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Introducing Bluefruit EZ-Key
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1. so ee eee ee eevee so e t o u o Q mn Lad Lu Pe m ee SAARRA EREEREER D AAA o oo o o o o o To USB Console Cable 999999999999 9 5 9 9999999 9 9 99 9c hee o o oooooo o so evcoe9v9ov9vvvvevoevoovvoeveoc CCC CCC COT OOOO OOOO a E g n 8 e 88 88 eee e uu 0 o 12 o o 9999 9 If using an FTDI friend connect the TX pin of the EZ Key to the RX pin on your FTDI friend and the RX pin to the TX pin receiver goes to transmit Also be sure to power the EZ Key You do not have to pair it for this remapping You will have to put the EZ Key into re mapping mode To do this the pair button must be pressed while the module is powered up The easiest way to do this is to disconnect the red Vin wire from the console cable press down on the button then plug in the red wire that s it As a safety procedure every time you power the module with the re pair button pressed to enter remapping mode it will reload the default keymap This is so if you somehow really mess things up you can always get back to the default keymap without a console cable O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 48 of Industries hid keyboard age 8 of 59 Load Processing Sketch We wrote the re mapping software in Processing Processing is cross platform and easy to install http
2. adafru it e2C Please download Processing v1 5 1 http adafru it cK1 since that s known to work You ll also need to download and install the ControlP5 library Click to download the ControlP5 library http adafru it djs Then click below to download the remap software EZ Key Remapper zip http adafru it cK2 Uncompress and open the remapper pde in Processing Plug in the USB console cable or FTDI adapter Select Sketch gt Run menu item and look in the debug window below you should see Found Serial Ports and then a list of ports On Windows it will be something like COM1 COM2 COMI3 etc On Mac Linux it will be something like dev USBtty or dev cu usbserial O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 49 of Industries hid keyboard age 9 of 59 r processing_remap Processing 1 5 1 File Edit Sketch Tools Help 00 ngun processing_remap hid keys set key report 10 MODIFIER NONE KEY S KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid keys set key reporc ll MODIFIER NONE KEY D KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE outputzhid keys generate output printin output intln hid keys output length printin Found Serial ports printin Serial list myPort new Serial this COM3 9600 nyPort bufferUntil in m A void draw 1 4 Copy and paste the list into a notepad now F
3. After that it will auto connect If you ever have difficulties with auto connecting especially if you do a system update or upgrade just follow the pairing procedure from the beginning lt only takes a few minutes The following GIF shows meaning of the red LED on board Not paired Discoverable Trying connecting host Connected to host Error reconnect in 15s if paired Remapping mode O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 8 of 59 Windows This page will show you how to pair your Bluefruit EZ Key to a Windows computer It s tested on XP and 7 but should work similarly with Windows 8 You only have to pair once after the EZ Key is paired to a computer it will auto connect from then on First up you ll have to make sure you have Bluetooth v2 1 or greater on your computer Many laptops have BT built in and unless its a really old machine lt 2008 the built in BT should be OK If you do not have BT built in you ll need a USB dongle such as this one http adafru it 1327 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries P f hid keyboard age 9 of 59 Step 0 Install USB adapter 99 of the time you can just plug it in and Windows will automatically install the drivers as there are only two main chipsets CSR amp Broadcom and they have built in support Step 1 Power the Bluefruit
4. adafruit learning system Introducing Bluefruit EZ Key Guide Contents Guide Contents 2 Overview 4 Pinouts 6 Top Row 6 Grounds and Vin 6 Control and LEDs 6 Bottom Row 7 Left Port 6 pins 7 Pairing to Bluefruit 8 Windows 9 Step 0 Install USB adapter 10 Step 1 Power the Bluefruit EZ Key and Press the Pair Button 10 Step 2 Pair using Windows Bluetooth services 10 Mac 15 Step 1 Power the Bluefruit EZ Key and Press the Pair Button 15 Step 2 Pair Using MacOS Bluetooth Service 15 Linux e g Raspberry Pi 22 Step 0 Plug in BT Adapter 23 Step 1 Update amp Install Bluez 23 Step 2 Power the Bluefruit EZ Key and Press the Pair Button 26 Step 3 Scan amp Connect to Bluefruit Module 26 User Manual 29 Dimensions in Inches amp mm 30 Sending Keys Mouse Via Serial 33 Printable character keymap 33 Non printable Characters 36 Raw HID Keyboard Reports 37 Raw HID Mouse Reports 41 Raw HID Consumer Reports 42 Testing Sketch Arduino 43 Remapping the Buttons Serial 48 Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 2 of 59 Industries hid keyboard Load Processing Sketch 49 Customizing Keys 52 Remapping the Buttons Wireless 54 Text style over the air remapper 55 FAQ 59 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 3 of 59 Industries hid keyboard Overview Create your own wireless Bluetooth keyboard controller in an hour with the Bl
5. is bit 12 the bitmask is 0x00 0x10 You can these together like mouse report void consumerCommand BT write OxFD BT write byte 0x00 BT write byte 0x02 BT write mask0 BT write mask1 byte 0x00 byte Ox00 byte Ox00 byte Ox00 BT write BT write BT write byte 0x00 5 BT write O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 42 of 59 Industries hid keyboard M For example if we wanted to click the Play Pause consumerCommand 0x40 0x00 Then release it consumerCommand 0x00 0x00 Testing Sketch Arduino We use this code to generate test the various UART sendable characters you can use it for reference to control via an Arduino or other microcontroller Remember that some of these non printing characters can really confuse your computer so use with care Adafruit tes ncommen search com artic Connect the RX pin on the EZ Key to digital 2 on the include lt SoftwareSerial h gt SoftwareSerial BT SoftwareSerial 3 2 void printabletest Serial printin Testing printable 0x20 0x7E for char c Mor C Serial write c BT write c delay 10 BT write n delay 3000 Serial read eat one char Serial printIn for uint16 t i20 i lt 200 i while Serial available Serial write Serial read delay 10 Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluef
