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1. The command foreignlanguage takes two arguments the second argument is a phrase to be typeset according to the rules of the language named in its first argument This command only switches the extra definitions and the hyphenation rules for the language not the names and dates In the environment otherlanguage only the typesetting is done according to the rules of the other language but the text strings such as figure table etc are left as they were set outside this environment The environment hyphenrules can be used to select only the hyphenation rules to be used This can for instance be used to select nohyphenation pro vided that in language dat the language nohyphenation is defined by loading serohyph tex The control sequence languagename contains the name of the current lan guage If more than one language is used it might be necessary to know which lan guage is active at a specific time This can be checked by a call to iflanguage This macro takes three arguments The first argument is the name of a language the second and third arguments are the actions to take if the result of the test is true or false respectively The command useshorthands initiates the definition of user defined short hand sequences It has one argument the character that starts these personal shorthands The command defineshorthand takes two arguments the first is a one or two character shorthand sequence and the se
2. gt gt acute accented a Also for e i o u both lowercase and uppercase also uppercase also uppercase also uppercase Ordinal numbers also A o 0 also uppercase rr but r when hyphenated Like but allowing hyphenation in the rest the word Like but allowing hyphenation in the rest the word The hyphen is repeated at the very beginning of the next line if the word is hyphenated at this point Like but producing no hyphen sign Like but with no break after the hyphen Also for en dashes and em dashes A slash slightly lowered if necessary disable ligatures at this point Left guillemets Right guillemets begin quoting See text end quoting See text Deprecated Table 8 Extra definitions made by file spanish 1df The command selectspanish selects the spanish language and its short hands Intended for the preamble frenchspacing is used Ellipsis are best typed or within a sentence There is a small space before e lsc provides lowercase small caps See subsection 3 10 Just in case spanish is the main language the group layoutspanish is acti vated which modifies the standard classes through the whole document it cannot be deactivated in the following way Both enumerate and itemize are adapted to Spanish rules Both alph and Alph include after n Symbol footmarks are one two three etc as
3. rest of the word such as e g in x axeln pan like but producing no hyphen sign for words that should break at some sign such as och eller _ for an explicit hyphen without a breakpoint useful for expressions such as 2 3 veckor where no line break is desirable an explicit hyphen sign allowing subsequent hyphen ation for expressions such as studiebidrag och l n like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Table 17 The extra definitions made by swedish sty e In the part chapter appendix name the number or letter goes before the name so Part I translates to I r sz e The same is true with captions Table 2 1 goes to 2 1 t bl zat e There is a period after the caption name instead of a colon Table 2 1 goes to 2 1 tablazat e There is a period at the end of the title in a run in head when afterskip lt 0 in startsection e Special hyphenation rules must be applied for the so called long double con sonants ccs 8z e The opening quotation mark is like the German one the closing is the same as in English e In Hungarian figure table etc referencing a definite article is also incor porated The Hungarian definite articles behave like the English indefinite ones a an a is used for words beginning with a consonant and az goes for a vowel Since some numbers begin with a vowel some o
4. OT2 and LWN The quotation marks traditionally used in Russian were borrowed from other languages e g French and German so they keep their original names The file described in this section has version number v1 2m and was last revised on 2005 03 31 Contributions were made by Danilo Zavrtanik University of Ljubljana YU and Leon Zlajpah leon zlajpah ijs si 43The file described in this section has version number and was last revised on This file was initially derived from the original version of german sty which has some definitions for Russian Later the definitions from russian sty version 1 0b for IATFX 2 09 russian sty version v2 5c for IATpX 2e and francais sty version 4 5c and germanb sty version 2 5c were added 42 a a also implemented for the other lowercase and uppercase vowels d q d also implemented for 1 t and L c v c also implemented for C D N n T Z and z o also implemented for O a a also implemented for the other lowercase and uppercase l r y and vowels disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allow ing hyphenation in the composing words for German left double quotes looks like gt for G
5. hyphenation As mentioned in the Spanish style file it may happen that some packages fail usually in a message In this case you should change the order of the usepackage declarations or the order of the style options in documentclass 40 The Croatian language The file croatian dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Croatian language For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 41 The Czech language The file czech dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Czech language For this language frenchspacing is set and two macros q and w for easy access to two accents are defined The command q is used with the letters t d 1 and L and adds a to them to simulate a hook that should be there The result looks like t The command w is used to put the ring accent which appears in angstrgm over the letters u and U 42 The Polish language The file polish dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Polish lan guage For this language the character is made active In table 21 an overview is given of its purpose 43 The Serbocroatian language The file serbian dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Serbian language typeset in a latin script In a future version support for typesetting in a cyrillic script may be added 37 The file described in this section has version number v1 3 and was last revised on 2005
6. ity to compile existing IATEX 2 09 Hebrew documents with small if any changes see Section 55 on page 50 for details Finally optional document class hebtech may be useful for writing theses and dissertations in both Hebrew and English and any other languages included with babel It designed to meet requirements of the Graduate School of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology As of version 2 8e hebtech is no longer distributed together with heblatex It should be part of a new hebclasses package 52 1 Acknowledgement The following people have contributed to Hebrew package in one way or another knowingly or unknowingly In alphabetical order Irina Abramovici Yaniv Bar gury Yael Dubinsky Sergio Fogel Dan Haran Rama Porrat Michail Rozman Alon Ziv Tatiana Samoilov and Vitaly Surazhsky found a number of serious bugs in preliminary version of Hebrew package A number of other people have contributed comments and information Specific contributions are acknowledged within the document I want to thank my wife Vita and son Mishka for their infinite love and patience If you made a contribution and I haven t mentioned it don t worry it was an accident I m sorry Just tell me and I will add you to the next version 53 Hebrew input encodings Hebrew input encodings defined in file hebinp dtx should be used with inputenc IATRX 2s package This package allows the user to specify an input encoding from this
7. right single quotes similar to gt dq the original quotes character sq the original single quote Table 24 More commands which produce quotes defined by slovak 1df 43 We gt c also implemented for the lowercase and upper case s and z an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y for Slovene left double quotes looks like for Slovene right double quotes for French left double quotes similar to lt lt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt Table 25 The extra definitions made by slovene 1df k disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Cyrillic emdash in plain text Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y or some other signs as disable enable for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allow ing hyphenation in the composing words thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname for German left double quotes looks like for German right double quotes looks like for French left double quotes looks like lt lt for French right double quotes looks like gt gt Table
8. such as hebcal can be included after the abovenamed Hebrew style option for example documentstyle 12pt hebrew_p hebcal report Any Hebrew document which compiled under ATEX 2 09 should compile under compatibility mode unless it uses low level commands such as tenrm 55 1 The DOCSTRIP modules The following modules are used in the implementation to direct DOCSTRIP in generating the external files newcode produce hebrew_newcode sty pcecode produce hebrew_p sty oldcode produce hebrew_oldcode sty 56 The Bahasa language The file bahasa dtx defines all the language definition macros for the bahasa indonesia bahasa melayu language Bahasa just means language in bahasa indonesia bahasa melayu Since both national versions of the language use the same writing although differing in pronounciation this file can be used for both languages For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 53 The file described in this section has version number v1 0i and was last revised on 2005 03 29 50
9. this code restores the previous definition of the control sequence or the previous value of the variable 6 3 Support for extending macros The macro addto control sequence TEX code can be used to extend the definition of a macro The macro need not be defined This macro can for instance be used in adding instructions to a macro like extrasenglish 6 4 Macros common to a number of languages In a couple of European languages compound words are used This means that when T X has to hyphenate such a compound word it only does so at the that is used in such words To allow hyphenation in the rest of such a compound word the macro allowhyphens can be used For some languages quotes need to be lowered to the baseline For this pur pose the macro set low box is available It takes one argument and puts that argument in an hbox at the baseline The result is available in box0 for further processing Sometimes it is necessary to preserve the spacefactor For this purpose the macro save sf q is available It takes one argument saves the current spacefactor executes the argument and restores the spacefactor The commands bbl frenchspacing and bbl nonfrenchspacing can be used to properly switch French spacing on and off 7 Compatibility with german sty The file german sty has been one of the sources of inspiration for the babel sys tem Because of this I wanted to include german sty in the babel system To be a
10. 03 29 A contribution was made by Alan Pai paica cernvm cern ch 38The file described in this section has version number v1 3k and was last revised on 2005 03 29 Contributions were made by Milos Lokajicek LOKAJICK CERNVM 39 The file described in this section has version number v1 2 and was last revised on 2005 03 31 40The file described in this section has version number v1 0d and was last revised on 2005 03 31 A contribution was made by Dejan Muhamedagi dejan yunix com 40 a or aob for tailed a like a A or Aob for tailed A like A e or eob for tailed e like e E or Eob for tailed E like E cor c for accented c like same with uppercase letters and n o s 1 or lpb for 1 with stroke like 1 L or Lpb for L with stroke like L r or zkb for pointed z like z cf pronounciation Ror Zkb for pointed Z like Z z or z for accented z Z or Z for accented Z disable ligature at this position _ an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y for German left double quotes looks like gt for German right double quotes lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt Table 21 The extra definitions made by polish sty For this language the character is made active
11. 26 The extra definitions made by russianb Note automatic switch to Bulgarian quotation is withdrawn for the moment and may not be reintroduced at all For this language the character is made active In table 28 an overview is given of its purpose The quotes in table 28 can also be typeset by using the commands in table 29 The French quotes are also available as ligatures lt lt and gt gt in 8 bit Cyrillic font encodings LCY X2 T2 and as lt and gt characters in 7 bit Cyrillic font encodings OT2 and LWN The quotation marks traditionally used in Bulgarian were borrowed from Ger man o they keep their original names French quotation marks may be seen as well in older books 44 cdash Cyrillic emdash in plain text cdash Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames cdash Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech glaq for German left double quotes looks like graqq for German right double quotes looks like flaqq for French left double quotes looks like lt lt frqq for French right double quotes looks like gt gt dq the original quotes character Table 27 More commands which produce quotes defined by babel m disable ligature at this position wo an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Cyrillic emdash in plain text __ Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames __ Cyrillic emdash for deno
