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user manual - Altervista

1. 118 Housing Enclosure 15 IF 2 0 50 Commissioning PMSDR 25 IF Connection 50 Image Frequency ouppression 40 Image Signals 39 Image Signals 109 Image Suppression 97 96 Inverting Inputs 34 Q Coordinate System 108 l Q Signals 107 K Kit6 L LED Block 10 mE 28 136 Index rm Beo DII 113 Local Oscillator 113 M Magic Band 5 MD sets 92 MIC BOOS les 31 M XO rescate solu M EFE EL 105 19 MMCX Plug 19 Mode Offsets 58 Modification Down Converter 23 Switchboard 20 N NE555 Phase Shifter 38 NetBook5 Noise Floor 42 O Offset Value 54 8 Oversampling 107 P Panadapter bidirectional 4 Pan Adapter Settings 2 55 Playback control 30 PMSDR Circuit Board 10 24 PMSDR Control
2. Fig 135 Audio Settings AM SAM SPEC DIGL DIGU DRM Make all the important settings shown here insofar as your sound O T card allows Fig 136 Band and Mode Button Various different drivers Please therefore use the settings concealed behind the Driver pull that you see in Fig 137 down menu First try the standard driver MME Move on to others only if you don t see a waterfall in this case Only Enable CAT and ID as PowerSDR We have already pointed out Everything else is uninteresting as it A special DLL is required here which 15 associated with external hardware offers many possibilities not available in Winrad Thus for example none of the entries Quick Tune CAT will be available 79 Winrad Variants General Ext Ctrl Audio DSP Display Transmit Keyboard tings CAT Control Tests The DLL In Fig 139 is already CAT Control PTT Control aga Test ID as PowerSDR familiar It offers Enable no other special ot com gt features over what Baud M RTS EN you already know Parity DTR Enable Offset VFO Data Enable Offset VFO B DigL U Returns LSB USB DIGL DIGU Stop FlexProfiler Installed 125 4 2125 Allow Kenwood Command Reset Database Import Database OK Cancel Apply Fig 137 Set Up CAT PMSDR The switch Allow Kenwood
3. 2 2 41 Sound Card OI B 36 Index Selections Table 37 Sal One 27 rc 38 27 31 Static Protection 7 SION ea 62 MO I 14 otations Monitoring ss 56 Switchboard 16 System performance 29 T Tandem Modqe 51 Technical Data 91 Measurement Report 92 Test Points 101 7 Troubleshooting 101 TONING tmc 57 U USB Drivers 25 V VAN 72 Volume Control 29 W itasse ini 40 Winrad 81 Varieties 81 WinradF 82 WinradHD 82 Wire Bridge 20 WMME se 42 W RPIUS 81 137 Notes 138 A N m MA 1 lit n Fr u 1 TW pe MULT M In Closing We Wish You Endless Good As well as Many Beautiful Hours With Your PMSDR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO D R To
4. Lj E EMI A VIA DL I3 Speed Ceo vm mw mr Pw 8 108 0003 767 199 9 NL 0003 799 000 Squekh 40 Volume 7 mb AGC Thresh Soundcard 5 7 CSamplerate F6 Options HT b ILLUS MEE CWAFC CWPeak meer 02 01 2011 16 31 05 IT CPUS HDSDR 1 mx Ol x O Ya ter fall RRR RBW 11 7 Hz amm Avg E ccu 0 Total ORE Am Spectrum m Speed Software Defined Radio for HF and VHF PMSDR Software Defined Radio for HF and VHF v1 0 Apr 2011 From Factory to Field Usage Copyright Notice Without prior express written permission from RF lt gt SYSTEM this manual may not be transferred either in complete or excerpted form using electronic or mechanical methods duplicated or copied or otherwise transcribed by whatever method Information contained in the Manual may change without prior notification and such changes imply no obligations on RF lt gt SYSTEM RF lt gt SYSTEM Copyright 2011 RF SYSTEM http www rfsystem it http www iw3aut altervista org Introduction Contents Introduction 4 Assembly Instructions 6 PMSDR Circuit Board 10 Optional Display 13 Optional Enclosure 16 Optional T R Switch 17 Optional VHF UHF Down Converter 22 Driver and Software Installation 26 Specifics for
5. Requirements on the PC The requirements on the capabilities of the PC are not severe Even running the system on a netbook causes no problems with PMSDR Development PMSDR is continuously in development Please visit the developers web site on a regular basis 1 You will probably find a current DLL or also new Firmware which can be quickly installed in PMSDR over the USB connection You will find detailed technical information in an Appendix Construction Notes This kit is tailored to meet your particular requirements parts that are really difficult to handle surface mount devices have been installed on the circuit boards by professional circuit board producers using automatic positioning devices To complete the kit only the installation of the uncritical larger components such as LEDs headers sockets crystals and so forth remains This requires no experience soldering SMD components greatly facilitating the mounting process One estimates the necessary time for assembly of the main circuit board and enclosure to be approximately one hour With a suitable antenna you are quickly on target to hear your first stations m he Kits The scope of delivery varies considerably according to your needs Fig 2 PMSDR Kit Figure 2 shows only the PMSDR Kit which can be expanded at any time by adding Display Enclosure T R Construction Notes Switch Switc
6. Playback Recording Sounds Communications Select a playback device below to modify its settings NVIDIA HDMI Out NVIDIA High Defin Audio t oliinned Not plugged in Speakers Realtek High Definition Audio Default Device Configure Set Default Properties OK Cancer Fig 57 2 Sound Panel from Control Panel 126 WIN 7 Set Up BEEN Click sequentially the fields for Playback and Recording Familiarize yourself with the possible settings in each Click once on the large Speakers area to select it graying it as above then click on Properties Realtek HD Audio output 5 65 PC Beep 7 20 0 3 Microphone 0 FrontMic 0 o X 6 Line In Fig 58 2 Properties Tab for Speakers Levels Selected Note Line In slider at bottom 127 WIN7 Set Up x The slider for the Line In input is deliberately set close to the lower limit You may wonder what the Line In slider is doing on the Properties Tab for Speakers just take it like you find it Remember this is from the same people who gave you the START button as a place to STOP The levels at the output of the PMSDR are relatively high so use the least input amplification possible Be sure that any balance sliders are set in the middle We repeat that the input that you are using on your notebook or PC MUST be a stereo input If this i
7. Date Time cPbR J zr onDisplay 0 RIT 0 02 12 2010 er 0 NOTE o fo _ GATE N DOCAS T BIN Swap T Shit j Res Mode LSB Fig 140 Receiving Works If what you expected to see does not appear please go back to the audio settings and try different drivers Swap channels The software does not allow inversion of the I signals This will ultimately require changing the audio cable if one has the wrong sideband location Wrong Sideband Location Despite apparently correct alignment with the signal edge speech sounds forced distorted clearly squeaky 81 Winrad Variants This section is by no means a complete list of all the Winrad versions and their features That would significantly exceed the space available Instead we want to briefly mention the key data as well as an eyeball inspection to obtain first impression of how the corresponding programs will look on your PC In particular this may illustrate the important ways that the graphics of the various versions impact use on a netbook Thus for example none of the previous versions are able to change the horizontal area which is occupied by the waterfall spectrum area A netbook screen may display therefore the waterfall spectrum area as a fairly small section at the top of the screen Winrad in all its versions has the a
8. 40m 40m 31 3 m LSB 30m DigizLSB m AM 22 ZUm USB 20m DigizUlsBg 18m lUsB 17m Dig USB 15m L SE 15m Dig USB 13m AM 12m USB 12m DigiUSB 11m 11m KTS USB 10m Digis USB b5m lsB Zm FM Fig 115 Entries for Editing Quick Tune m Sked Entries adapted to your The original entry sked a09 csv needs contains a text file it is a pure text file even though its name doesn t carry SKED the extension txt with pretty much FILENAME beliebig csv all short wave radio stations which SHOW LCD 1 can then be received under SKED LANGUAGE AII only requiring a mouse click The 66 unchangeable default mode here is set to be AM Eike Bierwirth evidently the source of the name EiBi from Leipzig is the author of this nice addition You can find the newest csv file on his webpage 13 Just copy it as needed into the HDSDR program directory Use the Open Database function to make the file selection you desire About Filters Debug Advanced Settings Sked Quick Tune Open Database SkedFrequency Freq Station Lang Fig 116 Installing your own Sked The structure of this file is somewhat complicated Nevertheless you can pretty much adapt it to your own needs Everyday Use 0000 An example The following text is entered under the file name oe8mca csv which is then called through Open
9. Double LED Block Some of the row headers must be cut from a longer header with a sharp sidecutter Place the headers so that they sit perpendicular to the board surface 11 Row 8 Pin Header SV1 12 ditto 1 Row 2 Pin JP2 JP3 gt Nothing is to be installed at positions SV4 SV5 SV6 and JP1 The small six legged component in the components package is a prefabricated HF transformer Fig 10 HF Transformer Trafo MCL T4 6 Construction Notes 5 Itis marked MCL T4 6 Place it on the pads so that the label is readable viewing from the side with the jacks Solder as usual from the solder side of the board Fig 11 Positioning the Leads If the pins do not fit straight into the holes bend them using gentle pressure on a hard surface as in Fig 11 above Fig 12 Alternative Conformation Another supplier may provide a component with legs clearly bent to the sides As an exception solder this component from the upper side of the circuit board The solder pads are ready for this case 11 Jacks and Buttons Again note that these sit level on the board and are aligned parallel to the front board edge On the ground pins of the BNC plugs use a suitably hot iron with a broad tip to avoid damage to the board by overheating as a result of heating too long Even if the buttons have a square shape the solder tails are not arranged in a square but rectangular form Don t use force on
10. Right Mouse click on FM button Activate broadband FM Possibly switch in RDS Tune in the FM Band 88 108 M Hz Fig 119 was made with a 192 kHz soundcard 70 ann nnn ann 119 FM Reception with 192 kHz Card nna non 7 Fig 120 Tuning using LO m Tuning Click the mouse cursor on the LO Frequency This marks it with an overscore or an underline You now use the mouse wheel to change frequency easily otart with the 10th position and continue with a new mouse click at each less significant digit Use the mouse wheel as necessary 292 M ROS Mode Sof mdi mdz RDS Info Stereo Dec Settings RDS information is displayed in the window 57 KHz Displacement from FM Carrier Sync err CRC err Fig 122 RDS Info FM Reception 092 799 999 rune _ to 092 799 999 Fig 123 FM Reception with a 96 kHz card The sound of FM reception with a 96 KHz spectrum card is no longer quite so strong and full as with a 192 kHz card However there are no other restrictions as compared to 192 kHz card Fig 124 FM Reception with a 48 kHz card A 48 kHz card is unfortunately not suitable for FM reception Please refer to the very comprehensive guide supplied with WRplus It will pay off 71 FM Reception in Amateur Radio Brief Instructions All Winrad based p
11. 30 dBm with a dynamic range of 92dB IMD These values were determined at 144 MHz This allows one for example reception of the aircraft radio band and the 144 MHz amateur radio band It should be noted that the spectrum of the 3rd overtone is backwards By inverting with SHOW OPTIONS gt Swap channels the frequency scale is displayed correctly in Winrad About Debug Quick Tune Sked Filters 115000000 12000 l 10550000 E Fig 118 3rd Harmonic Mode This has particular implications in FM narrow band operation amateur radio to 20 KHz since the frequency scale will not be precise For the much broader band FM radio operation 150 kHz bandwidth this is almost meaningless 69 If the flag in the DLL is set for automatic mode automatic switching occurs when the LO is set to 55 MHz or higher Remember to disable everything that is not needed For example Pan adapter off mode converter off etc Suitability for FM All Winrad based programs are suitable for narrowband FM use The special needs of FM broadcast reception are however currently only met by WRplus Here by right clicking on the FM button all sophisticated functions can be seen including RDS reception presented a separate window All the following figures therefore only bear on WRplus FM Radio Reception Brief Instructions Start WRplus Swap I Q Channels is irrelevant
12. 73 PowerSDR IQ 76 mio 49 93 PTT Leitung 52 Q QSD 2 105 Quartz Oscillator 113 Quick band selection 44 Quick 44 R BANN ERN TROP 40 Realtek AC97 Audio 28 Reception simultaneous 20 Reception Comparison 20 Recording Controls 30 36 HF Transformer 11 Ribbon Cable 12 18 ROCK TR 40 Root Directory 103 RTS USE eng 48 5 Sample and Hold 106 Sample 33 Sample 36 Sampling Theorem 106 Samsung 27 98 Screen 34 95 SIST 113 SKOU 45 Customizing 65 SMA Plug 19 Software Installation 26 Soldering Paste 8 Solder Point 9 Soundcard
13. Lautst rke Ausw hlen Realtek 4097 Audio Fig 61 Line In to Minimum The slider for the Line In 8 input is deliberately close to the lower limit The levels at the output of the PMSDR are relatively high so use the least input amplification possible Be sure that all the balance sliders are in the middle Eigenschaften Mixer Realtek AC97 Audio v Lautst rke regeln fur O Wiedergabe gt Aufnahme Folgende Lautst rkeregler anzeigen Mono Mix Stereo Mix C Aux C T Empfanger Audio CD Player Linen lt C Mikrofon Telefonleitung Fig 62 Recording Choices At this point using options and properties you have deactivated everything not in use a The following Playback settings active Only Loudness and Wave Eigenschaften Lautst rke regeln f r Wiedergabe CO Aufnahme Falgende Lautstarkeregler anzeigen Lautstarkeregelung Wave C Su Synthesizer Front C Subwoofer Center Rear C 30 Depth Sound Card Set Up The following Recording settings active Only Line In The adjustments now showing up have been reduced to a minimum The only input appearing on your notebook or PC MUST be a stereo input Your PC manual should answer the question in this case Fig 63 Playback Choices Optionen Eigenschaften Erweiterte Einstellungen Beenden Lautst rke T Ausw
14. change anything here It is of interest to open the Quick Tune window various possibilities Everyday Use for routine use of the system are given About Debug Filters Advanced Settings Sked Write TUNE gt RIG Fig 94 Quick Tune Tab For example here you can set the possible speed dial settings to your own taste More on that later in the section dealing with the initialization file INI of the DLL The Fast Tune button places the preset Tuning Steps values on the frequency bar The button Write TUNE gt RIG transfers the selected frequencies to the TRX 45 DLL Settings in various formats Use those ending in csv for updating purposes Copy About Debug Filters the current file into the HDSDR program directory Advanced Settings Luck Tune _ You can select the csv file and bring it into the DLL for display using the Open Database button Installation under the Filters tab permits using the Language and target options all possible filter combinations for the selection of stored radio stations One click on this list sets the PMSDR on both the SkedFrequency right frequency and the correct mode Position the slider on the right side of the lower border in order to see the extended fields Those of you who use this display should put a check in the Show Station box in the LCD field If this is done the name of the station chosen appe
15. suppression of the image frequency produces a suppression of a whole 85 dB We do have to point out that unfortunately this is an average setting That is the result you obtain actually pertains precisely only for this single frequency Image Suppression SS Ih A ms wn Ah hA y a Mw 4 M yin WinradHD Channel Sk 0 892 1 to 4 samples delay Some sound cards exihibit t between channels i e samples or later than those processed by This plays havoc with a prograr relationship between tl To compensate for this ske approximately 10 kHz from the By using the Amplitude and Ph response The controls interact adjustment You should be al the image signals Move the The settings wi Phase Fine Raw Fine Amplitude OK that lie Reception markedly right or left of this one show less image suppression frequencies Fig 87 Resulting Suppression An automatic constantly re adjusting determination of the correction value would be extremely useful Keyword phrase WBIR Wide Band Image Rejection In some software suites PowerSDR Rocky 14 something like this is already implemented but unfortunately not yet in HDSDR 41 Soundcard Control Soundcard Control It should look like Requirements The PMSDR is fully connected but NOT turned on USB plug removed For this test it does not matter whether an antenna
16. Load HEX File to store the current Firmware in the Fig 150 S1 and S2 program 86 AN PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 Bootload Made Made Select PICDEM FS USB Board FICDER Fs USB 0 Boot Load HEX File Program Devic m Name Read Device Abort Op Clear Screen Dateityp Fig 153 Load Firmware Configuration data contained in this hex file is different from the board s default setting Using a different setting could cause the bootload interface to stop functioning Click Yes To usethe setting contained in the hex file No To use the board s default setting Cancel To use the board s current setting Fig 154 Over write Warning Answer the following warning with Yes PMSDR V21r8 hex Dateiname PMSDR V21r8 Hex Firmware Update Anderungsdatum 21 07 2010 22 40 The firmware upgrade to be programmed is now in the internal program memory 4 PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 Bootload Mode Demo Mode Select PICDEM FS USB Board PICDEM FS USB 0 Boot v Save ToHEX File Program Device gt Execute Wa Erase Device PICDEM FS USB Bootload Mode Entry Hold down push button 52 then reset the board by pressing push button 51 KX MICROCHIP ead Device Abort Operation Clear Screen Addr 88
17. at the plugs and each end needs a 9 pin female RS232 connector This is NOT a null modem cable A USB RS232 converter 1 may of course also be used here m Configuring HDSDR All the information in the following applies equally for both modes tandem or IF configuration Boot HDSDR 9 but do not press START Everyday Use S yet Now we will configure the software so that the interaction between hardware and software works smoothly Essentially it is only the DLL that needs to be processed in graphical form on your screen when you start HDSDR You will recognize the picture from the above material Please verify by comparison with the website 1 that the current DLL is loaded m Interdependencies Send Receive Direction of the CAT signal For a better understanding of the following note that ENABLE CAT is meant to activate the connection in general as well as here specifically to direct the data flow from the transceiver to the PC software Figs 101 and 102 clarify this o3 PMSDR amp Transceiver amp Winrad Winrad steuert das PMSDR als auch den TRX via CAT Interface Fig 101 Enable CAT ON Remote RIG OFF PMSDR amp Transceiver amp Winrad Mit Hilfe des Cat Interfaces teuert der TRX sowohl das inrad steu PMSDR als auch Winrad Fig 102 Enable CAT ON Remote RIG ON Please note the entries marked with the yellow arrows Activation of Send CAT Commands
18. expected changes lie in the range of 3 kHz This is not a negligible change Without a correction factor in PMSDR which gets passed to the VFO the frequency would deviate by this amount from the receive frequency of the HDSDR spectrum Everyday 000 As consequence one would simply not hear find the expected station and therefore also not be able to communicate This is the reason for the presence of mode offsets These values only need to be determined once and written into the Mode Offset boxes using the small up down buttons This process ultimately calibrates the frequency display in HDSDR to the VFO of the RIG We will explain how to do this in a moment If you wish at this point you can just use the pre determined correction values for the FT 950 Fig 108 Offset Values for the FT 950 These numbers will not be badly wrong at least for a FT 950 The precision of the renewal of these numbers on HDSDR re launch is quite good One ends up so near the VFO frequency that the signal set in HDSDR is easy to identify in the VFO There will possibly be small corrections to be made with the VFO knob so that one by ear gets the same pitch as in HDSDR These will be of the order of magnitude of a few Hertz 99 m Determining Correction Factors How do you determine the best correction factors This is also very easy and quick to understand and will be explained in steps The g
