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Chapter 1 – Introduction to open source development

1. Data dictionary views Problem determination notification logs Figure 8 6 Opening the Catalog Views Figure 8 7 below provides an example of all items in the SYSCAT TABLES view File View Monitor Tools Leam Heip Information Connections Welcome to the Technology Explo I 002 catalog wews z DB catalog views Tables lt gt C Tables Search View Viewresums 110100 Views Contents XML gt Schema Table gt Tye S Status Count Number of Rows Columns indexes Privileges S Tablespace ISP Parkean aran iaer M E TUTALLNOVOT95GC CUSTOMER ADORESS_WITH Table Nomai 9 23100 D f A GP IBMOB2SAMPLEREL a Columns ma bs z a a indexes 2 GE TUTAIOIAMT GWW CUSTOMER ADDRESS WITH Table Normal a 282250 D a amp 5 IBMDB2SAMPLEREL Schemas 3 amp Tumsxnaureeww CUSTOMER ADORE Normal 9 282250 D a amp GP IBMDB2SAMPLEREL Procedures 4 U amp turn CUSTOMER_ADORE Normal 9 282250 D a amp lBMOB2SAMPLEREL Table Spaces 5 GE TUTIMBYVCOASEOW CUSTOMER_ADDRE Nomai 0 1m2 D a amp RELDATA poe cage i c6 E TUTIMBYVCUSEOW CUSTOMER ADORE Normal 9 72 0 a amp GP RELDATA Araria oe Se GG kotumann EMPMOC Nomai 0 10000 D a amp IGMOB2SAMPLEREL Servers 8 amp sysiam SYSCOLUMNS Nomai 9 538 O a amp amp SYSCATSPACE Data Partitions 53 amp sys SYSSECTION Nomai 9 60 O a amp SYSCATSPACE Containers 0 amp sysem SYSSTMT Nomai 9 1583 D a amp amp SYSCATSPACE n amp sysem SYS
2. Figure B 9 The DB2 Configuration Assistant 2 From the Configuration Assistant click on the Selected gt Add database using Wizard menu 3 From the Select how you want to set up a connection window you can use Search the network if your network is small without many hubs If you know the name of the server where DB2 resides choose Known systems and drill down all the way to the database you want to connect Proceed with the wizard using default values If you do not know the name of your system choose Other systems Search the network Note that this may take a long time if your network is large 4 If Search the network does not work go back to the Select how you want to set up a connection window and choose Manually configure a connection to a database Choose TCP IP and click next Input the hostname or IP address where your DB2 server resides Input either the service name or the port number 5 Continue with the wizard prompts and leave the default values 6 After you finish your set up a window will pop up asking you if you want to test your connection You can also test the connection after the setup is finished by right clicking on the database and choosing Test Connection B 8 Basic sample programs Depending on the programming language used different syntax is required to connect to a DB2 database and perform operations Below are links to basic sample programs which connect to a database and retrieve one record
3. IBM Director of Licensing IBM Corporation North Castle Drive Armonk NY 10504 1785 U S A For license inquiries regarding double byte character set DBCS information contact the IBM Intellectual Property Department in your country or send inquiries in writing to Intellectual Property Licensing Legal and Intellectual Property Law IBM Japan Lid 3 2 12 Roppongi Minato ku Tokyo 106 8711 The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any other country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON INFRINGEMENT MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions therefore this statement may not apply to you This information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors Changes are periodically made to the information herein these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication IBM may make improvements and or changes in the product s and or the program s described in this publication at any time without notice Any references in this information to non IBM Web sites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those Web sites The materials at
4. One of the main drawbacks of CVCS is that developers may interfere with each other s working environment For example a small bug injected through a code change becomes a big issue when it causes various other modules of the entire code base to fail Decentralized Distributed Version Control System DVCS This type of version control allows a developer or tester to create their own code branch that is they can maintain versions of the code in a decentralized manner ADVCS provides all the functionalities of CVCS plus the flexibility of creating a local Chapter 4 Community driven development 55 repository Git Bazaar Monotone Mercurial and Darcs are a few examples of open source DVCS software Did you know During the early days of Linux kernel development Linus Torvalds used CVS for version management In 2002 Linus switched to BitkKeeper however since BitKeeper became proprietary in 2005 Linus started writing a completely new DVCS called git The official web site of git http git scm com describes it as a free amp open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency Every Git clone is a full fledged repository with complete history and full revision tracking capabilities not dependent on network access or a central server Branching and merging are fast and easy to do 4 1 2 Builders group Software
5. Source Development Ideal for application developers and administrators Mario Briggs Ulisses Costa Raul F Chong ON CAMPUS sook series GETTING STARTED WITH Open source development Rachna Kapur Mario Briggs Tapas Saha Ulisses Costa Pedro Carvalho Raul F Chong Peter Kohlmann FIRST EDITION 4 Getting started with open source development First Edition July 2010 Copyright IBM Corporation 2010 All rights reserved IBM Canada 8200 Warden Avenue Markham ON L6G 1C7 Canada Notices This information was developed for products and services offered in the U S A IBM may not offer the products services or features discussed in this document in other countries Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area Any reference to an IBM product program or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product program or service may be used Any functionally equivalent product program or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead However it is the user s responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non IBM product program or service IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents You can send license inquiries in writing to