6. 2 KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid keys set key report 8 MODIFIER NONE KEY VU KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE That s it you can use it immediately with the new keymap O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 58 of 59 FAQ What is the current draw for Bluefruit Bluefruit requires 3VDC there s an onboard regulator for providing nice clean power It draws 25mA at all times while paired and an extra 2mA on average during transmission When the module is in Reset mode Reset tied low it draws 2 3mA quiescent What is the latency fly time for the 12 GPIO buttons For Bluefruit v1 0 latency is about 100 120ms For v1 1 and later October 22 2013 latency is 25 35ms There is some jitter in the latency but we find its not that noticeable Is it possible to firmware update Bluefruits There is no way to re program or update Bluefruit modules internal firmware the key remapping is changing the EEPROM data not the program storage How come the EZ Key can be sluggish on Android There s some issues with Android 4 1 thru 4 4 that cause Bluetooth to act odd due to WiFi interference Try turning off WiFi to see if that helps check this post for details http adafru it djF O Adafruit Industries Last Updated 2015 09 29 06 19 10 PM EDT Page 59 of 59
7. 3 16VDC and the power input is reverse polarity protected Connect the positive wire from your battery to Vin and ground to the Grounds or G pin There is an output from the onboard 3 3V voltage regulator on pin 3v that will let you snag 100mA of current for other sensors microcontrollers or whatever Control and LEDs To the right of the power pins there are some control pins e RS this is the reset pin To reset the module pull this pin to ground It does not affect pairing e L2 this is the same output that is connected to the Pair LED If you want to put this in a box and have an external Pair indicator LED wire an LED from this pin through a 1K resistor to O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 6 of 59 Industries hid keyboard we ground e PB this is the pair button pin It is connected to the button onboard that is used to reset the pairing If you want to make another external pair button connect a switch from this key to 3V not grouna e L1 this is the same output that is connected to the Key LED If you want to put this in a box and have an external Key press indicator LED wire an LED from this pin through a 1K resistor to ground e RX this is the UART input used if you want to send UART gt Keypress data or re map the buttons It is 5V compliant use 3V 5V TTL logic 9600 baud e TX this is the UART output used for watching debug data or re mapping the buttons I
8. ez key diy bluetooth P 4 of Industries hid keyboard age 54 of 59 mouse keyboard consumer reports you want Mouse reports can be X movement Y movement wheel and three different buttons in any combination Keyboard reports can be up to 6 keystroke commands with modifiers ascii type non printing etc Consumer reports are special commands such as volume up volume down iPhone keyboard display hide and cannot be mixed or combined unlike mouse amp Keyboard You can also save and load your keymap which is handy for trying out different mappings E GUI EZKey remapper oJolelolelo DEFAULT_ZMAP LOAD MAP 2 Et 7 tert 10 Y ET Click key pins to remop Me ET T E U T LEA Z P EIE 5 space RETURN 6 MA Lotrl Lolt Home 30 B em Play Pause ym 8 VolumeDown oO m KEYBOARD A 0 ADO_KEY CLEAR_KEY SAVE_MAP SEND_MAP Key O added 00001E0000000000000220000000000000024000000000000002100000000000 05004A000000000000002C280000000000002C00000000002000060000000000 000300FE00000000000300020000000000030200000000000003010000000000 o000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 When you re done click SEND MAP to send it to your Bluefruit In the main Processing window you should see the text report indicate that it found a Bluefruit and also that it sent data with a Checksum Match Text style over the air remapper O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefru
9. once Its advanced but super useful for when you want to have fine control of keypresses Raw HID reports start with OXFD and have 8 bytes following For keyboard its OxFD modifiers 0x00 keycode1 keycode2 keycode3 keycode4 keycode5 keycode6 Raw USB HID keycodes are not the same as ASCII Here s a list of USB HID keycodes its in java format but you get the idea you can also get another list here http www freebsddiary org APC usb hid usages php http adafru it cQV under 7 Keyboard MODIFIER NONE MODIFIER CONTROL LEFT MODIFIER SHIFT LEFT MODIFIER ALT LEFT O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 37 of 59 Industries hid keyboard ee final byte MODIFIER GUI LEFT byte 1 lt lt 3 final byte MODIFIER CONTROL RIGHT byte 1 lt lt 4 final byte MODIFIER SHIFT RIGHT byte 1 5 final byte MODIFIER ALT RIGHT byte 1 6 final byte MODIFIER GUI RIGHT byte 1 7 Values for usbHidKeyboardInput key Codes Only the key codes for common keys are defined here See Hut1_12 pdf for a full list inal byte KEY NONE byte 0x00 f final byte KEY A final byte KEY B final byte KEY C final byte KEY D final byte KEY E final byte KEY F final byte KEY G final byte KEY H final byte KEY 1 f f f f inal byte KEY J inal byte KEY K inal byte KEY L inal byte KEY M inal byte KEY N inal byte KEY O inal byte KEY P inal byte KEY
