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1. Figure 6 16 The room showing the cables Ventilation Each room has supply and return ventilation Vents have general usage in FDS to describe 2D planar objects In this case we will use vents to model components of the ventilation system No holes need to be created it is assumed that air is supplied or returned into duct work within the wall We will first create a vent group PARNA There are three steps to defining a vent First a surface will be created that defines the flow boundary conditions Next an obstruction is created Finally the vent using the vent surface is attached to the obstruction We will assume all vents are 24 x24 2 x2 For the supply vents we will define a flow rate For the return vents we will just leave the vents open to the atmosphere This ensures that the air pressure in the room is not affected by any difference between supply and return flow rates On the Model menu click New Group In the Parent Group list select Model In the Group Name box type Vents Click OK to close the Create Group dialog To create the surface that represents air supply 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Surfaces 2 Inthe Edit Surfaces dialog click New 63 Switchgear Fire Example 3 Inthe Surface Name box type Supply Vent Select Surface Type and in the list select Sup OLY 4 Click OK to close the New Surface dialog To change the properties of the Supply Vent 1 Inthe Ed
2. ft 2 Ft 6 5 7 5 Smoke Detectors Each room has a smoke detector In this analysis they will be used to output data but will not activate any features in the model To create the smoke detectors On the Devices menu click New Smoke Detector In the Detector Name box type Room 3B In the Location boxes type 14 0 10 0 and ae DA 3 Click OK to create the detector On the Devices menu click New Smoke Detector 5 Inthe Detector Name box type Room 3A In the Location boxes type 44 5 10 0 and LA O 6 Click OK to create the detector Post Processing Controls There are a number of tools provided in PyroSim to instrument the building and determine what is going on at each time step Slice files thermocouples and boundary files are some of the most common instruments We will define a layer device T Layer Zone Device To add a layer zone device On the Devices menu click New Layer Zoning Device In the Device Name box type Layer Room 3A To add the device to Room 3A fill the Path table by entering the values in Table 6 20 Click OK to close the Layer Zoning Device dialog S a i 68 Switchgear Fire Example Repeat these steps but this time adding a device to Room 3B using the data in Table 6 21 Table 6 20 Layer data for Room 3A AICA ft z Table 6 21 Layer data for Room 3B Xft v ft z Click the Show Devices tool to enable display of the layer and temperature measurement
3. 2 Choose a location to save the model Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large amount of data it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation For this example we will create a folder names Airflow and name the file airflow psm 3 Click Save to save the model Run the Simulation On the FDS menu click Run FDS The FDS Simulation dialog will appear and display the progress of the simulation This should take approximately 30 seconds to run depending on computing hardware When the simulation is complete Smokeview will launch automatically and display a 3D image of the model View Particles 1 In the Smokeview window right click to activate the menu 16 Air Movement 2 Inthe menu click Load Unload gt Particle File gt particles to load the particle data View Slice Data 1 Inthe Smokeview window right click to activate the menu 2 Inthe menu click Load Unload gt Slice File gt Velocity gt Y 5 0 Unload the particle data to view only the velocity contours F A airflow Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 vel Frame 128 Mime 32 0 Figure 3 9 View in Smokeview r B airflow Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 Frame 67 Time 21 6 Figure 3 10 View in Smokeview of velocity contours 17 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door Chapter 4 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door In this tutorial yo
4. 0 g la E i Switchgear Cables E obstruction Figure 6 15 The sketch of Cable A Table 6 13 Cable A Dimensions xe ve TS 5 5 wax 58 0 23 0 9 0 Copy to create cable B Right click on Cable A and click Copy Move Click Copy and type 1 in the Number of Copies box In the Offset box for Y type 14 5 Click OK to create the copy 3 Double click on the new cable Cable A 1 and change the name to Cable B Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Drawing cables C D is similar First 1 Click 2D View 2 Inthe 2D View drawing tools toolbar left of window click the Draw an Obstruction tool 61 4 Switchgear Fire Example To set the tool properties click Tool Properties a In the Z Location box type 9 5 In the Thickness box type 0 5 In the Surface Prop list select Cable Click OK to close the New Obstruction Properties dialog In the 2D View action toolbar top of window select Cables in the Group list To draw cable C 4 Press and drag the mouse approximating the dimensions of cable C shown in Figure 6 1 In the 2D View action toolbar top of window click the Select and Manipulate Objects tool Double click on the new cable to edit its properties In the Description box type Cable C On the Geometry tab in the Bounding Box boxes enter the values in Table 6 14 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Table 6 14 Cable
5. A MODEL CONSTRUCTION TOOL FOR FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR FDS PyroSim Example Guide q 9 RUNDESHEAD 2012 PyroSim Example Guide Table of Contents Table of Contents PyroSim Example Guide cccscscsccscscsccccscsccccccscsceccccscscescececscscescecscsceccecscuceseececsceseesecscesess ii Table of Contents na rocas iv Table of Figures satis vii Chapter 1 Before Starting sccscsccscccscscsccccscsccccccscsceccccscscescececscsceccecscesescecscsceseececscesessess 1 o e EOI 1 q 1 Manipulating the 3D MaE session spi tito 1 FDS Concepts and Nomenclature aaaea Taha en 1 Chapter 2 Burner Eire sion esse es senenn ennenen ennan nana 3 Create te Mesas 3 Create the Burner SUrTaCE ronca 4 EREE BUE V EN a A E nate ananeGen ena 5 Create The TOD Y e E ee ee ere 6 Ada Ter OUDE eT 6 Adda Temperature Slice T 6 Orbit the Model for a Better Vie Wasi eee eee eee 7 KU e Mode as 7 NON Ne SIMAO TT 7 VIEWS MORI D sanas 9 MEW Temperature SWC Plains 9 View Temperature M aSureMe nts ccscccssccssccseccseecssecseeceeeceesseuscesscesscesscesscesecnseenseetseenseetes 10 Chapter 3 Air Movement 11 AS o A PI Bopaenaeasaecensaneeanadieces 11 Ereatetne SUD SU Te iaa 12 ESTO VES ario dcian 13 Crente Slice ee OS daa 15 Specify Simulation Properties prosa ctas 15 SE ee E A 16 TTT A 16 MEW PATOS tire 16 VIEWS E io 17 Chapter 4 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door scsscscscsccscscsceccscscsceccees 18
6. In the Min Z box type 3 0 and in the Max Z box type 7 0 Click OK ee A AA 14 Air Movement YR PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help S H d EY REX rE FA tA A E Show Alios E Mla EAL c EETA E e as 0 122 Statistics Y D Slices Figure 3 6 The resulting view Create Slice Records 1 On the Output menu click Slices In the XYZ column select Y Inthe Plane Value column type 5 0 In the Gas Phase Quantity column select Velocity In the Use Vector column select NO Aun RwWN Click OK to create the slice plane R Animated Planar Slices X XYZ Plane Plane Value m Gas Phase Quantity Use vector 3 Insert Row 1 Y 5 0 Welocity NO a 7 limas Move Up 2 Move Down A Copy Paste a O i l Figure 3 7 Slice record data Specify Simulation Properties To define the end time 15 a O Air Movement On the FDS menu click Simulation Parameters In the Simulation Title box type Air flow Inthe End Time box type 60 0 Click OK r Simulation Parameters Simulation Title Air Flow Time Output Environment Particles Simulator Radiation Misc Start Time 0 0 S End Time 60 S Initial Time Step S d Do not allow time step to exceed initial Wall Update Increment frames Figure 3 8 Defining the simulation parameters Save the Model 1 On the File menu click Save
7. In order to work through this tutorial you must be able to run PyroSim You can download PyroSim from the Internet by going to http www pyrosim com to obtain the free trial Units Except where noted the instructions given in this tutorial will assume that PyroSim s current unit system is SI If PyroSim is using a different unit system the simulation will not produce the expected results To ensure that you are using SI units 1 Inthe View menu click Units 2 In the Units sub menu verify that Sl is selected At any time you can switch between Sl and English units The data is stored once in the original system so there is no loss of accuracy when you switch units Manipulating the 3D Image e TO spin the 3D model select XP then left click on the model and move the mouse The model will spin as though you have selected a point on a sphere e To zoom select or hold the ALT key and drag the mouse vertically Select then click and drag to define a zoom box e To move the model select or hold the SHIFT key and drag to reposition the model in the window e TO change the focus of the view select an object s and then select E to define a smaller viewing sphere around the selected objects Selecting will reset the view to include the entire model e Atanytime selecting or pressing CTRL R will reset the model You can also use Smokeview and person oriented controls See the PyroSim User Manual for instruct
8. Smokeview 5 4 3 Aug 31 2009 Figure 7 1 The EVAC example solution Before you begin ensure that you are using Sl units see Chapter 1 Enable FDS EVAC To use PyroSim s FDS EVAC features these features must be manually activated To activate PyroSim s FDS EVAC features on the Evac menu click Enable FDS EVAC Create Mesh EVAC uses a flow solution to define the movement of the occupants This flow calculation is independent of any meshes and flows used for the fire simulation In this example we will use an8mx5 m x 3 m EVAC mesh On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New Click OK to create the new mesh In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 8 0 In the Min Y box type 0 0 and in the Max Y box type 5 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 3 0 In the X Cells box type 16 In the Y Cells box type 10 In the Z Cells box type 1 E E R I 19 Single Room Evacuation You can safely ignore the cell size ratio warning All evacuation MESH records must have only 1 cell in the Z direction At this point the MESH is still a fire mesh To specify that this mesh will be used for evacuation e Click to select the Evacuation Mesh option The current setting is sufficient for MESH entries that will be used only to calculate flow fields for doors and exits but since this MESH will be used directly by the agents it is necessary to enable the Evac Humans option as well
9. al SY BEX B ABRAKABA tOM e K Ex 8 3 E A coito fl ZONEO Outer Zone XX Reactions Figure 6 4 Display of the meshes Material Properties FDS uses materials to define physical properties In this model we will include the following material types concrete steel and thermo plastic cable PyroSim includes a database file with material data and the references from which that data was obtained We will import the concrete and steel material properties from this file 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Libraries In the Category box select Materials 3 Use the arrow to copy the CONCRETE and STEEL materials from the library into the Current Model Figure 6 5 4 Close the PyroSim Libraries dialog 48 Switchgear Fire Example PyroSim Libraries Category Materials Current Model GYPSUM GYPSUM PLASTER INSULATION MARINITE MARINITE 2 Create New Library Load Library Save Current Library Delete Selected Objects Figure 6 5 Copy the material data from the library to the model We will enter the material properties for the cable manually We note that the material properties in the problem description have been provided in metric units so we will temporarily switch to metric units 1 Onthe View menu click Units 2 Select SI The cables will be represented as a thermo plastic material On the Model menu click Edit Materials In the Edit Materials
10. click Load Unload gt 3D Smoke gt soot MASS FRACTION RLE This will start an animation of the smoke in this model 3 To view a specific time in the animation click the timeline bar in the bottom of the Smokeview window To return to animation mode press t 4 Toreset Smokeview right click to activate the menu then click Load Unload gt Unload All Smokeview 5 2 7 Noy 4 2006 Figure 2 9 3D smoke in the model View Temperature Slice Plane 1 Inthe Smokeview window right click to activate the menu Burner Fire 2 Inthe menu click Load Unload gt Slice File gt TEMPERATURE gt Y 0 06667 This will start an animation of the temperature slice plane Note that the Y coordinate of the plane was shifted by FDS to correspond to the center of a cell r Z T burner Smokeview 5 2 7 Noy 4 2006 torg Frame 318 ime 3 655 POE E _K_ __ Figure 2 10 Temperature contours on the slice plane View Temperature Measurements 1 Inthe PyroSim window on the FDS menu click Plot Time History Results 2 Adialog will appear showing the different types of 2D results that are available Select burner_devc csv and click Open to view the temperature device output Time History Plots thermocouple A gaai thermocouple at 1 5 m 6 00 Time 3 Figure 2 11 Temperature time history plot 10 Air Movement Chapter 3 Air Movement In this tutorial you will create a simple ai
11. e Click to select the Evac Humans option See Chapter 8 of Korhonen et al 2009 for a detailed discussion of the meshes Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Meshes dialog Create an Exit Each DOOR and EXIT in FDS EVAC requires an exhaust vent to generate the correct flow field to be used with the movement simulation This vent must have a very weak outflow to prevent numerical instability We first create a surface with an exhaust flow On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces Click New In the Surface Name type Out flow In the Surface Type list select Exhaust Click OK to create the new surface In the Specify Velocity box type 1 0E 6 In the Ramp Up Time list select Tanh and in the box type 0 1 s for the ramp up time Click OK to close the Edit Surfaces dialog SS ee Se A We now define the vent that will use the Outflow surface To create the outflow vent On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description type Exit Vent In the Surface list select Out f Low surface we just created Click the Geometry tab In the Plane list select X and in the box type 0 0 m In the Min Y box type 1 5 and in the Max Y box type 3 5 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 0 Click the Evac tab In the Use In list select Evac Only oe E E Ye 10 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog 76 Single Room Evacuation YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Evacuation evac psm File E
