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ADORE Users Manual - PradeepKGuptaInc.com

1. Moment or misalignment about the Y axis __ Moment or misalignment about the Z axis Figure 12 Schematic of applied moments of misalignments along the base coordinates Note that in angular contact ball bearings when a combined thrust along X axis and radial along Y axis loads are applied the internal load distribution results in a moment about the transverse Y axis When the races are constrained to have zero misalignment this moment will be seen in the output In the event a moment equilibrium is desired under such a condition then the above constraint may be set to zero and also the value of applied moment prescribed later on Record 9 1 may be set to zero This will turn on moment equilibrium under zero external moment Thus the misalignment generated by the internal moment due to a combined thrust and radial load will be computed kFS5 Moment constraint along z axis for quasi static solution 0 prescribed moment 1 prescribed misalignment See discussion above under kFS4 kAngVel Quasi static angular velocity constraint for ball bearings 0 Compute angular velocities by minimizing heat generation in the contacts 1 Use race control hypothesis When performing a static equilibrium the relative axial and radial position of the rolling elements may be computed by the axial and radial equations of equilibrium Similarly the the relative position coordinates of one race relative to the othe
2. ADORE Manual Page 159 of 181 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 ADORE Manual Page 160 of 181 Orientation of the angular velocity vector the angles deg theta 0 and phi which are defined similar to the angles shown above for rolling element orientation Contact loads N or lbf at the outer and inner races Contact angles deg at the outer and inner races Spin to Roll ratios at the outer and inner race contacts Maximum slip velocity m s or in s in the outer and inner race con tacts Heat generation W or in lbf s in the outer and inner race contacts Lubricant film thickness m or in at the outer and inner race con tacts Roller guide flange forces N or Ibf on the two possible outer race guide flanges roller bearings only Roller guide flange geometric interaction m or in at the two possi ble guide flanges on the outer race roller bearings only Heat generation W or in Ibf s at the two outer race flange contacts roller bearings only Roller guide flange forces N or lbf on the two possible inner race guide flanges roller bearings only Roller guide flange geometric interaction m or in at the two possi ble guide flanges on the inner race roller bearings only Heat generation W or in lbf s at the two inner race flange contacts roller bearings only Solution Record for the Cage or Cage Segment The actual num
3. Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kTracClass Traction model class defined as 1 Newtonian elastohydrodynamic model 2 Visco elastic model 3 Traction computations in Adrx7 Under this option Adrx7 is called to compute traction after computing the film thickness which is also passed to Adrx7 for use in traction modeling if necessary kMType Elastohydrodynamic model type 1 Viscosity varies exponentially with temperature for Newtonian model kTrac Class 1 or the viscous term assumes a sinh function in the visco elastic model kTracClass 2 2 Viscosity varies exponentially with inverse of temperature in the Newtonian model kTracClass 1 or the viscous term assumes an arctanh function in the visco elastic model kTracClass 2 kVType Viscosity relation type For the Newtonian model this relation type applies in the low pressure region which is used to compute the lubricant film thickness while the relation type entered above via kMType is used in the high pressure region to compute traction 1 Viscosity varies exponentially with temperature 2 Viscosity varies exponentially with inverse of temperature kGType The shear modulus relation type This is applicable only for the visco elastic models ADORE Manual Page 112 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 113 of 181 1 Shear modulus varies exponentially with temperature 2 Shear modulus varies exponentially with inverse of temperature kSType Criti
4. cageAngPos k Vector of length three containing three transformation angles deg which define initial angular position of the cage relative to the inertial frame 3 10 Traction and Friction Parameters Record 10 0 Traction Model Options This data record is always required There are three types of traction models used in ADORE 1 A hypothetical traction curve defined by four empirical coefficients A B C D A Buje 1 where K is the traction coefficient at slip velocity u Normally the traction coefficient at zero slip velocity is zero Thus D A and the above general equation may be reduced to A Buje ADORE Manual Page 96 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 97 of 181 Thus the model is based on three constitutive constants A B and C which may be computed by the three conditions shown below in the graphical representation of the traction slip equation in figure 33 A A 8 Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 33 Hypothetical traction slip relation In general the hypothetical relationship stated above may be prescribed in two ways 1 Actual values of the coefficients A B C D 2 Four conditions which may be used to compute the coefficients As an additional simplification when the coefficient C is set to zero traction becomes linearly dependent on slip with a slope B Such a model may be valid under low slip conditions bu
5. ADORE can model basically any type of bearing with a restriction that there may be only one row of rolling elements Thus the treatment of spherical roller bearing kBrg 3 which normally contains two rows of rollers is somewhat restricted Spherical roller bear ings may only a radially loaded single row nRe Number of rolling elements ADORE Manual Page 34 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 35 of 181 Limited to 40 by the parameter statement maxRe 40 in module Parameters In the event the number of rolling elements is greater than 40 then this parameter statement must be appropriately modified Like wise if a value of 40 is too high for the intended applications then the value may be appropriately reduces This will result in a reduction in the required run time random access memory RAM nCseg Number of cage segments The bearing cage may be segmented into equal sectors as shown below in figure 9 The segmentation is defined by taking out a small angular sector out of the normal cylindrical cage Segmentation details are input later on Record 7 0 1 Figure 9 Exaggerated view of a two segment cage Maximum number of cage segments is limited to 3 by the parameter statement maxC seg 3 in module Parameters This statement may be appropriately modified if the number of cage segments is greater than 3 For normal one piece cage nNCseg 1 Also note that graphics animation is presently available only for a one piec
6. Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes sProb Survival probability for the bearing brgWbDis Weibull dispersion slope for the bearing This may be different from the values prescribed for the races on records below ADORE Manual Page 86 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 87 of 181 Record 8 6 1 Fatigue Life Parameters for Outer Race Data Record required for arbitrary fatigue life parameters KLifeCons 1 on Rec 3 3 For definition of various constants in the fatigue life model see the following references which document all the life formulae used in ADORE Gupta P K and Tallian T E Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Correction for Materials and Operating Conditions Part III Implementation in Bearing Dynamics Computer Code ASME Journal of Tribology vol 112 pp 23 26 January 1990 Tallian T E A Data Fitted Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Model Part IV Model Implementation for Current Engineering Use STLE Tribology Transactions Vol 39 1996 pp 957 963 Tallian T E Data Fitted Bearing Life Prediction Model for Variable Operating Condi tions STLE Transactions Vol 42 1999 pp 241 249 Gupta P K Oswald F B and Zaretsky E V Comparison of Models Rolling Bearing Dynamic Capacity and Life to be published STLE Transactions Data on this record specifies the parameters for the outer race recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes fco1 Factor which modifies
7. reciprocating engines Such a motion with a constant angular velocity can be simply mod eled with data supplied on Record 9 4 For more complex conditions it will be necessary to use the optional user subroutine Adrx1 kRelP Code for inertial parameters of the rolling elements 0 Standard parameters ideal geometry 1 Inertial parameters for rolling element 1 prescribed on Record 6 1 2 Use the values prescribed on Record 6 1 for all rolling elements 3 Inertial parameters defined in subroutine Adrx8 kRacelP Vector of length 2 containing the inertial parameters option for the races 0 Standard parameters 1 Inertial parameters specified on Records 6 2 k kNumPItElem Number of elements maximum 6 for which the plot output will be saved kPItElemInd Vector of length kNumPItElem containing the indices of the elements in increasing order Bearing elements are numbered sequentially as shown below in figure 16 The indices 1 to nRe see Record 3 2 correspond to the nRe rolling elements nRe 1 to nRe nCseg correspond to the nCseg cage segments and nNRe nCseg 1 and nRe nCseg 2 respectively corresponds to the outer and inner races Rolling Eements 1 tonRe Cage Segments nRe 1 to nRe nCseg Outer Race nRe nCseg 1 Inner Race nRe nCseg 2 Figure 16 Numbering sequence for the bearing elements ADORE Manual Page 46 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 47 of 181 3 4 Bearing Envelope Record 4 Bear
8. 0 then continue else input call identifier defined as follows 1 value at first call for writing any header info before data gt 0 time step number loop indices 101 write desired output to file SOL9 device code is pfile 9 in module Devices all output variables in module Solutions aList 1 powerLoss cPV aList 2 pLt cPV write pfile 9 100 kStep aList 1 2 format 2x Step 1i6 1p 2e14 5 do j 1 nRe aList 1 reSV i j cPV aList 2 reSVt i j cPV aList 3 conWidthA i j sLen aList 4 conWidthB i j sLen aList 5 7 conPosR 1 3 i j sLen contact position x y z step total power loss amp time averaged power loss start race loop nRe gt BrgGeom rolling element loop re race intantaneous power loss cPV gt Constants re race time averaged power loss major contact half width sLen gt Constants minor contact half width rel to race ctr in race frame write pfile 9 101 i j aList 1 7 format 2x 2i3 1p 8e14 5 end do end do do i 1 nCseg do j 1 nPoc i do k 1 nPocSur j i start cage segment loop nCseg gt BrgGeom start cage pocket loop nPoc gt BrgGeom start pocket guide surface loop nPocSur gt BrgGeom ADORE Manual Page 180 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 181 of 181 aList 1 pocSV k j i cPV instantaneous power loss at pocket contact aList 2 pocSVt k j i cPV time averaged power loss at pocket cont
9. AISI 52100 Bearing Steel 101 M350 Bearing Steel 102 M50 VIM VAR Bearing Steel 103 440C Stainless Steel 104 430 Ferratic Stainless Steel 105 410 Martenitic Stainless Steel 106 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel 107 AMS 5898 Cronidur 30 Stainless Steel 108 AMS 5643 17 4PH Stainless Steel 110 C1045 Steel 111 AISI 4340 Steel ADORE Manual Page 72 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 73 of 181 112 Inconel 625 Alloy 113 Inconel 718 Alloy 114 AISI 304HN High Nitrogen Steel 120 M 50 Nil Case hardened steel 121 P 675 HTT Case hardened steel 122 P 675 LTT Case hardened steel 150 Si3N4 Silicon Nitride 151 Zirconium Oxide ZrO2 160 Copper 161 Brass 162 Bronze 200 Bearing Grade Peek 201 Polyamide Nylon 202 Armalon 203 Carbon Phenolic 204 Carbon Phenolic 10 MoS2 205 Cotton Phenolic 206 Graphite 207 Teflon PTFE Record 7 0 1 Cage Segmentation Details The record is record is required only for segmented cage NCSeg gt 1 on Record 3 2 For a segmented cage it is necessary that all segments be identical to each other and the seg mentation takes place either in the center of the pockets or in the center of the wall between pockets The geometry of a segmented cage is prescribed simply as if it were a full one piece cage Segmentation is introduced by specifying the number of segments and the angular width of cut degrees used to segment the cage No hydrodynamic effects both in the cage pocket and at the cage ra
10. Data Fitted Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Model Part IV Model Implementation for Current Engineering Use STLE Tribology Transactions Vol 39 1996 pp 957 963 Tallian T E Data Fitted Bearing Life Prediction Model for Variable Operating Condi tions STLE Transactions Vol 42 1999 pp 241 249 The data on this record corresponds to the inner race recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes rmsAspSlope2 Composite rms asperity slope rad for inner race shearLmt2 Limit shear stress Pa or Ibf in for inner race asp Trac2 Asperity traction coefficient for inner race resStress2 Residual stress Pa or Ibf in in the inner race facMat2 Material factor for the inner race Suggested values 52100 Steel 1 197 8620 Steel 1 773 M50 Steel 2 267 facCont2 Contamination for the inner race Suggested default 1 0 ADORE Manual Page 90 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 91 of 181 For VIMVAR process for aerospace applications a factor as low as 0 10 may be used facProc2 Materials processing factor for the inner race Suggested values CVD old Carbon vacuum deoxidation through hardening steel groups pre dating 1975 2 58 CVD new Carbon vacuum deoxidation through hardening steel groups dating 1975 and later 0 077 Default CVD carb Carbon vacuum deoxidation carburizing steel all dates 4 85 VIMVAR Vacuum induction melt vacuum are remelt 0 003 established with contamination
11. Direction of Rotation ADORE Manual Page 162 of 181 Load Vector We Figure 75 Ball Cage contact angles for spherical pockets With the pocket denoted as i i 1 n n being the number of pockets and guide surface denoted as j J 1 m where m 1 for all pockets except square and rectangular in which case m 4 the cage pocket solutions for ball bearings are documented as follows Variable 24 i 1 4m j 1 4 1 24 i 1 4m j 1 44 2 24 i 1 4m G 1 4 3 24 i 1 4m j 1 4 4 Description Contact force N or lbf in pocket i on guide surface j Geometric interaction m or in in pocket i on guide surface j Contact angle O deg in pocket i on guide surface j Contact angle b deg in pocket i on guide surface j For roller bearings there are always multiple guide surfaces and the contact angle 0 as defined above for ball bearings will either be zero or 180 respectively for the guide surfaces which drive or get driven by the rolling elements Since the surfaces are flat the contact angle Q is always zero Except for roller bearings with cylindrical pockets where q will define the angular position of roller cage contact similar to ball bearings with spherical pockets Thus for each guide surface there are three solutions recorded for roller bearings For cylindrical pockets these solu tions are contact force geometric interaction and contact angle p For all other pocket shapes the c
12. Frame Rotates in an Orbit Orbit in which the Bearing Center Moves Space Fixed Coordinate Frame Figure 32 Simulation of rotating reference frames reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes brgOrbitRad Radius of orbit m or in in which the bearing center travels brgAngPos Initial angular position deg of bearing center brgAngVel Angular velocity rpm at which the bearing center rotates brgLoadFrac1 Fraction on the inertial load exerted on the outer race to be supported by the bearing ADORE Manual Page 95 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 96 of 181 brgLoadFrac2 Fraction on the inertial load exerted on the inner race to be supported by the bearing Record 9 5 k k 1 nCseg Cage Initial Position Data on this record is required only for bearings with cage NCseg gt 0 on Record 3 2 This record contains the initial parameters for the cage or cage segment in case of a segmented cage The data record is repeated for each cage segment reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes pocLubFilm k Maximum lubricant film m or in in cage pocket wvRatio k Ratio of initial cage mass center whirl velocity to cage angular velocity avRatio k Ratio of initial cage angular velocity to the epicyclic value cageGcPos k Vector of length three containing the initial position x y z coordinates of the cage m or in mass center relative to the locus of the centers of rolling elements
13. Imperfections on Outer Race for Cylindrical and Tapered Roller Bearings This record is required only when geometric imperfections are to be prescribed on the outer race for cylindrical and tapered roller bearings kRaceGeolmp1 gt 0 and kBrg 2 or 4 on Record 3 2 For cylindrical and tapered roller bearings there are three imperfections race out of round ness central land offset and race taper With the imperfection code KRaceGeolmp1 1 the out of roundness is modeled by an elliptical profile while a sinusoidal variation is considered ADORE Manual Page 61 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 62 of 181 with kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Both the other imperfections central land offset and race taper are always modeled by a sinusoidal variation An elliptical variation if defined in terms of deviation of the semi major and minor axes from the nominal race radius Thus if a and b are respectively the deviation of the semi major and minor axes from the nominal race radius then the elliptical profile is defined the following major and minor axes Semi major axis nominal race radius a Semi minor axis nominal race radius b The general form of a sinusoidal imperfection a is defined by a constant A amplitude a frequency and phase shift a A a sin 0 where 0 is the angular position relative to the body fixed z axis measured as a rotation about the body fixed x axis which is also the bearing axis as shown earlier in figure 23
14. Outer Race Whirl Orbit Outer Race Whirl Orbit a 7 Initial Position of Outer Race Center Figure 31 Rotating load simulation in terms of race mass center orbits reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes rotLoadFrac1 Ratio of outer race orbit radius to relative radial deflection the bearing when a fraction of radial load rotates with the outer race rotLoadFrac2 Ratio of inner race orbit radius to relative radial deflection the bearing when a fraction of radial load rotates with the inner race rotLloadRpm1 Rotational speed rpm of load rotating with outer race rotLloadRpm2 Rotational speed rpm of load rotating with inner race ADORE Manual Page 94 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 95 of 181 Record 9 4 Rotating Reference Frame This record is required only for rotating reference frames KRotFrame 1 on Record 3 4 Normally all equations of motion are written in a space fixed coordinate frame located at the bearing center However if the bearing as a whole rotates in space such as in a crank shaft or a planetary gear then additional transport and Corioliss components must be added to the equations of motion Under the rotating reference frame option a simple orbital motion with a constant velocity is simulated as schematically shown below in figure 32 More complicated motion at variable orbit radius and rotating speed may be modeled in the user programmable subroutine Adrx1 Bearing Reference
15. RATIO Whirl velocity represents the angular velocity of cage mass center about the bearing center The WHIRL RATIO is ratio of this angular velocity to the angu lar velocity of the rotating race In the event both races are rotating then the higher of the two velocities is used as the base velocity RADIAL Radial component of the cage mass center velocity AXIAL Axial component of the cage mass center velocity Plot 2 Cage Race Interaction at Guide Land 1 NOR FORCE Cage Race normal contact force at guide land 1 GEO INT Geometric interaction at guide land 1 Geometric interaction represents the clearance on contact deflection at the interacting cage and race surfaces A negative value of GEO INT represents contact while a positive value represents clearance CONTACT ANGLE Angular position of cage race contact or geometric interaction on guide land 1 in a cage fixed coordinate frame as shown below AZ Direction of Rotation Line of minimum geometric interaction of film thickness Cage fixed reference frame pe Y Cage Race contact angle Cage Race Figure 60 Schematic of cage race contact angle Plot 3 Cage Race Interaction at Guide Land 2 NOR FORCE Cage Race normal contact force at guide land 2 GEO INT Geometric interaction at guide land 2 Geometric interaction represents the clearance on contact deflection at the interacting cage and race surfaces A negative value of GEO INT represents c
16. The general form of a sinusoidal imperfection a is defined by a constant A amplitude a frequency and phase shift a At a sin where 0 is the angular position relative to the body fixed z axis measured as a rotation about the body fixed x axis which is also the bearing axis as shown earlier in figure 23 With kRaceGeolmp2 2 the race radius is defined by the above sinusoidal function How ever the constant A is inherently set to zero so this variable is not required for race radius variation The variation in other parameters such as race land offset and taper are always defined by the general sinusoidal variation stated above Some of the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes rndVar12 For kKRaceGeolmp2 1 Deviation m or in of the semi major axis of the elliptical race profile from the nominal race radius For kKRaceGeolmp2 2 Amplitude m or in of Out of roundness variation rndVar22 For kKRaceGeolmp2 1 Ratio of the semi major to minor axis deviation from the nominal race radius For kRaceGeolmp2 2 ADORE Manual Page 65 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 66 of 181 Frequency cycles of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal f
17. and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceMass2 Effective mass kgm or lbf of inner race raceMIx2 Inner race moment of inertia kgm m or Ibm in7 about its polar axis X raceMly2 Inner race moment of inertia kgm m or Ibm in7 about its transverse axis Y raceMlz2 Inner race moment of inertia kgm m or lbm in7 about its transverse axis Z raceGeoCenx2 X component m or in of vector locating inner race geometric center relative to its mass center in race frame raceGeoCenY2 Y component m or in of vector locating inner race geometric center relative to its mass center in race frame raceGeoCenZ2 Z component m or in of vector locating inner race geometric center relative to its mass center in race frame raceFrameXx2 X transformation angle deg defining inner race geometric frame relative to its principal frame raceFrameY2 Y transformation angle deg defining inner race geometric frame relative to its principal frame ADORE Manual Page 69 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 70 of 181 raceFrameZ2 Z transformation angle deg defining inner race geometric frame relative to its principal frame 3 7 Cage Parameters Record 7 0 Cage Options This record is required only if a cage is present nCseg gt 0 on Record 3 2 recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kPocType Cage po
18. desired plots can be interactively selected The various plots and variables plotted in each data set are discussed in the following sections 4 2 1 Power Dissipation and Life There are four plots in this set Plot 1 Overall Power Loss and Life Power Loss The total heat generated in the bearing at all interactions in included in this variable In addition to all concentrated contacts such as rolling element to race and cage contacts with the rolling elements and race the energy dissipated in churning and drag is also included Churning Contribution Fraction of total power loss dissipated in churning and drag in included in this variable Fatigue Life Algorithms used in ADORE for computing fatigue life assume that the applied loads at the various contacts exist indefinitely Thus variations in fatigue life do not have any physical significance The life value plotted at any instant of time represents the computed life at that instant with the assumption and the load conditions are static and they exists indefinitely Plot 2 Applied Moments Applied Moment gt X Comp Sum of all moment exerted on the outer and inner races along the bearing axis is included in this variable Note this variable is simply one compo nent of exerted moment and a multiplication of this moment by the race angular velocity may not give the total power loss in the bearing Applied Moment gt Y Comp Similar to the first variable on this plot this vari
19. edge relative to race geometry 4 1 4 Time Averaged Wear Rates The wear rate at any interaction is computed by the well known Archard s wear equation w KOVO where w t is the volumetric wear rate at any instant of time t Q t and V t are respectively the instantaneous contact load and sliding velocity functions K is the wear coefficient and H is hardness of the material Since for rolling element race contacts the sliding velocities and loads may greatly vary over the contact zone the product QV is replaced by an integral of the load slip product over the con tact zone Also for these interactions the wear is divided between the races and the rolling ele ments according to the prescribed wear coefficients For the rolling element cage and cage race interactions all the wear is assumed to occur on the cage This is quite reasonable since in most cases the material of the cage will be softer than that of the rolling elements or the races Since all loads and sliding velocities are functions of time the wear rates also vary with time and any instantaneous value of the wear rate has little practical significance The wear rates are therefore time averaged over the time of bearing performance simulation As the bearing reaches a steady state condition these time averaged wear rates tend to assume fairly constant values Thus subject to the uncertainty in the wear coefficients these average rates may be used to com pute wear
20. elements W m K or Ibf in in R s reESL Elastic strain limit for the rolling element reH Rolling element hardness Rockwell C rewC Rolling element wear coefficient Record 8 2 1 Outer Race Material Properties Required for arbitrary material properties of the outer race KRaceMat1 gt 0 Rec 3 3 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceDent Material density kgm m or Ibm in for outer race raceEM1 Elastic modulus N m or Ibf in for outer race racePR1 Poisson s ratio for outer race raceCTE1 Coefficient of thermal expansion m m K or in in R for outer race raceHC1 Heat capacity of outer race J kg K or Ibf in Ibm R raceTC1 Thermal conductivity of outer race W m K or Ibf in in R s raceESL1 Elastic strain limit for the outer race raceH1 Hardness Rockwell C for outer race raceWC1 Wear coefficient for outer race ADORE Manual Page 83 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 84 of 181 Record 8 2 2 Inner Race Material Properties Required for arbitrary material properties of the inner race KRaceMat2 gt 0 Rec 3 3 recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceDen2 Material density kgm m or Ibm in for inner race raceEM2 Elastic modulus N m or Ibf in for inner race racePR2 Poisson s ratio for inner race raceCTE2 Coefficient of thermal expansion m m K or in in R for inner race raceHC2 Heat capacity of inner race J kg K or I
21. factor facCont2 0 10 for aerospace applications Record 8 6 6 STLE Life Modification Parameters for Inner Race Data record required for arbitrary life modification parameters for the STLE model kLifeMod 99 on Rec 3 3 The data on this record corresponds to the inner race reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes facMatLF1 STLE materials factor of the inner race facProcLF1 STLE materials processing factor of the inner race hardnessLF 1 STLE hardness factor of the inner race 3 9 Operating Conditions Record 9 0 Mounted Race Fits recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes roomTemp Room temperature K or R raceFit1 Diametral mounted shrink fit allowance on outer race m or in at room temperature raceFit2 Diametral mounted shrink fit allowance on inner race m or in at room temperature ADORE Manual Page 91 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 92 of 181 For an interference fit the shrink fit allowance is positive while a negative value indicates a loose fit Record 9 1 1 Applied Loads or Displacements The operating data supplied on records 9 1 1 and 9 1 2 is used for computing the quasi static equilibrium solution which may be used for computing the initial conditions for the dynamic solutions Any time dependent operating conditions must be programmed in the optional sub routine Adrx1 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes appLoadX Applie
22. flange exists ADORE Manual Page 36 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 37 of 181 See discussion above under kFlngInd11 kFlIngind12 Existence of roller guide flange on the negative x axis of the inner race 0 No guide flange present 1 Guide flange exists See discussion above under kFlngInd11 kFIngind22 Existence of roller guide flange on the positive x axis of the inner race 0 No guide flange present 1 Guide flange exists See discussion above under kFlnglnd11 Spherical bearing kBrg 3 should be free of any race flanges kFlngind11 kFingInd21 kFlngInd12 kFlingInd22 0 Record 3 3 Program Options Set 2 This record is always required recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kFS1 Constraint along the x axis for quasi static solution 0 prescribed force 1 prescribed displacement ADORE accepts either force or displacement constraints along the X Y Z axes of the base coordinate system shown below in Figure 11 In other words either a load may be applied along a given axis or the races may be displaced by a given amount relative to each other In the latter case the load generated by the imposed displacement is computed Normally the thrust load is prescribed about the positive X axis Such a flexibility is particularly useful in modeling a preloaded pair of angular contact ball bearing where an initial run may be made with the prescribed preload at room tempera ture and the resulting axia
23. has a value of 1 otherwise it is set to zero 7 Flange indicator flag for the inner race When the race flanges exist on the inner race either KFlnglnd12 or kFlnglnd22 on Record 3 2 is nonzero this flag has a value of 1 otherwise it is set to zero ADORE Manual Page 157 of 181 18 19 20 ADORE Manual Page 158 of 181 A vector of length 10 containing the length of character strings in each component of the units vector described later Bearing type as defined in input data record 3 2 Cage pocket code as defined in input data record 7 0 Number of active surfaces in the cage pocket This depends on the pocket shape For example for a rectangular pocket in a roller bear ing there are two active surface while for a ball bearing with cylin drical pocket there is one continuous surface The fourth and last line in the file header contains the units vector which is a character string array of length 10 in format 2x 10 A10 2x The components of this array contain the various units used in the plots The number of characters in each unit components in contained in vari ables 8 17 as discussed above The last component is blank and this is used in place of units when the variable plotted is dimensionless 5 5 2 Solution Records After the above header information the solution records are stored in the files at each selected time step see description of input variable kPItFreq on Record 1 The first line in the solution r
24. inner radii m or in ADORE Manual Page 166 of 181 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 7 2 Solution Record ADORE Manual Page 167 of 181 Cage outer and inner radial clearances m or in Cage pocket clearances I and II m or in as defined in input data record 7 3 Rolling element radius m or in Pitch diameter of the bearing m or in Outer race outer and inner radii m or in Inner race outer and inner radii m or in The first line in the solution record contains three variables in format 2x i16 6e16 7 The variables are Variable 1 2 3 Description Time step number Bearing rotation in revolutions Current value of real time seconds Subsequent lines in the solution record which is composed of 11 variables for each rolling element 10 variables for the cage and 6 variables for each of the races For a bearing with n roll ing elements first n sets of 11 variables each are assembled for the rolling elements then the 10 variables for the cage are added and finally the two sets of 6 variables each are added for the two races The data is written in format 2x 13e10 3 Notation for the units are identical to that used earlier for other plots files In addition a notation B for rolling elements C for cage and R for race is used in the following description of the different variables Variable 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 1 3 4 6 7 8 Description Rolling element mass center coordinates axial m
25. interactively A detailed explanation of the various input variables is the subject of this chapter section of the manual Most the information presented below is also available on the interactive help screens which are part of the input facilities Before discussing the data records in detail the following brief comments about data format may be noted i All the data is assembled in an ASCII text file 2 The first variable on each data record recID is a text string with a maximum of 12 char acters enclosed in single quotes The string is simply read and printed out in the input data list Although the string may contain any arbitrary information it is recommended that the record title is coded here This facilitates identification of invalid data records when exe cuting ADORE All variable names beginning with letter a h and o z are real floating point numbers and it is essential to specify decimal point in appropriate location These variable names are color coded to red in the following discussion Variable names beginning with letter i n are all integers and these must be coded with no decimal point These variables are color coded to blue in the following discussion All other variables are character variables and they must enclosed in single quotes such as the variable recID These variables are not color coded and they are left at the default text color The data is assembled in free format as permitted by ANSI FORTRAN 90 s
26. is repeated for each guide land reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceGsRadVar1 First race land radius variation parameter defined as kRaceGsImp 1 Elliptical race guide land semi Y axis nominal radius m or in kRaceGsImp 2 Sinusoidal variation in guide land radius Amplitude of radius variation m or in raceGsRadVar2 Second race land radius variation parameter defined as kRaceGsImp 1 Elliptical race guide land semi Z axis nominal radius m or in kRaceGsImp 2 Sinusoidal variation in guide land radius Frequency of radius variation defined as number of peaks in the radius profile raceGsRadVar3 Third race land radius variation parameter defined as kRaceGsImp 1 Elliptical race guide land This parameter is not used it may be left at a value of 0 kRaceGsImp 2 Sinusoidal variation in guide land radius Phase shift deg of radius variation Record 7 7 Arbitrary Inertial parameters for the Cage This record is required when arbitrary inertial parameters for the cage have to be prescribed Only for arbitrary inertial parameters for the cage nCseg gt 0 on Record 3 2 and kKCagelP gt 0 on Rec 7 0 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageMass Cage mass kgm or Ibm cageMIx Moment of inertia k m m or Ibm in2 of the cage about the polar x axis 8 8 p ADORE Manual Page 81 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 82 of 181 cageMly