12. Support is based on providing an appropriate definition for the accent macros on entry to the Basque language This is automatically done by ATRX 2e or NFSS2 If T1 encoding is chosen and provided that adequate hyphenation patterns are 25 The file described in this section has version number v1 0f and was last revised on 2005 03 29 The original author is Juan M Aguirregabiria wtpagagj 1g ehu es and is based on the Spanish file by Julio Sanchez jsanchez gmv es 26One source for such patterns is the archive at tp 1c ehu es that can be accessed by anony mous FTP or in http tp 1c ehu es jma basque html 31 disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word a an accent that allows hyphenation Valid for all vow els uppercase and lowercase n an witha tilde This is included to improve com patibility with FTC Works for uppercase too u au with dieresis allowing hyphenation a feminine ordinal as in 12 o masculine ordinal as in 1 n an with tilde Works for uppercase too Table 11 The extra definitions made by galician 1ldf disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right
13. The Hebrew language The file hebrew dtx provides the following packages and files for Hebrew lan guage support hebrew 1df file defines all the language specific macros for the Hebrew language rlbabel def file is used by hebrew 1df for bidirectional versions of the major I4TRX commands and environments It is designed to be used with other right to left languages not only with Hebrew hebcal sty package defines a set of macros for computing Hebrew date from Gregorian one Additional Hebrew input and font encoding definition files that should be in cluded and used with hebrew 1df are hebinp dtx provides Hebrew input encodings such as ISO 8859 8 MS Windows codepage 1255 or IBM PC codepage 862 see Section 53 on page 48 hebrew fdd contains Hebrew font encodings related font definition files and hebfont package that provides Hebrew font switching commands see Sec tion 54 on page 49 for further details 48The file described in this section has version number vl 2m and was last revised on 2005 03 31 49Mustafa Burc 26001 rziris01 rrz uni hamburg de provided the code for this file It is based on the work by Pierre Mackay Turgut Uyar uyar cs itu edu tr supplied additional translations in version 1 2 and later 50The Hebrew language support files described in this section have version number v2 3h and were last revised on 2005 03 30 47 BTEX 2 09 compatibility files are included with heb209 dtx and gives possibil
14. but not in bold versions it is a text character basically The Italian language The file italian dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Italian language The features of this language definition file are the following 1 The Italian hyphenation is invoked provided that file ithyph tex was loaded when the TEX 2e format was built in case it was not read the information coming with your implementation of the TEX software and the babel documentation The language dependent fixed words to be inserted by such commands as chapter caption tableofcontents etc are redefined in accordance with the Italian typographical practice Since Italian can be easily hyphenated and Italian practice allows to break a word before the last two letters hyphenation parameters have been set accordingly but a very high demerit value has been set in order to avoid word breaks in the penultimate line of a paragraph Specifically the clubpenalty and the widowpenalty are set to rather high values and finalhyphendemerits is set to such a high value that hyphenation is pro hibited between the last two lines of a paragraph Some language specific shortcuts have been defined so as to allow etymolog ical hyphenation specifically inserts a break point in any word boundary that the typesetter chooses provided it is not followed by and accented let ter very unlikely in Italian where compulsory accents fall only on the last and ending
15. but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allow ing hyphenation in the composing words for German left double quotes looks like for German right double quotes for French left double quotes similar to lt lt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt Table 3 The extra definitions made by german ldf 17 The German language new orthography The file ngermanb dtx defines all the language definition macros for the German language with the new orthography introduced in August 1998 This includes also the Austrian dialect of this language As with the traditional German orthography the character is made active and the commands in table 3 can be used except for ck and ff etc which are no longer required The internal language names are ngerman and naustrian 10The file described in this section has version number v2 6m and was last revised on 2004 02 20 glaq graq glq grq f1lqq frqq flq frq dq Table 4 More commands which produce quotes defined by german 1df for German left double quotes looks like for German right double quotes looks like for German left single quotes looks like for German right single quotes looks like for French left double quotes similar to lt lt for French right double quotes si
16. character for Esperanto 13 The Interlingua language The file interlingua dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Inter lingua language This file was contributed by Peter Kleiweg kleiweg at let rug nl Interlingua is an auxiliary language built from the common vocabulary of Spanish Portuguese English Italian and French with some normalisation of spelling The grammar is very easy more similar to English s than to neolatin languages The site http www interlingua com is mostly written in interlin gua as is http interlingua altervista org in case you want to read some sample of it You can have a look at the grammar at http www geocities com linguablau 14 The Dutch language The file dutch dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Dutch language and the Afrikaans version of it For this language the character is made active In table 2 an overview is given of its purpose One of the reasons for this is that in the Dutch language a word with a dieresis can be hyphenated just before the letter with the umlaut but the dieresis has to disappear if the word is broken between the previous letter and the accented letter In 3 the quoting conventions for the Dutch language are discussed The preferred convention is the single quote Anglo American convention i e This is 3The file described in this section has version number and was last revised on A con tribution was made b
17. distributes a Norwegian dictionary for ispell 570000 words It can be found at http www uio no runekl dictionary html This dictionary supports the spellings spi sslede for spisslede hyphenated spiss slede and other such words and also suggest the spelling spi sslede for spisslede and spissslede 35 The Swedish language The file swedish dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Swedish language This file has borrowed heavily from finnish dtx and germanb dtx For this language the character is made active In table 17 an overview is given of its purpose The vertical placement of the umlaut in some letters can be controlled this way 31The file described in this section has version number v2 3d and was last revised on 2005 03 31 Contributions were made by Sten Hellman HELLMAN CERNVM CERN CH and Erik Osthols erik_osthols yahoo com 34 ilqq for Icelandic left double quotes looks like irqq for Icelandic right double quotes looks like ilq for Icelandic left single quotes looks like irg for Icelandic right single quotes looks like iflgqq for Icelandic french left double quotes similar to gt gt ifrqq for Icelandic french right double quotes similar to lt lt ifrq for Icelandic french right single quotes similar to lt iflq for Icelandic french left single quotes similar to gt dq the original quot
18. double quotes similar to gt gt n an with tilde Works for uppercase too Table 12 The extra definitions made by basque 1df available The easiest way to use the new encoding with ATEX 2e is to load the package tienc with usepackage This must be done before loading babel 31 The Romanian language The file romanian dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Romanian language For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 32 The Danish language The file danish dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Danish language For this language the character is made active In table 13 an overview is given of its purpose 27 The file described in this section has version number v1 2 and was last revised on 2005 03 31 A contribution was made by Umstatter Horst hhu cernvm cern ch 28The file described in this section has version number vl 3p and was last revised on 2005 03 30 A contribution was made by Henning Larsen larsen cernvm cern ch 32 disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like but producing no hyphen sign for words that should break at some sign such as entrada salida lowered double left quotes looks like gt normal double right quotes lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt
19. in Babel version 3 7 In Babel version 3 7 a number of bugs that were found in version 3 6 are fixed Also a number of changes and additions have occurred Shorthands are expandable again The disadvantage is that one has to type a when the acute accent is used as a shorthand character The advantage is that a number of other problems such as the breaking of ligatures etc have vanished Two new commands shorthandon and shorthandoff have been intro duced to enable to temporarily switch off one or more shorthands Support for typesetting Greek has been enhanced Code from the kdgreek package suggested by the author was added and greeknumeral has been added Support for typesetting Basque is now available thanks to Juan Aguirre gabiria Support for typesetting Serbian with Latin script is now available thanks to Dejan Muhamedagi and Jankovic Slobodan Support for typesetting Hebrew and potential support for typesetting other right to left written languages is now available thanks to Rama Porrat and Boris Lavva Support for typesetting Bulgarian is now available thanks to Georgi Bosh nakov Support for typesetting Latin is now available thanks to Claudio Beccari and Krzysztof Konrad Zelechowski Support for typesetting North Sami is now available thanks to Regnor Jernsletten The options canadian canadien and acadien have been added for Canadian English and French use A language attribute has been added to
20. no longer fully expandable Some problems could only be solved by peeking at the token following an active character The advantage is that a works as expected for languages that have the active e Support for typesetting french texts is much enhanced the file francais 1df is now replaced by frenchb 1df which is maintained by Daniel Flipo e Support for typesetting the russian language is again available The lan guage definition file was originally developed by Olga Lapko from CyrTUG The fonts needed to typeset the russian language are now part of the babel distribution The support is not yet up to the level which is needed according to Olga but this is a start e Support for typesetting greek texts is now also available What is offered in this release is a first attempt it will be enhanced later on by Yannis Haralambous e in babel 3 6 some hooks have been added for the development of support for Hebrew typesetting e Support for typesetting texts in Afrikaans a variant of Dutch spoken in South Africa has been added to dutch 1df e Support for typesetting Welsh texts is now available e A new command aliasshorthand is introduced It seems that in Poland various conventions are used to type the necessary Polish letters It is now possible to use the character as a shorthand character instead of the char acter by issuing the command aliasshorthand e The shorthand mechanism now deals correctly with cha
21. sig nal con tainer this probably means that the hyphenation patterns you are using are for US English not for French e you get no hyphen at all in v ne ment this probably means that you are using CM fonts and the macro accent to produce accented characters Using EC fonts with built in accented characters or MITEX with CM fonts avoids this type of mismatch frenchb has been improved using helpful suggestions from many people the main contributions came from Vincent Jalby Thanks to all of them 22 Changes First version released 1 1 as of 1996 05 31 part of babel 3 6beta Changes in version 1 1b update for babel 3 6 Changes in version 1 2 new command nombre to format numbers re moved command fup borrowed from the french package up does a better job in ATEX 2e also removed aliases french and english frenchb cfg is a better place for these Changes in version 1 3 The xspace package when present now controls spacing after all sensible macros formerly xspace worked on fg suggested by Vincent Jalby spacing after opening and before closing guillemets improved as suggested by Thierry Bouche a replacement for poor looking guillemets in OT1 encoding math fonts are used to emulate them is provided if the file ot2wncyr fd is found this file defines an OT2 encoding using AMS Cyrillic fonts these have built in guillemets they are text fonts are free and are distributed as META FONT and Ty