6. All statements regarding IBM s future direction or intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice and represent goals and objectives only This information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations To illustrate them as completely as possible the examples include the names of individuals companies brands and products All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental COPYRIGHT LICENSE This information contains sample application programs in source language which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms You may copy modify and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM for the purposes of developing using marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions IBM therefore cannot guarantee or imply reliability serviceability or function of these programs The sample programs are provided AS IS without warranty of any kind IBM shall not be liable for any damages arising out of your use of the sample programs References in this publication to IBM products or services do not imply that IBM intends to make them available in all countries in which IBM operates If you
7. An excerpt of the MIT license The phrase permission is hereby granted free of charge clearly indicates that MIT permits licensees to access and use open source software for any purpose whatsoever Intention 1 Further the phrase rights to use copy modify merge publish distribute sublicense and or sell copies combined with free of charge indicates that licensees are free to make and distribute copies access the source code create derivative works and combine open source and other software without payment of royalties Intention 2 3 4 and 5 In conclusion both GPL and MIT are valid open source licenses as they satisfy the same intentions though through different means and are thereby best suited in different situations Did you know The IBM Public License IPL was IBM s first open source license The Common Public License CPL is essentially the next version of the IPL In 2009 CPL was superseded by the Eclipse Public License EPL 3 3 Choosing the right license By now you must be feeling more of a lawyer and less of a developer Yet all of this information is very relevant to you It can help you avoid a lawsuit An interesting licensing 48 Getting started with open source development violation is the case between the Free Software Foundation FSF and Cisco In 2004 a German court ordered Cisco to stop selling its wireless routers because it was in violation of the terms and conditions of the GPL license
8. February 5 6 2007 Revised Papers Springer Copyright Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 IBM Rational ClearCase Ant and CruiseControl The Java Developer s Guide to Accelerating and Automating the Build Process Kevin A Lee First Edition May 24 2006 IBM Press Copyright 2006 Clinical engineering handbook Academic Press Series in Biomedical Engineering Joseph F Dyro Chapter 85 Medical Device Software Development Richard C Fries and Andre E Bloesch August 27 2004 Elsevier Resources 135 Imprint Academic Press Copyright 2004 Elsevier Inc 8 The Art of Software Testing Glenford J Myers Second Edition Revised and updated by Tom Badgett and Todd M Thomas with Corey sandler John Wiley amp Sons Inc Hoboken New Jersey Copyright 2004 Word Association Inc 9 Producing Open Source Software How to Run a Successful Free Software Project Karl Fogel First Edition October 2005 O Reilly Media Inc Copyright 2005 2006 2007 Karl Fogel under a CreativeCommons Attribution ShareAlike 3 0 license 10 Innovation Happens Elsewhere Ron Goldman amp Richard P Gabriel Version 1 01 http Awww dreamsongs com IHE IHE html Contact emails General DB2 Express C mailbox db2x ca ibm com General DB2 on Campus program mailbox db2univ ca ibm com Getting started with open source development couldn t be easier Read this book to Find out what open source devel
9. We suggest you first download from ftp ftp software ibm com software data db2 udb db2express samples zip all the sample programs in this section 126 Getting started with open source development CLI program http www iobm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0401 chong index html scenario1 ODBC program http www ibm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0401 chong index html scenario2 C program with embedded SQL http www ibm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0401 chong index html scenario3 JDBC program using Type 2 Universal JCC driver http www ibm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0401 chong index html scenario6 JDBC program using Type 4 Universal JCC driver http www ibm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0401 chong index html scenario8 Visual Basic and C ADO program Using the IBM OLE DB provider for DB2 IBMDADB2 http www ibm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0402chong2 index html scenario1 Visual Basic and C ADO program Using the Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC MSDASQL http Awww ibm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0402chong2 index html scenario2 Visual Basic and C ADO Net using the IBM DB2 NET Data Provider http www iobm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0402chong2 index html scenario3 Visual Basic and C ADO Net using the Microsoft OLE DB NET Data Provider http www ibm com
10. amp GQ USERSPACE 7 a f KOHUMANN CATALOG Table Normal g NoStats D a amp G IBMOB2SAMPLEXML 8 O KoHMmann CL_SCHED Table Normal 8 NoStats D B amp USERSPACE 9 m amp KOHLMANN CUSTOMER Table Normal 6 O a amp g IBMOB2SAMPLEXML 10 a amp KOHUMANN DEPARTMENT Table Normal g u D 8 amp GQ USERSPACE1 11 G KOHMANN DEPT Alias Normal g NoSias O 8 amp 2 12 BG KOHMANN EMP Alias Normal g Nosas O 8 amp 2 13 G KOHLMANN EMPACT gt Alias Normal g No Stas D 8 amp amp KOHUMANN Normal 10000 gt Q IBMDB2SAMPLEREL KOHUMANN EMPPROJACT Normal No Stats amp USERSPACE KOHLMANN EMP_ACT Normal No Stats P KOHUMANN EMP _PHOTO Normal No Stats GD USERSPACE1 KOHUMANN EMP_RESUME Normal No Stats amp USERSPACE1 KOHUMANN INVENTORY Normal No Stats P IBMOB2SAMPLEXML KOHUMANN IN_TRAY Normal No Stats USERSPACE1 KOHI MANN ARR Mnr al Na State SO ISERSPACF1 EEIE 30800885 Do0 Search View Developer Options rawn 1 Couma Number gt Column Name gt Columa Type gt Lengin gt Scale gt Nun 0 EMPNO CHARACTER 6 ON a 1 FIRSTNME VARCHAR ON 2 MIDINIT CHARACTER oY 3 LASTNAME VARCHAR ON 4 WORKDEPT CHARACTER oY 5 PHONENO CHARACTER oY 6 HIREDATE DATE oY 7 308 CHARACTER oY Figure 8 1 The Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 8 2 A quick overview of the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 This section provides a quick overview of the TE You will learn the requirements to set it up and its basic
11. were establishing the roots of the current open source software OSS philosophy In the East coast a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation his name was Richard Stallman On the West coast the Computer Science Research Group CSRG of the University of California at Berkeley were improving the UNIX system and started to build lots of applications which quickly became known as BSD UNIX With the advent of Usenet an Internet user group programming communities started to share their software and contribute to each others work This is when the real development of the open source movement began 1 2 The evolution of the open source movement We start recording the evolution of open source development from the creation in 1986 of the Free Software Foundation by Richard Stallman who likes to use his initials RMS After this foundation was established several major open source projects were initiated as shown in Figure 1 1 RMS quits job at The Free Software Cygnus Support First MIT to work on Foundation is corporation Free Software GNU created Business is formed 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1983 1984 RMS starts work a ms edi on EMACS evelops 4 ree erne called Linux Netscape releases The Gang of Start ofthe Start of KDE the source code of Trolltech Four develops Apache project using a non its browser starting releases Qt XFree86 project f