10. that difficult to do Bluefruit v1 1 Oct 22 2013 or later supports over the air key remapping and also you can map the pins to mouse movement or mouse clicks Bluefruit v1 2 Nov 7 2013 or later We have added support for mapping buttons to some Consumer Report keys also known as Multimedia buttons You can use the graphical remapper for the consumer keys Over the air remapping is suggested since there s no wiring required and you can do it at any time You just need to make sure the Bluefruit is paired to your computer It s been tested on Mac and Windows but should also work on Linux You ll need to install Processing v1 5 1 to run the remapper http adafru it cK1 We suggest 1 5 1 2 0 may not work If v1 5 is giving you problems though try v2 You will also need to download and install the ControlP5 library In Windows you should use the 32 bit version of Processing Download the ControlP5 Llbrary http adafru it djs Then download the zip with the wireless remapper code GUI EZ Key Remapper 12 20 2013 http adafru it d2B Uncompress and open the GUI EZKey remapper pde in Processing Make sure the Bluefruit is paired to your computer since we need to be paired in order to send it the new keycodes Select Sketch gt Run or click the play button to start the graphical remapper You can now select the pins and then using the menus below select what Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit
11. 5C 5D 5E 5F Hex 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F IN lt ix s i lt s elalolziolvlolz Glyph o ojo o mo J Q Page 35 of 59 111 0000 111 0001 111 0010 111 0011 111 0100 111 0101 1110110 111 0111 111 1000 111 1001 111 1010 111 1011 111 1100 111 1101 111 1110 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 Non printable Characters 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E xI sz lec len IN lt There s a lot of other keycodes you may want to send here is the mapping from the 8 bit byte to the keycode sent HEX Keyname 0x01 Insert 0x02 Home 0x03 Page Up 0x04 Delete 0x05 End 0x06 Page Down 0x07 Right Arrow 0x08 Backspace 0x09 Tab 0x0A Enter 0x0B Left Arrow 0x0C Down Arrow Ox0D Enter O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 36 of 59 Ox0E Up Arrow OxOF Ox1A F1 F12 0x1B Esc 0x1C Caps Lock 0x1D Scroll Lock Ox1E Break Ox1F Num Lock 0x20 0x7E Printable Ascii Ox7F Toggle iOS Keyboard OxEO Left Control OxE1 Left Shift OxE2 Left Alt OxE3 Left GUI OxE4 Right Control OxE5 Right Shift OxE6 Right Alt OxE7 Right GUI Raw HID Keyboard Reports Bluefruit can send raw HID Keyboard reports This allows sending any modifier keys up to 6 keycodes at
12. EZ Key and Press the Pair Button The title of this step is pretty much what you have to do Remember that you have solder the 0 1 headers to the module or at least solder wires to the Vin and Ground connections Connect Vin to 3 to 16VDC 5V is ideal and ground to the ground power wire e t e e 99 You should see the red LED blink Now press the mini button on the EZ Key for 5 seconds and release this will erase any old pairing information and let you re pair to your computer The red LED will now blink at a steady once a second Step 2 Pair using Windows Bluetooth services In the Control Panel find the Add Bluetooth Device entry O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 10 of 59 Industries hid keyboard or Control Panel Home Devices and Printers P Adds Bluetooth device nd Securi System a urity Change Bluetooth settings Network and Internet View devices and printers erde WA Network and Sharing Center Programs am Set up a connection or network User Accounts and Family Safety e Search Windows Help and Support for bluetooth Appearance and Personalization Clock Language and Region Ease of Access Wait a minute until you see the Adafruit Keyboard device show up with the full ID name it will look like this O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 11 of Industrie
13. GHT byte 0xE7 Here is the Arduino function we use to send a raw keyCommand For example if you want to send the keystroke for the letter a no shift you ll want to call keyCommand 0 4 to press the keycode 4 a followed by a release keyCommand 0 0 if you want to send the keystroke for SHIFT a you ll want to call keyCommand MODIFIER SHIFT LEFT 4 if you want to send the keystroke for CTRL SHIFT a you ll want to call keyCommand MODIFIER SHIFT LEFT MODIFIER CONTROL LEFT 4 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 40 of 59 Industries hid keyboard A You can also send multiple keystrokes chords If you want to press a and b at the same time send keyCommand 0 4 5 for keycodes 4 and 5 at the same time You can send up to 6 consecutive keys at once don t forget to send the release key up command or the key will be stuck void keyCommand modifiers keycodel keycode2 0 keycode 0 keycode4 0 keycode5 0 keycode6 0 BT write I mmand BT write modifiers BT write byte BT write keycodel BT write keycode2 BT write keycode4 BT write keycode5 BT write keycode6 D BT write keycode3 y 1 Raw HID Mouse Reports As of v1 1 shipping Oct 22 2013 Bluefruit can also send raw HID Mouse reports This allows moving and clicking a virtual mouse Mouse reports are r
14. IER NONE KEY RETURN KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE k MODIFIER NONE KEY SPACE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE t key report 6 MODIFIER NONE KEY 1 KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE j report 7 MODIFIER NONE KEY 2 KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid_keys s hid_keys set_key_report 8 MODIFIER NONE KEY VU KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 7 of 5 Industries hid keyboard age 57 of 59 r HID_EZKey_remapper Processing 1 5 1 sii File Edit Sketch Tools Help 00 DEER HID EZKey remapper void setup Hid keys hid keyssnev Hid keys key report 0 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW UP KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE key report 1 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW DOWN KEY NONE KEY NOME KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE et key report 2 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW LEFT KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE s set key report 3 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW RIGHT KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid k MODIFIER NONE KEY RETURN KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid ke MODIFIER NONE KEY SPACE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid k et key report 6 MODIFIER NONE KEY 1 KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE ys hid keys set key report 7 MODIFIER NONE KEY