22. the mark commands in order to make sure that a Greek header line comes out right on the last page before a language switch Hyphenation pattern files are now read inside a group therefore any changes a pattern file needs to make to lowercase codes uppercase codes and cate gory codes are kept local to that group If they are needed for the language these changes will need to be repeated and stored in extras The concept of language attributes is introduced It is intended to give the user some control over the features a language definition file provides Its first use is for the Greek language where the user can choose the toAvTOVKO Polutoniko or multi accented Greek way of typesetting texts These at tributes will possibly find wider use in future releases The environment hyphenrules is introduced e The syntax of the file language dat has been extended to allow optionally specifying the font encoding to be used while processing the patterns file e The command providehyphenmins should now be used in language defi nition files in order to be able to keep any settings provided by the pattern file 4 Changes in Babel version 3 6 In Babel version 3 6 a number of bugs that were found in version 3 5 are fixed Also a number of changes and additions have occurred e A new environment otherlanguage is introduced it only switches the spe cials but leaves the captions untouched e The shorthands are
23. typeset superscripts like M up me abbrevi ation for Madame 1 up er for premier Family names should be typeset in small capitals and never be hyphenated the macro bsc boxed small caps does this e g Leslie bsc Lamport will produce Leslie LAMPORT Commands primo secundo tertio and quarto may be used to enu merate in lists Abbreviations for Num ro and num ro are obtained via the commands No no Two commands are provided to typeset the symbol for degr degre prints the raw character and degres should be used to typeset temperatures e g 20 degres C with an unbreakable space or for alcohols strengths e g 45 degres with no space in French In math mode the comma has to be surrounded with braces to avoid a spurious space being inserted after it in decimal numbers for instance see the T EXbook p 134 The command DecimalMathComma makes the comma be an ordinary character in French only no space added as a counterpart if DecimalMathComma is active an explicit space has to be added in lists and intervals 0 1 x y StandardMathComma switches back to the standard behaviour of the comma A command nombre is provided to easily typeset numbers it works both in text and in math mode inputting nombre 3141 592653 will format this number properly according to the current language French or non French each slice of three digits will be sep
24. vowel of a word but may take place with compound words that include foreign roots and when the desired break point falls before an accented letter The shortcut introduces the raised English opening double quotes this shortcut proves its usefulness when one reminds that the Italian keyboard misses the backtick key and the backtick on a Windows based platform may be obtained only by pressing the Alt key while inputting the numerical code 0096 very very annoying The shortcuts lt and gt insert the French guillemots sometimes used in Italian typography with the T1 font encoding the ligatures lt lt and gt gt should insert such signs directly but not all the virtual fonts that claim to follow the T1 font encoding actually contain the guillemots with the OT1 encoding the guillemots are not available and must be faked in some way By using the lt and gt shortcuts even with the T1 encoding the necessary tests 18The file described in this section has version number vl 2p and was last revised on 2005 03 30 The original author is Maurizio Codogno mau beatles cselt stet it It has been largely revised by Johannes Braams and Claudio Beccari 25 are performed and in case the suitable glyphs are taken from other fonts normally available with any good modern TX distribution 7 Three new specific commands unit ped and ap are introduced so as to enable the correct composition of technical mathematics accor
25. 54 1 THIS SECTION IS OUT OF DATE UPDATE 32 The Danish language 32 DOCS TO MATCH HE8 ENCODING 49 33 The Icelandic language 33 33 1 Overview yra araa tey 33 55 Hebrew in ATEX 2 09 com patibility mode 50 34 The Norwegian language 33 55 1 The DOCSTRIP modules 50 35 The Swedish language 34 56 The Bahasa language 50 selectlanguage otherlanguage foreignlanguage otherlanguage hyphenrules languagename if language useshorthands def ineshorthand aliasshorthand languageshorthands shorthandon shorthandoff 1 The user interface The user interface of this package is quite simple It consists of a set of commands that switch from one language to another and a set of commands that deal with shorthands It is also possible to find out what the current language is When a user wants to switch from one language to another he can do so using the macro selectlanguage This macro takes the language defined previously by a language definition file as its argument It calls several macros that should be defined in the language definition files to activate the special definitions for the language chosen The environment otherlanguage does basically the same as selectlanguage except the language change is local to the environment This environment is re quired for intermixing left to right typesetting with right to left typesetting The language to switch to is specified as an argument to beginfotherlanguage
26. Babel a multilingual package for use with BTEX s standard document classes Johannes Braams Kersengaarde 33 2723 BP Zoetermeer The Netherlands babel braams cistron nl Printed April 1 2005 Abstract The standard distribution of XTX contains a number of document classes that are meant to be used but also serve as examples for other users to create their own document classes These document classes have become very popular among 4TfX users But it should be kept in mind that they were designed for American tastes and typography At one time they contained a number of hard wired texts This report describes babel a package that makes use of the new capabilities of T X version 3 to pro vide an environment in which documents can be typeset in a non American language or in more than one language Contents 6 2 Support for saving macro definitions 11 1 The user interface 3 6 3 Support for extending 1 1 Languages supported by macros 11 Babel 1 4 6 4 Macros common to a 1 2 Workarounds 5 number of languages 11 2 Changes for PT X 2e 5 7 Compatibility with german sty 11 3 Changes in Babel version 3 7 6 ATAN g 8 Compatibility with ngerman sty 12 4 Changes in Babel version 3 6 7 9 Compatibility with the 5 Changes in Babel version 3 5 8 french package 12 6 The interface between the 10 Conclusion 13 core of babel and the lan guage definition files 8 11 Acknowledgements 13 6 1 Support for act
27. Bernard Gaulle gaulle idris fr works together with babel On the other hand it seems not to work well together with a lot of other packages Therefore I have decided to no longer load french 1df by default Instead when you want to use the package by Bernard Gaulle you will have to request it specifically by passing either frenchle or frenchpro as an option to babel The b is added to the name to distinguish the file from Partls file 12 10 Conclusion A system of document options has been presented that enable the user of ATEX to adapt the standard document classes of TEX to the language he or she prefers to use These options offer the possibility of switching between languages in one document The basic interface consists of using one option which is the same for all standard document classes In some cases the language definition files provide macros that can be useful to plain TEX users as well as to TEX users The babel system has been implemented so that it can be used by both groups of users 11 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all who volunteered as testers for their time I would like to mention Julio Sanchez who supplied the option file for the Spanish language and Maurizio Codogno who supplied the option file for the Italian language Michel Goossens supplied contributions for most of the other languages Nico Poppelier helped polish the text of the documentation and supplied parts of the macros for th
28. In table 22 an overview is given of its purpose One of the reasons for this is that in the Serbian language some special characters are used Apart from defining shorthands we need to make sure taht the first paragraph of each section is intended Furthermore the following new math operators are defined tg ctg arctg arcctg sh ch th cth arsh arch arth arcth Prob Expect Variance 44 The Slovak language The file slovak dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Slovak lan guage For this language the macro q is defined It was used with the letters t d 1 and L and adds a to them to simulate a hook that should be there The result looks like t Since the the T1 font encoding has the corresponding characters it is mapped to v Therefore we recommend using T1 font encoding If you don t want to use this encoding please feel free to redefine q in your file I think babel will honour this For this language the characters and are ade active In table 23 an overview is given of its purpose Also the vertical placement of the umlaut can be controlled this way 41The file described in this section has version number v1 3a and was last revised on 2005 03 31 It was written by Jana Chlebikova chlebik euromath dk and modified by To bias Schlemmer Tobias Schlemmer web de 41 c c also implemented for the lowercase and upper case s and z d dj also implemente
29. TH STROKE letter which you will need a workaround for My suggestion is to place the lines 32The file described in this section has version number v1 0c and was last revised on 2004 02 20 It was written by Regnor Jernsletten Regnor Jernsletten sami uit no or Regnor Jernsletten eunet no 35 ff for ff to be hyphenated as ff f this is also implemented for b d f g l m n p r s and t o ppussing ee Hyphenate ee as e e komit een an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the composing words Use this for compound words when the hyphenation patterns fail to hyphenate properly alpin anlegg Like but inserts 0 03em space Use it if the compound point is spanned by a ligature hoff intriger Like but producing no hyphen sign i g aa r Like but allows no hyphenation at all E cup Like but allowing hyphenation in the composing words marksistisk leninistisk lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt Table 16 The extra definitions made by norsk sty newcommand tx mbox t hspace 35em newcommand txx mbox T hspace 5em in the preamble of your documents They define the commands txx for LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH STROKE and tx for LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE 36 1 The code of samin dtx 37 The Finnish language The file finnish dtx defines all the lang
30. Table 13 The extra definitions made by danish 1df 33 The Icelandic language 33 1 Overview The file iceland dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Icelandic language Customization for the Icelandic language was made following several official and semiofficial publications 2 3 1 6 5 These publications do not always agree and we indicate those instances For this language the character is made active In table 14 an overview is given of its purpose The shorthands in table 14 can also be typeset by using the commands in table 15 References 1 Al ingi Reglur um fr gang pingskjala og prentun umr na 1988 2 Auglysing um greinarmerkjasetningu Stj tid B nr 133 1974 1974 3 Augl sing um breyting augl singu nr 132 1974 um slenska stafsetningu Stj t B nr 261 1977 1977 4 Einar Haugen editor First Grammatical Treatise Longman London 2 edi tion 1972 5 Sta lar slands og Fagr uppl singat kni Reykjav k Forsta all FS 1390 1997 1997 6 STRI Sta lar Islands SI kerfi 2 edition 1994 34 The Norwegian language The file norsk dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Norwegian language as well as for an alternative variant nynorsk of this language 29The file described in this section has version number and was last revised on 30The file described in this section has version number v2 0h and was last revised o
31. a euro permill and vardigamma 22 1 Typing conventions Entering greek text can be quite difficult because of the many diacritical signs that need to be added for various purposes The fonts that are used to typeset Greek make this a lot easier by offering a lot of ligatures But in order for this to work some characters need to be considered as letters These characters are lt gt gt and Therefore their lccode is changed when Greek is in effect In order to let uppercase give correct results the uccode of these characters is set to a non existing character to make them disappear Of course not all characters are needed when typesetting modern povotovikd In that case we only need the and symbols which are treated in the proper way 22 2 Greek numbering The Greek alphabetical numbering system like the Roman one is still used in everyday life for short enumerations Unfortunately most Greeks don t know how to write Greek numbers bigger than 20 or 30 Nevertheless in official editions of the last century and beginning of this century this numbering system was also used for dates and numbers in the range of several thousands Nowadays this numbering system is primary used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and by certain scholars It is hence necessary to be able to typeset any Greek numeral up to 999 999 Here are the conventions e There is no Greek numeral for any number less than or equal to 0 e N