27. mobil jet ii MIL L 27502 or mcs 1780 a high temp version of 23699 Traction fluid Santotrac 30 Traction fluid Santotrac 50 Visco Elastic model for the MIL L 7808 lubricant Traction model with user defined coefficients This case is different from the case kTrac 0 in the sense that the traction slip behavior is computed by the Newtonian model used under kTrac 1 to 7 and a visco elastic model for kTrac 8 however the various coefficients of the consti tutive equation of the lubricant are supplied by the user on records 10 4 k Note that even if kTrac gt 0 data for kTrac 0 is still required for use when the elastohydrodynamic traction model breaks down kTracType Hypothetical traction model type at rolling element to race contact Ki 0 kCPTrac Coefficients A B C D are directly prescribed The simplified two slopes model Four conditions to compute coefficients A B C D Traction asymptotes to a maximum value with defined slope at zero slip See discussion above Rolling element to cage traction model type 1 Arbitrary traction model in user subroutine ADRX7 0 Hypothetical model kCPTracType Hypothetical model type at rolling element to cage contact when KCPTrac 0 1 0 kCRTrac Coefficients A B C D are directly prescribed The simplified two slopes model Four conditions to compute coefficients A B C D Traction asymptotes to a maximum value with defined slope at zero slip See d
28. modeling where critical rotor speed and over all rotor response is computed By setting kStif equal to a number greater than 0 ADORE will perform a quasi static analysis to compute a bearing stiffness speed table There will be kStif points in the table and the initial and final speeds are defined later on Record 9 2 kChrn Churning code 0 Neglect churning 1 Include churning with lubricant properties derived from the lubricant model speci fied by parameter kTrac on Record 10 0 2 Include churning with specified lubricant properties 3 Include churning with liquid oxygen as churning media 4 Include churning with liquid hydrogen as churning media 5 Include churning with liquid nitrogen as churning media 6 Include churning with air at atmospheric pressure as churning media 7 Include churning with water as churning media kReMat Material code for the rolling elements 0 Default material AISI 52100 bearing steel 1 Material with properties specified on Record 8 1 2 Material properties to be extracted from user data base via user subroutine ADRXO m Material code for property data base in ADORE See available material codes below kRaceMat1 Material code for outer race 0 Default material AISI 52100 bearing steel 1 Race material properties specified on record 8 2 1 2 Material properties to be extracted from user data base via user subroutine ADRXO ADORE Manual Page 42 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 43 of 181 m Mater
29. number of integer variables in format 2x 2016 A description of these variables is as follows Variable Description 1 Number of data values in the solution record discussed later in this section 2 Number of rolling elements in the bearing 3 Number of rolling elements contained in a cage segment when the cage is segmented For a one piece cage this variable is equal to the number of rolling elements 4 Number of cage segments in the bearing Index of the bearing element as defined in input data record 3 4 associated with the data file 6 Flange indicator flag for the outer race When the race flanges exist on the outer race either kKFlngind11 or kFlnglnd21 on Record 3 2 is nonzero this flag has a value of 1 otherwise it is set to zero 7 Flange indicator flag for the inner race When the race flanges exist on the inner race either KFlnglnd12 or kFlnglnd22 on Record 3 2 is nonzero this flag has a value of 1 otherwise it is set to zero 8 17 A vector of length 10 containing the length of character strings in each component of the units vector described later 18 Bearing type as defined in input data record 3 2 19 Cage pocket code as defined in input data record 7 0 ADORE Manual Page 164 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 165 of 181 20 Number of active surfaces in the cage pocket This depends on the pocket shape For example for a rectangular pocket in a roller bear ing there are two active surface while for a bal
30. of cage pocket contact while the contact force is displayed the right in the data area By using the frame advance buttons the rolling element to cage collisions can be interactively tracked ADORE Manual Page 153 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 154 of 181 Figure 72 Typical rolling element view as provided by AGORE Figure 69 above shows the typical rolling element motion view As the rolling element moves around the bearing the contact loads and maximum slip in the contact are displayed in this view in an animated fashion The data area contains the rolling element orbital and angular velocities which are plotted as ratios to the shaft angular velocity A large variation in these ratios will repre sent bearing skid The above example represents a ball bearing example Similar animations may be obtained with a roller bearing where the roller flange interaction is also included In addition the race motion may also be seen These view may be useful when the race is subjected to motion due to rotating load external vibrations or other more complicated conditions ADORE Manual Page 154 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 155 of 181 5 DATA MANAGEMENT IN ADORE Since ADORE provides a time transient analysis the output for a typical run containing sev eral thousands of time steps may be prohibitively large Also after making a run for a definite number of time steps and after reviewing the results it may be found that the performance simula tio
31. print output produced at selected time step the code under this mode is executed only when the print output is required as defined by options on adore input record 1 mode 5 icm 1 3 certain output can be stored in data files created by the user at first call to this subroutine called with icm 1 1 the output flag jcm 1 must be set to gt 1 at the first call initiated with icm 1 1 the subroutine is never called after the very first call unless this flag is set to gt 1 significance of jcm 1 is as follows 1 compute model only no output is controlled 2 computations with output control all computations are perfomed in dimensionless form the force length and time scale values as available in the subroutine must be used for dimensional organization of all ADORE Manual Page 170 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 171 of 181 computed functions 4 all force vectors are prescribed in an inertial coordinate frame which is firxed in space with origin at the bearing center 5 all moments are prescribed in body fixed coordinate frames appropriate transformation matrices from inertial to body fixed coordinates are available within the subroutine 6 all input output variables are transmitted via common blocks use Parameters base parameters use Devices input output and other fortran devices use SubxX primary module to provide interface this subroutine use Constants module containing various constant
32. race romi Angular velocity of outer race rpm rom2 Angular velocity of the inner race rpm Record 9 2 Parameters for Stiffness Computations The data record is required only for stiffness computations kStif gt 0 on Record 3 3 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes pctDisp Percent displacement increment for stiffness computation rpmRange11 Initial outer race velocity rpm in stiffness speed table rpmRange21 Final outer race velocity rpm in stiffness speed table ADORE Manual Page 93 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 94 of 181 rpmRange12 Initial inner race velocity rpm in stiffness speed table rpmRange22 Final inner race velocity rpm in stiffness speed table Record 9 3 Rotating Loads This data record is required only for rotating loads KRotLoad gt 0 on Rec 3 4 Rotating radial loads are simulated by applying a whirl motion to the races where the race center rotates relative to a fixed point in space with a prescribed velocity The radius of the whirl orbit is specified as a fraction of the maximum radial displacement resulting from the sum of stationary and rotating load Thus the initial radial load on Record 9 1 1 must be set equal to the sum of fixed and rotating loads The figure 31 schematically shows the whirl orbits and the related parameters Initial Position of Inner Race Center Inner Race Whirl Orbit re Relative Race Position at any Time aA Center of
33. reFlngT C4 Slip velocity m s or in s corresponding to maximum traction Labeled as Un in figure 40 above Record 10 2D Rolling Element to Race Flange Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data is required when KRFTracType 2 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed esde aD recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reFlngTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to race flange contact reFlngTC2 Maximum asymptotic traction coefficient at infinite slip for the rolling element to race flange contact reFlngTC3 Traction slope at zero slip at the rolling element to race flange contact reFlngTC4 Presently not used Record 10 3 Critical Film Thickness and Lubricant Starvation This data record is required for elastohydrodynamic traction models only kTrac gt 0 on Record 10 0 For lubricated contacts a critical value of film thickness is defined on this record When the computed actual film thickness is less than this critical value then a metal contact is assumed and the elastohydrodynamic traction model is replaced by a hypothetical model prescribed on record 10 1 Normally this critical film thickness may be set equal to the composite surface ADORE Manual Page 110 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 111 of 181 roughness of the inte
34. rotation about the y axis bPocGsAng3 i Pocket guide surface transformation angle z deg locating the guide surface frame rela tive to the pocket frame The angle is defined as rotation about the z axis bPocGsCen1 i X coordinate of guide surface m or in center relative to the pocket center ADORE Manual Page 78 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 79 of 181 bPocGsCen2 i Y coordinate of guide surface m or in center relative to the pocket center bPocGsCen3 i Z coordinate of guide surface m or in center relative to the pocket center bPocGsLen1 i Guide surface width m or in surface dimension along the z axis as shown above bPocGsLen2 i Guide surface length m or in surface dimension along the x axis Record 7 4 Cage Pocket Geometric Imperfections This record is required only when a cage is present nCseg gt 0 on Rec 3 2 and the cage pocket geometric imperfection flag kCagePocImp on Record 7 0 has a value between 1 and 3 0 lt kCagePocImp lt 4 The data contains deviation of the various geometrical parameters from their nominal values specified on Record 7 1 and the actual type of variations are defined by the value of kCageP ocImp as follows kCagePocImp 1 The specified data represents actual deviation of the various dimensions from their nominal value on Record 7 1 for pocket 1 only All other pockets have no imper fections kCagePocImp 2 The specified data represents actual deviation of
35. s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC3 Coefficient C s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC4 Coefficient D in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to rolling ele ment contact Record 10 5 3B Rolling Element to Rolling Element Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients Data on this record is presently used only for ball bearings ADORE Manual Page 127 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 128 of 181 This data record is required for cageless bearings NCSeg 0 Record 3 2 and KRRTracType 0 on Record 10 0 The data specifies the two slopes and the transition point of the two slopes model as shown below in figure 49 for the rollling element to rolling element contact Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 49 Simplified two slopes traction model recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reReTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip at the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC2 Traction slip slope s m or s n for slip lt reReTC4 Slope B in figure 49 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable reReTC4 below reReTC3 Traction slip slope s m or s n for slip gt reReTC4 Slope C in figure 49 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable reReTC4 below reReTC4 S
36. single quotes ADORE Manual Page 123 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 124 of 181 cageRaceTC1 Coefficient A in the hypothetical traction relation for cage to race contact cageRaceTC2 Coefficient B s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the cage to race con tact cageRaceTC3 Coefficient C s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the cage to race con tact cageRaceTC4 Coefficient D in the hypothetical traction relation for the cage to race contact Record 10 5 2B Cage to Race Contact Coefficients of the Two Slopes Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when a race guided cage is present in the bearing nCseg gt 0 Record 3 2 iCageGuide i gt 0 on Record 7 0 and KCRTracType 0 on Record 10 0 The data specifies the two slopes and the transition point of the two slopes model as shown below in figure 46 for the Cage to Race contact Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 46 Simplified two slopes traction model reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageRaceTCt1 Traction coefficient at zero slip at the cage to race contact ADORE Manual Page 124 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 125 of 181 cageRaceTC2 Traction slip slope s m or s in for slip lt cageRaceTC4 Slope B in figure 46 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable cageRaceT C4 below cageRaceTC3 Traction slip slope s m or s in for slip gt c
37. slip slope s m or s in for slip lt reFlngTC4 Slope B in figure 39 above The transition velocity 4 is specified in variable reFingTC4 below reFlngTC3 Traction slip slope s m or s n for slip gt reFlngTC4 Slope C in figure 39 above The transition velocity U is specified in variable reFingTC4 below reFlngTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s separating the two slopes Shown as u in figure 39 above Record 10 2C Rolling Element to Flange Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required for roller bearing with guide flanges kKFlnglndxx gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kRFTracType 1 on Rec 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A B C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed A Buje 1 as shown below in figure 40 z K z mp 2 2 3 Koo 2 3 e Um Slip Velocity U Figure 40 Hypothetical traction slip relation recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reFlngTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to flange contact ADORE Manual Page 109 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 110 of 181 reFlngTC2 Maximum traction coefficient at the rolling element to flange contact Labeled as K in figure 40 above reFlngTC3 Traction coefficient at infinite slip at the rolling element to flange contact Labeled as K 5 in figure 40 above
38. slopes model 1 Four conditions to compute coefficients A B C D 1 Coefficients A B C D are directly prescribed 2 Traction asymptotes to a maximum value with defined slope at zero slip 2 An elastohydrodynamic model based on the energy equation through the lubricant film and Newtonian behavior of the lubricant Energy Equation K T ADORE Manual Page 98 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 99 of 181 where K T t and are respectively the thermal conductivity temperature shear stress and strain rate while z is the coordinate direction through the film Ou Geometric Compatibility Tig 5 t p T x where u is the slip velocity and the strain rate is a function of shear stress pressure p and temperature T T Constitutive Equation t p T u p T where the viscosity u p T as a function of pressure p and temperature T may assume one of the following types of relations Type I Relation u u explap B T T Type II Relation u Ho EXP ov 3 7 o where a B and Ho are respectively the pressure viscosity coefficient tempera ture viscosity coefficient and reference viscosity at a reference temperature bs At any point in the contact the energy geometric compatibility and constitutive equations are solved simultaneously through the film with the prescribed velocities and temperatures at the interacting surfaces and at a given pressure The slip distri bution through t
39. split outer race In some bearing applications the races may be split in two parts see figure 19 below Then a shim of a given thickness is placed between the two parts of the races before the groove is ground Upon assembly the shim is taken out thus creating an arched configuration where the ball can actually contact both parts or arches of the race The thickness of the shim used will affect the actual internal clearance and free contact angle Although ADORE does not model dual contacts on a race this variable is used to make appropriate adjustment to bearing internal clearances is made and based on contact angle the possibility of dual contact is indicated in the print output In addition the position of the inner edge of contact in relation to the central race split is also included in the print output shimThickness2 Shim thickness m or in for split inner race Although ADORE does not model dual contacts on a race this variable is used to make appropriate adjustment to bearing internal clearances is made and based on contact angle the possibility of dual contact is indicated in the print output rmsAspHt1 Composite surface roughness m or in at outer race contact rmsAspHt2 Composite surface roughness m or in at inner race contact ADORE Manual Page 49 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 50 of 181 Races with Shims Installed Races with Shims Removed a Shim Thickness pP Inner Shim Thickness Figure 19 Geometr
40. the cage race contact 6 6 Subroutine ADRX5 Variation in roller radius as a function of the axial and circumferential position on the roller surface can be programmed in this subroutine Thus roller out of roundness roller coning and similar effects can be very easily programmed 6 7 Subroutine ADRX6 This subroutine is identical in scope to ADRX5 except that it provides the variation in the radius of the interacting surface of the race Also for ball and spherical roller bearings the varia tion in curvature across the groove may be programmed in this subroutine 6 8 Subroutine ADRX7 Any arbitrary traction slip relation for the rolling element to race contact may be prescribed in this subroutine Aside from prescribing an equation actual traction slip data may be inserted in a tabular form and the data may be interpolated for appropriate conditions in the rolling element to race contact When this subroutine is activated all standard traction models for the rolling element to race contact are bypassed and the data prescribed herein is used 6 9 Subroutine ADRX8 This subroutine is called only once after all the input data is read in from the data file DATA txt in a start up run The purpose of the routine is to prescribe arbitrary geometrical imper fections on rolling elements and in the cage pockets Since the number of variables here is quite large this data is collected from this subroutine while providing the user with the freedo
41. the default fatigue constant for the original Lundberg Palmgen model for the outer race Default value is 1 0 fcLP1 Factor which modifies the default fatigue constant for the updated Lundberg Palmgen model for the outer race Default value is 1 0 shExLP1 Shear stress exponent in the updated Lundberg Palmgren model for the outer race depExLP1 Shear stress depth exponent in the updated Lundberg Palmgren model for the outer race fcZ1 Factor which modifies the default fatigue constant for the Zaretsky model for the outer race Default value is 1 0 shExZ1 Shear stress exponent for the Zaretsky model for the outer race shearLmtlH1 Ioannides Harris I H shear stress for infinite life Pa or Ibf in Default value is 1 00E 08 Pa or 1 45E 04 Ibf in2 ADORE Manual Page 87 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 88 of 181 wbDis1 Weibull dispersion exponent for outer race Record 8 6 2 Fatigue Life Parameters for Inner Race Data Record required for arbitrary fatigue life parameters kKLifeCons 1 on Rec 3 3 The specified data corresponds to the inner race recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes fco2 Factor which modifies the default fatigue constant for the original Lundberg Palmgen model for the inner race Default value is 1 0 teLP2 Factor which modifies the default fatigue constant for the updated Lundberg Palmgen model for the inner racer Default value is 1 0 shExLP2 Shear stress expon
42. the end faces of the roller may be prescribed by three transformation angles relative to the base roller coordinate frame as shown in figure 22 The three transforma tion angles will define the transformation from the base roller coordinate frame X Y Z to the end face coordinate frame x y z The end face coordinate axis x is normal to the end face while the axes y and z lie in the plane of the end face Eng a E Z Roller with nonparallel end faces End face on negative X axis ax x Roller End Face Coordinate Y Frame Base Roller Coordinate Frame Y Figure 22 Geometrical definition of roller end faces reEndFrame21 Second transformation angle deg for roller end on negative x axis See discussion above under variable reEndFrame11 reEndFrame31 Third transformation angle deg for roller end on negative x axis See discussion above under variable reEndFrame11 reEndFrame12 First transformation angle deg for roller end on positive x axis See discussion above under variable reEndFrame11 reEndFrame22 Second transformation angle deg for roller end on positive x axis See discussion above under variable reEndFrame11 reEndFrame32 Third transformation angle deg for roller end on positive x axis See discussion above under variable reEndFrame11 ADORE Manual Page 59 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 60 of 181 Record 5G 2 1A Geometrical Imperfections on Outer Race for Ball Spherical and Spherical Tapere
43. the menu bar File Open Open data set Quit Quit application View Bearing Motion Display composite bearing motion Cage Motion Display cage motion Pocket Interaction Display cage pocket interaction RE Motion Display rolling element motion Race Motion Display outer or inner race motion Flange Interaction For roller bearings display outer or inner race flange interactions Help About AGORE Information about AGORE compatibility with ADORE version Data set from all ADORE versions equal to or higher than that stated in this information will be accept able ADORE Manual Page 18 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 19 of 181 For a give view the animated motion is controlled by the various options displayed to the right of the graphic display The various options are gt Play Animate motion in forward direction lt Play Animate motion in reverse direction gt Frame Animate motion frame by frame in forward direction lt Frame Animate motion frame by frame in reverse direction Pause Pause animated motion Print Print the graphic image to available printer Save Save the graphic image as a jpeg file Quit Quit application ADORE Manual Page 19 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 20 of 181 3 ADORE INPUT DATA ADORE input data file is a standard ASCII text file It may be prepared by using any available text editor Alternatively one of the ADORE input facilities may be used to prepare the input
44. tracVisCoeff11 First Viscosity pressure coefficient a in the above equation m N or in lbf tracVisCoeff21 Second Viscosity pressure coefficient OL in the above equation m7 N or in Ibf tracVisCoeff31 Third Viscosity pressure coefficient Q3 in the above equation m N or in lbf tracVisCoeff12 First Viscosity temperature coefficient By in the above equation 1 K or 1 R if kVType 1 or K or R if kVType 2 tracVisCoeff22 Second Viscosity temperature coefficient B in the above equation 1 K or 1 R if kVType 1 or K or R if kVType 2 tracVisCoeff32 Third Viscosity temperature coefficient P3 in the above equation 1 K or 1 R gt if kVType 1 or K or R if kVType 2 tracVisCoeff13 First Viscosity pressure temperature coefficient y4 in the above equation m N K or in Ibf R if kVType 1 or K m7 N or R in lbf if kVType 2 tracVisCoeff23 Second Viscosity pressure temperature coefficient y in the above equation m N K or in Ibf R 7 if KVType 1 or K m7 N or R in7 Ibf 7 if kVType 2 tracVisCoeff33 Third Viscosity pressure temperature coefficient Y in the above equation m N K gt or in Ibf R if KVType 1 or K m7 N or R in7 Ibf if kVType 2 ADORE Manual Page 116 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 117 of 181 Record 10 4 5 Shear Modulus Relation for Visco elastic Model This data record is required for a visco elastic traction model kTrac gt 8 on Rec 10 0 and kTr
45. wear rates due to all contacts with the rolling elements and the races Plot 4 Bulk Temperatures The estimated bulk temperatures of the bearing elements resulting from all thermal inter actions are included in this plot Since ADORE does not model thermal transients changes to the geometric dimensions as a function of changing temperatures are applied in a step wise fashion Thus the temperature variation show a step wise pattern Under stable con ditions however this step wise pattern will normally converge to a steady value A diver gent pattern on the other hand will represent a thermal instability Rolling Element Estimated bulk temperature of the rolling elements Races Estimated bulk temperature of the outer and inner races Cage Estimated bulk temperature of the cage or cage segment 4 2 2 Rolling Element Motion Plot 1 Rolling Element Accelerations ORBITAL Orbital angular acceleration of rolling element RADIAL Radial acceleration of rolling element mass center Under constrained mode mode gt 0 or input Record 1 this component is set to zero AXIAL Axial acceleration of rolling element mass center Under constrained mode mode gt 0 or input Record 1 this component is set to zero Plot 2 Rolling Element Velocity ORBITAL Orbital angular velocity of rolling element RADIAL Radial velocity of rolling element mass center Under constrained mode mode gt 0 or input Record 1 this component is set to z
46. 181 shearModCoeff21 Second shear modulus pressure coefficient Q 22 m N or in Ibf shearModCoeff12 First shear modulus temperature coefficient Be E 1 K or 1 R when kGType 1 or K or R when kGType 2 on Record 10 4 1 shearModCoeff22 Second shear modulus temperature coefficient Boa 1 K or 1 R when kKGType 1 or K or R when kGType 2 on Record 10 4 1 Record 10 4 6 Critical Shear Stress Relation for Visco elastic Model This data record is required for a visco elastic traction model kTrac gt 8 on Rec 10 0 and kTracClass 2 on Rec 10 4 1 The three basic lubricant properties used to model visco elastic effects in a lubricant are vis cosity shear modulus and a critical shear stress These properties may in general vary with pressure and temperature The viscosity and shear modulus relations have already been pre scribed on records 10 4 3 and 10 4 5 respectively A relation for critical shear stress is the sub ject of this data record A general equation for the variation of critical shear stress with pressure and temperature is written as a polynomial Z Z S S 1 YAP 1 SB AT o si si i l i l where S is the critical shear stress at any pressure P and temperature T while a x and B sj are the pressure and temperature coefficients for the critical shear stress variation AP P a is a pressure differential measured relative to a reference pressure P 1 1 where AT is equal to T Ma T or G respecti
47. 42 v K Cc m UF S D 6 Ko S ke Um Slip Velocity U Figure 42 Hypothetical traction slip relation recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reCageTC1 Coefficient A in the hypothetical traction relation for rolling element to cage contact reCageTC2 Coefficient B s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to cage contact reCageTC3 Coefficient C s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to cage contact reCageTC4 Coefficient D in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to cage contact Record 10 5 1B Rolling Element to Cage Contact Coefficients of the Two Slopes Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when a cage is present in the bearing NCseg gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kCPTracType 0 on Record 10 0 ADORE Manual Page 120 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 121 of 181 The data specifies the two slopes and the transition point of the two slopes model as shown below in figure 43 for the rolling element to cage contact Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 43 Simplified two slopes traction model recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reCageTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip at the rolling element to cage contact reCageTC2 Traction slip slope s m or s in for slip lt reCageTC4 Slope B in figure
48. 43 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable reCageTC4 below reCageTC3 Traction slip slope s m or s in for slip gt reCageTC4 Slope C in figure 43 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable reCageTC4 below reCageTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s separating the two slopes Shown as u in figure 43 above Record 10 5 1C Rolling Element to Cage Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when a cage is present in the bearing NCseg gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kCPTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A B C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed A Buje 1 ADORE Manual Page 121 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 122 of 181 as shown below in figure 44 Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 44 Hypothetical traction slip relation recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reCageTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to cage contact reCageTC2 Maximum traction coefficient at the rolling element to cage contact Labeled as K in fig ure 44 above reCageTC3 Traction coefficient at infinite slip at the rolling element to cage contact Labeled as K in figure 44 above reCageTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s corresponding to maximum traction Labeled as Un in figure 44 above Reco
49. 5 1 File DATA txt 156 5 2 File PRINT txt 156 5 3 File MASTER 156 5 4 File FINAL 157 5 5 Files SOL1 to SOL6 158 5 5 1 Header Information 158 5 5 2 Solution Records 159 5 6 File SOL7 165 5 6 1 Header Information 165 5 6 2 Solution Record 166 5 7 File SOL8 168 5 7 1 Header Information 168 5 7 2 Solution Record 169 5 8 File SOL9 169 6 USER PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTIONS AND SUBROUTINES 170 6 1 Subroutine ADRXO 170 6 2 Subroutine ADRX1 170 6 2 1 Adrx1 Example 1 Angular Acceleration on Inner Race 174 6 2 2 Adrx Example 2 Vibrational Loading 177 6 3 Subroutine ADRX2 179 6 4 Subroutine ADRX3 179 6 5 Subroutine ADRX4 180 6 6 Subroutine ADRX5 180 6 7 Subroutine ADRX6 180 6 8 Subroutine ADRX7 180 6 9 Subroutine ADRX8 180 6 10 Subroutine ADRX9 180 6 10 1 Adrx9 Example Arbitrary Output in File SOL9 180 ADORE Manual Page 4 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 5 of 181 1 INTRODUCTION ADORE is an advanced computer program for the real time simulation of the dynamic perfor mance of rolling bearings The analytical foundation of ADORE essentially consists of the classi cal differential equations of motion and the analytical models for the interaction between the various bearing elements The equations of motion are formulated in a generalized six degrees of freedom system and the interaction models allow for arbitrary geometry of the bearing ele ments Thus any arbitrary variation in bearing geometry such as geometrical imperfections or manufacturing tole
50. 81 Halmo WB 49 AMS 5749 BG 42 AMS 5900 CRB 7 AISI 440C AMS 6278 M 50 NIL AISI 4720 AISI 8620 AISI 9310 CBS 600 CBS 1000 Vasco X 2 Constants for computing life modifying factors prescribed on records 8 6 3 and 8 6 4 For Tallian model only available codes are 1 6 and 43 All others default to code 1 Materials processing code applicable when kKPLifeMod has any valid value defined above NYDN fF WN Fe Air Melt AM Carbon Vacuum Deoxidation CVD Vacuum Processing VP Vacuum Arc Remelting VAR ElectroFlux Remelting EFR Double Vacuum Arc Remelting VAR VAR Vacuum Induction Remelting Vacuum Arc Remelting VIM VAR For Tallian model available codes are 2 and 7 all others default to 2 Presently available material codes m in ADORE database are m 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 110 111 112 Material AISI 52100 Bearing Steel M50 Bearing Steel M50 VIM VAR Bearing Steel 440C Stainless Steel 430 Ferratic Stainless Steel 410 Martenitic Stainless Steel 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel AMS 5898 Cronidur 30 Stainless Steel AMS 5643 17 4PH Stainless Steel C1045 Steel AISI 4340 Steel Inconel 625 Alloy ADORE Manual Page 44 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 45 of 181 113 Inconel 718 Alloy 114 AISI 304HN High Nitrogen Steel 120 M 50 Nil Case hardened steel 121 P 675 HTT Case hardened steel 122 P 675 LTT Case hardened steel 150 Si3N4 Silicon Nitride 151 Zircon
51. 87 188 In addition to thermal reduction factors the film thickness may also be reduced for starvation effects a factor for which is determined from the following reference Wolveridge P E Baglin K P and Archard J F The Starved Lubrication of Cylinders in Line Contact Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers London Vol 185 81 71 pp 1159 1169 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reffemp Reference temperature K or R refVis Reference viscosity Pa s or lbf s in lubTherCond Lubricant thermal conductivity W m K or Ibf in in R s ADORE Manual Page 113 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 114 of 181 Record 10 4 3 Coefficients of the Viscosity Pressure Temperature Relation This data record is required to prescribe arbitrary lubricant properties under kTrac gt 8 on Record 10 0 The generalized form of the viscosity pressure temperature relation is 2 3 u Hexpla p ap Azp B AT B AT BAT Yy pAT YpAT YapAT 1 1 where AT is equal to T T or gt 1 respectively for the Type I o kVType 1 on Record 10 4 1 or Type II kVType 2 on Record 10 4 1 viscos ity relation Ta being respectively the reference temperature In addition Ho Ot B y are reference viscosity viscosity pressure viscosity temperature and viscosity pressure temperature coefficients respectively Normally only one term is used in the above relation The generalized polynomial relati
52. ADORE Although each of these files have a default name data on this record permits the user to use any arbitrary names for the data files created and used by ADORE All data file name are character variables with a maximum of ten characters enclosed in single quotes recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes masName Name of master data file maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is MASTER finName Name of the final solution file maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes This file is also used to read arbitrary initial conditions when klcOpt lt 0 on Record 1 Default name is FINAL pltNames1 Plot solution file for element 1 maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL1 pltNames2 Plot solution file for element 2 maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL2 pltNames3 Plot solution file for element 3 maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL3 pltNames4 Plot solution file for element 4 maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL4 pltNames5 Plot solution file for element 5 maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 30 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 31 of 181 Default name is SOLS pltNames6 Plot solution file for element 6 maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL6 pltNames7 Power dissipation and life solution
53. ADORE Manual Page 1 of 181 PKG TR C 200 14 ADORE Advanced Dynamics Of Rolling Elements Version 6 00 and higher User Manual 15 April 2014 by Pradeep K Gupta THIS COMPUTER PROGRAM ADORE IS A PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE OF PRADEEP K GUPTA INC PKG REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART IS PROHIBITED IT IS EXPRESSLY UNDERSTOOD THAT PKG ASSUMES ASBOLUTELY NO RESPONSIBILITY AND OR LIABILITY FOR ANY DAMAGE WHICH COULD EITHER BE A DIRECT OR AN INDIRECT RESULT OF AN ERROR IN ADORE AND PKG DOES NOT WARRANT THAT ADORE SHALL BE FREE OF ANY ERRORS OR DEFECTS PKG Pradeep K Gupta Inc 117 Southbury Road Clifton Park New York 12065 7714 U S A ADORE Copyright 1983 2014 Pradeep K Gupta Inc ADORE Manual Page 1 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 2 of 181 FOREWORD The purpose of this manual is to provide adequate instructions for the use of the computer pro gram ADORE The manual contains general overview and description of input output variables of ADORE for simulating the dynamic performance of rolling bearings Details on the input output facilities including all graphic processing of the results in also included in this manual ADORE Manual Page 2 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 3 of 181 Table of Contents FOREWORD Table of Contents l INTRODUCTION 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND ADORE INSTALLATION 12 Zak System Requirements 12 22 Media Contents 12 2 2 1 Disk1 12 2 2 2 Disk2 13 2 2 3 Disk3 13 23 Program Installation 13 2 3 1 ADOR
