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INST 260 (Data Acquisition systems), section 3 Lab Data

1. 99 Answer 87 Shielding guards against electric fields by creating a zero potential surface around the wires to act as a terminal point for any external electric fields Thus the space inside the cable is free from external electric fields by virtue of the shield Twisting the wires ensures that a current loop will never be formed to allow electromagnetic induction from external changing magnetic fields The following thought experiment comparing two scenarios proves this conclusively 4 Magnet motion Wire loop Which way does the induced current go 4 Magnet motion Wire loop Which way does the induced current go 100 Demonstration of how to measure electric field noise voltage Meter registers voltage with respect to ground caused by electric fields 101 Answer 88 Partial answer Note that this is not the only valid solution strain V excitation The connection to the AI Gnd terminal is necessary to satisfy the bias current requirements of the instrumentation amplifiers inside the DAQ module Answer 89 Answer 90 There are only eight valid ciphers in the octal system 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 and 7 with each successive place carrying eight times the weight of the place before it e 35g into decimal 2910 e 1640 into octal 20g e 1100102 into octal 628 e 518 into binary 1010012 102 Answer 91 There are sixteen valid ciphers in the hexad
2. How would you explain either situation using the OSI seven layer model as a guide Suggestions for Socratic discussion e A commonly heard criticism of the OSI model is that no communications standard fully agrees with it i e no single standard has specifications in all seven layers of the model Explain why this is not really a problem at all and how it represents a fundamental misunderstanding of the OSI model e ASCII is a layer 6 standard for encoding alphanumeric text in digital form Give an example where this standard works in conjunction with lower level standards to communicate text data between two computers e S HTTP is a layer 7 standard used for encrypting and decrypting digital data over networks This is what you are using when you access a web page beginning with https Give an example where this standard works in conjunction with ASCII and other lower level standards to securely communicate a credit card number between two computers during an online purchase transaction file 102237 36 Question 31 When I first heard of the Internet I made the mistake of thinking it was a special cable stretching across vast portions of the world dedicated to transporting web page digital data To my surprise the essential thing that makes up the Internet is not a physical object at all but rather a network protocol specifying how digital data may be transparently communicated across all manner of digita
3. Screwdrivers e Slotted 1 8 and 1 4 shaft e Phillips 1 and 2 e Jeweler s screwdriver set e Optional Magnetic multi bit screwdriver e g Klein Tools model 70035 Electrical e Multimeter Fluke model 87 IV or better e Alligator clip jumper wires Soldering iron 10 to 40 watt and rosin core solder Resistor potentiometer diode assortments from first year lab kits Package of insulated compression style fork terminals 14 to 18 AWG wire size 10 stud size Wire strippers terminal crimpers for 10 AWG to 18 AWG wire and insulated terminals Optional ratcheting terminal crimp tool e g Paladin 1305 Ferrules Direct FDT10011 or equivalent Safety e Safety glasses or goggles available at BTC bookstore e Earplugs available at BTC bookstore Miscellaneous e Simple scientific calculator non programmable non graphing no conversions TI 30Xa or TI 30XIIS recommended Required for some exams Masking tape for making temporary labels Permanent marker pen Teflon pipe tape Utility knife Tape measure 12 feet minimum Flashlight An inexpensive source of tools is your local pawn shop Look for tools with unlimited lifetime guarantees e g Sears Craftsman brand Check for BTC student discounts as well file tools 13 Methods of instruction This course develops self instructional and diagnostic skills by placing students in situations where they are required to research and think independently In all portions of
4. Hub A failed Hub B failed Router failed y Internet service provider failed Cable failed between computer 4 and Hub B Cable failed between Hub A and Router Cable failed between Hub B and Router Security settings e g firewall in computer 4 Answer 29 Good paths shown in bright green bad paths shown in bright red DSL internet connection Suspect components include 2 cable between 2 and hub A cable between hub A and router A good next ping test to do is to try pinging 1 or 3 from 2 that would test 2 as well as the cable between 2 and hub A An alternative test would be to ping 4 or 5 from 1 or 3 that would test the cable between hub A and the router Answer 30 The different networking standards listed describe different layers of the OSI model EIA TIA 485 describes layer 1 Ethernet describes layers 1 and 2 Modbus HTTP and FTP all describe layer 7 The OSI model is fundamentally a framework for defining the potential purposes of a network standard No existing standard occupies all seven layers because no existing standard is absolutely comprehensive from physical layer all the way up to application layer exhibiting all possible functions and features in between Such a standard would be completely stand alone Most networks are a conglomeration of different standards working together to achieve a practical end 93 Answer 31 IP stands for Inte
5. experimenting with different pattern combinations of 1 s and 0 s repeating bits versus alternating bits etc and then examine the waveforms you sketched to see what general principles you might apply to reliably interpret any data stream encoded in that manner e A necessity for proper interpretation of NRZ datastreams is proper measurement of pulse width Suggest a way to do this when the pulse don t evenly line up with divisions on the oscilloscope screen e Explain how these three different encoding methods provide an excellent contrast between bit rate and baud Which form of encoding has the greatest bits second to baud ratio Which form of encoding has the least bits second to baud ratio file 100883 54 Question 84 Here is an oscilloscope s view of an eight bit data stream sent asynchronously with no parity bit using NRZ Non Return to Zero encoding Space Mark Identify the binary data represented by this waveform Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Explain why it is absolutely vital to know the data frame contains eight data bits and no parity when interpreting this waveform e Describe a practical method for determining the width of each bit in this waveform e Re draw this NRZ waveform assuming it was sent with an odd parity bit e Re draw this NRZ waveform assuming it was sent with an even parity bit file 102369 55 Question 85 Terminating resistors are not alway
6. 78 Lab Exercise building the system 3 The Instrumentation lab is set up to facilitate the construction of working instrument loops with over a dozen junction boxes pre pulled signal cables and racks set up with 2 inch vertical pipes for mounting instruments The only wires you should need to install to build a working system are those connecting the field instrument to the nearest junction box and then small jumper cables connecting different pre installed cables together within intermediate junction boxes After getting your prototype sketch approved by the instructor you are cleared to begin building your system All wire connections should be made using terminal blocks No twisted or taped wire connections will be allowed You will need to configure the DAQ software to scale the 1 5 VDC signal into an actual measurement of your process variable e g temperature pressure A requirement of this lab is that the DAQ software accurately register the process variable you are measuring rather than merely displaying a voltage value from the sensor The personal computer attached to the DAQ may be your own laptop or one of the lab s computers Regardless of which computer you use it needs to be connected to the lab s Ethernet network so that another computer in the lab may acquire the data from it Your chosen system may require its own electrical enclosure to house the DAQ and or other components not alr
7. Each team must configure the DAQ system to ensure it accurately measures and reports the measured variable The measurement accuracy will be checked by the instructor by applying random stimuli to the sensor while the team verifies the remote indication on a computer connected through the network to the DAQ module If your system uses a loop powered 4 20mA transmitter the only DAQ configuration you will need to do is scale the DAQ so that it converts the linear 1 5 VDC signal into a linear representation of the measured variable However you will need to rely on those teammates who have taken the INST24X courses to calibrate the transmitter so that it accurately outputs the 4 20 mA signal If your system reads a raw voltage signal from a resistive sensor in a bridge or other voltage divider network you will need to program the DAQ software to linearize the signal so that it will register the actual process variable and not just a plain signal voltage The following screenshot shows how a computer spreadsheet may be used to generate a linearizing equation from published sensor data thermistor_curve ods OpenOffice org Calc e Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help e Shi Cael COG EME EEE Sy EB ara Jio BARATA d me a e E a L From Omega table model 44004 NTC thermistor Fixed R ohms Supply V 2700 1 fx 168 2x 13 6 0 2 0 25 0 3 0 35 04 0 45 0
8. minute team meeting at the beginning of each lab session is a good way to do this reviewing what s already been done what s left to do and what assessments you should be ready for There is a lot of work involved with building documenting and troubleshooting these working instrument systems As you and your team work on this system you will invariably encounter problems You should always attempt to solve these problems as a team before requesting instructor assistance If you still require instructor assistance write your team s color on the lab whiteboard with a brief description of what you need help on The instructor will meet with each team in order they appear on the whiteboard to address these problems 75 Lab Exercise team meeting prototype sketch and instrument selection An important first step in completing this lab exercise is to meet with your instructor as a team to discuss safety concerns team performance and specific roles for team members If you would like to emphasize exposure to certain equipment e g use a particular type of control system certain power tools techniques e g fabrication or tasks to improve your skill set this is the time to make requests of your team so that your learning during this project will be maximized An absolutely essential step in completing this lab exercise is to work together as a team to sketch a prototype diagram showing what you intend to build This usually takes the
9. system functions given pictorial and or schematic illustrations of those instruments e In a team environment and with full access to references notes and instructor assistance perform the following tasks Demonstrate proper use of safety equipment and application of safe procedures while using power tools and working on live systems Communicate effectively with teammates to plan work arrange for absences and share responsibilities in completing all labwork Construct and commission a working data acquisition system consisting of a DAQ unit signal wiring Ethernet wiring and components and a personal computer running DAQ software Generate accurate schematic diagrams documenting your team s DAQ system e Independently perform the following tasks with 100 accuracy mastery Multiple re tries are allowed with different specifications conditions each time Design and build a circuit responding to changes in either light intensity or ambient temperature Diagnose a random fault placed in another team s data acquisition system by the instructor within a limited time using no test equipment except a multimeter and network diagnostic utilities on the personal computer logically justifying your steps in the instructor s direct presence COURSE OUTLINE A course calendar in electronic format Excel spreadsheet resides on the Y network drive and also in printed paper format in classroom DMC130 for convenient student acce
10. 0 IP 169 254 5 7 Mask 255 255 255 0 Ethernet Located at column 8 Located in CP 3 Power from breaker 5 When your entire team is finished drafting your individual diagrams call the instructor to do an inspection of the system Here the instructor will have students take turns going through the entire system with the other students checking their diagrams for errors and omissions along the way During this time the instructor will also inspect the quality of the installation identifying problems such as frayed wires improperly crimped terminals poor cable routing missing labels lack of wire duct covers etc The team must correct all identified errors in order to receive credit for their system After successfully passing the inspection each team member needs to place their system diagram in the diagram holder located in the middle of the lab behind the main control panel When it comes time to troubleshoot another team s system this is where you will go to find a diagram for that system Common mistakes Forgetting to label all signal wires Forgetting to note all wire colors Forgetting to put your name on the diagram Basing your diagram off of a team mate s diagram rather than closely inspecting the system for yourself Not placing instruments in the correct orientation field instruments on the left control room instruments on the right 81 Lab Exercise DAQ signal scaling linearization
11. 1 transition The key to deciphering a Manchester encoded data stream is being able to identify which transitions represent real data bits and which do not Do you see the pattern and how to distinguish one type of transition from the other 89 Here s a clue to decoding a Manchester encoded signal First identify all signal transitions as such ttt wt Next knowing that all data bits are timed to a clock and that these clock pulses are always equally spaced in time you can see which transitions constitute data and which are merely state reversals to set up the next bit TD TD TD OX O a rit i rue Clocked N E a Eu Ea TT PTT SES E i i ea 0 0 1 0 0 An advantage of Manchester encoding is that it encodes the clock signal directly into the data stream This helps devices synchronize each other without the need for a separate wire to carry a clock signal Auto sensing 10 100 Mbit Ethernet hubs rely on this to tell what speed the incoming signals are going A disadvantage of Manchester encoding is that the baud rate may be as high as twice the value of the bit rate For example a Manchester encoded 10 Mbps bitstream of all ones or all zeros would require a baud rate of 20 Mbaud since each identical bit would require two voltage level transitions 90 Answer 11 A switch does not blindly broadcast all incoming data to all outgoing ports Instead it learns what MAC address es reside on each
12. 4 20 mA loop powered pressure or temperature transmitter with a 250 ohm resistor connected to the DAQ so it can read a 1 5 volt signal 250 2 ae To personal computer 76 You are also welcome to be more creative and build yourself a simpler analog sensing circuit such as this P or 2 To personal computer The challenge with a circuit such as this is that it will not output a signal that is linearly proportional to temperature like the loop powered transmitter will In order to make this work you will have to program a formula into the DAQ software to linearize the voltage signal into a proportional temperature value This will require extra work on your part to characterize the sensor then develop a formula describing the signal voltage value as a function of the measured variable You may find a computer spreadsheet program to be helpful plotting a curve of voltage versus sensor stimulus e g temperature then using the curve fitting utility in the spreadsheet to develop an equation relating voltage to the measurement To personal computer Current R transformer shunt 1 AC load current If you choose to build a system to measure AC current using a current transformer CT shown above you will need to select a suitable shunt resistor to drop voltage generated by current output by the CT This is done by researching the burden rating of
13. 5 0 55 0 6 0 65 0 7 0 75 DONC Pere eee E I Sheet1 3 Default sTo E Sum 0 27 o e 6 170 In this particular example the sensor is a negative temperature coefficient NTC thermistor model 44004 manufactured by Omega The formula entered into cells RACI through R9C1 calculates the voltage dropped across a fixed resistor 2700 2 connected in series with the thermistor and powered by a 1 volt DC source using the voltage divider equation Va Veource R The thermistor resistance values seen in column 3 were taken from an Omega published table for the model 44004 thermistor A scatter plot graphs temperature as a function of voltage and a trendline plotted by the spreadsheet program attempts to match the data points to a mathematical formula In this particular case the fitted formula happens to be Temp 168 2 Voltage 13 6 It is this formula you must enter into the DAQ software so it knows how to translate the measured voltage signal into a temperature value 82 If the sensor you choose does not have a data table describing its characteristics you may generate your own by subjecting it to known stimuli and measuring its resistance at those known values Then you may use a spreadsheet to plot the voltage response and derive an equation to fit the data Another huge advantage of using a computer spreadsheet to model the signal voltage as a fu
14. Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104448 32 Question 27 Examine this network diagram of an industrial data acquisition system comprised of different technologies for acquiring the data but ultimately communicating to computer display stations located somewhere on the Internet world wide web Computer display stations 7 to the world ISDN network wide web Personal computer IP address 196 244 10 1 MAC address 5F 41 0E 7C 22 B3 IP address 196 244 1 Ethernet 802 3 10base T EIA TIA 232 Modbus HART a 232 485 converter EIA TIA 485 Modbus HART multidrop network Modbus slave address 201 tot 11 I ni tot bbo 66 Proximity switches pushbuttons and other on off sensors ISDN router IP address 196 244 10 18 Personal computer 2 MAC address 5F 41 0E 11 59 C4 802 3 10base T EIA TIA 232 HART modem HART transmitter HART address 4 802 11g Wireless Access Point WAP IP address 196 244 10 4 MAC address F1 36 68 20 CD 01 Personal computer IP address 196 244 10 3 MAC address 5E 39 82 7C 92 00 Ethernet Terminator DeviceNet Devi