12. 1998 many software companies started to accept the open source movement when Netscape Communicator source code was made open source and the Mozilla Foundation was established It is in that year as well that the term open source was first used at a conference in California This term was created by Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens to promote the free software philosophy in the corporate world 1 3 FLOSS Free ibre open source software Until now the use of the term open source has many opponents From one side Stallman and others with similar thoughts object to open source as they say it does not make users realize the freedom that the software in question gives to them And when Stallman uses the term free software he is not referring to price as indicated by his quote Free software is a matter of liberty not price To understand the concept you should think of free as in free speech not as in free beer On the other hand using the term free software was commonly confused with the no charge connotation which obviously made business organizations uneasy In order to end this discussion other terms have been proposed one of them is FLOSS Free libre open source software or Free as in libre open source software There are Chapter 1 Introduction to open source development 25 three terms to explain this concept As already mentioned free software is a philosophical concept that aims to convey the idea of
13. 4 a htipd exe 3 UOWEXEC 0 070s 3 SYSDEFAULTUSERCLASS 1 6 g Ma m httpd exe SRUOWEREY AE l Leann Monitored Connections Search View Developer Options CPU Consumption Search View Developer Options Application Application Status CommitRate Application Waittime Activi Application UowID CPU Rate Application requests completed Requests 4 amp httpd exe UOWEXEC 0 0s am 43 00 amp B 4 httpd exe 3 0 0s 0 a bgi amp httpd exe UOWEXEC 0 0s m 42 00 amp amp 2 httpd exe 3 0 0s 0 3 httpd exe 3 0 0s 0 4 httod exe 3 0 0s 0 l I AAN Figure 8 12 The monitoring dashboard 8 2 2 6 Tutorials Workshops The TE offers many tutorials and workshops on DB2 as well as on the TE itself Figure 8 13 shows a small sample of the DB2 feature based tutorials available If you want to learn how to customize the TE have a look at what is available under Learn gt Workshops on Technology Explorer menu 98 Getting started with open source development File View Monitor Tools Learn Help C CG Welcome to the Techn Sample Database Connection manager New Connec Active Authenticated Database OB2 Feature based Tutorials Pp New tees A sample DB2 Solution based Workshops Created Global Temporary Table Workshops on Technology Explorer Compression Ls lecnno1ogy gg Dynamic Schema Change Explorer tor 1am DB2 Inline LOBs The Technology Explore also a set of building ble
14. Cisco s products were using GPL licensed software in their code but not providing free availability of their source code Another case of license violation happened early in 2009 when Microsoft was found in violation of the GPL license on the Hyper V code it released to the open source community More information can be found at this link http www theregister co uk 2009 07 23 microsoft _hyperv gpl violation So what is the right open source license to use for a given software There is no magic formula but some of the things to consider are listed below Is the work in question a derived work Or would the work be redistributed with other open source software If so what are the license terms you have agreed as a licensee Do you want the software to be revenue generating Review the different open source business models as described earlier in Chapter 2 Do you want access to use licensees contributions How do you add this clause to your license Review the licenses in the OSI website http Awww opensource org licenses to see if any of the existing and approved licenses of OSI would be good for you to use This and several other factors are things to consider while choosing an appropriate license for the software in question Depending on the scope of the project you could get into legal discussions to help you chose an appropriate license 3 4 Exercises The OSI categorizes various approved licenses Review these
15. Copyright IBM Corporation 1993 2007 Line Processor for DB2 Client 9 7 6 issue database manager commands and SQL statements from the command For example gt connect to sample gt bind sample bnd general help type command help type command where command can be first few keywords of a database manager command For example CATALOG DATABASE for help on the CATALOG DATABASE command CATALOG for help on all of the CATALOG commands To exit db2 interactive mode type QUIT at the command prompt Outside interactive mode all commands must be prefixed with 2 To list the current command option settings type LIST COMMAND OPTIONS For more detailed help refer to the Online Reference Manual idb2 gt connect to sample Database Connection Information Database server DB2 NT 9 7 8 SQL authorization ID ARFCHONG database alias SAMPLE select from staff NAME JOB YEARS SALARY COMM Sanders 7 98357 50 Pernal 8 78171 25 612 45 al Mren ve 5 77506 75 Figure B 6 The DB2 Command Line Processor CLP Note that Figure B 6 also illustrates that when working in the CLP you do not need to prefix commands with DB2 To exit from the CLP type quit B 4 2 3 DB2 Command Editor The DB2 Command Editor is the GUI version of the DB2 Command Window or DB2 Command Line Processor as shown in Figure B 7 This tool is deprecated for DB2 version 9 7 Appendix B Up and running with DB2 121 i Command Edit
16. IRC is mIRC hitp Avww mirc com Web sites are the first and foremost medium for promoting a given open source software and to mass communicate project details You can host your own Web site with the help of open source Web servers like Apache hitp Awww apache org If Web hosting is not an area which you or your community has much expertise or interest in you may consider using a site like SourceForge SourceForge not only provides you with Web hosting but also offers an integrated platform on which you can run your entire OSS project For more information visit http sourceforge net In addition the last chapter of this book includes a case study using SourceForge Chapter 5 Participating in open source development 71 Did you know Part of the ranking process on sourceForge comes from downloads but much of the calculation is driven by community activity If someone opens a defect checks in code makes a feature request or posts to a forum page all of that adds to the relative activity score and the project s overall ranking Projects with a high ranking get noticed An example of a successful open source project hosted on SourceForge is the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 TE TE has over 10 000 downloads with a sourceforge org ranking consistently in the top 200 projects and in the top ten of over 13 000 database related projects To find out more about the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 refer to Chapter 8 A Wiki
