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1. X to hold the edited data during the ED run Upon completion of ED the X ASM file original file is renamed to X BAK and the edited work file is renamed to X ASM Thus the X BAK file contains the original unedited file and the X ASM file contains the newly edited file The operator can always return to the previous version of a file by removing the most recent version and renaming the previous version Suppose for example that the current x ASM file was improperly edited the sequence of CCP command shown below would reclaim the backup file DIR X check to see that BAK file is available ERA X ASM erase most recent version REN X ASM X BAK rename the BAK file to ASM Note that the operator can abort the edit at any point reboot power failure ct1 C or Q command without destroying the original file In this case the BAK file is not created although the original file is always intact The ED user s manual should be consulted for complete operating details 6 6 SYSGEN cr The SYSGEN transient command allows generation of an initialized diskette containing the CP M operating system The SYSGEN program prompts the console for commands with interaction as shown below SYSGEN cr initiate the SYSGEN program SYSGEN VERSION m m SYSGEN signon message GET SYSTEM Y N If a memory image of the CP M is not present see CP M inter fa2. command loads and executes the CP M 8080 assembler The ufn specified a source file containing assembly language statements where the secondary name is assumed to be ASM and thus is not specified The following ASM commands are valid ASM X GAMMA The two pass assembler is automatically executed If assembly errors occur during pass 2 the errors are printed at the console The assembler produces a file x PRN where x is the primary name specified in the ASM command The PRN file contains a listing of the source program with imbedded tab characters it present in the source program along with the machine code generated for each statement and diagnostic error messages if any The PRN file can be listed at the console using the TYPE command or sent to a peripheral device using PIP see the PIP command structure below The file X H El X is also produced which contains 8080 machine language in Intel hex format suitable for subsequent loading and execution see the LOAD command For complete details of CP M assembly language program see the CP M Assembler Language ASM User 5 Guide 6 3 LOAD ufn cr The LOAD command reads the file ufn which is assumed to contain hex format machine code and produces a memory image file which can be subsequently executed The file name ufn is assumed to be of the form and thus only the name x need be specified in the command If a file x HEX do
3. tch back to A forms described above can now be used to fully specify the structure of the built in commands In the description below assume the following abbreviations unambiguous file reference ambiguous file reference lates lower case characters to upper lower case alphabetics are treated as if in command names file r ferences The E i e the which ar 4 1 ERA afn cr RA erase command removes files from the currently logged in disk disk name currently prompted by CP M preceding the gt The files rased are those which satisfy the ambiguous file reference afn The following examples illustrate the use of ERA The D ERA X Y the file named X Y on the currently logged disk is removed from the disk directory and the space is returned ERA X all files with primary name X are removed from the current disk ERA ASM all files with secondary name ASM are removed from the current disk ERA X Y C M all files on the current disk which satisfy the ambiguous reference X Y C M are deleted 4 2 DIR afn cr IR directory command causes the names of all files which satisfy the ambiguous file name afn to be listed at the console device The command DIR Oe n for example lists the files on the currently logged disk Valid DIR commands are The R disk The DIR X Y DIR X Z C M DIR Y 4 3 REN ufnl ufn2 cr EN rename command allows
4. CP M provides a general environment for program construction storage and editing along with assembly and program check out facilities The CP M monitor provides rapid access to programs through a comprehensive file management package The fil subsystem supports a named file structure allowing dynamic allocation of file space as well as sequential and random file access Using this file system a large number of distinct programs can be stored in both source and machine executable form CP M also supports a powerful context editor Intel compatible assembler and debugger subsystems When coupled with CP M s console command processor the resulting facilities equal or excel similar large computer facilities CP M is logically divided into several distinct parts BIOS the basic I O system BDOS the basic disk operating system CCP the console command processor TPA the transient program area The BIOS provides the primitive operations necessary to interface standard peripherals teletype CRT Paper Tape Reader Punch and user defined peripherals and can be tailored by the user for any particular hardware environment by patching this portion of CP M The BDOS provides disk management by controlling one or more disk drives containing independent file directories The BDOS implements disk allocation strategies which provide f d e s ully dynamic file construction while minimizing head movemen