32. ame for example the Preface that becomes Praefatio or Preefatio respectively Hyphenation rules are also different but the hyphenation pattern file lahyph tex takes care of both versions of the language Needless to say that such patterns must be loaded in the ATFX format by by running initex or whatever the name of the initializer on latex 1tx The name strings for chapters figures tables etcetera are suggested by prof Raffaella Tabacco a classicist of the University of Turin Italy to whom we address our warmest thanks The names suggested by Krzysztof Konrad Zelechowski when different are used as the names for the medieval variety since he made a word and spelling choice more suited for this variety For this language some shortcuts are defined according to table 6 all of them are supposed to work with both spelling styles except where the opposite is ex plicitly stated i inserts the breve accent as i valid also for the other lowercase vowels but it does not operate on the me dieval ligatures and ce a inserts the macron accent as a valid also for the other lowercase vowels but it does not operate on the medieval ligatures and ce inserts a compound word mark where hyphenation is legal the next character must not be a medieval lig ature or nor an accented letter foreign names same as above but operates also when the next char acter is a medieval ligature or an accented letter Ta
33. ange the labelitems at any level 1 to 4 in French using the standard ATX syntax for instance renewcommand labelitemii textbullet in order to be effective in French the redefinitions have to be made when French is the current language i e after the begin document the changes are saved when switching to another language and will be remembered of when switching back to French 6 vertical spacing in general TEX lists is shortened a hook to reset standard IATRX settings is provided FrenchListSpacingfalse 7 the first paragraph of each section is indented ATEX only 16The file described in this section has version number and was last revised on 17 selectlanguage francais and selectlanguage frenchb are kept for backward com patibility but should no longer be used 19 8 the space after dots is removed in French Some commands are provided in frenchb to make typesetting easier T French quotation marks can be entered using the commands og and fg which work in BTFX 2e ETEX 2 09 and PlainTEX their appearance depend ing on what is available to draw them if you use ATEX 2c and T1 encoding you can also enter them as lt lt French quotation marks gt gt but then don t forget the unbreakable spaces og and fg provide for correct line breaks and better horizontal spacing og and fg can be used outside French they provide then English quotes and A command up is provided to
34. arated either with a comma in English or with a space in French if you prefer a thin space instead of a normal space just add the command ThinSpaceInFrenchNumbers to the preamble of your document or to frenchb cfg The command nombre is a contribution of Vincent Jalby using ideas of David Carlisle in comma sty frenchb has been designed to take advantage of the xspace package if present adding usepackage xspace in the preamble will force macros like fg ier ieme dots to respect the spaces you type after them for instance typing 1 ier juin will print 1 juin no need for a forced space after 1 ier 20 10 Two commands FrenchLayout and StandardLayout to be used only in the preamble are provided to unify the layout of multilingual documents it mainly concerns lists regardless the current language see section for details 11 Two commands AddThinSpaceBeforeFootnotes and FrenchFootnotes enable to customize the layout of footnotes following the French IN s specifi cations the first one which can only be used before the begin document adds a thinspace in the running text before the number or symbol calling the footnote the second one modifies the footnote s layout it typesets leading numbers as 1 instead of FrenchFootnotes has no effect on footnotes numbered with symbols as in the thanks command None of these commands are active by default both can be best added to fr
35. ble for the Canadian variant the American patterns are selected For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 16 The German language The file germanb dtx defines all the language definition macros for the German language as well as for the Austrian dialect of this language For this language the character is made active In table 3 an overview is given of its purpose One of the reasons for this is that in the German language some character combinations change when a word is broken between the combination Also the vertical placement of the umlaut can be controlled this way The quotes in table 3 can also be typeset by using the commands in table 4 TThe file described in this section has version number v3 30 and was last revised on 2005 03 30 8The file described in this section has version number v2 6k and was last revised on 2004 02 19 This file is a re implementation of Hubert Partl s german sty version 2 5b see 4 15 Ck FF Ss Z a also implemented for the other lowercase and uppercase vowels to produce the German like ss to produce the German like ss for ck to be hyphenated as k k for ff to be hyphenated as ff f this is also imple mented for l m n p r and t for SS to be uppercase s for SZ to be uppercase z disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like
36. ble 6 Shortcuts defined for the Latin language The characters and are active only when the language attribute withprosodicmarks has been declared otherwise they are disabled see section for more details 26 The Portuguese language The file portuges dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Por tuguese language as well as for the Brasilian version of this language 20The file described in this section has version number vl 2p and was last revised on 2005 03 31 Contributions were made by Jose Pedro Ramalhete JRAMALHE CERNVM or Jose Pedro_Ramalhete MACMAIL and Arnaldo Viegas de Lima arnaldo VNET IBM COM 27 For this language the character is made active In table 7 an overview is given of its purpose disable ligature at this position _ an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word like but producing no hyphen sign for words that should break at some sign such as entrada salida lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Table 7 The extra definitions made by portuges 1ldf 27 The Spanish language The file spanish dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Spanish language Custumization is made following mainly the books on the subject by Jos Martinez de Sousa By typesetting spanish dtx dire
37. ble to do that I had to allow for one incompatibility in the definition of the macro selectlanguage in german sty the argument is used as the number for an ifcase So in this case a call to selectlanguage might look like selectlanguage german In the definition of the macro selectlanguage in babel def the argument is used as a part of other macronames so a call to selectlanguage now looks 1This mechanism was introduced by Bernd Raichle 11 like selectlanguage german Notice the absence of the escape character As of version 3 1a of babel both syntaxes are allowed All other features of the original german sty have been copied into a new file called germanb sty Although the babel system was developed to be used with TEX some of the features implemented in the language definition files might be needed by plain TEX users Care has been taken that all files in the system can be processed by plain T X 8 Compatibility with ngerman sty When used with the options ngerman or naustrian babel will provide all features of the package ngerman There is however one exception The commands for special hyphenation of double consonants ff etc and ck ck which are no longer required with the new German orthography are undefined With the ngerman package however these commands will generate appropriate warning messages only 9 Compatibility with the french package It has been reported to me that the package french by
38. cond is the code the shorthand should expand to The command aliasshorthand can be used to let another character perform the same functions as the default shorthand character If one prefers for example to use the character over in typing polish texts this can be achieved by entering aliasshorthand Please note that the substitute shorthand character must have been declared in the preamble of your document using a command such as useshorthands in this example The command languageshorthands can be used to switch the shorthands on the language level It takes one argument the name of a language Note that for this to work the language should have been specified as an option when loading the babel package It is sometimes necessary to switch a shorthand character off temporarily be cause it must be used in an entirely different way For this purpose the user languageattribute commands shorthandoff and shorthandon are provided They each take a list of characters as their arguments The command shorthandoff sets the catcode for each of the characters in its argument to other 12 the command shorthandon sets the catcode to active 13 Both commands only work on known shorthand characters If a character is not known to be a shorthand character its category code will be left unchanged This is a user level command to be used in the preamble of a document after usepackage babe1l that declares which attr
39. ctivate the acute accent or apostrophe and or the grave accent characters by using the activeacute and activegrave options In that case the definitions shown in table 10 also become available 3 These active accents characters behave according to their original definitions if not followed by one of the characters indicated in that table 29 The Galician language The file galician dtx7 defines all the language definition macros for the Galician language For this language the characters and are made active In table 11 an overview is given of their purpose These active accents character behave according to their original definitions if not followed by one of the characters indicated in that table 22The file described in this section has version number v2 2p and was last revised on 2005 03 29 3Please note that if the acute accent character is active it is necessary to take special care of coding apostrophes in a way which cannot be confounded with accents Therefore it is necessary to type 1 estri instead of 1 estri 24The file described in this section has version number v1 2 and was last revised on 2005 03 30 30 l 1 geminated l digraph similar to 1 1 L L produces the uppercase version lgem geminated l digraph similar to 1 1 Lgem produces the uppercase version up Macro to help typing raised ordinals like 1 Takes one argument like the old but allowing hyphenation in the
40. ctly you will get the full documentation regrettably is in Spanish only but it is pretty long References in this part refers to that document There are several aditional features documented in the Spanish version only This style provides e Translations following the International 4TRX conventions as well as today e Shorthands listed in Table 8 Examples in subsection 3 4 are illustrative Note that has a special meaning in spanish different to other languages and is used mainly in linguistic contexts e deactivatetilden deactivates the n and N shorthands e In math mode a dot followed by a digit is replaced by a decimal comma e Spanish ordinals and abbeviations with sptext as for instance 1 sptext er The preceptive dot is included e Accented functions lim m x min m d You may globally omit the accents with unaccentedoperators Spaced functions arccos etc You may glob ally kill that space with unspacedoperators dotlessi is provided for use in math mode e A quoting environment and a related pair of shorthands lt lt and gt gt The command deactivatequoting deactivates these shorthand in case you want to use lt and gt in some AMS commands and numerical comparisons 21The file described in this section has version number v4 2b and was last revised on 2004 02 20 The original author from v4 0 on is Javier Bezos Previous versions were by Julio Sanchez 28 y if lt gt lt lt
41. d for D _ an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word disable ligature at this position like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y for Serbian left double quotes looks like gt for Serbian right double quotes lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt Table 22 The extra definitions made by serbian 1df The quotes in table 23 can also be typeset by using the commands in table 24 45 The Slovenian language The file slovene dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Slovenian language For this language the character is made active In table 25 an overview is given of its purpose One of the reasons for this is that in the Slovene language some special characters are used 46 The Russian language The file russianb dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Russian language It needs the file cyrcod for success documentation with Russian encod ings see below For this language the character is made active In table 26 an overview is given of its purpose The quotes in table 26 can also be typeset by using the commands in table 27 The French quotes are also available as ligatures lt lt and gt gt in 8 bit Cyrillic font encodings LCY X2 T2 and as lt and gt characters in 7 bit Cyrillic font encodings