15. Q Figure 6 Rap 80 54 Q Answer 66 Answer 67 Answer 68 Answer 69 Answer 70 Answer 71 Answer 72 Answer 73 Answer 74 Answer 75 Answer 76 Answer 77 Answer 78 96 Answer 79 Answer 80 Answer 81 Answer 82 Input LRV 200 C Output range Input URV 1800 C 4 to 20 mA Input PV signal range FB15 Process Lo 200 4 to 20 mA FB15 Process Hi 1800 Siemens Moore model 352 controller Output display range Output 0 to 100 Input range Output range Output signal range 4 to 20 mA 3 to 15 PSI 4 to 20 mA Input range Stem stroke 3to 15 PSI 100 to 0 open Desired control valve sequencing 0 50 100 TV A open shut TV B shu _ open 97 Answer 83 Manchester encoding FSK encoding AAA ERR pope peepee peep pes AT SD ry 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Answer 84 Space Start Stop gt Mark Answer 85 The bias voltage provided by these resistor values will meet the EIA TIA 485 standard for voltage at a receiver device 200 mV but not for voltage at a transmitter device 1 5 V Thus the noise margin is compromised and the system may not perform to the standard in a noisy environment Answer 86 Partial answer Input voltage Percent of span Counts Counts volts decimal hexadecimal 1 6 32 1310 or 1311 73 8 3022 40 666 3 18 A2F
16. Rag for the following resistor networks Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 All resistors 500 Q All resistors 1 kQ Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 250 Q All resistors 2 2 kQ A 220 Q 100 Q 330 Q B 940 Q file 100597 Question 66 Question 67 Question 68 Question 69 Question 70 Question 71 Question 72 Question 73 Question 74 Question 75 50 Question 76 Question 77 Question 78 Question 79 Question 80 Question 81 Identify any area s of your study in which you would like to become stronger Examples include technical reading electrical circuit analysis solving particular types of problems time management and or skills applied in the lab Cite specific examples if possible and bring these to your instructor s attention so that together you may target them for improvement As a starting point try consulting the list of topics on the first page of the worksheet for the upcoming mastery exam as well as the General Values and Expectations list near the beginning of the worksheet identifying the habits and qualities necessary for success in this career Next identify practical strategies you will use to strengthen these areas Examples include focusing on specific types of problem solving whenever those types appear in the homework working through practice problems for a particular subject and or coordinating with your lab team to give you more
17. TV 1b depending on the high frequency AC characteristics of the controller output Certainly the isolator prevents us from communicating with TV 1a so we know we can t talk to it However the only way we can talk to the other valve from these connection points is if the HART signals are able to pass through the controller output If the controller output acts as an ideal current source it should block the HART signals completely and our communicator will talk to no valve at all Control valve TV 1a carries the cooling fluid while control valve TV 1b carries the heating fluid As process temperature rises the reverse acting controller decreases its output signal This will drive TV la further open and TV 1b further shut Answer 100 Answer 101 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 102 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 103 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 104 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 105 This is a graded question no answers or hints given 105 Answer 106 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 107 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 108 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 109 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 110 This is
18. a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 111 There exist some inexpensive data acquisition modules on the market for personal computers including some with USB interfaces and most with RS 232 serial interfaces If all you have is a serial interface module and a USB only computer as most laptop computers are you may use a USB to serial adapter to connect the serial DAQ device to the personal computer Within Microsoft Windows you may force the operating system to recognize the USB adapter as an old style COM 1 or COM 2 RS 232 serial device at which time the DAQ software should talk through the adapter to the DAQ module seamlessly 106
19. alternative to course withdrawal file distance 16 Metric prefixes and conversion constants Metric prefixes Yotta 1024 Symbol Y Zeta 107 Symbol Z Exa 1018 Symbol E Peta 1015 Symbol P Tera 1012 Symbol T Giga 10 Symbol G Mega 10 Symbol M Kilo 10 Symbol k Hecto 10 Symbol h Deca 10 Symbol da Deci 107 Symbol d Centi 107 Symbol c Milli 107 Symbol m Micro 107 Symbol y Nano 107 Symbol n Pico 10 12 Symbol p Femto 10 15 Symbol f Atto 10 18 Symbol a Zepto 107 Symbol z Yocto 1077 Symbol y METRIC PREFIX SCALE T G M k m u n p tera giga mega kilo none milli micro nano pico BOR TOP 0 TO TO Lo e a o pi Ru e pa a o 10 HO No ata Kc iz hecto deca deci centi h da d c Conversion formulae for temperature F C 9 5 32 C F 32 5 9 R F 459 67 K C 273 15 Conversion equivalencies for distance 1 inch in 2 540000 centimeter cm 1 foot ft 12 inches in 1 yard yd 3 feet ft 1 mile mi 5280 feet ft 17 Conversion equivalencies for volume 1 gallon gal 231 0 cubic inches in 4 quarts qt 8 pints pt 128 fluid ounces fl oz 3 7854 liters 1 1 milliliter ml 1 cubic centimeter cm Conversion equivalencies for velocity 1 mile per hour mi h 88 feet per minute ft m 1 46667 feet per second ft s 1 60934 kilometer per hour km h 0 44704 meter per second m s 0
20. conductors in it plus a shield each one terminated at a terminal block at each end H a long distance Shield wire Faults you are looking for include open conductors as well as shorts between conductors and or shorts to ground Devise a series of tests you could perform with nothing but a multimeter to comprehensively check the electrical integrity of this cable file 100734 67 Question 104 The Nernst equation finds application in many different chemical analyzer technologies One of these analytical technologies is oxygen concentration in mixed gas streams such as the exhaust from a combustion process where oxygen content is usually maintained at about 2 instead of the normal 20 9 oxygen concentration of Earth s atmosphere A common oxygen sensor is made of a sandwich of platinum electrodes on either side of a solid zirconium oxide membrane One side of this electrochemical cell is exposed to the exhaust gas process while the other side is exposed to heated air which serves as a reference Process gas Platinum electrode NL Platinum electrode Reference gas air Voltage output by the cell is predicted by the Nernst equation RT Ci Where V Voltage produced across membrane due to ion exchange in volts V R Universal gas constant 8 315 J mol K T Absolute temperature in Kelvin K n Number of electrons transferred per ion exchanged 2 for oxygen atoms F Faraday co
21. e no coincidental faults determining whether or not each fault could independently account for all measurements and symptoms in this network Fault Possible Impossible Hub A failed Hub B failed Router failed Internet service provider failed Cable failed between computer 4 and Hub B Cable failed between Hub A and Router Cable failed between Hub B and Router Security settings e g firewall in computer 4 Finally identify the next diagnostic test or measurement you would make on this system Explain how the result s of this next test or measurement help further identify the location and or nature of the fault file 104461 34 Question 29 This Ethernet network has a problem in it somewhere DSL internet connection Router 1 can ping 3 4 can ping wuw google com 4 can ping 5 2 cannot ping www google com An excellent diagnostic strategy is to trace paths of data flow in a complex system looking for places of intersection Successful paths prove all points along the pathway are functioning Places of overlap between unsuccessful paths prove that section is suspect Apply this strategy to the problem at hand and use the results to narrow the field of possible faults Also identify a good next ping test to do file 102123 35 Question 30 One day a new instrument technician goes to connect a PLC programmable logic controller to an op
22. faults given the results of a diagnostic test and a set of symptoms exhibited by a failed system e Propose a diagnostic test for troubleshooting a failed system and then explain the meanings of two different test results 86 Lab Exercise decommissioning and clean up The final step of this lab exercise is to decommission your team s entire system and re stock certain components back to their proper storage locations the purpose of which being to prepare the lab for the next lab exercise Remove your system documentation e g loop diagram from the common holding area either discarding it or keeping it for your own records Also remove instrument tag labels e g FT 101 from instruments and from cables Perform general clean up of your lab space disposing of all trash placing all tools back in their proper storage locations sweeping up bits of wire off the floor and out of junction boxes etc Leave the following components in place mounted on the racks Large control valves and positioners I P transducers Large electric motors Large variable frequency drive VFD units Cables inside conduit interconnecting junction boxes together Pipe and tube fittings do not unscrew pipe threads Supply air pressure regulators Return the following components to their proper storage locations Sensing elements e g thermocouples pH probes etc Process transmitters Jumper cables used to connect terminal blocks within a sing
23. file 104420 Question 4 Read and outline the Ethernet Cabling subsection of the Ethernet Networks section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104421 22 Question 5 Read and outline the Switching Hubs subsection of the Ethernet Networks section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading Note a video demonstration of the difference between an Ethernet switch and an Ethernet hub repeater may be viewed on the BTC Instrumentation YouTube channel search for a video named Ethernet hubs versus switches In this video we see a potential problem that can arise if you move cables from port to port on an Ethernet switch file 104422 Question 6 Data in an Ethernet network is transmitted in a series of bits known as a frame A basic organizational illustration for an Ethernet fra
24. help you solve a problem until you have made every reasonable effort to solve it on your own Identify upcoming assignments and deadlines read the first page of each course worksheet Relate course days to calendar dates reference the calendar spreadsheet file calendar x1sx found on the BTC campus Y network drive A printed copy is posted in the Instrumentation classroom Locate industry documents assigned for reading use the Instrumentation Reference provided by your instructor on CD ROM and on the BTC campus Y network drive There you will find a file named 00_index_OPEN_THIS FILE html readable with any internet browser Click on the Quick Start Links to access assigned reading documents organized per course in the order they are assigned Study for the exams Mastery exams assess specific skills critically important to your success listed near the top of the front page of each course worksheet for your review Familiarize yourself with this list and pay close attention when those topics appear in homework and practice problems Proportional exams feature problems you haven t seen before that are solvable using general principles learned throughout the current and previous courses for which the only adequate preparation is independent problem solving practice every day Answer the feedback questions practice exams in each course section to hone your problem solving skills as these are similar in scope and complexity to
25. identify how many maximum different addresses may exist in a HART multidrop network e Explain why burst mode cannot be used with multidrop HART instruments and then identify applications where burst mode would be useful e Finally identify at least three different places in this network where a HART modem or handheld communicator could be connected to establish communication with the devices Suggestions for Socratic discussion e How much total current would you expect to measure in a multidrop HART network e What is the maximum number of HART devices that may be multi dropped file 102229 63 Question 99 Smart control valve positioners are devices that take a 4 20 mA DC analog current signal and very precisely position the valve stem according to that signal Since smart positioners contain microprocessors they are more than capable of communicating via a digital network standard such as HART A problem may arise though if we try to connect more than one HART capable valve positioner in the same 4 20 mA current loop such as when we wish to split range two or more control valves This is where multiple control valves actuate over different portions of the 4 20 mA range for example a heating valve that operates from 4 to 12 mA and a cooling valve that operates from 12 to 20 mA In a traditional analog split range control valve system the I P transducers would simply be connected in series so that
26. model where lecture is replaced by independent study and class time is devoted to addressing your questions and demonstrating your learning Most students require a minimum of 3 hours daily study time outside of school Arriving unprepared e g homework incomplete is unprofessional and counter productive Question 0 of every worksheet lists practical study tips Independent Problem Solving The best instrument technicians are versatile problem solvers General problem solving is arguably the most valuable skill you can possess for this career and it can only be built through persistent effort This is why you must take every reasonable measure to solve problems on your own before seeking help It is okay to be perplexed by an assignment but you are expected to apply problem solving strategies given to you see Question 0 and to precisely identify where you are confused so your instructor will be able to offer targeted help Asking classmates to solve problems for you is folly this includes having others break the problem down into simple steps The point is to learn how to think on your own When troubleshooting systems in lab you are expected to run diagnostic tests e g using a multimeter instead of visually seeking circuit faults as well as consult the equipment manual s before seeking help Initiative No single habit predicts your success or failure in this career better than personal initiative which is why your instructor will d
27. or why not Next propose a diagnostic test that would definitely provide useful information about either the location or the nature of the fault in this system Your proposal must identify the meaning of at least one possible result of the test e g If I jumper terminals X and Y together and I measure a decrease in source voltage it means the fault must be a short somewhere in branch A B C of the circuit Remember that the best diagnostic test is one that yields definitive answers no matter what its result might be Directly checking a suspected component is not a good diagnostic test unless there are simply no other options file 103199 74 Question 111 Lab Exercise introduction Your task is to build document and troubleshoot a telemetry system consisting of an analog sensor connected to a data acquisition DAQ module which then sends the data over Ethernet to a personal computer Temperature and pressure are suggested process variables to measure Electric current measured using a shunt resistor or a current transformer is another excellent process variable to measure and this works well to introduce the specialized topic of electric power metering and protection In fact setting up an electronic protective relay to sense AC current and initiate a breaker trip signal is an excellent alternative to using a generic DAQ Other process variables are open for consideration though The following table of objectives s
28. relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104444 Question 22 Read and outline the IP Addresses subsection of the Internet Protocol IP section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104445 Question 23 Read and outline the Subnetworks and Subnet Masks subsection of the Internet Protocol IP section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104446 Question 24 Read and outline the Command Line Diagnostic Utilities subsection of the Internet Protocol IP section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tabl
29. the same current flowed through both I P coils driving both control valves With HART capable positioners though we might not want the devices to be connected directly in series because then there may be a conflict of HART signals when we just wish to talk with one of the devices Explain how this problem is overcome in the following split range control valve system Loop Diagram Bio reactor temp control Revised by C Hart Date April 1 2006 Process area eee Control panel TB 1 TB 2 t D ee Red Whve Why m Red Red gt 1 Cable TT 1 Cable 3 Pr 1 Cable TT 1 Blk 2 Ne lek CSS pik L2 Tu i pu L2 e IIIT 122 TICN W 5 21 2m TB 1 TB 2 Red NEA Care Va eee Red Whoo Waray Reg pom 119 i Red 4 Cable TV 1a Bik Cable 3 Pr 2 Cable TV 1 5 18 su LE lex keg 4 Ti as org L4 Tek 77T H Bik z N n iai pita Bizz i wht ee Pie LS ee SE Miza iz20 ma ES 120 VAC oe Org AR Red M4 E ERE le eke fete eterna ES 120 VAC Lc pay AE sh ee Blk Tag number Description Manufacturer Model Calibration Notes TE 1 Thermocouple Omega Type T Ungrounded tip TT 1 Temperature transmitter Rosemount 3144 80 1207 4 20 mA TIC 1 Controller Siemens PAC 353 15V 80 120 Reverse acting control TY 1 HART isolator Action Instruments A
30. this work In return licensees must give the original author s credit For the full license text please visit http creativecommons org licenses by 1 0 on the internet More detailed explanation of Attribution License Under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License you may make freely use make copies and even modify these worksheets and the individual source files comprising them without having to ask me the author and licensor for permission The one thing you must do is properly credit my original authorship Basically this protects my efforts against plagiarism without hindering the end user as would normally be the case under full copyright protection This gives educators a great deal of freedom in how they might adapt my learning materials to their unique needs removing all financial and legal barriers which would normally hinder if not prevent creative use Nothing in the License prohibits the sale of original or adapted materials by others You are free to copy what I have created modify them if you please or not and then sell them at any price Once again the only catch is that you must give proper credit to myself as the original author and licensor Given that these worksheets will be continually made available on the internet for free download though few people will pay for what you are selling unless you have somehow added value Nothing in the License prohibits the application of a mor
