be analyzed when you run a newly created analysis structure to reanalyze existing data to look at some new aspect s of the old experiments In Graphic State all of these state onset and event occurrence raw data are recorded and saved as R type data regardless of the specifics for analysis you append to the protocol as data structures If you later suspect that you may have overlooked aspects of the data that may have meaning in your study you can always go back and analyze any additional aspect s of the raw data for any protocol you wish without running additional animals to get the data In fact you can do a new study from existing data that addresses an entirely new hypothesis This of course requires that the data
145. work requirement in the contingency state The list would contain progressive values for each successive base number required to try probability These numbers need notincrement upon the occasion of each reinforcement because you can create a series of any numbers you desire aslist members For example 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 15 15 20 25 30 etc TO the TARGET STATE is the last specification for the event transition line Here you tell the program where to go if the requisite numberof inputs occurs and the trying of probability is successful The target state specification boxis to the right in each of the 3 types of transition specification bar You may manually enter the target state by typing or using the pull down window There are two ways to spedfy a target state You may directly select or typein the state number BAK or FIN or you may type the number of a target state list from which to draw it discussed below If you select or type BAK it will cause a transition back to the state from which the program came to arrive in the current state Note that this does not mean back to itself i e the present state see the next paragraph Thisis a very nice feature of Graphic State It saves time looking up states but more importantly this makes it possible to use just one single state for things like a reinforcement state which may be entered from many different states to each of which specifically
146. y name of up to 25 characters you want for the state except for the RDY and FIN states If you dicked on New State the next lowest unused number will appear if you clicked S1 it will be S1 If you don t wantto begin creating your protocol at state number 1 you may start wth any number you wish just remember the experiment always starts running with State 1 Next you will have to provide a name When you have entered the name dicking on O K will install the barin the top ofthe state graphic and in the state list or append the name to S1 if you selected S1 and didn t change the number The new name orname and number in the state list will still be in red type because the state is still not complete it needs to have one or more stimuli or NULL meaning none specified and atleast one time or event transition to become a functional state 2 SELECTING STIMULI The second thing to do is to select the stimuli that you want to be turned on during the time this state is active To do this double dick anywhere on the stimulus array box under the state title bar A larger version of the stimulus array box of the state graphic will pop up as shown below To turn on stimuli just click on the small stimulus button for eachitem If you make a mistake cick again to turn them off The buttons will turn the same color as the color of the lamp on the Habitest Linc module The lights on the Lincs indicate that the stimulus is on inthe cage when
147. y of decisions already made about response events Itisa simple matter to record a response event and the current state of the control program Data acquisition in Graphic State is accomplished by reading a file containing all of the responses of the subject input events and all ofthe responses of the control system the changes in stimulus output configuration and associated contingencies A large portion of the data analysis strategy is laid down before you even run an experiment Itis easier to think about the data in terms of the behavior and the stimulus or contingency context in which the behavior occurred Many of today s behavioral analysis procedures are interactive in nature In fact lick suppression passive avoidance aversive conditioned suppression fear conditioning appetitive maze performance and many others are all very much like operant or instrumental protocols in control structure involving a system with feedback The fact that the control system senses the output of the subject and changes the stimulus configuration of his environment and the subject senses the stimulus output of the control system and responds in orderto cause the stimulus change is implicit in the definition of operant orinstrumental methodology The response is instiumental in producing a stimulus change To summarize in simple terms in a state control program like Graphic State the state of the experiment sti muli along with response and time c
148. y of the protocol When you select this option the first windowto appear will be a 2 column list with protocols on the left This windowis almost exactly like the one in CREATE SUMMARY X FILES BY USER DEFINED ATTRIBUTES described above In exactly the same way you select the protocol sessions runs and animals to be induded Then you will be asked to select the data analysis structure and elements to be exported This screen looks just like the one you use when you analyze or review data for individual runs After you dick the Export button you name the file and direct it to be saved in any Windows directory you wish 61 When you open the spreadsheet application just open the raw data file accepting all the defaults in the data import Wizard A sample file from a group of animals is illustrated below UserlD Protocol Session Station Run Subject RunDate RunTime S1 S2 ADMIN 1 1 7 1 110 23 01 08 00 03 127 240 ADMIN 1 1 7 2 210 23 01 09 01 12 60 60 The exact format of the file following the RunTime column will depend on the data analysis element selected 62 DATA RECORD NAME COPY SHEET COPY AND POST BY YOUR COMPUTER ei S A99 XXXXXX799001R o o t 24 amp Se d 7 Ae Y S A D C ES Vo Oy o m 49 N A Project User code Database A to Z 99 Protocol number 01 to 99 XXXXXX Subject I D 6 alphanumeric characters 7 Station number 0 to 7 99 Run number 01 to 99 runs per sessio

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