42. definition of dots changed in French in French with the standard TEX classes captions in figures and tables are printed with an endash instead of a colon Changes in version 1 4 23 the redefinition of makecaption is changed not to overwrite the changes made by some classes koma script amsart ua thesis as pointed out by Werner Lemberg a hook FrenchGuillemetsFron is provided to pick French guillemets from any font suggested by Michel Bovani works only in OT1 encoding a hook FrenchLabelItem is provided to enable marks other than textendash in French lists also suggested by Michel Bovani DecimalMathComma StandardMathComma ThinSpaceInFrenchNumbers added FrenchLayout and StandardLayout added an example of customization file frenchb cfg is included in frenchb dtx Changes in version 1 5 The settings for spacing in French lists are no longer tuned at the trivlist level but within list this enables the users to provide their own settings for the lists they define with list suggested by P Pichaureau Although the layout of the standard lists has not changed some lists based directly on trivlist or trivlist could possibly be typeset differently when upgrading from version 1 4 to 1 5 The command FrenchOldTrivlisttrue could then be useful to process older documents Apart from the global hook FrenchLabelItem it is now also possible to change the labelitems at any leve
43. ding to the ISO 31 XI recommendations For this language a limited number of shortcuts has been defined table 5 some of which are used to overcome certain limitations of the Italian keyboard in section there are other comments and hints in order to overcome some other keyboard limitations inserts a compound word mark where hyphenation is legal it allows etymological hyphenation which is recommended for technical terms chemical names and the like it does not work if the next character is represented with a control sequence or is an accented character the same as the above without the limitation on char acters represented with control sequences or accented ones inserts open quotes lt inserts open guillemots gt inserts closed guillemots equivalent to slash Table 5 Shortcuts for the Italian language References 1 Beccari C Computer Aided Hyphenation for Italian and Modern Latin TUGboat vol 13 n 1 pp 23 33 1992 2 Beccari C Typesetting mathematics for science and technology according to ISO 31 XI TUGboat vol 18 n 1 pp 39 48 1997 25 The Latin language The file latin dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Latin lan guage both in modern and medieval spelling For this language two styles of typesetting are implemented regular or modern spelling Latin and medieval Latin The medieval Latin specific com mands can be activated by m
44. e Dutch language Paul Wackers and Werenfried Spit helped find and repair bugs During the further development of the babel system I received much help from Bernd Raichle for which I am grateful References 1 Donald E Knuth The TRXbook Addison Wesley 1986 2 Leslie Lamport TEx A document preparation System Addison Wesley 1986 3 K F Treebus Tekstwijzer een gids voor het grafisch verwerken van tekst SDU Uitgeverij s Gravenhage 1988 A Dutch book on layout design and typog raphy 4 Hubert Partl German TEX TUGboat 9 1988 1 p 70 72 5 Leslie Lamport in T Xhax Digest Volume 89 13 17 February 1989 6 Johannes Braams Victor Eijkhout and Nico Poppelier The development of national ATgxX styles TUGboat 10 1989 3 p 401 406 7 Joachim Schrod International ATEX is ready to use TUGboat 11 1990 1 p 87 90 13 12 The Esperanto language The file esperanto dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Esperanto language For this language the character given of its purpose is made active In table 1 an overview is c gives with hyphenation in the rest of the word al lowed this works for c C g G H J s S z Z h prevents h from becoming too tall j gives j 5 gives with hyphenation in the rest of the word allowed U gives U with hyphenation in the rest of the word allowed inserts a discretionary Table 1 The functions of the active
45. e by ukraineb original names 49 The Lower Sorbian language The file lsorbian dtx It defines all the language specific macros for Lower Sor bian 50 The Upper Sorbian language The file usorbian dtx It defines all the language specific macros for Upper Sorbian 46 The file described in this section has version number v1 0f and was last revised on 2005 03 31 It was written by Eduard Werner edi kaihh hanse de 47 The file described in this section has version number v1 0i and was last revised on 2005 03 31 It was written by Eduard Werner edi kaihh hanse de 46 cdash Cyrillic emdash in plain text cdash Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames cdash Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech glaq for German left double quotes looks like graqq for German right double quotes looks like flaqq for French left double quotes looks like lt lt frqq for French right double quotes looks like gt gt dq the original quotes character Table 31 More commands which produce quotes defined by babel 51 The Turkish language The file turkish dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Turkish language Turkish typographic rules specify that a little white space should be added before the characters and In order to insert this white space automat ically these characters are made active Also frenhspacing is set 52
46. e correct definite article for the ar gument and the argument itself separated with a The star forms Az and az produce the article only Azr 1 and azr 1 treat the argument as a label so expand it then write the definite article for r 1 a non breakable space then the label expansion The star forms do not print the label expansion Azr 1 and azr 1 are used for equation referencing with the syntax azr label There are two aliases Aref and aref for Azr and azr respectively During the preparation of a document it is not known in general if the code a ref label or the code az ref label is the grammatically correct one Writing aref label instead of the previous ones solves the problem Azp 1 and azp 1 also treat the argument as a label but use the label s page for definite article determination There are star forms giving only the definite article without the page number There are aliases Apageref and apageref for Azp and azp respec tively The code apageref label is equivalent either to a pageref label or to az pageref label Azc and azc work like the cite command but of course they insert the definite article There can be several comma separated cite labels and in that case the definite article is given for the first one They accept cite s optional argument There are star forms giving the definite article only There are aliases Acite and acite for Azc and azc re
47. eans of the language attribute medieval the me dieval spelling differs from the modern one by the systematic use of the lower case u also where in modern spelling the letter v is used when typesetting with capital letters on the opposite the letter V is used also in place of U Medieval 19The file described in this section has version number v2 0f and was last revised on 2005 03 30 The original author is Claudio Beccari with contributions by Krzysztof Konrad Zelechowski kkz alfa mimuw edu p1 26 spelling also includes the ligatures ae oe ce AE and OE that are not used in modern spelling nor were used in the classical times Furthermore a third typesetting style withprosodicmarks is defined in order to use special shortcuts for inserting breves and macrons when typesetting grammars dictionaries teaching texts and the like where prosodic marks are important for the complete information on the words or the verses The shortcuts listed in table 6 and described in section may interfere with other packages therefore by default this third style is off and no interference is introduced If this third style is used and interference is experienced there are special commands for turning on and off the specific short hand commands of this style For what concerns babel and typesetting with IAT FX the differences between the two styles of spelling reveal themselves in the strings used to n
48. eclareInputMath slot math This defines the input character slot to be the text material or math material respectively For example 8859 8 def defines slots EA letter hebalef and B5 u by saying DeclareInputText 224 hebalef DeclareInputMath 181 mu Note that the commands should be robust and should not be dependent on the output encoding The same slot should not have both a text and a math declara tion for it This restriction may be removed in future releases of inputenc The def file may also define commands using the declarations providecommand or ProvideTextCommandDefault For example 8859 8 def defines ProvideTextCommandDefault textonequarter ensuremath frac14 DeclareInputText 188 textonequarter The use of the provide forms here will ensure that a better definition will not be over written their use is recommended since in general the best defintion depends on the fonts available See the documentation in inputenc dtx for details of how to declare input definitions for various encodings 54 Hebrew font encodings Don t forget to update the docs 54 1 THIS SECTION IS OUT OF DATE UPDATE DOCS TO MATCH HE8 ENCODING The file hebrew fdd contains the Local Hebrew Encoding LHE definition the external font information needed to use the Hebrew 7 bit fonts old code fonts and hebfont package that provides Hebrew font switching commands Using this file as an input lheenc def
49. enchb cfg or to the preamble of the document FrenchFootnotes and StandardFootnotes which cancels the effect of FrenchFootnotes for the text coming next can be used anywhere in the document The command StandardFootnotes may be useful when some footnotes are numbered with letters inside minipages for instance AddThinSpaceBeforeFootnotes and FrenchFootnotes act on all foot notes whatever the current language is All commands previously available in francais 1df have been included in frenchb 1ldf for compatibility sometimes with updated definitions The french package by Bernard GAULLE was not designed to run with babel although the latest versions claim to be babel compatible but rather as a stand alone package for the French language It provides many more functionalities like lettrine sommaire not available in frenchb at the cost of a much greater complexity and possible incompatibilities with other languages As french is known to produce the best layout available for French typography I have borrowed many ideas from Bernard s file I did my best to help users of both packages french and frenchb to exchange their sources files easily see the example configuration file below in section with one exception which affects the way French quotation marks are entered frenchb uses macros og and fg while french uses active characters lt lt and gt gt French typographic rules specify that some white space s
50. encoding definition file all fd files font definition files and font switching package for available Hebrew fonts are generated We chose to use 7 bit encoding as default font encoding because 52The files described in this section have version number v1 2b and were last revised on 2004 02 20 49 1 There are many 7 bit encoded Hebrew fonts available more then for any other encoding 2 Available TEX Hebrew fonts do not include latin alphabet and we can safely map Hebrew glyphs to the ASCII positions 0 127 Current definition of the LHE encoding supports only Hebrew letters hebalef hebtav but not Hebrew points such as hebdagesh hebqamats hebpatah hebshindot etc We are working now on such addition 55 Hebrew in PTRX 2 09 compatibility mode documentstyle command in the preamble of TfX document indicates that it is a ATRX 2 09 document and should be processed in compatibility mode In such documents one of the following three Hebrew style options can be included 1 hebrew_newcode indicates that document will use UNIX ISO 8859 8 or Win dows cp1255 input encoding i e Alef letter will be represented as 224 2 hebrew_p indicates that document is encoded with IBM PC cp862 encoding i e Alef letter will be represented as 128 3 hebrew_oldcode indicates that document uses old 7 bit encoding as defined in Israeli Standard 960 i e Alef is character number 96 Note that other hebrew related styles
51. erman right double quotes lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt Table 23 The extra definitions made by slovak 1df 47 The Bulgarian language The file bulgarian dtx provides the language specific macros for the Bulgarian language Users should take note of the vaious cyrillic dashes available now see below These should remove many causes of headache Also although by default the Bul garian quotation marks will appear automatically when typesetting in Bulgarian it is better to use the new commands and which explicitly typeset them 44The file described in this section has version number and was last revised on This file was initially derived from the August 1998 version of russianb dtx It is reasonably backward compatible with the 1994 1996 non babel bulgarian style bul garia sty by Georgi Boshnakov files prepared for that style should compile successfully with vastly improved appearance due to usage of standard fonts glqq for German left double quotes looks like grqq for German right double quotes looks like glq for German left single quotes looks like grq for German right single quotes looks like flqq for French left double quotes similar to lt lt frqq for French right double quotes similar to gt gt flq for French left single quotes similar to lt frq for French