31. to a new set of given conditions How to create more time for study Kill your television and video games Seriously these are incredible wastes of time Eliminate distractions e g cell phone internet socializing in your place and time of study Use your in between time productively Don t leave campus for lunch Arrive to school early If you finish your assigned work early begin studying the next day s material Above all cultivate persistence Persistent effort is necessary to master anything non trivial The keys to persistence are 1 having the desire to achieve that mastery and 2 realizing challenges are normal and not an indication of something gone wrong A common error is to equate easy with effective students often believe learning should be easy if everything is done right The truth is that mastery never comes easy file question0 20 Creative Commons License This worksheet is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License version 1 0 To view a copy of this license visit http creativecommons org licenses by 1 0 or send a letter to Creative Commons 559 Nathan Abbott Way Stanford California 94305 USA The terms and conditions of this license allow for free copying distribution and or modification of all licensed works by the general public Simple explanation of Attribution License The licensor Tony Kuphaldt permits others to copy distribute display and otherwise use
32. to take measurements with your multimeter e Neglecting to check other measurements in the system e g pressure gauge readings e Incorrectly interpreting the diagram e g thinking you re at the wrong place in the system when taking measurements e Incorrect multimeter usage e g AC rather than DC wrong range wrong test lead placement This is especially true when a student comes to lab unprepared and must borrow someone else s meter that is different from theirs Remember that the purpose of the troubleshooting exercise is to foster and assess your ability to intelligently diagnose a complex system Finding the fault by luck or by trial and error inspection is not a successful demonstration of skill The only thing that counts as competence is your demonstrated ability to logically analyze and isolate the problem correctly explaining all your steps Troubleshooting takes a lot of lab time usually at least two 3 hour lab sessions for everyone in a full class to successfully pass Be sure your team budgets for this amount of time as you plan your work and also be sure to take advantage of your freedom to observe others as they troubleshoot to better learn this art 85 Lab questions e Instrument connections e Determine correct wire connections between a DAQ module and an electrical sensor based on diagrams of instruments with terminals labeled e Correctly determine all electrical sources and loads as well as all voltage pola
33. 1 or 0110 1011 1000 Answer 96 0100 0111 1010 or 0100 0111 1011 103 Answer 97 This is one possible solution National Instruments DAQ E Series Thermocouple Data cable To computer eS Photocell Channel Mode First terminal Second terminal 0 RSE AIO AI Gnd 1 NRSE All AI Sense 104 Answer 98 The reason why we must abandon 4 20 mA signaling in a multidrop HART network should be obvious if you understand the characteristics of parallel DC circuits the total current is the sum of all branch currents Unique HART addresses are necessary to ensure the ability to communicate to and from specific transmitters one at a time In burst mode the field instrument does not wait to be polled by a master device instead it continually broadcasts data to the HART network You may connect a HART modem or communicator in the following locations in a multidrop network In parallel with the two wires anywhere along the cable length In parallel with the connection terminals of instrument 1 In parallel with the connection terminals of instrument 2 In parallel with the connection terminals of instrument 3 In parallel with the resistor Unique addressing is required because this bus network is broadcast by nature Answer 99 The HART isolator filters out HART signals to or from one positioner from getting to the other positioner We might communicate with control valve
34. 1000BASE LX Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Ethernet networks are considered baseband rather than broadband Explain the distinction between these two terms file 102209 29 Question 14 A fact of life in Ethernet networks is an event called a collision While collisions are normal for an Ethernet network too high of a collision rate will definitely slow down data transfer If we imagine a worst case scenario where every device node on an Ethernet network is always trying to send data the probability of a node being delayed due to another node transmitting in the same time slot is 1 4 where N is the number of nodes and the probability value lies between 0 and 1 inclusive As you can see the probability of collision for a 1 node Ethernet network is zero there are no other nodes to interfere with while the probability of delay is 1 100 chance absolutely guaranteed all the time in an Ethernet network having an infinite number of nodes The probability that any one node is able to transmit without being delayed by any other node is equal to the probability that all the other nodes on the network are getting delayed by its success This probability P is equal to N 1 1 P 1 The average number of time slots M that an Ethernet node must wait before it may transmit depends on this probability 1 P M P Build a computer spreadsheet to calculate both the probability of no delay
35. 12 bits of resolution to represent an analog voltage input range of 0 to 5 volts DC Determine the digital count value of this ADC expressed in binary form given a 1 4 volt input signal Count file 103797 61 Question 97 Identify suitable input terminals proper modes and necessary connecting wires to allow this National Instruments E series data acquisition unit DAQ to sense the two voltage sources shown National Instruments DAQ E Series Thermocouple Data cable lt a Photocell To computer The available modes for the input channels are RSE NRSE and DIFF Channel Mode First terminal Second terminal 0 1 file 101686 62 Question 98 HART instruments have the capability of operating as purely digital devices with no analog current signal output When multiple HART devices are operated like this paralleled on a common network cable it is called multidrop mode Multidrop HART network 230Q lt R lt 1 1kQ Answer the following questions about multidropped HART instruments e Explain why multidrop HART mode precludes the use of 4 20 mA as a signaling standard In other words explain why the option of multidropping HART instruments is an all or nothing choice rendering the loop current signal meaningless with regard to process measurements e Explain why each HART instrument in multidrop mode requires a unique address number assigned to it and
36. 30XIIS recommended ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES The BTC Library hosts a substantial collection of textbooks and references on the subject of Instrumentation as well as links in its online catalog to free Instrumentation e book resources available on the Internet BTClInstrumentation channel on YouTube http www youtube com BTCInstrumentation hosts a variety of short video tutorials and demonstrations on instrumentation Webster s New World Telecom Dictionary written by Ray Horak published by Wiley Publishing ISBN 13 978 0471774570 Ethernet the definitive guide written by Charles E Spurgeon published by O Reilly ISBN 10 1565926609 ISBN 13 978 1565926608 ISA Student Section at BTC meets regularly to set up industry tours raise funds for scholarships and serve as a general resource for Instrumentation students Membership in the ISA is 10 per year payable to the national ISA organization Membership includes a complementary subscription to InTech magazine ISA website http www isa org provides all of its standards in electronic format many of which are freely available to ISA members Purdy s Instrument Handbook by Ralph Dewey ISBN 10 1 880215 26 8 A pocket sized field reference on basic measurement and control Cad Standard CadStd or similar AutoCAD like drafting software useful for sketching loop and wiring diagrams Cad Standard is a simplified clone of AutoCAD and is freely available a
37. 67 Question 92 Identify the practical purpose of each of these diagnostic utility programs all accessible through the command line environment of a personal computer ping ipconfig or ifconfig netstat tracert or traceroute nslookup Be sure to bring your portable computer to class and experiment with each of these commands file 104466 60 Question 93 Calculate the current through the zener diode for the given values of input source voltage in this circuit V source e Viource 25 V Lener e Viource 20 V Lener e Vsource 15 V Izener e Vsource 10 V Izener Vsource 5 V Izener Do you see any relationship between source voltage and zener diode current If so explain what that relationship s file 100757 Question 94 Suppose the analog to digital converter in an instrument has 12 bits of resolution to represent an analog voltage input range of 0 to 5 volts DC Determine the digital count value of this ADC expressed in binary form given a 3 6 volt input signal Count file 103795 Question 95 Suppose the analog to digital converter in an instrument has 12 bits of resolution to represent an analog voltage input range of 0 to 5 volts DC Determine the digital count value of this ADC expressed in binary form given a 2 1 volt input signal Count file 103796 Question 96 Suppose the analog to digital converter in an instrument has
38. 7047 1000 36 81 1 7169 These formulae came from pages 308 309 of the book Practical Data Communications for Instrumentation and Control by John Park Steve Mackay and Edwin Wright 2003 Answer 15 Answer 16 91 Answer 17 Answer 18 Answer 19 Answer 20 Answer 21 Answer 22 Answer 23 Answer 24 Answer 25 Partial answer Largest IPv4 address 255 255 255 255 Smallest IPv4 address 0 0 0 0 IPv4 gives almost 4 3 billion unique addresses but believe it or not we have already run out of IPv4 addresses i e there are more IP capable devices in existence than there are IPv4 addresses Answer 26 Answer 27 Some of the different OSI layer 1 formats seen here EIA TIA 232 EIA TIA 485 Bell 202 HART FSK signals DeviceNet Ethernet 10BASE T IEEE 802 3 IEEE 802 11g wireless Some of the OSI layer 2 addressing schemes seen here HART field device addresses e MAC addresses for each personal computer The personal computers are responsible for wrapping the disparate data streams into TCP IP packets which are then forwarded to the router over Ethernet then transmitted over ISDN Once in packetized form they become portable over any network standard requiring only a computer with an understanding of TCP IP protocol to reassemble and unwrap at the receiving end s 92 Answer 28 Partial answer Fault Possible Impossible
39. 868976 knot knot international Conversion equivalencies for mass 1 pound Ibm 0 45359 kilogram kg 0 031081 slugs Conversion equivalencies for force 1 pound force lbf 4 44822 newton N Conversion equivalencies for area 1 acre 43560 square feet ft 4840 square yards yd 4046 86 square meters m Conversion equivalencies for common pressure units either all gauge or all absolute 1 pound per square inch PSI 2 03602 inches of mercury in Hg 27 6799 inches of water in W C 6 894757 kilo pascals kPa 0 06894757 bar 1 bar 100 kilo pascals kPa 14 504 pounds per square inch PSI Conversion equivalencies for absolute pressure units only 1 atmosphere Atm 14 7 pounds per square inch absolute PSIA 101 325 kilo pascals absolute kPaA 1 01325 bar bar 760 millimeters of mercury absolute mmHgA 760 torr torr Conversion equivalencies for energy or work 1 british thermal unit Btu International Table 251 996 calories cal International Table 1055 06 joules J 1055 06 watt seconds W s 0 293071 watt hour W hr 1 05506 x 1010 ergs erg 778 169 foot pound force ft Ibf Conversion equivalencies for power 1 horsepower hp 550 ft lbf s 745 7 watts W 2544 43 british thermal units per hour Btu hr 0 0760181 boiler horsepower hp boiler Acceleration of gravity free fall Earth standard 9 806650 meters per second per secon
40. Analog Hybrid Standard section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104464 Question 44 Read and outline the HART Multi Variable Transmitters and Burst Mode subsection of the HART Digital Analog Hybrid Standard section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104465 38 Question 45 Identify whether or not the HART communicator will be able to communicate with the HART transmitter in each of these circuits explaining why or why not for each case Circuit 1 Circuit 2 39 Circuit 3 Circuit 4 40 Circuit 5 Circuit 6 lle 2 2 2 2 f f l j aj lle 2 2 41 Circuit 7 Circuit 8 42 Circuit 9 Circuit 10 file 103332 43 Quest
41. INST 260 Data Acquisition systems section 3 Lab Data acquisition and transport over Ethernet Question 111 completed objectives due by the end of day 6 Exam Day 6 only a simple calculator may be used Specific objectives for the mastery exam e Electricity Review Calculate voltages and currents in a DC series parallel resistor circuit given source and resistor values Sketch proper wire connections for a data acquisition unit to measure an analog sensor signal Convert between different numeration systems decimal binary hexadecimal octal Calculate ADC analog digital converter input and output values given calibrated ranges Solve for a specified variable in an algebraic formula Determine the possibility of suggested faults in a simple circuit given measured values voltage current a schematic diagram and reported symptoms e INST230 Review Determine status of a relay logic circuit given a schematic diagram and switch stimulus conditions e INST241 Review Identify American wire colors for different thermocouple types e INST250 Review Convert between different pressure units PSI W C bar etc showing proper mathematical cancellation of units i e the unity fraction technique Recommended daily schedule Day 1 Theory session topic Ethernet networks Questions 1 through 20 answer questions 1 7 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Day 2 Theory session
42. Labwork is perhaps the most difficult portion of the curriculum for a distance student to complete since the equipment used in Instrumentation is typically too large and expensive to leave the school lab facility Distance students must find a way to complete the required lab activities either by arranging time in the school lab facility and or completing activities on equivalent equipment outside of school e g at their place of employment if applicable Labwork completed outside of school must be validated by a supervisor and or documented via photograph or videorecording Conventional students may opt to switch to distance mode at any time This has proven to be a benefit to students whose lives are disrupted by catastrophic events Likewise distance students may switch back to conventional mode if and when their schedules permit Although the existence of alternative modes of student participation is a great benefit for students with challenging schedules it requires a greater investment of time and a greater level of self discipline than the traditional mode where the student attends school for 6 hours every day No student should consider the distance mode of learning a way to have more free time to themselves because they will actually spend more time engaged in the coursework than if they attend school on a regular schedule It exists merely for the sake of those who cannot attend during regular school hours as an
43. P4830 2000 n a TV 1a Control valve Fisher Easy E 4 12 mA DVC6000 smart positioner TV 1b Control valve Fisher Easy E 12 20 mA DVC6000 smart positioner Suggestions for Socratic discussion e If we were to connect a HART communicator device to terminals 3 and 4 of TB 1 which control valve would we be communicating with e Which valve carries the cooling fluid and which valve carries the heating fluid in this temperature control system file 102230 64 Question 100 Question 101 The following screen capture shows the configuration window for an HMI panel providing serial communication parameters for it to exchange data with a Modbus device Panel Manager Dl Add XDelete DI Panel EA7 T8c 3 COM Port EN SS Ethemet Port Identify the purpose for the Control RTS and be de activated set to No PLC Protocol Modicon Modbus RTU Direct Connection PLC Slave Number 1 247 Baud Rate Parity Stop Bit Control RTS Require CTS Select RS485 PLE Protocol Byte Order Word Order Character Order in register Registers Per Message Coils Per Message Register Write Function Code Coil Write Function Code Timeout Time 1 255 100ms Poll Time 0 30000 msec Even v v Ne J No v No v Low Word High Wore se Charl Char2 v E vi p Ed Function Code16 M Function Code 15 ry 5 lt gt wo O Con
44. Student Performance Objectives Failure to meet all mastery standards by the next scheduled exam day will result in a failing grade for the course STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES e Without references or notes within a limited time 3 hours total for each exam session independently perform the following tasks Multiple re tries are allowed on mastery 100 accuracy objectives each with a different set of problems Calculate voltages and currents in a DC series parallel resistor circuit given source and resistor values with 100 accuracy mastery Sketch proper wire connections for a data acquisition unit to measure an analog sensor signal with 100 accuracy mastery Convert between different numeration systems decimal binary hexadecimal octal with 100 accuracy mastery Calculate ADC analog digital converter input and output values given calibrated ranges with 100 accuracy mastery Solve for specified variables in algebraic formulae with 100 accuracy mastery Determine the possibility of suggested faults in simple circuits given measured values voltage current schematic diagrams and reported symptoms with 100 accuracy mastery Predict the response of networked instrumentation systems to component faults and changes in process conditions given pictorial and or schematic illustrations Sketch proper power and signal connections between individual instruments to fulfill specified control
45. ailed description of its symptoms Teamwork You will work in instructor assigned teams to complete lab assignments just as you will work in teams to complete complex assignments on the job As part of a team you must keep your teammates informed of your whereabouts in the event you must step away from the lab or will be absent for any reason Any student regularly compromising team performance through lack of participation absence tardiness disrespect or other disruptive behavior s will be removed from the team and required to complete all labwork individually for the remainder of the quarter The same is true for students found relying on teammates to do their work for them Cooperation The structure of these courses naturally lends itself to cooperation between students Working together students significantly impact each others learning You are expected to take this role seriously offering real help when needed and not absolving classmates of their responsibility to think for themselves or to do their own work Solving problems for classmates and or explaining to them what they can easily read on their own is unacceptable because these actions circumvent learning The best form of help you can give to your struggling classmates is to share with them your tips on independent learning and problem solving for example asking questions leading to solutions rather than simply providing solutions for them Grades Employers prize trustworthy