5. warm start ct1 2 nd of input from the console used in PIP and ED Note that the ctl x sequenc key x are depressed simultaneously 6 TRANSIENT COMMANDS shown above denotes that the control key and the Transient commands are loaded from the system disk and executed in the TPA The transient commands defined with the CCP are STAT List the number of bytes of storage remaining on the currently logged disk load the CP M macro assembler and assemble the specified program from disk LOAD load the file in Intel hex machine code format and produce a file in machine executable form which can be loaded into the TPA DDT load the CP M debugger into the TPA and start execution PIP load the Peripheral Interchange Program for subsequent media conversion operations ED load and execute the CP M text editor program SYSGEN Create a new CP M system diskette SUBMIT Submit a file of commands for batch processing DUMP Dump the contents of a file in hex Transient commands are specified in the same manner as built in commands and additional commands can be easily defined by the user The basic transient commands are listed in detail below Gale STAT Cr The STAT transient command examines the storage map for the currenly logged diskette and prints a message in the format xxxK where xxx is BYTES REMAINING the number of kilobytes of storage available 6 2 ASM ufn cr the ASM
6. PUN Paper tape punch LYS Teletype devic Cathode ray tube display Addmaster paper tape reader IRD Intel or Icom paper tape reader Tally printer device CON Currently defined console device The RDR LST M N and CON devices are all defined within the BIOS portion of CP M and thus are easily altered to any particular I O system The TTY and CRT devices are present to support the Intel iobyte function which allow a simple logical to physical device mapping see the CP M Interface Guide for a discussion of the iobyte function ARD IRD and PRN are three popular peripheral devices which have dedicated input output ports in the CP M environment Tab characters ctl 1 ar xpanded when the destination device is not the punch The allowable destination devices are LST PUN TTY CRT PRN CON while the allowable source devices ar RDR TTY CRT ARD IRD CON When devices are used as input the end of file is indicated by a ctl Z the CP M end of file standard or in the case of the ARD and IRD devices a sequence of 255 rubout characters which is obtained by running the reader with no paper tape 11 It should also be noted that PIP performs a special function if the destination is a disk file with type HEX an Intel hex formatted machine code file and the source is an external peripheral device such as a paper tape reader In this case the PIP program checks to ensure that the source file
7. a match if it matches exactly in 2 appears Thus the ambiguous reference M file names and ce file reference 2 222 PPPPPppp SSS are abbreviations for and PPPPPPPP 2222202 respectively As an example DIR and 22 SSS is interpreted by the CCP as a command to list the names of all disk files in the directory while DIR X Y searches only for a file by the name X Y Similarly the command causes a search for all unambiguous this ambiguous reference DIR X Y C M file names on the disk which satisfy The following file names are valid unambiguous file references X X Y XYZ 3 SWITCHING DISKS COM GAMMA GAMMA 1 The operator can switch the currently logged in disk by typing the disk drive name A B console input Thu followed by a colon when the CCP is waiting for s the sequence of prompts and commands shown below might occur after the CP M system is loaded from disk A 16K CP M VER A gt DIR A ur E SAMPLE ASM SAMPLE PRN A gt B B gt DIR ASM DUMP ASM FILES ASM B gt A lis swi lis swi 4 THE FORM OF BUILT IN COMMANDS The file andd ufn afn CY Further note that the CCP always trans vice referenc carriage return case characters internally they are upper cas Thus t all files on disk A tch to disk B t all ASM files on B
8. contains a properly formed hex file with legal hexadecimal values and checksum records When an invalid input record is found PIP reports an error message at the console and waits for corrective action It is usually sufficient to open the reader and rerun a section of the tape pull the tape back about 2 inches When the tape is ready for the re read type a single carriage return at the console and PIP will attempt another read If the tape position cannot be properly read simply continue the read by typing a return following the error message and enter the record manually with the ED program after the disk file is constructed Valid PIP commands are shown below pip lst x prn cr copy x prn to the LST device and terminate the PIP program pip cr start PIP for a sequence of commands PIP prompts with con x asm y asm z asm cr concatenate three ASM files and copy to the CON device x hex con y hex ard cr create a HEX file by reading the CON until a ctl Z is typed fol lowed by data from y hex followed by data from ARD until a ctl Z or 255 rubouts are encountered ET Single carriage return stops PIP 6 6 ED ufn cr The ED program is the CP M system context editor which allows creation and alteration of ASCII files in the CP M environment Complete details of operation are given the ED user s manual ED a Context Editor for the CP M Disk System In general E