12. 1 Onthe View menu click Units 2 Select English The concrete wall is 2 ft 0 6096 m thick This will be a Layered surface although we will define only one layer To create this surface 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Surfaces Click New In the Surface Name box type Concrete Wall in the Surface Type list select Layered Click OK to create the surface and close the New Surface dialog Click the Color button to open the Surface Color dialog then select a dark gray and click OK 5 Inthe Material Layers panel in the Thickness column type 2 0 ft 90 Switchgear Fire Example 6 The material composition can be defined as a mixture Click the Edit button In the Mass Fraction column type 1 0 In the Material column select Concrete Figure 6 7 Click OK to close the Composition dialog 7 Inthe Edit Surfaces dialog click Apply to save the changes Figure 6 8 We have just stated that this surface is 2 feet thick and composed entirely of concrete YX Composition Mass Fraction Material H Insert Row 1 1 0 Concrete E Remove Row Move Up amp Move Down B Copy Paste 2 Cut Cancel Figure 6 7 Composition of the concrete surface r Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC A Concrete Wall Concrete Wall INERT MIRROR Color E Texture G OPEN Surface Type Layered Material Layers Surface Props Reaction Species Inj
13. Click OK to save the model Run the Simulation 1 Onthe FDS menu click Run FDS Burner Fire 2 The FDS Simulation dialog will appear and display the progress of the simulation By default PyroSim specifies a 10 second simulation This should take approximately 1 minute to run depending on computing hardware Figure 2 7 3 When the simulation is complete Smokeview will start and display a 3D still image of the model Figure 2 8 RV FDS Simulation burner fds Fire Dynamics Simulator FDS Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Starting FDS C Program Files PyroSim 2009 fds fds5 ex Fire Dynamics Simulator Compilation Date Wed 08 Apr 2009 Version 5 3 1 Serial No OpenMP Version SVN Pevision No 3729 Job TITLE Job ID string burner Time Step Simulation Time Time Step Simulation Time Time Step Simulation Time Time Step Simulation Time Time Step Simulation Time Time Step Simulation Time 4 ww Progress 9 09s 10 0s Time Elapsed 0 01 12 Time Remaining 0 00 00 Y Run smokeview when finished l Kill al Stop Run Smokeview al Save Log Figure 2 7 The simulation dialog during the analysis Burner Fire G E burner Smokeview 5 2 6 Oct 24 2008 Figure 2 8 The initial Smokeview display View Smoke in 3D 1 Inthe Smokeview window right click to activate the menu 2 Inthe menu
14. Creating the mesh Create the Supply Surface Surfaces are used to define the properties of objects in your FDS model Supply surfaces are used to blow air into the domain In this example we will define a supply surface with a velocity of 1 0 m s 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Surfaces 2 Click New 3 Inthe Surface Name box type Blow 4 Inthe Surface Type list select Supply 5 Click OK to create the new supply surface New Surface E Surface Name Blow Surface Type Supply x Template Surface 0 Figure 3 3 Naming the new supply surface 1 Inthe Description box type 1 0 m s supply 2 Inthe Specify Velocity box type 1 0 12 Air Movement Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC a Surface ID Blow INERT Descrij iption 1 0 m s supply MIRROR Color MM Texture Q OPEN Surface Type Supply X Air Flow Temperature Species Injection Particle Injection Normal Flow Rate Specify Velocity 1 0 m s Specify Volume Flux 0 0 m3 s Specify Total Mass Flux 0 0 kg m s Specify Mass Flux of Individual Species Tangential Velocity 0 0 0 0 m s Slip Index 0 5 Ramp Up Time Default y 1 0 Wind Profile Top Hat Default v New l Add From Library Rename Delete Ce Lea Figure 3 4 Creating a new supply surface To emit particles 1 Click the Particle Injection tab 2 Select the Emit Particles checkbo
15. FA aA A m Show All Floors E SIS aa AEREO 2 cc ra ZONEO Outer Zone Ss Reactions P cable 19 Concrete wall Figure 6 10 Display of the dividing wall We will use a Hole obstruction to represent the door between the rooms A hole can defined in the model but not activate until a specified time or event In this case we will define a hole door between 54 Switchgear Fire Example the rooms that will open 5 minutes 300 seconds after the start of the fire To add the dividing door to the model 1 Onthe Model menu click New Hole 2 Inthe Description box type Dividing Door 3 Inthe Group list select Walls 4 Click onthe Geometry tab In the Bounding Box boxes enter the values in Table 7 9 The values are chosen thicker than the wall to ensure that the door takes precedence In the toolbar click to turn off the Show Holes option Now we just see the door through the wall 5 Return to the General tab Devices are used to link a response i e open a door to an event in the model i e a temperature measurement reaching a set value In this model we will open the door after 300 seconds 6 Click the Activation button In the list select New to create a new device For the Name type Open Door Click OK 7 For the Input Type select Time For the Action to Perform select Create Activate In the text window click on TBEGIN to change the time In the pop up box type 300 0 sand p
16. FDS trunk Verification Sprinklers _and_Sprays water_cooling fds E Pyrosim CAPyroSim Examplen Water Cocina mater cooling pom e E File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BCH s gt 4 4 BE X M EAARASRA BOBO Rx 9 um Show Mess ARA SSE E e t a i ZONEO Outer Zone X Reactions S Materials 6 TILE MATERIAL 7 25 Devices L noz_1 JD Controls Results 0 122 Statistics Y D Slices hb Model 5 dd Grid Boundary Vents 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 8 8 Water cooling model 87 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 E E water_cooling Smokeview 5 2 7 Nov 4 2008 Tom emg Frame 156 Time 9 64 Figure 8 9 Water cooling results Evacuation PyroSim supports input for the FDS Evac evacuation model The evac_examplela fds example illustrates evacuation from a simple room The model is shown in Figure 8 10 A typical result is shown in Figure 8 11 The FDS input file can be downloaded at http virtual vtt fi virtual proj6 fdsevac fds5 examples evac_examplela fds For more information on FDS Evac visit http www vtt fi proj fdsevac index jsp Please note that Thunderhead Engineering provides an agent based evacuation model in the Pathfinder code http www thunderheadeng com pathfinder index html which can easily import existing FDS model geometry The FDS Evac and Pathfinder models can be used to provide
17. Geometry tab In the Plane list select Z In the Min X box type 0 5 and in the Max X box type 0 5 In the Min Y box type 0 5 and in the Max Y box type 0 5 Click OK to create the new burner vent SL eS Burner Fire G Vent Properties General Geometry Description burner vent Group E Model X Activation lt Always On gt v Surface CA burner E Specify Color T Display as Outline Texture Origin Relative to object x 0 0m Y 0 0m Zz 0 0m Fire Spread Spread Rate 0 0 m s Origin X 10 0 m Bounding Box Figure 2 5 Creating the burner vent Create the Top Vent The top of the mesh is an open boundary On the Model menu click New Vent 2 Inthe Description box type open top 3 Inthe Surface list select OPEN This is a default surface that means this will be an open boundary 4 Click on the Geometry tab In the Plane list select Z and type 3 0 5 Inthe Min X box type 1 0 and in the Max X box type 1 0 6 Inthe Min Y box type 1 0 and in the Max Y box type 1 0 7 Click OK to create the open vent Add a Thermocouple 1 On the Devices menu click New Thermocouple 2 Inthe Device Name box type thermocouple at 1 5 m 3 On the Location row in the Z box type 1 5 4 Click OK to create the thermocouple It will appear as a yellow dot in the center of the model Click the Show Labels button to toggle the labels on and off Add a Temperature Slice
18. In the Tree View right click the Couch group Click Copy Move In the Mode options select Copy with 1 copy In the Offset boxes enter X 1 3 Y 3 6 andZ 0 0 Click OK to close the Translate dialog ot ye ee IS Rename Couch 1 to Couch 2 Rotate the second couch to lie against the well In the Tree View right click Couch 2 group Click Rotate In the Mode options select Move In the Angle box type 90 In the Base Point boxes enter X 0 0 and Y 1 0 Click OK to close the Rotate Objects dialog MIO DBR Additional Furniture Add a pad 1 Onthe Model menu click New Obstruction 2 Inthe Description box type Pad 3 Inthe Group list select Model 4 Onthe Geometry tab enter the values in Table 5 5 35 Room Fire 5 On the Surfaces tab select Single and select Upholstery from the list 6 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Table 5 5 Table Dimensions The resulting room display is shown in Figure 5 8 YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples RoomFire roomfire psm calle File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help a oe Bebe d YCOt Rx MI LOZA E 428 Statistics E DH Slices amp Model bh Couch T Base CU Seat cushion CU Right armrest T Left armrest CU Back cushion E fp Couch 2 CU Back cushion o Left armrest o Right armrest T Seat cushion CU Base CU Pad 4 l am gt QUAD SIS 9 x 8 show All Floor
19. Plane 1 On the Output menu click Slices 2 Inthe XYZ Plane column click the cell and select Y 3 Inthe Plane Value column click the cell and type 0 0 4 Inthe Gas Phase Quantity column click the cell and select Temperature 6 Burner Fire 5 Inthe Use Vector column click the cell and select NO 6 Click OK to create the slice plane Click the Show Slices button to toggle the slice planes on and off Orbit the Model for a Better View 1 Toreset the zoom and properly center the model press CTRL R PyroSim will now be looking straight down at the model along the Z axis 2 Press the left mouse button in the 3D View and drag to orbit the model In Figure 2 6 the burner is shown in red and the thermocouple as a yellow dot The slice plane is semi transparent and the open vent is blue YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Burner burner psm File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help S H Y Y arexiz A Er as AAA rr A X N I JOAO CPE A IB es Outer Zone Y Reactions Materials JD Controls 423 Statistics B M Slices 4 U gt 3D View Figure 2 6 The Burner Fire model Save the Model 1 On the File menu click Save 2 Choose a location to save the model Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large amount of data it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation For this example we will create a Burner folder and name the file burner psm 3
20. Reverse e O Time 0 03 0 17 Speed 1X Framerate 58 2 fps Figure 7 7 Snapshot of 3D movement To view time history results 1 Inthe PyroSim window on the Results menu click Room Usage Note that for this analysis the exit times predicted by Pathfinder and FDS EVAC are essentially identical r 4 Occupant Counts C Pathfinder Examples Evac evac_rooms csv 2 8 File Edit View Mode Remaining Total l is E Exited Total Number of Occupants in Selected Rooms Floor 0 0 m gt Room Remaining Total Number of Occupants 10 00 15 00 Time in Seconds Figure 7 8 Room occupants as a function of time 82 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 Chapter 8 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 You can import FDS 5 input files that are included with the NIST installation of FDS 5 These examples are provided with the PyroSim distribution in the PyroSim samples FDS5 folder In this chapter we illustrate this using a few examples you can import additional examples Studying these examples is a good way to learn about input for different types of analyses To open any of these examples 1 Obtain the desired FDS 5 input file 2 Start PyroSim 3 On the File menu click Import and select FDS File 4 Inthe Open File dialog click the FDS input file PyroSim will import the file PyroSim will warn if any records on the FDS file cannot be imported 5 On the File men
21. Surfaces dialog r Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC Surface ID burner burner INERT MIRROR Color MO Texture LG OPEN Description 800 kW m2 Surface Type Burner v Heat Release Particle Injection Heat Release O Heat Release Rate HRR kW m Mass Loss Rate 0 0 kg m2 s Ramp Up Time Default Extinguishing Coefficient Temperature Fixed Heat Flux Surface Temperature New Convective Heat Flux Add From Library Ramp Up Time Default Rename Emissivity Net Heat Flux Delete Ls Figure 4 3 Defining parameters for the burner surface Create the Burner Vent Vents have general usage in FDS to describe 2D planar objects Taken literally a vent can be used to model components of the ventilation system in a building like a diffuser or a return In these cases the vent coordinates define a plane forming the boundary of the duct No holes need to be created air is supplied or exhausted by the vent You can also use vents as a means of applying a particular boundary condition to a rectangular patch on a surface A fire for example can be created by specifying a vent on either a mesh boundary or solid surface The vent surface defines the desired characteristics of fire This is the approach used in this example 19 Ga Nop PA Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door On the Model menu click New Vent
22. Time Elapsed 0 00 34 Time Remaining 0 04 02 7 Run smokeview when finished l Kill l Stop Run Smokeview l Save Log Figure 4 8 The simulation dialog during the analysis 24 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door L E smoke Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 Figure 4 9 The initial Smokeview display View Smoke in 3D 1 Inthe Smokeview window right click to activate the menu 2 Inthe menu click Load Unload gt 3D Smoke gt soot mass fraction RLE This will start an animation of the smoke in this model 3 In the menu click Load Unload gt 3D Smoke gt HRRPUV RLE This will start add an animation of fire to the model in addition to the smoke 4 To view a specific time in the animation click the timeline bar in the bottom of the Smokeview window To return to animation mode press t 5 To reset Smokeview right click to activate the menu then click Load Unload gt Unload All 9 E smoke Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 W121 Kuzma Figure 4 10 3D smoke in the model 20 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door View Time History Data 1 Inthe PyroSim window on the FDS menu click Plot Time History Results 2 Adialog will appear showing the different types of 2D results that are available Select smoke_devc csv and click Open to view the device output The first display will be the heat flow through the door Figure 5