19. hlen Realtek 4297 Audio Fig 64 Additional functions If this is not the case use the microphone input not the line in jack but please note that GS Mic Boost must not be switched on 31 In the advanced installation there is a check box for Mic Boost Erweiterte Einstellungen f r Mikrofon d Mit diesen Einstellungen konnen genauere Audioeigenschaften B angepasst werden Tonsteuerung Diese Einstellungen bestimmen die Audioeigenschaften Tiefen Hohen Andere Einstellungen Diese Einstellungen verandern zusatzlich die amp udioeigenschaften Weitere Informationen finden Sie in der Hardwaredokumentation Fig 65 Do not check Mic Boost 1 Mic Boost Nothing should be activated here otherwise everything will be hopelessiy overloaded If your microphone input is also not a stereo input you must first get an appropriate USB sound card then proceed as usual As a rule all line inputs are stereo so it is likely that there is no real problem here Suitable models are listed in an Appendix 5a Win7 Sound Cards See Appendix Il Procedures for WIN 7 run in an analogous way to those given for XP A short series of pictures offers the necessary assistance should you require it A left mouse click on the WIN 7 Start symbol opens a dialog box in which you simply enter sound card 32 Sound Card Set Up Wiedergabe Aufnahme Sounds Kommunikati
20. into the VFO using Write TUNE The presently blue backgrounded QUICK TUNE tab is an indication that functions there are no longer accessible Switch to the QUICK TUNE tab provisionally The whole internal field is now displayed in red to show that these functions are disabled 97 Now is the time to explain the next step for applications namely what to do if you want to want to leave or change the display area Changing the Display or Frequency Range There are various possibilities I If you simply turn the VFO knob without changing any of the settings you will see that the light blue frequency bar changes and the spectrum in the display frame changes as well Pick out new stations as usual just by clicking on them Il Use the TUNING STEPS FAST TUNE along with the Button under the QUICK TUNE tab Ill Select the bright blue frequency bar with the left mouse button hold it depressed and slide the tuning bar to the right or left to a frequency range of your choice Do this as many times as you please by releasing and pressing the frequency bar to a new position etc etc The latter two versions will obviously require the reactivation of the function SEND CAT COMMANDS gt RIG How else would the TRX else know that it has to adjust the VFO Re check the box for RIG control that is RemoteRIG ON When you do this the blue field in QUICK TUNE simultaneously disappears and the sa
21. linearities of your sound card To work around this user side problem market oriented manufacturers are striving to integrate the corresponding audio chips into their SDR products Assuming the hardware of your device to be OK different images illustrate problems with the settings of your sound card wa 752 Fig 90 It should not be this Fig 90 shows an open and totally saturated microphone input Image Suppression Setting up the Input Controller for good dynamic range We have already pointed out above the very sensitive setting of the input potentiometer Nevertheless the question arises how far do have to turn it here on the one hand to get the full dynamic range of my card and on the other hand not to go into the region of saturation This question is difficult to answer but experience will help us Do exactly as before as indicated above for the sound card control and note the level of the noise floor Use a ruler laid across the noise floor and read the noise floor for HDSDR on the left scale Now close your PMSDR without antenna and set the slider to a value that corresponds to increase of about 6 dB in the noise floor Assuming the noise floor was 103 dB then at about the correct setting the noise floor will now be at about 97dB 43 The DLL and its Settings Advanced Settings Quick Tune Sked debug
22. of about 90 dB suffices since as a rule the IF signal is so strong that even weak signals easily exceed the threshold of 90 dB and on this account clearly lie over the base noise of the card oo now the path for signal processing from antenna to speaker has hopefully become clearly visible to everyone 112 SDR Fundamentals 2222 PMSDR Block Diagram The filters pass their signal further along to the QSD mixer The mixer produces the two 90 degree phase shifted signals under control of the Fig 189 PMSDR Block Diagram ohnson counter 12 BUS n 1 CY22394 With this background we turn to the block diagram for PMSDR JOHNSON COUNTER Q RIGHT 0 o LEFT CH FILTER eg SWITCH eg ER 2 BIAS CONTROL FILTER SWITCH CONTROL MICROCONTROLLER LCD amp ENCODER PORT OPTIONS BOARD PORT PM SDR2 1 Circuit block diagram by Martin Pernter IW3AU This switch element is a divide by All the elements of Fig 188 are 4 ring counter It is tasked with easily recognizable here To the left production of the two 90 control above we see the antenna input signals for the QSD input followed by 4 filters The uppermost The signal pairs 0 180 and is a low pass filter while the three 9072702 are fed to the two beneath it consist of a set of 3 operational amplifiers right in the overlapping band pass filters 3rd figure where they are arranged into Ord
23. of your computer and call up the connection to the program path with a right mouse click on the HDSDH icon under Properties This should now read C Program HDSDR HDSDR exe wv For WIN 7 C Program Files HDSDR HDSDR exe wv here is one further reception setting for Image Suppression Select Input Palette type Window type Privilege Lock Volume High Process Priority Normal Process Priority e MME 16 bit drivers ASIO 24 bit drivers Channel Mode Swap I and Q channels Channel Skew Calibration arhin Onkiane Fig 76 Inverting Input If during SSB reception in lower or upper sideband the signals are not decoded speech sounds strangely distorted use Swap I Q Channels to invert the signal 6571 725 ne Fig 77 80m Band Reception 7 and 8 Connect Antenna and click START Button Clicking START should now show a picture similar to that in Fig 77 Listen using earphones 35 Image Suppression SS If you don t see noise in the baseline move the Line In slider up a small amount This should lead to the desired image Optionen Procedure First pull the slider all the way down leave the cursor on the slider and then use the arrow button increase balance to move further up step by step until a signal is seen Line In In Win7 a more elaborate window may show up as a result of this call Do
24. om 0007 122 000 rne 007 150 000 b Fig 98 Running In Panadapter Mode This permits easy panadapter operation with a variety of rigs The panadapter operation which is possible with this little box is really quite excellent and affords considerable entertainment 90 Everyday Use The possibilities by which the DLL and HDSDR can be exploited are here essentially complete Anyone who has already used the luxury of Click and Tune in this new tuning technology won t want to be without it You will see a relatively large band section in front of you and will immediately recognize the emergence of a new station With a single mouse click the bars for decoding and listening set immediately to the new frequency Is it the DX you sought One more click and the TRX is already immediately available Through this function one may use a second or even third receiver depending on what you already have at hand The control mechanisms needed for this are already present in the DLL That means considerable freedom from installed programs regardless of the specific one i e Winrad HDSDR WRplus WinradF PowerSDH used as an interface In this form this freedom is unprecedented HDSDR is the appropriate program for controlling the PMSDR It is 100 integrated with the DLL PowerSDR IQ in contrast offers only a very limited integration with the DLL In what follows you will
25. out close to zero Etc Etc Unfortunately these details are not in most manuals so that either one is dependent on the experience of others or one has adequate test capabilities at hand to be able to see the card itself behind the scenes This is the basis for the table given below The bandwidth capability of Sound Card Choice our sound card is directly dependent on the so called sample rate For SDR applications this is the same bandwidth as shown on the waterfall or spectrum There are cards that can yield 48 96 even 192 kHz Be Sure you purchase a card with 24 bit resolution not one with 16 bit resolution The 24 bit choice will already do everything that the 16 bit choice will There is no question which is the better At this point a word about 16 vs 24 bits On one hand one talks of 16 or 24 bit drivers and on the other of 16 or 24 bit resolution These really have nothing to do with one another Windows own WMME interface generally operates with 16 bits the ASIO driver with 24 ASIO stands for Audio Stream Input Output The latter driver will usually produce better timing with the run behavior of the signals This is the so called latency period Windows native drivers are usually sufficient for us But it is from our experience not reasonable to first buy a 48 kHz card only to replace it later with a 192 kHz one The price difference is minimal The following list is not intended to be co
26. rediscover the shortwave listening and more www rfsystem it
27. see a description of the use of a FT950 2000 in this regard For all other transceivers see below for a summary and for the information needed to convert a FT 950 2000 to this functionality What is described here is naturally mutatis mutandis as much for normal HF reception as for stand alone mode IF Connection to a FT 950 Here we use the IF 2000 an IF interface board from the firm RFSPACE 2 This is a proven solution Everyday 000 he board will be installed at the location allocated for the DMU2000 unit in this device The amateur radio market has the relevant boards in stock On behalf of all others we mention 4 here Installation is very simple and only takes a few minutes It does not void the guarantee One needs nothing more than a screwdriver and a small cable tie Installation should not be a concern PMSDR als ZF Panadapter Antenne x tm CAT Interface Soundcard Line In Fig 99 IF Connection Save actual freq as PMSDR default heg Mm e GL a ua EE E E com ORES SD 51 The Installation Guide that is delivered with the IF board explains everything very clearly The vents on the rear of the unit are used to route the supplied coax cable to the PMSDR A small cable tie is Everyday Use Tandem Mode Hookup with the FT 950 This is only protected against damage to the input sta
28. the PC Software Program HDSDR 33 Choice of a Suitable Soundcard 37 Testing the Soundcard Soundcard Tester 39 Installing the DLL 44 Techniques for Use with HDSDR Pan Adapter 50 Ways of using the EXTIO PMSDR INI 64 FM Reception in 3rd Harmonic Mode 69 Examples DREAM 73 PowerSDR IQ 77 Winrad Variants 82 Firmware Updates 85 Accessories Lab Report 93 Circuit Diagrams 99 Trouble Shooting Test Points 102 Appendix Introduction to the Fundamentals of SDR Technology 105 PMSDR Block Diagram 113 References Links Legends 115 Panadapter Mode Quick Outline 117 Appendix Il PMSDR amp WIN 119 WinRad Hot Keys 130 The CD 131 Liability Disclaimer 132 Freeware 133 Key Word List Index 135 Introduction The PMSDR is an example of a QSD SDR Receiver Quadrature Sample Detector Software Defined Radio The concepts applied here produce a clean output spectrum very low phase noise and an almost unbeatable cost capability ratio This way one may produce a small but capable SDR receiver with a general Suitability over the complete shortwave domain The control connection to the PC as well as the DC power takes place through a USB connection The 1 outputs are connected to the stereo line input of the PC s soundcard Audio is available via either headphones or loudspeaker Antenna PMSDR Fig 1 PC PMSDR Connections This offers a simple and capable solution for all conceivable options for long and shortwave recep
29. to RIG however opens the transfer direction for all the commands in the direction of the TRX for example for writing a frequency to the VFO of the TRX You will learn below just what we can accomplish by clever activation or clearing of this check box The Appendix contains a description of 54 Everyday Use 0000 the entire operation telegram style Best to print it out and keep it handy CAT Settings All settings described here refer to the DLL v3 3 Rev2 Check the web site 1 for the list of supported TRX and for new versions The necessary parameters for control of the interfaces to and from the RIG as well as the data for Frequency Offset described later are initially entered under the CAT tab Before you can use ADVANCED SETTINGS to switch on the panadapter you must set up CAT control fully If ENABLE CAT is checked uncheck it otherwise you will not be able to make the necessary changes Replace the COM port number shown in the box by the COM port number you are using for the TRX Filters Debug Advanced Settings Juick Tune About Sked Enable CAT Baudrate Bit Parity Stopbits Use ATS PMSDR CAT Adress Remote AIG Send CAT commands to All RIG Model RIG Adr 950 300 o ms Polling Interval Hz Cw Pitch Offset Hz USB Offset Hz LSE Offset Hz AM FM Offset 200 Hz Current Offset Wri
30. true for the fundamental The output frequency of this device is somewhat dependent on power supply voltage For 6V one gets ca 15 KHz for 9V ca 17 KHz Such a test device can be built up quickly and without problems using a small project board A 15 kHz L 45 Grad R 45 Grad 39 Images 0003 760 030 rune 0003 776 568 Fig 83 Carrier and Image Signal When a connection is made to the soundcard input the result should look something like Fig 83 Mal une Y AN u Mi Fig 84 Carrier Signal 40 The original signal is clearly seen on the right at ca 17 kHz while the image appears significantly suppressed at left The difference in these values shows an excellent innate image suppression of about 70 dB n Py m Nye mi Fig 85 Image Signal The scale shows a center frequency of 3760 kHz Also seen here is the signal frequency 16 5 kHz The image signal appears at 16 5 KHz which with the help of the channel skew calibration can be further significantly reduced Image Frequency Suppression Use the Options button to open the calibration window WinradHD Channel Skew Adjustment Panel 0 Delay Som between Charnes ie me do tized anes one chara are delivered to software sooner er than by 0 892 110 4samples delay Left Delay other channel and also with s
31. work barefoot Components that are particularly static sensitive are marked in the parts list and specifically pointed out in the assembly instructions Be sure to leave these parts in their antistatic packaging until you are actually ready to use them The packaging consists either of an antistatic plastic bag or conductive plastic foam into which the leads of the parts are inserted Soldering If this is your first experience with soldering on circuit boards please definitely read further The experienced among you can skip this section without further ado All circuit boards are double sided and all holes are plated through This means that one does not have to and should not solder on the component side of the boards In a few cases changes in the enclosure originating with the vendor it may become necessary to place a component on the conductor side of the board Always work with a preheated soldering iron If you are able to set the temperature of the iron use 350 C to 400 C Use a minimal soldering time Beginners particularly have a tendency to stay on a solder point too long detaching a conductor trace and applying an excess of solder One should never use any additional soldering aids such as liquid flux soldering paste Modern day solder for electronics use contains a core of flux that already serves this purpose Lead Free If You Please At present there are solders of various composition
32. 0 notch filters which are able to be arranged freely Using the mouse wheel it is even possible to set the filter bandwidth per notch filter to one s taste As mentioned the author is very active so be alert for new versions 9 84 Winrad Variants Firmware Updates Potentially necessary firmware updates can be made both quickly and easily The version installed in the PMSDR can be read from the LCD display or from the DEBUG tab below in the DLL In the software folder on the CD you will find a PMSDR Firmware Upgrade Tool named PDFSUSB exe This program is directly bootable and thus requires no installation Preparation Remove the upper housing by removing the two upper screws on the front plate as well as the corresponding screws on the rear plate Now that you can reach both 51 and 52 do so See Fig 145 However if a switch board or a down converter is installed it may be advisable to also remove the lower two screws on the back plate and fold the switch board or downconverter unit carefully to the side We are now ready to carry out the operation shown in Fig 145 gt mairie YA on 25 Fig 145 Press both buttons Short Description of Process gt Connect USB Cable Start Program gt Reset gt PMSDR is in boot loader mode gt Program Firmware gt Ignore Error Message gt Finished In Steps Connect your PMSDR to your
33. 6015 kHz The Russian service Label Service very often broadcasts in German on Mute Audio 7325 kHz and we usually receive it in Europe _ The program needs strong input for Log File Freq 9675 clean reception Feel free to experiment a bit with different input Fig 131 Flip Input Spectrum levels for your sound card In this case check the Flip Input Have fun with DRM Reception Spectrum box Leave all other settings as they were If the inversion of the reception sspectrum produces the desired results put the tag into the previously cited program call This permanently sets the check in the Flip Input Spectrum box In the properties box for program startup the complete call now reads c5 76 PMSDR PowerSDR IQ If you just happened to start 5 reading the manual here Don t necessarily begin your career with Power SDR IQ It is a very nice program with lots of capabilities but it is exactly these that make the program less obvious in contrast to the Winrad versions and somewhat unwieldy to use In addition the original PowerSDR was actually specifically designed for Flex Radio equipment and is exactly tailored to that in operation Consequently when used to control PMSDR many buttons are useless because they are inactive Good to know There are several PowerSDR IQ systems on the internet On th
34. 81 62 63 64 85 66 87 08 09 GB C GD OF PROGRAM 888888 BF EF F8 12 88 XX XX XX XX 888818 XX NN XX XX NN XX XN NN XX 888020 XX XX 000030 900040 XX XX XX XX XX AAAASA XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX Copyright Microchip Technology Inc 2004 LISB Bootloader Firmware Version 1 0 Fig 155 Firmware Loaded 87 Firmware Update ___ A PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 As a resul will Boatload Mode Demo Mode s a result you see afew Select FICDEM FS USB Board messages in the FICDEM FS USB 0 Booth program output field gt Load HEX File mj Save HES File AN Mic Wait for the Program Device gt Execute notification g4 Read Device Erase Device PICDEM FS USB Bootk MESSAGE Hold dawn push butto Programming board by pressing pus CONFIG DATA Completed Clear Screen will be displayed Addr H1 82 H3 H 65 66 GF H8 H9 GA HB BC BD BE BF PROGRAM MEMORY 8 DA EF H3 FB 12 FF FF EF 64 FB 12 Ba FF FF 866860168 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF EF H FB 12 Ba FF FF Fig 156 Begin Programming AN PICDEM TM FS
35. Button actuate VFO and Frequency Bar follow Back to searching for stations Tab CAT Remote Rig OFF place Cursor etc etc Change display resolution RBW gt Winrad gt Press Right Left Arrow Bars next to RBW gt Max Resolution is 5 9 Hz per Screen Pixel gt Max Possible Display Range is 93 8 Hz per Screen Pixel Note gt Disappearing Cursor When changing the resolution the cursor can travel out of the display area If this happens just click anywhere in the spectrum with the left mouse button to get it back Band Change Quick Tune gt Is the background of the Quick Tune tab blue If YES gt Tab gt CAT Remote Rig gt ON Tab gt gt Quick Tune If NO gt Tab 2 Quick Tune Quick Tune Click on desired band 118 WIN 7 Set Up Appendix Il Setting up the PMSDR in WIN The detailed instructions given in the text above pp 25 35 were written for Windows XP This operating system OS is excellent and many users have retained it for home use But the most recent Microsoft OS family at the present point in time is that of Windows 7 existing in several forms and it is almost universally sold as the OS on new computers of the PC type Because WIN7 is in active use this section has been included to help with PMSDR set up The Device Manager utility part of the OS is very useful It may be accessed in several ways the simplest of which is to enter device manager in the query win
36. Command is probably more closely baut Debug Filters related to other interactive programs e g HRD Show frequency on 150 Mixer DIR Enable Offset VFO Mute Enable Offset YFO B ligL U Returns LSB USB PIER E 4 lexProfiler Installed 2125 2125 dow Kenwood Command OK Cancel Apply t Ef temal Downconverter Fig 138 Store with LU Hz 1 16000000 Fig 139 DLL for PowerSDR IQ Click OK to store these settings o0 now it s time for the START button If everything is set correctly you will find a window similar to Fig 140 80 Winrad Variants Setup Memory Wave Equalizer XVTRs VFO A VFO Meter Meter VFO Sync 3 695 000 Lock uez Signal v FwdPwr BS 00 00 EENE Drive 50 USB DSB AGC Preamp IM A N m Med High kil YN i MC wv Al L Piu nu i ye T MW 1 t im u M lw y Mh SAM SPEC sa FZ DiGL DiGU DRM mn Center Zoom LE 0 55 2 dx Filter 2 7k 5 0 4 4k 3 8k BCI Rejection DSP Display Mode Mode Specific Controls Phone 33k 29k SPLT A B NR ANF Panadapter Mic Gain J 24k 21k NB EIA er NE E 1 0 Vat Var2 IFW AGB BN 0010 _AYG _Peak Show TX Fit Lo IH