9. disk drive name That is any file can be referenced with a preceding drive name A B C which defines the particular drive to fetch or store the file when the drive name is not included the currently logged disk is assumed further the destination file can also appear as one or more of the source files in which case the source file is not altered until the entire concatenation is complete If the destination file already exists it is removed if the command line is properly formed it is not removed if an error condition arises The following command lines with explanations to the right are valid as input to PIP 10 X CY copy to file x from file y y remains unchanged x Y Z Cr concatenate files y and z and copy to file x with y and z unchanged X ASM Y ASM Z ASM FIN ASM cr create the file X ASM from the concatenation of the Y Z and FIN files with type ASM NEW ZOT B OLD ZAP cr move a copy of OLD ZAP from drive B to the currently logged disk and name the file NEW ZOT B A U B B V A C W D X cr concatenate file B V from drive B with C W from drive A and D X from the logged disk and create the file A U on drive B PIP also allows reference to physical and logical devices which are attached to the CP M system Th devic names ar thr character identifiers followed by the colon symbol The device names ar Paper tape reader LST Listing device printer
10. CP M interface guide as an example of program written for the CP M environment 7 OPERATION OF CP M ON THE MDS 15 This section gives operating procedures for using CP M on the Intel MDS microcomputer development system A basic knowledge of the MDS hardware and software systems is assumed CP M is initiated in easentially the same manner as Intel s ISIS operating system The disk drives ar labelled 0 and 1 on the MDS corresponding to CP M s drive A and B respectively The CP M system diskette is inserted into drive 0 and the BOOT and RESET switches are depressed in sequence The interrupt 2 light should go on at this point The space bar is then depressed on the device which is to be taken as the system console and the light should go out if it does not then check connections and baud rates The BOOT switch is then turned off and the CP M signon message should appear at the selected console device followed by the A gt system prompt The user can then issue the various resident and transient commands The CP M system can be restarted warm start at any time by pushing the INT 7 switch on the front panel The built in Intel ROM monitor can be initiated by pushing the INT 7 switch xcept when operating under DDT in which case the DTT program gets control instead Diskettes can be removed from the drives at any time and the system can be shut down during operation without affectin
11. D allows the operator to create and operate upon source files which are organized as a sequence of ASCII characters separated by end of line characters a carriage return line feed sequence There is no practical restriction on line length no single line can exceed the size of the working memory but is instead defined by the number of characters typed between cr s The ED program has a number of commands for character string searching replacement and insertion which are useful in the creation and correction of programs or text files under CP M Although the CP M has a limited memory work space area approximately 6000 characters in a 16K CP M system the file size which can be edited is not limited since data is easily paged through this work area Upon initiation ED creates th specified source file if it does not exist and opens the file for access The programmer then appends data from the source file into the work area if the source file already exists see the 12 command for editing The appended data can then be displayed altered and written from the work area back to the disk see the N command Particular points in the program can be automatically paged and located by context see the N command allowing easy access to particular portions of a large file Given that the operator has typed ED X ASM cr the ED program creates an intermediate work file with the name