17. Submitting a DUG cece a a aaa a aa a a a aa a aaa A a aR 86 Chapter 8 Case Study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB289 8 1 What is the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 ccccccecseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeneeees 89 8 2 A quick overview of the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 cccceeeeeteeeees 90 8 2 1 Requirements for setting up the TE ccecsceeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeesaeseeneeeeeeees 90 8 2 2 Some basic features and operations of the TE cscceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 91 8 3 You need a key insight to build a PrOjeCt ee eect ee cette ee eeeeeaeeeeeeaaeeeeeeaeeeeeaas 98 8 4 You need to support and grow a COMMUN IIty ee eeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeetneeeenens 100 8 5 Make your project easy tO AGOPL ee eeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeecneeeee eases eeeaeeeeetaeeeeenaeeeenena 100 8 6 Understand your business model ceeeeeee eee eee tence ee ee eeeee ee taaeeeeeeaeeeeeaeeeeeneaa 102 8 7 Keep your Project current ierti R E anaE EE R 105 Appendix A Solutions to review QuestiOns s cccesccsseeeseeeeeeeeesseeseseeeeneeeeeeneeeeas 107 Appendix B Up and running With DB2 cccccssseeeeeeeeeeeeneneeeeenseeeeeenseeeeeeneeeeeeenees 113 B 1 DB2 The big PiCture eee cece eeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeneeeeaeeeceaeseeaeseeaaeeseaeessaaesseneeseeesaas 113 B2 DB2 packagingre nea ani a EE een RA abbas eee deen 114 2a ID e EEIE EEA E A E A E AA EAA 114 B 2 2 DB
18. are viewing this information softcopy the photographs and color illustrations may not appear Trademarks IBM the IBM logo and ibm com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp registered in many jurisdictions worldwide Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at Copyright and trademark information at www ibm com legal copytrade shtml Java and all Java based trademarks are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Inc in the United States other countries or both Microsoft and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States other countries or both Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States other countries or both UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries Other company product or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others Table of Contents PROTACC te winch ces ca cate a ts EE Se ce OAT 13 Who should read this DOOK ceccccceeeeeneeceeeeeeeaeeeeaaeeeeeeecaeeeeeaeenaaeeseeeetaeeseeeseneeees 13 How is this book structured ceeeeeeeeeeeeeteececaeeeeaeeseeeeeceaeeeeaaeeeeaeeeceeeesaeeesaaeseeeeeeaas 13 A book for the COMMUNITY stna sii hee cee aaa ie ede eaa aaae Aa ACEEA ETa 13 CONVENTIONS as a a OA 14 What s Next iia N a T A A ATA eA 14 About the authors as
19. be performed from DB2 GUI Tools Command Description db2start Starts the current instance db2stop Stops the current instance db2icrt lt instance_name gt Creates a new instance db2idrop lt instance_name gt Drops an instance db2ilist Lists the instances you have on your system Appendix B Up and running with DB2 123 db2 get instance Lists the current active instance Table B 1 Useful instance level DB2 commands Within an instance you can create many databases A database is a collection of objects such as tables views indexes and so on For example in Figure B 8 the database MYDB1 has been created within instance myinst Table B 2 shows some commands you can use at the database level Command SQL statement Description create database lt database_name gt Creates a new database drop database lt database_name gt Drops a database connect to lt database_name gt Connects to a database SQL statements to create table views and create table create view create index indexes respectively Table B 2 Commands and SQL Statements at the database level B 6 DB2 configuration DB2 parameters can be configured using the Configuration Advisor GUI tool The Configuration Advisor can be accessed through the Control Center by right clicking on a database and choosing Configuration Advisor Based on your answers to some questions about your system resources and workload the configuration advisor will provide a list of DB2 par
20. forge A forge is basically a Web collaboration platform providing developers with all the tools they need to manage the project and bring the discussion and code back to the community A good forge will provide services like mailing lists source code management wiki bug tracking forums and download archives A forge holds a different number of projects and some forges even have the ability to fork projects enabling the user to start its own project from an existing one Figure 7 1 shows the ruby forge front page for the Ruby on Rails DB2 module Log In Support New Account RUBYFORGE ees Home MyPage Project Tree Code Snippets Project Openings Rails Adapter Driver for IBM DataServers Summary Forums Tracker Lists Tasks Docs News SCM Files The IBM_DB adapter and driver gem plugin provides an interface for the IBM Data Servers The Developer Info IBM_DB gem is developed and supported by IBM for DB2 on LUW DB2 on zOS DB2 on i5 OS Project Admins Informix Dynamic Server using Rails gt 1 2 4 and Ruby gt 1 8 6 Antonio Cangiano Kellen Bombardier Alex Pitigoi Manas Dadarkar Praveen Devarao Development Status 5 Production Stable Environment Web Environment Intended Audience Developers End Users Desktop Other Audience Mari s License MIT X Consortium License ee Natural Language English Developers Operating System Windows AIX Linux 6 View Members Programming Language C Ruby Topic Database Engine