37. Database in the DLL The accompanying text is shown reproduced line by line 1 kHz 75 Time UTO 93 Days 59 ITU 49 Station 201 Lng 49 Target 62 Remarks 1 35 P 35 Start 60 Stop 60 U1018 RUS 2 14070 20 PSK 31 x AFU 3 27065 CB Ch 9 x CB 4 29670 10 DFOMOT x AFU 5 50110 6 SSB CALL x AFU There is a total of five lines the structure of which must be exactly as listed here otherwise the DLL will not function properly Line 1 is especially important and must not be changed in any case Do not use bold face numbers 1 5 when you type them Line 1 Your own entry via the editor begins with kHz and ends with RUS Line 2 starts with 14070 and ends with AFU etc The number of semicolons 15 important Their exact number and arrangement is important By the way all the example files mentioned in this manual are to be found in the appropriate sub directories on the enclosed CD as well 6 As selection criteria in this example the terms amateur radio and CB are installed Other additional words are possible after using the Language and Target filters to make a filtered version of the original language The mode is as already indicated limited to AM If necessary simply switch the required operating mode by hand The illustration Fig 116 ends with Lang Everything else is hidden on the right Using the slider at the bottom of the screen scroll to the desired displa
38. Fig 42 Units Interconnected Please pay careful attention to the short coax connection to JP2 on the board PMSDH It should not be twisted as Fig 43 Circuit board installed Screw the rear panel to the bottom part of the housing As the final step install the front plate and display panel and close up the enclosure with the upper half 23 The fully assembled PMSDR with down converter again corresponds to one of these two figures Fig 45 Type 1 Rear Panel gt o o v v x e gt _ T gt re GE o ug E ies o 79 NE o E 2 a Fig 47 Positioning the bridge 24 1 Construction Notes 5 The same modification that was mentioned for the T R switch may be made here to allow simultaneous reception with both apparatuses In contrast to the T R switch you will not need to use a piece of wire here It is sufficient to make a solder bridge between the two points with a bit of excess solder Fig 46 Bridge with solder co gt zo gt gt gt c un 2 c 192 wei dome aM A m The fully populated PMSDR circuit board I 41244 CC 92 m 9 jii RS R28 O na as BE om da Q g 2 go anal Fig 48 Cir
39. HDSDR in the DLL The result will appear as a service window next to HDSDR in the graphic form you already know The INI file IS called EXTIO_PMSDR INI and is a purely text file which you can work on using an appropriate text editor The term manipulation is chosen with care and intention Warning When one enters something here he must understand clearly that he is manipulating the file After all this is the control for the EXTIO_PMSDR DLL the heart of the software interplay between PMSDR and HDSDR as well as the rig that is connected 6 Backing up the file BEFORE changing it is strongly recommended Use a suitable text editor for editing Notepad2 15 is available as Freeware and is excellent Below we specify sections for changing or supplementation in the INI file These sections are also found enclosed in square 64 Manipulation der DLL xx brackets in the original file After saving changes and executing a cold restart any changes are automatically transferred to the DLL IF Entry for use as a Panadapter The relevant original entries look like this PAN_ RIG ELEKRAFT K2 4915000 ELEKRAFT K3 8215000 IF2000 10550000 In this example you will note an entry for the IF 2000 interface board from RF Space mentioned above This is an IF interface for the Yaesu FT 950 2000 which down mixes the IF of the two devices to the level that PMSDR can use without problems In thi
40. IS connected or not In HDSDR all settings have been made as indicated above HDSDR has been started using o START Fig 89 PMSDR Chosen A signal at the LO frequency produced a DC signal by mixing effects Many sound cards are AC coupled If this is the case you will see a black stripe and no line If the sound is DC coupled then a few mV of DC offset will produce a strong signal at the center frequency A little DC offset will produce a gigantic center peak But that is only the beginning There are many totally different signal paths in a sound card and at least as many or mutually incompatible Fig 88 Soundcard selected ways to connect them with each other Shaw Paha For Select Input you currently have only Sound Card to select PMSDR is grayed out since it is not connected Choose Sound Card The result is a more or less narrow line in the center of the frequency scale These pathways are directly influenced by the various links in the relevant software If one looks further into this matter one finds the following causes 42 What sounds like an unsolvable Gordian knot fortunately usually works well enough in practice The problem is that one can spend many frustrating hours working at this In this case alternative activation of the ASIO driver instead of the Windows WMME driver may help The broadest meaning of that line is that it shows the sum of all non
41. Installed Properly If the highlighted line shows the same or similar everything is OK In this case proceed to Step 3 If the driver is not found automatically the Device Manager shows oat Gerate Manager Datei Aktion Ansicht HE HA Pittisamsung PC E Akkus Ander PMSDR LISB Board 2008 amp Audio video und Gamecontroller Bildverarbeitungsger te 9 Bluetooth Funkger t jl Computer DVD CD ROM Laufwerke 4 Eingabeger te Human Interface Devices Grafikkarte cag IDE ATA ATAPI Controller L2 e Ger te E E E 4 E Fig 52 USB Driver not recognized In this case you must intervene by hand Right click on the line in Device Manager with the yellow alarm labeled PMSDR USB Board in order to open the context menu We proceed with a question amp answer game Answer the question about automatic updating with No not this time and click on Proceed In the next Dialog click on the buttons Search the following sources and Search Now select the path to your CD drive containing the CD we provided On the CD find the folder PMSDR MCHPUSB driver click on it and answer OK This will locate the driver and install it Device Manager should now show Microchip Custom USB Device as it appears in Fig 51 As soon as the driver is installed the green LED on the
42. NTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the e Fig 73 DLL GUI Choosing PMSDR causes the GUI to appear at once The window of the DLL GUI stands by the way for Graphical User Interface namely the operator service window Select Input Palette type Window type Privilege Lock Volume High Process Priority Normal Process Priority e MME 16 bit drivers ASIO 24 bit drivers Channel Mode Swap I and Q channels Channel Skew Calibration n Onkiane Fig 74 Choices Be sure that the MME 16 Bit drivers are activated as in the picture Choose the Channel Mode and be sure that the Mode is activated Driver Select Input Palette type Window type Privilege Lock Volume High Process Priority Mormal Process Priority MME 16 bit drivers ASIO 24 bit drivers Channel Mode 2 Left Ch only Swap I and Q channels Channel Skew Calibration Right Ch only Both channels added Left Q Right 4 Fig 75 l Q Output m Adapting Screen Size Previously mentioned options for matching the screen resolution are found under Options gt Startup Options called Window View abbreviated wv For a netbook with its decreased vertical resolution these settings are probably not available In this case start the program with the tag wv Go to the desktop
43. OM Laufwerke 94 Eingabeger te Human Interface Devices Grafikkarte Fig 51 2 USB Driver Properly Installed The relevant entry in this screen reads Microchip Custom USB Device If the highlighted line shows the same or similar everything is OK In this case proceed to Step 3 If the OS does not find the driver automatically the Device Manager shows a yellow warning sign 120 WIN 7 Set Up oat Gerate Manager Datei Aktion Ansicht m 5 19 22 4 ei Pittisamsung PC Akkus js Andere Ger te yo a d C 2008 1 Audio Video und Gamecontroller Bildverarbeitungsger te Bluetooth Funkger t ME Computer ew DYD CD ROM Laufwerke HES Eingabeger te Human Interface Devices Grafikkarte IDE Fig 52 2 USB Driver Not Available In this case a little hand work is needed Right click on the line in Device Manager with the yellow flag here shown as PMSDR USB Board This opens the context menu Click on Update Driver Software In the next Dialog click on the bar Browse my computer for driver software then in the next window Search for driver software in this location where you need to indicate your CD drive containing the CD we provided On the CD find the folder PMSDR MCHPUSB driver click on it and answer OK This will locate the driver and install it Device Manager should now show Microchip Custom USB Devic
44. PC using the USB cable and start the program A PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Too ersion 1 0 Bootload Mode Demo Mode Select PICDEM FS USB Board GF Load HEX File KX MICROCHIP PICDEM FS USB Bootload Mode Entry Hold down push button 2 then reset the board by pressing push button 1 Copyright Microchip Technology Inc 2004 Fig 146 Program started Now press down the two buttons 51 and S2 you will be able to feel the points to press Hold S2 Right button while you let go of S1 left button Immediately afterwards release the button S2 The board is now in bootloader mode and ready for programming The following pictures repeat the operating sequence 85 Firmware Update Fig 151 Using ball point pens In principle these finger acrobatics can be done with two pens Don t put points out This has the advantage that the device does not have to be taken too far apart So let s continue The last item was The device is in boot loader mode Check it out A PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 Bootload Mode Demo Mode Select PICDEM FS USB Board h FICDEM FS USB 0 Boot s GS Load HEX File gt Execute Read Device Erase Device PICDEM FS USB Bootlo Hold down push buttor board by pressing pust Fig 152 In Bootloader Mode In the pull down menu the following entry must now be available PICDEM FS USB 0 BOOT Use the button
45. T ON Remote Rig OFF Note Do not move gt Frequency Bar with Remote Rig OFF otherwise the frequency displayed in Winrad will not be correct Should this happen accidentally a slight turn of the VFO knob will correctly synchronize the VFO with the bar Setting the Cursor to the Station USB gt Use the left mouse button to place the red line on the left edge LSB Use the left mouse button to place the red line on the right edge CW Use the left mouse button to place the red line in the middle AM gt Use the left mouse button to place the red line in the middle Use the mouse wheel for fine adjustment 10 Hz per wheel click Transfer of the Frequency to the VFO Button gt Write Tune to RIG not necessary to switch on the remote rig VFO 2 possible slight retuning needed Moving the span of the displayed spectrum cranking Turn the VFO to the desired frequency range Spectrum Waterfall amp Frequency Bar follow By sliding the frequency bar Tab gt CAT Remote Rig gt ON Frequency Bar gt Grab with the left mouse button gt Hold left button depressed slide right or left the VFO and Frequency Bar will follow 117 WIN 7 Set Up 8 By predetermined 48 96 KHz frequency displacements Quick Tune gt 15 the Quick Tune tab blue If YES gt Tab gt CAT Remote Rig gt Tab gt gt Quick Tune If NO gt Tab gt Quick Tune Quick Tune gt Set Tuning Steps to desired value t
46. This program free software you can redistribute it andor modify It under the terms of the General Public License published by the Free Software Foundation either version 3 of the License at your option any later version This program ix distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the Fig 91 About Tab Fig 44 Save Filter values to PMS DR 92 Filters Tab Everyday Use The About tab merely notes the version of the DLL the copyright and a general GNU GPL General Public License release Do not change anything on the Filter tab The settings optimized for your PMSDR A comparison of the default values with those of your DLL can not hurt Differences are to be revised and then saved with the Save Filter Values button Leave Auto Select switched on PMSOR USB 0 Edit freq fatal Edit RFREG TEdit_ TEdit ITE dit req ref ITE dit pastdivi TEdit clka freq TEdit lo freq eading Sked file Sked Database ready Open 1 38400 Reading Sked Sked Database ready PHMSDR USE 0 Firmware Version 216 Smooth tune supported switchboard supported Switchboard detected 4 Fig 93 Debug tab The Debug window is used primarily by developers to detect errors Don t
47. USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 Bootload Mode Demo Mode A hearty push on Select PICDEM FS USB Board Execute starts the FICDER FS USB 0 Boot written firmware Load HEX File Save To HEX File AN MiCRC More or less as a El Program Device gt Execute sign of SUCCESS the display lights up Fiead Device Wi Erase Device FS USB Bootload again Hold down push button 52 board by pressing push bul Clear Screen MESSAGE Programming CONFIG DATA Completed MESSAGE Programming CONFIG DATA MESSAGE Programming USER ID Completed MESSAGE Erasing and Programming USER ID Fig 157 Implement new FW Now click on Program Device to start the actual programming operation 88 Firmware Update PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 Don t be put off by Bootload Mode Demo Mode the apparent error Select PICDEM FS USB Board message Ga Load HEX File WARNING Failed to RESET Board Bee Everything is in order and your i EraseDevos F5 USE Bootload PMSDR is correctly Hold down push Button 52 program med board by pressing push butte Clear Screen WARNING Failed to RESET board MESSAGE Programming CONFIG DATA Completed MESSAGE Programming CONFIG DATA MESSAGE Programming USER ID Completed Fig 158 Error Message AN PICDEM TM FS USB Demo Tool Version 1 00 Bootload Mode De
48. able and a somewhat broader tip so called chisel point is advantageous because of the improved heat transfer At least these two tip types are useful They can be interchanged when it becomes necessary to solder e g some large flat surface Only heat the point being soldered just sufficiently to give a good connection A small circuit board holder makes working on the board easier In cross section correct incorrect solder joints appear as shown below Fig 8 Solder joints Good The solder joint is concave in shape Poor The joint is saturated with solder lumpy and Touch the board trace and the component connection at the same time with the soldering tip Apply the solder within one or two seconds First take away the solder and then the tip of the iron Be sparing with the solder too much solder may cause solder bridges to neighboring components If you don t notice such a bridge while soldering it can be very difficult to find at a later time If a solder bridge occurs remove it carefully with desoldering braid This is described in the next section All components should in so far as possible be in contact with the board surface This has nothing to do with aesthetics but is a necessity in high frequency technique Accordingly resistors lie with their body flat on the circuit board unless of course they are to be installed vertically Capacitors are likewise installed against the boa
49. agram and we are at the output of the circuit board 114 The I lines to the stereo sound card inputs are connected from here Epilog This trip could only shed superficial light on the theory of SDR technology of course but nevertheless should have provided some basic understanding We would be delighted if this discourse would be seen as stimulus for you to delve further into the matter of your own accord Commercially available literature on this subject is unfortunately still very rare The discussion in 22 the book by Dipl Commercial Bodo J Krink DL7BJK is a well expounded exception He takes care to prepare the necessary mathematics for the reader to understand and intuit Also the special CQDL 23 of July 2008 Title CQ DL Spezial SDR und D Star makes especially worthwhile reading PMSDR References and Links Notes and references 1 USB Adapter If your laptop PC does not have a RS232C jack you can also use a USB adapter cable Caution should be exercised in the selection of this cable as not all products support the required bi directionality of the RS232C interface Make sure that an FIDI Chip is chugging away inside A proven product is sold under the trade name Digitus DA 70 156 obtainable for example from 6 2 RBW The awkward expression resolution band width is simply a measure of how much Hz pixel of the signal is displayed per screen pixe
50. al connection box to 192 kHz ca US 200 300 Creative EMU 1212 PCle with external connection board to 192 2 US 160 260 Creative EMU 1616 to 192 kHz various forms PCI PCle with ext Interface ca US 350 to 450 Creative EMU 0404 USB to 192 kHz ca US 175 Creative EMU 0202 USB to 192 kHz ca US 90 Creative EMU 0204 USB to 192 kHz ca US 130 M Audio Audiophile to 192 kHz PCI ca US 200 The bold face suggestions are especially suited and recommended for 192 kHz use Fig 80 Selection of Proven Cards Sound Card Test Extremely helpful for this is a test device with which you can see at a glance what is going on and from which you can judge suitability or non suitability Fig 81 Soundcard Tester This small test circuit is driven from a battery pack and costs only a few Euros It generates test signals which are fed into the sound card to be tested The screen image from HDSDR then gives information on the suitability or non suitability If nothing seems to go and nobody knows why this little device can quickly provide insight You can get the completed tester from 11 Dis Thr Con NE555 Gnd Tri Out Res Fig 82 Phase shifter built from a NE555 Image Suppression SS The circuit is relatively simple A time NE555 is used as a tone generator Two RC elements as phase shifters emulate the signals The phase difference of 90 degrees is only
51. alue of 90 minus 270 PMSDR as Panadapter One can also see this in Fig 184 The two analog signals and Q thus now contain the entirety of information in the input frequency Fig 187 Q Coordinate system The data content of these complex signals is in an orthogonal coordinate system from which the PC software can again reconstruct the input signal We want to very briefly examine how the original signal is to be reconstructed Therefore one must first know The length of the vector contains The frequency bandwidth of Q the mixing results the frequency bandwidth of is the so called base band which could for example range between 0 Hz 96 kHz Thinking here of a sampling rate of 192 kHz If this signal is sent to the right left inputs of a sound card one obtains as a final result a high quality receiver whose properties depend essentially on the PC software used for further processing The sound card now breaks up this analog l Q Signal using its A D converter into digital snacks for further data processing in the PC e Block Diagram the original signal amplitude while the angle with the SOUND CARD SPKR D A OUTPUT abscissa l axis contains the instantaneous phase For the demodulated signal we then calculate as follows DDS XTAL AM Amplitude of the vector root a b FM Phase arctan a b SSB FFI with several thousan
52. am Construction Notes lull install this you only need to remove the upper of the housing The board is then already in the correct orientation The two eyelets may easily be soldered from the side turned toward you Important Notice This modification carries with it a risk of damage for the switch board If for whatever reason the RF vox fails or does not respond the full RF power of the transmitter will go into the receiver Fig 36 Additional Bridge There is a small additional modification that we want to share with you It allows simultaneous reception via RX TX and PMSDR This allows good comparisons to be made between methods You lose only about 3 dB in sensitivity with the two receiver inputs Fig 36 shows the added connection Use a short piece of insulated wire as a bridge on the underside of the board between the two eyelets shown it We therefore recommend that the switchboard when modified in this way not be used with the internal RF vox but that it be controlled by the PTT output of the transceiver 21 Option VHF UHF Down Converter Fig 37 Kit The T R switch function is built into the down converter That is there is only an either or installation option in the existing PMSDR housing either the switch function or the down converter with built in switching function Both the construction and the installation in the PMSDR enclosure run very similarly to the in