54. E Installation 13 2 3 2 AdrInput AdrPlot and AGORE Installation 13 2 3 3 Setting up Environmental PATH variable 14 2 4 Program Execution 14 2 4 1 Executing AdrInput 15 2 4 2 Executing ADORE 16 2 4 3 Executing AdrPlot 17 2 4 4 Executing AGORE 18 3 ADORE INPUT DATA 20 3 1 Program Mode and Output Control 21 3 2 Step Size Information and Thermal Environment 25 3 3 Program Options 34 3 4 Bearing Envelope 47 3 5 Rolling Element and Race Geometry 48 3 6 Inertial Parameters for Rolling Elements and Races 67 3 7 Cage Parameters 71 3 8 Material Properties 83 3 9 Operating Conditions 92 3 10 Traction and Friction Parameters 97 3 11 Gravity Effects 133 3 12 Inputs for User Programmable Routines 134 4 ADORE OUTPUT 135 4 1 Print Output 135 4 1 1 Angular Velocities 135 4 1 2 Angular Positions 136 4 1 3 Rolling Element Contact Depth amp Chordal Distance 136 4 14 Time Averaged Wear Rates 138 4 1 5 Rolling Element Cage Contact Angle 138 4 1 6 Cage Race Contact and Attitude Angles 139 4 1 7 Power Loss 135 4 1 8 Internal Clearance and Operating Fits 140 4 1 9 Fatigue Life 140 4 1 10 Rolling Element Orbital Velocity Ratio 140 4 1 11 Cage Angular Velocity Ratio 140 4 1 12 Cage Whirl Ratio 140 4 2 Plot Output 140 ADORE Manual Page 3 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 4 of 181 4 2 1 Power Dissipation and Life 141 4 2 2 Rolling Element Motion 142 4 2 3 Cage Motion 145 4 2 4 Race Motion 148 4 3 Graphics Animation Output 151 5 DATA MANAGEMENT IN ADORE 156
55. L Axial position of cage mass center ADORE Manual Page 145 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 146 of 181 Plot 7 Cage Angular Orientation Angular orientation of the cage is defined by three angles rotation about the principal polar axis of inertia axis X and orientation of this axis in the rolling element azimuth frame defined by two angles 0 and 9 as follows Principal Axis of Inertia X X Y Figure 62 Cage orientation in the inertial coordinate frame THETA Angle 0 defining orientation of cage principal axis X PHI Angle defining orientation of cage principal axis X ROTATION Rotation of cage about the principal X axis Plot 8 Cage Angular Velocity Angular velocity of the cage is defined by its magnitude and orientation of the angular velocity vector in the rolling element azimuth frame defined by two angles O and as follows Z Angular Velocity Vector X Figure 63 Cage angular velocity vector in the inertial coordinate frame OMEGA Magnitude of Cage angular velocity vector THETA Angle O defining orientation of Cage angular velocity vector PHI Angle defining orientation of Cage angular velocity vector Plot 9 to N 1 Cage Pocket Interactions Following the above 8 plots a number of plots are produced to display the cage pocket interactions In each plot the results are plotted for a maximum of two guide surfaces in each pocket Thus the number of pocket interaction plots depend on the nu
56. Manual Page 137 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 138 of 181 Pac Load Vector Direction of Rotation Figure 56 Ball Cage contact angles for spherical pockets The contact angles for roller bearings are significantly easier to define the pocket surfaces on which the rollers contact are generally flat For example for a cylindrical roller bearing with rect angular pockets the contact angle will either be zero or 180 4 1 6 Cage Race Contact and Attitude Angles The cage race contact angle defines the angular position of the cage race contact in the cage fixed coordinate frame as shown below in figure 54 The attitude angle is only relevant when the hydrodynamics at the cage race interface is considered It essentially denotes the angle between the line of minimum clearance and the hydrodynamic load Hydrodynamic load vector AZ Attitude angle Direction of Rotation Line of minimum geometric interaction of film thickness Cage fixed reference frame pm Y Cage Race contact angle Cage Race Figure 57 Schematic of cage race contact and attitude angles ADORE Manual Page 138 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 139 of 181 4 1 7 Power Loss The frictional dissipation at each interaction is computed and printed in the print output A sum of all these losses and loss due to lubricant churning and drag is printed out as the total power loss The fraction of this loss due to churning and drag effects is indica
57. Moment of inertia kgm m or lbm in of the cage about the transverse y axis cageMlz Moment of inertia kgm m or lbm in of the cage about the transverse z axis cageGeoCenxX X coordinate of cage geometric center relative to its mass center in cage fixed frame cageGeoCenY Y coordinate of cage geometric center relative to its mass center in cage fixed frame cageGeoCenZ Z coordinate of cage geometric center relative to its mass center in cage fixed frame cageFrameX X transformation angle defining the cage fixed geometrical reference frame relative to principal frame cageFrameY Y transformation angle defining the cage fixed geometrical reference frame relative to principal frame cageFrameZ Z transformation angle defining the cage fixed geometrical reference frame relative to principal frame 3 8 Material Properties Record 8 1 Rolling Element Material Properties Data on this record is required for arbitrary rolling element material KReMat gt 0 Rec 3 3 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reDen Rolling element density kgm m or Ibm in reEM Rolling element elastic modulus N m or Ibf in rePR Rolling element Poisson s ratio reCTE Coefficient of thermal expansion of rolling element m m K or in in R ADORE Manual Page 82 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 83 of 181 reHC Heat capacity of rolling elements J kg K or lbf in Ibm R reTC Thermal conductivity of rolling
58. RE Manual Page 134 of 181 4 ADORE OUTPUT Due to the extensive amount of data a significant effort is devoted to the organization and con trol of the output from ADORE Both print and plot outputs are provided and the size of the out put can be greatly controlled by exercising the output control options in the input to ADORE 4 1 Print Output Typical print outputs from ADORE for ball and cylindrical roller bearings are contained in the software media under subdirectory Disk1 see Media Contents in Chapter 2 of this manual The first few pages of the output consists of a listing of all the input data records bearing geometry material properties inertial parameters lubrication parameters initial operating conditions scale factors and output controls Most of this data is essentially input to ADORE The translational and rotational constraints listed under initial operating conditions correspond to the specification of either a force or an acceleration as discussed in the preceding section The six components listed under the translational constraints represent the outer and inner race constraints along the X Y Z axes The first three components are for the outer race while the latter three are for the inner race Rotational constraints are specified only along the X axis and the two components printed corre spond to the outer and inner races Along the Y and Z axes the constraint switch is always set to one meaning that only angular accele
59. Record 10 4 4 Coefficients for Newtonian Model This data record is required to prescribe arbitrary coefficients for the Newtonian traction model kVTrac gt 8 on Rec 10 0 and kTracClass 1 on Rec 10 4 1 The generalized form of the viscosity pressure temperature for traction computation may be written in a form similar to the viscosity relation for ambient pressure conditions discussed earlier 2 3 u p expla p a p a p B AT BAT BAT pAT yopAT y3pAT 1 1 where AT is equal to T i T or e respectively for the Type I o kVType 1 on Record 10 4 1 or Type II kVType 2 on Record 10 4 1 viscos ity relation T o being respectively the reference temperature In addition Ho B y are reference viscosity viscosity pressure viscosity temperature and viscosity pressure temperature coefficients respectively Once again only one term is generally used in the above relation The generalized polynomial relation is only retained for more rigorous modeling if necessary Also note that although the symbols in the above equation are identical to that used in the low pressure viscosity relation the actual coefficient here are quite different The various coefficients are specified on this data record ADORE Manual Page 115 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 116 of 181 recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes refTracVis Reference viscosity for traction computation N s m or Ibf s in
60. The rotating red arrow points to the location of race cage contact The dashed red circle seen just below the cage inner diameter corresponds to the inner race guide surface in this example when the cage contact the race the resulting guide land force variations are displayed in the data area to the right of the graphic window A time bar is seen in the lower part of the display As the bearing rotates this bar fills indicating the extent of simulation completed Anytime the balls make contact in the cage pockets a red asterisk appears in the pocket as seen in pocket numbers 1 and 18 in figure 66 The animated display can be controlled by the option button displayed to the right of the graphic area while the various views are controlled by the menu options as discussed earlier in Section of this manual ADORE Manual Page 150 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 151 of 181 Figure 69 Typical bearing view as provided by the animation facility AGORE ADORE Manual Page 151 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 152 of 181 ADORE 5 40 Cage View RuniD BallBearingTestCase 1 20 i 2 R o E o 2 va gt E v D s 2 0 80 Cage Angular Velocity Ratio 0 40 Bearing Revolutions Figure 70 Typical cage view as provided by the animation facility AGORE By selecting the cage view from the view menu the cage motion is displayed in a two dimen sional plane as shown above in figure 67 Again the pockets in which the rolling elem
61. With kKRaceGeolmp1 2 the race radius is defined by the above sinusoidal function How ever the constant A is inherently set to zero so this variable is not required for race radius variation The variation in other parameters such as race land offset and taper are always defined by the general sinusoidal variation stated above Some of the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes rndVar11 For KRaceGeolmp1 1 Deviation m or in of the semi major axis of the elliptical race profile from the nominal race radius For kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Amplitude m or in of Out of roundness variation rndVar21 For kKRaceGeolmp1 1 Ratio of the semi major to minor axis deviation from the nominal race radius For kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Frequency cycles of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal function rndVar31 For kKRaceGeolmp1 1 Orientation deg of the major axis relative to the body fixed z axis of the race For kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Phase shift deg of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal function ADORE Manual Page 62 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 63 of 181 rlOffset11 Constant m or in part of race land offset rlOffset21 Amplitude m or in of race land o
62. able con tains the moment component along the transverse y axis Applied Moment gt Z Comp This variable represents the applied moment component along z axis Normally the z axis is along the applied radial load is included in this vari able Plot 3 Time Averaged Wear Rates Time averaged wear rates of the form T WD FJ OVO are included in this plot for each of the bearing elements If the values for wear coefficient K and material hardness are realistic then these average rates may be used to estimate wear over a given time Note that the wear coefficient and hardness are simply constants ADORE Manual Page 140 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 141 of 181 thus the plotted results may be prorated to make adjustments of other wear coefficient and hardness ratios The quantity under the integral sign has additional practical significance in the sense that if either the loads and sliding velocity at any individual contacts increase in an unbounded fashion then these integrals will demonstrate a positive slope and they will not converge to a well defined steady state value as a function of time Thus the plot ted rates are good indicator of catastrophic instabilities Rolling Element 1 Total time averaged wear rate of rolling element 1 due to contact with the outer and inner races and the cage Races Time averaged wear rates of the outer and inner races due to contacts with rolling elements and the cage Cage Cage time averaged
63. acClass 2 on Rec 10 4 1 The three basic lubricant properties used to model visco elastic effects in a lubricant are vis cosity shear modulus and a critical shear stress These properties may in general vary with pressure and temperature The viscosity relations have already been prescribed on record 10 4 3 A relation for shear modulus is the subject of this data record A general equation for the variation of shear modulus with pressure and temperature is written as a polynomial 2 2 G GJ1 Y ap AP 1 gt BAT i 1 j 1 l where G is the shear modulus at any pressure P and temperature T while amp i and Pai are amp the pressure and temperature coefficients for the shear modulus variation AP P P o is a pressure differential measured relative to a reference pressure P a where AT is equal to 1 1 T T or respectively for the Type I kGType 1 on Record 10 4 1 or Type II kGType 2 on Record 10 4 1 viscosity relation T o being respectively the reference temperature and G being the shear modulus at the reference pressure and temperature reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes refTG Reference temperature T o KR refPG Reference pressure Fa N m or Ibf in refShearMod Reference shear modulus G N m or Ibf in shearModCoeff11 First shear modulus pressure coefficient a gl m2 N or in2 lbf ADORE Manual Page 117 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 118 of
64. ach case in a specific subdirectory It is first essential to execute the test cases supplied on the program disk to varying installation For this purpose carryout the following steps 1 Create a subdirectory d Adore Test 2 In the above test directory create a subdirectory d Adore Test Ball 3 Copy the input data file DATA txt located in the Ball subdirectory in the Disk1 Ball 4 From command prompt execute the command Adore600 6 Print output can be viewed by opening the file PRINT txt with Notepad or WordPad The results may be compared with those supplied on the program disk in Disk1 Ball directory 7 To execute the plot facility type the command AdrPlot ADORE Manual Page 14 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 15 of 181 8 For now just click ok to first couple of screens and then use the File tab to open one of the output plot files SOL1 SOL2 or SOL7 9 Click on the next button to see the various plots In the end quit the application 10 To execute the graphic animation facility type the command Agore 11 After clicking ok on first couple of screens click on the File tab to open file SOL8 This will show the bearing view 12 Click the forward arrow button to make the bearing move 13 You can now explore other views per directions supplied in Users manual 14 In the end quit out of the application The above process may be repeated for the roller and tapered roller bearing cases if necessary In general the execution proc
65. act aList 3 4 pocConWidth 1 2 k j i sLen major amp minor half width aList 5 6 pocConPos 1 2 k j i sLen contact pos rel to poc ctr or guide land ctr aList 7 8 pocConAng 1 2 k j 1i cAng contact angle write pfile 9 102 i j k aList 1 8 102 format 2x 31i3 1p 10e14 5 end do end do end do cage race contact do i 1 nCseg cage segment loop nCseg gt BrgGeom do j 1 nGL guide surface loop nGL gt BrgGeom aList 1 cLandSV j i cPV cage race instantaneous heat generation aList 2 cLandSVt j 1 cPV cage race time averaged heat generation aList 3 4 cLandConWidth 1 2 1 j i sLen major amp minor half widths aList 5 7 cLandConPosC 1 3 1 j3 1i sLen contact pos x y z rel to cage ctr in cage frame aList 8 10 cLandConPosR 1 3 1 j 1i sLen contact pos x y z rel to race ctr in race frame write pfile 9 102 i j iCageGuide j i abList 1 10 iCageGuide gt BrgGeom cage guidance type end do end do end if return end ADORE Manual Page 181 of 181
66. ageRaceTC4 Slope C in figure 46 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable cageRacel C4 below cageRaceTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s separating the two slopes Shown as u in figure 46 above Record 10 5 2C Cage to Race Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when a race guided cage is present in the bearing NCseg gt 0 Record 3 2 iCageGuide i gt 0 on Record 7 0 and KCR TracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A B C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed A Buje 1 as shown below in figure 47 z K z mp 2 2 3 Koo 2 3 e Um Slip Velocity U Figure 47 Hypothetical traction slip relation reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageRaceTCt1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the cage to race contact ADORE Manual Page 125 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 126 of 181 cageRaceTC2 Maximum traction coefficient at the cage to race contact Labeled as K in figure 47 above cageRaceTC3 Traction coefficient at infinite slip at cage to race contact Labeled as K in figure 47 above cageRaceTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s corresponding to maximum traction Labeled as u in figure 47 above Record 10 5 2D Cage to Race Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the H
67. al Page 169 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 170 of 181 Adrx1 optional functions this subroutine permits modeling of the following optional functons in adore DINAH PWNH applied loads and moments race accelerations additional external loads and moments on rolling elements additional external loads and moments on cage segments appropriate functions for moving coordinate frames temperature of various elements gravity vector arbitrary suppression of degrees of freedom and symetry general instructions the subroutine operates in four modes as defined by the value of an incoming flag icm 1 mode 1 icm 1 1 the very first call for reading any required input data and for setting tolerance values and certain program options any write statments in this mode produce print output under the heading input from user programmable subroutines immediately following the listing of main data records mode 2 icm 1 0 second call to print any data under the initial output section output from user programmable subroutines following the main input data documentation mode 3 icm 1 1 main computing mode the code for this mode is executed in the inner most loop of the of the program the code should therefore be free of any input output statements also complexity of this code shall directly affect the overall computing effort mode 4 icm 1 2 certain output can be printed in this mode following the nominal adore
68. and cage guide land geometric imperfection flag kKCageG slmp has a value of 1 or 2 0 lt KCageGsImp lt 3 on Record 7 0 The data record is repeated for each guide land reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageGsRadVar1 First cage land radius variation parameter defined as kCageGsImp 1 Elliptical cage guide land semi Y axis nominal radius m or in kCageGsImp 2 Sinusoidal variation in guide land radius Amplitude of radius variation m or in cageGsRadVar2 Second cage land radius variation parameter defined as kCageGsImp 1 Elliptical cage guide land semi Z axis nominal radius m or in kCageGsImp 2 Sinusoidal variation in guide land radius Frequency of radius variation defined as number of peaks in the radius profile cageGsRadVar3 Third cage land radius variation parameter defined as kCageGsImp 1 Elliptical cage guide land This parameter is not used it may be left at a value of 0 kCageGsImp 2 Sinusoidal variation in guide land radius Phase shift deg of radius variation ADORE Manual Page 80 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 81 of 181 Record 7 6 i i 1 nGL Race Land Geometric Imperfections This record is required only when a cage is present nCseg gt 0 on Record 3 2 it is guided on the races NGL gt 0 on Record 7 0 and race guide land geometric imperfection flag kKRaceG slmp has a value of 1 or 2 0 lt KRaceGsImp lt 3 on Record 7 0 The data record
69. and file name appended by an incremental number The default name can of course be changed if so desired Quit This button will simply quit the application 2 4 4 Executing AGORE Similar to the other Java applications AdrInput and AdrPlot execution of AGORE is straight forward either via command line or by double clicking the application icon After acceptance of the normal disclaimer the graphic window is displayed and the user is prompted to open a data set to be processed The data set corresponds to the animation data file which contains the bearing motion as a function of time as generated by ADORE As this point the size of the graphics win dow may be interactively adjusted After acceptable window adjusted click the file menu tab to open the data set Before the file navigation window is displayed the user is prompted to enter the number of time steps over which the animation is to performed This number of steps corresponds to the number of time steps over which ADORE simulations were obtained The number of steps for animation can be less than or equal to the number of solution steps in the data set Depending on the amount of data it may take some time for AGORE to process the data set up the various transformations scales for pertinent data values and other analytical details before the first image appears in the display area After the image is displayed all user interactions are interactive The following options are available in
70. aphics facility input to which is supplied by bearing dynamics computer code ADORE The input basically consists of a data base which con tains components of motion of the bearing elements These fundamental components are used to develop appropriate transformations which are applied on the graphics structures corresponding to the bearing elements Thus an animated display of bearing motion is produced ADORE Manual Page 9 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 10 of 181 Since graphic animation requires continued refreshing of an image reasonably fast graphics processing is essential in order to run the animation effectively In addition relatively fast integer and floating point processing is required for a reasonable refresh rate Input data to AGORE is basically provided via an ASCII data set generated by ADORE While the bearing element shapes are created by using the drawing primitives available in the Java libraries the time varying transformation matrices are computed from the input data base These transformations are applied on the graphics structures and the modified images are dis played on the monitor to produced an animated motion A schematic overview of the technical approach for producing the animated displays in AGORE in shown below in figure 5 Bearing Simulated Animated Display GRAPHICS ANIMATION MODEL Performance Motion Simulation Data Base Figure 5 Overview of the approach to graphics animation modeling The beari
71. ated step sizing algorithm it is essential to know the step size and maximum truncation error incurred at the last step Using these values the starting step size in a continuation run can be esti mated in accordance to the same procedure as used in any continuous run Thus numerical continuity in the step sizing scheme can be maintained Such a continu ity in step size equal to zero on record 2 1 in a continuation run In such a case the values of last step size and truncation error also available from file MASTER are used to perform appropriate computation of the starting step size Initial start up run read arbitrary initial conditions from file FINAL File name option for dynamic mode 0 1 use default file names file names prescribed on record 2 3 kPrtOpt Print output option to control the amount of print output at any time step ADORE Manual Page 23 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 24 of 181 The amount of print output from ADORE can be greatly controlled by the user The first part of the output which is always printed consists of the input data containing the bear ing geometry material properties inertial parameters lubrication parameters initial oper ating conditions the various scale factors and any output produced by the user programmable subroutines Following this output ADORE prints the stiffness speed table if computed or a one page output for the quasi static solution if ADORE is run with mode lt 0 on r
72. ays required reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes mode mode is perhaps the most important input variable ADORE may be used to either carry out a simple quasi static analysis or a dynamic analysis with varying degrees of con straints An equilibrium analysis is performed in the quasi static mode and characteristics such as fatigue life stiffness general load distribution etc are computed The dynamic mode is really the prime mode of operation where the classical differential equations of motion are integrated as a function of time to obtain a real time simulation of dynamic performance the bearing The integration requires specification of initial conditions or solutions at starting value of time Upon startup of a simulation these conditions may either be prescribed arbitrarily or a quasi static analysis may be performed to set the initial conditions In the event of a continuation run where the simulations are advanced further in time the solutions at previously computed time step may be used to set the initial con ditions The variable klcOpt discussed later on this record defines the pertinent option In the case of a quasi static solution the conventional race control hypothesis is used for ball bearings In addition the balls may be held in equilibrium against the gyroscopic moment by applying a fictitious friction force in the contact with the controlling race Such a gyroscopic restraint is imposed
73. bX case 1 jom 1 1 set switch to call this routine insert any read write statements for optional input data use fortran read device code input and write device code output both defined in module Devices read input jrec a0 omega write output 101 jrec a0 omega 101 format 3x a12 1p 2e11 4 continue In the second code segment again the model is documented variables are nondimensional ized and the initial conditions are set insert any output to be documented with the initial data output use fortran output device code output defined in module Devices write output 102 a0 omega 102 format 5x Vibrational loading on outer race 5x amp amp Amplitude of vibration 1p e11 4 m 5x amp amp Frequency of vibration e11 4 Hz perform other one time computations such as dimensional organization and or setting values for any constants ADORE Manual Page 177 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 178 of 181 a0 a0 sLen nondimensionalize vibration amplitude omega omega two pi sTime nondimensionalize vibration frequency set initial velocities for arbitrary accelerations mode use appropriate variables in module SubX race angular velocity is already set to initial race rpm specified in the main input data raceAcc zero initialize race acceleration raceInitVel 3 1 a0 omega initial velocity of the outer race a0 a0 omega 2 acceleration amplitude continue F
74. ber of elements in the cage or cage segment solution vector depends on the number of pockets in the cage segment and the number of active surfaces in each pocket The total number of applicable variables are again recorded in variable 1 on third line of the header information The variable sequence in the cage motion solution file is as follows 1 o y Ava A W N Cage mass center whirl velocity ratio whirl angular velocity race angular velocity Radial velocity of cage mass center m s or in s Axial velocity of cage mass center m s or in s Cage Race force N or lbf at guide land 1 Geometric interaction m or in at the cage race guide land 1 Contact angle deg at the cage race guide land 1 Cage Race force N or lbf at guide land 2 Geometric interaction m or in at the cage race guide land 2 ADORE Manual Page 160 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 161 of 181 9 Contact angle deg at the cage race guide land 2 10 Orbital angular acceleration rpm s of cage mass center 11 Radial acceleration m s or in s of cage mass center 12 Axial acceleration m s or in s of cage mass center 13 15 Cartesian X Y Z components of cage mass center position divided by the average guide land clearance If cage race guidance is pres ent only at one land then the average clearance is equal to the clear ance at this land 16 Orbital position deg of the cage mass center 17 18 Radial and axial position m or in of cage ma
75. bf in Ibm R raceTC2 Thermal conductivity of inner race W m K or Ibf in in R s raceESL2 Elastic strain limit for the inner race raceH2 Hardness Rockwell C for inner race raceWC2 Wear coefficient for inner race Record 8 3 Shaft Material Properties Data required for arbitrary shaft material kKShftMat gt 0 on Rec 3 3 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes shftDen Material density kgm m or Ibm in for the shaft shftEM Elastic modulus N m or Ibf in for the shaft ADORE Manual Page 84 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 85 of 181 shftPR Poisson s ratio for the shaft shftCTE Coefficient of thermal expansion m m K or in in R for the shaft shftTC Thermal conductivity of shaft W m K or Ibf in in R s Record 8 4 Housing Material Properties Data required for arbitrary housing material KHsngMat gt 0 on Rec 3 3 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes hsngDen Material density kgm m or Ibm in for the housing hsngEM Elastic modulus N m or Ibf in for the housing hsngPR Poisson s ratio for the housing hsngCTE Coefficient of thermal expansion m m K or in in R for the housing hsngTC Thermal conductivity of housing W m K or Ibf in in R s Record 8 5 Cage Material Properties Data record required for arbitrary cage material KCageMat gt 0 on Rec 7 0 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageDen Cage density kg
76. c 7 0 The data on this record is prescribed for each pair of pocket guide surfaces The number of guide surface pairs is defined by value of kPocType on rec 7 0 kPocType gt 0 Thus i varies for 1 to n The data is supplied on the guide surface located on the positive y axis of the pocket frame as shown in figure 30 A corresponding surface on the negative x axis to form a pair is internally defined by symmetry Cage Pocket Frame Pocket with Arbitrary Pair of Guide Surfaces a ee Guide Surface ooo Nominal Rectangular Input data is supplied for v Pocket Roller these surfaces located on positive y axis the surface on negative Rectangular Guide Surface lt lt y axis are located by symmetry 4 Direction of Rotation Figure 30 Definition of cage pocket guide surfaces for roller bearings The data record is repeated for each surface pair In the event the surfaces are not symmetric about the x axis of the pocket frame then surface definition is accomplished in the designated user programmable subroutine reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bPocGsAng1 i Pocket guide surface transformation angle x deg located the guide surface frame rela tive to the pocket frame The angle is defined as rotation about the x axis bPocGsAng2 i Pocket guide surface transformation angle y deg locating the guide surface frame rela tive to the pocket frame The angle is defined as
77. cal shear stress relation type This is also applicable only for visco elastic models 1 Critical shear varies exponentially with temperature 2 Critical shear varies exponentially with inverse of temperature Record 10 4 2 Lubricant Base Properties The data record is required only for user defined lubricant kTrac gt 8 on Record 10 0 The base properties specified on this record are used for computing lubricant film thickness for both Newtonian and visco elastic models and for establishing the viscosity relation for the visco elastic models For computation of isothermal film thickness the formulae for point and line contact are con tained in the following references Hamrock B J and Dowson D Ball Bearing Lubrication The Elastohydrodynamics of Elliptical Contacts John Wiley amp Sons 1981 Dowson D and Higginson G R Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Paragon Press 1966 After computing the isothermal film thickness a thermal reduction factor is applied to allow for thermal effects These factors are contained in the following references Gupta P K Cheng H S Zhu D Forster N H and Schrand J B Visco Elastic Effects in MIL L 7808 Type Lubricant Part I Analytical Formulation STLE Tribology Transactions vol 35 2 1992 pp 269 274 Wilson W R D and Sheu S Effect of Inlet Shear Heating Due to Sliding on Elastohy drodynamic Film Thickness ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 105 1983 pp 1
78. cations cage guidance is either on the outer or inner race However if either the cage or the race surface at the guide lands is not circular the cage may interact with both races In such cases the options for guidance on both races must be turned on simulate a potential problem ADORE Manual Page 76 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 77 of 181 Land 1 located on the negative x axis guided on the inner race Land 2 located on the positive x axis guided on Oa the outer race Cage Rolling Element Guide Land Width cageGsWidth i Bearing rotation is about the X axis Guide Land The base coordinates conform to Position right hand screw rule cageGsPos i X Guide Land Diameter cageGsDia i Y Guide Land Inner Race z a A Outer Race Figure 29 Cage Race guide land definitions recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageGsDia i Cage guide land diameter m or in for land 1 cageGsWidth i Land width m or in for the land 1 cageGsPos i Distance m or in of outer edge of land i from the geometric center of cage cageGsCls i Diametral clearance m or in on land i ADORE Manual Page 77 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 78 of 181 Record 7 3 i i 1 kPocType Geometry of Cage Pocket Surfaces for Roller Bearings This record is required only roller bearings with cage nCseg gt 0 and kBrg gt 1 on Record 3 2 when arbitrary guide surfaces have to be prescribed kPocType gt 0 on Re
79. ce interaction may be considered with a segmented cage reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ISeg A vector of length nCseg of cage segments as defined on Record 3 2 containing the rolling element number located at start of the cage of segment ISegii gt 0 Segment i starts just before rolling element lSeg i Segmentation is just before rolling element lSeg i see figure 26 below ISegii lt 0 Segment i starts at rolling element ISeg i Segmentation is through pocket lSeg i see figure 26 below ADORE Manual Page 73 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 74 of 181 Seg i gt 0 Segmentation through the pocket ISeg i gt 0 Segmentation between the pockets Figure 26 Cage segmentation details Note that segmentation should be such that all segments are identical to each other Results may be unpredictable if the segments are not identical Record 7 1 Overall Cage Geometry This record is required when a cage is present NCSeg gt 0 on Record 3 2 All of the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageDia1 Cage outer diameter m or in cageDia2 Cage inner diameter m or in cageWidth Cage width m or in cag