15. Manual AAA Battery lt EERE i Aaonea vyy AAA Battery SEE za Asanea yyy The user manual is the shortest page of this guide because its really really easy to get going 1 Power the EZ Key with 3 16VDC power Batteries work great 3 or 4 alkaline or rechargeable 1 5V a 9V Lithium lon Polymer Lead acid Whatever you have Pair the EZ Key to your computer laptop tablet or phone Connect one side of a switch to GPIO 0 through 11 Connect the other side to Ground Open up a notepad or text editor on the paired computer Press the switch to send a key code Profit m E m You will be able to see the green LED blink every time it detects a switch and sends the keycode Since GPIO 0 through 3 are arrow keys they might be more difficult to detect if the notepad software is empty Try GPIO 4 through 11 which send printable characters When a switch is pressed a KEYDOWN command is sent when it is release a matching KEYUP goes out You can have up to 6 switches pressed at once and it will be like they were pressed all at the same time 6 is a strict limit of Bluetooth Don t forget You don t have to use a plain clicky switch Try tilt sensors reed switches conductive velcro big stompy buttons arcade joysticks ANYTHING that makes breaks two contacts Here is the default switch to key mapping 0 Up Arrow 311 Down Arrow 2 Left Arrow 3 Right Arrow O Adafruit https learn adafruit c
16. P 26 of 59 Industries hid keyboard id nr J gy pi raspberrypi roa See that long number before the name Starts with 00 18 Each module has a unique identifier number Your setup will have a different ID so be sure to type out the exact same ID you have We will proceed as if you were pairing to the module on my desk We will now create a device for the keyboard Type in sudo bluez simple agent hci0 00 18 96 B0 04 82 But changing it to the ID number you have ep pi raspberrypi a5 44 A 60 E Next we will trustthis keyboard Type in sudo bluez test device trusted 00 18 96 B0 04 82 yes don t forget that yes at the end followed by sudo bluez test device trusted 00 18 96 B0 04 82 no yes at the end You should see a 1 after the last command If you get a 0 try again check that you typed the s right O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 27 of 59 nm Eos pi Finally we can connect The last command to run is sudo bluez test input connect 00 18 96 B0 04 82 If you want to ever remove the pairing type in sudo bluez test device remove 00 18 96 B0 04 82 Now you will notice the red LED on the module blink slower pi raspbe Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 28 of 59 Industries hid keyboard nd User
17. Q inal byte KEY R inal byte KEY S inal byte KEY T inal byte KEY U inal byte KEY V final byte KEY W final byte KEY X final byte KEY Y final byte KEY Z final byte KEY 1 final byte KEY 2 final byte KEY 3 final byte KEY 4 final byte KEY 5 final byte KEY 6 f f inal byte KEY 7 inal byte KEY 8 final byte KEY 9 final byte KEY 0 final byte KEY RETURN AD O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P f Industries hid keyboard age 38 of 59 final byte KEY BACKSPACE final byte KEY TAB final byte KEY SPACE final byte KEY MINUS final byte KEY EQUAL inal byte KEY BRACKET LEFT 0 byte KEY BRACKET RIGHT byte byte KEY BACKSLASH byte 0 byte KEY EUROPE 1 byte 0 byte KEY SEMICOLON byte C byte KEY_APOSTROPHE byte 0x34 byte KEY_GRAVE byte 0x35 byte KEY_COMMA byte byte KEY_PERIOD byte 0x3 byte KEY_SLASH byte 0x byte KEY CAPS LOCK t byte KEY_F1 inal byte KEY F2 inal byte KEY F3 inal byte KEY F4 inal byte KEY F5 inal byte KEY F6 inal byte KEY F7 inal byte KEY F8 inal byte KEY F9 final byte KEY F10 final byte KEY F11 x44 final byte KEY_F12 byte 0x45 final byte KEY PRINT SCREEN byte 0x46 final byte KEY SCROLL LOCK 0x47 f f f f inal byte KEY PAUSE inal byte KEY INSERT inal byte KEY HOME inal byte KEY PAGE UP final byte KEY DELETE inal byte KEY END inal byte KEY PAGE DOWN byte 0 inal byte KEY AR
18. ROW RIGHT inal byte KEY ARROW LEFT inal byte KEY ARROW DOWN inal byte KEY ARROW UP inal byte KEY NUM LOCK f f f f f f f f inal byte KEY KEYPAD DIVIDE final byte KEY KEYPAD MULTIPLY byte 0 byte 0x50 byte byte C byte 0 byte 0 byte 0 final byte KEY KEYPAD SUBTRACT byte 0 final byte KEY KEYPAD ADD O Adafruit Industries byte 0 https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth hid keyboard Page 39 of 59 final byte KEY KEYPAD 1 final byte KEY KEYPAD 2 final byte KEY KEYPAD 3 final byte KEY KEYPAD 4 final byte KEY KEYPAD 5 final byte KEY KEYPAD 6 final byte KEY KEYPAD 7 final byte KEY KEYPAD 8 final byte KEY KEYPAD 9 final byte KEY KEYPAD 0 final byte KEY KEYPAD DECIMAL final byte KEY EUROPE 2 gt Pad 91 tO a O Pad D gr 22 ug byte byte byte 0x62 EA EN AN AA A A o x lt ep bh byte 0x64 byte 0x63 final byte KEY APPLICATION byte 0x65 final byte KEY POWER byte 0x66 final byte KEY_KEYPAD_EQUAL byte 0x67 final byte KEY_F13 byte 0x68 final byte KEY_F14 byte 0x69 final byte KEY_F15 byte 0x6A final byte KEY_CONTROL_LEFT byte OxE0 final byte KEY SHIFT LEFT zbyte OxE 1 final byte KEY ALT LEFT byte 0xE2 final byte KEY GUI LEFT byte 0xE3 final byte KEY CONTROL RIGHT byte 0xE4 final byte KEY SHIFT RIGHT byte 0xE5 final byte KEY_ALT_RIGHT byte 0xE6 final byte KEY_GUI_RI