46. air relevant to noise immunity If so which would be better a cable with a slow twist or a cable with a tightly twisted wire pair file 102192 57 Question 88 Sketch connecting wires to allow this data acquisition unit DAQ to sense strain using quarter bridge strain gauge circuits on input channels 2 and 3 such that increasing tension on the strain gauge increasing gauge resistance generates a more positive signal voltage on each channel strain strain V excitation C file 104586 58 Question 89 Suppose an ammeter inserted between test point D and the nearest lead of resistor R registers 25 mA in this series parallel circuit 25 volts 0 1 amps current limited R 1kQ E Identify the likelihood of each specified fault for this circuit Consider each fault one at a time i e no coincidental faults determining whether or not each fault could independently account for all measurements and symptoms in this circuit Fault Possible Impossible R1 failed open Ry failed open R3 failed open R failed shorted R failed shorted R3 failed shorted Voltage source dead This question is typical of those in the Fault Analysis of Simple Circuits worksheet found in the Socratic Instrumentation practice worksheet collection except that all answers are provided for those questions Feel free to use this practice worksheet to supplement your studies o
47. b in conjunction with a USB based data acquisition unit Here you will learn how to scale an analog input and also implement a comparison function to create an alarm function for a simulated water level measurement system Note the tutorial you need to do this exercise is found on your Instrumentation Reference a set of digital document files your instructor has prepared for you file 101615 Question 63 Read the LabVIEW exercise 3 tutorial document in preparation for implementing it in the computer lab in conjunction with a USB based data acquisition unit Here you will learn how to configure a digital output function on a DAQ so that your VI has the ability to control a real world device in this case an LED Note the tutorial you need to do this exercise is found on your Instrumentation Reference a set of digital document files your instructor has prepared for you file 101619 Question 64 Read the LabVIEW exercise 4 tutorial document in preparation for implementing it in the computer lab in conjunction with a USB based data acquisition unit Here you will learn how to add a trend graph to a VI in order to plot an analog signal value over time Note the tutorial you need to do this exercise is found on your Instrumentation Reference a set of digital document files your instructor has prepared for you file 101684 49 Question 65 Calculate the resistance between points A and B
48. cator file 101398 46 Question 52 Identify where a HART multivariable transmitter is used in this incinerator process and how the multiple variables are extracted from it to report on various indicating instruments F 1 INCINERATOR DP Atmosphere DT 1650 F Res Time 1 5 sec minimum 3 3 nozzles 90 apart at 67 above elev 50 6 grade AAR 35 DE NOTES X 1 Gas safety vent pipes to extend 10 feet above grade situated at least 30 feet from any source of ignition a2 Y ve 2 Burner management system supplied by vendor located in NEMA4X enclosure at base of incinerator tower See drawing 17003 for wiring details 3 Gas chromatograph supplied by vendor located in Rain shield analyzer shack at base of incinerator tower See TIRN JAN TAR tomatos drawing 17059 for wiring and tubing details 3 4 RE S TIC 37 34 6 Waste stream 1 4 above grade 1 i Dwg 12022 H 2 i 2 thick i from grade fi to 24 0 i i Waste stream 2 i Dwg 12022 P y 2 y H Waste st
49. ce engaged the meter will store in its memory the lowest highest and average values of that measurement from the time the mode is engaged until the time you read those captured values Some digital multimeters DMMs have even more advanced functionality whereby they record multiple data points over time more like a data recorder Additionally other advanced features such as high speed Min Max high resolution measurement and low pass filtering are provided by Fluke brand multimeters Take the time to try all of these measurement features while using your multimeter in this lab exercise These functions are important when diagnosing intermittent faults in a system The multimeter s ability to capture and remember measurement values over long spans of time gives the technician the flexibility to set the multimeter as a recording device leave to do other tasks then return to see what the meter recorded during that span of time It should be noted that your multimeter may not retain its automatic ranging capability when set to record data If your meter is like this and you engage this mode while the measurement value is low the meter may respond with an overload indication should the measurement value exceed the range locked in at the time the record mode was engaged In this case the you are advised to manually set the meter s measurement range before engaging the recording mode It should also be noted that some DMMs provide multipl
50. ceNet address 4 DeviceNet power supply HART transmitter HART address 1 DeviceNet address 18 HART transmitter HART address 2 DeviceNet address 7 HART transmitter HART address 3 Terminator Ethernet 802 3 10base T 802 11g wireless weather station Circuit breaker Identify some of the different OSI layer 1 physical network standards you see in this system as well as OSI layer 2 data link addressing schemes Then explain how all this data in all its different forms gets shuttled over the same ISDN cable to the Internet using TCP IP packets Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify where the diagnostic utlility ping could be used to test nodes in this heterogeneous network e Identify where the diagnostic utlility ping could not be used to test nodes in this heterogeneous network file 102236 33 Question 28 The following Ethernet network has a problem Someone trying to access the Internet from personal computer 4 cannot do so and has called you to troubleshoot the problem DSL internet connection Your first diagnostic test is to ping computer 4 from computer 5 and you find that this test is successful Your next test is to check Internet connectivity at computer 5 by pinging http www google com and you find that test is successful as well Identify the likelihood of each specified fault for this network Consider each fault one at a time i
51. ciplinary action up to and including immediate failure of a course will result from academic dishonesty e g cheating plagiarism willful safety violations theft harassment intoxication destruction of property or willful disruption of the learning work environment Such offenses are grounds for immediate termination in this career and as such will not be tolerated here file expectations Course Syllabus INSTRUCTOR CONTACT INFORMATION Tony Kuphaldt 360 752 8477 office phone 360 752 7277 fax tony kuphaldtObtc ctc edu DEPT COURSE INST 260 CREDITS 4 Lecture Hours 20 Lab Hours 52 Work based Hours 0 COURSE TITLE Data Acquisition Systems COURSE DESCRIPTION This course reviews digital theory learned in the first year Core Electronics courses building upon that foundation to explore industrial data busses including Ethernet and indicating datalogging and SCADA systems Pre Corequisite course INST 200 Introduction to Instrumentation Prerequisite course MATH amp 141 Precalculus 1 with a minimum grade of C COURSE OUTCOMES Commission analyze and efficiently diagnose instrumented systems using data acquisition units and industry standard protocols to transport process data over wired and wireless networks COURSE OUTCOME ASSESSMENT Data acquisition system commissioning analysis and diagnosis outcomes are ensured by measuring student performance against mastery standards as documented in the
52. cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Chemistry Mar Jan Winter quarter INST 206 1 cr Job Prep Il INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Mar Chemistry file sequence 12 General tool and supply list Wrenches e Combination box and open end wrench set 1 4 to 3 4 the most important wrench sizes are 7 16 1 2 9 16 and 5 8 get these immediately Adjustable wrench 6 handle sometimes called Crescent wrench Hex wrench Allen wrench set fractional 1 16 to 3 8 Optional Hex wrench Allen wrench set metric 1 5 mm to 10 mm Optional Miniature combination wrench set 3 32 to 1 4 sometimes called an ignition wrench set Note when turning any threaded fastener one should choose a tool engaging the maximum amount of surface area on the fastener s head in order to reduce stress on that fastener e g Using box end wrenches instead of adjustable wrenches using the proper size and type of screwdriver never using any tool that mars the fastener such as pliers or vise grips unless absolutely necessary Pliers e Needle nose pliers e Tongue and groove pliers sometimes called Channel lock pliers e Diagonal wire cutters sometimes called dikes
53. cument GS1 M and answer the following questions Describe what a VFD Variable Frequency Drive is useful for What exactly does it do in a control system Identify the purpose of the FA ISONET device referenced on pages 5 6 and 5 7 Identify some of the status bits readable in register 48450 2001 hex Identify the register within the AC motor drive holding the speed reference command value This is the numerical value commanding the motor how fast to spin Is this numerical value specified in integer fixed point or floating point format Does this AC drive accept Modbus commands in RTU format ASCII format or either Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify which layer of the OSI model the FA ISONET device operates on e Can the Modbus bit rate of this VFD be arbitrarily set or is it fixed at one communication speed e Which variant of Modbus is more efficient from the standpoint of maximum data transfer in minimum time ASCII or RTU e Identify which register s within the VFD you would have to write data into via Modbus in order to command the drive to Run and to Stop e Explain the significance of the speed reference value residing in a register address beginning with 4 within the Modbus addressing scheme file 104470 Question 50 The grades_template spreadsheet provided for you on the Y network drive allows you to calculate your grade for any course by entering exa
54. d m s 32 1740 feet per second per second ft s 18 Physical constants Speed of light in a vacuum c 2 9979 x 108 meters per second m s 186 281 miles per second mi s Avogadro s number NA 6 022 x 10 3 per mole mol Electronic charge e 1 602 x 10 19 Coulomb C Boltzmann s constant k 1 38 x 107 3 Joules per Kelvin J K Stefan Boltzmann constant o 5 67 x 1078 Watts per square meter Kelvint W m K7 Molar gas constant R 8 314 Joules per mole Kelvin J mol K Properties of Water Freezing point at sea level 32 F 0 C Boiling point at sea level 212 F 100 C Density of water at 4 C 1000 kg m 1 g cm 1 kg liter 62 428 lb ft 1 94 slugs ft Specific heat of water at 14 C 1 00002 calories g C 1 BTU Ib F 4 1869 Joules g C Specific heat of ice 0 5 calories g C Specific heat of steam 0 48 calories g C Absolute viscosity of water at 20 C 1 0019 centipoise cp 0 0010019 Pascal seconds Pa s Surface tension of water in contact with air at 18 C 73 05 dynes cm pH of pure water at 25 C 7 0 pH scale 0 to 14 Properties of Dry Air at sea level Density of dry air at 20 C and 760 torr 1 204 mg cm 1 204 kg m 0 075 lb ft 0 00235 slugs ft Absolute viscosity of dry air at 20 C and 760 torr 0 018 centipoise cp 1 8 x 107 Pascal seconds Pas file conversion_constants 19 Question O How to get the most out of acad
55. dents b The instructor works with team to plan that day s goals making sure each team member has a clear idea of what they should accomplish 2 Teams work on lab unit completion according to recommended schedule First day Select and bench test instrument s One day Connect instrument s into a complete loop One day Each team member drafts their own loop documentation inspection done as a team with instructor One or two days Each team member calibrates configures the instrument s Remaining days up to last Each team member troubleshoots the instrument loop 3 End of practical lab session debriefing where each team reports on their work to the whole class Troubleshooting assessments must meet the following guidelines e Troubleshooting must be performed on a system the student did not build themselves This forces students to rely on another team s documentation rather than their own memory of how the system was built e Each student must individually demonstrate proper troubleshooting technique e Simply finding the fault is not good enough Each student must consistently demonstrate sound reasoning while troubleshooting e If a student fails to properly diagnose the system fault they must attempt as many times as necessary with different scenarios until they do reviewing any mistakes with the instructor after each failed attempt file instructional 15 Distance delivery methods Sometimes the demands of li
56. domain Explain how the operation of a switching hub or just switch differs from a regular repeating hub and how this difference results in the splitting of collision domains file 102206 28 Question 12 Twisted pair Ethernet devices share a similar problem with EIA TIA 232 422 and 485 devices in that the transmit TD terminals on one device need to connect to the receive RD terminals on another If a DTE device is connected to a DCE device the cable wiring will be straight pin 1 on one end connects to pin 1 on the other end pin 2 with pin 2 pin 3 with pin 3 etc If however you wish to do something such as connect two computers together without a hub in between a straight cable will not work because the transmit pins on one computer will be connected through to the transmit pins on the other computer The fix for this problem is a special cable called a crossover cable In the context of EIA TIA 232 this is called a null modem cable and it involves the same principle Describe what that principle is file 102208 Question 13 Ethernet actually encompasses several similar network standards varying by cable type and bit rate speed The IEEE has designated special identifier names to denote each variety of Ethernet media Identify which type of Ethernet each of these names refers to e 10BASE2 e 10BASES e 10BASE T e 10BASE F e 100BASE TX e 100BASE FX e 1000BASE T e 1000BASE SX e
57. e restrictive license or no license at all to derivative works This means you can add your own content to that which I have made and then exercise full copyright restriction over the new derivative work choosing not to release your additions under the same free and open terms An example of where you might wish to do this is if you are a teacher who desires to add a detailed answer key for your own benefit but not to make this answer key available to anyone else e g students Note the text on this page is not a license It is simply a handy reference for understanding the Legal Code the full license it is a human readable expression of some of its key terms Think of it as the user friendly interface to the Legal Code beneath This simple explanation itself has no legal value and its contents do not appear in the actual license file license 21 Questions Question 1 Read and outline the introduction to the Ethernet Networks section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104419 Question 2 When multiple digital devices talk together on a common network they must have some way of arbit
58. e sampling times for their record function In other words your meter might provide a slow recording mode plus a fast recording mode The trade off for faster sampling time is as always for DAQ hardware less measurement resolution In other words you might not be able to record data as precisely as you would like in the fast speed Conversely if you desire maximum resolution you may have to settle for a slower sampling rate Common mistakes Failing to consult the multimeter s instruction manual Failing to consult the multimeter s instruction manual Failing to consult the multimeter s instruction manual Note this repetition is not a typographical error I really want you to consult the instruction manual that came with your multimeter 80 Lab Exercise documenting the system Each student must sketch their own system diagram for their team s data acquisition system This will not be an ISA standard loop diagram but rather a combination of schematic diagram showing the sensor and DAQ connections and block diagram showing the computer Ethernet network complete with IP addresses Your diagram must be comprehensive and detailed showing every wire connection every cable every terminal block range points network addresses etc An example system diagram is shown here Red RTD R 1002 a 0 00385 USB Located near JB 11 PC IP 169 254 3 1 Ethernet Mask 255 255 255
59. eady a part of the lab s permanently installed loop system If you need to punch a hole in the side of a custom enclosure as part of your system you must use a special tool called a knockout punch to make these holes rather than use a hole saw on a drill The Greenlee company manufactures a line of knockout punches called the Slug Buster which you may wish to research in preparing to use this tool Common mistakes e Starting to build the circuit before planning its construction on paper with a proposed circuit sketch e Failing to heed signal voltage limits for the DAQ analog input channels Be careful not to over power the DAQ with signal voltages exceeding its measurement limits e Failing to tug on each and every wire where it terminates to ensure a mechanically sound connection e Students working on portions of the system in isolation not sharing with their teammates what they did and how It is important that the whole team learns all aspects of their system Building a functioning system should take no more than one full lab session 3 hours if all components are readily available and the team is working efficiently 79 Lab Exercise advanced multimeter usage Part of this lab exercise is learning how to use an incredibly powerful feature of your digital multimeter its ability to capture and record minimum and maximum measurements On Fluke brand multimeters this mode is engaged by pressing a button labeled Min Max On
60. ecimal system 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E and F with each successive place carrying sixteen times the weight of the place before it e 3516 into decimal 5349 e 3410 into hexadecimal 2216 e 11100010 into hexadecimal E216 e 9316 into binary 100100112 Follow up question why is hexadecimal considered a shorthand notation for binary numbers Answer 92 e ping tests for the presence of an IP enabled device on a network e ipconfig or ifconfig shows the IP configuration data for a computer IP address subnet mask etc e netstat displays the TCP and UDP port connection statuses for a computer e tracert or traceroute traces the route taken by a data packet over the Internet from source to destination e nslookup shows the DNS name for a computer on the Internet Answer 93 As the source voltage decreases zener diode current also decreases Veource 25 V Izener 41 49 mA Vsource 20 V Tener 30 85 mA Viource 15 V Izener 20 21 mA Veource 10 V Izener 9 58 mA Veource 5 V Izener 0 mA It should be noted that the calculated answers shown here will not precisely match a real zener diode circuit due to the fact that zener diodes tend to gradually taper off in current as the applied voltage nears the zener voltage rating rather than current sharply dropping to zero as a simpler model would predict Answer 94 1011 1000 0100 or 1011 1000 0101 Answer 95 0110 1011 011