23. across This value is approximately 1 5 of the characteristic diameter D for a 800 kW fire As a rule of thumb this is as large as the mesh cells can be while still maintaining a moderate level of accuracy in modeling the plume McGrattan et al 2007 Using mesh cells that are smaller by a factor of 2 should decrease error by a factor of 4 but will increase the simulation run time by a factor of 16 On the Model menu click Edit Meshes 2 Click New 3 Click OK to create the new mesh The boundary dimensions will automatically be set to the correct size based on the two vents Figure 5 5 4 Inthe X Cells box type 30 5 Inthe Y Cells box type 30 6 Inthe Z Cells box type 15 7 Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Meshes dialog Me CEA description Order Priority if Specify Color 4 Synchronize time step For tighter connection between meshes Mesh Alignment Test Passed Mesh Boundary m Min X 0 0 Min Y 0 0 Min Z 0 0 Max X 5 0 Max Y 5 0 Max Z 2 4 Division Method Uniform X X Cells 30 Cell Size Ratio 1 04 Y Cells 30 Cell Size Ratio 1 04 Z Cells 15 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Cell Size m 0 17 x 0 17 x 0 16 Number of cells For mesh 13500 New Rename Delete i OK Cancel Figure 4 5 Creating the mesh Add the Wall In FDS obstructions are used to define solid object in the model In this example we wi
24. addition cells should be as close to cubes as possible Whether the cell size is sufficient to resolve the flow dynamics solution can only be determined by a grid sensitivity study A discussion of model sensitivity to mesh size is given in Chapter 5 of Verification and Validation of Selected Fire Models for Nuclear Power Plant Applications McGrattan et al 2007 It is the responsibility of the analyst to perform a sensitivity study as part of any simulation Burner Fire Chapter 2 Burner Fire In this tutorial you will create a 500 kW burner fire and measure the temperature in the center of the plume ata heightof1 5 m This tutorial demonstrates how to e Create a burner fire e Add a thermocouple e Add a slice plane for temperature visualization e View 3D results using Smokeview e View 2D results using PyroSim m E burner Smokeview 5 2 7 Noy 4 2006 temp Frame 318 Time 3 655 MIN Figure 2 1 Burner fire in this example Before you begin ensure that you are using SI units see Chapter 1 Create the Mesh In this example we will use mesh cells that are 0 13 m across This value is approximately 1 5 of the characteristic diameter D for a 500 kW fire As a rule of thumb this is as large as the mesh cells can be while still maintaining a moderate level of accuracy in modeling the plume McGrattan et al 2007 Using mesh cells that are smaller by a factor of 2 should decrease
25. devices Slice Planes Slice planes can be used to display 2D contours in the Smokeview display of the results In this analysis we will save temperature data for future plotting We will define a slice plane through the center of the room and the fire To define the slice planes On the Output menu click Slices Fill the table by entering the values in Table 6 22 You can click on the row number to select entire rows to copy and paste speeding the entry 3 Click OK to close the Animated Planar Slices dialog Click the Show Slices tool to enable display of the slices Table 6 22 Slice plane data XYZ Plane Plane Value ft Gas Phase Quantity 14 25 Temperature NO Y 21 5 Temperature HO zo 19 0 Temperature NO Boundary Surface Plots Temperatures and other quantities on the surface of objects can be plotted by selecting Surface Plots To define the surface plots 1 Onthe Output menu click Boundary Quantities 2 Click the Wall Temperature checkbox 3 Click OK to close the Animated Boundary Quantities dialog Isosurfaces Isosurfaces are 3D plots that show the surface on which a quantity has a specified value We will save isosurface data for temperatures which is one way to define the location of a hot gas layer To define the isosurfaces 69 Switchgear Fire Example 1 Onthe Output menu click Isosurfaces Click the Temperature checkbox 3 Inthe Contour Values column enter 50
26. error by a factor of 4 but will increase the simulation run time by a factor of 16 On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New Accept the default name MESH Click OK In the Min X box type 1 O and in the Max X box type 1 0 l e Burner Fire In the Min Y box type 1 0 and in the Max Y box type 1 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 3 0 In the X Cells box type 15 In the Y Cells box type 15 In the Z Cells box type 24 10 Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Meshes dialog A oe ek Edit Meshes Description Order Priority 1 T Specify Color MRE Y Synchronize time step for tighter connection between meshes Mesh Alignment Test Passed Mesh Boundary m Min X 1 May X 1 Division Method Uniform X Cells 15 Cell Size Ratio 1 07 Y Cells 15 Cell Size Ratio 1 07 Z Cells 24 O Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Cell Size m 0 13 x 0 13 x 0 12 Number of cells For mesh 5400 Apply fo Cancel Figure 2 2 Creating the mesh Create the Burner Surface Surfaces are used to define the properties of objects in your FDS model In this example we define a burner surface that releases heat ata rate of 500 kW m On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces Click New In the Surface Name box type burner Figure 2 3 In the Surface Type list select Burner SE oe A a Click OK to create the new default b
27. 100 150 200 250 where the contour values are separated by a space Figure 6 19 4 Click OK to close the Animated Isosurfaces dialog Output Quantity Contour Values Unit AAA LL IL 1 31 T MMM 1 B I Soot Concentration Mixture Fraction IO float Density Mixture Fraction deals 9 Soot Volume Fraction Mixture Fraction T 100 05 1 Thermocouple iF O HH 7 O H O H 9 29 O es iy tare rra O E wwe Water Vapor O O O O OOOO lima Figure 6 19 Defining the temperature isosurfaces Simulation Parameters To define the end time 1 On the FDS menu click Simulation Parameters 2 Inthe Simulation Title box type Switchgear Fire 3 Inthe End Time box type 600 s To define the surface to be used on the mesh boundary 1 On the Simulation Parameters dialog click the Misc tab 2 Inthe Default Surface Type list select Concrete Wall 3 Click OK to close the Simulation Parameters dialog Run the Analysis Your model should now look like Figure 6 20 Save the model To run the analysis 1 On the FDS menu click Run FDS 70 Switchgear Fire Example YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help S Hl o Y t BEX BMIAEARKSA tAE K AA 9 E laer mros UE EA CERA A fl ZONEO Outer Zone YY Reactions 423 Statistics of Y 21 5 ft Temperature f Z 19 0 ft Temperature Figure 6 20 Completed mode
28. 11 3 To select a data set from a different sensor select that data in the left panel To view smoke layer height data click layer zone 01 gt HEIGHT Figure 5 12 Time History Plots door flow oo on 00 10 00 15 00 20 00 230 3000 3500 20 00 45 00 2 0 Time s Figure 4 11 Time history plot of heat flow through the door Time History Plots layer zone 01 layer zone 01 so 110 1500 aw 2500 Nw so 4000 asw 2100 Time Figure 4 12 Time history plot of smoke layer height 26 Room Fire Chapter 5 Room Fire This tutorial demonstrates how to e Import properties from a database e Define a combustion reaction e Replicate and rotate obstructions furniture e Use a hole to represent an open door e Define an open surface on the exterior of the model e View 3D results using Smokeview e View 2D results using PyroSim ye PyroSim C PyroSim Examples RoomFire roomfire psm o 8 Ellen Edie Madet Devices Evacy Output EDS View Help ASH di t MO XM BRAK A EL AAA Ars S POLYURETHA 1 as a a AVR UP Sie Show AI Floors e aa LAL c MEAR 2 As FOAM 6 GYPSUM 4 YELLOW PINE R Surfaces of ADIABATIC Burner F fe Gypsum 8 INERT f MIRROR gt OPEN gt pal Picture EE Pine L H Upholstery E e Devices THCPO2 THCPO3 THCPO4 THOPOS5 THCPOG gt Controls E 428 Statistics E al Slices El Model Y 2h Grid Boundary E dip
29. 12 Heat release rate isosurface and temperature CONTOUSS cesse eee ee eee eee eee 42 STT E Heat release rate A A ia 43 Figure 6 1 Pictorial representation of the switchgear room COMPpleX cccooocccncnnccnncnnnccnnnnncnononanonononanos 44 Hegre 6 2 COMP CLOG mode lunas iones 45 Figure 6 3 Input to create NE MES TT 47 FIgure 6 4 DIsplay OF the meshes std E N 48 Figure 6 5 Copy the material data from the library to the model sss 49 FISUre 6 6 Tnermo plastic properties unan 50 Figure 6 7 Composition of the concrete surfate aaa daa 51 FIgure 6 3 The concrete sucia ET oes viewed eases ese 51 Figure 6 9 Input for the wall dividing the two rooms sss sese sees eee eee ee eee 54 Figure 6 10 Display of the dividing Wall ccooocccnconocnnnnnannnnonononnnnnaconnonaronnonanonnnnonconnnnarnnnonaninnnnnaoss 54 Figure 6 11 The contol logic that opens the dividing COOP occccconcccncnnocnnnnnanonnnnanonnnonaronnnnanonnonanonnnnanoss 56 Figure 6 12 Sketchof the lower ett Cae A A beats 58 Figure 6 13 Making a copy of Cabinet 1 by dragging The final position will be 4 feet from the left and olmo AAA ET L TLE EEE ae anes 59 Figure 6 14 The rooms showing the switchgear cabinets see eee eee eee eee eee 60 Fieure6 15 TNE SKELEN OF GADIC rd 61 Figure 6 16 The room showing the cables sees eee ee eee eee 63 Figuire 6 1 Creating the SUDDIY Vent surface acia ds 64 Fi eure6 18 Te FOOm E PTT CHE VENUS i aeons 66 F
30. 29 Room Fire POLYURETHANE ja Description NFPA Babrauskas Fuel Fire Suppression Byproducts Soot Species Carbon atoms 6 3 Hydrogen atoms 7 1 Oxygen atoms 2 1 Nitrogen atoms 1 0 Other atoms 0 0 Molecular Weight New Fuel Stream Add From Library Ambient Oxygen Mass Fraction 0 23 Rename Mass Fraction of Fuel in Burner 1 0 Delete Upper limit on flame heat release rate 200 0 kW m TS Cee Figure 5 4 The POLYURETHANE reaction parameters Click the Cancel button to close the Edit Reactions dialog Create Surfaces Materials which we have already imported define physical properties Surfaces that represent solid objects in the model use the material properties Vent and burner surfaces are defined directly without reference to materials The floor will be made of yellow pine To create the surface On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces Click New give the Surface Name as Pine select the Surface Type as Layered and click OK Click on the Texture box and select psm_spruce jpg Click OK to close the Texture dialog In the Material Layers panel in the Thickness column type 0 01 NA A O The material composition can be defined as a mixture Click the Edit button In the Mass Fraction column type 1 0 In the Material column select YELLOW PINE Click OK to close the Composition dialog 6 In the Edit Surfaces dialog click Appl
31. 45 0 Click OK to save the simulation parameters Save the model 1 2 On the File menu click Save Choose a location to save the model Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large amount of data it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation For this example we will create a Smoke folder and name the file smoke psm Click OK to save the model Run the Simulation On the FDS menu click Run FDS The FDS Simulation dialog will appear and display the progress of the simulation By default PyroSim specifies a 10 second simulation This should take approximately 1 minute to run depending on computing hardware Figure 5 8 When the simulation is complete Smokeview should launch automatically and display a 3D still image of the model Figure 5 9 iy G RV FDS Simulation smoke fds Fire Dynamics Simulator FDS Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Starting FDS C Program Files PyroSim 2009 fds fds5 ex Fire Dynamics Simulator Compilation Date Wed 08 Apr 2009 Version 5 3 1 Serial No OpenMP Version SVN Revision No Job TITLE Job ID string smoke A Simulation Time Simulation Time 3 Simulation Time Simulation Time Simulation Time Simulation Time l J3 O U d WN KA Simulation Time Progress 3 45 45 05
32. A 90 vi Table of Figures Table of Figures Fig re 2 1 Burner fire in this exam lenta 3 Sr C RIT temes eE 4 Figure 2 3 Inserting a new burner surface eee eee ee cinta 5 Figure 2 4 Defining parameters for the burner Surface sse eee ee eee eee eee 5 Figure 2 5 Creatine Ne DUET VENT T 6 BAU 26 The He dase oera E a 7 Figure 2 7 The simulation dialog during the analysis esse eee eee eee 8 Figure 2 8 The initial Smokeview display sse eee eee eee 9 Figure 29 3D smoke inthe MOde leticia E oceuaaain neewunendquteseegietineet ences 9 Figure 2 10 Temperature contours on the slice OlIane sss eee eee eee 10 Figure 2 11 Temperature time history plot sss esse eee eee eee 10 Figure 3 1 3D visualization of air flow in this example sse eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 11 Figure 3 2 Rea NEMOS Pieasins n E E T TT 12 Figure 3 3 Naming the new supply SUrTaCg esse eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 12 Figure 3 4 Creating a new supply surface sse ee eee ee eee eee eee 13 Figure 3 5 Creating the new DIOW Veis siii 14 Figure o0 The TE TTT TT s 15 2401 aco E po A 15 Figure 3 8 Defining the simulation parameters eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 16 Figure 3 9 VIEW in SMOKEVIEW sssccccccisvvcsssescveasubaevsetesnswaniensiossnnaadesgehehsevantoanenentuedecsaedanatoatebaewendevaenossmnsovensae 17 Figure 3 10 View in Smokeview of velocity CONTOUFS sese eee e eee ee eee eee eee 17 STET a Smoke Ihr Ce TINO CLE Il aconcousactsasasannesdstedonacac E 18 F