21. in 1985 by Richard Stallman As discussed in Chapter 1 Free Software is more of an ideology that emphasizes the freedom users have with the source code and not with the price one pays for the software In essence free software is an attempt to guarantee certain rights for both users and developers These freedoms include Freedom to execute the program for any reason Freedom to examine the source code see how it works and change it to do what you would like it to do Freedom to redistribute the source and keep the money generated from it Freedom to modify and redistribute the modified source code In order to guarantee these freedoms the GNU General Public License GPL was created In short any software licensed under GPL must include the source code Any modifications made to a GPL source code will also be licensed under GPL This was to ensure that software once opened to the community could not be closed at a later time Chapter 3 Licensing 45 In 1998 a non profit institution called Open Source Initiative OSI defined the term open source software to emphasize a break with the anti business past associated with GNU to place a new emphasis in the community on the possibilities of extending the free software model to the commercial world The OSI does not define a specific license as GPL but lays down the pre requisites of the distribution terms of open source software It thereby accepts various licenses whose distribut
22. integrated taking into account different versions How many resources should be allocated to test and verify the integrated system and then upgrade and patch it in the right manner so that it still works Finding the right answer to these questions can be a nightmare For example let s say that a patch of open source software X needs Java 1 5 however open source software Y which is also part of the system will work only with Java 1 4 By now you probably understand why a customer would be willing to pay a company to deliver a tested and verified system made up of different open source software This is the reason the platform providers business model came into existence Figure 2 6 illustrates this idea Chapter 2 Open source business models 37 Figure 2 6 The platform providers business model An example of a POSS company using this business model is Zend the PHP company Zend provides a platform fully tested to develop PHP applications 2 6 Business model relationship to license It is interesting that when we analyze the above mentioned business models the relationship these models have is vis a vis to open source licenses This is illustrated in Figure 2 7 In the bottom quadrants the business model is tied to the license of the open source software Dual licensing applies only when the open source software is GPL licensed and Split Open Source Commercial products when the open source software is Mozilla based How
23. needs of your project and community FI Ge OD ee Arrange for necessary funds Once you get a few members for your community encourage all of them to publicize your community This makes the awareness effort multiplied by the number of members Users always prefer licenses which are well known in the industry e g BSD GPL etc An unfamiliar license even if it is very short simple and straight forward may discourage some users from choosing your software and contribute in the project So it is always recommended to select an unchanged version of a well known 10 Appendix A Solutions to review questions 111 popular open source license unless your product has an acute demand for very specific terms and conditions Dealing with code reviews becomes a pain when a developer has to do it everyday in bulk Delegate Involve more people into the review work let the experienced users whom you have worked with earlier and are entrusted by their quality of work to commit their work directly D Legal advice is only needed while choosing appropriate license for the software Others are valid options for gathering community members B Open source software can be developed with or without any guidance of a software development company s guidance All the other options are mandatory necessities of an OSS community A Before a developer spends time going through the details of a code contribution or new feature request he shoul
24. open source project 87 Category This field requires some knowledge on the project structure It refers to different sections of the project For example the project may have a separate section for the user interface In this case the Ruby DB2 project has two sections Adapter and Driver The adapter sits on rails ActiveRecord which is a component responsible for the Object Relational Mapping ORM The driver on the other hand is responsible for making rails talk to IBM DB2 database Group The version of the IBM DB2 adapter and driver you are running Summary A short description of the bug Detailed Description This should include all the information necessary for the developer to reproduce the bug In a system running rails it would be obvious to start with the rails version followed by the DB2 adapter and driver versions as well All the error messages printed or logged by rails should be included If you were doing anything at the time of the crash describe it in detail Upload Files If you have a patch attach and upload it Sometimes when the output of the log files takes up too much space on the screen it is nice to store it in one or more files and upload 4 Press Submit and off you go Submitting bugs is simple science and one the best ways to contribute to an open source project however most people provide poor bug descriptions due to lack of knowledge or proper documentation In this chapter yo
25. operations The easiest way to get started wit the TE is by looking up its homepage on SourceForge http sourceforge net projects db2mc This site includes everything about the TE including setup instructions wikis requirements and forums as well as the source code 8 2 1 Requirements for setting up the TE To start working with the TE you will need to Install DB2 Download DB2 Express C the free version of DB2 from http Awww ibm com db2 express download html Install Apache Download Apache Web server from http httpd apache org Install PHP Download PHP from http www php net Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 91 Install the IBM DB2 driver for PHP Download this driver from http sourceforge net projects db2mc files Download and unzip TE Download the TE from http sourceforge net projects db2mc For more information about DB2 refer to the free eBook Getting Started with DB2 Express C that is part of the DB2 on Campus book series Alternatively you can also review Appendix B Up and Running with DB2 For instructions on how to set up Apache and PHP for TE refer also to the TE page on SourceForge The development team is working on simplifying the set up process At the time you are reading this a single package installer may already be available on the TE SourceForge site 8 2 2 Some basic features and operations of the TE This document will brief