19. ccesfully Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 14 of Industries hid keyboard age 14099 Mac This page will show you how to pair your Bluefruit EZ Key to a Mac OS X computer Connecting to OS is nearly identical You only have to pair once after the EZ Key is paired to a computer it will auto connect from then on We have never found a Mac without BT built in so lucky for you no extra module is required http adafru it 1327 Step 1 Power the Bluefruit EZ Key and Press the Pair Button The title of this step is pretty much what you have to do Remember that you have solder the 0 1 headers to the module or at least solder wires to the Vin and Ground connections Connect Vin to 3 to 16VDC 5V is ideal and ground to the ground power wire non ee eeeee eevee eevee 9 9 9 You should see the red LED blink Now press the mini button on the EZ Key for 5 seconds and release this will erase any old pairing information and let you re pair to your computer The red LED will now blink at a steady once a second Step 2 Pair Using MacOS Bluetooth Service In the System Preferences find the Bluetooth icon O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 15 of 59 Industries hid keyboard eee eoo System Preferences Personal E e u mM E uy Q General Desktop amp Dock Mission Language Security Spotlight Notificati
20. edit to allow passkey less pairing Run sudo nano usr bin bluez simple agent To edit the agent that manages BT pairing Type Control W to search for KeyboardDisplay O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 24 of 59 pi raspberrypi GNU nano 2 2 6 File usr bin bluez simple agent File usr bin bluez simple agent Modified Step 2 Power the Bluefruit EZ Key and Press the Pair Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 25 of 59 Industries hid keyboard 9 Button The title of this step is pretty much what you have to do Remember that you have solder the 0 1 headers to the module or at least solder wires to the Vin and Ground connections Connect Vin to 3 to 16VDC 5V is ideal and ground to the ground power wire 99099 s eevee o 99 999 You should see the red LED blink Now press the mini button on the EZ Key for 5 seconds and release this will erase any old pairing information and let you re pair to your computer The red LED will now blink at a steady once a second Step 3 Scan amp Connect to Bluefruit Module Now it s time to find the Bluefruit device Run hcitool scan to scan for devices You may have to run it once or twice to see the Adafruit device pop up O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth
21. elative movement So you can send go left 4 units but you cant send go to absolute location x y Raw HID reports start with OXFD and have 8 bytes following For mouse its OxFD 0x00 0x03 buttons left right up down 0x0 0x0 0x0 For buttons its a bitmask left button button 0 is 0x01 right button button 1 is 0x02 etc so that button n is 1 lt lt n you can these together up down left right are again relative movements You can move up to 127 up left to 127 down right units at a time O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 41 of 59 Industries hid keyboard En void mouseCommand buttons BT write OxFD BT write byte 0x00 BT write byte 0x03 BT write buttons BT write x BT write y BT write byte Ox BT write byte Ox BT write byte Ox For example if we wanted to click the left button and drag the mouse down 50 units send mouseCommand 0x1 0 50 Raw HID Consumer Reports As of v1 2 Bluefruit can send raw HID consumer reports There are Home KeyboardLayout Search Snapshot VolumeUp VolumeDown Play Pause Fast Forward Rewind Scan Next Track Scan Previous Track Random Play Stop keys you can use with a 2 bytes bitmask Raw HID consumer report start with OXFD and have 8 bytes following For consumer keys its OxFD 0x00 0x02 bitmask bitmask 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 Home is bit 0 the bitmask is 0x01 0x00 Stop
22. for other machines and distros we hope Check your distro documentation if this doesn t work Thanks to htip www correlatedcontent com blog bluetooth keyboard on the raspberry pi http adafru it CJW for the details You only have to pair once after the EZ Key is paired to a computer it will auto connect from then on First up you ll have to make sure you have Bluetooth v2 1 or greater on your computer Many laptops have BT built in and unless its a really old machine lt 2008 the built in BT should be OK If you do not have BT built in you ll need a USB dongle such as this one http adafru it 1327 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 22 of 59 Industries hid keyboard oro Step 0 Plug in BT Adapter With the Raspberry Pi off plug in the BT module and reboot otep 1 Update amp Install Bluez Make sure you have Internet connectivity on your Pi so you can install the following updates amp software for Bluetooth control All of the following must be typed into a Terminal window or Console or Command line sudo apt get update sudo update rc d f dbus defaults sudo apt get install bluez python gobject O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 23 of 59 Industries hid keyboard oS Now run hcitool dev to see the bluetooth USB module Lastly we ll make a minor
23. ggling the virtual keyboard on iOS New in v1 1 shipping as of Oct 22 2013 We ve made Bluefruit EZ Key even better you can now map keys to mouse button clicks and mouse movement up down left right as well as send mouse commands over the UART We also now have over the air remapping no serial cable required to re map the pins New in v1 2 shipping as of Nov 7 2013 We have added support for mapping buttons to some Consumer Report keys also known as Multimedia buttons SAN O o Dluefruit e Oo TL 20 Ondatruit BluetrGitO O12 Button E2 Key O QKsGb ard 2 EM e Bloletoot HID le Nin 3 16U O Preys button tor 5 sec to re pair Pull pins lou to send keypresses O proarammng conn A00 0 000V Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 5 of 59 Industries hid keyboard mee Pinouts NP exo xo V Grounds ER 55833553388 5N0 This is a tour of all the pins available on the EZ Key module The module consists of a CSR BlueCore with custom firmware on a breakout PCB The PCB makes it easy to use and hard to break Every pin and connection you want is available on the breakout board and there s even some handy mounting holes Let s take a tour of the pins Starting with the top control 8 power pins Top Row Grounds and Vin To use this module you will need to at least power it Powering it is easy though you can give it anywhere between