61. eferences Take the first Instrumentation job that pays the bills and give that employer at least two years of good work to pay them back for the investment they have made in you Employers look at delayed employment as well as short employment spans very negatively Failure to pass a drug test is an immediate disqualifier as is falsifying any information Criminal records may also be a problem file howto General Values and Expectations Success in this career requires professional integrity resourcefulness persistence close attention to detail and intellectual curiosity Poor judgment spells disaster in this career which is why employer background checks including social media and criminal records and drug testing are common The good news is that character and clear thinking are malleable traits unlike intelligence these qualities can be acquired and improved with effort This is what you are in school to do increase your human capital which is the sum of all knowledge skills and traits valuable in the marketplace Mastery You must master the fundamentals of your chosen profession Mastery assessments challenge you to demonstrate 100 competence with multiple opportunities to re try Failure to complete any mastery objective s by the deadline date caps your grade at a C Failure to complete by the end of the next school day results in a failing F grade Punctuality and Attendance You are expected to arrive
62. emand you do for yourself rather than rely on others to do for you Examples include setting up and using your BTC email account to communicate with your instructor s consulting manuals for technical information before asking for help regularly checking the course calendar and assignment deadlines avoiding procrastination fixing small problems before they become larger problems etc If you find your performance compromised by poor understanding of prior course subjects re read those textbook sections and use the practice materials made available to you on the Socratic Instrumentation website don t wait for anyone else to diagnose your need and offer help General Values and Expectations continued Safety You are expected to work safely in the lab just as you will be on the job This includes wearing proper attire safety glasses and closed toed shoes in the lab at all times implementing lock out tag out procedures when working on circuits with exposed conductors over 30 volts using ladders to access elevated locations and correctly using all tools If you need to use an unfamiliar tool see the instructor for directions Orderliness You are expected to keep your work area clean and orderly just as you will be on the job This includes discarding trash and returning tools at the end of every lab session and participating in all scheduled lab clean up sessions If you identify failed equipment in the lab label that equipment with a det
63. emic reading Articulate your thoughts as you read i e have a conversation with the author This will develop metacognition active supervision of your own thoughts Write your thoughts as you read noting points of agreement disagreement confusion epiphanies and connections between different concepts or applications These notes should also document important math formulae explaining in your own words what each formula means and the proper units of measurement used Outline don t highlight Writing your own summary or outline is a far more effective way to comprehend a text than simply underlining and highlighting key words A suggested ratio is one sentence of your own thoughts per paragraph of text read Note points of disagreement or confusion to explore later Work through all mathematical exercises shown within the text to ensure you understand all the steps Imagine explaining concepts you ve just learned to someone else Teaching forces you to distill concepts to their essence thereby clarifying those concepts revealing assumptions and exposing misconceptions Your goal is to create the simplest explanation that is still technically accurate Write your own questions based on what you read as though you are a teacher preparing to test students comprehension of the subject matter How to effectively problem solve and troubleshoot Study principles not procedures Don t be satisfied with merely k
64. erator display panel and notices the communication ports on both the PLC and on the display panel are labeled Modbus which the technician figures is some sort of networking standard Upon inspection of the screw terminals the technician also notices the wiring is similar to RS 485 EIA TIA 485 with TD TD RD and RD terminals Later on when reading the user manuals for both devices the technician notices the ports described as being RS 485 as well as being Modbus Asking a more experienced technician about this the answer is that the ports are both EIA TIA 485 and Modbus These two network standards are not exclusive but complementary Elsewhere in the world a new computer network technician is going to download some software from a website and notices it is possible to use either HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol or FTP File Transfer Protocol to do the job Looking behind the computer the technician notices a regular Ethernet cable twisted pair plugged into the network port Later the technician asks someone more experienced Which network standard am I using when I download files HTTP FTP or Ethernet The answer is similar to that given to the instrument technician HTTP and FTP are alternatives to each other both being complementary to Ethernet as parts of a complete protocol pathway from file to user It is never a question of HTTP or Ethernet just as it is never a question of Modbus or RS 485
65. es and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104447 31 Question 25 The fourth version of the IP Internet Protocol standard known as IPv4 specifies an address that is 32 bits wide The address is usually expressed in the form of four octets translated into decimal form and separated by periods Here is an example of an IPv4 address 196 252 70 183 What are the largest and the smallest IPv4 addresses possible in this format How many total unique addresses does this work out to be The next version of IP is version 6 version 5 was experimental IPv6 uses a 128 bit wide address How many octets does it take to express an IPv6 address How many unique addresses can be represented in the IPv6 field Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Are there any special IP addresses reserved for specific purposes How do the address spaces of IPv4 and IPv6 compare to that of Ethernet MAC address space Why are IP addresses required in addition to Ethernet MAC addresses in a network where most devices are Ethernet based Explain what 192 168 25 7 24 means as an IP address Explain what 192 168 25 7 8 means as an IP address file 102241 Question 26 Read and outline the Transmission Control Protocol TCP and User Datagram Protocol UDP section of the Digital Data Acquisition and
66. fe prevent students from attending college 6 hours per day In such cases there exist alternatives to the normal 8 00 AM to 3 00 PM class lab schedule allowing students to complete coursework in non traditional ways at a distance from the college campus proper For such distance students the same worksheets lab activities exams and academic standards still apply Instead of working in small groups and in teams to complete theory and lab sections though students participating in an alternative fashion must do all the work themselves Participation via teleconferencing video or audio recorded small group sessions and such is encouraged and supported There is no recording of hours attended or tardiness for students participating in this manner The pace of the course is likewise determined by the distance student Experience has shown that it is a benefit for distance students to maintain the same pace as their on campus classmates whenever possible In lieu of small group activities and class discussions comprehension of the theory portion of each course will be ensured by completing and submitting detailed answers for all worksheet questions not just passing daily quizzes as is the standard for conventional students The instructor will discuss any incomplete and or incorrect worksheet answers with the student and ask that those questions be re answered by the student to correct any misunderstandings before moving on
67. form of a simple electrical schematic and or loop diagram showing all electrical connections between components as well as any tubing or piping for fluids This prototype sketch need not be exhaustive in detail but it does need to show enough detail for the instructor to determine if all components will be correctly connected for their safe function For example if you intend to connect field devices to a PLC Programmable Logic Controller your prototype sketch must show how those devices will connect to typical input output terminals on the PLC where electrical power will be supplied etc Prototype sketches need not show all intermediary connections between components such as terminal blocks in junction boxes between the field device and the controller You should practice good problem solving techniques when creating your prototype sketch such as consulting equipment manuals for information on component functions and marking directions of electric current voltage polarities and identifying electrical sources loads Use this task as an opportunity to strengthen your analytical skills Remember that you will be challenged in this program to do all of this on your own during capstone assessments so do not make the mistake of relying on your teammates to figure this out for you instead treat this as a problem you must solve and compare your results with those of your teammates Your team s prototype sketch is so important that the in
68. g table of values for this converter assuming perfect calibration no error Input voltage Percent of span Counts Counts volts decimal hexadecimal 1 6 3022 40 A2F Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Calculate the resolution of this ADC in percent of full scale range In other words what is the smallest percentage of input signal change it is able to resolve file 103822 Question 87 Industrial signal cables are often comprised of twisted shielded wire pairs Both the twisting of the wire pairs and the shielding encapsulating the pairs works to protect the signals from corruption due to external noise One of these techniques guards against interference from stray electrical fields while the other guards against interference from stray magnetic fields Identify which does which and explain why A B B A Shield Furthermore explain how a multimeter set to measure AC voltage ideally AC millivolts could be used to detect the presence of electric field induced noise anywhere along the cable s length Also explain how a multimeter set to measure AC millivoltage could be used to detect the presence of magnetic field induced noise anywhere along the cable s length Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify what would cause a ground loop to form in this cable why that would be a bad thing and how we may avoid it e Is the rate of twist of the wire p
69. h to low transition represents a 0 bit while a low to high transition represents a 1 bit Examine this Manchester encoded signal on an oscilloscope screen and determine the sequence of 1 and 0 bits represented by the waveform Hint it may be easier to begin by sketching the waveform to represent a particular bit sequence For example try sketching the Manchester encoded waveform to represent the bit sequence 1 0 1 1 0 first then analyze the waveform given to you in this question file 102203 27 Question 11 Twisted pair Ethernet networks with more than two nodes must use some form of hub to connect everything together Each hub has a limited number of ports but hubs may be cascaded to form networks larger than the port limit Hub Hub Hub Ethernet Ethernet DTE DTE Ethernet Ethernet device device DTE DTE device device Ethernet DTE device All hubs are not created equal though they come in two varieties repeaters and switches If we were to use simple repeater hubs all five Ethernet DTE devices would belong to the same collision domain If we were to replace the middle repeater with a switching hub however we would have multiple collision domains instead of just one Hub Hub Hub repeater switch repeater Ethernet Ethernet 3 DTE DTE Ethernet Ethernet i device device DTE DTE i device device rs Ethernet Bo fee acuta d paie dame Collision domain Collision
70. hard working knowledgeable resourceful problem solvers The grade you receive in any course is but a partial measure of these traits What matters most are the traits themselves which is why your instructor maintains detailed student records including individual exam scores attendance tardiness and behavioral comments and will share these records with employers if you have signed the FERPA release form You are welcome to see your records at any time and to compare calculated grades with your own records i e the grade spreadsheet available to all students You should expect employers to scrutinize your records on attendance and character and also challenge you with technical questions when considering you for employment Representation You are an ambassador for this program Your actions whether on tours during a jobshadow or internship or while employed can open or shut doors of opportunity for other students Most of the job opportunities open to you as a BTC graduate were earned by the good work of previous graduates and as such you owe them a debt of gratitude Future graduates depend on you to do the same Responsibility For Actions If you lose or damage college property e g lab equipment you must find repair or help replace it If you represent BTC poorly to employers e g during a tour or an internship you must make amends The general rule here is this If you break it you fix it Non negotiable terms dis
71. how what you and your team must complete within the scheduled time for this lab exercise Note how some of these objectives are individual while others are for the team as a whole Objective completion table Performance objective Grading 1 2 3 4 Team Team meeting and prototype sketch do first mastery Circuit design challenge mastery eS Final documentation and system inspection mastery SEE Demonstrate IP ping utility mastery Demonstrate use of a knockout punch tool mastery Accurate measurement of variable 1 of span mastery Data communicated via Ethernet mastery Troubleshooting mastery SiS Lab question Instrument connections proportional Lab question Commissioning proportional SS Lab question Mental math proportional Lab question Diagnostics proportional RE Decommission and lab clean up mastery The only proportional scoring in this activity are the lab questions which are answered by each student individually A listing of potential lab questions are shown at the end of this worksheet question The lab questions are intended to guide your labwork as much as they are intended to measure your comprehension and as such the instructor may ask these questions of your team day by day rather than all at once on a single day It is essential that your team plans ahead what to accomplish each day A short 10
72. ion 46 Read and outline the introduction and the Modbus Data Frames subsection of the Modbus section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104467 Question 47 Read the Modbus Function Codes and Addresses subsection of the Modbus section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104468 Question 48 Read Appendix C of the Allen Bradley PowerFlex 4 Adjustable Frequency AC Drive user manual document FRN 5 xx and answer the following questions Describe what a VFD Variable Frequency Drive is useful for What exactly does it do in a control system What does this section have to say about the and wires for Modbus RS 485 devices Identify some of the commands for the AC motor drive accessible as individual bits in register 8192 Identify the register w
73. ithin the AC motor drive holding the frequency reference command value This is the numerical value commanding the motor how fast to spin Is this numerical value specified in integer fixed point or floating point format Does this AC drive accept Modbus commands in RTU format ASCII format or either Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Based on your reading of this manual is there any danger in accidently reversing the Modbus RS 485 wire connections e The wiring diagram on page C 1 shows a 120 ohm termination resistor installed at the cable end Can you think of any application where you might wish to use a different value termination resistor on this network cable i e something other than 120 2 e Page 1 9 of this manual describes a reflected wave problem that may manifest on long lengths of motor cable between the drive and the motor Based on the description and the table of figures shown on that page what does this problem consist of e Identify some of the error codes generated by this VFD which may be read via Modbus held in register 8449 e The network wiring diagram shown in figure C 1 shows an interesting method of grounding the shield conductor in each cable Interpret this diagram and then elaborate on alternative methods of shield grounding which would also work file 104469 44 Question 49 Read pages 4 46 through 5 8 of the Automation Direct GS1 Series Drives user manual do
74. itor her home from a smart phone with internet access Identify some of the network standards that might be employed in this system to transfer data between the PLC and her phone file 102232 Question 32 Question 33 Question 34 Question 35 Question 36 Question 37 Question 38 Question 39 Question 40 37 Question 41 Read and outline the Basic Concept of HART subsection of the HART Digital Analog Hybrid Standard section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104462 Question 42 Read and outline the HART physical layer subsection of the HART Digital Analog Hybrid Standard section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104463 Question 43 Read and outline the HART Multidrop Mode subsection of the HART Digital
75. kelihood of each specified fault for this circuit Consider each fault one at a time i e no coincidental faults determining whether or not each fault could independently account for all measurements and symptoms in this circuit Fault Possible Impossible R1 failed open Ro failed open R3 failed open R failed shorted R failed shorted R3 failed shorted Voltage source dead Finally identify the next diagnostic test or measurement you would make on this system Explain how the result s of this next test or measurement help further identify the location and or nature of the fault file 100171 71 Question 108 Determine what will happen to the following voltage drops between specified test points in the circuit if the resistance of resistor R3 happens to decrease e Vac increase decrease or stay the same e Ver increase decrease or stay the same e Van increase decrease or stay the same e Von increase decrease or stay the same file 102914 72 Question 109 Shown here is a process controller an I P transducer and a loop powered indicator Process controller 4 20 mA I P converter Control valve Jo l HH 4 20 mA loop powered indicator Show how the controller would connect to drive the I P transducer and also provide a 4 20 mA DC input signal to the loop powered indicator such that the indicator will show the percentage signal outpu