26. other relational database management systems to DB2 as well as with database performance and application design issues As a DB2 technical support specialist Raul has helped resolve DB2 problems on the OS 390 z OS Linux UNIX and Windows platforms Raul has taught many DB2 workshops has published numerous articles and has contributed to the DB2 Certification exam tutorials Raul has summarized many of his DB2 experiences through the years in his book Understanding DB2 Learning Visually with Examples 2nd Edition ISBN 10 0131580183 for which he is the lead author He has also co authored the book DB2 SQL PL Essential Guide for DB2 UDB on Linux UNIX Windows i5 OS and z OS ISBN 0131477005 and is the project lead and co author of many of the books in the DB2 on Campus book series Peter KohImann manages the DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows Product Planning Office His team is responsible for requirements management business analytics tactical planning technology demonstration and customer relationship management He is also the original developer and the design lead for the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 open 18 Getting started with open source development source project Peter has been in database technology development since 1989 This includes writing about application development database administration and performance tuning He has worked as team lead architect and development manager in user interface development f
27. performing similar jobs form sub teams within the community Figure 4 1 gives you an overview of such a community where multiple sub teams collaborate to develop open source software 52 Getting started with open source development Deveopers group Builders group Mod 1 Mod 2 Community Customers Figure 4 1 Community driven software development As shown in the figure the developers group is responsible for writing code for different independent modules of the software The builders group takes these modules from the developers and put them together to build a new version of the software These software builds are internally tested by the testers group In case a bug or failure is found they report back to the appropriate developer who debugs the code and includes a proper fix This is an iterative process that repeats itself until the product satisfies all its requirements and becomes error free to the maximum possible extent Once the objectives of the project are met the release management group packs together the final version final build of the software with all the necessary documents and then hands it over to the customers OSS development communities especially those which are self driven offer their team members the flexibility of shuffling their job roles This means that a developer may perform the role of a tester a tester may work as a build team member and so on Most importantly these communities
28. problem that is simply more cost effective for many people to share Apache and Eclipse are good examples In other cases it is about establishing a programming model or platform to deliver services Google s Chrome for example In the case of the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 we saw an opportunity to build a business model on demonstrations and tutorials IBM was looking for ways to deliver more effective live tutorials and demonstrations for the DB2 data server while expanding their open user community and expanding their presence in universities and colleges The flexible platform based on XML was the perfect starting point One of the first things we did to turn the TE from a sample program into a teaching tool was to integrate the DB2 Information Center http publib boulder ibm com infocenter db2luw v9r7 into the program Every page in the TE includes an information icon that explains where the information for the page comes from Figure 8 17 below provides an example where you can see that the table page is generated from the SYSCAT TABLES catalog view In the Database Configuration Parameters page we included information links to the Information Center for each parameter a lt gt CG Tables Search View Developer Options View results 1to100 v Contents XML 4 Each row represents a table view or alias in the database Status Count Numbe 1 E This list is generated from the SYSCAT SYSTABLES ble Normal g N 2
29. released aS Abcdefg 2 0 5 a small release would be represented as Abcdefg 2 0 6 A critical bug fix is implied by increasing the minor component and resetting the micro component which makes the new release to be identified as Abcdefg 2 1 0 If new functionalities are added the version number would be upgraded to Abcdefg 3 0 0 When the software with limited functionality is made available to internal users for testing this interim version is called Alpha as in Abcdefg 3 0 0 Alpha An alpha version helps the development community collect error reports form the users Depending on the count and sensitivity of the errors discovered communities may also decide to release multiple alpha versions like Abcdefg 3 0 0 Alpha 1 Abcdefg 3 0 0 Alpha 2 and so on When the alpha round is over the feature complete product is given to third parties outside the community This is called a Beta release Following the example the release would be called Abcdefg 3 0 0 Beta With sufficient testing and debugging through alpha and beta cycles the software finally becomes ready to be officially shipped At this conclusive stage the community announces General Availability GA of their product After a successful release the developers group work is divided in two The first one is to maintain amp support the already released version and the second one is to further improve the product with new functionalities to be included in the next version At this poin
30. security Size of contribution All of the above moo gt None of the above What do most open source contributors expect to receive from their contribution Money Recognition Apaid job All of the above moowow gt None of the above Open source contributors should have one of these traits Know how to code Own an IBM Model M keyboard Quick learner and willing to help others All of the above mo ouv gt None of the above Which of the following mediums of communication is popular among OSS communities for publishing Web articles or tutorials Email IRC Internet blog Wiki mo O m gt None of the above When engaging in discussions in an OSS project one must A Doubt other people s capabilities B Ignore those who shares different opinions C Prove our point with reason and work Chapter 5 Participating in open source development 75 D All of the above E None of the above Chapter 6 Starting your own open source project In this chapter you will apply all the knowledge you have acquired thus far to experience how to start your own open source project So think of something big In this chapter you will learn about How to set up the basic infrastructure of your project How to gather people for your community How to promote your software and get more contributors How to handle huge amounts of change requests from users 6 1 Starting your own open