24. ile gt Run it again this time with the USB console cable unplugged The list should be one line shorter In this case COM3 is missing That means that the cable name is COM3 in the line myPort new Serial this COM3 9600 Change COM3 to whatever the cable name is Again for Mac or Linux it will probably be dev cu something Replug in the FTDI Console cable Select File gt Run again to start the script with the correct dev or COM port Now disconnect the red wire that is powering the EZ Key press and hold the Pair button on the module and reconnect the red wire You should see Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 50 of 59 Industries hid keyboard Adafruit Bluefruit HID 9 18 2013 Remap ready Appear in the bottom half of the screen Now click that large gray square window to remap You should see OK Set Mapping 128 Indicating that the mapping was sent Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 1 of Industries hid keyboard age 51 of 59 r processing remap Processing 15 1 Doo me Lo es File Edit Sketch Tools Help 00 EBBHBD processing_remap hid_keys gt hid keys set key report 10 MODIFIER NONE KEY_S KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid keys set key reporc ll MODIFIER NONE KEY D KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE outputzhid
25. it ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 55 of 59 The original remapper is a Processing sketch that requires editing the reports by hand While this is the most powerful most people may be happier with the graphical remapper above Still for more advanced users you can edit the reports per button with more flexibility here HID EZKey remapper zip http adafru it cQX Uncompress and open the HID_EZKey_remapper pde in Processing Make sure the Bluefruit is paired to your computer since we need to be paired in order to send it the new keycodes Select Sketch gt Run or click the play button You should see the text report indicate that it found a Bluefruit and also that it sent data with a Checksum Match O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 56 of 59 pa uU i HID_EZKey_remapper Processin File Edit Sketch Tools Help HID EZKey remapper void setup Hid keys hid keyssnev Hid keys jy report 0 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW UP KEY NONE KEY NOME KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE ke ey report 1 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW DOWN KEY NONE KEY NOME KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid keys set key report 2 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW LEFT KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE hid keys set key report 3 MODIFIER NONE KEY ARROW RIGHT KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE MODIF
26. keys generate output printin output println Found Serial ports printin Serial list nyPort bufferUntil in void draw Customizing Keys OK now you want to actually change the key report Each of the 12 keys has a report This is an example for 0 hid keys set key report 0 MODIFIER NONE KEY_A KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE KEY NONE There are 8 arguments to each report The first one is the GPIO in this case its 0 Second is the modifier keys such as Shift Control Alt etc See hid keys pde for a list of the modifier available You can or the modifiers For example if you want to press shift and control modifiers at the same time use MODIFIER SHIFT LEFT MODIFIER CONTROL LEFT The last 6 are the 6 slots available for concurrent keys You can have up to 6 key codes sent at O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 2 of Industries hid keyboard age 52 of 59 once handy for when you want to send complex key reports Check hid_keys pde for the list of all the keycodes O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 53 of 59 Industries hid keyboard Seems Remapping the Buttons Wireless The default buttons gt keypresses will be satisfactory for most projects However you may want to customize those keys so when GPIO 0 is pulled to ground a different keystroke is sent It isn t
27. nnaker m Updating 1 device name It ll take a minute for it to pair O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries P 18 of hid keyboard age 18 of 59 Attempting to pair with Adafruit EZ Key 0482 ur TE uv Connecting to Adafruit EZ Key 0482 That s it If you get a pop up asking you to configure the keyboard layout just close or quit that window O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 19 of Industries hid keyboard age 9 of 59 Conclusion Congratulations Your computer is now set up to use your keyboard Set Up Another Device Qut You can now see that the EZ Key is paired and connected Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 20 of Industries hid keyboard age 20 of 59 pt is the name Bluetooth devices use to connect to this computer V On C Discoverable Name Adafruit EZ Key 0482 Type Keyboard Display Name Adafruit EZ Key 0482 Services CSR Keyboard Paired Yes Connected Yes C Show Bluetooth in menu bar Sharing Setup Advanced 0 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 21 of Industries hid keyboard A Linux e g Raspberry Pi This page will show you how to pair your Bluefruit EZ Key to a Linux computer It s tested on Raspberry Pi 8 Raspbian but the instructions will be similar