33. C Dimensions e efe Zm 55 0 3 0 9 5 Copy to create cable D ae a s Right click on Cable C and click Copy Move Click Copy and type 1 in the Number of Copies box In the Offset box for X type 4 0 Click OK This will create Cable C 1 Double click and change the name to Cable D Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Copy to create cable E ee S YS Right click on Cable D and click Copy Move Click Copy and type 1 in the Number of Copies box In the Offset box for X type 20 0 Click OK This will create Cable D 1 Double click and change the name to Cable E Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog If wanted you could add additional cables We will stop here The cables are shown in Figure 6 16 62 Switchgear Fire Example r File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BD e Hl da 1 te XE ACER A YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm e E i x Reactions SQ Materials 6 Cable CONCRETE STEEL 7 08 surfaces M ADIABATIC 3 Cable y B Concrete Wal INERT TB MIRROR F OPEN Sheet Metal HE Devices E D gt Controls Entrance Blockage Open Door 7 Results 423 Statistics Y D Slices Model T Walls di Switchgear Cables fi Cable A E Cable B cable C E Cable D E Cable E E fil ZONEO Outer Zone ADO Fx 9 JE AA eE e 3D View 2D View Record View
34. Couch T Couch 2 E Pad 2D View Record View Figure 5 1 Room fire in this example This example is a simplification of the Roomfire problem provided as an FDS verification problem You can download the complete FDS verification file at http fds smv googlecode com svn trunk FDS trunk Verification Fires room_fire fds then import this file into PyroSim Import Reaction and Material Data PyroSim includes a database file that includes references for the source of the data We will import selected properties from this file On the Model menu click Edit Libraries In the Category box select Gas phase Reactions Copy the POLYURETHANE reaction from the library into the Current Model In the Category box select Materials Po Re 21 Room Fire 5 Copy the FOAM GYPSUM and YELLOW PINE materials from the library into the Current Model 6 Close the PyroSim Libraries dialog PyroSim Libraries Category Gas phase Reactions Current Model POLYURETHANE Create New Library Load Library Save Current Library Delete Selected Objects Delete Selected Objects Figure 5 2 Copy the reaction from the library Save the Model This is a good time to save the model 1 On the File menu click Save Choose a location to save the model Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large amount of data it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation Name the
35. Create the Burner Surface ia 18 Create the Burner ventana as 19 Create the Open Side Vent cnn aia 20 Cate RS MET rca 21 ACA Veo 21 do o The EI 22 Orbit the Model for a Better VieW occoocccccncncnononcnonancnnncnnnoncnnonarononarononanononacnnnnrnnonarononarinonaniss 22 Adda Layer Zoning DEVICE incest 23 Add a Flow Measuring DEVICE iaa 23 SGT the Simulation INE rea 24 SAVIA MO e 24 UNT IM AO Nara 24 MEW Enn s lt T Diocesano jalea 25 Table of Contents View Time History Datsun nd 26 Chapter 5 ROOM Fire a dias 27 Import Reaction and Material Data sse eee eee 27 A dal nesa A E A 28 ene Ee M ea seaeetan gedecmaceeade dee suede nase cee as aad oasateaceanatncdestanesassaaneetausesbadeenssaed ae 28 Specify Combustion Parameters TT 29 CSAS SU IT 30 Create Furniture ODSERUCTIONS A Dc 32 A A PCR RES ORO A A 36 Create Door GI GA Walla A e lo cios 37 Use Vents to Define the Burner Fire and FlOOF oocccnccnoccnnonoccnncnnncnnnnnncnnnonaronnnnanonnnonaconnnnns 38 Add an ODEN DOLINA Va A dira dd dias 39 Hane a Picture Ee 9 aL 1 it 39 Create Thermocouple Records sado a a e a 40 Create Slice Records for 3D Results PlOttiNg cccooocccnconocnnnnnoccnnonanonnonanonnnnnaconnonaronnonanonnos 40 Create BOUNG Aly RE CONS dali a aida d aislada ads 40 Specify Simulation Propertiesondi ici tandil doce dn 41 The Modelis Completo TTT 41 A e bike 41 Ml A A An 42 Chapter 6 Switchgear Fire Ey ample cs sss sss sss dni aea
36. DS menu click Simulation Parameters In the Simulation Title box type Room fire In the End Time box type 600 s Click OK oe TS s The Model is Completed Your model should now look like Figure 5 11 Save it YR PyroSim C PyroSim Examples RoomFire roomfire psm MEX File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help calmal AEX S OB X EIS 2 A k Sinn El Show AI Floors Je E LAL eE E O E FOAM E GYPSUM E YELLOWPINE 7 08 Surfaces ADIABATIC A Burner Gypsum f INERT MIRROR OPEN feel Picture Pine 08 Upholstery HA Devices THOR THCPO2 THCPO3 THCPO4 gt THCPOS THCPO6 51 423 Statistics Y D Slices E dp Model di Grid Boundary E fb Couch 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 5 11 Completed model Run the Analysis To run the analysis 1 On the FDS menu click Run FDS The analysis will take about four hours to run on a 2 0 GHz computer 41 Room Fire View the Results You can use the Smokeview software to make plots of the results In Smokeview on the Show Hide menu click Textures and then select Show All to display all the textures An image showing the heat release rate isosurface and temperature contours on the slice plane is shown in Figure 5 12 Notice that the couch is burning away MM roomfire smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 M gt 200 kw m3 Figure 5 12 Heat release rate isosurface and t
37. ERA Switchgear Fire Example r Edit Meshes Description Order Priority 1 Specify Color Eo 4 Synchronize time step for tighter connection between meshes Mesh Alignment Test Passed Mesh Boundary ft MinX 27 5 Min Y 0 0 Min Z May X 59 0 Max Y 28 5 Division Method Uniform X Cells 60 Cell Size Ratio 1 11 Y Cells 60 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 ZCells 40 Cell Size Ratio 1 05 Cell Size ft 0 52 x 0 48 x 0 50 Number of cells for mesh 144 000 Max Z 20 0 Figure 6 3 Input to create the mesh To create the second solution mesh for Room 3B A a lt Click New to create a mesh In the Name box type Room 3B Click OK to close the New mesh dialog In the Order Priority list select 2 Inthe Mesh Boundary boxes enter the values in Table 6 7 In the X Y and Z cell boxes enter 30 enter 30 and enter 20 respectively These divisions give a cell size of approximately 1 0 ft 0 3048 m 6 Click OK to save the data close the Edit Meshes dialog Table 6 7 Dimensions for the mesh in Room 3B including 2 thick walls Xt Y Zm Min 0 0 0 0 0 0 The meshes are shown in Figure 6 4 On the toolbar click to reset the image Click gt You can orbit pan and zoom the model using the mouse and the Shift and Alt keys 47 Switchgear Fire Example YX PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help c Hl
38. In the Description box type burner vent Figure 5 4 In the Surface list select burner This specifies that the previously created burner surface will define the properties of the vent Click on the Geometry tab In the Plane list select Z Set the value to 0 0 In the Min X box type 4 0 and in the Max X box type 5 0 In the Min Y box type 0 0 and in the Max Y box type 1 0 Click OK to create the new burner vent r Vent Properties Gro General Geometry Description burner vent Activation lt Always On gt v Min X Max X up di Model C Surface A burner y Specify Color Display as Outline Texture Origin Relative to object x 0 0m Y 0 0m Zz 0 0m Fire Spread Spread Rate 0 0 m s Origin x Bounding Box Figure 4 4 Creating the burner vent Create the Open Side Vent One side of the model is an open boundary ll i iS oY 2 On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type open side In the Surface list select OPEN This is a default surface that means this will be an open boundary Click on the Geometry tab In the Plane list select Y and type 5 0 In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 5 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 4 Click OK to create the open vent 20 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door Create the Mesh In this example we will use mesh cells that are 0 17 m
39. On the Evac menu click Initial Positions Click New and click OK In the Persons box type 50 17 Single Room Evacuation In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 8 0 In the Min Y box type 0 0 and in the Max Y box type 5 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 0 Click OK to close the Initial Positions dialog E oa E Specify Simulation Properties To define the end time 1 Onthe FDS menu click Simulation Parameters 2 Inthe Simulation Title box type Evacuation 3 Inthe End Time box type 50 s 4 Click OK Save the Model This is a good time to save the model 1 On the File menu click Save Choose a location to save the model Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large amount of data it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation Name the file evac psm 3 Click OK to save the model Run the Analysis To run the analysis 1 Onthe FDS menu click Run FDS View the Results The Smokeview program will launch at the end of the analysis 1 Right click the Smokeview window and in the Load Unload menu select Evacuation and then select humans 2 Right click the Smokeview window and in the Show Hide menu select Use Avatar and then select human_fixed 78 Single Room Evacuation Smokeview 5 4 3 Aug 31 2009 Figure 7 3 Display of movement to exit To view time history results 1 Inthe PyroSim window on the FDS menu click Plot Tim
40. R of 834 kW total distributed over an area of 3 0 square feet 0 278 square meters In the Ramp up Time list select T2 and type a value of 60 s This is a time squared fire that will ramp up over 60 seconds to the peak value Click OK to close the Edit Surfaces dialog Switch back to English units to define the geometry 1 2 On the View menu click Units Select English To add the fire to the cabinet A D ES On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Fire In the Group list select Fire In the Surface list select Fire 67 Switchgear Fire Example 5 Click the Geometry tab In the Lies in the plane list select X and type 50 51 This places it just barely outside the cabinet for visualization but it will be returned to the exact mesh coordinates during solution To repeat a word of caution In most cases this slight offset will not cause any problem since both the vent fire and cabinet will be moved to the same mesh coordinates during the solution However it can happen that the small offset will mean that the vent is moved to a different mesh coordinate than the cabinet An unattached vent will be ignored in the solution so either position the vent directly on the cabinet or look at the mesh in Smokeview to make sure you see the vent fire displayed 6 Inthe Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 6 19 7 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog Table 6 19 Fire dimensions
41. RGB of 0 4 0 2 0 0 Click OK to close the Surface Color dialog In the Material Layers panel in the Thickness column type 0 1 Click the Edit button In the Mass Fraction column type 1 0 In the Material column select FOAM Click OK to close the Composition dialog Click on the Surface Props tab In the Backing box select Insulated Click on the Reaction tab Select Allow the Obstruction to Burn Away When this option is selected the solid object disappears from the calculation cell by cell as the mass contained by each mesh cells is consumed either by the pyrolysis reactions or by the prescribed HRR 31 Room Fire 7 In the Edit Surfaces dialog click Apply to save the changes We will place an initial burner surface on the sofa The burner will release heat at a constant rate that will ignite the upholstery To create this burner surface 1 Inthe Edit Surfaces dialog click New Give the Surface Name as Burner select the Surface Type as Burner and click OK 2 In the Heat Release panel in the Heat Release Rate HRR box type 1000 In the Edit Surfaces dialog click OK to save the changes and close the dialog Create Furniture Obstructions We will now create some furniture to place in the model Couch The first will be a couch Create a Couch group that will help us organize the input On the Model menu click New Group In the Parent Group list select Model In the Group Name box type Couch S A A Clic
42. Thickness column type 0 125 ft 5 The material composition can be defined as a mixture Click the Edit button In the Mass Fraction column type 1 0 In the Material column select Cable Click OK to close the Composition dialog 6 Click on the Surface Props tab In the Backing list select Insulated This will approximate a solid being heated from all sides 7 Click OK to close the Edit Surfaces dialog Switch to SI units to input additional properties given in Sl units 1 Onthe View menu click Units 2 Select SI Edit the heat release rate and ignition temperature for the Cable surface These values should only be considered as examples Right click on Cable in the Surfaces list Click Properties Click the Reaction tab Click to select Governed Manually In the Heat Release Rate box type 265 kW m 2 In the Ignition panel select Ignite at and type 250 Es 5 Click OK to save the changes and close the Edit Surfaces dialog eS Model Geometry We will now create the geometry using a few dialogs and by drawing a few walls If you were working on a more complex building you could display the floor plan in the 2D View and then sketch walls directly on the background image or import the data from a DXF file The model will only include the separating wall between the two rooms There is no need to define the perimeter walls since the perimeter will be assigned the surface properties of the concrete wall 92 Switchgea
43. View 2D View Record View Figure 6 18 The room showing the vents Fire The fire is postulated to start in Room 3A in a switchgear cabinet Heat is released to the room through a vent in the side of the cabinet The size of the vent is 3 0 x1 0 and located 0 5 ft below the top of the 66 Switchgear Fire Example cabinet We will model the fire as a surface with a specified heat release rate A surface type is used to specify the fire We will first create a fire group oa a On the Model menu click New Group In the Parent Group list select Model In the Group Name box type Fire Click OK to close the Create Group dialog There are two additional steps to defining a fire First a surface will be created that defines the heat release rate Next the fire will be attached to the top of the switchgear cabinet Since the fire properties are specified in SI units dl 2 On the View menu click Units Select SI To create the surface that represents fire See ee SS On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces In the Edit Surfaces dialog click New In the Surface Name box type Fire Select Surface Type and in the list select Burner Click OK to close the New Surface dialog To change the properties of the Fire 4 In the Edit Surfaces dialog click to select Fire Select Heat Release Rate and type 3000 0 kW m 2 Note that this value is the HRR per unit area This corresponds to a peak HR
