The FP7 BeyWatch European scientific project: general
Contents
1. 3 1 Static power converter DC Input Parameters Maximum DC voltage system 600 V DC rated voltage 360 V MPPT voltage range 90 580V rated current 10 A maximum short circuit current 12 A AC Output Parameters AC rated voltage 230 V AC rated frequency 50 Hz maximum output 40 C ambient temperature maximum over current current 10 A rms rated AC power 2000 W at protection 16 A Range operational temperature from 20 C to 455 C International Protection IP65 Frame for the modules anchorage on horizontal roofs are equipped with ballast aluminium modules frame work attaching system and brackets Multicontact connectors pairs 2 10 DC Solar cables 2x4mm m 1 1 pyranometer S kh a w e a ae ey a ig tin i i ei ai i A a C i A S n i ie ie i ie A a w os se ee ee i ee Se i ee eee ee ae ee i a ete i a sa hg ge lg S m gt ge ig i i le i a a a ee a a a i _ gt iz in Figure 3 The string picture of the PV system m Figure 4 The PV system static power converter Figure 5 The module front scheme of the ST solar collector A E E Figure 6 The solar collector module lateral scheme e m m le i Figure 8 The hydraulic connection scheme Table 2 ST system technical specifications Description 2 Modular Vacuum Solar collecto2. EVs il MONACO The FP7 Bey Watch European scientific project general features and design criteria of the Combined Photovoltaic Solar CPS system within the BEY WATCH system architecture G Fertitta C Giaconia D La Cascia F Lo Bue R Miceli IEEE Member C Rando Universita di Palermo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni Italy Parco d Orleans Viale delle Scienze s n c 90128 Palermo Italia miceli dieet unipa it Copyright 2011 MC2D amp MITI Abstract This paper includes the general features and design criteria of a combined photovoltaic solar system CPS and its allocation within the entire architecture of the BeyWatch system The CPS main functionalities and characteristics the description of the CPS main components and the CPS electronic control and monitoring subsystem together with the description of the Firmware design and communication protocols are here reported The Combined Photovoltaic and Solar system CPS is a Renewable Energy system that produces thermal and electrical energy and the design has been based on a modular approach Keywords BEYWATCH Building EnergY WATCHer CPS Combined Photovoltaic Solar System grid hot water electrical energy ZigBEE Wireless Sensor Networks 1 Introduction Targeting environmental sustainability energy efficiency and new power distribution production business models Bey Watch research European project has
3. designed developed and is evaluating an innovative energy aware and user centric solution able to provide intelligent energy monitoring control and power demand balancing at home building amp neighbor level 1 The system interconnects legacy professional consumer electronic devices with a new generation of energy aware white goods where multilevel hierarchic metering control and scheduling are applied based on power demand network conditions and personal preferences Moreover via a combined photovoltaic solar system it is able to produce hot water and electric energy which can be used at home or at peak hours fed to the electricity network 2 Besides the research and technological objectives BeyWatch has built one user centric energy delivery consumption and production platform is able to motivate a gradual change in the every day energy consumption patterns of the typical consumer towards a smoother power demand curve and much reduced energy waste while on the other hand to enable new business models and flexible power consumption generation contracts creating new social interaction and targeting social acceptance of energy efficient buildings One component of the BeyWatch platform is constituted a Combined and Photovoltaic System CPS made of both photovoltaic panels for electricity and solar panels for hot water 3 This paper deals with the design and the set up of a new small scale CPS system whic
4. due to communication link failure the CPS internal electronic control system assumes a minimum service temperature Tbasic as a reference acting as in a traditional system As an example a screenshot of a working CPS monitoring interface is shown in Figure 13 where more parameters than the ones strictly needed for the BeyWatch Agent CPS communication are present Some of them in fact are also locally monitored by the CPS control electronics in order to internally check the correct CPS working conditions CPS Monitor Runtevel 2 BeyWatch Extra parameters Boder Water Temperate PY Power W Water Temp 1 Water Temp 2 652 C ce 7925 _Ge 22 4 C 65 2 C Set Water Temperature Pane Teng PY Voltage om PV Switch 78 6 C 228 2V PY Fhax Wim 2 PY Temp Peh 780 7 58 6 C Figure 13 CPS Monitor screenshot 7 Conclusions The above described CPS has been successfully tested both from the hardware point of view by considering the functionalities of the single Photovoltaic and Solar Panel and from the ICT point of view by implementing the electronic interface and running test about all the monitored parameters and collecting them within a simplified agent integrated within a portable PC CPS continuous data logging is now routinely set up in order to observe long term behavior of the whole system Acknowledgement This publication was partially supported by the Project BeyWatch IST 223888 which is funded by the Europea