53. ame dream exe It is best if you install a start up icon on your desktop 73 You will usually have to use the command line tag 5 when you start the program in order that Dream runs in mode To set this up open the Properties menu with a right mouse click on the Dream icon Anwendung Dream v 1 5 1 Fig 126 Program start line The tag c 5 needs to be entered after the exclamation point Mikrofon Logitech USB Sound Out gt Mikrofon USB Audio Ct v Eingang Realtek High Realtek Digital Input Re AM analog Ctrl A New DRM Acquisition Ctrl D Set Display Color pore Primary Audio Device F Fig 127 Sound Card Selection Under Settings and Sound Card Selection enter your current data for audio input and output Sound In Sound Out When your program is running bring up two additional windows on the screen by pressing Ctrl E amp Ctrl U 74 Sample Applications One is the so called Evaluation Dialog the other the Multimedia Dialog Both windows are from the main program What we need now is a system for setting the frequency Somehow we need to tell our PMSDR what frequency we would like to set There is a small utility exactly tailored for these applications that allows you direct frequency input using a mini DLL In the root directory of the CD find PMSDR Control v1 5 and start pmsdr exe from there As a result two wi
54. ann a een 46 86 Desoldering 7 9 10 Desoldering Braid 7 9 10 Digital Radio Mondiale 74 Directory 27 47 68 75 85 105 120 123 132 Disclaimer 133 Rc 12 Display 59 DELS O 4 SENS 47 COPYING uses 26 Manipulation 65 76 Updating 27 47 Down Converter 4 6 22 24 48 49 69 93 102 Circuit Board 6 22 23 DREAM satin 74 ff 1 96 99 Dynamic Range38 44 70 93 97 99 109 113 Input Control 44 E EiBi66 EMI12 F FEN TRE Hm 22 Anti Aliasing 110 FINE 40 Firmware 84 8 FM Reception 68 Amateur eese 71 Broadcast 69 121 Frequency Range Changing 51 ES m 50 G m 33 H Harmonic Mode Reception 68 HDSDR82 Poen 32 CONUN 52 Headers 10 Header Plugs 18 Header Sockets 14 Headphones 29
55. aracter In the future for everyday use try to set the cursor more precisely the red line next to the tuning bar on the corresponding signal flank as you are now doing and remember this as long as possible This ensures that every time you click you will get a correct VFO frequency for the transmitting station However if you are not quite on the VFO frequency this is not the end because you always end up at least pretty close As described above always somewhere in the range of a few Hz A small turn of the VFO knob if necessary and you have the right frequency That s it With this you have set all the offsets Storing the Values An important point must not be overlooked namely saving storing the above determined values There is unfortunately no extra button for this in the DLL you just have to remember that writing saving the values to the INI of the DLL happens at the moment when you press the STOP button in HDSDH You should therefore not get used to terminating the program with the Red Windows Close Box in the top right corner of the screen Always terminate the program properly by using STOP and EXIT Now you know why Everyday Use 63 Possible Ways to Manipulate the DLL The DLL fie itself cannot be modified Influence over the various parameters associated with the DLL is only allowed via the so called INI file The parameters in this file are read at startup of
56. ard Use of this switch is only meaningful when hardware PTT control is not used If you use the PTT control output of your TRX set the delay value to zero 48 DLL Settings 3th Harmonic Mode Another section is dedicated to the experimental mode called 3rd harmonic mode Reception up into the VHF range to 165 MHz is possible using the 3rd overtone of the local oscillator There is some loss in sensitivity but operation in this way does not require addition of a down converter Auto Select This mode switches in automatically when a frequency over 55 MHz is specified Save Current Default Frequency as This does exactly what it says The current frequency is used each time the PMSDR is brought up The special significance of this application becomes clear for example when using the PMSDR as a WEB SDR receiver 16 17 Here the USB interface only serves as a power supply This setting insures that the PMSDR comes up with the default frequency every time it boots You will better understand the settings under the final tab when you read the explanation in the subsequent paragraphs concerning daily usage MES PMSDR About Debug Advanced Settings Filters Write TUNE gt RIG Fig 97 CAT Tab DLL Settings All these settings control the data direction and data flow when used with a transceiver Enable CAT Enables firstly the bidirecti
57. ars in the PMSDR display Under the tab Advanced Settings you will find a similar display setting Fig 95 Sked Tab Radio listeners will find Sked very useful by the sked is shorthand from the world of amateur radio It refers to a contact with a certain specific station Here we are using it for radio listeners in general A world wide variety of HF broadcast stations is listed for direct access One mouse click on your choice and it is instantly tuned in The station list comes from the freely available EIBI of Eike Bierwirth 13 on whose website you will find Up to date files 46 ERE PMSDR About Debug Filters Quick Tune Sked CAT 122000 1 0550000 1 000 Save actual as PMSDA default Use Dowmconyerber mmnr LO AF IF 3 Fig 96 Advanced Settings Tab A check in Show Frequency on LCD puts the tuning frequency on the display Mute turns off the mixer from the QSD and is therefore reserved for testing DLL Settings A secondary effect from the lab and good to know Activation or deactivation trips the T R switch relay Bias Slider and Bias voltage You should not change these settings Leave the bias voltage set to its proper value of 2 5 V 51570 Frequency Calibration The PMSDR frequency display can be set precisely with the aid of a frequency standard beacon time signal transmitter For this purpose tune to a k
58. asurements were carried out with a dual tone DDS signal generator and a home made Combiner remaining 50 dBm IP3 See RKE 11 2006 The level of the intermodulation product was read and tested with an NFvoltmeter HP 3400A RMS The measurements refer to a BW of 2400 Hz SSB and a separation of 2 kHz for the two tones dBm dBm dB 0036 100 8 72 1 850 18 3 650 123 21 96 Dramatic decrease of IP3 7 050 123 24 98 caused by the action of the 36100 125 24 99 Preller Paes Cz 124 dBm dBm dB Fig 174 IP3 Dynamics With a good sound card the dynamics of the PMSDR are limited only by intermodulation products and image rejection In switching mixers the intermodulation products increase by a factor of 3 if signal peaks reach the supply voltage of the mixer This effect is called clipping 97 Technical Data ___ A mixer which is operated with a supply voltage of 5V can therefore process an RF signal of max 5V pp This assumes that this is distributed symmetrically around a bias voltage 2 5V Therefore the best setting of the QSD Mixer bias is 2 5 V e Image Suppression 3 750 750 tum 03 700 000 rad 132 Fig 175 Channel Skew Calibration adjust for best rejection If for Winrad optimization is done at an image frequency in one of the two band halves then image suppression remains at lea
59. ations Freq will be carried out C Demo Mone Janus D2y Control You find these at Audio and Primary as are to be seen in Fig QL Expert 135 Receive Only Wizard Fig 133 Radio Model Setup Activate the radio buttons at If you should happen to find your Radio Model and also at card entered here please please do Receive Only not select it Now open the tab General gt ExtlO reason has already been In this new field activate PMSDR mentioned above This is a function Enable that necessarily implies the Flex radio hardware This would therefore definitely lead to problems So please leave this item set to Unsupported Card General Ext Ctrl Audio USF Display Transmit Keyboard PM SOR Options 508 Enable ToolBox Fig 134 Enable PMSDR 78 Winrad Variants The CAT control missing from the DLL is done internally by the PowerSDR IQ software Only activation of CAT control subsequently then allows the use of the band and mode switches as shown in Fig 136 ransmit Keyboard Appearance Card Selection nsupparted Card B uffer Size Line In Gain 2048 20 Miser More Sample Hate Mic In Gain Receive FP 48000 Transmit o e Output Yoltage 223 Test 105 WFO B Meter TX Meter ete Signal Fwd Pwr
60. ax Planck and named for the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann not to be confused with the Stefan Boltzmann constant 115 References and URLs Sources and URLs 1 http www iw3aut altervista org index_de htm 2 http www rfspace com RFSPACE IF 2000 html 3 http www winrad org 4 http www wimo de framesetp_d html 5 http www qrp shop de 6 http www reichelt de 7 http www box73 de catalog 8 http www irkutsk com radio tis htm 9 http www hdsdr de 10 http www webalice it andreavigarani 11 http www ak modul bus de stat soundkartentester html 12 http www wrplus altervista org 13 http www eibi de 14 http www dxatlas com Rocky 15 http www flos freeware ch notepad2 html 16 http www websdr at 17 http www websdr org 18 htto www arrl org files file T echnology tis info pdf 0309 1 0qex029 pdf 19 http software muzychenko net eng vac htm 20 http sourceforge net projects drm 21 Burkhard Kainka Software Defined Radio Deutsch 2008 Elektor Verlag 22 Dipl Kaufm Bodo J Krink SDR Software Defined Radio f r den Funkamateur Deutsch 2009 VTH Verlag 23 http darcverlag de CQ DL Spezial SDR und D Star Symbols CS General Information Please Note Attention Possible Problems if not Noted 116 WIN 7 set up x Quick Outline Usage in Pan Adapter Mode In Spectrum Waterfall Looking for Stations Tab CAT Enable CA
61. bility to use keyboard shortcuts e g hot keys Se cut out The appendix contains a summary of commands to m Winrad Ver 1 61 The last available version from the original author Alberto Di Bene I2PHD was Winrad Ver 1 33 Jan 2009 Jeffrey Pawlan WA6KBL brought his own version Ver 1 61 to market in Feb 2010 82 Winrad Variants Fig 141 Winrad Ver 1 61 this The authors notes about program can be found in 3 Winrad Variant WRplus This version provides a complete revision of the so called DSP Engine the specially important part of the program for Digital Signal Processing Thus for example excellent suppression of the phantom signals anti aliasing is one of many distinctive features Fig 142 WRplus Ver 1 04r4 The website of author Sandro Sfregola 12 provides good opportunities for comparison The most recent version of his Ver 1 0414 was published in January 2011 Right clicking on the FM button opens up many new opportunities for FM radio reception Take the instructions provided to heart In the application examples above we offer a glimpse of the sophisticated features of FM reception When visiting the websites of the most active developers you may find yet another new version Winrad Variant WinradF Andrea Vigarani presented his open version Ver 1 5 in Oct 2010 8 992 743 000 rune 092 800 000 on Fig 143 Winra
62. close attention that the wires are soldered exactly in the order 1 6 and 11 16 Nowhere do two wires cross The ribbon cable is inserted strand by strand into the corresponding pads of the display board Examine Fig 15 and 17 Construction Notes 0l Begin on the right with wire 1 and solder 1 6 Eyelets 7 10 remain open corresponding to the fact that you earlier cut back the wires on the ribbon cable Finish by soldering wires 11 16 At this point the display can be fastened to the front panel Use the 2mm nuts and bushings supplied Follow Fig 14 the nuts are on the innermost position inside the housing Addendum for headers header connectors If your kit was supplied with mounted pins instead of bare ones the printing 16 or 20 respectively shows the position of the notch on the board Be careful to follow this orientation 15 Option Enclosure Installation using the optional enclosure is quite simple Remove the nut and lock washer from the BNC jack as well as the nut from the stereo jack Insert the back panel right side up on the board edge bearing these jacks and install the nut and lock washer on the BNC jack and the nut onto the stereo jack leaving them loose Fig 18 Enclosure Housing Kit Tighten these nuts before installing the upper part of the housing Fig 19 Insert Circuit Board Here Slide the circuit board into the U shaped lower section using the firs
63. ct conversion receiver R2 C1 Fig 183 Direct Conversion Receiver The principle is actually the same as shown above and was used in the early days of radio technology for receiving AM radio stations This type of receiver needs a so called detector Here a diode is used This diode acts as a switch closed as it were during the positive half cycle of the reception frequency open during the negative half cycle The integrating capacitor downstream from the switch will be charged through this on off switching synchrony with the frequency being received and this charge is audible through the loudspeaker as speech or music One can now easil imagine replacing the diode by a switch and as in Fig 184 allowing this switch to open and close in synchrony with the received frequency During the positive going half cycle of the radio signal 0 to 180 the switch might 106 SDR Fundamentals be open and during the negative half cycle 180 to 360 closed etc By the way this receiving method is still free from image frequencies Fig 184 with a switch With progress in radio technology the superheterodyne receiver appeared in which a mixer was used to make the high input frequency easier to process by mixing it to produce lower frequencies This is unfortunately where the subject of the image frequencies is born e Use of mixers Unfortunately through the mixing process n
64. ct under RIG the IF Board IF2000 The required IF of 10 55 MHz should be selected automatically appearing in the adjacent field PMSDR About Debug Filters Quick Tune Sked CAT Advanced Setting Biaz E m 91570 Frequency Calibration 0 External Down Conyverter Use external Downcorverter Band LO Hz IF Pan A amp dapter Lock PMSDHR on IF IF Hz IF2000 110550000 3 Switchboard PT T Delay Only SSB Cw 1 000 me 3th harmonic Mode experimental Save actual as PMSDA default freq PMSDA Down Converter Uze Downsonwerber LO freq calibration Fig 104 Advanced Settings If the entry for IF2000 does not appear go briefly to the section on manipulating the DLL This explains 56 Everyday Use how to make the entry quickly easily Now check LOCK PMSDR ON IF This locks the local oscillator of the PMSDR to the IF of the FT 950 2000 SHOW FREQUENCY ON LCD should also be enabled If so the TUNE FREQUENCY for HDSDR is also shown on the PMSDR LCD display if the display option is present If you now press START in HDSDR you should already have a spectrum or see a waterfall with information provided all your basic settings for HDSDR are OK alnitial Operation Fig 105 Active 80m Band You can now use HDSDR to decode stations that you see in the waterfall by clicking on them There is one important diffe
65. ction Input Sound Card 12 Output Sound Card abo Fig 70 Sound Card Selections Make the choices for Input Output here Definitely use headphones for listening to signals Otherwise it is difficult to avoid unpleasant cross talk effects 33 Soundcard Sampling Rate Button Samplingrates E3 Input Output 12000 S units Samplerate F6 CPU Total Fig 71 Choosing the sampling frequency Fix the sampling rate 48 KHz 96 KHz 192 KHz The AC97 only allows a sampling rate of 48 kHz see PC manual for information The rate showing on the right is set automatically by the program Sound Card Options Button WAV fle type Sound Card Window type b 4 Privilege gt Open Input Mixer Lock Yolume High Process Priority Normal Process Priority e MME 16 bit drivers ASIO 24 bit drivers Channel Mode Swap I and Q channels Channel Skew Calibration Ninbinme Fig 72 PMSDR Data Input gt Choose Select Input gt Choose PMSDR 34 Sound Choice HB PMSDR Lopyright C 2008 This program iz free software you can redistribute it and or modify It under the terms of the General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 3 of the License or at your option any later version This program distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRA
66. cuit Board fully populated Fig 49 In Operation Fig 50 Power Supply Connected 25 Setting up the PMSDR Overview 1 Connect PMSDR to the computer via USB cable and audio cable 2 Install USB driver 3 Install HDSDR software 4 Copy DLLs contained in the HDSDR directory 5 Set up and ready the PC sound card 6 Make necessary settings in HDSDR 7 Connect antenna and 8 Start HDSDR min Detail 1 USB and Audio Cable Connect your USB and audio cable to your computer 2 Install USB Driver The PMSDR is both powered and controlled through the USB Port The necessary drivers should already be present automatically installed in Windows XP Windows Vista and Windows 7 In case they are not install them by hand as described below Windows automatically signals that it has found new hardware when a USB cable is connected If the system recognizes the necessary driver then a subsequent call to the Device Manager shows a screen similar to 26 Sound Card Set Up Gerate Manager Datei Aktion Ansicht m b Pittisamsung PC 9 3 Akkus Audio Yideo und Gamecontroller Bildverarbeitungsger te Bluetooth Funkger t 19 088 Computer Custom USB Devices Microchip Custom LISB Device es DYD CD ROM Laufwerke Vo Eingabeger te Human Interface Devices Grafikkarte Fig 51 USB Driver
67. d bins Here the sideband is converted into the frequency domain from which one can then calculate the modulation content You guessed it certainly Again lots of mathematics But back to the mixer output RF HARDWARE MEM VID PC HARDWARE BASEBAND ANALOG AUDIO LI USER INTERFACE Fig 188 SDR Components An SDR always consists of three parts mixer processor controller 109 DEMODULATED AUDIO The QSD takes care of the mixing The PC together with sound card and software takes over the processing The Control is just a bidirectional link between PC and SDR responsible for setting frequency and display control of the LO AGC level of amplification user interface etc The general idea has by now surely become clear The complexity of the whole however significantly increases the deeper one looks into the matter We leave it at this point This now makes it possible for you to understand the block diagram Figure 188 relatively easily The antenna input on the left provides RF to the SDR hardware This hardware now uses as we know the QSD for mixing reduction of the input signals to the base band The resulting analog Q signals are fed to the sound card and then digitized in the A D converters quantized as the expert says The DSP Digital Signal Processing follows later in the software used Winrad Powe
68. dF Ver 1 5 With the modified graphics user interface the display on a netbook is a lot better Winrad Variants Many nice features are implemented here for the first time Among the special features of his version this author develops a new graphics user interface GUI Particularly provided for netbooks is the minimal vertical resolution of a 1024x 600 pixel screen His website has not been available for some time for unknown reasons Winrad Variant HDSDR formerly WinradHD Besides WRplus another version by the author Mario T ubel DGOJBJ is also actively under development Version Ver 1 0 of Dec 2010 is the newest at the time of publication of this manual This version is ideal for use on note and net books The smallest resolution available is 640x480 pixels Here we give a few of the useful command line start up tags without looking in detail into the options for settings Examples include sd for display a 2nd display fs for full screen display wv for a complete Windows specific on screen display including free placement on the screen etc 83 The Release Notes in the program directory provide detailed information In addition to the sophisticated features for customizing the display there is a clear focus on the evolution of the DSP Engine 0002 700 7nA Tune 902 642 0966 T Fig 144 HDSDR Ver 1 0 Mario for example makes available 1
69. digitized and fed into a D A Converter which sends the signal directly to the antenna We are not quite to this point with the technology but are close to it e Signal Processing in the PC The great advantage to this approach is the minimal hardware requirement combined with the almost unimaginable ability to manipulate the output signal This happens in the downstream Here can now realize for example the sharpest filters that one can imagine But everything has its downside which begins here with the subject of the PC By processing the data in a computer we distance ourselves clearly from real time analog technology It is easy to see that processing in a PC takes time The problems resulting from the finite run time duration cannot be underestimated and unfortunately this is only the beginning of problems facing the SDR technology e The Direct Conversion Receiver There several technical approaches to realizing an SDR The various different methods need not be discussed here this is completely beyond the scope of this small treatise A relatively easy to understand technology is applied in the PMSDR QSD method it promises excellent results and for the effort involved is predestined to be a price capability winner Also the operating principle is relatively simple to understand 105 We can best approach the subject with a step by step introduction to the functional principles of a dire