44. aee 44 a A a aa a A 46 Material Propertie Sarona aa aa a 48 Sl AA Eo A a A oceans soeeeh obentoaes 50 A nace atten se ues coos antaosnsusnnaeaseanisnanee teceaacenee 50 Giet L WG eT pT 52 Post Processin e CONTO Sy AA AO 68 SIMUlATIOM Parane ters AO 70 RUN CVS ALI SIS a A A daca Menanial deat oss 70 VIEW THE RESUITS TTT 71 Chapter 7 Single ROOM Evacuation cccscsccscscscsccccscsccccccscsccccccscsceccccscsceccccscnceseececscesescees 75 Enable EDSFEVAC0 ARE Malate Gated ld NAE 75 create Mes AS 75 R ACC an EN as 76 Ada Occ pS a a ute Crtacat nat tote dudaaa a a tee 77 SPECIFY SIMULATION Proper ES AA 78 Save the Mo ds a 78 RUN ENE ANI Sd a e a e ls 78 VIEW THE RESUIES ad ane E nd taae 78 Using Pathfinder to Solve the Same Problem ccccccssseccccesseccceesececceneccceeeseceseeaeceseeeceesenes 79 DE TING LNG ROOM TTT 80 Create MEME do 80 POG beoc 1 A o a aaa a il rob elaine ad sable aba avieah tess 80 SPECIFY Simulation Properti ES nen a be tetas sid Gee nat ace os 81 Save the Lee TTT 81 RUN TNS Ana U LT 81 View the Results lia 81 Chapter 8 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 sscscsssccscscecsccscsceccccscnceccccscscssessecs 83 Table of Contents Ac A teachers ts weusstoacde sme su eaataniseadesnd seudsunmsateanestaceaautteade sme neresvanomatomna veuticnenatemen 83 BOX MBS UIE IA DT 85 insulated Sie ciclista tener ee Var error a Var oT ee 86 Water eee TT 87 Se ea eee er een on O 88 RET OV CIIC CS isnt L A
45. alternate approaches to evacuation modeling 88 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 a PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Evacuation Example Ivun evacpsm AA ad File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help cOlai IRACX L BE SjeG Ex a um PA e oa e Loa da 6 GYPSUM PLASTER Vent 1 BD Left Exit Right Exit Left Exit Fan Right Exit Fan io gt Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 s Y N y P y of E K t y Cee VI By fg f Y fp y Figure 8 11 Evacuation modeling results 89 References References FDS SMV Official Website Fire Dynamics Simulator and Smokeview Gaithersburg Maryland USA National Institute of Standards and Technology Klein Bryan 2007 Switchgear example problem personal communication Gaithersburg Maryland USA National Institute of Standards and Technology 2007 Korhonen Time and Hostikka Simo 2009 Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation FDS Evac s l Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland April 2009 VTT Working Papers 119 McGrattan Kevin and Forney Glenn 2005 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 4 User s Guide Washington DC USA s n 2005 NIST Special Publication 1019 McGrattan Kevin 2004 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 4 Technical Reference Guide Washington DC USA s n 2004 NIST Special Publication 1018 McGrattan Kevin et al 2007 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 5 Technica
46. arting at X 0 0 Y 1 5 and extending to X 0 0 Y 3 5 Add Occupants In Pathfinder occupants are assigned to rooms 1 Right click on the room and select Add Occupants 2 By default 50 occupants will be added Click OK to add the occupants and close the Add Occupants dialog 80 Single Room Evacuation Ea Pathfinder 2009 1 evac pth File Edit Model View Simulation Results Help Bola 2vx E 0 Floor Floor 0 0 m Y 00 K EE PRS e S E imported Geometry E Profiles H Occupants E Floors Floor 0 0 m BERE SEDA Sy 4 24 1 831 8 679 m Figure 7 6 The Pathfinder model after occupants are added Specify Simulation Properties To define the end time 1 On the Simulation menu click Simulation Parameters 2 Inthe Time Limit box type 50 3 Click OK to close the Simulation Parameters dialog Save the Model This is a good time to save the model 1 On the File menu click Save 2 Choose a location to save the model Name the file evac pth 3 Click OK to save the model Run the Analysis To run the analysis 1 Onthe Simulation menu click Run Simulation View the Results The 3D Pathfinder results window will launch at the end of the analysis 1 Click the Run button to display the results 81 Single Room Evacuation S 3D Pathfinder eb File Agents Scene View X ES a AAA mn 0 set wal Height e 0 EJ O O 6
47. ck the Geometry tab In the Lies in the plane list select Y and type 23 49 This places it just barely outside the duct for visualization but it will be returned to the exact mesh coordinates during solution In the Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 6 17 6 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog Table 6 17 Supply vent dimensions xe zw 65 Switchgear Fire Example Add the supply vent to the wall in Room 3A On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Supply Vent 3A In the Group list select Vents In the Surface list select Supply Vent oa ee ee a Click the Geometry tab In the Lies in the plane list select Y and type 28 5 In the Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 6 18 6 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog Table 6 18 Return vent dimensions Xft Zm An image showing the ducts and vents is given in Figure 6 18 The duct color has been changed to cyan YR PyroSim C PyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm O metas File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help ca arai YIREX lt Jl TOLNA E Z 1 E TE l l 4 q tes Show All Floors lt E a 2 Ae F a El mn 22 1 PE Reactions GQ Materials pop cable gt CONCRETE E STEEL S F Surfaces fi ADIABATIC P cable M Concrete Wall INERT 08 MIRROR OPEN f Sheet Metal PB Supply Vent SA Devices I Controls 3D
48. d_steel_column fds example illustrates heat conduction into a column The model is shown in Figure 8 6 A typical result is shown in Figure 8 7 The FDS input file can be downloaded at http fds smv googlecode com svn trunk FDS trunk Verification Heat_Transfer insulated_steel_column fds YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Insulated Steel Column insulated_steel_column psm alde File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help calma BEX BAAAKASAA trome K Ax a 4 AA caca E e e fi ZONEO Outer Zor SE Reactions 5 4 Materials 6 INSULATION STEEL 7 08 surfaces 08 ADIABATIC BA MIRROR M THICKLY INSULATE BH THICKLY INSULATE _ OH Devices Temp_ext_lOR 1 Temp_ext_IOR 1 gt Temp_ins_IOR 1 gt Temp_ins_lOR 1 Temp_int_IOR 1 Temp_int_IOR 1 o E428 Statistics E a m Slices Ca lp Grid Boundary Ver obstruction 1 obstruction 2 Obstruction 3 Obstruction 4 H 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 8 6 Insulated Steel Column model 86 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 F E insulated_steel_column ol Smokeview 5 2 7 Nov 4 2008 Temp Figure 8 7 Insulated Steel Column results Water Cooling The water_cooling fds example illustrates water cooling spray onto a wall The model is shown in Figure 8 8 A typical result is shown in Figure 8 9 The FDS input file can be downloaded at http fds smv googlecode com svn trunk
49. dialog click New In the Material Name box type Cable in the Material Type list select Solid Click OK to close the New Material dialog In the Density box type 1380 kgq m 3 Figure 6 6 In the Specific Heat box type 1 289 kJ kg K In the Conductivity box type 0 192 W m K Click OK to save the changes and close the Edit Materials dialog ba h oY T ae 49 Switchgear Fire Example Edit Materials a Material ID Cabe CONCRETE Toa STEEL Description Material Type Solid v Thermal Properties Pyrolysis Density 1380 0 kg m Specific Heat Constant w 1 289 k3 kg K Conductivity Constant 0 192 W mK Emissivity 0 9 Absorption Coefficient 5 0E04 1 m New Add From Library Rename Delete Figure 6 6 Thermo plastic properties Save the Model This is a good time to save the model 1 On the File menu click Save Choose a location to save the model Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large amount of data it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation For this example we will name the file C Switchgear switchgear psm 3 Click OK to save the model Surface Properties Surfaces are used to define the properties of objects in your model Solid surfaces will use the material properties previously defined This problem uses English units as the primary values for the geometry Switch to English units
50. dit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bela K VUEBEX B 4ABAABAKBREA ga Bw BO B oG ZIA a X um El Results A Meshes MESH Ej SS Zones El ZONEO Outer Zone SC Reactions amp Materials E F Surfaces M ADIABATIC E 428 Statistics E D Slices Model E Exit Vent Show All Floors Je AO AAA eSB ERR E 2 ch gt 2D View Record View Figure 7 2 Model after adding vent Create an EVAC exit at the same location as the Exit Vent eee u 7 On the Evac menu click Exits Click New and then click OK In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 0 0 In the Min Y box type 1 5 and in the Max Y box type 3 5 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 0 In the Orientation list select X This defines the direction in which the occupants will pass through the exit Click OK to close the Edit Exits dialog Add Occupants Each DOOR and EXIT in FDS EVAC requires an exhaust vent to generate the correct flow field to be used with the movement simulation This vent must have a very weak outflow to prevent numerical instability We first create a surface with an exhaust flow Soe fo On the Evac menu click Person Types Click New and click OK For the Reaction Time click the Edit button and in the x box type 0 0 Click OK Click OK again to close the Edit PERS dialog To place the occupants 1 Ze 3
51. e History Results 2 Adialog will appear showing a list of 2D result files Select evac_evac csv and click Open to view the occupants in the room as a function of time Figure 7 4 Time History Plots AllAgents e a 3 a c a D G K 20 00 Time s Figure 7 4 Occupants as a function of time Using Pathfinder to Solve the Same Problem Pathfinder software developed by Thunderhead Engineering can also perform an egress analysis In addition to realistic 3D images Pathfinder can extract floors from dxf data and offers an SFPE Mode 19 Single Room Evacuation that follows the SFPE Engineering Guide Human Behavior in Fire guidelines SFPE 2003 We now repeat the same example using Pathfinder 3D Pathfinder nis File Agents Scene View Z amp Floor Separation m o set wall Height m o set O O O O C3 O Reverse e O Paused Time 0 03 0 17 Speed 1X Framerate 58 2 fps Figure 7 5 Snapshots of 3D movement in Pathfinder Define the Room In Pathfinder rooms define the geometry 1 Inthe Top view select the Add Rectangular Room tool 2 Either click and drag or use the dimension boxes to define a room starting at X 0 0 Y 0 0 and extending to X 8 0 Y 5 0 Create an Exit In Pathfinder doors that do not connect rooms are exit doors To define the door 1 Inthe Top view select the Add a New Door tool 2 Click and drag to define a door st
52. e cable trays and to provide a finer resolution for the flow solution near the fire The two meshes much touch in order to transfer information between them We will position the common plane inside Room 3B so that the finer mesh includes all of Room 3A and the door between the rooms There is always a compromise between number of cells and acceptable solution time As described this model will have 162 000 cells and run in approximately 8 hours on a single CPU computer This problem uses English units as the primary values for the geometry Switch to English units 1 Onthe View menu click Units 2 Select English To create the first solution mesh for Room 3A On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New to create a mesh In the Name box type Room 3A Click OK to close the New mesh dialog YY In the Order Priority list select 1 This ensures that the finer mesh is the primary mesh for the solution In the Mesh Boundary boxes enter the values in Table 6 6 6 Inthe X Y and Z cell boxes enter 60 enter 60 and enter 40 respectively as shown in Figure 6 3 The FDS solution is optimized when the mesh cell division is defined by a number that can be formed using multiples of powers of 2 3 and 5 These divisions give a cell size of approximately 0 5 ft 0 1524 m 7 Click Apply to create the mesh Table 6 6 Dimensions for the mesh in Room 3A including 2 thick walls Xt v fe Zm 46 Min 27 5 0 07 0 0 E N
53. e in the entrance door 1 Onthe Model menu click New Obstruction 2 Inthe Description box type Entrance Door Blockage 3 Inthe Group list select Walls 4 Click onthe Geometry tab In the Bounding Box boxes enter the values in Table 6 10 The values are chosen thicker than the wall to ensure that the door takes precedence 5 Click on Surfaces tab Select Single and select Concrete Wall from the list 6 Click the Activation button In the list select New to create a new device For the Name type Entrance Blockage Click OK 56 Switchgear Fire Example For the Input Type select Time For the Action to Perform select Remove Deactivate In the text window click on TBEGIN to change the time In the pop up box type 300 0 s and press ENTER on your keyboard Click OK to create the control Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog You will notice that an Entrance Blockage control has been added to Controls in the Navigation View This control will remove the obstruction open the door at 300 0 seconds Table 6 10 Entrance door blockage dimensions Xft Ft Zm min 29 5 28 0 0 0 Max 26 5 29 0 8 0 Switchgear Cabinets First make a switchgear group oy eS On the Model menu click New Group In the Parent Group list select Model In the Group Name box type Switchgear Click OK to close the Create Group dialog We could define the cabinets using the New Obstruction menu and d
54. e the opening through the wall YE PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Smoke smoke psm El 3 File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help a BeGl e4 COt REX MIAARKAH AAA 1 ZIS 2 E Je aa PA ceo ARE A a As 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 4 7 The model after rotating The burner is shown in red and the top vent in blue Add a Layer Zoning Device 1 On the Devices menu click New Layer Zoning Device 2 Inthe Device Name box type layer zone 01 3 For the End Point 1 coordinates in the X box type 2 5 in the Y box type 2 5 and in the Z box type 0 0 4 Eor tne End Point 2 coordinates in the X box type 2 5 in the Y box type 2 5 and in the Z box type 2 4 5 Click OK to create the layer zoning device It will be displayed as a line in the model Add a Flow Measuring Device 1 On the Devices menu click New Flow Measuring Device In the Device Name box type door flow In the Quantity options select Heat Flow In the Plane list select Y and type 4 0 In the Min X box type 2 0 and in the Max X box type 3 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 0 Click OK to create the flow measuring device It will appear as a yellow plane in the model O EA a 23 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door Set the Simulation Time 1 2 3 On the FDS menu click Simulation Parameters On the Time panel in the End Time box type