76. l also need to demonstrate how to record and display the lowest and highest voltages output by this circuit using your digital multimeter s min max recording function function This exercise tests your ability to properly identify the operating characteristics of a light or temperature sensor properly size a resistor to form a voltage divider circuit with the sensor properly connect a voltmeter into the circuit to achieve the specified response direction properly use a DMM to capture minimum and maximum voltage values and use a terminal strip to organize all electrical connections Photocell DMM you provide Resistor Thermistor Terminal strip TA el e e el e el el e f el lel lel le lellellellel eJ Battery The following components and materials will be available to you assorted CdS photocells and thermistors an assortment of resistors terminal strips lengths of hook up wire battery clips holders You will be expected to supply your own screwdrivers and digital multimeter DMM for assembling and testing the circuit at your desk The instructor will supply the battery ies to power your circuit when you are ready to see if it works Until that time your circuit will remain unpowered Meter response instructor chooses Direct Reverse Captured value instructor chooses Vininimum Vnazimum Sensor type instructor chooses Photocell Thermistor
77. l networks dedicated cables satellite links fiber optics radio etc This protocol permits the exchange of data across an ad hoc collection of networks between points far and wide Without a platform and network independent protocol Internet really would have to be a dedicated cable or radio link stretching across the United States in order for people across the country to digitally communicate This protocol comes in two parts TOP and IP Sometimes it is referred to as a single standard TCP IP Explain what TCP and IP represent and how these network protocols are independent of specific details such as cable type data rate mark and space voltage levels and other parameters associated with digital network hardware Suggestions for Socratic discussion e An alternative to TCP is UDP often used in industrial Ethernet networks Explain why UDP is more popular within industry and how it differs from TCP e SCADA systems used for the monitoring and control of such things as pipelines and electric power transmission networks typically rely on their own dedicated communication channels rather than the internet to communicate digital data over long distances Explain why e Suppose an instrument technician got bored and decided to build a SCADA system for her home Using a PLC to acquire data from sensors installed throughout the house and also to control lights and valves the technician is able to mon
78. le junction box Plastic tubing and tube fittings disconnect compression style tube fittings Power cables and extension cords Adjustment loading station air pressure regulators Finally you shall return any control system components to their original factory default configurations This includes controller PID settings function block programs input signal ranges etc file 100350 87 Answers Answer 1 Answer 2 Pll let you research the answers here Answer 3 Answer 4 Answer 5 Answer 6 Partial answer e Preamble e SFD Start of Frame Delimiter to signal the end of the preamble bitstream e Destination address the MAC address of the intended recipient e Source address the MAC address of the transmitting station e Type or Length contains a code to specify the purpose of the data bits or a code specifying the number of data bytes contained in the Data field This can be either depending on the value of the code If 1500 or less it represents the Data field length if 1536 or more it represents data type assumed Data field length of 46 bytes e Data e Frame check sequence Answer 7 Ill let you figure out the answer to this question as well as explain how you got it Answer 8 The basic idea of Ethernet is that there is an electrically passive medium a coaxial cable serving as a conduit for signals transmitted by any station connected to that medium The transpa
79. llow you to view the live DAQ data from another computer over the Ethernet network but it also allows you do operate the DAQ computer remotely Knowing how to use remote viewing software therefore is a very useful skill Another Ethernet related objective in this lab exercise is using the ping utility to test for network connections When two personal computers have been successfully connected to a common Ethernet network you should be able to ping one computer from the other by invoking the ping utility with the IP address of the destination computer as an argument to the ping command You may run the ping command from a command line window on a Microsoft Windows operating system More detailed instructions on the use of ping may be found in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook A successful ping from one computer to another is a necessary condition for remote viewing of that computer s display but it is not a sufficient condition That is to say although a computer that refuses to ping is definitely not ready to be logged into remotely a computer that does ping without trouble may not necessarily be ready for remote login Getting a successful ping from a computer is merely the first step in establishing full communication with it If a ping attempt proves unsuccessful it means something is inhibiting communication between that device and the computer you re using to issue the ping A good te
80. login such as btc It is also available for download at the Socratic Instrumentation website Answer 51 However you plan to filter the HART signals resist the temptation to do this This is a bad idea Loop powered transmitter 4 20 mA DC DC power source HART compatible HART communicator While placing a capacitor across the terminals of the indicator will bypass high frequency AC HART signals around the indicator it will also completely short out the HART data so the transmitter and communicator can t talk with one another Pl let you figure out a better method of HART signal filtering one that blocks HART frequencies from getting to the indicator without killing the HART signals throughout the network Answer 52 Flow transmitter FT 38 is a Coriolis mass flow transmitter simultaneously measuring mass flow rate density and temperature Mass flow is the primary variable reported by this transmitter in 4 20 mA form while the secondary and tertiary variables of density and temperature are extracted by FY 38c a HART to analog converter and reported to indicating recorders DIR 38 and TIR 38 in 4 20 mA form Answer 53 Answer 54 Answer 55 Answer 56 Answer 57 Answer 58 95 Answer 59 Answer 60 Answer 61 Answer 62 Answer 63 Answer 64 Answer 65 Partial answer Figure 1 Rap 500 9 Figure 3 Rap 1 511 KQ Figure 4 Rap 940
81. m scores attendance data etc as well as project to the future for courses you have not yet taken Download the spreadsheet file if you have not done so yet and enter all the data you can for grade calculation at this point in the quarter Also locate the pages in your course worksheet entitled Sequence of Second Year Instrumentation Courses to identify which courses you will need to register for next quarter Suggestions for Socratic discussion e If you do not yet have enough data to calculate a final grade for a course using the spreadsheet experiment with plugging scores into the spreadsheet to obtain the grade you would like to earn How might this be a useful strategy for you in the future e Why do you suppose this spreadsheet is provided to you rather than the instructor simply posting your grades or notifying you of your progress in the program courses e Identify any courses that are elective rather than required for your 2 year AAS degree file 102659 45 Question 5l Suppose you were connecting a HART compliant transmitter to an indicator that was intolerant of the high frequency HART communication signals Show where you would place a HART filter circuit in this 4 20 mA loop circuit to prevent those high frequency signals from getting to the indicator and also what that filter circuit would consist of Loop powered transmitter 4 20 mA DC DC power source HART compatible HART communi
82. mastery exam on a different day Multiple re tries are allowed on a different version of the exam each re try There is no penalty levied on your course grade for re taking mastery exams but failure to successfully pass a mastery exam by the due date i e by the date of the next exam in the course sequence will result in a failing grade F for the course If any other mastery objectives are not completed by their specified deadlines your overall grade for the course will be capped at 70 C grade and you will have one more school day to complete the unfinished objectives Failure to complete those mastery objectives by the end of that extra day except in the case of documented unavoidable emergencies will result in a failing grade F for the course Lab questions are assessed by individual questioning at any date after the respective lab objective mastery has been completed by your team These questions serve to guide your completion of each lab exercise and confirm participation of each individual student Grading is as follows full credit for thorough correct answers half credit for partially correct answers and zero credit for major conceptual errors All lab questions must be answered by the due date of the lab exercise Extra credit opportunities exist for each course and may be assigned to students upon request The student and the instructor will first review the student s performance on feedback questions homewo
83. me is as follows according to the IEEE 802 3 standard 8 bits 16 bits 56 bits 48 bits 48 bits 46 to 1500 bytes 32 bits Frame Preamble Destination Source check o address address sequence CRC Explain the purpose of each frame section e Preamble e SFD e Destination address e Source address e Type or Length e Data e Frame check sequence Suggestions for Socratic discussion e The preamble section of an Ethernet frame is extremely important for practical reasons although at first blush it appears to be useless an alternating sequence of 1 s and 0 s Explain why the preamble is a necessary component of the Ethernet frame e Ethernet data frames do not use a parity bit as is the case with data frames of RS 232 and other simpler serial network standards Why is a parity bit unnecessary with Ethernet Explain why a parity bit would be far less useful if it was used in Ethernet than it is in an RS 232 data frame file 102204 23 Question 7 Each Ethernet device manufactured in the world today possesses a unique identifying number known as a MAC address or hardware address This address is 6 bytes or octets long 48 bits An example of a valid Ethernet MAC address is shown here D2 48 1C 30 EA B5 Given the number of bits in a MAC address field how many unique identifier addresses can exist in the world Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Ethe
84. n this very important topic Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify a good diagnostic next step to narrow the scope of the problem and ultimately locate the one fault in this circuit file 104490 59 Question 90 A numeration system often used as a shorthand way of writing large binary numbers is the octal or base eight system Based on what you know of place weighted numeration systems describe how many valid ciphers exist in the octal system and the respective weights of each place in an octal number Also perform the following conversions 35g into decimal 1610 into octal 1100102 into octal 51g into binary Suggestions for Socratic discussion If binary is the natural language of digital electronic circuits why do we even bother with other numeration systems such as hex and octal Why is octal considered a shorthand notation for binary numbers file 102166 Question 91 A numeration system often used as a shorthand way of writing large binary numbers is the hexadecimal or base sixteen system Based on what you know of place weighted numeration systems describe how many valid ciphers exist in the hexadecimal system and the respective weights of each place in a hexadecimal number Also perform the following conversions 3516 into decimal 3410 into hexadecimal 111000102 into hexadecimal 9316 into binary file 1021
85. n when you complete all first year courses and enter the second year Since students enter the second year of Instrumentation at four different times beginnings of Summer Fall Winter and Spring quarters the particular course sequence for any student will likely be different from the course sequence of classmates Some second year courses are only offered in particular quarters with those quarters not having to be in sequence while others are offered three out of the four quarters and must be taken in sequence The following layout shows four typical course sequences for second year Instrumentation students depending on when they first enter the second year of the program Possible course schedules depending on date of entry into 2nd year Beginning in Summer Beginning in Fall Beginning in Winter Beginning in Spring Jan Winter quarter INST 200 1 wk Intro to Instrumentation INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Chemistry Jan Winter quarter INST 205 1 cr Job Prep INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements Mar INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Jan Winter quarter Mar Chemistry INST 205 1 cr es Job Prep I Graduation Graduation Graduation Graduation INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements INST 251 5
86. nction of temperature is that it allows you to experiment with different values of fixed resistance to see the effect it has on linearity By entering a new fixed resistor value into the spreadsheet you may immediately see the effect that value change has on the curvature of the scatter plot as well as the effect it has on the signal voltage strength Common mistakes e Choosing a poor accuracy calibration standard e g trying to calibrate your 1500 precision Rosemount pressure transmitter to 0 1 PSI using a 30 pressure gauge that only reads to the nearest 5 PSI e Improperly configuring the spreadsheet scatter plot to generate a fitted equation e g having variables on wrong axes Characterizing your sensor and scaling the DAQ software should take no more than one full lab session 3 hours if the team is working efficiently 83 Lab Exercise Ethernet data transfer An essential part of this lab exercise is to have the acquired data transported over an Ethernet network Unless the DAQ software is quite sophisticated this feature is not likely to be directly supported A suitable alternative is to have one computer acquiring data from the DAQ module and use another computer to remotely view the display of the first computer This remote viewing may be done using Remote Desktop in Microsoft Windows operating systems or by installing free remote administration software such as RealVNC Not only will remote access a
87. nection through Another Panel Note ae 0 OK Cancel Help Require CTS parameters both of which happen to Two options exist for Modbus Register Write function codes 06 and 16 Likewise two options exist for Modbus Coil Write function codes 05 and 15 Explain the difference between each option and why one setting might be more useful than the other file 100718 65 Question 102 Ethernet is a popular communications standard for many digital devices personal computers included Originally Ethernet was intended to be a network standard for conveying digital data only without power In later years however upgrades to the standard allowed DC power to be conveyed over the same wire pairs The IEEE standard 802 3af is one example of a power over Ethernet standard Shown here is a schematic showing how two Ethernet devices connect together over a Category 5 Cat 5 twisted pair cable with DC power conveyed over the same wire pair Device 1 Device 2 power source DC power source Receive Transmit load Explain what function s the transformers provide in this system and how they allow DC power to travel through the wire pairs from source to load without interfering with the Ethernet data signals which are AC file 102289 66 Question 103 Suppose you are asked to check the integrity of a multi conductor signal cable run between two locations The cable has six signal
88. nowing how to compute solutions learn why those solutions work In mathematical problem solving this means being able to identify the practical meaning and units of measurement of every intermediate calculation In other words every step of your solution should make logical sense Sketch a diagram to help visualize the problem When building a real system always prototype it on paper and analyze its function before constructing it Identify what it is you need to solve identify all relevant data identify all units of measurement identify any general principles or formulae linking the given information to the solution and then identify any missing pieces to a solution Annotate all diagrams with this data Perform thought experiments to explore the effects of different conditions for theoretical problems When troubleshooting real systems perform diagnostic tests rather than visually inspecting for faults Simplify the problem and solve that simplified problem to identify strategies applicable to the original problem e g change quantitative to qualitative or visa versa substitute easier numerical values eliminate confusing details add details to eliminate unknowns consider simple limiting cases apply an analogy Often you can add or remove components in a malfunctioning system to simplify it as well and better identify the nature and location of the problem Work backward from a hypothetical solution
89. nstant in coulombs per mole 96 485 C mol e C Concentration of oxygen in ambient air 20 9 Cz Concentration of oxygen in exhaust gas Suppose a DAQ module were connected to one of these oxygen sensing cells and you needed to enter a formula into the DAQ software to translate voltage into oxygen concentration Manipulate the Nernst equation to solve for the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas from the measured voltage C2 file 100929 68 Question 105 Write an equation describing the output voltage as a function of temperature assuming the RTD Resistive Temperature Detector has a resistance predicted by the following formula Rrrp 100 1 0 003927 1kQ 5 V Vou RTD Vout f T file 100536 69 Question 106 The voltage gain of a common emitter transistor amplifier is approximately equal to the collector resistance divided by the emitter resistance Common emitter amplifier in Knowing this calculate the necessary resistance values for the following fixed value resistor R2 and potentiometer R1 to give this common emitter amplifier an adjustable voltage gain range of 2 to 8 V in file 103519 70 Question 107 Suppose a voltmeter registers 0 volts between test points A and C but measures 24 volts between those same two test points after the connection has been broken between points C and D 24 volts 0 25 amps current limited Identify the li