52. es character oob for old Icelandic Oob for old Icelandic Q ooob for old Icelandic 6 O00b for old Icelandic eob for old Icelandic e Eob for old Icelandic E eeob for old Icelandic EEob for old Icelandic Table 15 Commands which produce quotes and old Icelandic diacritics defined by icelandic 1df Two variations for formatting of dates are added datesymd makes today output dates formatted as YYYY MM DD which is commonly used in Sweden today datesdmy formats the date as D M YYYY which is also very common in Sweden These commands should be issued after begindocument 36 The North Sami language The file samin dtx defines all the language definition macros for the North Sami language Several Sami dialects languages are spoken in Finland Norway Sweden and on the Kola Peninsula Russia The alphabets differ so there will eventually be a need for more dtx files for e g Lule and South Sami Hence the name samin dtx and not sami dtx or the like in the North Sami case There are currently no hyphenation patterns available for the North Sami language but you might consider using the patterns for Finnish fi8hyph tex Norwegian nohyph tex or Swedish sehyph tex Add a line for the samin language to the language dat file and rebuild the TEX format file See the documentation for your ATEX distribution A note on writing North Sami in BT X The TI encoding and EC fonts do not include the T WI
53. file for example ISO Hebrew Latin 8859 8 IBM Hebrew codepage 862 or MS Windows Hebrew codepage 1255 by saying usepackage encoding name inputenc The encoding can also be selected in the document with inputencoding encoding name The only practical use of this command within a document is when using text from several documents to build up a composite work such as a volume of journal articles Therefore this command will be used only in vertical mode The encodings provided by this package are e si960 7 bit Hebrew encoding for the range 32 127 This encoding also known as old code and defined by Israeli Standard SI 960 e 8859 8 ISO 8859 8 Hebrew Latin encoding commonly used in UNIX sys tems This encoding also known as new code and includes hebrew letters in positions starting from 224 51The files described in this section have version number vl 1b and were last revised on 2004 02 20 48 e cp862 IBM 862 code page commonly used by DOS on IBM compatible per sonal computers This encoding also known as pc code and includes hebrew letters in positions starting from 128 e cp1255 MS Windows 1255 hebrew code page which is similar to 8859 8 In addition to hebrew letters this encoding contains also hebrew vowels and dots nikud Each encoding has an associated def file for example 8859 8 def which defines the behaviour of each input character using the commands DeclareInputText slot texrt D
54. ge until the beginning of a document all language definition files should use main language ProvidesLanguage LdfInit ldf quit ldf finish loadlocalcfg substitutefontfamily initiate active char bb1l activate bb1 deactivate declare shorthand bb1 add special bb1 remove special instead of selectlanguage This will just store the name of the language and the proper language will be activated at the start of the document The macro ProvidesLanguage should be used to identify the language definition files Its syntax is similar to the syntax of the TX command ProvidesPackage The macro LdfInit performs a couple of standard checks that must be made at the beginning of a language definition file such as checking the category code of the sign preventing the 1df file from being processed twice etc The macro ldf quit does work needed if a 1df file was processed earlier This includes resetting the category code of the sign preparing the language to be activated at begin document time and ending the input stream The macro ldf finish does work needed at the end of each 1df file This includes resetting the category code of the sign loading a local configuration file and preparing the language to be activated at begin document time After processing a language definition file ATEX can be instructed to load a local configuration file This file can for instance be used to add strings to cap
55. hould be present be fore double punctuation characters These characters are and In order to get this white space automatically the category code of these characters is made active In French the user should input these four characters preceded with a space but as many people forget about it even among native French writers the default behaviour of frenchb is to automatically add a thinspace before 1 and a normal unbreakable space before this is the rule in French typography It s up to the user to add or not a space after double punctuation characters usually a space is necessary but not always before a full point or a closing brace for instance so this cannot done automatically In rare cases where no space should be added before a double punctu ation either use string string string string instead of or switch locally to English For instance you can type C string TEX or 21 beginfotherlanguage english C TEX end otherlanguage to avoid the space before in a MS DOS path Some users dislike this automatic insertion of a space before double punctu ation and prefer to decide themselves whether a space should be added or not so a hook NoAutoSpaceBeforeFDP is provided if this command is added in file frenchb cfg or anywhere in a document frenchb will respect your typing and introduce a suitable space before double punctuation if and only
56. ibutes are to be used for a given language It takes two arguments the first is the name of the language the second a list of attribute s to used The command checks whether the language is known in this document and whether the attribute s are known for this language 1 1 Languages supported by Babel In the following table all the languages supported by Babel are listed together with the names of the options with which you can load babel for each language Language Option s Afrikaans afrikaans Bahasa bahasa Basque basque Breton breton Bulgarian bulgarian Catalan catalan Croatian croatian Czech czech Danish danish Dutch dutch English english USenglish american UKenglish british canadian australian newzealand Esperanto esperanto Estonian estonian Finnish finnish French french francais canadien acadian Galician galician German austrian german germanb ngerman naustrian Greek greek polutonikogreek Hebrew hebrew Hungarian magyar hungarian Icelandic icelandic Interlingua interlingua Irish Gaelic irish Italian italian Latin latin Lower Sorbian lowersorbian North Sami samin Norwegian norsk nynorsk Language Option s Polish polish Portuguese portuges portuguese brazilian brazil Romanian romanian Russian russian Scottish Gaelic scottish Spanish spanish Slovakian slovak Slovenian slovene Swedish swedish Serbian serbian Turkish turkish Ukrainian ukrainian Upper S
57. if a space is typed in the source file before those signs The command AutoSpaceBeforeFDP switches back to the default behaviour of frenchb Once you have built your format a good precaution would be to perform some basic tests about hyphenation in French For TEX 2e I suggest this e run the following file with the encoding suitable for your machine my encoding will be latin1 for UNIX machines and PCs running Windows applemac for Macintoshs or cp850 for PCs running DOS hhh Test file for French hyphenation documentclass article usepackage my encoding inputenc usepackage T1 fontenc Use EC fonts for French 4 usepackage aeguill Uncomment this line and comment out the preceeding one to use AE virtual fonts usepackage francais babel begin document showhyphens signal container ev enement alg ebre showhyphens signal container v nement alg bre end document e check the hyphenations proposed by TEX in your log file in French you should get with both 7 bit and 8 bit encodings si gnal contai ner v ne ment al g bre Do not care about how accented characters are displayed in the log file what matters is the position of the hyphen signs only If they are all correct your installation probably works fine if one or more is are wrong ask a local wizard to see what s going wrong and perform the test again or e mail me about what happens Frequent mismatches e you get
58. ive char ACKEIS 26 la eee wes ace 10 12 The Esperanto language 14 During the development ideas from Nico Poppelier Piet van Oostrum and many others have been used Bernd Raichle has provided many helpful suggestions 13 The Interlingua language 14 36 The North Sami language 35 36 1 The code of samin dtx 36 14 The Dutch language 14 37 The Finnish language 36 15 The English language 15 38 The Hungarian language 36 16 The German language 15 39 The Estonian language 39 17 The German language new orthography ig 40 The Croatian language 40 18 The Breton language 17 ah The Czech laneuace 2o 42 The Polish 1 40 19 The Welsh language 17 Snes Sete er 43 The Serbocroatian language 40 20 The Irish language 17 44 The Slovak language 41 21 The Scottish language 17 45 The Slovenian language 42 22 The Greek language 17 22 1 Typing conventions 18 46 The Russian language 42 22 2 Greek numbering 18 47 The Bulgarian language 43 23 The French language 19 48 The Ukrainian language 45 24 ne talan ingunge AS 49 The Lower Sorbian lan 25 The Latin language 26 guage 46 50 The U Sorbi lan 26 The Portuguese language 27 lt PER Sareea ARY guage 46 27 The Spanish language 28 51 The Turkish language 47 28 The Catalan language 30 59 The Hebrew language AT 52 1 Acknowledgement 48 29 The Galician language 30 53 Hebrew input encodings 48 30 The Basque language 31 54 Hebrew font encodings 49 31 The Romanian language 32
59. l 1 to 4 in French using the standard IATRX syntax for instance renewcommand labelitemii textbullet The internal name for the French language has been changed from frenchb to french it means that captionsfrench datefrench extrasfrench noextrasfrench are to be used now instead of captionsfrenchb datefrenchb extrasfrenchb noextrasfrenchb From version 1 5f on it is possible to customize the space inserted be fore a colon in French its default value is space as in previous ver sions of frenchb but it can now be changed to thinspace by redefining Fcolonspace Changes in version 1 6 Two new commands are provided AddThinSpaceBeforeFootnotes and FrenchFootnotes they enable to typeset footnotes according to the French IN s specifications suggested by Jacques Andr frenchb will make use of textdegree TS1 encoding to typeset degrees whenever possible Default guillemets have been changed in OT1 encoding only in version 1 6c the former ones were picked up in the wncyr fonts which forced the cyril lic encoding to OT2 when babel was loaded with option frenchb before a cyrillic language russian ukrainian or bulgarian Now LM fonts for T1 encoding are available we pick up the guillemets from them for OT1 encoding 24 e The config file frenchb cfg is now loaded only when FATRX 2 is used from version 1 6g e The command degres now works also in math mode from version 1 6g 24
60. le described in this section has version number This file was derived from the russianb dtx version 1 1g 45 cdash Cyrillic emdash in plain text cdash Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames cdash Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech glaq for German left double quotes looks like graqq for German right double quotes looks like flaqq for French left double quotes looks like lt lt frqq for French right double quotes looks like gt gt dq the original quotes character Table 29 More commands which produce quotes defined by babel m disable ligature at this position wo an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Cyrillic emdash in plain text __ Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames __ Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech my like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y or some other signs as disable enable is for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allow ing hyphenation in the composing words Mes thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname me for German left double quotes looks like me for German right double quotes looks like lt for French left double quotes looks like lt lt gt for French right double quotes looks like gt gt Table 30 The extra definitions mad
61. le is loaded it can define 1 lang to be a dialect of languageO when 1 ang is undefined e The language definition files can be read in the preamble of the document but also in the middle of document processing This means that they have to function independently of the current catcode of the sign The macro providehyphenmins should be used in the language definition files to set the lefthyphenmin and righthyphenmin This macro will check whether these parameters were provided by the hyphenation file before it takes any action The macro lang hyphenmins is used to store the values of the lef thyphenmin and righthyphenmin The macro captions lang defines the macros that hold the texts to replace the original hard wired texts The macro date lang defines today and The macro extras lang contains all the extra definitions needed for a specific language Because we want to let the user switch between languages but we do not know what state TEX might be in after the execution of extras lang a macro that brings TEX into a predefined state is needed It will be no surprise that the name of this macro is noextras lang This is a command to be used in the language definition files for declaring a language attribute It takes three arguments the name of the language the attribute to be defined and the code to be executed when the attribute is to be used To postpone the activation of the definitions needed for a langua