80. ceMIx1 Outer race moment of inertia kgm m2 or lbm in2 about its polar axis X raceMly1 Outer race moment of inertia kgm m2 or lbm in2 about its transverse axis Y raceMiz1 Outer race moment of inertia kgm m2 or lbm in2 about its transverse axis Z raceGeoCenXx1 X component m or in of vector locating outer race geometric center relative to its mass center in race frame raceGeoCenY1 Y component m or in of vector locating outer race geometric center relative to its mass center in race frame raceGeoCenZ1 Z component m or in of vector locating outer race geometric center relative to its mass center in race frame raceFramexX1 X transformation angle deg defining outer race geometric frame relative to its principal frame raceFramey 1 Y transformation angle deg defining outer race geometric frame relative to its principal frame ADORE Manual Page 68 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 69 of 181 raceFrameZ1 Z transformation angle deg defining outer race geometric frame relative to its principal frame Record 6 2 2 Optional Inertial Parameters for the Inner Race This record is required only when simulating acceleration of the inner race under arbitrary inertial parameters mode 0 on Record 1 and kRacelP2 1 on Record 3 4 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI
81. cket shape code For ball bearings the available codes are 0 Cylindrical pockets 1 Spherical pockets 2 Elongated cylindrical pockets 3 Rectangular pockets 4 Conical pockets The various shapes are defined below in figure 24 Cylindrical Pocket kPocType 0 Rectangular Pocket kPocType Elongated Pocket kPocType 2 Spherical Pocket kPocType 1 Conical Pocket kPocType 4 Figure 24 Types of cage pockets for a ball bearing For all roller bearings pocket shape options are 1 Cylindrical pockets for roller guided cage 0 Rectangular pockets ADORE Manual Page 70 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 71 of 181 n n gt 0 Pair of cage pocket interaction surfaces in the cage pocket maximum 3 a pair consists of two surfaces symmetrically located on the fore and aft side of the cage pocket The various pocket configurations are described below in figure 25 Cylindrical Pocket kKPocType 1 Cage Pocket with kPocType 2 Rectangular Pocket kPocType Two pairs of guide surfaces Figure 25 Types of cage pockets for a roller bearing kCagePoclmp Code for geometrical imperfections in cage pockets 0 Ideal pocket geometry 1 Only pocket 1 is imperfect 2 Equal imperfections in all pockets 3 Imperfections are normally distributed 4 Imperfections are prescribed in subroutine Adrx8 kCageGslmp Geometrical imperfections on cage guide lands This is only relevant when NGL gt 0 on this
82. d Roller Bearings This record is required only when geometric imperfection are to be prescribed on the outer race for ball spherical and spherical tapered roller bearings kRaceGeolmp1 gt 0 and kBrg 1 3 or 5 on Record 3 2 For ball spherical and tapered spherical roller bearings there may be two imperfections on the race out of roundness and variation in race groove curvature With the imperfection code kRaceGeolmp1 1 race out of roundness is modeled by an elliptical profile where the semi major and minor axes of the ellipse are defined as Semi major axis r a Semi minor axis r b where r is the nominal radius and the two parameters a and b define the radius variation With the imperfection code KRaceGeolmp1 2 the race radius variation is prescribed by a sinusoidal variation around the race The the magnitude of imperfection a is defined by amplitude a frequency and phase shift a a sin 0 where 0 is the angular position relative to the body fixed z axis measured as a rotation about the body fixed x axis which is also the bearing axis as shown below in figure 23 Z She X Figure 23 Angular coordinate in a race fixed coordinate frame Thus three values corresponding to amplitude a frequency and phase shift define any geometric imperfection on the race The variation in race groove curvature is always prescribed in terms of a sinusoidal function discussed above Some of th
83. d 10 0 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes lubName Text string maximum 36 chars defining lubricant name This text string is used for docu mentation purpose only ADORE Manual Page 111 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 112 of 181 Record 10 4 1 Options for Elastohydrodynamic Traction Model This record is required when an elastohydrodynamic model has to defined for an arbitrary lubricant kTrac gt 8 on Rec 10 0 Generally there are two types of elastohydrodynamic models Newtonian Models An elastohydrodynamic contact basically consists to two regions a low pressure region or the inlet zone and a high pressure region where the lubricant shear results in traction In a Newtonian model the lubricant behavior is defined by a viscosity pressure temperature relation This relation is prescribed for both the low and high pressure regions The low pressure relation used to compute film thickness while the high pressure relation used to compute traction Visco elastic Models Here both the viscous and elastic behaviors of the lubricant are con sidered The model is based on three fundamental properties viscosity shear modulus and a critical shear stress which defines the onset of viscous behavior All these prop erties may vary with pressure and temperature This variations must be prescribed for this type of model The data on this record defines the desired model and constitutive relation types recID
84. d English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bReDia Nominal ball diameter m or in pitchDia Pitch diameter m or in freeConAng Free contact angle deg If this value is zero then the internal clearance given below is used to calculate the free contact angle freelntCls Free internal clearance in the bearing m or in raceCurFact Outer race curvature factor Race curvature factor is defined as the ratio of the radius of curvature of the race groove to the nominal ball diameter bReDia raceCurFac2 Inner race curvature factor Defined same as the one for outer race above shoulderDia1 Diameter of outer race shoulder m or in See figure 18 below This variable is only used to check extent of contact on the inner race Distance of the inner edge of the contact zone from the inner race shoulder is included in the print output shoulderDia2 Diameter of inner race shoulder m or in ADORE Manual Page 48 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 49 of 181 See figure 18 below This variable is only used to check extent of contact on the inner race Distance of the inner edge of the contact zone from the inner race shoulder is included in the print output e Y X Inner Shoulder Diameter a P Outer Shoulder Diameter Figure 18 Definition of race shoulder diameters shimThickness1 Shim thickness m or in for
85. d KRRTracType 1 on Record 10 0 ADORE Manual Page 129 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 130 of 181 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed esd ep reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reReTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC2 Maximum asymptotic traction coefficient at infinite slip for the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC3 Traction slope at zero slip at the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC4 Presently not used Record 10 6 Cage Pocket and or Land Hydrodynamics This record is required when a hypothetical traction model is prescribed at the rolling element to race contact kTrac lt 0 on Record 10 0 and modeling of hydrodynamic effects in either the cage pocket or the cage race guide lands is required KPocHydro or kKGsHydro 0 on Record 7 0 In absence of an elastohydrodynamic model there is no lubricant property data available Thus oil properties are required to model hydrodynamics This record specifies these required proper ties recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes pocVis Effective lubricant viscosity N s m or lbf s in for hydrodynamic interaction in cage pockets gsVis Effective lubricant viscosity N s m or Ibf s in for hydrodynamic interaction at the ca
86. d for restarting the simulation in a subsequent run The file is created during the first run and it is updated at each subsequent run Note that in the event of an abnormal termination this file may not be updated properly It is therefore necessary that the files created by a preceding run be safely kept until the following run is successfully completed and the properly updated files become available 5 4 File FINAL The file FINAL contains the last solution vector The data in this file is written at the end of each run The purpose of this file is to provide the initial conditions under the following circum stances 1 After making an initial run if the solutions demonstrate that the simulations have to be con tinued over more time in order to ascertain steady state then the final solution vector written in file FINAL by the prior run may be used as initial condition for a subsequent continuation run This is accomplished by setting klcOpt 1 on Record 1 of ADORE input In such an instance no input data after Record 2 is required since it is read from the file MASTER created by the initial run 2 In the case of simulating the bearing performance over very large time domain the transient solutions may be produced over several thousand time steps and even after a reasonable control of the amount of data the data files may become very large and they may exceed the permissible mass storage limits on the available computer system Under suc
87. d force N or lbf along the x axis when KFS 1 0 on record 3 3 appLoadY Applied force N or lbf along the y axis when KFS2 0 on record 3 3 appLoadZ Applied force N or lbf along the z axis when KFS3 0 on record 3 3 appDispX Relative race displacement m or in along the x axis when KFS1 1 on record 3 3 or ini tial guess for relative race displacement along the x axis when KFS1 0 on record 3 3 When kFS1 0 and appDispxX is set to zero the initial guess for relative race displace ment is estimated from the default stiffness values available in the internal data base appDispY Relative race displacement m or in along the y axis when KFS2 1 on record 3 3 or ini tial guess for relative race displacement along the y axis when KFS2 0 on record 3 3 When kFS2 0 and appDispY is set to zero the initial guess for relative race displace ment is estimated from the default stiffness values available in the internal data base appDispZ Relative race displacement m or in along the z axis when kKFS3 1 on record 3 3 or ini tial guess for relative race displacement along the x axis when KFS3 0 on record 3 3 When kFS3 0 and appDispZ is set to zero the initial guess for relative race displace ment is estimated from the default stiffness values available in the internal data base Record 9 1 2 Applied Moments Misalignments and Operating Speeds The operating data supplied on records 9 1 1 and 9 1 2 is used for computing the quasi static
88. diameter of the roller 2 bReCrn The definition is similar to the one used for ball bearings conAng Tilt of the inner race surface with respect to the shaft axis deg rmsAspHt1 Composite surface roughness m or in at outer race contact rmsAspHt2 Composite surface roughness m or in at inner race contact Record 5D 1 Tapered Roller Bearing Geometry This record is required for tapered roller bearings kBrg 4 on Record 3 2 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bReDia Nominal roller diameter m or in at the large end bReCrn Nominal crown radius m or in bReLen Nominal roller length m or in bReCenLen Nominal length of central land m or in bReEndRad1 Nominal end radius at the large end of the roller m or in bReEndRad2 Nominal end radius at the small end of the roller m or in ADORE Manual Page 53 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 54 of 181 bReCorRad1 Nominal corner radius on the negative x axis of roller m or in Negative x axis points towards the large end of roller bReCorRad2 Nominal corner radius on the positive x axis of roller m or in Positive x axis points toward the small end of roller race Taper1 O
89. drical Roller Bearing Geometry continued This record is required for cylindrical roller bearings KBrg 2 on Record 3 2 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceLandLmt1 Effective surface width m or in on the outer race defined as a dimension of race surface along the roller length Normally this dimension will be equal to the total race surface width minus any undercuts at the guide flange origins raceCenLent Central land width m or in on the outer race in case of partly crowned raceway This variable must be presently set to zero It is reserved for future use raceCrn1 Outer race crown radius m or in This variable is for future use only Presently it may be set to zero ADORE Manual Page 51 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 52 of 181 raceLandLmt2 Effective surface width m or in on the inner race similar to the definition described above for raceLandLmt1 raceCenLen2 Central land width m or in on the inner race in case of partly crowned raceway This variable must be presently set to zero it is reserved for future use raceCrn2 Inner race crown radius m or in This variable is for future use only Presently it may be set to zer
90. e the data file may be saved The various menu options to navigate through the program are as follows File Menu The file menu in menu bar on top of the display window contains the following New Selecting New under the file menu will create a new data file for the cur rent data set File name will be requested later when saving the data Open An existing data file may be opened by selecting this option Values from the data file shall be read and displayed as defaults A file navigation win dow shall be displayed to assist in selection of the file to be opened ADORE Manual Page 15 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 16 of 181 Save If a file is opened the Save menu is available to replace the opened file with updated data at any time during execution of AdrInput Save As When no file name defined this option displays the file navigation window where a new name or an existing file to overwrite that data may be speci fied Quit This option will terminate execution However a warning message indicat ing that all unsaved data will be destroyed The Cancel button in this warn ing message may be used to cancel the Quit option and then the data may be saved Help The Help menu contains some descriptive information about program use Most of this information in displayed in message windows which may be closed by clicking the OK button in the windows The various sub options are quite self explanatory Go Back At the botto
91. e Angular Velocity Angular velocity of the race is defined by its magnitude and orientation of the angular velocity vector in the inertial frame defined by two angles 0 and 9 as follows Z Angular Velocity Vector X Figure 68 Race angular velocity vector in the inertial coordinate frame MAGNITUDE Magnitude of race angular velocity vector THETA Angle O defining orientation of race angular velocity vector PHI Angle 6 defining orientation of race angular velocity vector plot is therefore only generated when the step size is constant The plot displays relative amplitude as a function of frequency 4 3 Graphics Animation Output In addition to the plot output discussed above ADORE under user input control may gener ate a data set which stores all key features of bearing element motion as a function of time This data set may then be input to the optional graphics animation facility AGORE Animated Graph ics Of Rolling Elements to display an animated view of bearing motion Unlike the plot output these animated displays permit the user to comprehend fairly sophisticated motion of bearing ele ments with very little or no imagination Typical overall bearing view is shown in figure 66 where all the ball the cage and races are shown In the central part of the diagram the two blue coordinate frames correspond to the outer and inner races which rotate with the race while the green coordinate frame rotates with the cage
92. e cage kRaceFlex Race flexibility switch for outer race 0 rigid outer race 1 flexible outer race This option is presently not available kReGeolmp Code for geometrical imperfections in rolling elements 0 ideal geometry 1 imperfection on rolling element 1 only 2 equal imperfections on all rolling elements 3 imperfections are normally distributed ADORE Manual Page 35 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 36 of 181 4 imperfections are prescribed in subroutine Adrx8 kRaceGeolmp1 Code for geometrical imperfections on outer race presently not used kRaceGeolmp2 Code for geometrical imperfections on inner race presently not used kFlngInd11 Existence of roller guide flange on the negative x axis of the outer race 0 No guide flange present 1 Guide flange exists There could be a maximum four location for guide flanges on the races two on the outer race and two on the inner race as shown below in Figure 10 The locations are references by positive and negative x axis on the base coordinate frame Flange on negative X axis on outer Race Outer Race Flange on positive X axis on outer Race Roller Flange on positive X axis on Inner Race Flange on negative X axis on Inner Race Inner Race Bearing rotation about positive X axis Figure 10 Race guide flange definitions kFlngInd21 Existence of roller guide flange on the positive x axis of the outer race 0 No guide flange present 1 Guide
93. e data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID ADORE Manual Page 60 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 61 of 181 Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes rndVar11 For kKRaceGeolmp1 1 Deviation m or in of the semi major axis of the elliptical race profile from the nominal race radius Semi major axis nominal race radius rndVar11 For kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Amplitude m or in of Out of roundness or variation in race radius corresponding to the sinusoidal function discussed above rndVar21 For kKRaceGeolmp1 1 Ratio of the semi major to minor axis deviation from the nominal race radius For kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Frequency cycles of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal function rndVar31 For kKRaceGeolmp1 1 Orientation deg of the major axis relative to the body fixed z axis of the race For kKRaceGeolmp1 2 Phase shift deg of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal function cFacVar11 Amplitude of variation in curvature factor See discussion above under record title cFacVar21 Frequency cycles of curvature factor variation See discussion above under record title cFacVar31 Phase shift deg of curvature variation See discussion above under record title Record 5G 2 1B Geometrical
94. e only Presently it may be set to zero ADORE Manual Page 54 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 55 of 181 rmsAspHt1 Composite surface roughness m or in at outer race contact rmsAspHt2 Composite surface roughness m or in at inner race contact Record 5E Spherical Tapered Roller Bearing Geometry This record is required for cylindrical roller bearings KBrg 5 on Record 3 2 Some the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bReDia Nominal roller diameter m or in at the large end bReCrn Nominal crown radius m or in bReLen Nominal roller length m or in bReEndRad1 Nominal end radius at large end of the roller m or in bReEndRad2 Nominal end radius at small end of the roller m or in raceTaper1 Outer race semi cone angle deg raceTaper2 Inner race semi cone angle deg raceCurFac1 Outer race curvature factor Race curvature factor is defined as the ration of radius of curvature of the race groove to the nominal crown diameter of the roller 2 bReCrn The definition is similar to the one used for ball bearings raceCurFac2 Inner race curvature factor Race curvature factor is defined as the ration of radius of curvature
95. e record depend on the specific bearing element assigned to the data file There are of course three types of bearing elements rolling element ball or roller cage and the race For each of these elements the variables in the solution record are discussed below Solution Record for Rolling Element The number of components in the solution vector are different for ball and roller elements The actual number of components is recorded in variable 1 on third line of the header informa tion discussed above The variables in the rolling element solution file are list below sequentially 1 Orbital acceleration of the rolling element rpm s Radial acceleration of the rolling element m s or in s Axial acceleration of the rolling element m s or in s Mass center orbital angular velocity of the rolling element rpm Radial velocity of rolling element mass center m s or in s 2 3 4 5 6 Axial velocity of rolling element mass center m s or in s 7 Orbital position of the rolling element deg 8 Radial position of the rolling element m or in 9 Axial position of the rolling element m or in 1 10 1 Angular orientation the angles deg theta 8 and phi of the rolling element defined as follows Rolling element principal axis X X Figure 73 Rolling element orientation in the azimuth frame 12 Total rotation of the rolling element deg 13 Magnitude of the rolling element angular velocity vector rpm
96. eCls1 Cage race outer diametral clearance m or in cageCls2 Cage race inner diametral clearance m or in ADORE Manual Page 74 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 75 of 181 bPocCls1 Cage pocket clearance I m or in defined as follows 1 For ball bearings with cylindrical spherical or rectangular pockets kKPocType 0 1 or 3 on Record 7 0 and for all roller bearings except when kPocType gt 0 in which case is not used DPocCls1 is the diametral pocket clearance m or in in the circumferential direction 2 For elongated pockets in ball bearings kKPocType 2 on Record 7 0 bPocCls1 is the diametral pocket clearance m or in in the axial direction 3 For conical pockets in ball bearings kPocType 4 on Record 7 0 DPocCls1 is the difference m or in between the inner pocket diameter and the nominal ball diameter bPocCls2 Cage pocket clearance II m or in defined as follows 1 For ball bearings with cylindrical or spherical pockets kPocType 0 or 1 on Record 7 0 or for all roller bearings DPocCls2 is zero 2 For elongated pockets in ball bearings kPocType 2 on Record 7 0 bPocCls2 is the offset m or in between the two pocket centers 3 For rectangular pockets kPocType 3 on Record 7 0 DPocCls2 is the diame tral clearance m or in in the axial direction 4 For conical pockets in ball bearings kPocType 4 on Record 7 0 bDPocCls2 is the difference m or in between the inner pocket diameter and t
97. ecord 1 For a dynamic solution mode gt 0 the print output at each time step is divide in four sections with consist of the following 1 Rolling element parameters la Load distribution along roller no 1 1b Race flange interaction lc Roller end and race flange wear distribution 2 Race and cage parameters 3 Applied parameters 4 Time step summary The variable KPrtOpt is thus defined as follows 2 Print section 4 output only 1 Print sections 3 and 4 only 0 Print output sections 2 3 and 4 n gt 0 print all sections but print solutions for every nth rolling element n 1 will print all rolling element solutions n 2 will print solutions for every other rolling element and so on kPrtFreq Frequency of time steps for print output kPrtFreq 1 will print solutions at every step kPrtFreq 2 will print at every other step etc Time 0 corresponds to step 0 kPItFreq Frequency of time steps for plot output at which data is stored KPItFreq 1 will store all solutions kPltFreq 2 will store solutions at every other step and so on kAGraf Graphics animation option 0 Suppress graphic animation data file n n gt 0 prepare graphics animation data file and use the value n as frequency of time steps to store data in the graphics animation file kLifeFreq Frequency of fatigue life computation kLifeFreq 1 results in life computation at every time step kLifeFreg 2 permits life computation at every ot
98. ecord contains five variables one integer and four floating point numbers in format 2x i116 1p 6e16 7 The variables are Variable 4 5 Description Time step number Bearing rotation in revolutions Angular position of rolling element if the file belongs to a rolling element in revolutions The last step size in real time seconds Current value of real time seconds Subsequent lines in the solution record contain the different variables plotted in a given data set Most variables have appropriate dimensions The units conform to the unit system description in the program input section The units used for various output variables in the available SI or English system of units are defined as follows Length Force Time Pressure Temperature Velocity Acceleration Meter m or inch in Newton N or pound force lbf Second s Pascal Pa or pound per square inch Ibf in7 Degrees Kelvin K or degrees Rankine R Meter per second m s or inch per second in s Meter per second square m s2 or inch square per second in s ADORE Manual Page 158 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 159 of 181 Angular Position Degrees deg Angular velocity Revolutions per minute rpm Angular Acceleration Revolutions per minute per second rpm s Wear Rate Cubic meter per second m s or cubic inch per second in s Heat Generation Watts w or inch pound per second in lbf s The contents of th
99. en be used to divide the real time by to arrive at a dimensionless time ADORE Manual Page 25 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 26 of 181 For a continuation run klcOpt 1 on Record 1 the starting step size may be set equal to zero In such a case the last step size which is read from file MASTER is used as the starting step size to maintain continuity in the step size optimization procedure stpMin Minimum permissible size of dimensionless time step Suggested default 5 0e 04 stpMax Maximum permissible size of dimensionless time step Suggested default 0 50 fTime Final value of dimensionless time Suggested default 1000 tol Local truncation limit Suggested default 1 0e 06 qFac Ratio of contact load to maximum applied load below which the rolling elements will be subject to equilibrium constraint under generalized dynamic mode mode 0 on Record 1 When performing generalized simulations with all six degrees of freedom the rolling ele ment to race vibration may be excessive under a large radial load when the rolling ele ments have to enter and exit the load zone The problem becomes more complex for roller bearing when the entering and exiting rollers may be both misaligned and skewed In order to take care of this problem ADORE assumes that the rolling element are subjected to an equilibrium constraint when the ratio of rolling element to race contact load and the applied radial load is less than or equal to qFac Fo
100. ent in the updated Lundberg Palmgren model for the inner race depExLP2 Shear stress depth exponent in the updated Lundberg Palmgren model for the inner race fczZ2 Factor which modifies the default fatigue constant for the Zaretsky model for the inner race Default value is 1 0 shearLmtlH2 Ioannides Harris I H shear stress for infinite life Pa or Ibf in Default value is 1 00E 08 Pa or 1 45E 04 lbf in wbDis2 Weibull dispersion exponent for inner race Record 8 6 3 Life Modification Parameters for Outer Race Data record required for arbitrary life modification parameters KLifeMod 99 on Rec 3 3 The data on this record corresponds to the outer race reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 88 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 89 of 181 rmsAspSlope1 Composite rms asperity slope rad for outer race shearLmt1 Limit shear stress Pa or Ibf in for outer race asp Tract Asperity traction coefficient for outer race resStress1 Residual stress Pa or Ibf in in the outer race facMat1 Material factor for the outer race Suggested values 52100 Steel 1 197 8620 Steel 1 773 M50 Steel 2 267 facCont1 Contamination for the outer race Suggested default 1 0 For VIMVAR process for aerospace applications a factor as low as 0 10 may be used facProct Materials processing factor for the outer race Suggested values CVD old Carbon vacuum deoxidation th
101. ents are con tacting are highlighted with a red asterisk pocket numbers 18 and 1 in figure 67 In the central part of the display cage whirl orbit is plotted at an enlarged scale as the cage mass center whirl around the bearing center The red arrow again points to the direction of cage race contact Since the green coordinate shown in the central part of the display is fixed in the cage orientation of the red arrow relative to the green coordinate frame has substantial practical significance For a well behaved cage race contact the red arrow should be constantly moving relative to the green coor dinate frame indicating the cage race contact is uniformly distributed around the cage surface Fixed orientation of this red arrow relative to green coordinate frame will imply that a fixed point on the cage is interacting with the race indicating a potential wear of the cage surface The data area to the right of the display plots the cage whirl and angular velocity variations while the time bar in the bottom shows the extent of simulation ADORE Manual Page 152 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 153 of 181 Figure 71 Typical cage pocket view as provided by AGORE Typical cage pocket interaction is shown above in figure 68 Now the cage pocket is stationary while the rolling element moves in the pocket The direction of cage rotation is shown above by the thick red arrow The thin red arrow at the center of the rolling element indicated the direction
102. equilibrium solution which may be used for computing the initial conditions for the dynamic solutions Any time dependent operating conditions must be programmed in the optional sub routine Adrx1 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 92 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 93 of 181 appMomY Applied moment N m or lbf in along y axis when kKFS4 0 on Record 3 3 appMomZ Applied moment N m or lbf in along z axis when kKFS5 0 on Record 3 3 appMis11 Misalignment y on reference race rotation about y axis rad Outer race is normally the reference race appMis21 Misalignment z on reference race rotation about z axis rad Outer race is normally the reference race appMis12 Misalignment y on the moving race rotation about y axis rad when kKFS4 1 on Record 3 3 or initial guess for computing race misalignment when solving race moment equilib rium equation when kKFS4 0 on Record 3 3 Normally the inner race is displaced relative to the outer for obtaining the equilibrium solution it is therefore labeled as the moving race appMis22 Misalignment z on the moving race rotation about z axis rad when KFS5 1 on Record 3 3 or initial guess for computing race misalignment when solving race moment equilib rium equation when KFS5 0 on Record 3 3 Normally the inner race is displaced relative to the outer for obtaining the equilibrium solution it is therefore labeled as the moving
103. ero AXIAL Axial velocity of rolling element mass center Under constrained mode mode gt 0 or input Record 1 this component is set to zero Plot 3 Rolling Element Position ORBITAL Orbital angular position of rolling element ADORE Manual Page 141 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 142 of 181 RADIAL Radial position of rolling element mass center Under constrained mode mode gt 0 or input Record 1 this component is constant AXIAL Axial position of rolling element mass center Under constrained mode mode gt 0 or input Record 1 this component is constant Plot 4 Rolling Element Angular Orientation Angular orientation of the rolling element is defined by three angles rotation about the principal polar axis of inertia axis X and orientation of this axis in the rolling element azimuth frame defined by two angles O and 9 as follows 4 Principal Axis of Inertia X X Y Figure 58 Rolling element orientation in the azimuth coordinate frame THETA Angle O defining orientation of rolling element principal axis X PHI Angle defining orientation of rolling element principal axis X ROTATION Rotation of rolling element about the principal X axis Plot 5 Rolling Element Angular Velocity Angular velocity of the rolling element is defined by its magnitude and orientation of the angular velocity vector in the rolling element azimuth frame defined by two angles 8 and as follows Z Angular Velocity Vecto
104. ess consists of the following steps 1 Execute input facility AdrInput to prepare the input data file 2 Execute ADORE with the data file prepared in step 1 3 Execute graphic and animation facilities to examine the results Since ADORE interfaces with a number of data files it is generally best to execute ADORE and all the input and graphic facilities in a command line mode This is particularly true for exe cuting ADORE The graphic input and output facilities may be easily executed in command line mode 2 4 1 Executing AdrInput Execution of ADORE input facility AdrInput is accomplish either via command line or by double clicking on the appropriate application icon or its short cut The graphic user interface pro vides all instructions for various data variables Depending on the data values entered AdrInput automatically prompts the user with applicable data records AdrInput starts with certain default values already entered in the various data files However after AdrInput has been executed once and a data file is created the user has the option of open ing this existing data file via the FILE menu tab on the interactive input window By doing this the data file is opened all data values are read and then displayed on the various input screens Upon completion of data entry the data file must be saved before exiting the application When using the save option the user has the option to navigate to any arbitrary directory wher
105. eter is the ratio of the angular velocity of the cage to the angular velocity of the inner race relative to the outer In the case of a segmented cage the value printed in the step sum mary represents an average over all segments and over the time of integration 4 1 12 Cage Whirl Ratio The ratio of the mass center whirl velocity to the angular velocity of the inner race relative to the outer race is denoted by this output variable Again an average is computed over the time of integration and all the cage segments if the cage is segmented 4 2 Plot Output In view of the large amount of output generated by ADORE the plot output is essential in determining the general dynamic behavior of the bearing Normally the output data is stored in pertinent data files during the run and later input to available plotting programs to display the plots ADORE plot facility is a platform independent Java based application The plot output is divided into four sets 1 Power Dissipation and Life 2 Rolling Element Motion ADORE Manual Page 139 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 140 of 181 3 Cage Motion 4 Race Motion There are a number of plots in each set and under default conditions all the plots in the dta set are displayed over 2 500 steps This maximum number of steps can be interactively changed if the number of steps in the simulation is larger or if the plots are required over a smaller number of steps to see the solutions in more detail Like wise the
106. f s in for churning Record 10 7B Churning and Drag Parameters This record is required when modeling of churning and drag effects is required with KChrn 1 or gt 2 on Record 3 3 Very simple models based on conventional laminar and turbulent flows are used in ADORE to model churning and drag models effects When the bearing is only partly filled with oil it is assumed that the actual media is a uniform mixture of oil and air The effective density is the volume average density Since density of oil is negligible compared to that of the oil the effective density is simply equal to oil density multiplied by the fraction of bearing cavity filled with oil For shearing effects the effective viscosity may simply be set equal to viscosity of oil The models used and the various churning and drag coefficient are contained in the following references Rumbarger J H Filetti E G and Gubernick D Gas turbine engine main shaft roller bearing system analysis ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 95 pp 401 416 1973 ADORE Manual Page 131 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 132 of 181 Schlichtig H BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY MCGRAW HILL PP 15 19 606 108 1968 The required effective density and viscosity are prescribed on this record as a ratio of the base values contained in the ADORE data base for the selected churning media by the parameter kChrn specified on record 3 3 recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in