90. of 100 for the course grade e Completion of all mastery objectives 50 Mastery exam score first attempt 10 Proportional exam score 30 Lab questions 10 Quiz penalty 1 per failed quiz Tardiness penalty 1 per incident 1 free tardy per course Attendance penalty 1 per hour 12 hours sick time per quarter Extra credit 5 per project All grades are criterion referenced i e no grading on a curve 100 gt A gt 95 95 gt A gt 90 90 gt B gt 86 86 gt B gt 83 83 gt B gt 80 80 gt C gt 76 76 gt C gt 73 73 gt C gt 70 minimum passing course grade 70 gt D gt 66 66 gt D gt 63 63 gt D gt 60 60 gt F A graded preparatory quiz at the start of each classroom session gauges your independent learning prior to the session A graded summary quiz at the conclusion of each classroom session gauges your comprehension of important concepts covered during that session If absent during part or all of a classroom session you may receive credit by passing comparable quizzes afterward or by having your preparatory work reading outlines work done answering questions thoroughly reviewed prior to the absence Absence on a scheduled exam day will result in a 0 score for the proportional exam unless you provide documented evidence of an unavoidable emergency If you fail a mastery exam you must re take a different version of that
91. on time and be on task all day just as you would for a job Each student has 12 hours of sick time per quarter applicable to absences not verifiably employment related school related weather related or required by law Each student must confer with the instructor to apply these hours to any missed time this is not done automatically Students may donate unused sick time to whomever they specifically choose You must contact your instructor and lab team members immediately if you know you will be late or absent or must leave early Absence on an exam day will result in a zero score for that exam unless due to a documented emergency Time Management You are expected to budget and prioritize your time just as you will be on the job You will need to reserve enough time outside of school to complete homework and strategically apply your time during school hours toward limited resources e g lab equipment Frivolous activities e g games social networking internet surfing are unacceptable when work is unfinished Trips to the cafeteria for food or coffee smoke breaks etc must not interfere with team participation Independent Study This career is marked by continuous technological development and ongoing change which is why self directed learning is ultimately more important to your future success than specific knowledge To acquire and hone this skill all second year Instrumentation courses follow an inverted
92. port and directs data frames only to their intended destination ports Answer 12 The cable is built so that the transmit and receive lines cross over to the opposite terminals between one plug and the other Answer 13 e 10BASE2 10 Mbps thin coaxial cable 185 meters length maximum e 10BASE5 10 Mbps thick coaxial cable 500 meters length maximum e 10BASE T 10 Mbps two twisted wire pairs Category 3 cable or better e 10BASE F 10 Mbps two optical fibers includes 10BASE FB 10BASE FP and 10BASE FL e 100BASE TX 100 Mbps two twisted wire pairs Category 5 cable or better e 100BASE FX 100 Mbps two optical fibers multimode e 1000BASE T 1 Gbps four twisted wire pairs Category 5 cable or better e 1000BASE SX 1 Gbps two optical fibers short wavelength e 1000BASE LX 1 Gbps two optical fibers long wavelength Answer 14 e Cell RICI 4 of nodes e Cell R3C1 P no delay e Cell R3C2 1 1 R1C2 R1C2 1 e Cell RACI Avg slots e Cell R4C2 1 R3C2 R3C2 Collisions tend to increase as data packet size decreases because this means each node on the network must initiate communications to begin a new packet more often and this is when collisions occur What you might find surprising is just how tolerant an Ethernet network is to lots of nodes N P M 1 100 0 2 50 1 3 44 44 1 25 4 42 19 1 3704 5 40 96 1 4414 10 38 74 1 5812 100 36 97 1
93. practice on specific skills Suggestions for Socratic discussion e One useful strategy is to maintain a journal of all you ve learned in a course of study Explore ways you could take the work you re already doing to prepare for homework daily discussions with your instructor and turn this into a journal or even a weblog blog for your own reflection and eventual use as a portfolio to showcase your capabilities to employers e Where exactly are the practice problem worksheets located on the Socratic Instrumentation website file 100999 51 Question 82 Suppose you are asked to configure the instruments in this temperature control loop to sense and display process temperature over a range of 200 to 1800 degrees Celsius with the loop controller actuating two split ranged control valves in a complementary sequence Input LRV Output range Input URV 4 to 20 mA Input PV signal range FB15 Process Lo 4 to 20 mA FB15 Process Hi Siemens Moore model 352 controller Output display range Output 0 to 100 Input range Output range Output signal range 4 to 20 mA 310 15 PSI 4 to 20 mA Input range Stem stroke 7 Desired control valve sequencing 0 50 100 TV A open I shut TV B hu open Write the proper range values inside the boxes near each instrument showing the proper configuration for each instrument needed to achieve the desired result Sugge
94. proportional exams Answer these feedback independently i e no help from classmates in order to most accurately assess your readiness Calculate course grades download the Course Grading Spreadsheet grades_template xlsx from the Socratic Instrumentation website or from the BTC campus Y network drive Enter your quiz scores test scores lab scores and attendance data into this Excel spreadsheet and it will calculate your course grade You may compare your calculated grades against your instructors records at any time Identify courses to register for read the Sequence page found in each worksheet Identify scholarship opportunities check your BTC email in box daily Identify job openings regularly monitor job search websites Set up informational interviews at workplaces you are interested in Participate in jobshadows and internships Apply to jobs long before graduation as some employers take months to respond Check your BTC email account daily because your instructor broadcast emails job postings to all students as employers submit them to BTC Impress employers sign the FERPA release form granting your instructors permission to share academic records then make sure your performance is worth sharing Document your project and problem solving experiences for reference during interviews Honor all your commitments Begin your career participate in jobshadows and internships while in school to gain experience and r
95. rating who gets to talk and in what order Otherwise there will be data loss as multiple devices inevitably attempt to transmit at the same time A variety of protocols exist to handle this problem A few are listed here Master slave Token passing TDMA Time Division Multiple Access CSMA CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detect CSMA BA Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bitwise Arbitration CSMA CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance Explain how each of these protocols works and identify which one is used in the Ethernet communication standard IEEE 802 3 Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Wireless communications such as WLAN IEEE 802 11 absolutely cannot use CSMA CD protocol Explain why this is e Explain what jabbering is in your own words and what effect it will have on networks using each of these five different protocols e Identify ways to identify a jabbering problem occurring in a network file 102200 Question 3 Read and outline the Repeaters Hubs subsection of the Ethernet Networks section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading
96. ream 3 M Dwg 12022 ASI gt g 2 6x2 r 1 i 24 MW X SiS ea 15 i FY FIC ATN rows Vent i Na 38 33 sn O Note 1 i i 7 Notez i Sv i i i f 112 i i A dk pui zi i E T T n T i LS mere i i i i i sv i 113 i ioe i AIRY AIRY AIRY AIRY AIR i i lt 33a A 33b A 33c A 33d A 33e i ted px i RER From natural Vent iP gas header Note 1 Li i Dwg 32915 2 i ie Si V i 2a 2a 2 i X DAT re sarme DIR From fuel ig 38 i gas header gt i Dwg 32915 2 Ex EA ae i Z ee FIG TIR i i LA 38 38 i pe KAN i i 38a file 101215 47 Question 53 Connect a smart HART protocol loop powered to a DC voltage source a 250 ohm resistor and a diode as shown using parts supplied by the instructor All electrical connections must be made using a terminal strip no twisted wires crimp splices wire nuts spring clips or alligator clips permitted Loop powered 2 wire electronic transmitter 9 volt 9 volt After building your circuit answer the following questions e Connect a HART communicator device in parallel with the transmitter turn it on and use it to access the transmitter s programmable parameters e Use a multimeter set to measure AC volts to detect HART communications in the circuit What happens to the AC voltage measurement when the HART communicator is turned off Is there any way to capture the peak HART signal values using your m
97. rency and passivity of the network cabling was supposed to be analogous to the luminiferous ether that was once thought of as filling all space serving as a medium for electromagnetic waves to exist The data rate for the original Ethernet specification was 2 94 Mbps 2 94 million bits per second It should be noted that Metcalfe s original Ethernet was an example of a multipoint broadcast network All stations are allowed to initiate communication and that communication gets broadcast to all stations connected to that line Now with switching hubs the broadcast portion of the description is a bit more limited but it is still a true multipoint network Answer 9 An Ethernet hub is an active piece of communications equipment an actual DCE and not just a passive connector Inside it contains transceiver circuits to amplify received signals and re transmit them to the other ports on the hub Termination resistors are not required with twisted pair Ethernet networks because all Ethernet devices DTE and DCE are engineered with the proper termination impedance built in to the transceivers 88 Answer 10 The data stream represented by the given waveform is O O 1 0 0 Here is the waveform answer to the hint where we encode the bitstream 1 O 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Note how one of the transitions does not represent a bit but merely sets up the voltage level in preparation for another low to high
98. rities and current directions in a DAQ sensor circuit based on diagrams of instruments with terminals labeled e Commissioning and Documentation e Explain the operating principle of the sensor used in your system e Explain the difference between a single ended input channel and a differential input channel on an analog DAQ module e Describe the use of some of the advanced functions of your multimeter besides record Min Max mode e Explain why power and signal wiring should not be run together in conduit or in a panel e Explain why it is necessary to use a bushing to protect electrical wires that enter and exit an electrical enclosure through a hole in the side of that enclosure e Mental math no calculator allowed e Determine allowable calibration error of instrument e g 0 5 for an instrument ranged 200 to 500 degrees e Convert 1 5 V signal into a percentage of span e g 3 5 V e Convert percentage of span into a 1 5 V signal value e g 70 V e Calculate resolution of ADC given number of bits and input signal range e Diagnostics e Explain how to distinguish an open cable fault from a shorted cable fault using only a voltmeter no current or resistance measurement but assuming you are able to break the circuit to perform the test e Determine whether or not a given diagnostic test will provide useful information given a set of symptoms exhibited by a failed system e Identify at least two plausible
99. rk exams and any other relevant indicators in order to identify areas of conceptual or practical weakness Then both will work together to select an appropriate extra credit activity focusing on those identified weaknesses for the purpose of strengthening the student s competence A due date will be assigned typically two weeks following the request which must be honored in order for any credit to be earned from the activity Extra credit may be denied at the instructor s discretion if the student has not invested the necessary preparatory effort to perform well e g lack of preparation for daily class sessions poor attendance no feedback questions submitted etc REQUIRED STUDENT SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS Course worksheets available for download in PDF format Lessons in Industrial Instrumentation textbook available for download in PDF format Access worksheets and book at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst Spiral bound notebook for reading annotation homework documentation and note taking Laptop computer with Ethernet port and ideally with a USB to serial RS 232 converter for performing network experiments Instrumentation reference CD ROM free from instructor This disk contains many tutorials and datasheets in PDF format to supplement your textbook s Tool kit see detailed list Simple scientific calculator non programmable non graphing no unit conversions no numeration system conversions TI 30Xa or TI
100. rnet MAC addresses are very interesting in that each one is unique to a single manufactured device Explain why this is e Describe what might happen in an Ethernet network if two or more devices shared the same MAC address e In cyber crime investigations MAC addresses can be important Explain why and also describe how the MAC address of a cyber criminal might be identified e On your personal computer open up a command line interface cmd on Microsoft Windows operating systems and issue the command arp a to see a listing of known IP addresses and their corresponding MAC addresses on your computer s network file 102205 24 Question 8 In 1976 an engineer named Bob Metcalfe designed a new type of digital communication standard he dubbed Ethernet A sketch he drew of his new system looked like this Station Transceiver Tap Interface Lag The Ether Controller Terminator Explain the basic concept behind Metcalfe s Ethernet system and why he chose the word ether to name it Also identify the bit rate speed at which his original Ethernet communicated at Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify some disadvantages of the original coaxial based Ethernet versus modern twisted pair with hubs Ethernet networks file 102201 25 Question 9 Bob Metcalfe s original Ethernet communication standard was based on thick coaxial cable Connections to this cable
101. rnet Protocol and it specifies how long blocks of data may be divided into smaller chunks called packets how those packets may be re assembled at the receiving end and also how devices connected to a large network may be addressed both individually and by group TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and it specifies among other things how to ensure integrity of communication in a network where data has been broken down into individual packets In essence TCP guarantees deliver of all data packets even when network connections are less than perfectly reliable by acknowledging correct receipt of each packet and requesting re transmission in the event of corrupted or lost packets Answer 32 Answer 33 Answer 34 Answer 35 Answer 36 Answer 37 Answer 38 Answer 39 Answer 40 Answer 41 Answer 42 Answer 43 Answer 44 Answer 45 Partial answer Circuit 2 Yes Circuit 3 No Circuit 6 Yes Circuit 9 No Hint apply the Superposition Theorem to each circuit example where the HART communicator is the only active signal source in the circuit and see if the communicator s signal is able to reach the transmitter Answer 46 Answer 47 Answer 48 94 Answer 49 Answer 50 You may locate the grades_template on the Y network drive at BTC provided you log in to the computer system using your individual student ID and password not a generic
102. s necessary in EIA TIA 485 networks but when they are it is important to ensure their presence does not compromise biasing Explain how termination resistors may adversely affect the biasing of a EIA TIA 485 network based on what you see in this schematic V V RS 485 RS 485 device device 100 ohm cable Calculate the idle voltage for this data network assuming termination resistors of 100 Q each bias resistors of 1k Q each and a 15 volt power supply at each end Does this meet the standard for a EIA TIA 485 network Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Are terminating resistors always needed in an EIA TIA 485 network If not what applications can do without them e Demonstrate how to estimate numerical answers for this problem without using a calculator e Based on the information given in this problem can we ascertain the characteristic impedance of the cable used in this system Why or why not e If the cable used in this system is replaced by one having significantly greater length but possessing the same characteristic impedance rating as before will the terminating resistor values need to be altered Why or why not If the resistor values do need to be changed will they need to be larger more ohms or smaller less ohms than they are now file 102198 56 Question 86 An analog to digital converter ADC has a calibrated input range of 0 to 5 volts and a 12 bit output Complete the followin
103. ss This calendar is updated to reflect schedule changes resulting from employer recruiting visits interviews and other impromptu events Course worksheets provide comprehensive lists of all course assignments and activities with the first page outlining the schedule and sequencing of topics and assignment due dates These worksheets are available in PDF format at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst e INST260 Section 1 Digital data acquisition and serial communication 4 days theory and labwork e INST260 Section 2 Serial network standards 4 days theory and labwork e INST260 Section 3 Industrial networking 5 days theory and labwork 1 day for proportional Exam METHODS OF INSTRUCTION Course structure and methods are intentionally designed to develop critical thinking and life long learning abilities continually placing the student in an active rather than a passive role Independent study daily worksheet questions specify reading assignments problems to solve and experiments to perform in preparation before classroom theory sessions Open note quizzes and work inspections ensure accountability for this essential preparatory work The purpose of this is to convey information and basic concepts so valuable class time isn t wasted transmitting bare facts and also to foster the independent research ability necessary for self directed learning in your career Classroom sessions a combination of Socratic discussion short lec