28. om introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 29 of 59 Industries hid keyboard Saree e 4 Return e 5 Space e 6 the number 1 e 7 the number 2 e 8 lowercase w e 9 lowercase a e 10 lowercase s e 11 lowercase d You can customize these with a little bit of effort see the Remapping Buttons page Dimensions in Inches amp mm O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 30 of 59 Industries hid keyboard O Adafruit Industries X Mo ep ZA 5 https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 31 of 59 hid keyboard wee a Ba d ir mn 19 059 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 32 of 59 Industries hid keyboard SO m Sending Keys Mouse Via Serial For advanced users you may want to hook up your Bluefruit to a microcontroller and send characters or strings via Bluetooth You can do this with the UART port on the EZ Key The UART pins are labeled RX data going into the module and TX debug data coming out of the module You can get away with just connecting to RX The RX pin is 5V compliant you can send it 3V or 5V TTL logic levels Use 9600 baud serial all microcontrollers will support this You can also send raw HID Keyboard reports for complex key stroke combinations and controls In version v1 1 Oct 22 2013 or later HID Mouse reports are al
29. ons Screen Saver Control amp Text amp Privacy Hardware Sy E S 0 S A CDs amp DVDs Displays Energy Keyboard Mouse Trackpad Print Scan Sound Saver Internet Wireless amp 6 a iCloud Mail Contacts Network Bluetooth Sharing Calendars System 2 y GR O Y o Users Parental Date Time Software Dictation Time Machine Accessibility Startup Disk Groups Controls Update amp Speech Other 6 n gt Blackmagic Cineform Flash Player Control Center Perian Design Double click to open make sure Bluetooth is ON some computers have it off you must have BT on and click Set Up New Device Adafruit https learn ada ruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 16 of 59 Industries hid keyboard pt is the name Bluetooth devices use to connect to this computer V On C Discoverable No Devices C Show Bluetooth in menu bar O Let the assistant run for a minute until it locates and displays the EZ Key module Select it and click Continue O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 17 of Industries hid keyboard age ly Oh Welcome to the Bluetooth Setup Assistant When your device appears in the list select it and click Continue If you don t see your device in the list make sure it is powered on and discoverable For more information see the documentation that came with your device Type Keyboard EDIFIER Spi
30. printIn Left mouseCommand 0 100 0 delay 200 Serial printIn Up mouseCommand 0 0 100 delay 200 void mouseCommand uint8_t buttons uint8 t x uint8 t y BT write OxFD BT write byte 0x00 BT write byte 0x03 BT write buttons BT write x BT write y BT write byte 0x00 BT write byte BT write byte Ox Support added in v1 1 void setup Serial begin 9600 BT begin 9 Serial printin Softserial BT test nwPress any key return to start while Serial available O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 46 of 59 Industries hid keyboard iS void loop O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 47 of 59 Industries hid keyboard E ni Remapping the Buttons Serial If you have a Bluefruit v1 1 or later you can wirelessly re map the keys no need to use a console cable altho the console cable technique will still work Original v1 0 Bluefruits can only be remapped over serial console The default buttons gt keypresses will be satisfactory for most projects However you may want to customize those keys so when GPIO 0 is pulled to ground a different keystroke is sent It isn t that difficult to do However you will need an FTDI Friend http adafru it 284 or USB console cable http adafru it 954 to connect the EZ Key to your computer eee e eevee
31. ruit ez key diy bluetooth P 43 of 59 Industries hid keyboard ee void nonprinting Serial printIn Insert BT write 1 delay DE Serial println Home BT write 2 delay Ne Serial printin Page Up BT write 3 delay Serial printIn Delete BT write 4 delay Ne Serial printIn End BT write 5 delay Serial printin Page Down BT write 6 delay Ne Serial printin Right Arrow BT write 7 delay Serial printIn Backspace BT write 8 delay Serial printin Tab BT write 9 delay E Serial printIn Enter BT write 10 delay JE Serial printIn Left Arrow BT write 11 delay Serial printin Down Arrow BT write 12 delay JE Serial printIn Enter BT write 13 delay Serial printIn Up Arrow BT write 14 delay JE for uint8 t i215 i lt 27 i Serial print F Serial printIn i 14 DEC BT write i delay 500 j Serial printIn ESC BT write 27 delay Serial printIn Capslock BT write 28 delay Serial printIn Scroll lock BT write 29 delay E Serial printIn Break BT write 30 delay JE Serial printIn Numlock BT write 31 delay 500 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 44 of 59 void altkeystest printin Left Controlin BT write 0xE0 delay 500 printin Left Shift n BT write OxE 1 dela
32. s learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth 054 055 056 057 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 Oct 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 110 111 112 113 114 115 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Dec 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hid keyboard 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F Hex 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D olo N OOA OIN Ijojaimiojojo gt a EIC Ae Page 34 of 59 O Adafruit Industries 100 1110 100 1111 101 101 101 101 101 101 107 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Binary 110 0000 110 0001 110 0010 110 0011 110 0100 110 0101 110 0110 110 0111 110 1000 110 1001 110 1010 110 1011 110 1100 110 1101 110 1110 110 1111 https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth 116 117 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 Oct 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Dec 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 hid keyboard 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B