107. fects in MIL L 7808 Type Lubricant Part I Analytical Formulation STLE Tribology Transactions vol 35 2 1992 pp 269 274 ADORE Manual Page 100 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 101 of 181 Forster N H Schrand J B and Gupta P K Visco Elastic Effects in MIL L 7808 Type Lubricant Part II Experimental Data Correlations STLE Tribol ogy Transactions vol 35 2 1992 pp 275 280 Gupta P K Visco Elastic Effects in MIL L 7808 Type Lubricant Part III Model Implementation in Bearing Dynamics Computer Code STLE Tribology Transactions vol 35 4 1992 pp 724 730 Hamrock B J and Dowson D Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Point Contacts Part III Fully Flooded Results ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 99 2 1977 pp 264 276 Hamrock B J and Dowson D Ball Bearing Lubrication The Elastohydrody namics of Elliptical Contacts John Wiley amp Sons 1981 Dowson D and Higginson GR Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Paragon Press 1966 Wilson W R D and Sheu S Effect of Inlet Shear Heating Due to Sliding on Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness ASME Journal of Lubrication Technol ogy voll105 1983 pp 187 188 Wolveridge P E Baglin K P and Archard J F The Starved Lubrication of Cyl inders in Line Contact Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers London Vol 185 81 71 pp 1159 1169 In addition to any of the above three types of models an arbitrary tracti
108. ffset rlOffset31 Frequency cycles of race land offset rlOffset41 Phase shift deg of race land offset rlTaper11 Constant rad part of race land taper rlTaper2 1 Amplitude rad of race land taper rlTaper31 Frequency cycles of race land taper rlTaper4 1 Phase shift deg of race land taper Record 5G 2 2A Geometrical Imperfections on Inner Race for Ball Spherical and Spherical Tapered Roller Bearings This record is required only when geometric imperfection are to be prescribed on the inner race for ball spherical and spherical tapered roller bearings kRaceGeolmp2 gt 0 and kBrg 1 3 or 5 on Record 3 2 For ball spherical and tapered spherical roller bearings there may be two imperfections on the race out of roundness and variation in race groove curvature With the imperfection code kRaceGeolmp2 1 race out of roundness is modeled by an elliptical profile where the semi major and minor axes of the ellipse are defined as Semi major axis r a Semi minor axis r b where r is the nominal radius and the two parameters a and b define the radius variation With the imperfection code KRaceGeolmp1 2 the race radius variation is prescribed by a sinusoidal variation around the race The the magnitude of imperfection a is defined by amplitude a frequency and phase shift a a sin 0 where O is the angular position relative to the body fixed z axis measured as a rotation about the bod
109. for javac compiler file in setup bat if necessary Now in the command prompt window move to the directory d Adore and execute the command setup This will compile all the java source files and create the appropriate class files for executing the AdrInput AdrPlot and Agore facilities 2 3 3 Setting up Environmental Path Variable On a Windows 7 the environmental PATH statement may be modified as follows From the START menu click Control Panels Click on System and Security Click on System Click on Advanced system setting seen on left panel on the screen In the lower sub window System variables scroll down to where you see Path variable Click on Path to highlight Path variable 1 2 3 4 5 Click on Environmental Variables button 6 7 8 Click on the Edit button 9 Now click on the variable value to remove the highlighting and see a cursor bar 10 Use the right arrow key to move to the cursor to the end on this value 11 Type 3d Adore bin 12 Now click OK on this window and the rest of them and close the control panel screen With the above setup ADORE may now be executed from any directory by simply typing Adore600 at command prompt Like wise the input plot and animation facilities AdrInput AdrPlot and Agore can be executed by typing the commands AdrInput AdrPlot and Agore respectively 2 4 Program Execution Since execution of ADORE creates several data files unique to the specific run it is best to run e
110. ge race interface ADORE Manual Page 130 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 131 of 181 Record 10 7A Churning and Drag Parameters This record is required when modeling of churning and drag effects is required with KChrn 2 on Record 3 3 Very simple models based on conventional laminar and turbulent flows are used in ADORE to model churning and drag models effects When the bearing is only partly filled with oil it is assumed that the actual media is a uniform mixture of oil and air The effective density is the volume average density Since density of oil is negligible compared to that of the oil the effective density is simply equal to oil density multiplied by the fraction of bearing cavity filled with oil For shearing effects the effective viscosity may simply be set equal to viscosity of oil The models used and the various churning and drag coefficient are contained in the following references Rumbarger J H Filetti E G and Gubernick D Gas turbine engine main shaft roller bearing system analysis ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 95 pp 401 416 1973 Schlichtig H BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY MCGRAW HILL PP 15 19 606 108 1968 The required effective density and viscosity are prescribed on this record reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes chrnDen Effective churning media density kgm m3 or lbm in3 for churning effects chrnVis Effective churning media viscosity N s m or Ib
111. h a condition it may be neces sary to divide the simulation into several batches where each batch is independent of the other The file FINAL created by the last run of batch 1 may be used to specify the initial conditions for the first run of batch 2 and thus the continuity between the two batches is maintained This is accomplished by executing ADORE with the arbitrary initial condition option klcOpt 1 on ADORE input record 1 Note that under such a mode of operation it may not be possible to plot the data of the two or batches together ADORE Manual Page 156 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 157 of 181 3 After a steady state solution has been obtained for a certain bearing application it may often be desired to investigate the influence of a small perturbation in one of the bearing design or operating parameters This is easily accomplished by using the file FINAL which may contain the steady state solution to prescribe the initial conditions for the perturbed condition This is also done with klcOpt 1 on Record 1 of ADORE input 5 5 Files SOL1 to SOL6 These files contain the plot data for a maximum of six bearing elements for which the plot output may be generated Again the files are created during the first run and updated during sub sequent runs In the event the plot data is monitored for less than the maximum permissible num ber of bearing elements some of these files may remain unused ADORE assigns the files to the re
112. he nominal ball diameter cageAngCut Angular width of cut deg as defined figure 27 when the cage is segmented Angular Width of Cut a cageAngCut is Figure 27 Angular width of cut in case of a segmented cage ADORE Manual Page 75 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 76 of 181 cageConeAng Cage semi cone angle deg as shown in figure 28 when cage is conical generally in tapered roller bearings Cage Semi Cone Angle cageConeAng Figure 28 Cage semi cone angle in case of a tapered roller bearing Record 7 2 i i 1 nGL Cage Race Guide Land Geometry This record is required only when a cage is present in the bearing nCseg gt 0 on Record 3 2 and the cage is guided on the race nGL gt 0 on Record 7 0 nGL number of cage race guide lands This data record is repeated independently for each guide land Thus the geometry at each guide land may be different The type of guidance at each land is specified in the array iCage Guide on Record 7 0 As an example figure 29 shows two guide lands one guided on the outer race while the other is guided on the inner race Such a configuration is simply for illustrative purpose it does not represent any specific practical application In total there may be a maxi mum of four guide lands two on the negative x axis interacting with the outer and inner races and two on the positive x axis again interacting with the outer and inner races In most practical appli
113. he race mass center velocity ADORE Manual Page 147 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 148 of 181 Plot 2 Applied Forces The applied forces on the race are displayed in the base coordinate system as shown below in figure 62 Z Normal direction of radial load Rolling Elements Outer Race Inner Race Cage Bearing axis X Figure 65 Base coordinate system X COMP X component of the applied force vector X is the bearing axis Y COMP Y component of the applied force vector Y is one of the transverse axes Nor mally the bending moments are exerted about the Y axis when radial load is applied along the Z axis Z COMP Z component of the applied force vector Z axis is normally along the radial load Plot 3 Applied Moments The applied moments on the race are displayed in the base bearing coordinate frame shown below Z Normal direction of radial load Outer Race x Rolling Elements Inner Race Cage Bearing axis X Figure 66 Base coordinate system ADORE Manual Page 148 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 149 of 181 X COMP X component of the applied moment vector X is the bearing axis Y COMP Y component of the applied moment vector Y is one of the transverse axes Normally the bending moments are exerted about the Y axis when radial load is applied along the Z axis Z COMP Z component of the applied moment vector Z axis is normally along the radial load Plot 4 Race Mass Center Accelerat
114. he slip provides the strain rate which then leads to computation of temperature and shear stress distribution through the film The shear stress is noted at the mid plane and the computation is repeated incrementally along the contact length The computed mid plane shear stress is then integrated to compute overall traction force It is once again seen that the model is based on three constitutive constants a B and u A which are generally computed by curve fitting experimental trac tion data to the model described above When the slip variation along the minor axis of the contact ellipse is ignored it may be seen that the above model may be implemented essentially in closed form Thus from computational stand point implementation of this model may be fairly efficient 3 An elastohydrodynamic model based on visco elastic behavior of the lubricant 1 t oul a Shear stress strain rate equation oA Got wt ADORE Manual Page 99 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 100 of 181 where G u and To are respectively the shear modulus viscosity and critical shear stress of the lubricant Again there are three constitutive parameters which define the model The shear stress function may either be one of the following two types T Type I Relation A asinh To Ta T T Type II Relation atanh T T o o Similar to the Newtonian model lubricant viscosity can again be expressed as a function of pressure and temperature by o
115. her step and so on kLifeFreq 0 results in life computation at the first and last step only kTherm Thermal analysis option 0 no thermal analysis required 1 perform thermal analysis maxStps ADORE Manual Page 24 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 25 of 181 Maximum number of steps for this run The length of a run is defined either by the maximum number of steps maxStps speci fied here or the final time fTime specified on Record 2 1 whichever is encountered first Since the step size is generally variable it may not be possible to determine the actual number of steps for a prescribed final time and therefore it may be difficult to estimate the time required to complete the run For this reason it may be desirable to terminate the run my the maximum number of steps maxStps This is simply accomplished be setting fTime to a very large value which may be reached in the number of steps prescribed by maxStps nStps Number of substeps within a step over which integration is performed but no data is saved For simulations over very large number of steps it may not be necessary to process output data at every steps In such a case NStps defines the number of steps over which output processing will be skipped after performing the integration In fact this skipped step will neither update the step counter leading to maxSips nor enter the output selection algo rithm defined by kPrtFreq kPItFreq and kLifeFreq intMet Integration algo
116. i t TIME Sec Figure 77 Modeling race acceleration over a prescribed time interval Note that all variable declarations include the keyword save to save the variables for future calls to this routine After the variable declaration the speed and time variables are read in at first call to Adrx1 Thus the code under mode 1 is as follows use use use use imp cha rea rea re rea rea sel cas Parameters Devices SubX Constants licit none racter 12 jrec record identifier 1 r8 save rpml initial speed rpm 1 r8 Save rpm2 final speed rpm al r8 save tl initial time seconds 1 r8 save t2 final time seconds 1 r8 save acc local variable for acceleration icm 1 1 ect case icm 1 icm jcm gt SubX e 1 jom 1 1 set switch to call this subroutine insert any read write statements for optional input data use fortran read device code input and write device code output both defined in module Devices read input jrec rpml rpm2 t1 t2 write output 101 jrec rpml rpm2 t1 t2 ADORE Manual Page 174 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 175 of 181 101 format 3x a12 1p 4e11 4 continue In the next code segment under mode 2 the model is documented in the print output the variables are nondimensionalized and the angular acceleration is computed In addition the initial angular velocity is set and the accelerations are initialized The initial angular
117. ial code for property data base in ADORE See available material codes below kRaceMat2 Material code for inner race 0 1 2 m kHsngMat Standard material AISI 52100 bearing steel Race material properties specified on record 8 2 2 Material properties to be extracted from user data base via user subroutine ADRXO Material code for property data base in ADORE See available material codes below Material code for the housing 0 1 2 m kShftMat Default material Mild steel Material properties specified on records 8 3 Material properties to be extracted from user data base via user subroutine ADRXO Material code for property data base in ADORE See available material codes below Material code for shaft 0 1 2 m kLifeCons Default material Mild steel Material properties specified on records 8 4 Material properties to be extracted from user data base via user subroutine ADRXO Material code for property data base in ADORE See available material codes below Material constants for basic fatigue life computation 0 1 kLifeMod Default constants Required constants specified on record 8 6 0 STLE fatigue life modification code NNN FPWN KF O No life modifying factors AISI 52100 steel AISI M 1 AISI M 2 AISI M 10 AISI M 42 AISI M 50 AISI T 1 18 4 1 ADORE Manual Page 43 of 181 21 22 23 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 99 kProc ADORE Manual Page 44 of 1
118. ic of energy dissipation as a function of ball angular velocity vector orientation It is now postulated that the ball angular velocity vector will orient itself such that the total energy dissipated in the outer and inner race contact is a minimum Such a constraint is imposed by setting kAngVel 0 The above constraint is of course irrelevant for all roller bearings and also for ball bear ings with a pure radial load kReEqCode Normally ADORE uses the classical Newton Raphson iterative procedure for solving the equilibrium equations Under certain conditions particularly with roller bearings sub ADORE Manual Page 41 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 42 of 181 jected to misalignment the equations may not convergence Under such conditions this option obtain a solution by minimizing the root squared value of the residual load vector The available options are 0 Default value Obtain solutions by classical Newton Raphson procedures 1 In addition to Newton Raphson procedures minimize the root mean squared devi ation of the residual load vector when the Newton Raphson iteractions do not con verge kStif Number of points in the stiffness speed table Specify zero if no stiffness computation is desired Since the contact loads depend on operating speed due to centrifugal effects and stiffness is load dependent the operating speed will have an effect of bearing stiffness Such a vari ation is generally useful for rotor dynamics
119. ility are all written in Java The input facility provides a graphic interface to the user for preparation of input data required by ADORE Based on the data entered selection of appropriate records is automatic Thus the input preparation is quite efficient The program also provides brief description of all data variables interactively Once ADORE is executed for a given problem the output data in addition to print file is stored in a number of data files which are input to the plot utility which provides a graphic display of all parameters in terms of 2 D graphs Simple 2 D graphic primitives available within the Java library are used to generate all the graphic output Very often the generalized motion of bearing elements as modeled by ADORE may be diffi cult to fully comprehend by simple two dimensional plots and the printed list of certain parame ters An alternate presentation of the results can be in the form of animated views in which the moving bearing elements may be seen as obtained by solving the equations of motion The graphic animation facility AGORE Animated Graphics Of Rolling Elements fulfills such an objective Similar to plot data sets the dynamic solutions generated by ADORE are stored in a data file which is subsequently input to AGORE to obtain an animated view of the bearing The development approach is based on Java 2 D graphics primitives available as a part of the Java Development Kit The model is a stand alone gr
120. in a bearing over extended times Also if any mechanical interactions in the bearing progressively increase with time as in the case of gross instabilities these time averaged quanti ties develop a definite positive gradient with respect to time These rates are therefore also useful in identification of instabilities of bearing elements Clearly such an interpretation of the results is ADORE Manual Page 136 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 137 of 181 completely insensitive to the actual value of the wear coefficient used since the wear coefficient is simply a multiplier in the equation of time averaged wear rate which is written as T W T ah Q t V t dt where T is the time of performance simulation 4 1 5 Rolling Element Cage Contact Angle This output variable denotes the angular position of rolling element cage interaction in a cage pocket coordinate frame as shown in figure 52 The rolling element drives the cage when the con tact angle is 180 degrees and the cage drives the rolling element if the contact angle is zero Clearly the contact angle can be anywhere from zero to 360 degrees for a ball bearing but for a roller bearing it will only be either zero or 180 degrees Load Vector Rolling Element Cage Contact Angle Rolling Element Figure 55 Ball Cage contact angle for cylindrical pockets In the case of spherical pockets the contact position is defined by two angles q and f as defined below in figure 53 ADORE
121. inally in the next segment of code in Adrx1 radial acceleration about the z axis is applied on the outer race insert coding for appropriate model this is the main computing area it must be free of any input output statements raceAcc 3 1 a0 dsin omega dimLessTime dimLessTime gt SubxX continue General programming procedures are identical in all user subroutines Thus the general format used in the above example is also applicable to rest of the user subroutines 6 3 Subroutine ADRX2 The roller race flange contact behavior can be incorporated here in terms of a load deflection relation If any such data is available then the simplified treatment of equivalent Hertzian contact may be replaced by more realistic constitutive relations Thus the roller flange interactions may be more precisely modeled 6 4 Subroutine ADRX3 The purpose of this subroutine is to prescribe any force deflection relation for rolling element to cage contact in the cage pocket Such a relation is often obtained experimentally and if avail able it should replace the simplified Hertz contact analysis used in ADORE ADORE Manual Page 178 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 179 of 181 6 5 Subroutine ADRX4 This subroutine is similar to ADRX3 but it applies to cage race interactions Since the load deflection relation for line contact is often determined experimentally this subroutine will help implement any available semi empirical constitutive equation for
122. ing Envelope This record is always required Data on this record specifies the bearing envelope as shown in figure 17 All data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter Outer Race Width A Housing Outer Diameter raceWidth1 hsngOD Inner Race Width Bearing hort led raceWidth2 Shaft Inner Diameter i shftID brgBore y Figure 17 Definition of bearing envelope recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes brgBore Bearing bore m or in see figure 17 above brgOD Outside diameter of bearing m or in see figure 17 above shftID Shaft inside diameter m or in for a hollow shaft see figure 17 above hsngOD Housing outside diameter m or in see figure 17 above raceWidth1 Outer race width m or in see figure 17 above ADORE Manual Page 47 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 48 of 181 raceWidth2 Inner race width m or in see figure 17 above 3 5 Rolling Element and Race Geometry Record 5A Ball Bearing Geometry This data record is required only for ball bearings kBrg 1 on Record 3 2 Some of the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI an
123. ion ORBITAL Orbital angular acceleration of the cage mass center RADIAL Radial acceleration of cage mass center AXIAL Axial acceleration of cage mass center Plot 5 Race Mass Center Whirl Orbit Similar to the cage the race mass center whirl orbit is generally plotted in a plane normal to the bearing axis which is the X axis Thus the Y component of mass center position is plotted as a function of the X component Optionally under program input control any of the two components may be plotted against each other to obtain a whirl orbit in any plane Y POS Y component of the race mass center position Z POS Z component of the race mass center position Plot 6 Race Mass Center Position X POS Axial position of race mass center Y POS Y position of race mass center Z POS Z position of race mass center Plot 7 Race Angular Orientation Angular orientation of the race is defined by three angles rotation about the principal polar axis of inertia axis X and orientation of this axis in the rolling element azimuth frame defined by two angles 0 and 9 as follows Z Principal Axis of Inertia X X Y Figure 67 Race orientation in the inertial coordinate frame THETA Angle O defining orientation of race principal axis X PHI Angle 6 defining orientation of race principal axis X ROTATION Rotation of race about the principal X axis ADORE Manual Page 149 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 150 of 181 Plot 8 Rac
124. ional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cTemplin Inlet temperature of the coolant K or R When kCoolant gt 0 on Rec 2 4 cTempln is the temperature of the coolant as it enters the bearing For kKCoolant 0 cTempln is not used cFlowRate Coolant flow rate m s or in s kCoolant gt 0 on Rec 2 4 For a prescribed coolant KCoolant gt 0 on Rec 2 4 cFlowRate is the volumetric flow rate of the prescribed coolant For kKCoolant 0 cFlowRate is not used reHTC Convective heat transfer coefficient for rolling elements Set reHTC 0 when heat trans fer coefficient has to be computed as defined by KHTC 0 on Rec 2 4 aveTime Actual time s over which heat generations are to be averaged for thermal interactions skipTime Actual initial time s over which any update of bearing geometry due to thermal interac tions will be skipped Record 2 6 Coolant Properties This data required only when kCoolant 2 on record 2 4 Coolant properties must be specified at a temperature close to expected exit temperature of the coolant All data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in paren
125. ions to navigate through the program are as follows Open Plot File Click this button to select another plot file The plot options are requested again for the new data set Prev Plot Clicking this button decrements and plot number by one and displays the new plot If the window already contains the first plot then an appropriate message is displayed Next Plot Similar to the Prev Plot button this button increments the plot number and displays the new plot If the last plot is already in the graphics window then an appropriate message is dis played Plot Number In the event a specific plot is desired then this button may be used to enter the desired plot number and display the appropriate plot Print This option will prompt the user with the printer selection menu to select one of the con nected printers on which the graphic output is desired Note that this application does not have a Page Setup option so if the graph does not fit the default page size it is truncated It is there fore best to save the graph as a jpeg image first by using the next option then printing the image with one of the other available applications ADORE Manual Page 17 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 18 of 181 Save JPG By using the option the graphic image may be saved as a jpeg file First time this option is selected a full path name for the file to be saved must be specified Subsequent save will contain the previously selected path
126. iscussion above Cage to race traction model type 1 Arbitrary traction model in user subroutine ADRX7 0 Hypothetical model kCRTracType Hypothetical model type at cage to race contact when KCRTrac 0 1 Coefficients A B C D are directly prescribed ADORE Manual Page 102 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 103 of 181 0 The simplified two slopes model Four conditions to compute coefficients A B C D 2 Traction asymptotes to a maximum value with defined slope at zero slip See discussion above kRFTrac Race flange to roller traction model type for roller bearings 1 Arbitrary traction model in user subroutine ADRX7 0 Hypothetical model kRFTracType Hypothetical model type at race flange to roller contact when KRF Trac 0 0 The simplified two slopes model 1 Coefficients A B C D are directly prescribed Four conditions to compute coefficients A B C D 2 Traction asymptotes to a maximum value with defined slope at zero slip See discussion above kRRTrac Rolling element to rolling element traction model type 1 Arbitrary traction model in user subroutine ADRX7 0 Hypothetical model kRRTracType Hypothetical model type at rolling element to rolling element contact when KRRTrac 0 0 The simplified two slopes model 1 Coefficients A B C D are directly prescribed Four conditions to compute coefficients A B C D 2 Traction asymptotes to a maximum value with defined slope at zero slip See disc
127. ity and traction force in the rolling element to race contact CON TEMP RISE Rise in temperate in the contact as a result of thermal interaction RACE CON TEMP Contact temperature at the rolling element to race contact Plot 9 Rolling Element Outer Race Flange Interactions This plot is only active for roller bearings with guide flanges on the outer race NOR LOAD Normal contact load between the roller corner and the outer race flange GEO INT Geometric interaction between the roller corner and the outer race flange Geometric interaction is defined as clearance between the interacting roller and flange contact A negative value of this clearance indicates contact HEAT GEN Local heat generated at the roller and flange interface at the outer race con tact Plot 10 Rolling Element Inner Race Flange Interactions This plot is only active for roller bearings with guide flanges on the inner race NOR LOAD Normal contact load between the roller corner and the inner race flange GEO INT Geometric interaction between the roller corner and the inner race flange Geometric interaction is defined as clearance between the interacting roller and flange contact A negative value of this clearance indicates contact HEAT GEN Local heat generated at the roller and flange interface at the inner race con tact ADORE Manual Page 143 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 144 of 181 4 2 3 Cage Motion Plot 1 Cage Mass Center Velocities WHIRL
128. ium Oxide ZrO20 160 Copper 161 Brass 162 Bronze 200 Bearing Grade Peek 201 Polyamide Nylon 202 Armalon 203 Carbon Phenolic 204 Carbon Phenolic 10 MoS2 205 Cotton Phenolic 206 Graphite 207 Teflon PTFE Record 3 4 Program Options Set 3 This record is required only for dynamic simulations mode gt 0 on Record 1 recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kRotLoad Dynamic simulation with a rotating radial load Rotating load is simulated be letting the race ass center whirl in a circular orbit with a radius equal to fraction of the initial relative radial deflection of the races 0 No race orbits 1 Prescribed race orbits Pertinent details of race orbits are specified later on Record 9 3 kRotFrame Normally the bearing center is fixed in space at origin of a space fixed inertial coordinate frame and motion of all bearing elements are modeled relative to this inertial frame When the entire bearing moves in space additional transport and Corioliss terms must be applied in the equations of motion This option permits such a simulation The code for moving reference frame is specified as ADORE Manual Page 45 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 46 of 181 0 Base bearing frame is fixed in space 1 Base frame travels in space Common applications with moving base coordinate frame where the bearing as a whole travels in space include bearings used in planetary gear assemblies or crankshafts of
129. l Page 176 of 181 this is the main computing area it must be free of any input output statements I l insert coding for appropriate model I l l l I I if dimLessTime lt t1 then dimLessTime gt SubX raceAngAcc 1 2 zero else if dimLessTime gt t2 then raceAngAcc 1 2 zero else raceAngAcc 1 2 acc end if continue The rest of segments in Adrx1 may not be used in this example Note that certain variables from modules SubX and Constants are used in the above code 6 2 2 Adrx1 Example 2 Vibrational Loading In this example the bearing housing is actually mounted on a vibrating platform Thus the bearing is subjected to a sinusoidal vibration as shown schematically in figure 75 Position Bearing A A sinwt Velocity Shaft A A cosot Vibration A s Table cceleration a 2 vs A A sin t Figure 78 Modeling of vibrational loading on the outer race ADORE Manual Page 176 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 177 of 181 Again in the first segment of the code the variables are declared the flag jcm 1 is set to 1 and the variables are read in from the input stream implicit none character 12 jrec record identifier real r8 save a0 amplitude of vibratory motion m real r8 save omega vibration frequency Hz ee a a EE ad an anh a cn eet Meal av mode 1 icm 1 1 pi i yi ah a Nai it af i a ae a a a ah ae a a a select case icm 1 icm jcm gt Su
130. l bearing with cylin drical pocket there is one continuous surface The fourth and last line in the file header contains the units vector which is a character string array of length 10 in format 2x 10 a10 2x The components of this array contain the various units used in the plots The number of characters in each unit components in contained in vari ables 8 17 as discussed above The last component is blank and this is used in place of units when the variable plotted is dimensionless 5 6 2 Solution Record The first line in the solution record is identical to that in other plot files The solution records are stored in the files at each selected time step see description of input variable kKPItFreq on Record 1 The first line in the solution record contains five variables one integer and four float ing point numbers in format 2x i16 1p 6e16 7 The variables are Variable Description 1 Time step number 2 Bearing rotation in revolutions 3 Angular position of rolling element if the file belongs to a rolling element in revolutions 4 The last step size in real time seconds 5 Current value of real time seconds Subsequent lines in the solution record contain the various solutions at the selected time step Most quantities are dimensional and the units conform to the unit system description in the pro gram input section The solution variables are Variable Description 1 Total power dissipation W or Ibf in s i
131. l displacement of the outer race relative to the inner may be noted In subsequent runs when the radial load operating speed and temperature fields may be applied the bearing may be constrained to an axial displacement noted in the ini tial run Now the resulting value of thrust load may be noted and compared to the applied initial preload This may give an insight into affect of applied operating conditions on actual preload and possibly diagnose skid problems ADORE Manual Page 37 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 38 of 181 Figure 11 Bearing base coordinate system kFS2 Constraint along the y axis for quasi static solution 0 prescribed force 1 prescribed displacement See discussion above under kKFS1 kFS3 Constraint along the z axis for quasi static solution 0 prescribed force 1 prescribed displacement See discussion above under kKFS1 kFS4 Moment constraint along y axis for quasi static solution 0 prescribed moment 1 prescribed misalignment Similar to the applied forces either moments may be prescribed about the transverse Y and Z axes or the bearing may be subjected to relative misalignment about these two axes as shown below If the misalignment are prescribed then the computed moments are in the ADORE Manual Page 38 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 39 of 181 output Likewise when moments are prescribed the computed angular displacement of the race or relative misalignment is in the output
132. l to the respective planes of contacts defined by the contact angles as shown below in figure 14 Now it is postulated that the ball angular velocity vector will be oriented such that the ball angular velocity component relative to the race about an axis normal to the plane of contact is zero of the raceway which provides a larger friction moment In other words the relative spin on the raceway with higher friction moment is zero Such a hypothesis is commonly known as outer race control or inner race control corre ADORE Manual Page 40 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 41 of 181 sponding to zero friction moment on outer or inner races respectively The above con straint is applied to compute the ball angular velocities when kAngVel is set to 1 Angular velocity vector Unknowns Ang Velocity Comp X Ang Velocity Comp Z Orbital ang velocity Figure 14 Angular velocity vector in its components in a ball bearing An alternate constraint on the orientation of the ball angular vector may be determined from energy considerations For a given ball race traction model the heat generated in the outer and inner race contacts may be computed as a function of the inclination of the ball angular velocity vector A variation of the type shown in figure 15 is be observed Point of Minimum Energy Dissipation Energy Dissipated at the Outer and Inner Race Contacts Orientation of Ball Angular Velocity Vector Figure 15 Schemat
133. l variations while for KReGeolmp 3 this record contains rms deviations and the actual variations on each rolling element are computed from a normal distribution The nominal values prescribed on rec 5B to 5D are assumed to represent the mean values Orientation of the roller end face is prescribed by three transformation angles which define a coordinate frame contained in the roller end face relative to the roller coordinate frame All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reDiaVar Variation in roller diameter m or in See general discussion below the title of this record reCrnVar Variation in crown radius m or in See general discussion below the title of this record reLenVar Variation in roller length m or in See general discussion below the title of this record reCLVar Variation in central land m or in See general discussion below the title of this record reCLOffset Axial offset of central land on roller m or in See general discussion below the title of this record ADORE Manual Page 58 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 59 of 181 reEndFrame11 First transformation angle deg for roller end on negative x axis Orientation of