62. milar to gt gt for French left single quotes similar to lt for French right single quotes similar to gt the original quotes character 16 greektext latintext textgreek textlatin 18 The Breton language The file breton dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Breton lan guage There are not really typographic rules for the Breton language It is a local language it s one of the celtic languages which is spoken in Brittany West of France So we have a synthesis between french typographic rules and english typographic rules The characters and are made active in order to get a whitespace automatically before these characters 19 The Welsh language The file welsh dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Welsh language For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 20 The Irish language The file irish dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Irish lan guage For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 21 The Scottish language The file scottish dtx 4 defines all the language definition macros for the Scottish language For this language currently no special definitions are needed or available 22 The Greek language The file greek dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Greek language i e as it used today with only one accent and the attribute moAvTo
63. n 2005 03 30 Contributions were made by Haavard Helstrup HAAVARD CERNVM and Alv Kjetil Holme HOLMEA CERNVM the nynorsk variant has been supplied by Per Steinar Iversen iversen vxcern cern ch and Terje Engeset Petterst TERJEEP VSFYS1 FI UIB NQ the short hand definitions were provided by Rune Kleveland runekl math uio no 33 disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word uum like but producing no hyphen sign for compund words with hyphen e g x y ig for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allow ing hyphenation in the composing words aS for Icelandic left double quotes looks like ve for Icelandic right double quotes gt for Icelandic french left double quotes similar to gt gt lt for Icelandic french right double quotes similar to lt lt o for old Icelandic 0 for old Icelandic Q NG for old Icelandic 6 for old Icelandic O e for old Icelandic e E for old Icelandic E for old Icelandic for old Icelandic tala for typesetting numbers grada for the degree symbol gradur for degrees e g 5 C upp for textsuperscript Table 14 The shorthands and extra definitions made by icelandic 1ldf For this language the character is made active In table 16 an overview is given of its purpose Rune Kleveland
64. ncludes a macro called dospecials that is essentially a set macro representing the set of all characters that have a spe cial category code 1 p 380 It is used to set text verbatim To make this work if more characters get a special category code you have to add this char acter to the macro dospecial TX adds another macro called sanitize representing the same character set but without the curly braces The macros bb1 add special char and bb1 remove special char add and remove the character char to these two sets 10 babel save babel savevariable addto allowhyphens set low box save sf q bb1 frenchspacing bb1 nonfrenchspacing 6 2 Support for saving macro definitions Language definition files may want to redefine macros that already exist Therefor a mechanism for saving and restoring the original definition of those macros is provided We provide two macros for this To save the current meaning of any control sequence the macro babel save is provided It takes one argument csname the control sequence for which the meaning has to be saved A second macro is provided to save the current value of a variable In this context anything that is allowed after the the primitive is considered to be a variable The macro takes one argument the variable The effect of the preceding macros is to append a piece of code to the current definition of originalTeX When originalTeX is expanded
65. orbian uppersorbian Welsh welsh For some languages babel supports the options activeacute and activegrave for typestting Russian texts babel knows about the options LWN and LCY to specify the fontencoding of the cyrillic font used Currently only LWN is supported 1 2 Workarounds If you use the document class book and you use ref inside the argument of chapter ATEX will keep complaining about an undefined label The reason is that the argument of ref is passed through uppercase at some time during processing To prevent such problems you could revert to using uppercase labels or you can use lowercase ref foo inside the argument of chapter 2 Changes for BTFX 2e With the advent of ATEX 2e the interface to babel in the preamble of the document has changed With TX2 09 one used to call up the babel system with a line such as documentstyle dutch english article which would tell ATEX that the document would be written in two languages Dutch and English and that English would be the first language in use The IATFX 2s way of providing the same information is documentclass article usepackage dutch english babel or making dutch and english global options in order to let other packages detect and use them documentclass dutch english article usepackage babel usepackage varioref In this last example the package varioref will also see the options and will be able to use them 3 Changes
66. pel fonts good for pdftex the replacement was suggested by G rard Degrez if the files ot2wncyr fd wncy mf wncy tfm and wncy pfb aren t available on your system you should get them from CTAN if your system complains about missing wncy tfm fonts it means your TRX system is incomplete as a quick fix you can either remove ot2wncyr fd or add the command LasyGuillemets to the preamble of your document or to frenchb cfg then frenchb will behave as it did in the previous versions In case Cyrillic guillemets do not fit it is possible to pick French guillemets from any font using the command FrenchGuillemetsFrom which requires 4 arguments FrenchGuillemetsFrom coding font char left char right for instance add FrenchGuillemetsFrom T1 pp1 19 1 20 to the pream ble of your document or to frenchb cfg to pick French guillemets from Palatino fontname ppl char 19 and 20 are left and right guillemets in T1 encoding This was suggested by Michel Bovani the environment itemize has been redesigned in French according to spec ifications from Jacques Andr and Thierry Bouche it is possible to switch back to the settings of version 1 2 add FrenchItemizeSpacingfalse after loading frenchb in the preamble this can be useful to process old docu ments two switches have been added to go back to standard TX list spacing FrenchItemizeSpacingfalse and FrenchListSpacingfalse nombre now properly handles signs in ATRX 2g
67. racters that are al ready active e Shorthand characters are made active at begin document not earlier This is to prevent problems with other packages e A preambleonly command substitutefontfamily has been added to cre ate fd files on the fly when the font families of the Latin text differ from the families used for the Cyrillic or Greek parts of the text addlanguage adddialect e Three new commands LdfInit ldf quit and ldf finish are intro duced that perform a number of standard tasks e In babel 3 6k the language Ukrainian has been added and the support for Russian typesetting has been adapted to the package cyrillic to be released with the December 1998 release of YTRX 2e 5 Changes in Babel version 3 5 In Babel version 3 5 a lot of changes have been made when compared with the previous release Here is a list of the most important ones e the selection of the language is delayed until begin document which means you must add appropriate selectlanguage commands if you in clude hyphenation lists in the preamble of your document e babel now has a language environment and a new command foreignlanguage e the way active characters are dealt with is completely changed They are called shorthands one can have three levels of shorthands on the user level the language level and on system level A consequence of the new way of handling active characters is that they are now written to auxilia
68. ral makes it possible to typeset Greek numerals There is also an uppercase version of this macro Greeknumeral Another system which was in wide use only in Athens could express any positive number This system is implemented in package athnum 23 The French language The file frenchb dtx derived from frenchy sty defines all the language defi nition macros for the French language Customization for the French language is achieved following the book Lexique des r gles typographiques en usage l Imprimerie nationale troisi me dition 1994 ISBN 2 11 081075 0 This file has been designed to be used with BTEX 2e BTEX 2 09 and Plain TEX formats If you are still using EAT X 2 09 you should consider switching to BTEX 2e The command selectlanguage french switches to the French language 1 with the following effects French hyphenation patterns are made active 2 double punctuation is made active for correct spacing in French today prints the date in French the caption names are translated into French ATEX only ote oe the default items in itemize environment are set to instead of e and all vertical spacing and glue is deleted a hook to reset standard LTRX spacing is provided FrenchItemizeSpacingfalse it is possible to change to something else for instance by redefining FrenchLabelItem apart from the global hook FrenchLabelIten it is also possible to ch
69. raslang bb1 declare ttribute main language the babel system is to define this language as a dialect of the language for which the patterns were loaded as language0 The language definition files must conform to a number of conventions because these files have to fill in the gaps left by the common code in babel def i e the definitions of the macros that produce texts Also the language switching possibility which has been built into the babel system has its implications The following assumptions are made e Some of the language specific definitions might be used by plain TEX users so the files have to be coded so that they can be read by both TFX and plain TeX The current format can be checked by looking at the value of the macro fmtname e The common part of the babel system redefines a number of macros and environments defined previously in the document style to put in the names of macros that replace the previously hard wired texts These macros have to be defined in the language definition files e The language definition files define five macros used to activate and deacti vate the language specific definitions These macros are lang hyphenmins captions lang date lang extras lang and noextras lang where lang is either the name of the language definition file or the name of the IATEX option that is to be used These macros and their functions are dis cussed below e When a language definition fi
70. rest of the word wi i with diaeresis allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Valid for the following vowels i u both lowercase and uppercase e c cedilla Valid for both uppercase and lowercase c geminated l digraph similar to 1 1 Valid for both uppercase and lowercase 1 lt French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt French right double quotes similar to gt gt i explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word disable ligature at this position Table 9 Extra definitions made by file catalan 1df activated by default e acute accented a allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Valid for the following vowels e i o u both lowercase and uppercase a grave accented a allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Valid for the following vowels a e o both lowercase and uppercase Table 10 Extra definitions made by file catalan 1df activated only when using the options activeacute and activegrave 30 The Basque language The file basque dtx defines all the language definition macro s for the Basque language For this language the characters and are made active In table 12 an overview is given of their purpose These active accent characters behave according to their original definitions if not followed by one of the characters indicated in that table This option includes support for working with extended 8 bit fonts if available
71. ry files verbatim e A language change now also writes information in the aux file as the change might also affect typesetting the table of contents The consequence is that an aux file generated by a LaTeX format with babel preloaded gives errors when read with a LaTeX format without babel but I think this probably doesn t occur e babel is now compatible with the inputenc and fontenc packages e the language definition files now have a new extension 1df e the syntax of the file language dat is extended to be compatible with the french package by Bernard Gaulle e each language definition file looks for a configuration file which has the same name but the extension cfg It can contain any valid TFX code 6 The interface between the core of babel and the language definition files In the core of the babel system several macros are defined for use in language definition files Their purpose is to make a new language known The macro addlanguage is a non outer version of the macro newlanguage defined in plain tex version 3 x For older versions of plain tex and lplain tex a substitute definition is used The macro adddialect can be used when two languages can or must use the same hyphenation patterns This can also be useful for languages for which no patterns are preloaded in the format In such cases the default behaviour of providehyphenmins langhyphenmins captionslang datelang extraslang noext