5. e protected or historical areas Infact in many countries the integrated plants receive more incentives than the non integrated ones Minimizing CPS plant cost and investment payback period the investment cost must be recovered in the shortest period of time so the designed smart CPS system allows either a faster investment retrieving either a reduction of the components cost Reaching compatibility The CPS is compatible with existing home electrical and water networks So the CPS is compatible with the most diffused existing home plants especially waterworks Having clear User Manual and Maintenance Scheduling a clear user manual have been provided in order to allow the user to operate the system to easily identify its malfunctions and to define the frequency and the quality of maintenance services The in home components of the BeyWatch system are the Combined Photovoltaic and Solar CPS system the BeyWatched Washing Machine the BeyWatched Dishwasher the BeyWatched Refrigerator and Freezer the Smart Metering Device the Electricity Watchers The BeyWatched Residential Gateway A conceptual overview of the Bey Watch in home architecture is shown in the following Figure 1 iI n n Solar Collector N a Hat 5 4 CPS 7 Water i e Tank Figure 1 The CPS in home components in Bey Watch architecture 3 CPS main functionalities and characteristics The Combined Photovoltaic and Solar system CPS is a Re
6. erial interface are identical Figure 12 shows a picture of the implemented controller board Figure 12 RF controller Board Top view 6 Firmware design and communication protocols The CPS internal logic is primarily dependent on the communication state between the Master Micro and the Agent Even if the boards are capable to implement a ZigBee node all their parameters are visible to the agent through the Master Micro as a unique information source for the CPS as a whole Moreover all the implemented methods follow the public defined ones of the Home Automation standard Cluster of the Stack hence the CPS is a full interoperable ZigBee wireless node The main scenarios correspond to presence or not of a wireless communicating link between agent and CPS control electronic When all is rightly working the CPS Logic runs all the commands coming from the Agent this is in fact the most efficient way of behaving since the CPS has no direct connection with the appliances requests neither it can predict possible electricity and or hot water usage from the generic loads of the apartment The only command to be given to the CPS is then Set the target temperature for the hot water tank Tset In this way the Agent may independently decide the tank Temperature and if needed the electric resistor will be locally controlled by the Slave board in order to speed up the tank heating phase When instructions do not arrive from the Agent
7. fter reports the PV system technical specifications The PV system is also equipped with a pyranometer able to detect the solar irradiation that enables the Agent to connect the electric power generation historical data with the in home energy consumption The string picture and the static power converter picture of the PV system realized are reported in Figures 3 and 4 B The ST Solar Thermal System The ST system is constituted by two solar collector modules of the EKOS factory model DS 24 Each module solar having a whole net surface equal to 3 3 m and is constituted by 24 heat pipes Table 2 reports the ST system technical specifications The heat pipe dimensions are 58 mm of diameter and length equal 1800 mm The ST collector schemes are reported in the Figure 5 and Figure 6 the ST tank scheme is reported in Figure 7 while the hydraulic connection scheme is shown in the Figure 8 In Figure 9 the installed solar collector system is shown while in Figure 10 the solar tank and the solar station are reported Table 1 PV system technical specifications Mono crystalline Silicon Solar Modules maximum power 220 W Power tolerance 3 maximum power voltage 37 5 V maximum power current 4 95 A open circuit voltage 44 5 V short circuit current 5 40 A maximum system voltage DC 1000 V TUV Specification at STC 1000W m solar irradiance air mass coefficient AM 1 5 25 C cell temperature All electrical specifications are
8. h has been _prototyped optimized and integrated in BeyWatch architecture The prototype is able to integrate the electric energy generation with the hot water production The CPS provides an important step beyond state of art by implementing the following features Integrate the thermal and electric energy generation to increase energy efficiency in its consumptions in household appliances Integration by means of massive ICT employment with energy aware white goods for providing sanitary hot water also for those devices Integration with BeyWatch architecture for implementing energy management rules 4 2 CPS general features design criteria and architecture 5 The general features and design criteria of the CPS are the following Minimizing CPS Occupied Area the CPS panels footprint have been designed so that it s surface is as small as possible and with this aim the CPS system components have been chosen with the highest efficiency ratio Taking advantage of incentives the CPS plant allows the final user to enjoy the use of incentive tariffs so all the CPS components meet quality certifications and target minimum efficiency during their life cycle Moreover the integration with existing home plants respects National and European technical standards Having a fully architectural integration the PV panel must be well integrated from an architectural point of view in order to preserve the home appearance especially in som