12. NDIGITAL RESEARCH Post Office Box 579 Pacific Grove California 93950 408 373 3403 An Introduction to CP M Features and Facilities Copyright c 1976 Digital Research Version 1 3 Table of Contents Section Page Lo GENERADA tie 1 2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF CP M 2 Zi L General Command Structure 3 2 2 File REFELENCES Selec lea led 3 3h SWITCHING DISKSex 3 te a ds fate 5 4 THE FORM OF BUILT IN COMMANDS 5 Mods MRA ATI GPs A ti ese a es 6 As 2 DIR AEN CES e iai e erii i 6 Al RENCUENLAUTA LT da to ais 6 4 4 SAVETA UEM MCU re vee lao ad as hs acid arias a 7 Mote PYPE AOE Te CA A A 7 Ore EENE ED ITENG A ieie Segoe CS Si sat A Rda a 7 6 TRANS LENT COMMAND Sis sa a ds 7 Galo STA Cr A A AAA do 8 Orale ASMA A o NALA Bg 8 Cu OAD Et LB ee A ee orcs tees ete ene ete ne A eet 9 6 4 POD A E id A ence PE w ES 10 Gaar SED UEN CL aa 12 6 6 SYS GEN Cr sss a eck a ede eal dw ia 13 6 7 SUBMIT ufn parm 1l parm n cr 14 6 8 DUMP Anita City tees aoe Sete ese oren slat enttece lar eels E 15 ERATION OF CP M ON THE MDS O FU An Introduction to CP M Features and Facilities I General CP M is a monitor control program for microcomputer system development which uses IBM compatible flexible disks for back up storage Using a computer mainframe based upon Intel s 8080 microcomputer
13. ce guide type N otherwise type Y Normally type Y SOURCE ON B THEN TYPE RETURN Place a diskette containing the CP M operating system on drive B it s ok to remove the on that you are using on drive A and follow with a return when 13 ready FUNCTION COMPLETE System is copied to memory PUT SYSTEM Y N If a new diskette is being built type Y otherwise type N Normally type Y DESTINATION ON B THEN TYPE RETURN Place new diskette into drive B type return when ready FUNCTION COMPLETE New diskette is initialized in drive B T The SYSGEN program then reboots the system from drive A Upon completion of a successful system generation the new diskette contains the operating system and only the built in commands are available A factory fresh IBM compatible diskette appears to CP M as a diskette with an empty directory and thus the operator must copy the appropriate COM files from an existing CP M diskette to the newly constructed diskette using the PIP transient It should be noted that a SYSGEN does not destroy the files which already exist on a diskette it results only in construction of a new operating system Further if a diskette is being used only on drive B and will never be the source of a bootstrap operation on drive A the SYSGEN need not take place and in fact a new diskette needs absolutely no initialization to be used with CP M 6 7 SUBMIT ufn parm
14. e reference may be satisfied by a number of different files File references consist of two parts the primary name and the secondary name Although the secondary name is optional it usually is generic that is the secondary name ASM for example is used to denote that the file is an assembly language source file while the primary name distinguishes each particular source file The two names are separated by a as shown below PPPPPPPP Sss Where pppppppp represents the primary name of eight characters or less and sss is the secondary name of no more than three characters As mentioned above the name PPPPPPPP is also allowed and is equivalent to a secondary name consisting of three blanks The characters used in specifying an unambiguous file reference Cannot contain any of the special characters 9 while all alphanumerics and remaining special characters are allowed An ambiguous file reference is used for directory search and pattern matching The form of an ambi unambiguous reference xcept t guous file reference is similar to an the primary and secondary names symbol indicates that any file all character positions where x 22 07 is satisfied by the unambiguous XYZ COM X3Z CAM Note that the ambiguous referen k is equivalent to the ambiguous 2222 while he symbol may be interspersed throughout In various commands throughout CP M the 2 name satisfies
15. es not exist the LOAD command reads the current RDR device instead of a disk file The LOAD command creates a file named Xx COM which marks it as a machine executable code The file is actually loaded into memory and executed when the user types the name x immediately after the prompting character gt printed by the CCP In general the CCP reads the name x following the prompting character and looks for a built in function name If no function name is found the CCP searches the system disk directory for a file by the name Xx COM If found the machine code is loaded into the TPA and the program executes Thus the user need only LOAD a hex file once it can be subsequently executed any number of times by simply typing the primary name In this way the user can invent new commands in the CCP In fact initialized disks have the transient commands as COM files and thus can be deleted at the users option 6 4 PIP cr PIP is the CP M Peripheral Interchange Program which implements the basic media conversion operations necessary to load print punch copy and combine disk files The PIP program is initiated by typing one of the following forms PIP cr PIP command line cr In both cases PIP is loaded into the TPA and executed In the first case PIP reads command lines directly from the console prompted with the character x until an empty command line is typed i e a single carriage return is issued by the o