134. lip velocity m s or in s separating the two slopes Shown as Un in figure 49 above Record 10 5 3C Rolling Element to Rolling Element Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients Data on this record is presently used only for ball bearings This data record is required for cageless bearings nCseg 0 Record 3 2 and KRRTracType 1 on Record 10 0 ADORE Manual Page 128 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 129 of 181 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A B C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed A Buje 1 as shown below in figure 50 Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 50 Hypothetical traction slip relation recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reReTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC2 Maximum traction coefficient at the rolling element to rolling element contact Labeled as Kn in figure 50 above reReTC3 Traction coefficient at infinite slip at rolling element to rolling element contact Labeled as K in figure 50 above reReTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s corresponding to maximum traction Labeled as u in figure 50 above Record 10 5 3D Rolling Element to Rolling Element Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required for cageless bearings nCseg 0 Record 3 2 an
135. m Slip Velocity U Figure 36 Simplified two slopes traction model recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reRaceTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip at the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC2 Traction slip slope s m or s in for slip lt reRaceTC4 Slope B in figure 36 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable reRaceT C4 below reRaceTC3 Traction slip slope s m or s in for slip gt reRaceTC4 Slope C in figure 36 above The transition velocity u is specified in variable reRaceT C4 below reRaceTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s separating the two slopes Shown as u in figure 36 above Record 10 1C Rolling Element to Race Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data is required when kTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A B C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed A Buje 1 ADORE Manual Page 105 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 106 of 181 as shown below in figure 37 v K m UF S D 6 Ko S ke Um Slip Velocity U Figure 37 Hypothetical traction slip relation reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reRaceTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC2 Maximum traction coefficient at the rolling elemen
136. m m or Ibm in cageEM Cage elastic modulus N m or Ibf in cagePR Cage Poisson s ratio ADORE Manual Page 85 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 86 of 181 cageCTE Coefficient of thermal expansion of cage m m K or in in R cageHC Heat capacity of cages J kg K or Ibf in Ibm R cageTC Thermal conductivity of cage W m K or Ibf in in R s cageESL Elastic strain limit for the cage cageH Cage hardness Rockwell C cageWC Cage wear coefficient Record 8 6 0 Bearing Weibull Dispersion Data Record required for arbitrary fatigue life parameters kKLifeCons 1 on Rec 3 3 For definition of various constants in the fatigue life model see the following references which document all the life formulae used in ADORE Gupta P K and Tallian T E Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Correction for Materials and Operating Conditions Part III Implementation in Bearing Dynamics Computer Code ASME Journal of Tribology vol 112 pp 23 26 January 1990 Tallian T E A Data Fitted Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Model Part IV Model Implementation for Current Engineering Use STLE Tribology Transactions Vol 39 1996 pp 957 963 Tallian T E Data Fitted Bearing Life Prediction Model for Variable Operating Condi tions STLE Transactions Vol 42 1999 pp 241 249 Gupta P K Oswald F B and Zaretsky E V Comparison of Models Rolling Bearing Dynamic Capacity and Life to be published STLE Transactions reclD
137. m of reading in only the variables of interest After the initial run the data is stored in file MASTER In a continuation run therefore this data is not required 6 10 Subroutine ADRX9 Time varying output data may be stored in the user data set SOL9 in this subroutine Most solutions generated in ADORE are defined in data module Solutions 6 10 1 Adrx9 Example Arbitrary Output in File SOL9 The objective of this example is to extract all local heat generations in the bearing as com puted in ADORE The data is to used subsequently in finite element for the races and cage to compute overall temperature distribution as a result of heat generated in the bearing Thus all heat generations contact size and contact locations as required by the finite element model are col lected from the module Solutions and written in the data set SOL9 as a function of time Note that all solutions are generally dimensionless Hence appropriate scale factors available in data ADORE Manual Page 179 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 180 of 181 module Constants are applied before writing the data to the data set Following is the listing of Adrx9 for this example subroutine Adrx9 kStep Adrx9 arbitrary output file set up by the user to extract any number of output variables in the optional output file SOL9 use Devices use Constants use BrgGeom use Solutions implicit none integer kStep integer 1 j k if kStep lt
138. m of the display window clicking the Go Back option will bring back the previous data record for further updates In case the first valid record is already displayed then a message indicating such a fact shall be displayed Next Rec Click Next Rec to move to the next data record Save amp Exit The Save amp Exit option is equivalent to selecting Save and then Quit under the File menu If the current file name is already known the data will be saved in the file and AdrInput shall terminate other wise the file navigation window shall be displayed to request a file name Afte the data is saved AdrInput shall terminate 2 4 2 Executing ADORE After creating the input data file with AdrInput ADORE may be simple executed by in com mand line mode form the directory in which DATA txt is stored as illustrated above for the test case Note that aside from the PRINT txt output file ADORE created several other data files with varying amounts of data as described later in this manual If any of these files exist in the work ing directory before executing ADORE then the files are overwritten as the execution continues In the event ADORE is being executed in a continuation mode where the previously computed solutions are being advanced further in time then the new data is appended to the old data in the existing data files To facilitate such data handling it is always desirable to run each case from a different working direct
139. mber of cage pockets or rolling elements and the number of guide surfaces in each pocket NOR FORCE Cage pocket normal contact force ADORE Manual Page 146 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 147 of 181 GEO INT Geometric interaction in the cage pocket Geometric interaction represents the clearance on contact deflection at the interacting cage and rolling element surfaces A negative value of GEO INT represents contact while a positive value represents clearance CONTACT ANGLE Angular position of cage to ball contact for ball bearings Load Vector Direction of Rotation Figure 64 Ball Cage contact angles for spherical pockets For ball bearings with spherical pocket there may be two components of contact angle 0 and as defined above in figure 61 In the event of cylindrical pocket the angle 6 is zero and 0 defines the contact position completely CONTACT POS For roller bearings the guide surfaces are generally flat and the contact takes place normal to the guide surface Thus the contact angle is already defined from pocket geometry In such cases the contact angle solutions are replaced of contact position values which define the axial position of roller cage contact along the roller axis 4 2 3 Race Motion Plot 1 Race Mass Center Velocities ORBITAL Whirl or orbital angular velocity of race center about the bearing center RADIAL Radial component of the race mass center velocity AXIAL Axial component of t
140. n a Windows 7 system assuming that the available installation disk is drive d carryout the following steps 1 Create a directory d Adore 2 Create a subdirectory d Adore bin 3 Copy the program disk contents d Adore directory Now all the disk contents will be in the directory d Adore Adore600 2 3 1 ADORE Installation ADORE installation is accomplished by a Makefile provided in the Disk2 subdirectory on the program disk For other compilers simply edit the Makefile to change the compiler command 1f95 to the applicable command for the available fortran compiler After completing appropriate editing of the Makefile carryout the following steps 1 Open the Command Prompt window to get a command window with a ec prompt 2 Change directory to d Adore Adore600 Disk2 3 Execute the command nmake This will compile all the source files and create an exe cutable adore exe 4 Copy the executable to the Adore bin directory by running the following command copy adore exe d Adore bin Adore600 exe 2 3 2 AdrInput AdrPlot and Agore Installation Assuming that the Java development kit is installed copy the supplied customized files so that they are located as follows on the computer system File setup bat d Adore setup bat File AdrInput bat d Adore bin AdrInput bat ADORE Manual Page 13 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 14 of 181 File AdrPlot bat d Adore bin AdrPlot bat File Agore bat d Adore bin A gore bat Edit the path
141. n the bearing 2 Fraction of total power consumed in churning and drag 3 Fatigue life Hours 4 5 Applied moment N m or Ibf in about the X axis on the outer and inner races 6 7 Applied moment N m or Ibf in about the Y axis on the outer and inner races 8 9 Applied moment N m or Ibf in about the Z axis on the outer and inner races 10 Time averaged wear rate m s or in s for rolling element 1 11 12 Time averaged wear rate m s or in s for the outer and inner races ADORE Manual Page 165 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 166 of 181 13 Time averaged wear rate m s or in s for the cage 14 Rolling element bulk temperature K or R 15 16 Bulk temperature of the outer and inner races K or R 17 Cage bulk temperature K or R 5 7 File SOL8 Similar to SOL7 this file is also created at the first run and updated in subsequent continua tion runs The file is only active when the graphics animation option KAGraf on ADORE input Record 1 is nonzero The data contained here is used by the graphics animation code which dis plays an animated pictorial view of the bearing based on the dynamic solutions generated by ADORE Again the file has two parts the header and solution record 5 7 1 Header Information In addition to the information contained in the other plot files the header in this file also con tains some geometrical information The first line contains the program version and the bearing specification code sup
142. ne of the following two types of relation Type I Relation u u explap B T T Type II Relation U Ho EXP ov 7 o Similar to the viscosity variation as a function of pressure and temperature the other two constitutive constants e g G u and T o may also be functions of pres sure and temperature Again these constitutive constants and their variation as a function of pressure and temperature have to be determined experimentally How ever implementation of this model is substantially more complicated since a dif ferential equation has to be solved to compute the shear stress distribution Complete analytical details of the elastohydrodynamic models are contained in the following references Kannel J F and Walowit J A Simplified Analysis for Traction Between Roll ing Sliding EHD Contact ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 93 1971 pp 39 46 Gupta P K Flamand L Berthe D and Godet M On the Traction Behavior of Several Lubricants ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 103 1981 pp 55 64 Johnson K L and Tevaarwerk J L Shear Behavior of EHD Oil Films Proceed ings of the Royal Society London A356 1977 pp 215 Bair S and Winer W O A Rheological Model for EHD Contacts based on Pri mary Laboratory Data ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology vol 101 3 1979 pp 258 Gupta P K Cheng H S Zhu D Forster N H and Schrand J B Visco Elastic Ef
143. ned in program module Devices If on a given computer system any of the above device codes are used for other system data sets then the above defaults must be appro priately changes The default file names may be changed to any user defined names by exercising the designated program option kKFnOpt 1 on input data Record 1 and then defining the file names on Record 2 3 Typical examples of the various data sets are included in program media under subdirectory Disk1 see Media Contents in Chapter 2 of this manual ADORE Manual Page 155 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 156 of 181 A detailed description of each of the data sets including the pertinent data is presented below 5 1 File DATA txt This is the user supplied input file which contains all the input data required to execute a run This file may be prepared in accordance to ADORE input instructions described in section 4 of this manual Either any text editor or the ADORE input facility AdrInput may also be used to prepare this file See examples in Appendix B for typical listings of this file 5 2 File PRINT txt All the print output goes to this file At the end of the run the file may either be printed or viewed with any text editor Typical output is contained in the program media under subdirectory Disk1 see Media contents in Chapter 2 of this manual 5 3 File MASTER This file contains all the bearing data and certain solutions at the final time step which are require
144. ng dynamics computer code ADORE is used to integrate the equations of motion of the bearing elements The various components of motion are compiled in a data base This data base provides an interface between graphics and bearing dynamics codes Output from the graph ics model consists of animated displays of pertinent bearing elements For example in a ball bear ing the display includes motion of all the balls cage and the two races ADORE Manual Page 10 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 11 of 181 Based on the above overview of the graphics modeling process a more detailed outline of development approach used in AGORE is schematically shown in figure 6 The bearing dynamics Graphics Animation Model Bearing Dynamics Element Code Geometry Element Shape ADORE Generation Shape Storage in Graphics Structure Simulated Motion j Object Data Base Transformation Coordinates Transformations l to Visual Animated Coordinates Display Figure 6 Schematic outline of the graphics animation model computer code ADORE is executed to generate the simulated dynamics motion of bearing ele ments The output is compiled in the form a data base which contains the fundamental compo nents of motion of all bearing elements The Java class libraries are used to develop the graphics codes which generate the shape of bearing elements from the prescribed geometry The data base obtained by using ADORE is then used to generate the tran
145. ns must be further advanced in time in order to achieve reasonable steady state solutions In order to efficiently fulfill such a need it is necessary to restart the integration from the time at which the previous run was terminated Also for easy interpretation of the results it may be essen tial to plot the entire output generated during all the runs on the same graph It is for these rea sons that some type of data management is necessary ADORE employs several sequential data files which are opened during execution The list of default file names and fortran unit codes used are documented in the following table Table 2 ADORE Data Sets FORTRAN Device File Name Device Code File Contents Code Variable DATA txt 2 input ADORE input data PRINT txt 3 output Print output MASTER 7 master Master data file which stores all program inputs FINAL 8 final Final solution vector SOL1 11 pfile 1 Plot solutions for selected bearing element 1 SOL2 12 pfile 2 Plot solutions for selected bearing element 2 SOL3 13 pfile 3 Plot solutions for selected bearing element 3 SOL4 14 pfile 4 Plot solutions for selected bearing element 4 SOL5 15 pfile 5 Plot solutions for selected bearing element 5 SOL6 16 pfile 6 Plot solutions for selected bearing element 6 SOL7 17 pfile 7 Powerloss and life data SOL8 18 pfile 8 Graphic animation data SOL9 19 pfile 9 User selected data All devices are defi
146. nt is imposed by setting the value of mode to either 1 or 2 With mode 1 the mass center position of all rolling elements is determined by solving the axial and radial force equilibrium equations and the position of the races is held fixed for a radially loaded bearing this will result in a slight variation in the radial load on the bearing as the rolling elements travel in their orbit With mode 2 however both the position of the races and the rolling elements may be deter mined from the equilibrium equations this will result in a fixed load but the relative posi tion of the races may vary slightly In terms of the required computational effort per unit rotation of the bearing mode 1 is probably be most efficient for most bearing applica tions For roller bearings with extensive roller skew however it may be necessary to let the roller mass center accelerate in accordance to the roller race load variations resulting from the dynamic tilt and skew of the roller and an axial and radial equilibrium constraint may not be realistic under such conditions realistic simulation of the dynamic perfor mance can only be obtained with mode 0 Thus the program mode defined as follows 2 Quasi static equilibrium solution with gyroscopic restraints as used in race control hypothesis for ball bearings 1 Quasi static equilibrium solution without gyroscopic restraints 0 Generalized dynamic simulation 1 Dynamic simulation with equilibrium const
147. o rmsAspHt1 Composite surface roughness m or in at outer race contact rmsAspHt2 Composite surface roughness m or in at inner race contact Record 5C Spherical Roller Bearing Geometry This record is required for spherical roller bearings kBrg 3 on Record 3 2 Some of the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bReDia Nominal roller diameter m or in bReCrn Nominal crown radius m or in bReLen Nominal roller length m or in bReCorRad1 Nominal corner radius on the negative x axis on roller m or in bReCorRad2 Nominal corner radius on the positive x axis of the roller m or in pitchDia Pitch diameter m or in freelntCls Diametral clearance or play m or in ADORE Manual Page 52 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 53 of 181 raceCurFac1 Outer race curvature factor Race curvature factor is defined as the ration of radius of curvature of the race groove to the nominal crown diameter of the roller 2 bReCrn The definition is similar to the one used for ball bearings raceCurFac2 Inner race curvature factor Race curvature factor is defined as the ration of radius of curvature of the race groove to the nominal crown
148. odular in structure The entire code is divided into a large number of sub programs As shown schematically in figure 3 the nine basic modules of ADORE are 1 ADRAn Input Output and quasi static computation 2 ADRBn Computation of derivatives or accelerations 3 ADRCn Rolling element race normal contact forces 4 ADRDn Rolling element race traction and lubricant effects 5 ADREn Rolling element cage and cage race interactions 6 ADRFn Computation of fatigue life 7 ADRGn Numerical integration algorithms 8 ADRHn Thermal interactions 9 ADRXn User programmable subroutines for special effects The first three letters ADR in the module name represent an abbreviation of ADORE the fourth letter denotes the module name and the last letter n may assume any numeric value depending on the number of subprograms in the module ADORE Manual Page 7 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 8 of 181 Figure 3 Modular structure of ADORE The input facility AdrInput is a stand alone code which prepared the input data set for ADORE The main program ADORE calls the module ADRAn for input output and the compu tation of the quasi static solution Bearing life is computed by calling ADRFn In the present ver sion of ADORE the module ADRFn also contains a subroutine for the computation of churning and drag effects For the dynamic analysis the two primary modules called by ADORE are ADRBn and ADRGn for computing the accelerations and integrating
149. of the race groove to the nominal crown diameter of the roller 2 bReCrn The definition is similar to the one used for ball bearings ADORE Manual Page 55 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 56 of 181 rmsAspHt1 Composite surface roughness m or in at outer race contact rmsAspHt2 Composite surface roughness m or in at inner race contact Record 5F Race Flange Geometry This record is required when the races have guide flanges KFlngindxx gt 0 on Record 3 2 which is normally the case for cylindrical and tapered roller bearings All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter Figure 21 below described the various geometrical variables on this record Z Flange Angle fIngAng21 Flange Angle fIngAng11 ge Angle flngAng we Outer Race FI Height flngHt1 1 ange Heig g Flange Height flngHt2 1 an Height flngHt22 aad Flange Angle flngAng22 X Flange Height flngHt12 Inner Race Flange Angle flngAng1 Figure 21 Race guide flange definitions reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes flngAng11 Flange layback angle deg outer race negative x axis This value is only applicable when kFlnglnd11 1 on Record 3 2 flngAng21 Flange layback angle deg outer race positive x a
150. omponents of race mass center position m or in 16 Orbital position deg of the race mass center 17 18 Radial and axial position m or in of race mass center 19 20 Angular orientation of the race the angles the angles deg theta 0 and phi for race orientation defined as follows Race principal axis X X Figure 76 Race angular orientation in inertial frame 21 Total rotation deg of the race 22 Angular velocity rpm of the race ADORE Manual Page 163 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 164 of 181 23 24 Orientation of the race angular velocity vector the angles deg theta 0 and phi which are defined similar to the angles shown above for race angular orientation 5 6 File SOL7 This file contains data for the power dissipation and life plots This file is always active it is again created during the first run and updated in subsequent runs Similar to the SOL1 to SOL6 files this files contains a header and a solution record 5 6 1 Header Information Format of the header information contained in the first four lines of the data file is identical to that discussed above for files SOL1 to SOL6 The first line contains the program version and the bearing specification code supplied by the user on input record 3 1 in format 2x al2 5x a36 On the second line a plot title Power Dissipation and Life is included Note that the charac ter string is terminated with The third line contains a
151. on is retained only for more rigorous modeling if necessary The various coefficients are specified on this data record recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes visCoeff11 First viscosity pressure coefficient a in the above equation m N or in lbf visCoeff21 Second viscosity pressure coefficient Q in the above equation m N or in7 Ibf visCoeff31 Third viscosity pressure coefficient Ol 3 in the above equation m7 N or in7 Ibf visCoeff12 First viscosity temperature coefficient By in the above equation 1 K or 1 R if kVType 1 or K or R if kVType 2 visCoeff22 Second viscosity temperature coefficient B gt in the above equation 1 K or 1 R if kVType 1 or K or R if kVType 2 ADORE Manual Page 114 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 115 of 181 visCoeff32 Third viscosity temperature coefficient B3 in the above equation 1 K or 1 R if kVType 1 or K or R if kVType 2 visCoeff13 First viscosity pressure temperature coefficient Y in the above equation m N K or in lbf R if kVType 1 or K m N or R in lbf if kVType 2 visCoeff23 Second viscosity pressure temperature coefficient Y in the above equation m N K or in Ibf R 7 if KVType 1 or K m7 N or R in Ibf 7 if kVType 2 visCoeff33 Third viscosity pressure temperature coefficient Y3 in the above equation m N K or in lbf R if KVType 1 or K m7 N or R in lbf if kVType 2
152. on is computed by equi librium constraint or it accelerates under arbitrary accelerations prescribed in optional user subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 ADORE Manual Page 28 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 29 of 181 kMD11 Dynamic moment or rotational constraint on outer race along the x axis see general discus sion under this record title 0 Race accelerates under arbitrary moment prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 1 Race rotates at fixed speed prescribed later in Record 9 or it may subsequently accelerate under arbitrary angular accelerations prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kMD21 Dynamic moment or rotational constraint on outer race along the y axis see general discus sion under this record title 0 Race accelerates under arbitrary moment prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 1 Race rotates at fixed speed prescribed later in Record 9 or it may subsequently accelerate under arbitrary angular accelerations prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kMD31 Dynamic moment or rotational constraint on outer race along the z axis see general discus sion under this record title 0 Race accelerates under arbitrary moment prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 1 Race rotates at fixed speed prescribed later in Record 9 or it may subsequently accelerate under arbitrary angular accelerations prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kMD12 Dynamic momen
153. on of the bearing elements due to thermal gradients shrink fits and centrifugal expansion of the races and any prescribed loads and or geometrical constraints on the bearing are considered in this category ADORE Manual Page 5 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 6 of 181 The general motion of any bearing element as a function of the applied forces and moments computed from the above interactions is considered in two parts 1 Motion of the mass center 2 Rotation of the element about its mass center The mass center motion is generally considered in an inertial space fixed coordinate frame as shown below in figure 1 The mass center position may be defined either by the cartesian coor dinate x y z or cylindrical coordinates x r 0 A body fixed coordinate frame X 2 at the element mass center and along the principal inertial axes may also be defined as shown below in figure 1 The angular orientation of the bearing element may then be defined by three angles which define the orientation of this body fixed frame relative to the inertial frame Body Fixed Frame Element Mass Center Inertial Frame Y Figure 1 Base coordinate frame for mass center motion The three angles which define the angular orientation of the body fixed frame relative to the fixed inertial frame are Euler type angles and are defined as follows 1 Rotation n about the X axis to arrive at coordinates x y z 2 Rotation about the y a
154. on slip relation may be programmed in user subroutine Adrx7 For most oil lubricated bearing the Newtonian model is the most recommended option For a number of lubricant the model coefficients are available in the data base built in within ADORE Thus the task of traction modeling simply reduces to specification of a model code For the visco elastic model the user is expected to prescribe all the model coefficients For the rolling element to race contact either one of the above model types may be used How ever if an elastohydrodynamic model is selected a hypothetical model is also prescribed for computing traction when the elastohydrodynamic model breaks down due to the lubricant film thickness being less than the critical value For all other interactions such as rolling ele ment to cage contact cage race contact and contact between roller ends and guide flanges only a prescribed traction slip relation may be used to compute traction at a given slip veloc ity The options on Record 10 0 define the model type at the at the various interactions recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kTrac Traction code at rolling element race interaction 1 Arbitrary traction model in subroutine Adrx7 0 Hypothetical traction slip model 1 Mineral oil SAE 30 or mobil dte 2 5p4e Polypheny1l ether ADORE Manual Page 101 of 181 O mANNHN MN FB W ADORE Manual Page 102 of 181 MIL L 7808 type oil MIL L 23699 or
155. ontact angle solution is replaced by axial position of contact on the guide surface Thus for roller bearings once again with the pocket denoted as i i 1 n n being the number of pockets and guide surface denoted as j j 1 m where m 2 for most pockets except for customized pockets the cage pocket solutions are documented as follows Variable 24 i 1 4m j 1 4 1 Description Contact force N or lbf in pocket i on guide surface j ADORE Manual Page 162 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 163 of 181 24 i 1 4m 1 4 2 Geometric interaction m or in in pocket i on guide surface j 24 i 1 4m j 1 44 3 Contact angle o deg in pocket i on guide surface j for roller bear ings with cylindrical pockets and axial position of contact m or in or all other pockets Solution Record for the Races The solution vector of the races is quite similar to the basic record of the cage There are a total of 24 variables in the solution record Variable Description 1 Race mass center whirl velocity rpm 2 Radial velocity of race mass center m s or in s 3 Axial velocity of race mass center m s or in s 4 6 Applied forces N or lbf in the X Y Z directions on the outer and inner races 7 9 Applied moments N m or Ibf in in the X Y Z directions on the outer and inner races 10 Orbital angular acceleration rpm s of race mass center 11 12 Radial and axial acceleration m s or in s of race mass center 13 15 Cartesian X Y Z c
156. ontact while a positive value represents clearance ADORE Manual Page 144 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 145 of 181 CONTACT ANGLE Angular position of cage race contact or geometric interaction at guide land 2 in a cage fixed coordinate frame as shown below Direction of Rotation Line of minimum geometric interaction of film thickness Cage fixed reference frame pm Y Cage Race contact angle Cage Race Figure 61 Schematic of cage race contact angle Plot 4 Cage Mass Center Acceleration ORBITAL Orbital angular acceleration of the cage mass center RADIAL Radial acceleration of cage mass center AXIAL Axial acceleration of cage mass center Plot 5 Cage Mass Center Whirl Orbit Generally the cage mass center whirl orbit is plotted in a plane normal to the bearing axis which is the X axis Thus the Y component of mass center position is plotted as a function of the X component Optionally under program input control any of the two components may be plotted against each other to obtain a whirl orbit in any plane Y POSITION CLEARANCE Y component of the cage mass center position divided by the average cage race guide land clearance Z POSITION CLEARANCE Z component of the cage mass center position divided by the average cage race guide land clearance Plot 6 Cage Mass Center Position ORBITAL Angular position of cage mass center about the bearing axis RADIAL Radial position of cage mass center AXIA
157. or in radial m or in and orbital rad The transformation angles rad which define the angular orienta tion of the rolling element Position vector m or in which locates rolling element center rela tive to the cage pocket center Cage pocket force on the rolling element N or lbf Cage pocket contact angle rad Cartesian X Y Z coordinates m or in of cage mass center Three transformation angles rad which define angular orientation of the cage Cage Race force N or lbf and contact angles rad for guide land 1 ADORE Manual Page 167 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 168 of 181 9 10 Cage Race force N or lbf and contact angles rad for guide land 2 1 3 Cartesian X Y Z coordinates m or in of race mass center 4 6 Three transformation angles RAD which define angular orienta tion of the race 5 8 File SOL9 This file is for user output Using the optional subroutine Adrx9 any of the solutions of inter est may be output to this file at given time step The data may then be used as input into other modeling software or post processing procedures such as plotting ADORE Manual Page 168 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 169 of 181 6 USER PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTIONS AND SUBROUTINES In addition to the flexibility in the input data several user programmable subroutine in the ADRXn module allow a number of special effects to be very easily programmed Access to data internal to ADORE is provided by attaching appro
158. ory as suggested above ADORE Manual Page 16 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 17 of 181 2 4 3 Executing AdrPlot Similar to AdrInput AdrPlot may be executed either in command line or in system graphic environment After accepting the application disclaimer the user is prompted to open a valid ADORE data set and set the initial default plot parameters After the file is opened certain keywords in the file are validated to ascertain the file was generated by ADORE If this validation procedure fails the user is accordingly prompted When the data set is valid plotting may either be done under default parameters or new values may be set If new values are desired then the three inputs start point end point and data plot interval are interactively requested The entire file is now read and plot data is setup to display the various plots Depending on the size of the file and speed of the available processor this could take several minutes Upon completion of the setup procedure the first plot is displayed Depending on the resolution of the monitor the size of the graphic window may be have to be adjusted to display the graphs in acceptable form However the window size can only be changed once upon start of the application Thus if the graphics are not acceptable exit of the application restart and change the window size after the first graph is displayed These problems generally do not exist with high resolution monitors The various menu opt
159. p p gt 2 D 6 Cc Koo S 5 ke Um Slip Velocity U Figure 38 Hypothetical traction slip relation recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 107 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 108 of 181 reFlngTC1 Coefficient A in the hypothetical traction relation for rolling element to flange contact reFlngTC2 Coefficient B s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to flange contact reFlngTC3 Coefficient C s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to flange contact reFlngTC4 Coefficient D in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to flange con tact Record 10 2B Rolling Element to Flange Contact Coefficients of the Two Slopes Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required for roller bearing with guide flanges KFlnglndxx gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kRFTracType 0 on Rec 10 0 The data specifies the two slopes and the transition point of the two slopes model as shown below in figure 39 for the rolling element to flange contact Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 39 Simplified two slopes traction model recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reFlngTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip at the rolling element to flange contact ADORE Manual Page 108 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 109 of 181 reFlngTC2 Traction