72. s we have also 0 and two recent characters and Z so we need at least two active characters We shall use and to type Estonian accents on ASCII keyboards in the 7 bit character world Their use is given in table 20 These active accent We 5 o and uppercase a and uppercase o and uppercase u and uppercase v s and uppercase v z and uppercase be disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word of the word man like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest for Estonian low left double quotes same as Ger for Estonian right double quotes for French left double quotes also rather popular for French right double quotes Table 20 The extra definitions made by estonian 1df characters behave according to their original definitions if not followed by one of 36The file described in this section has version number vl 0h and was last revised on 2005 03 30 The original author is Enn Saar saar aai ee 39 the characters indicated in that table the original quote character can be typed using the macro dq We support also the T1 output encoding and Cork encoded text input You can choose the T1 encoding by the command usepackage T1 fontenc This package must be loaded before babel As the standard Estonian hyphenation file eehyph tex is in the Cork encoding choosing this encoding will give you better
73. spectively For this language the character is made active Table 19 shows the shortcuts The main reason for the activation of the character is to handle the special hyphenation of the long double consonants 351t was written by J zsef B rces jozsi docs4 mht bme hu with some help from Ferenc Wettl wettl math bme hu and an idea from David Carlisle david dcarlisle demon co uk 38 shortcut explanation example a4 D g G L N S T Z same as glqq in babel or quotedblbase in T1 open ing quotation mark like ccs is hyphenated as cs cs ddz is hyphenated as dz dz ggy is hyphenated as gy gy lly is hyphenated as ly ly nny is hyphenated as ny ny ssz is hyphenated as sz sz tty is hyphenated as ty ty zzs is hyphenated as zs zs id V ezet id zet lo ccsan gt locs csan e ddz unk gt edz dziink po ggy asz gt pogy gyasz Kod a 1lyal Kodaly lyal me nnyei gt meny nyei vi ssza visz sza po ttyan poty tyan ri zzsel rizs zsel Table 19 The shortcuts defined in magyar 1df 39 The Estonian language The file estonian dtx defines the language definition macro s for the Estonian language This file was written as part of the TWGML project and borrows heavily from the babel German and Spanish language files germanb 1df and spanish 1df Estonian has the same umlauts as German amp 6 ti but in addition to thi
74. teriscs OT1 guillemets are generated with two lasy symbols instead of small 11 and gg roman is redefined to write small caps roman numerals since lowercase roman numerals are not allowed However MakeIndex rejects entries con taining pages in that format The idx file must be preprocessed if the 29 document has this kind of entries with the provided romanidx tex tool just TeX it and follow the instructions e There is a dot after section numbers in titles and toc This group is ignored if you write selectspanish in the preamble Some additional commands are provided to be used in the spanish cfg file e With es activeacute acute accents are always active overriding the de fault babel behaviour e es enumerate sets the labels to be used by enumerate The same applies to es itemize and itemize e es operators stores the operator commands All of them are canceled with let es operators relax The commands deactivatequoting deactivatetilden and selectspanish may be used in this file too A subset of these commands is provided for use in Plain TeX with input spanish sty 28 The Catalan language The file catalan dtx defines all the language specific macro s for the Catalan language For this language only the double quote character is made active by default In table 9 an overview is given of the new macros defined and the new meanings of Additionally to that the user can explicitly a
75. thers with a consonant some commands should be provided for automatic definite article generation Until file version 1 3134 the special typesetting rules of the Hungarian language 34That file was last revised on 1996 12 23 with a contribution by the next authors Attila Kopp nyi attila cernvm cern ch rp d B r JZP1104 HUSZEG11 bitnet Istvan Hamecz hami ursus bke hu and Dezs Horv th horvath pisa infn it 37 ontoday Az Azr Aref Azp Apageref Azc Acite disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word an explicit hyphen sign for expressions such as pakastekaapit ja arkut like but producing no hyphen sign for words that should break at some sign such as entrada salida lowered double left quotes looks like gt normal double right quotes lt for French left double quotes similar to lt lt gt for French right double quotes similar to gt gt like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Table 18 The extra definitions made by finnish 1df mentioned above were not taken into consideration This version v1 4j enables babel to typeset good looking Hungarian texts The ontoday command works like today but produces a slightly different date format used in expressions such as on February 10th The commands Az 1 and az 1 write th
76. ting direct speech my like but producing no hyphen sign for compound words with hyphen e g x y or some other signs as disable enable is for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allow ing hyphenation in the composing words Mes thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname me for German left double quotes looks like me for German right double quotes looks like lt for French left double quotes looks like lt lt gt for French right double quotes looks like gt gt Table 28 The extra definitions made bybulgarian 48 The Ukrainian language The file ukraineb dtx defines all the language specific macros for the Ukrainian language It needs the file cyrcod for success documentation with Ukrainian encodings see below For this language the character is made active In table 30 an overview is given of its purpose The quotes in table 30 see also table 26 can also be typeset by using the commands in table 31 see also table 27 The French quotes are also available as ligatures lt lt and gt gt in 8 bit Cyrillic font encodings LCY X2 T2 and as lt and gt characters in 7 bit Cyrillic font encodings OT2 and LWN The quotation marks traditionally used in Ukrainian and Russian languages were borrowed from other languages e g French and German so they keep their 45 The fi
77. tions lang to support local document classes The user will be informed that this configuration file has been loaded This macro is called by ldf finish This command takes three arguments a font encoding and two font family names It creates a font description file for the first font in the given encoding This fd file will instruct XTX to use a font from the second family when a font from the first family in the given encoding seems to be needed 6 1 Support for active characters In quite a number of language definition files active characters are introduced To facilitate this some support macros are provided The internal macro initiate active char is used in language definition files to instruct ATEX to give a character the category code active When a character has been made active it will remain that way until the end of the document Its definition may vary The command bb1 activate is used to change the way an active character expands bbl activate switches on the active behaviour of the character bb1 deactivate lets the active character expand to its former mostly non active self The macro declare shorthand is used to define the various shorthands It takes three arguments the name for the collection of shorthands this definition belongs to the character sequence that makes up the shorthand i e or a and the code to be executed when the shorthand is encountered The T Xbook states Plain T X i
78. uage definition macros for the Finnish language For this language the character is made active In table 18 an overview is given of its purpose 38 The Hungarian language The file option magyar dtx defines all the language definition macros for the Hungarian language The babel support for the Hungarian language until file version 1 31 was essen tially changing the English document elements to Hungarian ones but because of the differences between these too languages this was actually unusable Part I was transferred to R sz I which is not usable instead of I r sz To enhance the typesetting facilities for Hungarian the following should be considered e In Hungarian documents there is a period after the part section subsection etc numbers 33The file described in this section has version number v1 3p and was last revised on 2005 03 30 A contribution was made by Mikko KANERVA KANERVA CERNVM and Keranen Reino KERANEN CERNVM 36 a Gives 4 also implemented for A o and 0 w W gives and A ff for ff to be hyphenated as ff f Used for com pound words such as stra ffange which should be hyphenated as straff fange This is also imple mented for b d f g 1 m n p r s and t disable ligature at this position This should be used for compound words such as stra ffinrattning which should not have the ligature ffi an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the
79. umbers from 1 to 9 are denoted by letters alpha beta gamma delta epsilon stigma zeta eta theta followed by a mark similar to the math ematical symbol prime Nowadays instead of letter stigma the digraph sigma tau is used for number 6 Mainly because the letter stigma is not always available so people opt to write down the first two letters of its name as an alternative In our implementation we produce the letter stigma not the digraph sigma tau e Decades from 10 to 90 are denoted by letters iota kappa lambda mu nu xi omikron pi goppa again followed by the numeric mark The qoppa used for this purpose has a special zig zag form which doesn t resemble at all the original q like qoppa e Hundreds from 100 to 900 are denoted by letters rho sigma tau upsilon phi chi psi omega sampi followed by the numeric mark e Any number between 1 and 999 is obtained by a group of letters denoting the hundreds decades and units followed by a numeric mark enhance the support for typesetting greek texts 18 greeknumeral Greeknumeral e To denote thousands one uses the same method but this time the mark is placed in front of the letter and under the baseline it is inverted by 180 degrees When a group of letters denoting thousands is followed by a group of letters denoting a number under 1000 then both marks are used Using these conventions one obtains numbers up to 999999 The command greeknume
80. vK6 Polutoniko for typesetting greek text with all accents This separation arose out of the need to simplify things for only very few people will be really interested to typeset polytonic Greek text The commands greektext and latintext can be used to switch to greek or latin fonts These are declarations The commands textgreek and textlatin both take one argument which is 1The file described in this section has version number v1 0h and was last revised on 2005 03 29 2The file described in this section has version number vl 0d and was last revised on 2005 03 31 3The file described in this section has version number vl 0h and was last revised on 2005 03 30 A contribution was made by Marion Gunn 4The file described in this section has version number v1 0g and was last revised on 2005 03 31 A contribution was made by Fraser Grant FRASER CERNVM 5The file described in this section has version number v1 3 and was last revised on 2005 03 30 The original author is Apostolos Syropoulos apostolo platon ee duth gr code from kdgreek sty by David Kastrup dak neuroinformatik ruhr uni bochum de was used to 17 textol then typeset using the requested font encoding The command greekol switches to the greek outline font family while the command textol typests a short text in outline font A number of extra greek characters are made available through the added text commands stigma qoppa sampi ddigamma Digamm
81. y RuizAltaba Marti ruizaltb cernvm cern ch Code from the file esperant sty by J rg Knappen knappen vkpmzd kph uni mainz de was included 4The file described in this section has version number v1 6 and was last revised on 2005 03 30 5The file described in this section has version number v3 8i and was last revised on 2005 03 30 Scontributed by Stoffel Lombard lombc b31pc87 up ac za 14 a quote An alternative is the slightly old fashioned Dutch method with initial double quotes lowered to the baseline This is a quote which should be typed as This is a quote a a which hyphenates as a also implemented for the other letters y puts a negative kern between i and j Y puts a negative kern between I and J disable ligature at this position _ an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word to produce a hyphencharcter without the following discretionary to produce an invisible breakpoint lowered double left quotes see example below gt normal double right quotes like the old but allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Table 2 The extra definitions made by dutch 1df 15 The English language The file english dtx defines all the language definition macros for the English language as well as for the American and Australian version of this language For the Australian version the British hyphenation patterns will be used if availa

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