55. ection Partide Injection Layer Divide 0 0 Material Layers Thickness ft Material Composition 112 0 m EF Remove Row 2 Move Down New A moet Add From Library Delete Figure 6 8 The concrete surface The sheet metal is 0 05 in 0 0042 ft 0 0013 m thick To create this surface In the Edit Surfaces dialog click New 2 Inthe Surface Name box type Sheet Metal in the Surface Type list select Layered Click OK to close the New Surface dialog 3 Click the Color button to open the Surface Color dialog then select blue and click OK 91 Switchgear Fire Example In the Material Layers panel in the Thickness column type 0 0042 ft 5 The material composition can be defined as a mixture Click the Edit button In the Mass Fraction column type 1 0 In the Material column select Steel Click OK to close the Composition dialog 6 In the Edit Surfaces dialog click Apply to save the changes The cable is 1 5 in 0 125 ft 0 0381 m thick To create this surface 1 Inthe Edit Surfaces dialog click New 2 Inthe Surface Name box type Cable in the Surface Type list select Layered Click OK to close the New Surface dialog 3 Click the Color button to open the Surface Color dialog then select a black and click OK In the Material Layers panel in the
56. emperature contours To view time history results 1 Inthe PyroSim window on the FDS menu click Plot Time History Results 2 Adialog will appear showing a list of 2D result files Select roomfire_hrr csv and click Open to view the heat release rate as a function of time Figure 5 13 42 Room Fire Time History Plots 100 anno Time Figure 5 13 Heat release rate 43 Switchgear Fire Example Chapter 6 Switchgear Fire Example This example evaluates fire conditions in two adjacent switchgear rooms connected by a double fire door Figure 6 1 The figure shows switchgear cabinets cable trays supply ducts and vents and smoke detectors The drawing is not to scale In the fire scenario a fire starts in a switchgear cabinet in room 3A The fire modeling results will used to estimate the time available for operators to conduct manual actions in one of the switchgear rooms This example was provided by Bryan Klein Klein 2007 286 8 6 m 28 6 8 6 m V Switchgear Room 38 Switchgear Room 34 Ww gg a ao ba AN App Inmate locallon of feretum duel and vents Figure 6 1 Pictorial representation of the switchgear room complex This tutorial demonstrates how to e Define materials e Create and replicate geometry e Open doors after a specified time e Create a burner fire e Add a smoke layer device e Add a slice plane for temperature visualization e View 3D results us
57. file roomfire psm 3 Click OK to save the model Create the Mesh In this example we will use mesh cells with a size of 0 10 m This is geometrically convenient and is fine enough relative to the burner HRR to give moderate numerical accuracy On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New and then OK to create a new mesh see Figure 5 3 In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 5 2 In the Min Y box type 0 8 and in the Max Y box type 4 6 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 4 In the X Cells box type 52 In the Y Cells box type 54 a oe ei eT s 28 Room Fire 8 Inthe Z Cells box type 24 9 Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Meshes dialog Edit Meshes Description Order Priority Specify Color Z Synchronize time step for tighter connection between meshes Mesh Alignment Test Passed Mesh Boundary m Min X 0 0 MaxX 5 2 Division Method Uniform X Cells 52 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Y Cells 54 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Z Cells 24 O Cel Size Ratio 1 00 Cell Size m 0 10 x 0 10 x 0 10 Number of cells For mesh 67392 Figure 5 3 Creating the mesh Specify Combustion Parameters Since there is only one reaction in the model by default that will be the reaction used for the analysis No other action is necessary You can double click on POLYURETHANE to display the properties Figure 5 4
58. ht Align wall to center Surface gt Color Cancel BZ Tool Properties Figure 5 9 Drawing the wall Create Door Hole in Wall To add a door by creating a hole in the wall al A c On the Model menu click New Hole In the Description box type Door In the Group list select Model On the Geometry tab enter the values in Table 5 6 Note that we extend the hole beyond the bounds of the wall it intersects This ensures the hole will take priority over the wall Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Table 5 6 Door Dimensions The model now looks like 3 Room Fire e PyroSim C PyroSim Examples RoomFire roomfire psm File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help clau 4X ARRAS A AOL Y Akta RS ea AAA A A E El Zones s E zoneo Outer Zo El x Reactions y Re PB ADIABATIC Burner e PB Upholstery Le Devices D gt Controls E Results E 428 Statistics Y D Slices Eh Model E 4 Couch H d Couch 2 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 5 10 The model after adding the door Use Vents to Define the Burner Fire and Floor In FDS Vents are used to describe 2D planar objects In this example we use vents to define the burner fire and the carpet on the floor Create the Fire The fire is ignited by a burner that releases heat at a fixed rate The adjacent material eventually reaches igniti
59. ialog as described above Instead we will sketch the cabinets To prepare to draw the switchgear cabinets 1 2 4 Click 2D View On the View menu click Snap to Sketch Grid The Sketch Grid allows you to specify a grid spacing that is useful for creating geometry independent of the solution meshes On the View menu click Set Sketch Grid Spacing In the Snap Spacing box type 0 5 Click OK to close the Snap to Grid dialog Use the Pan View tool to drag the model so that the dividing wall is to the right of the window To draw the cabinet In the 2D View drawing tools toolbar left of window click the Draw an Obstruction tool To set the tool properties click Tool Properties 5 In the Z Location box type 0 0 and in the Thickness box type 8 0 In the Surface Prop list select Sheet Metal Click OK to close the New Obstruction Properties dialog In the 2D View action toolbar top of window select Switchgear in the Group list Press and drag the mouse approximating the dimensions of the lower left cabinet shown in Figure 6 1 Your sketch will approximate that shown in Figure 6 12 57 Switchgear Fire Example YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm par x File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help CH ma4 CO BEX M IRAGRKASA ttOO K D 2 ME saug switchgear y Show Alriooss 3 Bal E MOE e as A a 7 C g o S F O dh Switchgear Obs
60. igure 4 2 Creatine anew Durner SUN ACC niscssdudonaecct coseiussinnosaacivonssiiedananaceanuenteeesnacsdanancd Wiatnnavasasnnesuienoneasons 19 Figure 4 3 Defining parameters for the burner Surface sse ee eee ee eee eee eee 19 BIC Uh 4 4 Creating the DUDE Ven Esso ideales 20 ST Creatina te Mes sarao idioleas 21 PUG Creatina tre Wallonie oil ci bie 22 Figure 4 7 The model after rotating The burner is shown in red and the top vent in blue 23 Figure 4 8 The simulation dialog during the analysis sese eee eee 24 Figure 4 9 The initial Smokeview display sse sees eee eee 25 Figure 4 10 3D smoke in the Model sss sees eee eee 25 Figure 4 11 Time history plot of heat flow through the dOOF ccccooccncconoccnnnnnccnnnnanonnnonaconnnnncnononanonnnnnanos 26 Figure 4 12 Time history plot of smoke layer height eee eee eee 26 FIGURE 5 1 Room iire imn this example prisas ona 27 Figure 5 2 Copy the reaction from the library sese ee eee eee eee 28 PUG 5 3 Greating he MeS E o o PUE o ANT 29 Figure 5 4 The POLYURETHANE reaction parameters sese e eee ee eee eee 30 PIC CRS o Creatine te OOF SUI CC rr oi ads 31 vil Table of Figures Figure H INDUL forthe couch Das usa aida 33 Fisure 5 7 The toomatter the couchis Te le e iii ads 35 Sr HI The Fesultine room CISDIAY caida iia 36 Heure A bat daencsvabanaceattulgsa N N 37 Figure 5 10 The model aner adding Ine COOl aeann 38 Figure S A Completedimodelr a iio 41 Figure 5
61. igure 6 19 Defining the temperature iSOSUITACES eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 70 Sr EI 1 TnS Rs ae le A TT 71 Figure 6 21 Smoke IN TOO0MS At LODO e ase C 72 Figure 6 22 Temperature contours on Slice places at 350 seconds sese 72 Figure 6 23 Temperature contours on the solid surfaces at 300 SEecOndS oocccccnnccnncnnocnnnnnncnnnonanonnnonanos 73 Figure 6 24 Layer Nelent In veen T Alda 74 Figure 7 1 The EVAG example soto 75 Figure 7 2 Model atter adding Ventana dada 77 Figure 7 3 Display of Movement to Plus cana artis 79 Fig re 74 Occupants asa TUNCUONOL Mesta 79 Figure 7 5 Snapshots of 3D movement in Pathfinder sss sese 80 Figure 7 6 The Pathfinder model after occupants are added sss sees 81 Figure 2 SnapsShot Of D MOVeMenta ria a A 82 Figure 7 8 Room oceupants asa function OF Mera dol 82 ST HI Sl Ethanol pan lea TTT 84 Table of Figures FIeUTe 3 2 Etnanol Pan T etilo aida 84 Figure 8 3 Comparison of calculated and measured heat release rates sese eee eee 85 Freire OA Foam Dox b rmaway Mode unicidad 85 Figures 5 Foon Dox Durn away results a A N 86 Figures 6 Insulated Steel COMA MO NS 86 Figure 3 7 Insulated Steel COMA Tesis oi 87 Figure 3 8 Watercooling Model siii id NGI el ea lees 87 FISUKE 3 9 Watercooling TOSUINS T 88 Figure 3 10 Evacuation modeling example aA aaae A K Ea EES Ad 89 Figures 1 Evacuation modeling resul caridad 89 Before Starting Chapter 1 Before Starting Install PyroSim
62. ill use the copy function to create the other armrest S E ee oS Right click the Right armrest either in the Tree View or the 3D view Click Copy Move Inthe Mode options select Copy with 1 copy In the Offset boxes enterX 1 8 Y 0 0 andZ 0 0 Click OK to close the Translate dialog By default the name given to the armrest copy will be Right armrest 1 where the 1 indicates the first copy To rename double click on the Right armrest 1 in the Tree view and change the Description to Left armrest Click OK To create the back ee a On the Model menu click New Obstruction In the Description box type Back cushion In the Group list select Couch On the Geometry tab enter the values in Table 5 4 On the Surfaces tab select Single and select Upholstery from the list Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Table 5 4 Couch back dimensions The display will appear as shown in 34 Room Fire ye PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples RoomFire roomfire psm A o 6 File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help S Hl wd SY t e XIE AGRAR A rome A a a E Ta P ADIABATIC Gypsum INERT P MIRROR OPEN ZE Pine CU Seat cushoin T Right armrest GH Left armrest g Back cushion Ht 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 5 7 The room after the couch is added Second Couch We will now create a second couch using the copy function
63. ing Smokeview e View 2D results using PyroSim 44 Switchgear Fire Example YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help calma Y t e XEACEA RSA TONA son mros B ae LAL CBG eE O E ZONEO Outer Zone gt Reactions Layer Room 3B Room 3A U Y 14 25 ft Temperature Y 21 5 ft Temperature U Z 19 0 ft Temperature 7 j Figure 6 2 Completed model Model parameters are given below Table 6 1 Room size interior dimensions Dimension English Metric 5 5 Height Table 6 2 Door size Dimension English Metric Width Height Table 6 3 Concrete properties NBSIR 88 3752 Property Density ZU kg m 3 Specific Heat 1 04 kJ kg K Conductivity Table 6 4 Sheet metal properties Drysdale Intro to Fire Dynamics Property 45 Switchgear Fire Example 71850 kg m 3 Specific Heat 0 46 kJ kg K 45 8 W m k Table 6 5 Cable properties NUREG CR 6850 Property 1380 kg m Specific Heat 1 289 kJ kg K 0 192 W m k Computational Mesh In this example we will use two meshes We will use relatively coarse meshes that should be refined for a final analysis In Room 3A the room on the right the cell size will be approximately 0 5 ft 0 1524 m and in Room 3B approximately 1 0 ft 0 3048 m We have selected a finer resolution in Room 3A to more accurately represent the geometry of th
64. ions FDS Concepts and Nomenclature Material Materials are used to define thermal properties and pyrolysis behavior Surface Surfaces are used to define the properties of solid objects and vents in your FDS model The surface can use previously defined materials in mixtures or layers By default all solid objects and vents are inert with a temperature that is fixed at the initial temperature Before Starting Obstruction Obstructions are the fundamental geometric representation in the Fire Dynamics Simulator FDS FDS SMV Official Website Obstructions are rectangular solids defined by two points in 3D space Surface properties are assigned to each face of the obstruction Devices and control logic can be defined to create or remove an obstruction during a simulation When creating a model the geometry of an obstruction does not need to match the geometry of the mesh used for the solution However the FDS solution will align all geometry with the solution mesh In the FDS analysis all faces of an obstruction are shifted to correspond to the nearest mesh cell Thus some obstructions may become thicker in the analysis others may become thin and correspond to a single cell face which has the potential to introduce unwanted gaps into a model These ambiguities can be avoided by making all geometry correspond to the mesh spacing Vent Vents have general usage in FDS to describe 2D planar objects Taken literally a vent can be used t
65. it Surfaces dialog click to select Supply Vent Click the Color button to open the Surface Color dialog then select a green and click OK On the Air Flow tab click Specify Velocity and type 8 33 ft s Figure 6 17 This corresponds to 2000 CFM flow through a 2 x2 duct 4 Click the Particle Injection tab Click the Emit Particles checkbox 5 Click OK to save the changes and close the Edit Surfaces dialog Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC 2 SurfaceID Supply Vent Cable S Concrete Wall INERT Color EE Texture G MIRROR OPEN Surface Type Supply z Sheet Metal Air Flow Temperature Air Duct Species Injection Partide Injection Normal Flow Rate specify Velocity 8 33 ft s Specify Volume Flux 1 0 ft2 min Specify Total Mass Flux 0 0 Ib ft2 s Specify Mass Flux of Individual Species Tangential Velocity 0 0 0 0 ft s Slip Index Auto calculate Slip X E Ramp Up Time Default 10s Wind Profile Top Hat Default v Add From Library Rename Delete Apply ok Cancel Figure 6 17 Creating the supply vent surface In this model we will not explicitly represent the return duct Instead we will position the return vents on the outer boundary This has the advantage of simplicity and allows us to define these vents as open to the atmosphere To add the return vent to the model On the Model menu click New Vent In the Descripti