70. dow that appears when you click on the Start icon the Microsoft flag in a blue sphere at the extreme bottom left of the task bar A second easy way to access Device Manager is through its icon in Control Panel Overview This is the same outline as given above 1 Connect PMSDR to the computer via USB cable and audio cable Install USB driver Install HDSDR software Copy DLLs contained in the HDSDR directory Set up and ready the PC sound card Make necessary settings in HDSDR Connect antenna and Start HDSDR Detail 1 USB and Audio Cable Connect your USB and audio cable to your computer The audio input to most WIN7 sound cards is a stereo jack B 2 Install USB Driver 119 WIN 7 Set Up D The PMSDR is powered and controlled through the USB Port The necessary drivers should already be present automatically installed in Windows 7 In case they are not install them by hand as described below Windows automatically signals that it has found new hardware when a USB cable is connected If the system recognizes the necessary driver then a subsequent call to the Device Manager shows a screen similar to Gerate Manager Datei Aktion Ansicht 28 BR 1B Pittisamsung PC HX Akkus Hu Audio Video und Gamecontroller Bildverarbeitungsger te Bluetooth Funkgerat 5 988 Computer Custom USB Devices fee Microchip Custom USB Device 55 DVD CD R
71. e This shows how to identify wire 1 via the connector if the color tracer is 14 is 74 AM Ew C 14 5 Construction Notes 0 d 2 COR T 4 PR missing If possible use your fingernail rather than a tool Divide the ribbon cable between the 6th and 7th wire for 3 to 5 cm Count further to the 10th wire and divide the cable again between wires 10 and 11 Cut away about 2 cm of the free section wires 7 10 Now again using your fingernail separate the individual wires 1 through 6 and 11 through 16 so that the ends are each ca 2 cm long Strip off about 3 mm of the insulation Here again do not use a sidecutter as in so doing it is highly probable that you will damage the thin wires and make breaks in them A good wire stripper however will work very well Especially good are the automatic versions with relatively wide mouth These types can strip the ribbon cable several wires at once The insulation on the ribbon cable supplied can however be easily nicked and removed with the thumb nail Check the resulting strands If they are fanned out then carefully use two fingers to twist them together Tin the wire ends very lightly so that there are no loose strands Fig 17 Solder Ribbon Cable Subsequent soldering of the ribbon cable is greatly simplified if the display is placed in a suitable holder or clamps In what follows pay
72. e as it appears in Fig 51 2 As soon as the driver is installed the green LED on the rear panel of the PMSDR should come on and if you have the display installed it will light up in a blue tint If you have the display option installed the trim pot R7 next to the display cable plug should be used to adjust the contrast according to your taste The upper half of the enclosure can then be replaced and attached with the self tapping screws provided 121 WIN 7 Set Up BER 3 Installing Software You should now install appropriate software for your PMSDR The Winrad series from Alberto I2PHD is one such possibility capable and simple to operate The following example was created with the use of the more advanced program suite HDSDR from DGOJBJ Use Windows Explorer Flag E from the keyboard to access the DLL directory on the CD Copy the 3 DLLs contained there and also the package HDSDR from DGOJBJ HDSDR can be obtained from the author s download site http www hdsdr de If you wish to run using PMSDR on a netbook you are better off with HDSDR which can compensate for the limited vertical resolution of the netbook The program can be called up with a tag wv which fully utilizes the available resolution in each case This requires a slight change in the Properties box of the program We will show how to do this below Pick out the installation file for HDSDR from the PC Software folder on the CD and sta
73. e CD you will find ver 1 12 23 which has proven to be stable gt More recent versions since v1 19 xx no longer support the necessary PMSDR DLL functions and are therefore no longer useful gt These versions require particular version of the DLL ver 3 2 rev 9 This supports the PowerSDR IQ software to version v1 12 xx Installation If possible install the program using all of its Default values Then copy the three necessary DLL files into the newly created program directory If you need the full program path for XP this is in C Program Files Flex Radiox26 SVIEIA PowerSDR v1 12 23 IQ For Win7 Instead of Program use Program Files These are the three files c3260 dll Extio PMSDR dll and mpusbapi dll Be careful not to use 5 the PMSDR adll accidentally for one of the Winrad derivatives It won t work otart the program and click Setup Fig 132 Setup In the resulting window put your general and hardware config in the foreground 77 The familiar DLL control window General Ext Ctr Audio DSP Display Transmit Keyboard Appearance Pe immediately appears on the Hardware Config use Calibration Filters Rx Options desktop Radio Model SDR control Config 51570 SDR 5570 uc E In the next step LPT Delay the necessary o audio install
74. e Anna Maria Quinto with RF System of the Anna Maria Quinto affiliates their distributors dealers accept no guarantee that the information contained in the software features match your requirements or that the operation corresponding to the Software will meet your requirements or that operation of the Software will be uninterrupted or error free The user assumes the entire risk relating to results and performance of computer extensions programs and products listed in this guide Neither RF System of the Anna Maria Quinto its directors officers employees or agents are liable for incidental or consequential damages or indirect damages including lost profits business interruption loss of business information or the like arising from the use or inability to use the computer extensions programs and products which are listed or contained in this Manual even if the Maria Quinto RF SYSTEM has been informed about the possibility of such damages oince some countries do not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability for consequential incidental damages it may be that the foregoing does not apply to you 132 The liability of RF System of the Anna Maria Quinto for actual damages regardless of the cause and the action whether arising in contract tort including negligence product liability or otherwise in no event exceeds the equivalent of 5 Freeware 1 All Freeware Prog
75. eater than 50 mV 103 CD Contents Appendix CD Index Directory The CD provided does not contain any self starting applications Use Windows Explorer Button 4 to aid in looking through the contents We ask you to observe the relevant rules of GNU GPL freeware which can be found in the appendix The documentation and descriptions mentioned in the Manual are to be found under the corresponding rubric of PC software not in Documents In Documents conversely one will find further PMSDR Documents as for example schematics 104 PMSDR Introduction to the Technology of SDR e What is SDR actually There are many highly complicated definitions of this term They can however be reduced to just what the name says already Software Defined Radio But this definitely does NOT imply a radio receiver or transceiver controlled by software but rather a device in which many functions of a normal receiver transmitter are emulated in software not by analog circuitry e Low hardware complexity This reduces the remaining circuit complexity to a minimum A complete digitization of the entire receiver circuitry in software however is not yet possible Ideally a received signal would be fed directly into an A D converter and subsequently directly converted to the demodulated signal in bits and bytes for further processing For sending just the converse of this process opeech would be
76. eduction in the requirements required of the analog filters On the other hand after sampling a digital filter needs be in place for sampling rate reduction Such filters are referred to as decimation filters What at first sounds like a great disadvantage is instead cleverly used in such a way that during the mathematical process of decimation so called processing gains arise by which the dynamic range of the SDR receiver improves quite significantly For SDR receivers of the DDC Direct Down Conversion type this is done by hardware in the receiver Here in the QSD method the software in the downstream PC is responsible for decimation This is enough to say at this point Excessive mathematics lurks behind it again What is DDC DDC stands for Direct Down Conversion and describes a process 108 in which an HF Signal is directly down converted to 0 Hz e Signals This is not the end of it To pick up the thread again From Fig 185 we know that there are two signals at the output of our QSD mixer und Q stands for In Phase here and contains the 0 and 180 signals Fig Receiver 186 Principles of a QSD Q stands for in Quadrature and consists of the 90 und 270 components The phase shift between these two signals corresponds therefore to 90 The oignal at the output of the op amp contains the value 0 minus 180 while the Q Signal corresponds to the v
77. eed assuming that your computer is outfitted with a stereo input Connect the computer to the PMSDR with a stereo cable 28 Sound Card Set Up Audio Connection In most usual cases you will need a cable with a 3 5 mm stereo plug on both ends To avoid distracting influences it is useful also to connect headphones to the headphone output jack 7C uo gt YEN p gt Fig 53 The Samsung NC10 Microphone Input Pink Line Output green Figs 53 55 show typical sound card inputs for various computers NC10 vide P 37 Fig 55 Standard Line In Blue For making the following settings on the PC only minimal computer skills are needed Make the settings as you see them in the following pictures Geplante Tacks Tastatur Fig 56 Sounds and Audio Eigenschaften von Sounds und Audioger te Sound Card Set Up PR Lautst rke Sounds Audio Stimme Hardware Soundwiedergabe Standardger t Realtek AC97 Audio Lautst rke Erweitert Soundaufnahme Standardger t Realtek ACS Audio MIDI Musikwiedergabe Standardger t Microsoft GS Wavetable SW Synth v C Nur Standardger te verwenden Fig 57 Audio Properties The following examples are taken from Windows XP with a Realtek AC97 Audio sound card which is standard in most notebooks A short series of pictures subsequently shows the ca
78. er Chebyshev Filters two sets 113 PMSDR Block Diagram The first stage amplifiers work as differential amplifiers and deliver a symmetrical output The second stage converts this signal into an unsymmetrical form The Q signals generated here ready for connection to the sound card Only two functional groups have not been discussed so far The local oscillator LO and the microprocessor The microcontroller left under the figure Center controls all components of the PMSDR unit We bypass its discussion For understanding of the details of SDR technology this is not important At the top in the middle you see the local oscillator LO module Si570 which in turn feeds the Johnson Counter 5570 is programmable crystal oscillator with very good properties in terms of spectral purity of the output signal as well as an exceptionally low phase noise The LO frequency is passed on to the Johnson counter QSD uses an oversampling factor M 2 For an input frequency f of 50 MHz at the antenna input we have learned The sampling theorem then requires a sampling frequency of at least 100 MHz With an oversampling factor of M 2 this becomes a 200 MHz sampling frequency 200 MHz is also 4xf This value of 4xf 4f is shown in the Johnson Counter box The value of 1f in the same box indicates the operand of the division here 4 to 1 This finishes the full discussion of the block di
79. er Key CTRL C Switch to CW CTRL D Switch to DRM No Demodulation CTRL E Switch to ECSS CTRL F Switch to FM CTRL L Switch to f LSB CTRL O Direct LO Frequency Input via Keyboard CTRL P Identical to the CW Peak Key CTRL R Identical to the Noise Red Key CTRL T Direct TUNE Frequency Input via Keyboard CTRL U owitch to USB Up Arrow Direct Change of the TUNE Frequency by 0 1 kHz Down Arrow Direct Change of the TUNE Frequency by 0 1 kHz Right Arrow Direct Change of the LO Frequency by 10 kHz Left Arrow Direct Change of the LO Frequency by 10 kHz oh Up Ar Direct Change of the TUNE Frequency by 1 kHz Sh Down Ar Direct Change of the TUNE Frequency by 1 kHz Sh Ar Right Direct Change of the LO Frequency by 100 kHz Sh Ar Left Direct Change of the LO Frequency by 100 kHz Page Up Frequency Shift of the LO by Entire Spectrum Width Page Down Frequency Shift of the LO by Entire Spectrum Width In newer versions of Winrad the Arrow Page keys apparently only work in concert with the CTRL key 2 Fast Step Through of the receiver range gt Arrow Sh gt Shift 130 WinRad Hot Keys The CD The accompanying CD contains no self starting material Page through the 131 1292 Liability Disclaimer The software is provided as is without any kind of express or implied warranty including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose RF System of th
80. f the authors deliberate intentional action can be demonstrated No responsibility is assumed for consequential damages The use of the freeware software is undertaken at the user s own risk 3c Over and above its own use commercial use of the freeware software and the elements of the software of which it is composed is not allowed In particular the following is not allowed e copying storing and using the software or any part thereof for commercial purposes or the sale rental or lease to third parties e the substantive change or editing of the features in the software program e that no change or editing of the entries in the software program takes place for example banner ads push buttons with the exception of the entry of the user s own data to the extent necessary to use the freeware program Reproduction or transmission of the freeware software offered here is only allowed with the express prior written consent of the Author 133 3d The permissible disclosure of the freeware software is also for private use subject to the following e That money is neither requested nor paid e That the freeware software is given out faithfully without any change or editing of the functions and entries in the software program and e That link to the website of the author is included or at least published If even a single of these conditions is not met the distribution without the e
81. ge when you use the optional T R switchboard PMSDR amp Switchboard Option im Tandem Mode PTT control Fig 100 Tandem Mode used to attach the coax to the vent fins In addition to connecting to the IF port it is also possible to use the PMSDR as a separate receiver at the same time We refer to this as Tandem mode It is illustrated in Fig 100 Connect the IF cable to the antenna input of your PMSDR per Figs 99 and 100 52 ie 4 1 4 switch The antenna signal for sending and receiving is routed via this board In this case a max 100W output power up to 50 MHz is allowed The PTT line of the TRX takes over secure control of the circuit board Do not confuse PTT In and PTT out CE no become confused by the normal PTT jack on your transceiver PTT In sometimes used with a foot switch This is a jack for an input signal switch contact to GND and is not suitable as a control input for PTT control of the switchboard Remedy Use the hardware control signal that is present for example in the control socket for an external power amplifier PTT Out Alternative Equip your foot switch with a second microswitch and use it for hardware control of the switchboard m CAT Connection In both cases we need a CAT connection between the PC and the TRX A simple 1 to 1 cable will be sufficient The cable must not be crossed internally
82. hboard and Down Converter 4 Fig 4 Display Kit Fig 5 Down Converter Kit Fig 6 Switchboard T R Kit m Tools needed You will find the following set of tools to be adequate Solder ca 0 5 to 0 7mm Desoldering braid 2 5mm Soldering iron ca 30 to 50 watt best if temperature regulated and with a narrow chisel tip A small electronics sidecutter and various screwdrivers will be useful A particularly useful device is a third hand which greatly facilitates the work Circuit board holders of various types are available vide 6 or 7 er Fig 7 Third Hand Construction Notes 55 Protect against Static Electricity During soldering and when handling the boards one must be certain to provide full protection against static electricity Electrostatic discharge can easily destroy the chips on the circuit boards Such damage can cause later difficulty in troubleshooting and in localizing problems A grounding strap or wrist band is not absolutely necessary but if you have one use it Touching a grounded surface such as a nearby radiator or the exterior of your soldering station is sufficient IF you should feel a static discharge a shock regard this as Level Red and look for the reason Are you perhaps standing on a carpet If so use a different workplace If you are wearing felt or fur slippers immediately change to other shoes or
83. he DLL Remember that all three areas need the same name otherwise nothing will come of your project The figure below shows in a row for example the name 80m Digi 3x This name must be the same in all three columns FREQ A LWw 150000 500000 90000000 Sked 148000 Wirite gt RIG 160m Digi 1840000 120m Z 30000 anm 32 00000 Som D amp 3500000 B m 682000 5 3900000 bOm 47 50000 49 5900000 1 m 100000 40m Dis 200000 40m Digi 055000 31 9400000 10112000 30m 10141000 29 1 1600000 22m 13550000 2 14350000 20m 14072000 19 18168000 17m Digi 10102000 15 21450000 15m 1972000 13m 21440000 12m 2488 000 12m Digi 24920000 11m KS 27 065000 11m 5 27135000 10m Digie2o1 20000 50000000 2m 145000000 TUNESTEP LAUD 9000 0 160m Digi 43000 120m 5000 80 m 5000 48000 Bim 49000 5 5000 5000 49 5000 41 m 5000 40m Dx 48000 Alm 28000 31 5000 0 46000 30m Digi 45000 z5m 5000 22 5000 20 48000 20m Digi 45000 19 5000 17m Digi 5000 15m 48000 15m 48000 13 5000 12m 48000 12m Dig 45000 11m KS 5000 11m 5 5000 10m Dig 45000 48000 Zm 45000 MODE VWHF FM 160m Digi L gt B 120m AM armo AM 0m DX LSB Sum 5 AM 1
84. hnical Specifications Frequency Range 0 1 55 MHz Extended Frequency Range In 3th Harmonic Mode up to 165 MHz without additional converter LO Local Oscillator Local Oscillator 570 10 220 MHz 10 220 MHz Three 3rd onines Chebyshev Filter and 1 Lw pass Filter Anti AniAlasig By means of PC Software means of PC Software Len Modes All dependent Dynamic Range 90 100 dB Soundcard dependent MDS To 125 dBm Soundcard dependent 5 25 dBm Band and Soundcard dependent Antenna Input 500 Jack Bandwidth IQ Output IF 155 kHz 6 dB Saturation Level IQ Output 2 45 V pp at 13 dBm HF levell Sampling Rate To 192 KHz Soundcard dependent Power Supply Voltage Current USB 5V 170mA max Internal Interfaces LCD Display Switchboard Down Converter quadrature Outputs for professional soundcards Via PC Software For receiving below 2 MHz and also for the 3rd harmonic mode an external band filter is advisable dBm 3 Power level reference is 1 mW 92 PMSDR m Laboratory Measurement Report for PMSDR Eraldo 145 conducted detailed laboratory tests on our receiver Here we pass on the most interesting data with our gratitude December 2009 Eraldo 145 The unit measured was a PMSDR Ver 2 12 SN 2 13 0001 Sound Card E MU 1212m sampling 192 KHz Input level 10 dBV Sound Max PC Internal sampling 48 KHz Input
85. i 122 th 5 c lt lt Be d Ob 1599 51 Sed de T GaC auo 5 amp nme i rev m B E 5 uwong u 25 2 3 eene B er not st B 3CBEE IB 2 FIH ge 1 Z ECMWIOe OHd LNnO OH O3 gt lt HUELL gt 99 PMSDR Switch PTT FROM by Martin Pernter IW3AUT PMSDR SWITCH PMSDR_SWITCH Document Number Date 05 11 2009 14 44 38 TITLE 4120718 037 IT T 7Z TI GND C4 e 2 Rights Reserved 2009 RF SYSTEM Laives Italy GND Fig 177 T R Switch Board 100 T T 9894S OTGC 90 20 ereQg Sante 1116 6 d gt Bs sy d Sld 111 T NENT Asis d3lddaNOONMOO 280Slld 62 ur t t 94828 gu ezece 10gzrdou sp E w 1 QT 48HH TH 70 4 97 0499 20 3 870 4 97 1199 5 Ener EFS Down Converter Fig 178 101 Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Test Points To encompass possible malfunctions the most importa
86. iginal form 3 as well as its extension as HDSDR 8 previously WinradHD and WRplus 10 There has been a further very significant development in a program called WinradF 9 Unfortunately the link to the home page of this author is inactive and at present no one knows if this important beginning will be followed further With a loss of a bit of operator convenience PMSDHR can also operate with PowerSDR IQ with G8JCFSDR Software as well as with the SDR Shell for Linux All modes can be received with this software Virtual interfaces additional software for example Com0Com VSPE on the CD make possible operation with other software for example that for digital modes m The Receiver The receiver in the PMSDR is designed to be a highly capable all band receiver for the frequency range 0 1 55 MHz Thanks to the excellent properties of the mixer supported by automatically switched preselection filters the large signal behavior is unusually good Construction Notes 55 Experiments with the large 40m full size loop from the QRP Project 5 have demonstrated that the PMSDR shows that it can even in the evening hours and without preselector receive the weakest amateur signals Therefore PMSDR is an ideal tool for monitoring for the amateur radio operator as well as for the shortwave listener Even friends of the magic band can listen in on the activity of the 50 MHz band without difficulty