160. perfections in Ball Bearings This record is required only when modeling geometric imperfections on balls in a ball bear ing 1 lt kReGeolmp lt 3 and kBrg 1 Record 3 2 Geometrical imperfections on the balls are the restricted to variations in ball diameter The overall shape of the balls is still assumed to be spherical All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 57 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 58 of 181 reDiaVar Variation in ball diameter m or in Actual variation in ball diameter when KReGeolmp 1 or 2 or rms deviation when kRe Geolmp 3 on Record 3 2 In the later case the nominal diameter specified on Record 5A is assumed to be mean value Record 5G 1B Geometrical imperfections on Rollers in a Roller Bearing This record is required to model geometric imperfections on rollers in a roller bearing 1 lt kReGeolmp lt 3 and kBrg gt 1 Record 3 2 1 lt kReGeoImp lt 3 and kBrg gt 1 on Rec 3 2 This record contains geometrical imperfections on rollers in a roller bearing Similar to rec 5G 1A the data entered on this record depends on value of KReGeolmp For kReGeolmp 1 or 2 the values specified below are actua
161. plied by the user on input Record 3 1 in format 2x a10 5x a36 The second line is similar to third line in the other plot files There are a number of integer variables in format 2x 40i3 Variable Description 1 Bearing type as defined in input data record 3 2 2 Number of rolling elements in the bearing 3 12 A vector of length 10 containing the length of character strings in each component of the units vector as in the other plot files 13 Number of geometrical variables included in the header after the units strings The actual value is 12 14 Number of variables in the solution vector This depends on number of rolling elements in the bearing The actual value is 6 n 3 5 n 4 where n is the number of rolling elements The third line in the file header contains the units vector which is a character string array of length 10 in format 2x 10 a10 2x The components of this array contain the various units used in the plots The number of characters in each unit components in contained in variables 3 12 as discussed above The last component is blank and this is used in place of units when the variable plotted is dimensionless Following the above three lines the header also includes 12 geometrical variables in format 2x 13e10 3 Since the all graphics are processed to some scale and all geometrical variables have a length scale all the quantities are in dimensionless form Variable Description 1 2 Cage outer and
162. priate data module to user codes Complete documentation of each variable in the various data modules is included in the source listing Con siderable care must be exercised while using the data modules to avoid any unintentional change of the values set for any of the variables In addition to optional programming the user also has access to certain parameters which are used to set up ADORE For example by default the maximum number of rolling elements is set to 40 In the event the bearing to be modeled has more than this maximum limit of rolling elements then this parameter can be increased Likewise if done of the user applications will require this maximum number of rolling elements then the limit can be reduced to save memory and possibly speed up the computation The module Parameters contains such parameters The source listing provides complete documentation of each parameters and the values set are clearly shown As the user makes changes to the ADORE source code and or adds code to the user program mable subroutines it is often desirable to track the modified version for documentation purposes To facilitate this ADORE version 5 60 introduces a new variable to define user version This variable is simply a string of characters which is appends the main ADORE version included in all print and plot output and ADORE data sets The character string variable jver included in data module Constants is used to set the user ve
163. quired bearing elements starting with SOL1 All of these files are ASCII formatted text files The first two columns are always blank fol lowed by a maximum of 130 columns of text The files may therefore be printed on any 132 col umns printer There are two types information which is recorded in these files 5 5 1 Header Information The first line contains the program version and the bearing specification code supplied by the user on input record 3 1 in format 2x al2 5x a36 On the second line a title for the specific bearing element is included in a character string Depending on the bearing element the length of this string may vary However the string is ter minated by the character The third line contains a number of integer variables in format 2x 20i6 A description of these variables is as follows Variable Description 1 Number of data values in the solution record discussed later in this section 2 Number of rolling elements in the bearing 3 Number of rolling elements contained in a cage segment when the cage is segmented For a one piece cage this variable is equal to the number of rolling elements 4 Number of cage segments in the bearing Index of the bearing element as defined in input data record 3 4 associated with the data file 6 Flange indicator flag for the outer race When the race flanges exist on the outer race either kKFlngind11 or kFlnglnd21 on Record 3 2 is nonzero this flag
164. r X Figure 59 Rolling element angular velocity vector in the azimuth coordinate MAGNITUDE Magnitude of rolling element angular velocity vector THETA Angle 0 defining orientation of rolling element angular velocity vector PHI Angle defining orientation of rolling element angular velocity vector ADORE Manual Page 142 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 143 of 181 Plot 6 Rolling Element Race Interactions Set 1 Rolling element to race contact loads contact angles and spin to roll ratios are the subject of this plot CCONTACT LOAD Contact loads at the outer and inner race contacts CONTACT ANGLE Contact angles at the outer and inner race contacts SPIN ROLL Spin to Roll ratios at the outer and inner races Spin velocity is defined as the component of the rolling element angular velocity vector relative to the race and nor mal to the contact plane while roll velocity is the relative angular velocity component in the plane of contact Plot 7 Rolling Element Race Interactions Set 2 SLIP VEL Maximum slip velocity in the rolling element to race contact Slip velocity is defined as the relative sliding between the rolling element and race Q V Integral of the product of load and slip velocity in the contact LUB FILM Lubricant film thickness in the rolling element to race contact Plot 8 Rolling Element Race Interactions Set 3 HEAT GEN Contact heat generation is the integral of the product of slip veloc
165. r X Y Z may be computed by the three force equilibrium equations for the race These relative positions will define ADORE Manual Page 39 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 40 of 181 the contact angles for ball bearings as shown below For roller bearings the contact angles are already known and it is only necessary to compute roller position relative to the races X Contact angles Azimuth position Figure 13 Contact angles and azimuth position for ball bearings Computation of angular and orbital velocity of the rolling elements can be computed by imposing a pure rolling constraint on the outer and inner races These two constraints are adequate when the orientation of the angular velocity is known such as for roller bearings and the two unknowns are magnitude of angular and orbital velocities For angular contact ball bearings however the ball angular velocity vector is tilted and has two components about the X and Z axes as shown below Therefore there are three unknowns two compo nents of angular velocity vector and the magnitude of ball orbital velocity about the bear ing axis Thus in addition to the rolling constraints at the outer and inner races an additional constraint is required to complete the analytical formulation for computation of angular velocities To satisfy this additional requirement friction moments under constant coefficient of friction are computed on the outer and inner race contacts about the axes norma
166. r roller bearings the equilibrium con straint also forces the roller to be perfected aligned i e no misalignment or skew Record 2 2 Dynamic Force or Displacement Constraints Data on this record is required when mode gt 0 and KDCR 1 on Record 1 ADORE offers the option of either prescribing the forces or displacements on the bearing races When forces are prescribed the race masses are used to compute accelerations while no mass properties are necessary when race accelerations are prescribed Like wise when moments are prescribed the angular accelerations are computed by dividing the applied moments by appropriate moments of inertia while no inertial properties are necessary when angular accelerations are prescribed These two options are generally referred to as force field and displacement field options corresponding to the conditions of proscribed forces and displacements or accelerations respectively In a normal bearing operating under constant loads and speed the rotational motions are constrained by the constant rotational velocity and thus all angular accelerations are set to zero Like wise corresponding to the applied loads the relative race displacements are computed from equilibrium constraints and then the race mass center velocities and accelerations are set to zero Thus the entire treatment is in displacement field This is the default condition in ADORE When any mass center or angular acceleration on the race
167. racting rolling element and race surfaces since a majority of surface asperities will be in contact when the film thickness approaches such a value Lubricant starvation is modeled by apply a film thickness reduction factor based on semi empirical formula stated It is assumed that rather than the whole inlet zone filled with lubri cant the lubricant adheres to the interacting surfaces and forms a meniscus at a definite dis tance from the contact zone as shown below in figure 41 The primary input is therefore the distance of this meniscus from edge of the contact zone It is specified as a ratio of actual dis tance to the contact half width Normally the contact is fully flooded when this ratio has a value of 10 or more while it is heavily starved for values 1 or less Contact Zone Inlet ee ee Zone Lubricant ee Meniscus Contact Half Width Distance of Oil Meniscus Figure 41 Schematic of an elastohydrodynamic contact reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reRaceFilm Critical film thickness m or in for lubricant model breakdown at rolling element to race interface strParam Starvation parameter Ratio of the lubricant meniscus distance from the edge of contact to the contact half width Record 10 4 0 User Defined Lubricant This data record is required to prescribed an elastohydrodynamic model for a lubricant which is not present in ADORE data base kTrac gt 8 on Recor
168. raints on rolling elements where the radial and axial equilibrium is performed only for the rolling elements and the position of the race centers is either fixed or prescribed in accordance to any prede termined path 2 Dynamic simulation with equilibrium constraints on both the rolling elements and the races the equilibrium equations determine the position of all rolling elements and also the relative position of the two races generally the outer race will be held fixed while relative position of the inner race is determined by the equilibrium equations kDCR Dynamic constraints on the races 0 Use defaults where race mass centers are permitted to move in prescribed dis placement field 1 Specific constraints are included on record 2 2 kDOF ADORE Manual Page 22 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 23 of 181 Add selective suppression of degrees of freedom DOF on bearing elements to the con straints prescribed by mode 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 klcOpt No additional suppression of degrees of freedom Suppress axial translational DOF on rolling elements and cage Suppress axial translational and transverse y amp z rotational DOF on rolling ele ments and cage Suppress axial translational DOF on rolling elements only Suppress axial translational and transverse y amp z rotational DOF on rolling ele ments only Suppress all degrees of freedom on rolling elements Arbitrary suppression in user subroutine Adrx1 Ini
169. rances can be modeled and the influence of time varying operating conditions on the general stability of bearing elements can be investigated ADORE may therefore prove to be a powerful tool for the design of rolling bearings where cage stability rolling element skid and skew complex lubrication mechanics and wear of bearing elements impose significant limitations on the performance of the rotor bearing system The types of rolling bearings considered in ADORE include ball cylindrical roller tapered roller spherical tapered roller and radially loaded single row spherical roller bearings The bear ings may be with or without cage and the cage may either be a one piece element or it may be seg mented into several pieces Throughout ADORE depending on the type of bearing the term rolling element represents ball cylindrical roller spherical roller tapered roller or spherical tapered roller and the term bearing elements include rolling elements cage and the outer and inner races The analytical models in ADORE consist of the following 1 Rolling element race interactions Rolling element cage interactions Cage race interactions Race flange interactions for roller bearings External system interactions and constraints WU ah The rolling element race interaction provides a model for the computation of normal and trac tive forces at the rolling element to race interface The classical theories of elasticity and elastohy d
170. ransformation angle deg to locate rolling element geometric reference frame relative to its principal axes frame kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReFrameY Y transformation angle deg to locate rolling element geometric reference frame relative to its principal axes frame kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements ADORE Manual Page 67 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 68 of 181 bReFrameZ Z transformation angle deg to locate rolling element geometric reference frame relative to its principal axes frame kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements Record 6 2 1 Optional Inertial Parameters for the Outer Race This record is required only when simulating acceleration of the outer race under arbitrary inertial parameters mode 0 on Record 1 and kRacelP1 1 on Record 3 4 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceMass1 Effective mass kgm or lbf of outer race ra
171. rations resulting in rotating or time varying misalignments can be prescribed along these axes The data control parameters listed under output control just denote the variables kKPrtOpt and kPrtFreq specified on input record 1 while the auto plot codes denote the bearing elements array kPItElemInd of input record 3 4 for which the plot data is stored The print output at each time step is divided into four sections 1 Rolling Element Parameters 2 Race and Cage Parameters 3 Applied Parameters 4 Time Step Summary Any or all of the output sections may be printed at any preselected time steps by appropriately exercising the output control options Although most of the output is self explanatory a brief dis cussion of some of the parameters may be helpful to the user 4 1 1 Angular Velocities All angular velocity vectors are printed in terms of an amplitude and the orientation 0 and 9 The two angles define the orientation of the angular velocity vectors as shown in figure 49 The X Y Z coordinate frame shown in this figure corresponds to the rolling element azimuth frame with Z axis pointed radially outward X axis along the bearing axis and Y axis determined by the right hand screw rule in the case of rolling element velocities and it represents the inertial frame for the cage and race angular velocities ADORE Manual Page 134 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 135 of 181 Angular Velocity Vector X Figure 52 Rolling element ang
172. rd 10 5 1D Rolling Element to Cage Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when a cage is present in the bearing nNCseg gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kCPTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed K Ae ap ADORE Manual Page 122 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 123 of 181 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reCageTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to cage contact reCageTC2 Maximum asymptotic traction coefficient at infinite slip for the rolling element to race flange contact reCageTC3 Traction slope at zero slip at the rolling element to race flange contact reCageTC4 Presently not used Record 10 5 2A Cage to Race Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients This data record is required when a race guided cage is present in the bearing nCseg gt 0 Record 3 2 iCageGuide i gt 0 on Record 7 0 and kKCRTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies the four coefficients A B C D of the hypothetical traction slip relation A Buje O as shown below in figure 45 1 2 qa K z mfp gt 2 D 6 Cc Koo S 5 ke Um Slip Velocity U Figure 45 Hypothetical traction slip relation reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in
173. record 0 Ideal geometry no imperfections 1 Elliptical cage guide land imperfections data on record 7 5 2 Sinusoidal variation in cage land radius imperfections data on record 7 5 kRaceGsImp Geometrical imperfections on race guide lands This is only relevant when nGL gt 0 on this record 0 Ideal geometry no imperfections 1 Elliptical race guide land imperfections data on record 7 5 2 Sinusoidal variation in race land radius imperfections data on record 7 5 kPocHydro Hydrodynamics code at rolling element cage interaction ADORE Manual Page 71 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 72 of 181 0 Neglect hydrodynamics 1 Include hydrodynamics kGsHydro Hydrodynamics code at cage race interface 0 Neglect hydrodynamics 1 Include hydrodynamics kCageMat Material code for the cage 0 Standard material Mild steel 1 Cage material properties specified on record 8 5 2 Material properties to be extracted from user data base via user subroutine ADRXO m Material code for property data base in ADORE See available material codes below kCagelP Inertial parameters for the cage or cage segments 0 Standard parameters ideal geometry 1 Inertial parameters specified on record 7 7 nGL Number of cage race guide lands iCageGuide i i 1 nGL Type of cage guidance on ith land i 1 nGL 0 No race guidance 1 Outer race guidance 2 Inner race guidance Presently available material codes m in ADORE database are m Material 100
174. red by the user programmable subroutines must follow immediately after record 2 7 All the bearing data are read from the data file MASTER and initial conditions vector from file FINAL These files along with all ADORE Manual Page 33 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 34 of 181 the plot solution files SOL1 to SOL6 as generated by the previous run must be present in the current working directory 3 3 Program Options Record 3 1 Bearing Specification Code This record is always required reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes runid Bearing specification code or run identifier maximum 36 characters in single quotes This string is used to identify the run This code is printed on each page on print and plot output In addition the code is stored in each of the data set created by the run In case of a continuation run this code is matched in each of the data files before starting the run It is therefore important to use a unique code with each run Record 3 2 Program Options Set 1 This record is always required recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kUnit Code for system of units defined as follows 1 SI units 2 English units See discussion of units at the beginning of this chapter kBrg Bearing type 1 Ball bearing angular contact or radial 2 Cylindrical roller bearing 3 Spherical roller bearing 4 Tapered roller bearing 5 Spherical tapered roller bearing
175. rithm defined as follows l 7 Explicit Runge Kutta Fehlberg method of order intMet 11 18 Predictor corrector method or order intMet 10 An explicit method of order 4 is used to start the predictor corrector process THIS OPTION IS PRESENTLY NOT AVAILABLE An initial trial value of intMet 5 is suggested 3 2 Step Size Information and Thermal Environment Record 2 1 Time Step Information This record is only required for dynamic simulations mode gt 0 on Record 1 recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes stplnit Initial size of dimensionless time step an initial trial Suggested value 0 050 In order to facilitate modeling of all ranges of geometries and applied operating condi tions and permit computation of numerical truncation error to control convergence of the integration procedure ADORE performs the entire analysis in dimensionless form While the length and force scales for the dimensional organization are defined respectively by the rolling element radius and maximum applied load component the time scale is defined by the natural frequency of rolling element to race contact vibration which of course depends on bearing geometry and applied loads Thus the time scale is not know apriori It is therefore necessary to simply use the default or any other time values on this record for the initial run Once this initial run is completed the time scale will be printed in the out put This scale may th
176. rodynamic lubrication provide the foundations of this model Rolling element to cage and the cage race contacts are modeled in terms of the geometrical interaction and an arbitrary constitu tive relation for the computation of normal and friction forces For oil lubricated bearings the con ventional hydrodynamic theory is used to model the hydrodynamic effects at the rolling element cage and cage race interface In the case of roller bearings the contact between the roller and the guide flange on the raceway is modeled in terms of the geometric interaction and the classical elastic contact mechanics However the load deflection relation may be easily replaced by any arbitrary constitutive equation which may be derived from the experimental data obtained for a particular application Similarly the traction slip relation at the roller flange interface can be arbi trarily prescribed Roller flange interactions greatly influence the performance of tapered roller bearings For cylindrical roller bearings such interactions become significant when the roller skews due to bearing misalignment geometrical imperfections or other operational consider ations External system interactions and constraints include models for the applied forces and moments exerted on the bearing elements as a result of their interaction with the operating envi ronment For example churning and drag effects as a function of lubricant flow through the bear ing geometrical distorti
177. rolling elements bReMIx Moment of inertia about polar x axis kgm m or Ibm in kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReMly Moment of inertia about y axis kgm m or lbm in y 8 kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReMiz Moment of inertia about z axis kzm m or lbm in g kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReGeoCenxX X component of rolling element geometric center relative to mass center m or in in roll ing element geometric frame kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReGeoCenY Y component of rolling element geometric center relative to mass center m or in in roll ing element geometric frame kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReGeoCenZ Z component of rolling element geometric center relative to mass center m or in in roll ing element geometric frame kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all rolling elements bReFramexX X t
178. rough hardening steel groups pre dating 1975 2 58 CVD new Carbon vacuum deoxidation through hardening steel groups dating 1975 and later 0 077 Default CVD carb Carbon vacuum deoxidation carburizing steel all dates 4 85 VIMVAR Vacuum induction melt vacuum arc remelt 0 003 established with contamination factor facCont1 0 10 for aerospace applications Record 8 6 4 STLE Life Modification Parameters for Outer Race Data record required for arbitrary life modification parameters for the STLE model kLifeMod 99 on Rec 3 3 The data on this record corresponds to the outer race recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes facMatLF1 STLE materials factor of the outer race ADORE Manual Page 89 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 90 of 181 facProcLF1 STLE materials processing factor of the outer race hardnessLF1 STLE hardness factor of the outer race Record 8 6 5 Life Modification Parameters for Inner Race Data record required for arbitrary life modification parameters kLifeMod 99 on Rec 3 3 For definition of various constants in the fatigue life model see the following references which document all the life formulae used in ADORE Gupta P K and Tallian T E Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Correction for Materials and Operating Conditions Part III Implementation in Bearing Dynamics Computer Code ASME Journal of Tribology vol 112 pp 23 26 January 1990 Tallian T E A
179. rsion After making any changes to ADORE source code and or attaching any user subroutines it is recommended that the user set an appropri ate character string in this data module to track the modified version of the code The objective behind user access to source codes and permitting user programming is to per mit customization of the model to meet the user needs as closely as possible ADORE is struc tured and modularized in such a way that simple programming in the user programmable functions and subroutines will permit modeling of most sophisticated applications The purpose and the programming instructions for each of these routines are documented in the source listings A brief overview of the scope of each subroutine is presented below 6 1 Subroutine ADRX0 This subroutine just provides the user with an interface to access a materials property data base For given bearing element the materials properties may be extracted from the data base and passed on the relevant subroutines in ADORE 6 2 Subroutine ADRX1 Any time variations in the applied loads and race speeds can be programmed in this subrou tine to any degree of complexity Often experimental data available from laboratory tests of the system can be incorporated to obtain bearing performance simulations under actual laboratory conditions Under default conditions this subroutine is basically empty as seen in the source list ing presented below subroutine Adrx1 ADORE Manu
180. s implicit none mode 1 icm 1 1 E E E E E E ES select case icm 1 icm jcom gt SubX case 1 jom 1 0 jcm 1 must be set to 1 when using this subroutine the subroutine will never be called if jcm 1 0 insert any read write statements for optional input data l I I l use fortran read device code input and write device code output both defined in module Devices l l l l l l I also set any arbitrary suppression of degrees of freedom and symetry considerations variables kReDOF kCageDOF kRaceDOF kSymetry in module SubX continue case 0 Paha Samia ne we pe eRe mode 2 icm 1 0 insert any output to be documented with the initial data output use fortran output device code output defined in module Devices perform other one time computations such as ADORE Manual Page 171 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 172 of 181 dimensional organization and or setting values for any constants set initial velocities for arbitrary accelerations mode use appropriate variables in module SubX race angular velocity is already set to initial race rpm specified in the main input data continue case 1 mode 3 icm 1 1 insert coding for appropriate model this is the main computing area it must be free of any input output statements continue case 2 insert any write statements for documenting output with the time step solutions use fortran output device code ou
181. s labeled as Disk1 Disk2 and Disk3 In addition a readMe pdf file is included to provided latest essential information The contents of each of the directories is outlined below 2 2 1 Disk1 UpdateXX pdf A pdf file containing notes of the latest updates adoreManual pdf ADORE user s manual adoreInput txt Text file containing description of all ADORE input records AdrxExamples Subdirectory containing source codes of ADRX examples Ball Subdirectory containing ball bearing test case Roller Subdirectory containing roller bearing test case TaperedRoller Subdirectory containing tapered roller bearing test case ADORE Manual Page 12 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 13 of 181 2 2 2 Disk2 f files ADORE FORTRAN 90 source files Makefile File Makefile a make file for Windows 7 operating system 2 2 3 Disk3 setup bat Batch file to compile AdrInput AdrPlot and AGORE on Windows system AdrInput bat Batch file to execute AdrInput AdrPlot bat Batch file to execute AdrPlot agore bat Batch file to execute AGORE Java Subdirectory containing all Java source codes 2 3 Program Installation The installation procedure presented below is primarily for Windows 7 operating system with a fortran compiler and Java Development Kit already installed For other systems the following may only provide general guidance The pertinent development environment and or compiler instructions should be used to develop specific installation steps O
182. s file maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL7 pltNames8 Graphic animation data file maximum 10 characters enclosed in single quotes Default name is SOL8 Record 2 4 Thermal Analysis Options This record is required when kTherm gt 0 on Record 1 Data on this record defines options for thermal analysis recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kCoolant Type of coolant for the bearing 0 No coolant 1 Lubricant cooled 2 Arbitrary coolant with prescribed properties 3 Liquid oxygen 4 Liquid hydrogen 5 Liquid nitrogen 6 Air 7 Water kBaseTemp Base temperature when kCoolant 0 0 Housing temperature The prescribed value is used as reference temperature on housing exterior surface 1 Shaft temperature The prescribed value is used as reference temperature on inte rior shaft surface kKHTC Rolling element heat transfer coefficient option 0 Compute convective heat transfer coefficient for the rolling elements 1 Use coefficient prescribed on Record 2 5 ADORE Manual Page 31 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 32 of 181 kGeoMod Constraint for thermal distortion of bearing elements 0 Do not change bearing element geometry as a function of temperature 1 Compute appropriate change in bearing geometry as a function of temperature Record 2 5 Additional Options for Thermal Analysis The data record is required only when kTherm gt 0 on Record 1 All data on this record is dimens
183. s is desired under prescribed forces or moments then KDCR must be set to 1 on Record 1 and the appropriate constraints must be prescribed on this record It should be noted that if the accelerations are prescribed directly or when an equilibrium constraint under variable applied load is applied by setting mode 2 on Record 1 the default conditions are still valid and data on this record is not required The data ADORE Manual Page 26 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 27 of 181 is only required when the races have to accelerate with given inertial properties under pre scribed loads and moments Further note that all exhalations and time varying conditions are prescribed in user programmable subroutine Adrx1 With reference to the base coordinate frame shown below in figure 8 there are a total of six degrees of freedom for each of the races Mass center motions in the X Y Z frame and rota tion about the X Y Z axes Outer Race x Rolling Elements Inner Race Cage X Figure 8 Base coordinate system Corresponding to these degrees of freedom there are six flags for each of the races The values for these flags are set to either 0 or 1 corresponding to force field or displacement field options respectively The default value is 1 for each component Although there is a provision on this record to prescribe each component independently the following restrictions must be noted 1 For any equilibrium constraint all KFD flag
184. s must be set to 1 2 Moment constraints KFD2x and kKFD3x must have equal values reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes kFD11 Dynamic force or displacement constraint on outer race along x axis see general discus sion above 0 Race accelerates under prescribed load which is input later on Record 9 and it may be subsequently updated in optional user subroutine Adrx1 1 Race is held fixed at initial position the subsequent position is computed by equi librium constraint or it accelerates under arbitrary accelerations prescribed in optional user subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kFD21 ADORE Manual Page 27 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 28 of 181 Dynamic force or displacement constraint on outer race along y axis see general discus sion above 0 Race accelerates under prescribed load which is input later on Record 9 and it may be subsequently updated in optional user subroutine Adrx1 1 Race is held fixed at initial position the subsequent position is computed by equi librium constraint or it accelerates under arbitrary accelerations prescribed in optional user subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kFD31 Dynamic force or displacement constraint on outer race along z axis see general discus sion above 0 Race accelerates under prescribed load which is input later on Record 9 and it may be subsequently updated in optional user subroutine Adrx1 1 Race is held fixed at initial posi
185. sformation coordinates as a function of time These transformations are applied on the appropriate graphic elements Finally the modi fied images are posted on the computer monitor The process is repeated for each time step to pro duce a continuously refreshed image Thus an animated view of the bearing is seen on the monitor Aside from the input data for the bearing geometry and operating conditions the user pro grammable subroutines provide efficient modeling of complex bearing applications The required input data the available output the data management system and the user programmable subrou tines are the primary subjects of this manual The manual is divided into several chapters The subjects covered in each of the chapters are briefly reviewed below Chapter 2 Computer system requirements the media contents and some installation details Chapter 3 Description of all input data records Chapter 4 ADORE data file management system Chapter 5 The various user programmable subroutines Chapter 6 The graphics options available to process ADORE output Chapter 7 ADORE output parameters ADORE Manual Page 11 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 12 of 181 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND ADORE INSTALLATION ADORE is written in ANSI standard FORTRAN 90 The code may therefore be installed on virtually any computer system which supports FORTRAN 90 The basic system requirements media contents and some installation details are subjects of
186. single quotes denRatio Ratio of effective density to base density of churning media as specified by value of kChrn on Record 3 3 visRatio Ratio of effective viscosity to base viscosity of churning media as specified by value of kChrn on Record 3 3 3 11 Gravity Effects Record 11 Gravity Effects This record is only required for dynamic simulations mode 0 on Record 1 Gravity effects are modeled by simply adding the weights of the various bearing elements to the applied force vectors in the prescribed direction This record prescribes the acceleration due to gravity vector in the inertial frame of reference shown below in figure 48 Space fixed inertial coordinate frame Figure 51 Base inertial coordinate system recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 132 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 133 of 181 gravityVecxX Component of gravity vector m s or in s in X direction gravityVecY Component of gravity vector m s or in s in Y direction gravityVecZ Component of gravity vector m s or in s in Z direction 3 12 Inputs for User Programmable Routines Records 12 1 to 12 n Inputs for User Programmable Subroutines These records are required when optional inputs are programmed in the user subroutines The data format must conform to the optional codes in user programmable subroutines Adrx1 to Adrx9 ADORE Manual Page 133 of 181 ADO