66. k OK to close the Create Group dialog To create the couch base 1 Onthe Model menu click New Obstruction 2 Inthe Description box type Base 3 Inthe Group list select Couch 4 Click on the Geometry tab In the Box Properties boxes enter the values in Table 5 1 see Figure 5 6 5 Click on the Surfaces tab Select Single and select Gypsum from the list 6 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Table 5 1 Couch base dimensions 32 Room Fire E Obstruction Properties General Geometry Surfaces Box Properties Min X LS Min Y 3 8 MaxX 3 1 Max Y 4 6 Cancel Figure 5 6 Input for the couch base To create the seat On the Model menu click New Obstruction In the Description box type Seat cushion In the Group list select Couch On the Geometry tab enter the values in Table 5 2 On the Surfaces tab select Single and select Upholstery from the list E a 9 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Table 5 2 Couch seat dimensions To create an armrest 1 2 3 4 5 6 On the Model menu click New Obstruction In the Description box type Right armrest In the Group list select Couch On the Geometry tab enter the values in Table 5 3 On the Surfaces tab select Single and select Upholstery from the list Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog 33 Room Fire Table 5 3 Right armrest dimensions We w
67. l View the Results You can use the SmokeView software to make plots of the results An image showing the smoke density is shown in Figure 6 21 An image showing the temperature contours on the slice planes is shown in Figure 6 22 An image showing the temperature contours on the surfaces is shown in Figure 6 23 71 Switchgear Fire Example MM switchgear SEE omokeview 5 5 14 May 19 2009 Misi awe Figure 6 21 Smoke in rooms at 100 seconds L switchgear Seles omokeview 5 5 14 May 19 2009 Figure 6 22 Temperature contours on slice places at 350 seconds 72 Switchgear Fire Example Slee L switchgear omokeview 5 5 14 May 19 2009 Figure 6 23 Temperature contours on the solid surfaces at 300 seconds To view time history results 1 Inthe PyroSim window on the FDS menu click Plot Time History Results 2 Adialog will appear showing the different types of 2D results that are available Select switchgear_devc csv and click Open to view the device output The first display will be the layer height in Room 3A Figure 6 24 73 Switchgear Fire Example El Time History Plots Layer Room 3A mon anno Time 2 Figure 6 24 Layer height in room 3A 74 Single Room Evacuation Chapter 7 Single Room Evacuation This example walks you through a minimal FDS EVAC example The scenario is based on the 4th test case in the IMO evacuation simulator verification problem list r amp evac ee
68. l Reference Guide Gaithersburg Maryland USA s n October 2007 NIST Special Publication 1018 5 McGrattan Kevin et al 2007 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 5 User s Guide Gaithersburg Maryland USA s n July 2007 NIST Special Publication 1019 5 2007 Verification and Validation of Selected Fire Models for Nuclear Power Plant Applications s l Washington DC USA U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Regulatory Research May 2007 NUREG 1824 EPRI 1011999 SFPE 2003 Engineering Guide Human Behavior in Fire Bethesda Maryland USA Society of Fire Protection Engineers June 2003 90
69. ll use an obstruction to define a wall 1 Onthe Model menu click New Obstruction 2 Inthe Description box type wall 3 Click on the Geometry tab Figure 5 6 21 E O Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 5 0 In the Min Y box type 4 0 and in the Max Y box type 4 2 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 4 Click OK to create the wall obstruction Obstruction Properties Box Properties Min X 0 0 Max 5 0 Cancel Figure 4 6 Creating the wall Add the Door 1 E ae In FDS holes are used to define openings through solid objects In this example we will use a hole to define a door On the Model menu click New Hole In the Description box type door Click on the Geometry tab In the Min X box type 2 0 and in the Max X box type 3 0 In the Min Y box type 3 9 and in the Max Y box type 4 3 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 2 0 Click OK to create the doorway hole Orbit the Model for a Better View 1 To reset the zoom and properly center the model press CTRL R PyroSim will now be looking straight down at the model along the Z axis 22 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door 2 Press the left mouse button in the 3D View and drag to orbit the model You can also unselect the Show Holes button so that the hole object will not be displayed and you will just se
70. nts Right click on the Model and select Show All Objects Hang a Picture to the Wall Let us hang a picture on the wall First decide what picture you want to hang 7 On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces In the Edit Surfaces dialog click New Give the Surface Name as Picture select the Surface Type as Adiabatic and click OK Click on the Texture box Click the Import button and select the image you want as a picture used the image call motorcycle jpg that is included in the PyroSim installation in the samples folder CA Program Files PyroSim 20121 samples The image you selected will be displayed Under the image click the Details tab Deselect the Lock aspect ratio checkbox then set the Width to 1 0 and the Height to 0 675 or whatever values are appropriate for your image Click OK to close the Textures dialog Click OK to close the Edit Surfaces dialog We now create a vent that uses the texture dE 2 3 On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Picture In the Group list select Model 39 Room Fire In the Surface list select Picture Under Texture Origin click to select Relative to Object Click the Geometry tab In the Plane list select Y and give the value as 4 599 Inthe Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 5 9 2a oe A Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog Table 5 9 Picture dimensions Create Thermocouple Records We will first create
71. o model components of the ventilation system in a building like a diffuser or a return In these cases the vent coordinates define a plane forming the boundary of the duct No holes need to be created air is supplied or exhausted by the vent You can also use vents as a means of applying a particular boundary condition to a rectangular patch on a surface A fire for example can be created by specifying a vent on either a mesh boundary or solid surface The vent surface defines the desired characteristics of fire Computational Mesh FDS calculations are performed within a domain made of rectilinear volumes called meshes Each mesh is divided into rectangular cells Two factors that must be considered when choosing the cell size are the required resolution to define objects in the model obstructions and the desired resolution for the flow dynamics solution including local fire induced effects Although geometric objects obstructions in an FDS analysis can be specified using dimensions that do not fall on cell coordinates during the FDS solution all faces of an obstruction are shifted to the closest cell If an obstruction is very thin the two faces may be approximated on the same cell face The FDS Users Guide McGrattan et al 2007 recommends that for full functionality obstructions should be specified to be at least one cell thick As a result the cell size must be selected small enough to reasonably represent the problem geometry In
72. on box type Return Vent 3B In the Group list select Vents In the Surface list select OPEN Click the Geometry tab In the Lies in the plane list select Y and type 0 0 In the Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 6 15 6 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog A Table 6 15 Return vent dimensions 64 Switchgear Fire Example Pm zm Copy to create the second return vent 1 2 3 4 5 6 To create the supply duct for Room 3B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Table 6 16 Supply duct dimensions In the Navigation View tree on left right click on Return Vent 3B and click Copy Move Click Copy and type 1 in the Number of Copies box In the Offset box for X type 30 5 Click OK This will create Return Vent 3B 1 Double click and change the name to Return Vent 3A Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog On the Model menu click New Obstruction In the Description box type Supply Duct In the Group list select Vents Click Specify Color The default gray color does not need to be changed Click the Geometry tab In the Bounding Box boxes enter the values in Table 6 16 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog Xft we Z Ft Add the supply vent to the supply duct in Room 3B I 2 3 4 5 On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Supply Vent 3B In the Group list select Vents In the Surface list select Supply Vent Cli
73. on temperature and begins to burn Here we use a vent for the burner fire on the couch On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Burner In the Group list select Model In the Surface list select Burner Click the Geometry tab In the Plane list select Z and give the value as 0 601 The small value greater than 0 6 ensures the vent is displayed above the couch Inthe Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 5 7 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog ea a a Table 5 7 Burner fire dimensions Floor The floor is also represented as a vent 1 On the Model menu click New Vent 38 or D oe Room Fire In the Description box type Floor In the Group list select Model In the Surface list select Pine Click on the Geometry tab In the Plane list select Z and give the value as 0 001 In the Bounds boxes enter the values in Table 5 8 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog Table 5 8 Open boundary dimensions EN Add an Open Boundary We will add an open boundary on the model outside the door PyroSim provides a shortcut that can create open vents on mesh boundaries 1 In the navigation view right click on the MESH and click Open Mesh Boundaries This will add a group named Vents for MESH that includes vents on each grid boundary Holding the CNTRL key click on all Grid Boundary Vents except the Vent Min Y for MESH Right click and delete the selected ve
74. one thermocouple near the ceiling and then replicate it to create a stack of thermocouples 1 On the Devices menu click New Thermocouple 2 Inthe Location boxes enterX 2 6 Y 2 3 andZ 2 1 3 Click OK to close the Thermocouple dialog To copy the thermocouple Right click on THCP and click Copy Move In the Mode select Copy with the Number of copies 5 In the Offset boxes enter X 0 0 Y 0 0 andZ 0 3 Click OK to close the Translate dialog i SP Create Slice Records for 3D Results Plotting Slice planes can be used to display 2D contours in the Smokeview display of the results In this analysis we will save temperature data for future plotting To define the slice plane 1 On the Output menu click Slices 2 Fill the table by entering the values in Table 5 10 You can click on the row number to select entire rows to copy and paste speeding the entry 3 Click OK to close the Animated Planar Slices dialog Table 5 10 Slice plane data XYZ Plane Plane Value m Gas Phase Quantity px 26 Temperature NO Create Boundary Records Temperatures and other quantities on the surface of objects can be plotted by selecting Surface Plots To define the surface plots 40 Room Fire 1 On the Output menu click Boundary Quantities 2 Click the Wall Temperature checkbox 3 Click OK to close the Animated Boundary Quantities dialog Specify Simulation Properties To define the end time On the F
75. r Fire Example During the creation of a PyroSim model it is recommended that you group the various parts of the model for purposes of editing and later viewing For example all walls will be placed in a sub group called Walls This allows us to quickly select this group to modify it or to hide it for viewing of other interior details The problem dimensions use English units as the primary values To switch to English units 1 Onthe View menu click Units 2 Select English Walls and Doors To make a new group On the Model menu click New Group In the Parent Group list select Model In the Group Name box type Walls Click OK to close the Create Group dialog PORN v 5 To define the dividing wall 1 On the Model menu click New Obstruction 2 Inthe Description box type Dividing Wall 3 Inthe Group list select Walls 4 Click on the Geometry tab In the Bounding Box boxes enter the values listed in Table 6 8 and shown in Figure 6 9 5 Click on the Surfaces tab select Single and select Concrete Wall from the list 6 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog 7 Inthe toolbar click to turn off the Show Mesh Divisions option The display should now look like Figure 6 10 Table 6 8 Dividing wall dimensions e We Zm min 28 5 0 0 0 0 93 Switchgear Fire Example Obstruction Properties File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bela t CVOE BEX BIAARKSA trome r
76. r flow using a supply vent and an open vent This tutorial demonstrates how to e Create vents e Add slice planes for velocity visualization e View 3D results using Smokeview r S airflow o la Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 vel Frame 126 Time 32 0 Figure 3 1 3D visualization of air flow in this example Before you begin ensure that you are using SI units see Chapter 1 Create Mesh In this example we will use a 10 m x 10 m x 10 m mesh with 0 5 m cells On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New Click OK to create the new mesh In the Min X box type 0 0 and in the Max X box type 10 0 In the Min Y box type 0 0 and in the Max Y box type 10 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 10 0 In the X Cells box type 20 In the Y Cells box type 20 Inthe Z Cells box type 20 10 Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Meshes dialog oe RM A a s 11 Air Movement E Edit Meshes Description Order Priority Specify Color Y Synchronize time step for tighter connection between meshes Mesh Alignment Test Passed Mesh Boundary m Min X 0 0 MaxX 10 0 Division Method Uniform X Cells 20 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Y Cells 20 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Z Cells 20 O Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Cell Size m 0 50 x 0 50 x 0 50 Number of cells For mesh 8000 Chair 0 Lea Figure 3 2