87. in 3rd overtone 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 correspond to the EN aii dynamics of the MDS 3 MDS pass through 3 MDS filter PMSDR receiver Eg Dd Bild 171 Return Loss atthe Antenna Input of the PMSDR Blue LP Filter Red 2 6 MHz Filter 58 8 58 8 Ref 5 80MHz div Res bu 1 kHz 0 Inc SMHz 18ns div bu 25kHz 95 Technical Data apu Fig 172 Return Loss atten Sen T6_ 18 8dBn at Antenna Input 54 D DUI 0 ofthe PMSDR Ld Blau Filter 6 13 MHz HH a un ki Rot Filter 12 30 MHZ Leos Egg SIS ptt MARCONI 58 8 Fig 173 Return Loss G Input without Prefilter FERME 5 me Note Each filter shows good matching of the antenna input over the entire spectrum ET Hz 5 SMHz 50 0 Uappp e SFDR Spurious free dynamic range What is SFDR Explanation Distortion Free Dynamic Range gt Distance of distortion to a reference frequency With the E MU 1212m Sound Card input at 10dBV the dynamics are better than 110 dB SSB with the exception of small band sections in LW MW with some unwanted signals With the Sound Max input line the SFDR is only ca 87 dB SSB 96 e Dynamics of IP3 The me
88. ing is heard then it is highly probable that the receive selection must be inverted 75 Sample Applications fo Dream m gt i x It should Now be MSCCRC DRM Mode Bandwidth B 10kHz possible to hear 7 SDCCRC interleaver Depth 25 Long Interleaving 1 MSC WMER MSC MER 457 2 ae FAC CRC SDC MSC Mode 16 QAM SM 16 ne rly FM like DC Frequency of DRM Signal 18041 21 Hz Frame Sync Prot Level B 1 1 E HE Cd Time Sync Number of Services Audio 1 Data 0 lan guage or Doppler Delay 0 46 Hz 1 54 ms Interface Received time date Service not available m S j utp ut Waterfall Input Spectrum El Spectrum input PSD J Linput Spectrum sh Shifted PSD BS Audio Spectrum SNR Spectrum ici Channel Constellation T History Frequency kHz Channel Estimation Frequency Interpolation Misc Settings Interferer Rejection Wiener Linear 7 DFT Zero Pad Flip Input Spectrum MLC Number of Iterations 1 Bandpass Filter Mute Audio Modified Metrics Channel Estimation Time Interpolation e Wiener Linear Log File Audio Time Sync Tracking Log File Freg 675000 7 kHz 9 Guard Energy First Peak Save Audio as WAV Reverberation The Disco Palace promises just as easy a reception experience on
89. ion enters in resulting in the removal of images from a narrow portion of the spectrum One hopes that the authors of Winrad may at some point implement an automatic form of algorithm WBIR that optimizes image suppression over the entire spectral range e Twice the Bandwidth As a by product so to say the Q technique allows a double width spectrum display This increases the total range to twice the internal sampling rate of the sound card Why Internal The answer is simple We must bear in mind that the sampling PMSDR as Panadapter theorem also applies here A sound card with 96 kHz sampling frequency can internally handle only a 48 kHz wide input signal The complex Q signals in this coordinate system however have spectral asymmetry This means that all the information contained is present in negative as well as positive form In the mathematical reconstruction signals using the FFT Fast Fourier Transform both positive and negative spectral components arise again The positive are seen from the origin to the right while the negatives are located to the left This results in a total spectrum width of 2 x 48 kHz or 96 kHz Despite the limitations of the sampling theorem a sound card with 96 kHz sample rate can display a 96 kHz wide spectrum e Anti Aliasing Filter Sound Card The A D converters in the sound card unfortunately react not only to the desired baseband signals but a
90. it is not quite as easy as for AM and CW since one has to adjust to one side of the signal or to the other both in the welter of other existing signals It may not be so simple to locate these points To locate these points a little trial and error is not out of place The procedure is the same for both modes with the single difference that for LSB one is calibrating on the right edge and in USB on the left edge For this process seek out a quiet sparsely occupied portion of the spectrum somewhere in any amateur radio band 61 Fig 112 LSB Calibration Tune the VFO so that the received speech sounds natural to your ears IF we now set the HDSDR Frequency to the VFO Frequency we are using as an indicator one of the best measuring instruments that we have as radio amateurs namely our ears N 1 VIA Nn EM S Fan nn N met AM ECSS FM LSB Tune 14 277 330 Fig 113 USB Calibration 62 Everyday Use Set the audio from the rig and HDSDR to a comfortable level and analogous to the above use the Up Down buttons until the two audio signals are as nearly as possible identical It is naturally not a question of zero beat but the process is very similar and every technolog immediately understands what is meant here You don t need to use the highest possible resolution here as the adjustment by ear has a somewhat subjective ch
91. l In principle one is dealing not with purely optical zoom capability but with available practical resolution This can be assessed from the fact that the noise level in the spectrum is smaller with increasing resolution 3 MDS The MDS involves a number of factors The absolute limiting value for maximum possible receiver sensitivity is its noise floor The MDS value is directly proportional to the noise floor For understanding an MDS value it is good to know of course what theoretical value characterizes an ideal receiver For this we make a very brief excursion into theory An absolutely noise free receiver a device that does not exist in practice has an MDS value corresponding to In this expression is the Boltzmann Constant 1 38066 x 10 and T the absolute Temperature of the resistors At 20 C room temperature 293 K the thermal noise power comes out to P24 045x10 W 173 93 dBm which we round to 174 dBm This value is relative to a 1 Hz bandwidth For a filter bandwidth of 2 4 kHz one calculates 140 dBm It follows then that the ultimate relative noise figure of a receiver can be taken to be NF dB MDS 140 If you are interested in further details about this issue The somewhat older but still very readable English article by Leif Asbrink SM5BSZ 15 gives a deeper insight into the topic Here we mean the constant named after that introduced by M
92. ld should be done in small stages Work stepwise until you have tinned completely around the rim By working in stages you avoid melting the center insulation by over heating The cable is now ready to install The location is labeled JP2 on the main circuit board It is between the BNC jack and Construction Notes Fig 27 Detail around JP2 Be sure to check carefully for a short circuit between the pins of JP2 The two units will finally be connected as follows Fig 29 Interconnected Units m interconnection of the Units Now screw the switchboard down to the back panel This secures the small board via the 3 screws on the jack Fig 28 Connection to JP2 19 Plug one side of the ribbon cable on the board as shown here Fig 30 Ribbon Cable connected Put the small coax MMCX SMA plug carefully in its socket MMCX plug Screw the rear panel to the enclosure and finally connect the other end of the ribbon cable to the row of pins SV3 on the PMSDR board The cable runs directly linearly from the upper board to the lower board Finally put the enclosure cover on and youre finished 20 Construction Notes 5 Fig 32 T R Switch Installed The PMSDR with the T R switch installed corresponds to one or the other of these figures Fig 34 Rear Type 1 Completed T R Switch m Alternative Modification Fig 35 Detail from Circuit Diagr
93. level line Measuring Instrumentation HF Signal generator Marconi 2918 and 2919A Spectrum Analyzer Marconi 2380 2383 Attenuator HP 355C D Voltmeter RMS HP3400A Audio filter fc 3000 Hz passive vor dem RMSVoltmeter Dual Tone DDS Signal generator self built All calculations were rounded to the precision the calibration 1dB MDS und IMD Measurements were carried through by the usual methods S N N 3 dB Setup according to RKE 8 9 10 11 2006 e Sound Card E MU 1212m Measured with BW 2400Hz SSB 3rd 3 3rd Overtone of LO MDS What is this MDS gt Minimum Discernable Signal 3th MDS 3th MDS 4112 0436 120 112 112 18 00 125 114 89 24 900 123 113 80 50100 124 Fig 166 Frequency vs MDS MDS values are mostly corrected for the noise floor of the unit some are strongly dependent on the selected filter bandwidth 3 The mixer of the PMSDR has an attenuation of just 13 dB on the 3rd Harmonic In general for 5 mixers one has to take in to account the total attenuation of harmonics in the pre filter The quality of these pre filters is therefore of vital importance 93 Technical Data The EMU 1212m sound card produced a very low noise floor of 120 dB RBW 187 5 Hz In the spectrum however some unwanted signals with very low levels are seen 100 dB see Fig 175 Measurements were carried out in the interference free sec
94. lls for Windows 7 vide Appendix Bring up Control Panel from the Start menu and double click Sounds Make the settings as you see them in the following pictures Click sequentially the fields for Sound Reproduction and Sound Recording Choose AC97 as the default In the Advanced box set the speaker output to headphone output 29 Erweiterte Audioeigenschaften Lautsprecher Systemleistung Wahlen Sie das Lautsprecher Setup das dem Setup des 2 Computers am ehesten entspricht Lautsprecher Setup Stereokopfhorer v Fig 58 Choose Earphones Erweiterte Audioeigenschaften Lautsprecher Systemleistung Mit diesen Einstellungen k nnen Sie die Audiowiedergabe steuern und audiobezogene Probleme behandeln Audiowiedergabe Hardwarebeschleunigung Keine Volle Beschleunigung envi irren Konvertierungsqualitat Niedrig J Hoch Beste Meta N Wiederherstellen Fig 59 System Capability Set the sliders for system capability to maximum Separately for recording and playback You want everything not absolutely necessary to be off so that only the necessary control fields remain 30 Sound Card Set Up Sats MW ave ii Lautstarkeregelung Optionen F autstarkeregelung Balance BI 4 Lautst rke Balance gt gt 4 Lautst rke aus Realtek 797 Audio Fig 60 Volume Setting Ba OOR Optionen Line In Balance
95. lso to their harmonics that is the 2nd 3rd Ath overtones etc These undesirable spectral components should or must be filtered out so that our spectrum is not distorted by phantom signals This is effected at least for the better read more expensive sound cards by the low pass filter preceding the A D converters These so called anti aliasing filters in the real world of course turn out to be less than ideal having a slowly rising bandstop characteristic As result not everything above 48 kHz as in our example above is cleanly suppressed with remaining traces of the harmonics passing through the filter In practice this means that strong signals that are just below the filter s rising bandstop edge and thus that are only slightly attenuated produce so called alias frequencies f The results are the same here as in the case of the mixer f fe fe or f f f respectively The problem described here is a general one which serves to emphasize the importance of a good sound card with cleanly functioning anti aliasing filters 111 e Dynamic Range Sound Card For use in the SDR the dynamic range and sensitivity of a sound card are not quite as important Even cards in the low cost market reach background noise values between 90 dB and 110 dB High quality and then unfortunately very expensive cards reach values well above 120 dB For the majority of all SDR application a card in the range
96. me interior legend changes color to green 58 Everyday Use About Debug Filters Advanced Settings Quick Tune ked CAT Fig 107 Remote RIG ON Access to the control is released again Please try out options Il and Ill The proof is in the pudding here The operation sequence is logical and will become familiar to you very quickly Reading this description makes things sound much more complicated than they are in practice So please no hesitation Operation will quickly become duck soup The fact that here in Quick Tune a single click also allows you to change bands is surely clear to you and requires no further mention Incidentally the built in ability of HDSDR to change bands BAND button works the same way and allows either or simultaneous use of the DLL functions Along with band change the mode USB LSB AM CW etc also automatically switches over Which modes are used for each band is stored in the INI to the DLL You can use an editor to make as changes as required Setting Mode Offsets We come now to a most interesting part of this manual namely the precise transfer of the selected frequency to the VFO of your TRX by mouse click At this point you have to know that the IF generated by the FT 950 2000 is not carved in stone but that it changes with the selected operating modes USB LSB CW and possibly the programmed carrier offset These
97. mo Select FS USE Board Temperature Display Data Mode Temperature Clear Screen Do you want to convince yourself La FICDIEM FS USB 0 Demo LED Switch briefly to the tab Demo mode Fotentiomete There on the pull Resistance down menu you Will find PICDEM FS USB 0 Demo which wasn t there WARNING Failed to RESET board before MESSAGE Programming CONFIG DATA Completed MESSAGE Programming MESSAGE Programming Fig 159 Firmware CONFIG DATA USER ID Completed Active Programming is now complete and you can close the case again 89 m Accessories he Antenna Isolator HDSDR windo ne A A A Ab d NIU IT j A Ahah Whol 1 dui 1 n W 0007 150 058 S tue 0007 152 058 9 Fig 160 The Result of Adding Antenna Isolation The antenna isolator eliminates ground loops that are caused by the antenna connection The small device is basically just a simple 1 1 RF isolation transformer however it is a carefully selected component with excellent broadband transmission characteristics Fig 160 shows the antenna connected to ground potential in the upper part without and in the lower part with antenna isolati
98. mprehensive but merely offers something for every budget The internet provides technical details and current prices in abundance 3 Images One final comment First try what you have available before you spend a lot of money for something new The built in sound cards in computers or notebooks are usually adequate as long as they provide stereo inputs Always use the LINE input Only this input is usually set up as the stereo input needed by PMSDR The tried and true SAMSUNG NC10 is an exception This small computer has no line in input on its high quality built in sound card only usually a microphone input and a headphone output Nevertheless the microphone input is stereo and can therefore be used for our purposes One limitation this card can only produce a 48 kHz resolution The boxed text to the right may be of some help in finding a sound card The prices shown only approximate and will vary from vendor to vendor sometimes over a large range Some of the cards labeled discontinued show up used in places like eBay or even new in Amazon Shop around 38 The following cards are well suited to our applications not only for the PMSDR but also for every SDR ESI JULIQ PCI PCI to 192 KHz discontinued hard to find ESI MAYA44e PCle to 96 kHz discontinued hard to find Infrasonic Quartet PCI to 192 KHz ca US 100 discontinued available Creative EMU 1820 PCI with extern
99. n t be put off by it l K Realtek HD Audio Manager COS elle Digital output Digital output optical 90 Lautsprecher Aufnahmelautst rke Ausw hlen Standardformat Realtek Aca Audio Standardformat 16 Bits 192000 Hz Studioqualit t CD Format DVDFormat W hlen Sie die Abtastrate und Bit Tiefe die bei Ausf hrung im igabemodus verwendet werden soll Fig 78 Input Sensitivity GIGABYTE Fig 79 Input Sens Win7 36 Sound Card Selection Initial Comment The quality of what comes out of the SDR stands or falls with the quality of the sound Unfortunately one cannot use the same criteria that a music enthusiast would apply For the same reason the various reviews which one finds in HIFI magazines are misleading and not usable consider that we are using the sound card as a high quality 2 channel A D converter not as a music reproduction device Practical considerations For our purposes it is therefore important to consider some completely different things of a more technical nature such as Outstanding A D converter Excellent dynamic range Equipped with stereo input Full duplex signal processing Built in anti aliasing filter Low pass filter available Uniform noise floor over the entire frequency range Internal DC DC run
100. ndows open up One allows direct frequency entry by clicking the numeric positions The other has a graphic interface already known to you for the DLL With the numeric input you already have complete control PMSDR Control 1 x 007325 000kF moh cC 00 JC CT cO bo Po cO Oo Fe Po LO oo Click amp tune with the Mousewheell Click amp tune with the Mousewheell maid n Fig 128 Frequency Input Notice what is written in the window Click amp tune with the Mouse wheel A click on one of the large grey digits permits quick frequency change entry with the mouse wheel The DLL permits convenient direct access to your desired frequencies even with CAT control These can be found under the Quick Tune tab and under sked Entries are of course possible as already described above in the section on manipulation of the DLL The multimedia dialog shows several active DRM frequencies and among them 7325 kHz promises quick reception success Sample Applications View Settings Label Service 0 AAC Mono 14 06 kbps Fig 129 Decoding OK Eig PMSDR About Filters Debug Advanced Setting Sked CAT Fig 130 Quick Tune Window If your current waterfall shows a strong signal as well defined as the well defined signal in Fig 131 but noth
101. nds To avoid distracting influences it is useful also to connect headphones to the headphone output jack Fig 53 2 Samsung NC10 Mike In Figs 53 2 to 55 2 below show typical sound card inputs for various computers The Samsung NC10 family are small somewhat older laptop computers no longer available new in the US market but that were popular in their day It is chosen as a typical example of the genre 123 WIN 7 Set Up Fig 54 2 Standard Laptop Line In 124 WIN 7 Set Up Fig 55 2 Standard PC Line In Make the settings as you see them in the following pictures Notification Area Icons E Personalization 5 Realtek HD Audio Manager E Fig 56 2 Sound Icon Control PanelSnippet 125 WIN 7 Set Up x A short series of pictures subsequently shows the calls for Windows 7 These examples are taken from an small ACER desktop machine running Windows 7 Home Premium 64 bit with a Realtek High Definition Audio sound card There are major differences in the way that and WIN display audio controls and unfortunately there are also some differences among machines running WIN7 Home Premium WIN7 Professional WIN Ultimate For your particular machine some exploration may be needed to work your way through this thicket of check boxes sliders and tabs Bring up Control Panel from the Start menu and double click Sounds The resulting window is shown as Fig 57 2
102. nown signal and change the display value until it shows the known carrier frequency of the source Do this using the small button by the display External Down Converter For activation of an external down converter PMSDR Down Converter The DLL automatically detects the possible presence of its own down converter Until it does so the Use PMSDR Downconverter choice is blocked A grayed out legend Use PMSDR Downconverter indicates that the native down converter is not built in or that it has not been recognized 47 Simultaneous Converters In the presence of the native PMSDR down converter you should never try to also activate an external converter This also applies to the 3rd harmonic mode If you intend to use this mode do not activate the external converter IF Panadapter In reading the next paragraph where the example illustrates how to deal with the PMSDR as a panadapter you will find an extensive explanation of the subject of IF Pan Adapters See panadapter settings Mixer inv Is a function that you select depending on RX TX status as well as sometimes with an IF board since a few IF boards invert the signal layer This occurs for example with the Elecraft K3 and requires use of Mixer Inv Switchboard If this option is in operation it allows one to set a PTT drop out delay in ms Only SSB CW should preferably be used with the internal HF VOX of the switchbo