31. software In this chapter we are taking a broader view Notice how users take part in the organization as opposed to the closed software development method where users cannot take a more direct participation In order to contribute to an open source project a common misconception is that you have to be some kind of hacker however this is not the case There are many ways one can contribute to an open source project Positions on a project vary according to project dimension some projects behave much like a company In those cases projects are divided into departments such as development public relationships documentation etc the structure reflects the project needs What you should keep in mind is that there are many positions to occupy In contrast small projects are typically composed of a main developer with several co developers Though you are likely to be assigned your role when you first start contributing to a project here is a description of the different roles normally available Project Leader Main developer A leader performs functions that are not too different from a company s CEO He is the one making tough decisions and in big projects he is also in charge of coordinating many of the project subdivisions Smaller projects often are governed by several developers similar to a company s board of directors Chapter 5 Participating in open source development 67 Programmer There aren t as many programmers a
32. the ability to mix open source software with other software Table 3 1 Intentions of open source software We review in the next section how the GPL and MIT licenses meet the above intents of open source software 46 Getting started with open source development 3 2 2 Commonly used open source licenses Though there are over 50 OSI approved licenses most of the licenses fall under two categories Academic licenses such as the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD license allow software to be used for any purpose Software obtained via an academic license can be freely changed sold redistributed sublicensed and combined with other software Reciprocal licenses like the GNU General Public License GPL also allow software to be used for any purpose however it enforces that the changed or modified software must also be licensed under the exact terms as the original license A GPL licensed code does not allow proprietary software to link to it It also does not permit redistribution with software having a GPL non compatible license Also redistribution of the derivative works need to be with GPL On the other hand MIT licensed software allows all of it It permits proprietary code to link to it redistribution with non MIT license software and redistribution of derivative works with non MIT license Interestingly they both are open source software licenses as they follow the open source definition specified by the OSI Table 3 2
33. the db cfg DB2 Profile Registry variables includes parameters that may be platform specific and can be set globally affecting all instances or at the instance level affecting one particular instance Table B 5 shows some useful commands to manipulate the DB2 profile registry Command Description Lists all the DB2 profile registry variables that db2set all are set db2set lt parameter gt lt value gt Sets a given parameter with a value Table B 5 Commands to manipulate the DB2 profile registry B 7 Connecting to a database If your database is local that is it resides on the same system where you are performing your database operation the connection setup is performed automatically when the database is created You can simply issue a connect to database_name Statement to connect to the database If your database is remote the simplest method to set up database connectivity is by using the Configuration Assistant GUI tool following these steps 1 Start the Configuration Assistant from the system where you want to connect to the database To start this tool use the command db2ca from a Windows command prompt or Linux shell Figure B 9 shows the Configuration Assistant Appendix B Up and running with DB2 125 amp Configuration Assistant Configure Selected Edit View Tools Help to OS amp BS amp te RAULCHONG DB2 SAMPLE BBIANODE CONTSTDB C DB2 SAMPLE C DB2 3 of 3 items dis 1 Be 4 gt N
34. the entire project branch which is shared by all the members of the community In contrast DVCS allows a developer or a tester to create his own code branch in addition to one or more shared central repository Abuky Bugzilla Buggit BugRat GNATS JitterBug and Mantis are a few examples of open source issue tracking tools The central item of an OSS package is the source code Additionally a standard package should also include a few accessories like installation guide user manual and other information which will help a newbie become familiar with the system Packages of the software written in high level languages like C C or something else that requires compilation of the source code optionally may contain a pre compiled executable version of the product ready to be installed into user s computer Appendix A Solutions to review questions 109 Typical installation steps for open source software are understanding the system configuration compiling the source code and finally executing the installation file Given below is the sequence of commands to accomplish these three steps in a UNIX based system configure make make install The first command is executed from the location where the software package is extracted It invokes a tiny program called configure generally included within the package to detect the hardware and software specifications of the machine and create a Makefile containing the set of in
35. those Web sites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those Web sites is at your own risk IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you 6 Getting started with open source development The licensed program described in this document and all licensed material available for it are provided by IBM under terms of the IBM Customer Agreement IBM International Program License Agreement or any equivalent agreement between us Any performance data contained herein was determined in a controlled environment Therefore the results obtained in other operating environments may vary significantly Some measurements may have been made on development level systems and there is no guarantee that these measurements will be the same on generally available systems Furthermore some measurements may have been estimated through extrapolation Actual results may vary Users of this document should verify the applicable data for their specific environment Information concerning non IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products their published announcements or other publicly available sources IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance compatibility or any other claims related to non IBM products Questions on the capabilities of non IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products