9. m Public Low Voltage grid 3 3 _ kWh T House electric loads i aiii E PV Generator I s3 Figure 11 The connection scheme of the PV generator to the public low voltage grid Slave Micro 2 Photovoltaic Board 1 ADC input for Temperatures sensing 1 ADC input for PV AC current sensing 1 ADC input for PV AC Voltage sensing 1 ADC input for Solar radiation sensing 1 ADC input for PV DC panels current sensing 8051 based micro controller and RS 485 Transceiver ach board is then subdivided in two daughter parts the sensing board and the controller board The controller board is mounted on the sensing board by an embedded socket This allows the realization of a unique controller board by giving to the sensing board all the custom circuits and conditioning electronics dedicated to a particular slave micro and leaving to the controller board the AD conversion functionalities and the elaboration step within the embedded microcontroller The controller board in fact integrates the TI CC2531 micro controller which provides the ADC inputs and the RF transceiver The sensing boards instead integrate the signal conditioning circuits and the serial RS485 transceiver Moreover each sensing board integrates two voltage regulators in order to provide a stabilized 5V and 3 3V DC power supply Although the slave and master boards provide different sensing circuits the power circuit the RF transceiver socket and the s
10. n Community This work was realized with the contribution of SDES Sustainable Development and Energy Savings Laboratory UNINETLAB University of Palermo and MIUR References 1 www beywatch eu 2 Beywatch White Paper at www beywatch eu 3 G C Giaconia G Fiscelli F Lo Bue A Di Stefano D La Cascia R Miceli Integration of Distributed on Site Control Actions via Combined PhotoVoltaic and Solar Panels System ICCEP 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power Capri Italy 9 11 June 2009 4 R Miceli D La Cascia A Di Stefano G Fiscelli C Giaconia Impact of Novel Energy Management Actions on Household Appliances for Money Savings and CO2 Emissions Reduction EVER 09 Electrical Vehicle and Renewable Energy international conference Montecarlo 26th 28th march 2009 5 Deliverable D3 4 Combined Photovoltaic Solar prototype BEYWATCH Building EnergY Watcher Project no FP7 ICT 223888 May 2010 6 Miceli et Al Energy Management via connected household appliances Mc Graw amp Hill ISBN 978 88 386 6676 6 7 Deliverable D5 3 Specification of the BeyWatch BSS architecture and components BEYWATCH Building EnergY Watcher Project no FP7 ICT 223888 March 2010 8 http focus ti com lit ds symling cc231 pdf
11. newable Energy System RES that supplies hot water for the in home energy aware white goods mainly in order to reduce or to cancel the internal heating cycles and for general sanitary use this strongly reduces the home electrical energy utilization and CO2 emissions as a direct consequence 6 The CPS also generates electrical energy to be used under the user agent control and thanks to its high performance ICT features that allow a strong communication between the PV system the solar system and the Agent into the home in order to decrease electric energy requests from the grid during the peak times or when electrical energy may become too expensive The generated electrical power can be fed into the electrical distribution network or depending on the business model adopted by energy providers it can eventually end up in a direct profit for the user The preferred destination of the generated electricity is explicitly dependant on specific regional market constraints France Spain Italy etc the BeyWatch platform takes into account this flexibility requirements 7 The CPS design has been based on a modular approach whose minimum cell considers a PV photovoltaic panel with about IkWp of nominal peak electrical power As for the thermal production the CPS considers a modular design based on a 200 liters hot water tank within a temperature range spanning between 35 and 75 C These values can be changed according t