187. ss center 19 20 Angular orientation of the cage the angles the angles deg theta 9 and phi of the rolling element defined as follows Cage principal axis X Y Figure 74 Cage orientation in inertial frame 21 Total rotation deg of the cage 22 Angular velocity ratio angular velocity shaft velocity of the cage 23 24 Orientation of the cage angular velocity vector the angles deg theta 8 and phi which are defined similar to the angles shown above for cage angular orientation Following the above basic solution vector the solutions in each cage pocket are recorded for each guide surface In general there are four solutions for each pocket guide surface pocket force N or lbf geometric interaction m or in and two components of contact angle deg or contact position m or in For ball bearings with spherical pockets the two components of contact angels 8 and 9 are shown in the figure 72 below For cylindrical pockets the angle will be zero while for conical pockets it is defined by the cone angle For rectangular or square pockets b will once again be zero and O will define the orientation of pocket guide surface relative to the pocket center The number of guide surfaces for ball bearings is essentially one for most pockets except for square or rectangular pockets where it is 4 Thus is general there are four solution values for each guide sur face in each pocket ADORE Manual Page 161 of 181
188. t or rotational constraint on inner race along the x axis see general discus sion under this record title 0 Race accelerates under arbitrary moment prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 1 Race rotates at fixed speed prescribed later in Record 9 or it may subsequently accelerate under arbitrary angular accelerations prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kMD22 Dynamic moment or rotational constraint on inner race along the y axis see general discus sion under this record title 0 Race accelerates under arbitrary moment prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 1 Race rotates at fixed speed prescribed later in Record 9 or it may subsequently accelerate under arbitrary angular accelerations prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kMD32 ADORE Manual Page 29 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 30 of 181 Dynamic moment or rotational constraint on inner race along the z axis see general discus sion under this record title 0 Race accelerates under arbitrary moment prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 1 Race rotates at fixed speed prescribed later in Record 9 or it may subsequently accelerate under arbitrary angular accelerations prescribed in optional subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 Record 2 3 Optional Data File Names This data record is required only when mode gt 0 on kKFnOpt 1 on Record 1 ADORE uses several data files as discussed in the chapter named Data Management in
189. t to race contact Labeled as K in fig ure 37 above reRaceTC3 Traction coefficient at infinite slip at the rolling element to race contact Labeled as kK in figure 37 above reRaceTC4 Slip velocity m s or in s corresponding to maximum traction Labeled as u n in figure 37 above Record 10 1D Rolling Element to Race Contact Conditions for Computing Coefficients of the Hypothetical Traction Model This data is required when kTracType 2 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed K Ae Op ADORE Manual Page 106 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 107 of 181 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reRaceTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC2 Maximum asymptotic traction coefficient at infinite slip for the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC3 Traction slope at zero slip at the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC4 Presently not used Record 10 2A Rolling Element to Flange Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients This data record is required for roller bearing with guide flanges kKFlnglndxx gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kRFTracType 1 on Rec 10 0 The data specifies the four coefficients A B C D of the hypothetical traction slip relation A Buje 1 as shown below in figure 38 2 ee K z mf
190. t traction has to bounded at high slip rates in other words a continued increase of traction with increasing slip velocities may not be practical For this practical reason two traction slopes may be used to define the simplified model k A Bu u lt u and K A Bu Cu u gt u Such a simplified model reduces the curve in figure 33 to two straight lines as shown below in figure 34 ADORE Manual Page 97 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 98 of 181 Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 34 Simplified two slope traction slip model Note that the constant C here is simply a slope and it is different from the one dis cussed earlier Generally C B In fact C may be set to zero when traction is constant at high slip velocities In addition if B is also set to zero the model reduces to a simple constant traction coefficient When traction slope at zero slip is defined and the traction coefficient asymptotes to to a maximum value the coefficient B may be set to zero and A C D may be computed by three conditions e g traction at zero slip maximum asymp totic traction at infinite slip and traction slope at zero slip Based on the above discussion a model type variable may be associated with the hypothetical traction slip relation This model type variable may be assigned three different values to define the following three prescriptions for a hypothetical trac tion slip relation 0 The simplified two
191. tandard A comma or a space may be used as delimiter Not all data records are required all the time The conditions under which the data record is required are indicated just below the record title Some variables refer to a base coordinate frame All coordinate frames used in ADORE conform to the right hand screw rule with X being the bearing axis and Z pointing radially upwards in the direction of applied radial load The base coordinate frame is shown below in figure 7 Either the SI or the English system of units may be used in ADORE All dimensional quantities are expressed in fundamental units of mass length force time and temperature The various quantities used in the two system of units are tabulated below Table 1 System of Units Employed in ADORE Quantity English System SI System Mass Pound Mass Ibm Kilogram Mass kgm Length Inch in Meter m Force Pound Force Ibf Newton N Time Second s Second s Temperature Degree Rankine R Degree Kelvin K ADORE Manual Page 20 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 21 of 181 ADORE input is divided into twelve sets of data record A description of the various data records and variable in each of these sets is the subject of this chapter 3 1 Program Mode and Output Control Outer Race x Rolling Elements Inner Race Cage X Figure 7 Base coordinate system Record 1 Program Mode and Output Control This data record is alw
192. ted as the churning loss fraction 4 1 8 Internal Clearance and Operating Fits The internal bearing clearance outer and inner race fits and the cage race effective diametral play denote actual operating values after allowing for thermal and centrifugal growths 4 1 9 Fatigue Life ADORE provides two values for bearing fatigue life a basic life and a modified life The basic life is computed from the actual load distribution and contact geometry at the various rolling element race contacts using the well accepted fatigue life constants for conventional bearing steels The modified life results after application of various life modifying factors for both subsur face and surface effects Some of the effects considered include bulk material defects hardness factors surface roughness asperity traction and lubrication effects Again the various factors are computed by certain default values of the pertinent parameters For special materials the use has the option to specify all material properties and parameters used in the life calculation algorithm 4 1 10 Rolling Element Orbital Velocity Ratio This variable is essentially a ratio of the rolling element orbital velocity to the angular velocity of the inner race relative to the outer The value printed in section 4 of the print output denotes an average over all rolling elements and the time over which the performance simulation is obtained 4 1 11 Cage Angular Velocity Ratio This param
193. the differential equations of motion respectively Since most of the integrating algorithms used are of order greater than one ADRBn is also called by the integrator module ADRGn The module AdrPlot is called by ADORE for plotting purposes and a few initial calls to ADRXn are simply for initialization and for any input output which may be required by the user programmable subroutines The heart of ADORE is the module ADRBn which calls the three basic modules ADRCn ADRDn and ADREn for the computation of rolling element race normal forces traction forces and the cage interactions respectively All the user programmable subprograms may be called by any or all of these three modules and the derivative module ADRBn The quasi static module in group ADRA in addition to providing initial conditions for dynamic simulations can also be used for computation of conventional design parameters The overall program operation can actually be divided into three modes quasi static mode dynamic mode and a post processing mode where the computed results can be graphically displayed either in the form of plots or animation These modes are schematically illustrated in figure 4 ADORE Manual Page 8 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 9 of 181 Quasi Static Mode Dynamic Mode Post Processing Graphics Figure 4 Basic operating modes of ADORE While ADORE code is in FORTRAN 90 the input facility output plot facility and the graph ics animation fac
194. the various dimensions from their nominal value on Record 7 1 for all pockets kCagePocImp 3 The specified data represents an rms deviation of the various dimensions from their nominal value on Record 7 1 and the actual imperfections in individual pock ets are computed from a normal distribution For kCagePocImp 4 arbitrary geometric imperfections may be programmed in user subrou tine Adrx8 and this data record is not required recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bPocClsVar1 Deviation in cage pocket clearance I m or in bPocClsVar2 Deviation in cage pocket clearance II m or in bPocThknsVar Deviation of pocket thickness m or in from the nominal value which is equal to the dif ference between the outer and inner radii of the cage ADORE Manual Page 79 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 80 of 181 bPocCenVar1 Axial position m or in of pocket center relative to the ideally centered position bPocCenVar2 Angular position deg of pocket center relative to the geometrically ideal location bPocAngVar1 Variation in first transformation angle deg for pocket frame bPocAngVar2 Second transformation angle deg for pocket frame bPocAngVar3 Third transformation angle deg for pocket frame Record 7 5 i i 1 nGL Cage Guide Land Geometric Imperfections This record is required only when a cage is present NCseg gt 0 on Record 3 2 it is guided on the races NGL gt 0 on Record 7 0
195. thesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter ADORE Manual Page 32 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 33 of 181 reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes xRo Density kgm m or Ibm in gt of the coolant xMu Viscosity N s m or lbf s in of the coolant xCp Heat capacity N m kgm K or Ibf in Ibm R of the coolant xK Thermal conductivity N s K or Ibf s R of the coolant Record 2 7 Initial Guess for Operating Temperature of the Bearing Elements This data record is always required Temperature of the bearing elements will change as a function of thermal interactions The data supplied on this record is used as initial estimates All data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes hsngTemp Housing temperature K or R shftTemp Shaft temperature K or R raceTemp1 Outer race temperature K or R raceTemp2 Inner race temperature K or R reTemp Rolling element temperature K or R cage Temp Cage temperature K or R In the case of a continuation run which advances previously computed solutions the data contained in records 3 to 11 are not required Any data requi
196. this chapter 2 1 System Requirements ADORE is a platform independent software and it is distributed in source code form The soft ware can be installed on any computer system which supports the appropriate compilers The fol lowing are minimum requirements for installation and effective use of ADORE on any computer system 1 Central Random Access Memory RAM of 10 Mega Bytes 2 Mass storage of 500 Mega Bytes Larger storage may be required for very long simulations CD ROM drive when the software has to be read from a compact disk A graphic display with appropriate graphics options A FORTRAN 90 compiler Java Development Kit for input plot and graphic animation facilities Any FORTRAN 90 or FORTRAN 95 compiler may be used to compile the ADORE source code Very often a development environment such as the Microsoft Visual Studio is available either with the compile or with the computer operating system This environment may be readily used to compile the ADORE source code and produce appropriate executable ON a The Java development kit is in public domain and it can be freely downloaded over the internet for Windows environment from Sun MIcro Systems Web site http java sun com On other platforms the computer manufacturers may offer their own implementation of Java envi ronment 2 2 Media Contents ADORE is normally distributed in source code form on a compact disk The media content is divided into three subdirectorie
197. tial conditions option for dynamic mode 0 1 1 kFnOpt Initial start up run compute initial conditions from quasi static analysis Continuation of a previous run read initial conditions from file FINAL and input data starting Record 3 from file MASTER During this startup run all bearing geometry and operating conditions data is stored in data set MASTER along with the last solution vector computed in this run This last solution vector may be used as initial condition for a subsequent run which simulates bearing performance over extended time Such a run is called a continu ation run and it is selected by setting klcOpt 1 In such a mode since all the bearing data is available in file MASTER the input data records 3 to 11 are not required However any inputs required by the optional user subroutines must be prescribed in accordance to the requirements of the optional code All these input records must follow immediately after the series 2 input records After an initial startup run any number of continuation runs may be executed in series Each time a run is made the solution vector in file MASTER is replaced by the current last solution vector The bearing data of course remains preserved in its original form as created in the startup run Thus after the startup run only input records in series 1 and 2 along with any data required by the optional subroutines are required In order to maintain numerical continuity in the autom
198. tion the subsequent position is computed by equi librium constraint or it accelerates under arbitrary accelerations prescribed in optional user subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kFD12 Dynamic force or displacement constraint on inner race along x axis see general discus sion above 0 Race accelerates under prescribed load which is input later on Record 9 and it may be subsequently updated in optional user subroutine Adrx1 1 Race is held fixed at initial position the subsequent position is computed by equi librium constraint or it accelerates under arbitrary accelerations prescribed in optional user subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kFD22 Dynamic force or displacement constraint on inner race along y axis see general discus sion above 0 Race accelerates under prescribed load which is input later on Record 9 and it may be subsequently updated in optional user subroutine Adrx1 1 Race is held fixed at initial position the subsequent position is computed by equi librium constraint or it accelerates under arbitrary accelerations prescribed in optional user subroutine Adrx1 Default value is 1 kFD32 Dynamic force or displacement constraint on inner race along z axis see general discus sion above 0 Race accelerates under prescribed load which is input later on Record 9 and it may be subsequently updated in optional user subroutine Adrx1 1 Race is held fixed at initial position the subsequent positi
199. tput defined in module Devices continue case 3 mode 5 icm 1 3 insert any write statement for any data to be stored in optional data files created by the user at first call icm 1 1 this data may be used later by the user to perform additional analysis or to generate additional plots continue end select ADORE Manual Page 172 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 173 of 181 return end As documented by the comment statements the procedure basically works in five modes con trolled by the flag icm 1 which is set by the calling routine in ADORE At the time of first call icm 1 1 and the procedure executed all statements under mode 1 in the above listing Here the user flag jcm 1 must be set equal to 1 if Adrx1 is to be used in addition all user inputs may be read in this mode At the second call the flag icm 1 o and any statements under mode 2 are exe cuted Here any output documentation one time computations may be performed Examples are nondimensionalizing the variables and computations of certain constants Variables to used in the later calls must of course be appropriately saved In subsequent calls the flag icm 1 1 and the procedure will execute the statements under mode 3 This is the actual computation mode Since this part may be called thousands of times all computations must be coded in the most efficient manner In addition the code must be free of any input output statements Whenever ADORE documents any print o
200. ular velocity vector in the azimuth coordinate frame 4 1 2 Angular Positions The angular position of any bearing element is defined as the orientation of the principal axis of inertia X in a certain coordinate frame The coordinate frame used is the azimuth frame for rolling elements and the inertial frame for the cage and races Similar to the angular velocity vec tor the body fixed principal axis of inertia X is located by the two angles O and as shown below in figure 50 Z Principal Axis of Inertia X X Figure 53 Rolling element orientation in the azimuth coordinate frame 4 1 3 Rolling Element Contact Depth amp Chordal Distance For ball bearings the extent of contact on the race is defined by locating the depth of outer contact edge relative to race shoulder s and the semi chordal distance of inner edge of contact t as shown below in figure 54 These parameters are derived by simple geometrical relation between race geometry and contact angle If r is the radius of the race groove curvature center locus r is the shoulder radius a is the contact angle f is the race curvature ratio D is the ball diameter and a is the major contact half width and the relations for s and t are simply written as S fD cosa eae g t fDsin a 5 ADORE Manual Page 135 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 136 of 181 __ Race curvature center Ball Center Race Contact ellipse Figure 54 Position of contact
201. unction cFacVar12 Amplitude of variation in curvature factor See discussion above under record title cFacVar22 Frequency cycles of curvature factor variation See discussion above under record title cFacVar32 Phase shift deg of curvature variation See discussion above under record title ADORE Manual Page 64 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 65 of 181 Record 5G 2 2B Geometrical Imperfections on Inner Race for Cylindrical and Tapered Roller Bearings This record is required only when geometric imperfections are to be prescribed on the inner race for cylindrical and tapered roller bearings kRaceGeolmp2 gt 0 and kBrg 2 or 4 on Record 3 2 For cylindrical and tapered roller bearings there are three imperfections race out of round ness central land offset and race taper With the imperfection code KRaceGeolmp2 1 the out of roundness is modeled by an elliptical profile while a sinusoidal variation is considered with kKRaceGeolmp2 2 Both the other imperfections central land offset and race taper are always modeled by a sinusoidal variation An elliptical variation if defined in terms of deviation of the semi major and minor axes from the nominal race radius Thus if a and b are respectively the deviation of the semi major and minor axes from the nominal race radius then the elliptical profile is defined the following major and minor axes Semi major axis nominal race radius a Semi minor axis nominal race radius b
202. unction rndVar32 For kKRaceGeolmp2 1 Orientation deg of the major axis relative to the body fixed z axis of the race For kKRaceGeolmp2 2 Phase shift deg of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal function rlOffset12 Constant m or in part of race land offset rlOffset22 Amplitude m or in of race land offset rlOffset32 Frequency cycles of race land offset rlOffset42 Phase shift deg of race land offset rlTaper12 Constant rad part of race land taper rlTaper22 Amplitude rad of race land taper rlTaper32 Frequency cycles of race land taper rlTaper42 Phase shift deg of race land taper 3 6 Inertial Parameters for Rolling Elements and Races Record 6 1 Inertial Parameters of Rolling Elements Data on this record is required when optional data for the inertial parameters for rolling ele ments have to be prescribed kRelP 1 or 2 on Record 3 4 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes bReMass Rolling element mass kgm or Ibm ADORE Manual Page 66 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 67 of 181 kRelP 1 on Record 3 4 Use this value for rolling element 1 only kRelP 2 on Record 3 4 Use this value for all
203. ussion above Record 10 1A Rolling Element to Race Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients This data is required when kTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies the four coefficients A B C D of the hypothetical traction slip relation A Buje 1 ADORE Manual Page 103 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 104 of 181 as shown below in figure 35 v K Cc m UF S D 6 Ko S ke Um Slip Velocity U Figure 35 Hypothetical traction slip relation reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reRaceTC1 Coefficient A in the hypothetical traction relation for rolling element to race contact reRaceTC2 Coefficient B s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC3 Coefficient C s m or s in in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to race contact reRaceTC4 Coefficient D in the hypothetical traction relation for the rolling element to race contact Record 10 1B Rolling Element to Race Contact Coefficients of the Two Slopes Hypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when kTracType 0 on Record 10 0 ADORE Manual Page 104 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 105 of 181 The data specifies the two slopes and the transition point of the two slopes model as shown below in figure 36 for the rolling element to race contact Traction Coefficient K U
204. uter race semi cone angle deg race Taper2 Inner race semi cone angle deg Record 5D 2 Tapered Roller Bearing Geometry continued This record is required for cylindrical roller bearings kBrg 4 on Record 3 2 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes raceLandLmt1 Effective surface width m or in on the outer race defined as a dimension of race surface along the roller length normally this dimension will be equal to the total race surface width minus any undercuts at the guide flange origins raceCenLen1 Central land width m or in on the outer race in case of partly crowned raceway This variable must be presently set to zero it is reserved for future use raceCrn1 Outer race crown radius m or in This variable is for future use only Presently it may be set to zero raceLandLmt2 Effective surface width m or in on the inner race similar to the definition described above for inner race raceCenLen2 Central land width m or in on the inner race in case of partly crowned raceway This variable must be presently set to zero it is reserved for future use raceCrn2 Inner race crown radius m or in This variable is for future us
205. utput it will also call Adrx1 if it is being used with the control flag icm 1 2 Thus any print statements inserted under mode 2 may be executed and the data may be documented with the main print output In addition to these modes ADORE also calls Adrx1 with icm 1 3 at the end of each time step The purpose here is to documented any time varying data in a user created data set which could be set up at the time of first call under mode 1 The purpose of this data set may be to either plot certain variables as a function of time or input the time varying data to other applications for further modeling Actual use of Adrx1 may be best illustrated by the examples presented below 6 2 1 Adrx1 Example 1 Angular Acceleration on Inner Race In this example the inner race of a bearing accelerates from a rotation speed v at time t to speed v at time t As shown schematically in figure 74 below the speed changes linearly in other words the angular acceleration is constant Such an acceleration may be easily programmed in subroutine Adrx1 In the first segment of code listed below first the variables are declared note that rpm1 and rpm2 are used in place of v and v gt Then the flag jcm 1 is set equal to 1 to trigger use of this subroutine ADORE Manual Page 173 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 174 of 181 Angular Acceleration 2 Vy Vv eee rpm2 rpm l _ 2 1 12 11 fst s a ce x O HEr m 1 2 A E rl LL lt I ep t
206. velocity must also be set in the ADORE input data set on Record 9 1 This sets all initial conditions in the bearing corresponding to this initial velocity The resulting code in Adrx1 will be as follows initial data output use fortran output device code output defined in module Devices I I l l l insert any output to be documented with the l l l l write output 102 rpm1 t1 rpm2 t2 102 format 5x Race acceleration 5x amp amp Initial speed 1p e11 4 2x at time e11 4 5x amp amp Final speed e11 4 2x at time e11 4 perform other one time computations such as dimensional organization and or setting values for any constants rpml rpm1 pi sTime 30 0 r8 pi sTime gt Constants rpm2 rpm2 pi sTime 30 0 r8 t1i t1 sTime dimensionless times t2 t2 sTime acc rpm2 rpm1 t2 t1 constant race acceleration set initial velocities for arbitrary accelerations mode use appropriate variables in module SubX race angular velocity is already set to initial race rpm specified in the main input data raceInitAngVel 1 2 rpm1 set initial speed of inner race raceAngAcc zero initialize race ang acceleration continue raceInitAngVel raceAngAcc gt SubX Now in the next code segment under mode 3 the race angular acceleration is simply set when the current time is between t and t The code segment in Adrx1 will simply be ADORE Manual Page 175 of 181 ADORE Manua
207. vely for the Type I kSType 1 on o Record 10 4 1 or Type H kSType 2 on Record 10 4 1 viscosity relation T o Deing respec tively the reference temperature and S 4 being the critical shear stress at the reference pres sure and temperature recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 118 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 119 of 181 refTG Reference temperature T o KR refPG Reference pressure ar N m or lbf in refCritShear Reference critical shear stress S r N m or lbf in critShearCoeff11 First critical shear stress pressure coefficient a m N or in7 Ibf critShearCoeff21 Second critical shear stress pressure coefficient q2 m N or in lbf critShearCoeff12 First critical shear stress temperature coefficient B 1 gt C K or I R when kSType 1 or K or R when kSType 2 on Record 10 4 1 critShearCoeff22 Second critical shear stress temperature coefficient Boo 1 K or 1 R when kS Type 1 or K or R when kSType 2 on Record 10 4 1 Record 10 5 1A Rolling Element to Cage Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients This data record is required when a cage is present in the bearing NCseg gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kCPTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies the four coefficients A B C D of the hypothetical traction slip relation A Buje 1 ADORE Manual Page 119 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 120 of 181 as shown below in figure
208. when mode is set to 2 In the event the equilib rium solution is desired without such a restraint a value of 1 is used ADORE Manual Page 21 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 22 of 181 When the quasi static mode is used to compute the initial conditions it is not desirable to impose any fictitious constraints In addition by setting an appropriate value of variable kAngVel on record 3 3 the race control hypothesis may be replaced by arbitrary specifi cation of the angular vector orientation and then the power dissipated in the ball race con tacts may be computed to determine a orientation which results in minimum energy dissipation This solution may then be used to prescribe the initial conditions For most conditions this option has been found to provide faster convergence to steady state The fully generalized dynamic model with all six degrees of freedom is invoked by mode 0 In terms of the required computer time this is perhaps the most demanding mode of ADORE since the time steps size is determined by the highest frequency in the system which happens to correspond to the ball race contact vibration When such a high frequency vibration is not of interest a time varying equilibrium constraints may be imposed to eliminate the very high frequency motions Thus permissible size of the time step may be significantly increased and performance simulation over extended times may be obtained in greatly reduced computing effort Such a constrai
209. xis This value is only applicable when kFlnglnd21 1 on Record 3 2 flngAngi2 Flange layback angle deg inner race negative x axis This value is only applicable when kFlnglnd12 1 on Record 3 2 ADORE Manual Page 56 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 57 of 181 flngAng22 Flange layback angle deg inner race positive x axis This value is only applicable when kFlInglnd22 1 on Record 3 2 flngHt11 Flange height m or in outer race negative x axis This value is only applicable when kFlnglnd11 1 on Record 3 2 flngHt21 Flange height m or in outer race positive x axis This value is only applicable when kFlnglnd21 1 on Record 3 2 flngHt12 Flange height m or in inner race negative x axis This value is only applicable when kFInglnd12 1 on Record 3 2 flngHt22 Flange height m or in inner race positive x axis This value is only applicable when kFlngind22 1 on Record 3 2 flngCls1 Roller flange axial clearance m or in outer race Roller flange axial clearance is equal to the free axial travel of the roller between the guide flanges This value is only applicable when both kFlnglnd11 and kFlnglnd21 1 on Record 3 2 flngCls2 Roller flange axial clearance m or in inner race Roller flange axial clearance is equal to the free axial travel of the roller between the guide flanges This value is only applicable when both kFlnglnd12 and kFIlngind22 1 on Record 3 2 Record 5G 1A Geometric Im
210. xis to get the coordinates x y Z 3 Rotation A about the 2 axis to arrive at the final coordinate frame Z The above transformations are schematically illustrated in figure 2 Similar to the Euler angles the above transformations result in an orthogonal transformation matrix Thus practical use of the transformation matrix is numerically very efficient ADORE Manual Page 6 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 7 of 181 Body Fixed Frame Element Mass Center Inertial Frame Y Figure 2 Coordinate transformation from inertial to body fixed coordinates The three mass center coordinates along with the three angles defining the angular orientation constitute the six degrees of freedom available for the simulation of the general motion of the bearing element These six fundamental coordinates when combined with the six corresponding velocities result in twelve differential equations of motion for each bearing elements Thus for a bearing with N rolling elements a one piece cage and the outer and inner races the model con sists of a system of N 3 12 simultaneous first order differential equations The set of differen tial equations is numerically integrated to obtain the real time simulation of the bearing performance A number of different integrating algorithms including both explicit Runge Kutta type formulas and the implicit Predictor Corrector type algorithm are available for efficient inte gration ADORE is highly m
211. y fixed x axis which is also the bearing axis as shown earlier in figure 23 Thus three values corresponding to amplitude a frequency and phase shift define any geometric imperfection on the race ADORE Manual Page 63 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 64 of 181 The variation in race groove curvature is always prescribed in terms of a sinusoidal function discussed above Some of the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes rndVar12 For kRaceGeolmp2 1 Deviation m or in of the semi major axis of the elliptical race profile from the nominal race radius Semi major axis nominal race radius rndVar11 For kKRaceGeolmp2 2 Amplitude m or in of Out of roundness or variation in race radius corresponding to the sinusoidal function discussed above rndVar22 For kKRaceGeolmp2 1 Ratio of the semi major to minor axis deviation from the nominal race radius For kKRaceGeolmp2 2 Frequency cycles of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal function rndVar32 For kKRaceGeolmp2 1 Orientation deg of the major axis relative to the body fixed z axis of the race For kKRaceGeolmp2 2 Phase shift deg of out of roundness variation for the sinusoidal f
212. y of split races Record 5B 1 Cylindrical Roller Bearing Geometry This record is required for cylindrical roller bearings kBrg 2 on Record 3 2 All the data on this record is dimensional It is essential that the units conform to the unit code defined later on Record 3 2 The units given below in parenthesis correspond to the SI and English system of units as discussed at the beginning of this chapter See figure 20 below for geometrical description of the various variables Roller Central Length bReCenLen cone Roller a gt adius Corner bReCorRad2 Radius bReCorRad1 Nominal Nominal Roller Roller Crown Radius Diameter bRe rn bReDia Nominal Roller Length bReLen Figure 20 Geometrical parameters of a roller recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes ADORE Manual Page 50 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 51 of 181 bReDia Nominal roller diameter m or in bReCrn Nominal crown radius m or in For infinite radius specify 1 0e 10 and set bReLen bReCenLen on this record bReLen Nominal roller length m or in bReCenLen Nominal length of central land m or in bReCorRad1 Nominal corner radius on the negative x axis of roller m or in bReCorRad2 Nominal corner radius on the positive x axis of roller m or in pitchDia Pitch diameter m or in freelntCls Free internal clearance or diametral play m or in Record 5B 2 Cylin
213. ypothetical Traction Model This data record is required when a cage is present in the bearing nCseg gt 0 Rec 3 2 and kCRTracType 1 on Record 10 0 The data specifies four conditions from which the coefficients A C D of the hypotheti cal traction slip relation may be computed ck Ae aD recID Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes cageRaceTC1 Traction coefficient at zero slip for the cage to race flange contact cageRaceTC2 Maximum asymptotic traction coefficient at infinite slip for the cage to race contact cageRaceTC3 Traction slope at zero slip at the cage to race contact cageRaceTC4 Presently not used Record 10 5 3A Rolling Element to Rolling Element Contact Hypothetical Traction Model Coefficients Data on this record is presently used only for ball bearings This data record is required for cageless bearings nCseg 0 Record 3 2 and KRRTracType 1 on Record 10 0 ADORE Manual Page 126 of 181 ADORE Manual Page 127 of 181 The data specifies the four coefficients A B C D of the hypothetical traction slip relation A Buje as shown below in figure 48 1 Traction Coefficient K Um Slip Velocity U Figure 48 Hypothetical traction slip relation reclD Record identifier maximum 12 characters in single quotes reReTC1 Coefficient A in the hypothetical traction relation for rolling element to rolling element contact reReTC2 Coefficient B

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