77. ress ENTER on your keyboard The control logic will now be displayed Figure 6 11 Click OK to create the control 8 Click OK to close the Vent Properties dialog You will notice that an Open Door control has been added to Controls in the Navigation View Table 6 9 Dividing door dimensions amw r RHH 28 5 11 25 0 0 max 30 75 17 25 6 0 99 Switchgear Fire Example YE New Control Input Type Time Detector Deadband Control e 0 Thermost ati Custom Action to Perform Create Actvate Remove Deactivate Multiple Create lt Drviding Door gt at t 300 0 s Figure 6 11 The contol logic that opens the dividing door We also will add the Room 3B entrance door We want this door to stay closed for 300 sec By default FDS assumes the boundary of a mesh is closed To define a door on the boundary we will first create an open vent on the mesh boundary then plug it with an obstruction that will be removed at 300 sec To add the entrance door to the model On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Entrance Door In the Group list select Walls In the Surface list select OPEN Click on the Geometry tab In the Lies in the Plane list select Y and type 28 5 In the Min X box type 20 0 and in the Max X box type 26 0 In the Min Z box type 0 0 and in the Max Z box type 8 0 Click OK to save the changes and close the Vent Properties dialog oS a ANS To define the blockag
78. ry Ver e Obstruction 41 Ss m G Figure 8 1 Ethanol pan model E m Z ethanol_pan_fire a E ve Smokeview 5 2 7 Novy 4 2008 Figure 8 2 Ethanol pan results 84 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 F D5 Calculated Experimental Data z g E Las E a wi fir I g g dd Las a T Da AL NA AS 100 0 200 0 300 0 400 0 300 0 Time sec Figure 8 3 Comparison of calculated and measured heat release rates Box Burn Away The box_burn_away fds example illustrates burning of a foam box The model is shown in Figure 8 4 A typical result is shown in Figure 8 5 The FDS input file can be downloaded at http fds smv googlecode com svn trunk FDS trunk Verification Fires box_burn_away fds YX PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Box Burn Away box_burn_away psm E T R 7 allele File Edit Model Devices Evac Qutput FDS View Help SHITET Vt DXB ACERA AAA Ex A a E ERMA APPEAR E ch E ZONEO Outer Zone O Reactions MO REACTION 2 4 Materials _ L FOAM E R Surfaces ADIABATIC f FOAMSLAB 423 Statistics EM Slices Edy Model n amp Grid Boundary Vents Obstruction 1 Figure 8 4 Foam box burn away model 85 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 amp A box_burn_away niel Smokeview 5 2 7 Nov 4 2006 Figure 8 5 Foam box burn away results Insulated Steel Column The insulate
79. s amamah B 2 kR H d Walls E Switchgear Cabinet 1 O EEN Figure 6 13 Making a copy of Cabinet 1 by dragging The final position will be 4 feet from the left and top boundaries Table 6 12 Dimensions for Cabinet 2 df ver zee min 4 0 18 5 0 0 Max 20 0 24 5 8 0 We now copy both cabinets using the Copy Move menu You could alternately use the Translate Objects tool as before 1 Using the Select and Manipulate Objects tool i press CTRL and click on both Cabinet 1 and Cabinet 2 Right click on either cabinet and click Copy Move Click Copy and type 1 in the Number of Copies box In the Offset box for X type 30 5 Click OK Change the cabinet names to Cabinet 3 and Cabinet 4 oy A E LO The cabinets are shown in Figure 6 14 99 Switchgear Fire Example YR PyroSim C PyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm E File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Beau eY ta XIE ACERS A tOM K FA ta um AE Show All Heos e Oa LAr MEAR e e E Switchgear Cabinet 1 Cabinet 2 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 6 14 The rooms showing the switchgear cabinets Cable Trays The cables are supported by ladder trays These trays are relatively open to air flow and have relatively little thermal mass compared to the cables Therefore we will not model the details of the trays but will just model the cables Fir
80. s y E SIS rda amp EEE lt 138 E 123 i as 2D View Record View Figure 5 8 The resulting room display Constucting complex objects can be time consuming If your geometry is available in DXF format PyroSim supports import For walls PyroSim provides sketching on a background image Alternately if you use the same geometry in many models you can create the geometry and save it You can then copy any object from one model to another You can even copy just the text from an FDS input file and paste it into a PyroSim model Walls We will add a wall using the 2D View Since we will be adding only one wall this wall could also be added quickly as a single obstruction However we will use the 2D view in order to demonstrate its use 1 Select the 2D View Select the Wall Tool Select the Tool Properties a icon Set the Z Location to 0 0 the Thickness to 0 24 the Height to 2 4 and change the Surface Prop to Gypsum Click OK 36 Room Fire 4 With the wall tool draw the wall from left to right along the Y 0 line Right click and select Finish to exit the drawing tool Hold down the Shift key to position the wall in the lower part of the model Error Reference source not found Gea arean re 23 E croup Model 4 D D D m show aios e a A OEA 1 E 09 o D p o El o Finish IND Align wall to left Align wall to rig
81. st make a cables group On the Model menu click New Group In the Parent Group list select Model In the Group Name box type Cables Click OK to close the Create Group dialog a 6 To prepare to draw the cables 1 Click 2D View This will display the sketch grid In the 2D View drawing tools toolbar left of window click the Draw an Obstruction tool To set the tool properties click Tool Properties a In the Z Location box type 8 5 In the Thickness box type 0 5 In the Surface Prop list select Cable Click OK to close the New Obstruction Properties dialog 4 Inthe 2D View action toolbar top of window select Cables in the Group list To draw cable A 1 Press and drag the mouse approximating the dimensions of cable A shown in Figure 6 1 After sketching the cable will be as shown in Figure 6 15 60 Switchgear Fire Example 2 Inthe 2D View action toolbar top of window click the Select and Manipulate Objects tool Double click on the cable to edit its properties In the Description box type Cable A On the Geometry tab enter the values in Table 6 13 in the Bounding Box boxes 4 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog YR PyroSim C PyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm ae f x File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help calau o0yBREX E Ed aaen X RIZ X x Moo cases sec Nns E Dobe e e ZONEO Outer Zone E Reactions E E 4
82. truction 32 0 5 36 404 BOWER 20 view REEVE Figure 6 12 Sketch of the lower left cabinet By default the cabinet sketch snapped to the sketch grid points To precisely define the dimensions of the cabinet 1 Inthe 2D View action toolbar top of window click the Select and Manipulate Objects tool Double click on the cabinet to edit its properties In the Description box type Cabinet 1 Click the Geometry tab In the Bounding Box boxes enter the values in Table 6 11 Click OK to close the Obstruction Properties dialog AA A Table 6 11 Cabinet Dimensions pt YI TS wa T 4 0 4 0 0 0 Max 20 0 10 0 8 0 We will now copy the first cabinet using the Translate Objects tool in the 2D View dl Za 3 4 Using the Select and Manipulate Objects tool i click on Cabinet 1 Click the Translate Objects tool gt Press the CTRL key to create a copy and drag upward to create a second cabinet Figure 6 13 Click the Select and Manipulate Objects tool le 58 Switchgear Fire Example 5 Double click on the new cabinet and change the name to Cabinet 2 On the Geometry tab set the dimensions for Cabinet 2 given in Table 6 12 YR PyroSim C PyroSim Examples Switchgear switchgear psm gt 5 X File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help SRI M S RISE sd AGE i t SOn r EDE 2 amp E aaun Switchgear y AAA ASE AS A ZONEO Outer Zone HE Reaction
83. u click Save Save the model in a new directory 6 Onthe FDS menu click Run FDS This will start the analysis At the end of the analysis Smokeview will be launched to view the results Important If PyroSim doesn t fully support a FDS input file it will issue a warning that includes information about how it handled the unfamiliar records In some cases PyroSim is able to add records to the Additional Records section and the simulation is unaffected However if records are dropped i e omitted from the simulation the simulation results will no longer represent the original intent of the example problem Ethanol Pan Fire The ethanol_pan fds example illustrates an ethanol pan fire The model is shown in Figure 8 1 A typical result is shown in Figure 8 2 The FDS input file can be downloaded at http fds smv googlecode com svn trunk FDS trunk Validation VU_Ethanol_ Pan_Fire FDS_Input_Files VU_ Ethan ol Pan_Fire fds 83 Example Problems Provided with FDS 5 fa YR PyroSim CAPyroSim Examples Ethanol Pan Fire ethanol_pan_fire psm File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help ABACO xr 9 4 E Show All Floors JE RMCA 2 EBRO e an E ETHANOL LIQUID 4 STEEL om Surfaces ADIABATIC OPEN 8 STEEL SHEET 7 25 Devices Burn rate con flux heat flux int flux rad flux temp 0 mm temp back Results 0 22 Statistics Y D Slices Eh Model 5 de Grid Bounda
84. u will simulate an 800 kW fire in the corner of a 5m x 5m room The room has a 1m doorway You will learn how to measure smoke layer height in the compartment and heat flow though the doorway In this tutorial you will e Create an 800 kW burner fire e Create a doorway using a hole e Adda flow measurement device e Adda layer zoning device to measure layer height e View 3D results using Smokeview e View 2D results using PyroSim E E smoke Smokeview 5 3 14 May 19 2009 M121 wim Frame 546 ime 25 74 i Figure 4 1 Smoke in the model Before you begin ensure that you are using SI units see Chapter 1 Create the Burner Surface Surfaces are used to define the properties of objects in your FDS model In this example we define a burner surface that releases heat at a rate of 800 kW m2 On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces Click New In the Surface Name box type burner Figure 5 2 In the Surface Type list select Burner Click OK to create the new default burner surface a A 18 Smoke Layer Height and Heat Flow Through a Door New Surface Surface Name burner O Surface Type Burner z Template Surface f INERT Cancel Figure 4 2 Creating a new burner surface 1 Inthe Description box type 800 kW m2 burner Figure 5 3 2 Inthe Heat Release Rate HRR box type 800 3 Click OK to save changes and close the Edit
85. urner surface Burner Fire New Surface burner Surface Name Surface Type Burner Template Surface MM INERT Cone Figure 2 3 Inserting a new burner surface 1 Inthe Description box type 500 kW m burner Figure 2 4 2 Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Surfaces dialog E Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC Surface ID burner Description 500 kW m2 burner INERT MIRROR Color MN Texture G OPEN Surface Type Burner Heat Release Particle Injection Heat Release O Heat Release Rate HRR 500 0 kW m Mass Loss Rate 0 0 kg m2 s Ramp Up Time Default Extinguishing Coefficient Temperature Fixed Heat Flux Surface Temperature NeW Convective Heat Flux Add From Library Ramp Up Time Default v Rename Emissivity Net Heat Flux Delete Figure 2 4 Defining parameters for the burner surface Create the Burner Vent In this example we use a vent and the previously created burner surface to define the fire Recall that in FDS a vent can be a 2D surface used to apply boundary conditions on a rectangular patch 1 Onthe Model menu click New Vent 2 Inthe Description box type burner vent Figure 2 5 3 Inthe Surface list select burner This specifies that the previously created burner surface will define the properties of the vent Click on the
86. x 3 Inthe Particle Type list select Tracer 4 Click OK Create Vents Vents are used to define flow conditions in a model Vents are 2D objects and must be aligned with one of the model planes In this example we will use a vent and the previously created Blow surface to create the wind source On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Vent blow 3 Inthe Surface list select Blow This specifies that the previously created surface will define the properties of the vent 4 Click on the Geometry tab In the Plane list select X and set the value to 0 0 5 Inthe Min Y box type 3 0 and in the Max Y box type 7 0 6 Inthe Min Z box type 3 0 and in the Max Z box type 7 0 7 Click OK 13 Air Movement Vent Properties Specification Activation Events Description vent blow Group L Model v Type OB Blow v C Specify Color C Texture Origin m Relative to object 0 0 mM 0 0 2 0 0 Geometry m Lies in the Plane xX vw 0 0 Normal Direction Automatic Recommended v Bounds Min Y 3 0 Min Z 3 0 Max Y 7 0 Max 2 7 0 Figure 3 5 Creating the new blow vent To create the open exhaust vent On the Model menu click New Vent In the Description box type Vent open In the Surface list select Open Click on the Geometry tab In the Plane list select X and type 10 0 In the Min Y box type 3 0 and in the Max Y box type 7 0
87. y to save the changes 30 Room Fire Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC a Surface ID Pine ps Description MIRROR OPEN Color 65 Texture EA Surface Type Layered Material Layers Surface Props Reaction Species Injection Particle Injection Layer Divide Material Layers Thickness m Material Composition Edit Insert Row 1 1 0E 02 1 0 YELLOW PINE Edit j S Remove Row l A Move Up 2 Move Down I Copy a Paste Add From Library de Cut Rename Delete i OK Cancel Figure 5 5 Creating the floor surface We will 5 use gypsum for the walls In the Edit Surfaces dialog click New Give the Surface Name as Gypsum select the Surface Type as Layered and click OK Click on the Color box and select a gray color e g RGB of 0 7 0 7 0 7 Click OK to close the Surface Color dialog In the Material Layers panel in the Thickness column type 0 013 Click the Edit button In the Mass Fraction column type 1 0 In the Material column select GYPSUM Click OK to close the Composition dialog In the Edit Surfaces dialog click Apply to save the changes For the upholstery In the Edit Surfaces dialog click New Give the Surface Name as Upholstery select the Surface Type as Layered and click OK Click on the Color box and select a color e g

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