12. o the amount of needed thermal and or electrical energy and on the CPS physical location The CPS behaves as an intelligent module able to communicate with the BeyWatch Agent via a wireless medium in order to act according to energy management rules The internal control logic has been based on low power embedded microcontrollers thus providing the needed processing power to control the CPS relevant parameters to log all of them for a minimum required time interval and to implement the wireless communication with the Agent 5 In particular electrical energy from the PV panel can also be used to heat water in case of hot water demand This is done according to the decisions taken by the BeyWatch Agent All the above described functions have been implemented with a single microcontroller based board acting as a master board and in charge of all the communications with external elements to the CPS Two slave boards responsible for the control and the logging actions on the CPS subsystems such as the Photovoltaic panel the Solar collector the hot water Tank etc The slave boards will also be processor based and will internally communicate with the master board via a wired medium The CPS system functionalities are presented in Figure 2 City Electricity Network Generated Energy Power Grid i Power gt gt Home Electricity Network eee Direct profit to the user D gt White goods that A Bot Waitt nood hot water Sho
13. pv PV PVpanel AC Voltage Vac AC Current Tac Inverter DC Current Icc Inverter Temperature Tst Solar Tank Temperature Tsc Solar Collectors Module Solar Pyranometer irradiation 5 CPS electronic control and monitoring As already stated the input data for the CPS are collected through several sensors located near the main parts of the system by using a tailored designed and implemented slave boards The Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal panels and the electric inverter and the hot water tank are likely placed on the roof of the authors Department Thus the electronic master micro control and monitoring system acts as the main device responsible of the wireless communication with the agent via an integrated ZigBee transceiver 8 while two Slave Micro located on the roof send monitored data via an RS485_ wired communication system implemented within the same microcontroller to the receiving Master micro that in turn collects them to be ready for the BeyWatch agent upon request From the hardware point of view the CPS is composed by three boards with the following characteristics and equipments Master Micro Board ZigBee transceiver 8051 based micro controller and RS 485 Transceiver Slave Micro I Boiler Board 4 ADC inputs for Temp sensing 1 Electric Heater Bypass Circuit 1 On Off circuit for electric heater 8051 based micro controller and RS 485 Transceiver Figure 10 The ST syste
14. r model DS 24 Each modular collector has aperture area 3 3 m with 24 heat pipes each heat pipe dimensions is 58 mm diameter and 1800 mm length Temperature Probe for the Vacuum Solar collector l Solar tank 200 liters capacity rigid polyurethane insulation 1380mm height 550 mm diameter pressure range from 0 bar to 8 bar maximum pressure 12 bar maximum temperature 95 C mixing coefficient 12 internal exchanger with 1m surface 1 Solar station Back device with solar gear case Safety and insulation systems for the pipes circulation pump safety valve 6 bar 2 manometer 10 bar water faucets thermometers flow rate measurer 2 Fastener clamp for horizontal roof Expansion tank 18 liters Antifreeze for vacuum solar collectors l Thermostatic valve Safety valve for sanitary hot water 6 BAR Electric Resistor 230 W single phase feeding 1 Electric board for the electric resistor driving including a single phase differential magnetothermic 16 A switch Steel Solar pipes The connection scheme of the PV generator to the public low voltage grid is reported in Figure 11 according to the CEI 11 20 standard Table 3 summarizes the measures which are monitored on the CPS system and which are logged to control it and which are sent to the BeyWatch Agent Figure 9 The ST Salat Collector sen Table 3 CPS data to be monitored Measured Measured Position on the rA M CPS Temperature T
15. wer Bath Kitchen hot water requirements Figure 2 CPS system functionalities 4 CPS components description The CPS is made up by a PV system and a Solar Thermal ST System The main components of the PV system are the PV panel and the PV Inverter while the main components of solar thermal system are the Solar Collector the solar station and the solar Tank The PV panel consists of a system able to produce about 1300 Wp max electrical power The PV inverter is grid connected and synchronizes to the AC grid electrical frequency The inverter is equipped with a Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT system able to maximize the power generated The Solar Collector also called S T panel is able to heat the water inside the solar tank up to a temperature of 75 C The total solar collector surface is of about 6 6 square meters and is composed of two modules The solar station is able to implement the forced circulation of the thermo vector fluid inside the solar collector and the tank for its temperature control A The PV System It is constituted of a string made of six series connected modules Each module has a peak power equal to 220Wp with 3 power tolerance Each module has the following dimensions 1580 mm L x 808 mm W x 35 mm H The PV panel string supplies a 2 kW static DC AC power converter The static power converter actuates the synchronization of the PV voltage and frequency with the grid ones The table herea
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