103. nt test points are shown RI 2 UM 476 Bt m B N E len L1 x o L1 L3 Fig 179 Test Points One should use a relatively modern high impedance multimeter It need not be a relatively expensive instrument of the RMS Root Mean Square class but it should possess an input impedance of a few Please measure across the resistor Voltage drop across R32 max 100mV otherwise IC8 is bad The following measurements are all related to ground potential GND at SV5 Pin2 All pins should show an equal value of 1 95V The differences in measured values with each other should not exceed 50mV SV5 Pin3 C41 On the side connected to IC8 IC3 Pin7 C53 On the side connected to 8 IC3 Pin8 C58 On the side connected to IC8 C38 On the side connected to IC8 102 Options Port IF Chain 18 4550 22394 Clock Divider Option MCU TOP t 2771 JOHNSON COUNTER gt LCD Port PMSDR 2 1 USB 2 0 by IW3AUT Red LED USB Activity Green LED USB Power RF Input VQ Output to Soundcard Fig 180 The most important sites and their positions Your Measured Values Position Should read Actually reads H32 100mV gt SV5 Pin2 GND SV5 Pin3 1 95V gt IC3 Pin7 1 95V gt IC3 Pin8 1 95V gt C38 1 95V gt C41 1 95V gt C53 1 95V gt C58 1 95V gt Deviations from one another not gr
104. oal is to match the HDSDR frequency to the VFO frequency of your RX TX The simplest of these cases is the equalization for AM and CW because both can be matched to the existing transmitted carrier itself An example based on the Deutsche Welle can be used to illustrate this AM Correction Factor Frequencies of 6075 kHz and 6190 kHz almost always offer good AM reception We begin with the AM case tune your VFO to one of these frequencies with the CAT REMOTE RIG on The following figure shows a piece of the spectrum around the frequency 6075 kHz as it comes from a display width of 96 kHz and RBW 93 8 Hz Lo is 1 Fig 109 Display for 6 075 MHz The match is almost perfect when using the correction values If however you start with zero entries the evident differences are of course much larger 60 Everyday Use In this case you want a resolution sufficient to allow the precise positioning of the cursor on the carrier frequency Om pe Oli Waterfall BER RBW 5 9 Hz m9 Spectrum Fig 110 Centering RBW 5 9Hz Just choose the maximum resolution of RBW 5 9 Hz for each screen pixel 2 Press and hold the corresponding Up Down button until the center peak of the carrier matches the desired frequency The waterfall picture shows clearly how the carrier slowly but surely moves in the direction of the desired frequency Center the peak with
105. ome amplitude unbalance plays dat voc eh a ps ogram li Ike Wi nRad that ia a precise phase and amplitude relationship between the and Q channels when working in 1 0 mode To compensate for this skew please feed 1 0 strong steady carrier offset by approximately 10 kHz from the band center and observe an image response at 10 kHz Syu usi ong the Amplitude and Phase raw and fine sliders rm try to minimize m meos The controls interact somewhat so you will have to repeat two or thre es the t You should be able to get 70 dB of difference ern the desi an and the image signals Move js n ey slowly when mine OK button The will be Raw Phase 0 705 Deg Finge Raw Fine Amplitude OK Reset to 0 Fig 86 Channel Skew Calib Setting the slides requires a lot of care It does not matter at first whether you start with the amplitude or phase Start with the Coarse slider and move it VERY slowly while watching the image signal The point is to minimize the image signal by mutual adjustment of the two pairs of controls When the Coarse slider produces no further result then turn to the Fine slider These settings are somewhat interdependent Set to work carefully with both controls until you have succeeded in minimizing the image signal With careful handling you can nearly null out the image as shown in Fig 87 At this point the
106. on Wahlen Sie ein Aufnahmeger t aus um die Einstellungen zu ndern ogitech USB Headset Standardgerat Mikrofon Realtek High Definition Audio fa Nicht angeschlossen I Eingang Realtek High Def Bereit Realtek Digital Input Realtek High Definition Audio Bereit Mikrofon USB Audio Bereit Als Standard M Eigenschaften ca Cain aee Normally this opens a selection box with fairly obvious choices Fig 66 Keywords Sound Card Simply click on Change Sound Card Installation if this choice appears Fig 67 Recording The new window shows you a summary of all installation possibilities for Recording and Play Back It is unfortunately the case that computers offer a large range of possibilities for setting up sound cards Some computers come with built in sound Some users choose to replace the built in sound with a sound card which will usually come with a software management package that offers different appearing control applets A general principle to remember is that the basic on off control of built in sound hardware is available through the system setup utility usually by pressing F2 at boot time There is some uniformity amongs manufacturers with regard to the color coding of the analog line level input jack that is used with the PMSDR it is light blue If there is rear panel L R microphone inp
107. on inserted The positive effect on the waterfall and spectrum is clear 90 Antenna Isolator The resulting line is essentially a mixture of ground effects and sound card nonlinearities that have become visible zi The assembly is really quite simple The three components are soldered in place covered with heat shrink tubing Fini Take care when heating the heat shrink tubing not to overheat the little transformer Fig 161 The Kit Fig 162 Assembled Unit Fig 163 Covered with Heat shrink Tubing If you don t have a hot air gun handy a butane lighter will work in a pinch Please take care with the open flame Turn the unit constantly to avoid localized overheating Fig 164 Ant Isolator in Position Connect the unit directly using a male BNC on both ends as shown in the picture Fig 164 or use a short piece of coax adapter cable to avoid mechanical overloading CET The RF transformer will not tolerate transmitter power Use the Antenna isolator only for receiving s i lt ET JA Leti X y SET TED REEL Fig 165 Insertion Loss Measurements show an insertion loss of Max 1 dB 2 50 MHz or 3 dB 0 15 400 MHz Input and output impedance 500 Power max 0 25 W 91 Technical Data EI Technical Specifications and Schematics m Tec
108. onal data flow gt between PMSDR and the TRX Specifically here we mean the flow of data from TRX gt to the PC software Send CAT commands to Rig Contrariwise this influences data flow in the reverse direction namely from the PC Software to TRX You use this function specifically in panadapter mode The following section elaborates on this Use RTS when activated sets a voltage on the RTS line of the RS232 port of your PC This option may be needed to supply power for interface converter or interface The various offset settings provide a very precise synchronization between the RX TRX VFO frequency and the display of the PMSDR in panadapter mode If you don t work in panadapter mode but rather in direct receive mode then use Enable Offsets to turn this off Write Tune to RIG Transfers the selected frequency to a TRX if one is to be used as already described above under Quick Tune The two functions are the same 49 Everyday Use The use of PMSDR as a panoramic receiver is surely one of the goodies of this fine technology In principle any SDR offers the possibility of using the device as a stand alone receiver or to use the IF output of an existing transceiver to run the SDR as a panoramic receiver The bandwidth that can be displayed depends on the sound card used The greatest advantage of PMSDR Is that it can be set to any IF within the frequency limits of the local oscillator Pai
109. ons of Winrad does not decode the signals but just broadens the bandwidth to 12 kHz If you wish to continue to work with the possibilities that Winrad offers must provide a decoder This can be accomplished elegantly today with VAC Virtual Audio Cable With the help of VAC 19 Winrad passes the data stream to the desired program Here we focus on the description of the stand alone version of the program An alternative to VAC is to use a special program for decoding the signals n Boon AED Version 1 6 Dream ion 1 6 1cvs Open Source Software Implementation of a DRM Receiver Dream Under the GNU General Public License GPL Darmstadt University of Technology Institute for kt Technology 7 Copyright C 2001 2005 Dream is a oo implementation of a Digital Radio Mondiale DRM receiver With Dream DRM broadcasts can be received with a modified analog receiver SW MW LW and a PC with a sound card oftware you can r the GNU General lic License as ion ei Fig 125 Dream DREAM is an example of such a program developed at the University of Darmstadt by Volker Fischer and Alexander Kurpiers This program in in the public domain 20 DREAM as a stand alone program On the CD provided you will find the current version of DREAM up to the time of printing of this manual Version ver 1 61 The program requires no installation and is started using its program n
110. ot only the desired result f1 f2 but also the undesired result 11 12 appears in every mixer QSD The switch idea of Fig 184 is also used in our PMSDR Instead of one switch however four are used These switches cycle every 90 degrees not just every half cycle So there are namely four switches along with four integrating capacitors This switch arrangement is caled a Tayloe Mixer or QSD QSD stands for quadrature sampling detector During sampling only one switch is closed per time interval while the others are open This gives sampling at phases 0 90 180 and 270 and one calls this type of sampling sample and hold The resulting voltage values of the four integrating capacitors are now grouped in pairs and operational amplifiers are used for further processing Fig 185 Four fold Sample and Hold Folow along here with a thought experiment Imagine we want to rotate through the switching process so that we get our 4 phase values This is illustrated conceptually in Fig 185 But at what rate should we rotate through the switching process When we crank through the switches at a leisurely rate a couple of revolutions per second speech output is incomprehensible because itis very chopped It is easy to see that comprehensibility gets better with increasing sampling speed because the signal present 15 recorded in ever shorter time intervals Above a certain
111. per The component can then be easily removed replaced and soldered cleanly in place Use a circuit board holder as we have mentioned several times already This frees both hands and also makes the re soldering go much more simply Since soldering is a general part of electronics assembly we give here a URL containing videos dealing with a wide variety of situations www solder net technical tips asp Filling the PMSDR Board Let s start with the installation of a few of the remaining additional components Refer to the color coded diagram Fig 9 Take care that the BNC jacks lie flat on the board If this is done their leading edge is exactly parallel to the PCB edge 10 Construction Notes 55 Fig 9 Insertion Diagram PMSDR Board Parts Locations Red Crystal Orange 3x USB BNC Jacks Green 2x 2 rowed headers Yellow LED Block Violet HF Transformer Bright Blue 3x 1 rowed headers Dark Blue 2x Buttons Check the box when each component type is installed Crystal The orientation of the crystal is immaterial Crystal Headers vide also Page 14 u Headers are always mounted with the short ends inserted into the circuit board Make sure that they sit flat on the board surface 2 Rowed Header 2x10 PIN s 2 Rowed Header 2x 8 The double LED block must also sit squarely and parallel aligned with the front edge of the board
112. r the requested parameters is to leave them with their default values HDSDR will then be put in the folder c Programme HDSDR WinXP Program Files for Win7 m 4 Copy DLLs The DLL files mentioned above must also be put into this folder so that PMSDR can talk to HDSDR Using Windows Explorer call up the folder on the CD that contains the DLL files 27 and copy the 3 DLL files into the program folder of HDSDR They are cc3260 dll PMSDR dll mpusbapi dll fS Update the DLLs We have already mentioned earlier that these DLL are continuously under development Therefore it is appropriate to look for new versions on the web site of the developer from time to time With new versions you simply proceed as usual The DLL are presented in zip format That is these files are compressed to save space and must be unpacked to recover the original form Double clicking opens the archive The 3 files inside should be copied to the HDSDR folder Answer with yes to overwrite the prior versions 5 Prepare the Sound Card XP PMSDR puts out two 90 degree phase shifted audio signals These are the so called signals which are worked up to an audible signal in the sound card These signals must be processed in parallel Your sound card must have a stereo input Unfortunately this is not the case with some sound cards Check your available sound card for stereo capability We proc
113. rSDR IQ etc e Suppression of Image Signals We still want to consider briefly the image signals which originate in the mixer and which are always present A couple of examples may make this clear once again Consider a signal of 17 KHz for example the test signal from the sound card tester in the spectrum Because of the mixing this signal shows up again 34 kHz below We assume that the mid point of the spectrum is set at 0 Hz In other words the image signal would appear left of the center at 17 kHz 110 SDR Fundamentals A station which is at 25 KHz will be found duplicated 50 kHz below it etc etc We naturally want to suppress these mirror signals which are undesirable by products But how The answer to that is already implicit above The two fold reduction of the signal to baseband in the process described above must have reason As we have seen One mixes the incoming signal in question not once but twice to baseband but with a phase shift of 90 in the second conversion The image signals are now already significantly Suppressed by the operational amplifier acting as an adder This is the reason for the claim in the literature that the QSD already has from the outset good image suppression The DSP software on the PC then tries with relatively complex mathematical algorithms to remove the parts which unfortunately remain It is precisely at this point that Channel Skew Calibrat
114. rams offered on the CD or on the web site which you are allowed to use gratuitously for private purposes carry the following legal restrictions imposed on the user The user is hereby expressly informed that all freeware versions available on the web site as well as on the CD are subject to the copyright laws and are therefore protected All rights are therefore reserved to the copyright holder alone hereinafter called the author 2 All freeware offers are non binding The author reserves the right to change parts or the entire offering or to add to delete or temporarily or permanently suspend the publication without separate announcement 3 The author allows the private use and disclosure of the offered freeware software explicitly only under the following conditions which the user making the download of a freeware program recognizes 3a The author of the freeware software offers no guarantee of any kind either express or implied for the use of the gratuitously provided freeware for any purpose whatever He also assumes no obligations and guarantees for the practical value of the freeware software 3b In no event shall the author be liable for any damages consequential damages including any loss of profits and losses of assets or other direct or indirect Freeware GNU GPL m damages resulting from the use or inability to use the freeware software and its accompanying documentation Exceptions apply only i
115. rd In other words there are no components with long legs These are to be found elsewhere Construction Notes 55 Desoldering When desoldering only apply heat for a minimal time to avoid detaching the circuit trace from the board If you need to completely remove a component again cut it with the side cutter in such a way that each lead is individually left In the case of a resistor for example cut both leads close to the body In the case of transistors 3 leads are left and on an IC cut all the leads close to the body of the IC There are now two ways to proceed If you have a helper Wife son daughter friend not necessarily an expert the rest is quite simple your helper pulls the free leads one after another on your command with a tweezer as the soldering iron is applied on the opposite side with just enough heat to melt it free If you dont have someone to assist both heating and extraction must be cleverly executed at the same time This works best with the aid of a stable board holder as mentioned above When the leads have been removed then the component holes can be cleaned with desoldering braid Use braid with a width of 2 5 mm and always work with a clean fresh piece Cut and discard used pieces of the braid before using it anew Put a small surface of the braid on the solder point then put your soldering iron lightly against the braid until the solder is sucked up into the cop
116. rear panel of the PMSDR should come on and if you have the display installed it will light up in a blue color If you have the display option installed the trim pot R7 next to the display cable plug should be used to adjust the contrast according to your taste The upper half of the enclosure can now be replaced and attached with the self tapping screws provided 3 Installing Software You should now install appropriate software for your PMSDR The Winrad series from Alberto I2PHD is ideal capable and simple to operate The following example was created with the use of the very advanced program suite HDSDR from DGOJBJ Use Windows Explorer to access the DLL directory Copy the 3 DLLs contained there and also the package HDSDR from DGOJBJ Sound Card Set Up Other programs such as the often recommended PowerSDHR IQ harder to configure and use These non Winrad based programs do not support the above mentioned DLLs very well which consequently significantly limits their utility f you wish to run Winrad with HDSDR on a netbook you are better off with this version which can compensate for the limited vertical resolution of the netbook The program can be called up with a tag wv which fully utilizes the available resolution in each case Of this more later Pick out the installation file for HDSDR from the PC Software folder on the CD and start the installation program The best choice fo
117. rence to the stand alone mode in which the PMSDR up to now has been used as a stand alone receiver In this mode you simply put the light blue tuning bar hereinafter abbreviated cursor on the station to be decoded then the next etc etc Here the LO correctly follows the tuned frequency About Debug Advanced Settings Quick Tune Filters 48000 write TUNE gt Fig 106 Remote RIG OFF If the previous settings were done correctly you will see that HDSDR always transfers the new frequency to the RIG and that the waterfall and the spectrum also change appearance with every click Of course this is not so useful nor really intended and because of this we now have to turn off the CAT connection from Program to Everyday 0000 as we have already mentioned above m Listening to Stations Now return to the CAT tab and deactivate the check box for SEND CAT COMMANDS TO RIG This switch is found in Remote Rig Because of the shorter spelling this term is hereinafter to be used as a synonym Remote RIG OFF thus means that Send CAT commands to RIG is NOT activated This prevents the continual alteration of the spectrum when the cursor is moved In the display area you can now click around at will seeking out stations to decode and to click on for listening The TRX is temporarily possibly tuned to a different station until a new frequency is written
118. rograms are suitable Start HDSDR Switch Swap I Q Channels Contrary to your previous Settings for LSB USB Reception Click on FM button Tune in the FM portion of the 2m Amateur band 146 148 MHz Work with LO in Reception Mode and tune using TUNE There is really not much more to say here as everything has already been explained With exception of the bandwidths the screen pictures are quite similar This narrow band FM is also the reason for the universal applicability of all Winrad derivatives mAir Traffic Radio Reception AM Brief Instructions The same situation pertains as in the two examples above but with one exception You must switch to AM mode as all air traffic takes place using AM All Winrad based programs are suitable Start HDSDR 72 FM Reception Switch Swap I Q Channels Contrary to your previous Settings for LSB USB Reception Click on the AM button Tune in the Air Traffic AM Band 108 136 MHz Work with LO in Reception Mode and tune using TUNE Sample Applications DREAM O 1998 DRM Association DRM stands for Digital Radio Mondiale which is most simply understood as Worldwide Digital Radio This public service includes digital radio and data services The data are encoded for transmission using MPEG 4 DRM works in the shortwave region with a bandwidth of 10kHz The DRM mode in the various versi