16. g data integrity Note however that the user must not remove a diskette and replace it with another without rebooting the system cold or warm start unless the inserted diskette is read only Due to hardware hang ups or malfunctions CP M may type the messag PERM ERR DISK x where x is the drive name which has the permanent error This error may occur when drive doors are opened and closed randomly followed by disk operations or may be due to a diskette drive or controller failure The user can optionally elect to ignore the error by typing a single return at the console The error may produce a bad data record requiring re initialization of up to 128 bytes of data The operator can reboot the CP M system and try the operation again Termination of a CP M session requires no special action although it is best to remove the diskettes before turning the power off to avoid random transients which could make their way to the drive electronics 16
17. inserted into drive A and the system reboots Further the user can abort command Processing at any time by typing a rubout when the command is read and echoed In this case the SUB file is removed and the subsequent commands come from the console Command processing is also aborted if the CCP detects an error in any of the commands Programs which execute under CP M can abort Processing of command files when error conditions occur by simply erasing any existing SUB file The last command in a SUB file can initiate another SUB file thus allowing chained batch commands Suppose the file ASMBL SUB exists on disk and contains the prototype commands ASM 1 DIR 1 ERA BAK PIP 2 S1 PRN ERA 1 PRN and the command SUBMIT ASMBL X PRN cr is issued by the operator The SUBMIT program reads the ASMBL SUB file and substitutes for all occurrences of 1 and PRN for all occurrences of 2 resulting in a SUB file containing ASM X DIR X ERA B PIP PRN X PRN ERA X PRN which are executed in sequence by the CCP 6 8 DUMP ufn cr The DUMP program types the contents of the disk file given by ufn at the console in hexadecimal form The file contents is listed sixteen bytes at a time with the absolute byte address listed to the left of each line in hexadecimal Long typeouts can be aborted by pushing the rubout key during printout The source listing of the DUMP program is given in the
18. l parm 2 parm n cr The SUBMIT command allows CP M commands to be batched together for automatic processing The ufn given in the SUBMIT command must be the filename of a file which exists on the currently logged disk with an assumed file type of SUB The SUB file contains CP M prototype commands with possible parameter substitution The actual parameters parm l parm n are substituted into the prototype commands and if no errors occur the file of substituted commands are processed sequentially by CP M The prototype command file is created using the ED program with interspersed parameters of the form 1 52 3 n corresponding to the number of actual parameters which will be included when the file is submitted for execution When the SUBMIT transient is executed the actual parameters parm l parm n are paired with the formal parameters 1 Sn in the prototype commands If the number of formal and actual parameters does not correspond then the submit function is aborted with an error message at the console The SUBMIT function creates a file of substituted commands with the name SUB 14 on the logged disk When the system reboots at the termination of the SUBMIT this command file is read by the CCP as a source of input rather than the console If the SUBMIT function is performed on any disk other than drive A the commands are not processed until the disk is
19. oned that any or all of the CP M component subsystems can be overlayed by an executing program That is once a user s program is loaded into the TPA the CCP BDOS and BIOS areas can be used as the program s data area A bootstrap loader is programmatically accessible at all times thus the user program need only branch to the bootstrap loader at the end of execution and the complete CP M monitor is reloaded from disk It should be reiterated that the CP M operating system is partitioned into distinct modules including the BIOS portion which defines the hardware environment in which CP M is executing Thus the standard system can be easily modified to any nonstandard environment by changing the peripheral drivers to handle the custom system The standard system is provided with I O drivers for Intel s MDS microcomputer development system along with a general discussion of the modification technique Ze FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF CP M The user interacts with CP M primarily through the CCP which reads and interprets commands input through the console In general the COP addresses one of several disks which are online the standard system addresses up to two different disk drives These drives are labelled disk A and so forth A disk is logged in if the CCP is currently addressing the disk In order to clearly indicate which disk is the currently logged disk the CCP always prompts the operator with the disk name foll