33. s hid keyboard age Tokay Select a device to add to this computer Windows will continue to look for new devices and display them here brian s MacBook Air Adafruit EZ Key 0482 Bluetooth p Bluetooth P Laptop computer LS Keyboard What if Windows doesn t find my device Select the Adafruit EZ Key and press Next O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Page 12 of Industries hid keyboard age 12 Ot 29 Connecting with this device Ensure that this is the device you want to add to your computer Adafruit EZ Key 0482 Adding device It may take up to 3 minutes to get the driver and install it this is normal If Windows complains about a timeout just start the process over it s rare for that to happen If it asks you for a passcode the pairing code is 1234 O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 13 of Industries hid keyboard age 13 of 59 This device has been successfully added to this computer Windows is now checking for drivers and will install them if necessary You may need to wait for this to finish before your device is ready to use To verify if this device finished installing properly look for it in Devices and Printers Adafruit EZ Key 0482 Bluetooth HID Device ax Device driver software installed successfully That s it You will now see the red LED blinking much slower to indicate it is paired su
34. so supported you can send mouse movement and clicks via the UART and microcontroller In version v1 2 Nov 2013 or later HID consumer report keys are supported there are a few supported multimedia keys see below for a list and how to send via the UART Don t forget to also tie a ground pin from your microcontroller to the EZ Key for the logic ground reference Printable character keymap For printing ASCII characters you can simply send those to the UART and they will be typed out See below for the list of printable ASCII characters starting with 0x20 and ending with Ox7E Thanks to Wikipedia for this nice chart http adafru it cJX Binary Oct Dec Hex Glyph 010 0000 040 32 20 010 0001 041 33 21 010 0010 042 34 22 1 010 0011 043 35 23 010 0100 044 36 24 010 0101 045 37 25 96 010 0110 046 38 26 amp 010 0111 047 39 27 j 010 1000 050 40 28 010 1001 051 41 29 010 1010 052 42 2A i 010 1011 053 43 2B O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth Industries hid keyboard Page 33 of 59 O Adafruit Industries 010 1100 010 1101 010 1110 010 1111 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 011 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Binary 100 0000 100 0001 100 0010 100 0011 100 0100 100 0101 100 0110 100 0111 100 1000 100 1001 100 1010 100 1011 100 1100 100 1101 http
35. t is 3V logic level output Bottom Row This row is easy it is 12 individual pins that connect to a switch that will trigger a keypress Each pin has a pullup resistor internally to 3V To activate a keypress connect the pin to ground When it is connect to ground a KEYDOWN is sent when it is disconnected a KEYUP is sent Do not inject 5V into these pins They connect directly to the BT module which runs at 3V Left Port 6 pins Despite looking a lot like an FTDI connector this is the programming test port We use this at the Adafruit factory to get your modules tested It is not field reprogrammable Do not connect anything to these pins it could damage or permanently brick the EZ Key O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 7 of 59 Industries hid keyboard eas Pairing to Bluefruit Before you can use the EZ Key you have to pair it to your computer laptop tablet or phone It s pretty easy to do this because EZ Key acts just like a Bluetooth keyboard We have detailed walkthroughs for Windows Mac and Linux Raspberry Pi We have also paired it without difficulty to OS devices such as iPhone and iPad any version and an Android tablet but don t have a detailed walkthrough Check your device s documentation on how to pair a keyboard It s usually really easy and just requires turning on BT and then scanning for the powered up module You only have to pair once to your device
36. uefruit EZ Key it s the fastest easiest and bestest Bluetooth controller We spent years learning how to develop our own custom Bluetooth firmware and coupled with our own BT module hardware we ve created the most Maker friendly wireless you can get This breakout acts just like a BT keyboard and works great with any BT capable device Mac Windows Linux OS and Android Power the module with 3 16VDC and pair it to the computer tablet or phone just as you would any other BT device Now you can connect buttons from the 12 input pins when a button is pressed it sends a keypress to the computer We pre program the module to send the 4 arrow keys return space w a s d 1 and 2 by default Advanced users can reprogram the module s keys using an FTDI or other Serial console cable for any HID key report they desire You can pair multiple Bluefruit s to a single device each one has a unique identifier These modules are FCC 8 CE certified and are RoHS compliant so they are easy to integrate into your project O Adafruit https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth P 4 of 59 Industries hid keyboard es If you want to have better control over the data sent connect a microcontroller to the RX pin at 3 5V logic level 9600 baud and send ASCII data it will be typed out character by character We also have support for various non printable characters such as ESC Shift F1 F12 etc as well as to
37. y 500 printin Left Alt n BT write 0xE2 delay 500 println Left GUI n BT write OxE3 delay 500 printIn Right Control n BT write 0xE4 delay 500 printin Right Shift n BT write OxE5 delay 500 printIn Right Alt n BT write OxE6 delay 500 printIn Right GUI n BT write 0xE 7 delay 500 void iphonekeyboara while 1 printIn toggle keyboard BT write 0x7F delay 1000 j void keyCommand BT write OxFD BT write modifiers modifiers keycodel keycode2 0 keycode 0 keycode4 0 keycode5 0 keycode6 0 our command modifier BT write byte 0x00 0x00 BT write keycodet1 BT write keycode2 D BT write keycode3 BT write keycode5 BT write keycode4 BT write keycode6 D O Adafruit Industries key code 1 key code 2 key code 3 key code 4 key code 5 key code 6 https learn adafruit com introducing bluefruit ez key diy bluetooth hid keyboard Page 45 of 59 void rawkeytest test sending a single a keycode 4 keyCommand 0 4 delay 100 keyCommand 0 0 SS ppor added a Wall a void rawmousetest Serial printIn Move mouse Serial printIn Right mouseCommana 0 100 0 delay 200 Serial printIn Down mouseCommand 0 0 100 delay 200 Serial
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