104. st to do in this circumstance is try pinging other devices on that same network Any successful ping attempts will definitively prove OSI layers 1 2 and 3 are all functional between those two points since ping requires those three layers to function Once you know which portion s of the network are functional you may narrow the field of fault possibilities Network functions above OSI layer 3 e g firewall software running on personal computers are capable of inhibiting communication between devices on the lab s Ethernet network including ping messages If you decide to connect your own personal computer laptop to the lab s Ethernet network you may find it easier to temporarily disable all security features on your personal computer to enable free and open communication between your computer and all other devices on the network Just be sure to re enable the security features when you are done so your computer will not be unprotected the next time you connect to the Internet 84 Lab Exercise troubleshooting The most challenging aspect of this lab exercise is troubleshooting where you demonstrate your ability to logically isolate a problem in the system All troubleshooting is done on an individual basis no team credit and must be done on a system you did not help build so that you must rely on loop diagrams to find your way around the system instead of from your own memory of building it Each studen
105. stions for Socratic discussion e Suppose the controller displayed a temperature of 1246 when the actual process temperature was 1265 C First identify two possible locations in this loop for a calibration error that would account for this discrepancy Then assuming only one fault explain how you could positively determine the location of this calibration error with a single diagnostic test e Suppose valve TV A was 44 open and TV B was 56 open when the controller output displayed 52 First identify two possible locations in this loop for a calibration error that would account for this discrepancy Then assuming only one fault explain how you could positively determine the location of this calibration error with a single diagnostic test file 102078 52 Manchester encoding Decode the following serial data streams each one encoded using a different method Question 83 RR mie ER EN D C E O O 5 IULIE POLL EL AUS RERA wi ite tT 29 53 FSK encoding Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Students often experience confusion interpreting data streams when viewed like this especially Manchester encoded data One problem solving strategy that works well to help interpret waveform patterns is to work the problem backwards Start with a known data stream binary 1 s and 0 s and then sketch a waveform representing that data stream Do this for several different data streams
106. structor will demand you provide this plan before any construction on your team s working system begins Any team found constructing their system without a verified plan will be ordered to cease construction and not resume until a prototype plan has been drafted and approved Similarly you should not deviate from the prototype design without instructor approval to ensure nothing will be done to harm equipment by way of incorrect connections Each member on the team should have ready access to this plan ideally possessing their own copy of the plan throughout the construction process Prototype design sketching is a skill and a habit you should cultivate in school and take with you in your new career Each lab team locker has its own data acquisition unit DAQ and other DAQ units are available from the instructor You will need to install software on a personal computer in order for that computer to gather analog data from the DAQ unit It is recommended that you test your DAQ before connecting it to any external circuitry For a simple test of an analog input set your multimeter to Diode Test so that it outputs a small voltage then connect your meter leads to one of the analog input channels on the DAQ the software should register a small voltage on that channel letting you know the DAQ is functioning You will need to choose a suitable sensor to connect to one of the DAQ analog inputs For greatest accuracy I recommend using a standard
107. t http www cadstd com CAMPUS EMERGENCIES If an emergency arises your instructor may inform you of actions to follow You are responsible for knowing emergency evacuation routes from your classroom If police or university officials order you to evacuate do so calmly and assist those needing help You may receive emergency information alerts via the building enunciation system text message email or BTC s webpage http www btc ctc edu Facebook or Twitter Refer to the emergency flipchart in the lab room located on the main control panel for more information on specific types of emergencies ACCOMMODATIONS If you think you could benefit from classroom accommodations for a disability physical mental emotional or learning please contact our Accessibility Resources office Call 360 752 8345 email ar btc ctc edu or stop by the AR Office in the Admissions and Student Resource Center ASRC Room 106 College Services Building file INST260syllabus 10 Sequence of second year Instrumentation courses Core Electronics 3 qtrs including MATH 141 Precalculus 1 Only if 4th quarter was Summer INST23x Offered 1 week of Fall Winter and Spring quarters Prerequisite for all INST24x INST25x and INST26x courses gt Prerequisite for INST206 Offered 1 week of Fall Winter and Spring quarters 11 The particular sequence of courses you take during the second year depends o
108. t is given a limited amount of time to identify both the general location and nature of the fault logically justifying all diagnostic steps taken All troubleshooting activities will take place under direct instructor supervision to ensure students are working independently and efficiently Failure to correctly identify both the general location and nature of the fault within the allotted time and or failing to demonstrate rational diagnostic procedure to the supervising instructor will disqualify the effort in which case the student must re try with a different fault Multiple re tries are permitted with no reduction in grade A standard multimeter is the only test equipment allowed during the time limit No diagnostic circuit breaks are allowed except by instructor permission and then only after correctly explaining what trouble this could cause in a real system The instructor will review each troubleshooting effort after completion highlighting good and bad points for the purpose of learning Troubleshooting is a skill born of practice and failure so do not be disappointed in yourself if you must make multiple attempts to pass One of the important life lessons embedded in this activity is how to deal with failure because it will eventually happen to you on the job There is no dishonor in failing to properly diagnose a fault after doing your level best The only dishonor is in taking shortcuts or in giving up Common mistakes e Neglecting
109. t to the I P transducer i e the approximate valve position file 102529 73 Question 110 A water cooled generator at a power plant has two sources of cooling water flow each source equipped with a flow switch that returns to its normally open status if the water flow through the pipe stops If either water source ceases supplying cooling water to the generator for whatever reason that flow switch will de actuate and turn the warning light on This is all that is required as the generator will still receive adequate cooling from only one source If both water sources cease supplying water however a trip solenoid will energize to shut down the generator before it overheats L L Cooling water flow source A TP1 TP2 O Cooling water flow source B tp Warning light N Shut down solenoid TP10 One day the warning light comes on but there is still cooling water flowing to the generator so it does not shut down You are asked to determine what the problem is while maintaining the system in an operating condition i e you are not allowed to shut off control power or do anything else that might shut down the generator First assess whether or not the following diagnostic test would provide any useful information about the fault suppose a technician connects an AC voltmeter between terminals TP6 and L2 Will this test provide information to help us diagnose the nature and or location of the fault Why
110. the CT which will tell you how large that load resistor may be CTs act as current sources and so want to drive a low resistance load e g an ammeter to measure the CT secondary current However the DAQ needs to see a strong enough voltage drop across the shunt resistor to use a reasonable percentage of its range in order to make good use of its resolution If you build this circuit you must be sure to do so in a way that the CT s secondary winding will never become open circuited when load current goes through it Open circuited current transformers are capable of generating dangerously high voltages Planning a functioning system should take no more than an hour if the team is working efficiently and will save you hours of frustration and possible component destruction 77 Lab Exercise circuit design challenge Build a simple circuit using either a light sensor photocell or a temperature sensor thermistor connected to a fixed value resistor and a battery such that a variable output voltage will be generated as the sensor is stimulated Your circuit must either make the voltmeter indication increase with increasing sensor stimulus more voltage for more light or heat direct action or do the exact opposite reverse action as specified by the instructor All electrical connections must be made using a terminal strip no twisted wires crimp splices wire nuts spring clips or alligator clips permitted You wil
111. the curriculum the goal is to avoid a passive learning environment favoring instead active engagement of the learner through reading reflection problem solving and experimental activities The curriculum may be roughly divided into two portions theory and practical Theory In the theory portion of each course students independently research subjects prior to entering the classroom for discussion This means working through all the day s assigned questions as completely as possible This usually requires a fair amount of technical reading and may also require setting up and running simple experiments At the start of the classroom session the instructor will check each student s preparation with a quiz Students then spend the rest of the classroom time working in groups and directly with the instructor to thoroughly answer all questions assigned for that day articulate problem solving strategies and to approach the questions from multiple perspectives To put it simply fact gathering happens outside of class and is the individual responsibility of each student so that class time may be devoted to the more complex tasks of critical thinking and problem solving where the instructor s attention is best applied Classroom theory sessions usually begin with either a brief Q amp A discussion or with a Virtual Troubleshooting session where the instructor shows one of the day s diagnostic question diagrams while students propose diagnos
112. tic tests and the instructor tells those students what the test results would be given some imagined virtual fault scenario writing the test results on the board where all can see The students then attempt to identify the nature and location of the fault based on the test results Each student is free to leave the classroom when they have completely worked through all problems and have answered a summary quiz designed to gauge their learning during the theory session If a student finishes ahead of time they are free to leave or may help tutor classmates who need extra help The express goal of this inverted classroom teaching methodology is to help each student cultivate critical thinking and problem solving skills and to sharpen their abilities as independent learners While this approach may be very new to you it is more realistic and beneficial to the type of work done in instrumentation where critical thinking problem solving and independent learning are must have skills 14 Lab In the lab portion of each course students work in teams to install configure document calibrate and troubleshoot working instrument loop systems Each lab exercise focuses on a different type of instrument with a eight day period typically allotted for completion An ordinary lab session might look like this 1 Start of practical lab session announcements and planning a The instructor makes general announcements to all stu
113. topic IP TCP and UDP Questions 21 through 40 answer questions 21 28 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Day 3 Theory session topic HART and Modbus protocols Questions 41 through 60 answer questions 41 50 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Day 4 Theory session topic LabVIEW software programming in computer lab Questions 61 through 80 answer questions 61 64 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Day 5 Theory session topic Review for exam Questions 81 through 100 answer questions 81 89 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Feedback questions 101 through 110 are optional and may be submitted for review at the end of the day How To Access the worksheets and textbook go to the Socratic Instrumentation website located at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst to find worksheets for every 2nd year course section organized by quarter as well as both the latest stable and development versions of the Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Download and save these documents to your computer Maximize your learning come to school prepared each and every day this means completing all your homework before class starts Use every minute of class and lab time productively Follow all the tips outlined in Question 0 in every course worksheet as well as your instructor s advice Don t ask anyone to
114. transmission P and the average number of time slots waiting to transmit M then see how these numbers are affected by the number of nodes N on the Ethernet network The following example layout uses yellow shading for the one cell where you enter the number of nodes and blue shading for those cells containing calculated values the color shading being entirely optional Do the results surprise you If so how Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Examining the formula 1 and imagining the cases of 1 node N 1 versus an infinite number of nodes N oo is an exercise mathematicians refer to as limits Formally written the limit as N approached infinity is limn_ 1 x 1 Even though a quantity like infinity cannot be handled by a calculator or a spreadsheet program the concept of imagining what a mathematical function will do as a variable approaches infinity is still very useful Identify the problem solving technique listed in question 0 that most closely resembles this concept file 102207 30 Question 15 Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 Question 19 Question 20 Question 21 Read and outline the introduction to the Internet Protocol IP section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other
115. tures small group problem solving and hands on demonstrations experiments review and illuminate concepts covered in the preparatory questions The purpose of this is to develop problem solving skills strengthen conceptual understanding and practice both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques Lab activities an emphasis on constructing and documenting working projects real instrumentation and control systems to illuminate theoretical knowledge with practical contexts Special projects off campus or in different areas of campus e g BTC s Fish Hatchery are encouraged Hands on troubleshooting exercises build diagnostic skills Feedback questions sets of practice problems at the end of each course section challenge your knowledge and problem solving ability in current as as well as first year Electronics subjects These are optional assignments counting neither for nor against your grade Their purpose is to provide you and your instructor with direct feedback on what you have learned Tours and guest speakers quarterly tours of local industry and guest speakers on technical topics add breadth and additional context to the learning experience STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS REQUIREMENTS All assignments for this course are thoroughly documented in the following course worksheets located at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst index html INST260_sec1 pdf INST260_sec2 pdf INST260_sec3 pdf EVALUATION AND GRADING STANDARDS out
116. ultimeter e Temporarily short past the resistor with a jumper wire and note whether or not this has any effect on the 4 20 mA analog current signal Also note whether this elimination of the resistor has any effect on the ability of the transmitter to communicate using HART digital signals Suggestions for Socratic discussion e It is possible to properly connect a HART communicator to a HART instrument and still not have it talk The communicator must also be programmed with a Device Description DD for the HART instrument in order to communicate and access all its parameters Explain they purpose and rationale for Device Descriptions file 103878 Question 54 Question 55 Question 56 48 Question 57 Question 58 Question 59 Question 60 Question 61 Read the LabVIEW exercise 1 tutorial document in preparation for implementing it in the computer lab in conjunction with a USB based data acquisition unit Here you will learn how to configure a simple virtual instrument in National Instruments LabVIEW software to display an analog signal value on the computer screen Note the tutorial you need to do this exercise is found on your Instrumentation Reference a set of digital document files your instructor has prepared for you file 100705 Question 62 Read the LabVIEW exercise 2 tutorial document in preparation for implementing it in the computer la
117. were made using coaxial Tee fittings Termination resistor Termination resistor Coaxial cable Coaxial cable Tee Coaxial cable Tee Coaxial cable Tee T1 line This approach was eventually discarded in favor of twisted pair cabling without any mid point taps With twisted pair wiring the end of a cable always plugged in to a piece of equipment either DTE or DCE Twisted pair Twisted pair cable cable Twisted pair cable Twisted pair cable T1 line Explain what the purpose of the hub is and how it is more than just a connection point like a tee fitting in the old coaxial based cable standard Note how the new hub based approach does not require any termination resistors even though the twisted pair cables may be quite long up to 100 meters Explain how it is possible to go without termination resistors given such long cable lengths and high data rates 100 Mbps or more where they were absolutely required at the ends of the old coaxial cables file 102202 26 Question 10 Binary 1 and 0 states are not encoded using specific voltage levels in Ethernet systems as is the case with EIA TIA 232 422 or 485 Rather a different scheme known as Manchester encoding is used for Ethernet signals In Manchester encoding each bit either a 0 or a 1 is represented by a particular transition from low to high or from high to low In the IEEE standard for Manchester encoding a hig

INST 260 (Data Acquisition systems), section 3 Lab Data

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