20. owed by the symbol gt indicating that the CCP is ready for another command Upon initial start up the CP M system is brought in from disk A and the CCP displays the message xxK CP M VER m m where xx is the memory size in kilobytes which this CP M system manages and m m is the CP M version number The CCP then automatically logs in disk A and prompts the user with the symbol A gt indicating that CP M is currently addressing disk A and waits for a command The commands are implemented at two levels built in commands and transient commands 2 1 GENERAL COMMAND STRUCTURE Built in commands are a part of the CCP program itself while transient commands are loaded into the TPA from disk and executed The built in commands are ERA remove files from the logged disk DIR list names of the files on the logged disk REN rename the specified file on the logged disk SAVE save the specified file on the logged disk TYPE type the contents of a file on the logged disk Nearly all of the commands reference a particular file or group of files Thus the form of a file reference is specified below 2 2 FILE REFERENCES Ay fil referenc identifies a particular file or group of files ona particular disk attached to CP M Thes fil references can be either unambiguous or ambiguous An unambiguous fil referenc uniquely identifies a single file while an ambiguous fil
21. perator Each successive command line causes some media conversion to take place according to the rules shown below The second form of the PIP command is equivalent to the first except that the single command line given with the PIP command is automatically executed and PIP terminates immediately with no further prompting of the console for input command lines The form of each command line is destination source l source 2 source n cr where destination is the file or peripheral device to receive the data and source l source n represents a series of one or more files or devices which are copied from left to right to the destination A CP M end of file mark ctl Z is inserted as the last character if the destination is an ASCII file all files except COM files are treated as ASCII files in the current CP M implementation The equal symbol can be replaced by a left oriented arrow if your console supports this ASCII character to improve readability Lower case ASCII alphabetics are internally translated to upper case to be consistent with OPIM file and devic nam conventions Finally the total command line length cannot exceed 255 characters the ctl E control can be used to force a physical carriage return for lines which exceed the console width The destination and source elements can be unambiguous references to CP M source files with or without a preceding
22. t across the disk uring access Any particular file may contain any number of records not xceeding the size of any single disk 240 records of 128 bytes each In a tandard CP M system each disk can contain up to 64 distinct files The BDOS has entry points which include the following primitive operations SEARCH look for a particular disk file by name OPEN open a file for further operations CLOSE close a file after processing RENAME change the name of a particular file READ read a record from a particular file WRIT write a record onto the disk Fl SELECT select a particular disk drive for further operations The CCP provides symbolic interface between the user s console and the remainder of the CP M system The CCP reads the console device and processes commands which include listing the file directory printing the contents of files and controlling the operation of assemblers editors and debuggers The standard commands which are available in the CCP are listed in a following section The last segment of CP M is the area called the TPA The transient program area holds programs which are loaded from the disk under command by the CCP During program editing for example the TPA holds the CP M text editor machine code and data areas Similarly programs created under CP M can be checked out by loading and executing these programs in the TPA It should be menti
23. the user to change the names of files on file satisfying ufn2 is changed to ufnl The currently logged disk is assumed to contain the file to rename The CCP also allows the user to type a left oriented arrow instead of the equal sign if the user s console supports this graphic character Examples of the REN command are REN X Y Q0 R The file O R is changed to X Y REN XYZ COM XYZ XXX The file XYZ XXX is changed to XYZ COM onto disk from the TPA 4 4 SAVE n ufn cr The SAVE command places n pages 256 byte blocks and names this file ufn The machine code file can be subsequently loaded and executed Examples are SAVE 3 X COM SAVE 40 Q SAVE 4 X Y Note that n is a decimal value Ade TYPE WEN CE The TYPE T the currently Valid TYPE logged disk at the console device TYPE X Y TYPE X C TYPE XXX The TYPE command expands tabs clt I characters are set at every eighth column 5 LINE EDITING command displays the contents of the ASCII source file ufn on commands are assumming tab positions The CCP allows certain line editing functions while typing the command Rubout delete and echo the last character typed at the console ct1 U delete th ntire line typed at the console ctl E physical end of line carriage is returned but line is not sent until the carriage return key is depressed ctl E CP M system reboot
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