119. rt the installation program The best choice for the requested parameters is to leave them with their default values HDSDR will then be put in the folder Program Files 4 Copy DLLs The DLL files mentioned above must also be in this folder so that PMSDR can communicate with HDSDR Using Windows Explorer call up the folder on the CD that contains the DLL files and copy the 3 DLL files into the program folder of The files are cc3260 dll ExtlO PMSDR dll and mpusbapi dll Update the DLLs Note also a copy of LIBUSBO DLL may have to be put into the HDSDR Program Folder The DLLs are continuously under development Therefore it is appropriate to look for new versions on the web site of the developer from time to time With new versions you simply proceed as usual The DLLs are presented in zip 122 WIN 7 Set Up NN format and must be unpacked Click on the Extract All Files at the top of the window and choose the directory to which they are to be extracted B 5 Prepare the Sound Card PMSDR puts out two audio signals phase shifted by 90 degrees the so called l Q signals which are worked up to an audible signal in the sound card These signals must be processed in parallel and your sound card must therefore have a stereo input We assume this to be the case Connect the computer to the PMSDR with a stereo cable Audio Connection You will need a cable with a 3 5 mm stereo plug on both e
120. s Rd Relay Orange 2x BNC Jacks Green 2 Rowed Header Yellow LED Block Light Blue MMCX SMA Jack Dark Blue LED Block Coax Cable with MMCX Plug Install the individual components according to their corresponding colors 17 You should first attach both BNC jacks to the rear panel and then solder the result to the circuit board If you try to first mount the jacks to the board and then mount the rear panel the panel will not be exactly parallel to the board because the BNC jacks have a little play Fig 25 Finished Circuit Board Now it is only a matter of connecting the supplied coaxial cable to the PMSDR putting on the pin header to connect the two boards and screwing the board to the back panel But first things first Fig 26 Prepared Coax Cable The task now is to solder the coax cable so that the shield connects to the right lead and the center conductor connects to the left lead of JP2 Orient the cable so that you 18 Construction Notes 5 have the jack directly in front of you Remove about 1 cm from the sheath of the coax using a sharp knife but being careful not to damage the shield beneath it Dress the shield back away from the center conductor and insulation and remove about 5 mm of the center conductor s insulation Lightly tin the center conductor as well as that part of the shield you bent back away from the tip Tinning the shie
121. s The high toxic lead content makes it necessary to comply with the provisions of EHS During soldering do not place your nose directly in the smoke coming from the operation Commercially available so called environmentally friendly solder has not been proven in practice The cheapest and most widely used alloy called Sn64Pb36 consists of 64 tin and 36 lead Compositions with 296 copper or silver have a lower melting point which makes the soldering somewhat easier and the joints are noticeably shiny The latter has of course no particular electrical significance but pleases 8 Construction Notes 5 many hobbyists Whether you use silver or copper based solder makes no real difference except to your wallet m 30 50 Watt Soldering Station A soldering station that works with low voltage and potential equalization is optimum Please do not use one of the old soldering iron models in which the tip is inserted into the core and held in place by a screw In this old style iron the tip is often poorly held in the heating element and has on this account very poor heat transfer If you need to buy a new iron please buy a modern one These irons have a plated tip and are pre tinned Keep the soldering iron tip clean as you work Use a damp sponge or a damp cloth to clean the tip regularly An 0 8 to 1 0 mm tip is ideal for normal circuit board traces For large area surfaces this kind of tip is not really suit
122. s case to 10 55 MHz This saves one from the outrageously expensive DMU unit For your own entries example copy this Target for Changing Quick Tune entries BANDBUTTONS FREQ LW 150000 MW 500000 160 2000000 120 2300000 90 3200000 80m 3800000 75 3900000 PMSDR You can cleverly arrange things so that a click on the 80 meter band jumps you immediately to the hopefully DX loaded upper band edge From there the band lies in the direction of lower frequencies If you are more interested instead in CW or digital modes you can accordingly naturally set up the corresponding etc etc Changing the way QUICK TUNE works amp Creating Additional QUICK TUNE ENTRIES The adjacent QUICK TUNE window clearly illustrates how to get to your favorite bands and areas by mouse One must however make absolutely sure now that the same name is used in all three of the areas BANDBUTTONS FREQ BANDBUTTONS TUNESTEP BANDBUTTONS MODE Very clearly you can do this with the help of an Excel file One can see at a glance if something is wrong somewhere Compare Fig 115 Harmonic Mode Automatically BA PMSDR Filters About Debug Advanced Settings Quick Tune Shed CAT Fig 114 Quick Tune Entries When one keys VHF 2m into the auto select function the unit automatically switches to the 3rd harmonic mode 5567 65 Manipulating t
123. s not the case use the microphone input not the line in jack Your PC manual should answer the question in this case If your microphone input is also not a stereo input you must first get an appropriate USB sound card then proceed as usual As a rule all line inputs are stereo so it is likely that there is no real problem here In the window shown in Fig 58 2 there is a tab labelled Enhancements This has to do with effects such as reverb echo etc If possible check a box labelled DISABLE Enhancements 128 WIN 7 Set Up IEEE Playback Recording Sounds Communications Select a recording device below to modify its settings FrontMic Realtek High Definition Audio fb Not plugged i 7 Realtek 4 Mat nition et Default Y Properties Fig 62 2 Recording Choices Set up choices for HDSDR We have now finished detailing the WIN7 set up choices The set up for HDSDR continues as in the text above P 32 gt Remember if you don t see noise in the baseline move the Line In Slider Fig 58 2 up a small amount This should lead to the desired image 129 WinRad Hot Keys Winrad Hot Keys Keyboard Produces Function Input C Changes the LO Centers receiver range H Opens GUI for external hardware PMSDR U Toggles through the Units Hz kHz MHz Z Same as the ZAP key Enables ZAP Function CTRL A Switch to AM CTRL B Identical to the Noise Blank
124. speed of rotation the sampling is so fast that as a result the full intelligibility of the input signal is achieved We have now playfully approached the sampling theorem Behind it all lies a lot of mathematics but we will not ask this of you Only one thing is important e Sampling Theorem How high the sampling frequency is depends directly on the input frequency The physicists Shannon and Nyquist found that one has to sample at least twice as fast as the highest frequency in the input signal to be able to reproduce that signal As a formula f sample gt 2 X fc Consider that you want to build a receiver that will process input frequencies of up to 60 MHz At least how high does the sampling frequency have to be Right At least 120 MHz For completeness sake it is worth mentioning marginally that in this type of sampling artifacts exist which have to be suppressed by appropriate measures analog low pass filters A higher sampling rate than 2x c does not lead to further information gain Nevertheless it is often used 107 PMSDR as Panadapter e Oversampling The justification Extremely high demands are placed on the steepness of the skirts of the low pass filter used These filters can only be made with very considerable effort The Chebyshev filters used in PMSDR have such an extreme slope Over sampling commonly by factors of M 2 and M 4 now allows on the one hand a drastic r
125. st 50 dB throughout the rest of that band section In the case of the Rocky SDR program 7 14 the image rejection remains wm 85dB after running the Automatic Q Balance function likewise measured over the entire band The unwanted signals are most likely generated by the PC and are then picked up through the internal sound card Through use of an external sound card they should disappear entirely or at least be greatly weakened e Personal assessment by I4SBX This is A good SDR receiver with excellent price performance ratio with a dynamic range of 100 dB SSB Unfortunately the attenuation of the prefilters is not very high outside their filter edges This results in the reception of unwanted harmonics and therefore affects the dynamics of the overall System End of Report Technical Data December 2009 Eraldo IASBX 98 Schematics PMSDR Fig 176 T T Rays eg ce TT 6002 90 27 19180 Ares 31545 34 6002 gt gt pe 4asag siubtd iueun2of Xd d Slld Omas 261 au aED 577 29 11 m gt Sd RE gr des ctd LX S WOT a SH TDEYTHCI vat NS ORES E23 w w 82015 cnr ob ugar e897 ze
126. stallation already described for the switch Which of the two rear panels is appropriate depends on your situation If you are upgrading currently existing PMSDR it is this Fig 38 Type 1 Rear Panel If you are building from scratch it is this rear panel 22 Construction Notes 0 Fig 40 Component Placement We have adapted the kit to the state of the art and now provide a fully tested and calibrated board Fig 37 still shows the old version There are three components to be installed BNC Jack Double LED Block 3 5mm plug jack Figs 40 and 41 show clearly the positions of the parts to be used The filters that on the module are already set up They are Filter F2 C21 C28 und C29 for the 2m Band as well as Filter F1 for the 0cm Band For experts Jumper JP4 JP5 allows the connection of a network analyzer for the extended filter range for filter F2 or for filter F1 at JP2 JP3 After mounting these few parts the board is ready for installation Fig 41 The fully populated board As in the case of the switchboard above strip the short piece of coax and connect it to JP2 on the main board The process is identical Now attach the rear panel in the same way as before and screw the unit onto the housing Connect the ribbon cable and the coax to the down converter board and to the corresponding points on the PMSDR board Construction Notes 55
127. t lowest slot Now attach the rear panel at the bottom with 2 of the 8 self tapping 16 Construction Notes 55 enclosure screws The screws will be a bit hard to turn as on first insertion they have to cut their own threads When the back panel is attached the front panel with or without the display can be screwed to the front side gt If you have the display don t attach the cover since the contrast potentiometer may need to be adjusted If you don t have the display the upper cover can now be mounted Best Wishes We re about finished and not far from receiving the first signals If you did not order any 5 options skip directly to the otart up Chapter on page 25 Option T R Switch Switchboard Fig 20 T R Switch Option The switch is available in two variants which differ only in the cutouts of the rear panel If you ordered your kit including the switch you received rear panel Type 2 Fig 21 Type 2 Rear Panel In this case do not install the antenna jack on the PMSDR circuit board In the other case when retrofitting you receive a rear panel of Type 1 Fig 22 Type 1 Rear Panel Construction Notes 55 23 Switch Circuit Board This board is like the PMSDR board delivered with SMD in place 6 _ 24 Switch Layout Populate the board with the 7 components as follows Placement of Component
128. te TUNE gt AIG Fig 103 CAT Settings Use the menu in your TRX to set the baud rate and handshaking RTS Off to the values visible in the CAT settings For the FT 950 use positions 26 28 which correspond to these settings If you use CAT interface or a USB RS232 converter instead of an RS232 cable you may have to turn on USE RTS to provide power to the adapter Check in the manual of your CAT interface Using the Write TUNE gt RIG button pass the selected frequency on from the waterfall to the TRX with a mouse click Everyday Use This always works in the usual way even with the Remote Rig flag switched off meaning gt Send commands to RIG If you leave this function switched on and press Write Tune To RIG although the frequency will transfer to the VFO the spectrum displayed will simultaneously change which we don t desire to happen read further under m Initial Operation For normal Click and Tune operation the statement reading Send CAT commands to RIG should be left switched off The currently used offset value is shown in green and again explicitly specified in the box CURRENT OFFSET We will go into Offsets again later So now set ENABLE CAT to on again and go to the ADVANCED SETTINGS tab Now to the configuration panadapter 55 Panadapter Settings In the Box IF Pan Adapter under the Advanced Settings tab sele
129. the Up Down buttons as precisely as you can If the whine of the carrier bothers you just shut it off with MUTE Done that s it for AM That was not really so hard right CW Correction Factor Because it was just so simple we repeat the whole sequence now for CW We use one of the available standard frequency and time signal transmitters These are either the WWV transmitter U S Fort Collins or the best station in Europe to record the RWV chain of stations Moscow Russia RWM sends for example on 4996 9996 and 14996 kHz in a time dependent sequence and in various different modes The best place to get the actual sequence is from the internet 8 HA P Waterfall EEE Rew 5 9 Hz P ctrum Ie Spectru Fig 111 CW Carrier Centered Of most interest for our purposes are the transmissions from O to 7 55 and 30 to 37 55 minutes every hour Everyday Use During these roughly eight minute intervals we see a carrier without any modulation which can be very easy to use If you dont hear anything wait a few minutes The transmitters are each turned off in the minutes 8 to 9 also 38 to 39 Proceed analogously as above and adjust the Up Down keys until the carrier is centered Done That s it this time for CW E LSB USB Correction Factor The two remaining modes to be adjusted LSB and USB are just as simple to treat in principle In practice
130. the solder eyelets insure that the solder tails sit exactly over the solder eyelets Press the buttons carefully against the board The leads snap into place when they are properly positioned Stereo Jack for 3 5 mm plug USB Jack 2x pushbuttons BNC Jack Antenna gt Do not install if installing the Switchboard option 12 Construction Notes 5 Construction Notes 1j Option Display If you didn t order the display option skip to the section on installation of the PMSDR in the enclosure Ce There are displays on the market that produce very significant interference and which therefore have a severe influence on BE insert Spacers Here the sensitivity of reception with the PMSDR The display we deliver was chosen for its minimal interference and its power supply is also decoupled m Fig 14 Display Assembly At this point prepare the ribbon cable for connection to the display 7 mow Fig 13 Display Kit The display unit with adhesive and frame is delivered ready to use Examine Figs 14 and 15 for placement of screws and plastic spacer 13 a 2 2n e US m ex Potentiometer LCD Contrast Fig 15 Display in place and connected Split the cable end opposite from the connector as follows Begin with wire number 1 with the red tracer If your cable has no red tracer see Fig 15 Fig 16 Prepared Ribbon Cabl
131. tion A novel use of oscillator overtones makes even VHF reception possible with only a small loss of sensitivity Reception is also possible in the 2m amateur band 144MHz without an additional converter If there is concern over restrictions imposed by this method an optional down converter is available Introduction m Free Software Ultimately reception takes place on the PC via free software The connecting link between the hardware and the control software is a so caled DLL Dynamic Link Library This DLL contains program code used by both the PMSDR and the PC control software With this DLL PMSDR possesses wide ranging capabilities Among others it wil function as bidirectional tunable Panadapter There are many additional options interconnection possibilities and CAT Interfaces to other programs as well including several transceivers that are already available or being continuously adapted and further developed PMSDR works optimally and with support of all the capabilities offered by the DLL mentioned above with the outstanding software program Winrad Winrad was first developed for Windows by Alberto I2PHD but unfortunately this software was not further developed by its author Alberto graciously placed the source code in the public domain Capable individuals are continuously developing these programs On the accompanying CD you will find the most current Winrad version in its or
132. tions of the spectrum With the Sound Max the noise level is around 100 dB RBW 187 5 Hz and no spurious signals above this level are seen The sensitivity is approximately 8 dB lower compared to the EMU 1212m e PMSDR Efficiency in Harmonic Mode The MDS measurements were made as previously but were performed only for the 80m band BW 2400 Hz 2 3650 124 6 112 6 11 107 Fig 167 MDS vers Harmonic 2nd to 7th From the above table one sees again that the damping of the harmonics by the pre filter plays a very crucial role e Pre filter dB MARCONI B dB Fig 168 Plot for the Atten 28dB 5e TG 18 0dBn 2382 Ite rs 20 0 20 0 Spectrum Analyzer one 28 with Sweep Generator Marconi 2380 2382 High Impendance Probe E Marconi 2388 ZARATE E o 7ee Upper scale 0 dB m calibrated with pass through filter setting Ce pt i tt rT saan Blue LP Filter Red 2 6 MHz Filter 94 Fig 169 Plots for Pre filters Blue 6 13 MHz Filter Red 12 30 MHz Filter MDE SSB Fig 170 Graphic representation of the measured MDS values 70 u The differences a between the values of aem 10 the blue line MDS and ail m each of the red lines el LIE MDS
133. ut jack it will usually be pink in color See Fig 55 2 in Appendix Il Fig 68 Repeat Wiedergabe Aufnahme Sounds Kommunikation Die folgenden Audiowiedergabegerate sind installiert piii en ee Realtek High De finition Audi Standardge ape Digital Output ealtek High Definition Audic eit Realtek Digital Realtek High Definition Aud Bereit Lautsprecher USB Audio CODEC Bereit Konfigurieren Fig 69 Enhancements Off 22 Eigenschaften von Eingang Allgemein Abh ren Pegel Verbesserungen Erweitert W hlen Sie die Soundeffekte um sie f r Ihre derzeitige H rkonfiguration zu bernehmen nderungen werden erst beim n chsten Start der Wiedergabe wirksam Alle Soundeffekte deaktivieren Sofortmodus Kaloc Offset Aufhebung Eigenschaften von Soundeffekt Anbieter Realtek Beschreibung DC Offset Aufhebung stellt den Betrieb des Eingangssignals auf den richtigen Pegel ein Sound Card Set Up At this point and particularly with add in sound cards look under Properties to see if there are enhancements that can be turned off Among these would be Equalizers Power Saving as well as all sorts of other functions that distort sounds Reverb Echo 3D etc 6 Settings for HDSDR Boot HDSDR but do not press Start Enter the following choices on the HDSDR screen Sound Card Button Winrad Sound Card sele
134. xpress prior written consent of the Author is nevertheless not permitted 4 If sections or individual terms of this Legal Notice are not do no longer or are not completely suitable the remaining parts of the document nevertheless retain their validity 134 Freeware Index m Keyword Directory Index 3 3rd Harmonic Mode 49 68 70 93 96 112 114 A 116 2 4 1 43 0 91 136 A D Converter 38 106 Advanced Settings 46 AM Reception Airline Radio 71 Antenna Isolator 89 91 92 136 36 38 44 Band Width Doubled 110 Bandwidth Display 36 104 SDR Technology 104 106 115 Bias Voltage 48 99 136 s mE 38 77 106 127 BNC Jack 10 12 16 18 22 93 Bootloader 86 87 sd 9 21 24 Cable 256 86 120 121 Calibration Factor 60 ey 60 LSB US Beriini Ranni 60 CAT Settings 55 56 CD 5 27 47 48 57 67 68 74 75 78 86 87 90 93 105 122 123 132 134 Circuit Board Switchboard 17 18 Construction Aids Third Hand 7 D Bp oc 109 DEBUG
135. y area External Down Converter DOWNCONVERTER 2m 116000000 70cm 404000000 Two entries for 2m and 70cm are already loaded with the LO values of 116 MHz and 404 MHz If these values do not correspond to your LO frequencies you change them as necessary You may also like these records kept as they are and may add your own as long as they conform to the illustration Your new entries will appear in the drop down list at the next start up for you to select 68 Manipulating the DLL PMSDR SS R About Debug Filters Quick Tune Sked IF2000 l 10550000 Save actual as PMSDR default freq Use DE Downconverter LO RF IF Fig 117 Ext Down Converter PMSDR Receiving in 3rd Harmonic Mode m FM Reception in General By activating the 3rd harmonic mode the FM broadcast band 88 108MHz can be received with a 192 kHz sound card The receiver also works with 96 KHz cards but with somewhat limited sound quality 48 KHz cards however are totally inappropriate for FM radio reception Turning on this flag causes the PMSDR to be set exactly to one third of the desired receive frequency The PMSDR has a lower sensitivity approximately 108 dBm 3rd harmonic mode that is 15dB poorer than in normal use but that is not very significant for reception of the strong channels in the FM broadcast band Note that the PMSDR after all still has an IP3 of

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