36. would allow you to view and update the parameters at the instance level Similarly if you right click on a database and choose Configure parameters you would be able to view and update parameters at the database level Appendix B Up and running with DB2 119 B 4 2 Command Line Tools There are three types of Command Line tools DB2 Command Window only on Windows DB2 Command Line Processor DB2 CLP DB2 Command Editor GUI based and deprecated These tools are explained in more detail in the next sections B 4 2 1 DB2 Command Window The DB2 Command Window is only available on Windows operating systems it is often confused with Windows Command Prompt Though they look the same the DB2 Command Window however initializes the environment for you to work with DB2 To start this tool use Start gt Programs gt IBM DB2 gt DB2COPY1 Default gt Command Line Tools gt Command Window or alternatively type the command db2emd from a Windows Command Prompt to launch it on another window Figure B 5 shows the DB2 Command Window c DB2 CLP DB2COPY1 C Program Files IBM SQLLIB BIN gt db2 connect to sample Database Connection Information Database server DB2 NT 7 0 SQL authorization ID ARFCHONG Local database alias SAMPLE C Program Files IBM SQLLIB BINDdb2 select from staff DEPT JOB YEARS SALARY COMM Sanders 98357 56 Pernal 78171 25 Marenghi 77506 75 0 Brien 78006 H0 846 55 Hanes 86659 86 Qu
37. 0 Chapter 6 Starting your own open source project 81 Which of the following is not a valid method for getting members for an OSS community A Face to face interaction B Posting project details in relevant forums C Creating an official website D Consulting a legal advisor E None of the above Which of the following is not a mandatory requirement to start an OSS project A A license B A software development company s guidance C Communication channels D Software development tools E All of the above What is the next step after receiving a feature enhancement request from a user A Requirement analysis B Checking the status of the release cycle C Asking the user to deliver the necessary code D Postponing the improvement until next release E None of the above Which of the following methods should you follow to handle overflowing user change requests A Let it be a responsibility of one particular member of the community B Delegate authority and tasks C Don t accept new change requests when many of such requests are pending D None of the above E All of the above What is the best possible way to minimize the effort of screening user contributed code A Allow any user to commit their changes directly to the project branch without reviewing them B Ask every user to perform all kinds of testing of their own C Sharing the code selection criteria with the users 82 Getting started with ope
38. 2 Express C that is part of this book series B 1 DB2 The big picture DB2 is a data server that enables you to safely store and retrieve data DB2 commands XQuery statements and SQL statements are used to interact with the DB2 server allowing you to create objects and manipulate data in a secure environment Different tools can be used to input these commands and statements as shown in Figure B 1 This figure provides an overview of DB2 and has been extracted from the Getting Started with DB2 Express C e book 114 Getting started with open source development DB2 Commands amp SQL XML XQuery Statements SQLIXML Xquery Statements create bufferpool create tablespace create table alter bufferpool alter tablespace alter table select insert update delete DB2 System Commands db2set db2start db2stop db2ilist db2icrt db2idrop DB2 CLP Commands db2 update dbm cfg catalog db list node directory create database list applications list tablespaces lt sql statement gt xquery lt gt DB2 Tools Command Line Tools Command Editor Command Line Processor Command Window General Administration Tools Control Center Journal License Center Replication Center Task Center Information Information Center Check for DB2 Updates Monitoring Tools Event Analyzer Health Center Indoubt Transaction Manager Memory Visualizer Activity Monitor Setup Tools Configuration Assistant First Steps Default D
39. 2 clients and drivers cccsesesesesesseceesescsesssesssensesssecssesetecsesesssesssereees 115 B S Installing DB2 oeii eiii de dv ee dee ees veg dev eae ee ele fe E eles 116 B 3 1 Installation ON WINGOWS cscccccecescessseseeceeeceanessseeceeeeeseaaeeaseeeeeeeesnensnes 116 B 3 2 Installation ON LINUX ccccecesseseseeceeceeaeenseeseeceeeceaseesseeeeeeeeeceuaeeseeeeeeeeanenaees 117 BA DB2tOOISieaicceaars ccs ciees cote Gi sede fide RANG oi aval wee ad E E EE EEE SAES 117 Bids Control Genten cities oerion aa vaseasnarondiescvekaadhenonadadesueascanendavies 117 B 4 2 Command Line Tools c cscsesesssseesseceseeeessescscecseecececeeesstecseseseeesseeserenes 119 B 5 The DB2 CNvirOnMe nh cceecececececeeceeeseeeececeaeeaseeseeeeeeceeaeeaseseeeeeeaeeaaeeseeeeeeeeas 122 Bi6 DB2 configuration wat tev eea ea ee ia ee dea ei el 123 B 7 Connecting to a database ceeececececeteceeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeaeeeeaaeseeeeseeeeeeeaeeeeaeeseeeeess 124 B 8 Basic Sample Programs ccccecceeceeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecaaeeesaaeseeeesecaeeeeaeeseeesseeeess 125 B 9 DB2 GOCUMENTATION is tseseasscvssetebacecdavacawsevt ducted vacdstetecsgdevavanceiavs daadviasccccteessagiodieadt 127 FRETQTEN COS sire ces seetececcch bea suii chee ecu a ete ua we tactantuchsdaabaauctensasedcdauh da r Aa 129 FROSOUINCOS i cccis aen aaa eea ke adaa naaa nak cGuideScebtizce auduach untcnausdacdeautedessavsdesustideccsssvenccuccudedesusse
40. 721 Cisco Hit With Open Source Lawsuit htm http www out law com page 8490 GUIDE SME s Deliverable ID D8 1 1 Carlo Daffara http flossmetrics org sections deliverables docs deliverables WP8 D8 1 1 SMEs Guide pdf From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Software build http en wikipedia org wiki Software_ build Software design http en wikipedia org wiki Software design Release management http en wikipedia org wiki Release_management Software release life cycle http en wikipedia org wiki Software_ release life cycle 133 Books 1 Free Redbook DB2 Express C The Developer Handbook for XML PHP C C Java and NET Whei Jen Chen John Chun Naomi Ngan Rakesh Ranjan Manoj K Sardana August 2006 SG24 7301 00 http Awww redbooks ibm com abstracts sg247301 html Open Understanding DB2 Learning Visually with Examples V9 5 Raul F Chong et all January 2008 ISBN 10 0131580183 DB2 9 pureXML overview and fast start by Cynthia M Saracco Don Chamberlin Rav Ahuja June 2006 SG24 7298 http www redbooks ibm com abstracts sq247298 html Open The Cathedral amp the Bazaar Eric S Raymond January 15 2001 http Awww amazon com Cathedral Bazaar Musings Accidental Revolutionary dp 0596001088 5 Software Engineering Approaches for Offshore and Outsourced Development Vol 4716 First International Conference SEAFOOD 2007 Zurich Switzerland Bertrand Meyer M Joseph Eds
41. B2 Express C A It s free B It has optional fee based support when your company grows C It provides an easy upgrade path when your company grows 10 Chapter 2 Open source business models 41 D All of the above E None of the above A company using the Product Specialists business model A Does not spend a lot of money in marketing B Uses this model because it delivers complex OSS software in a large market C Relies on its expertise to deliver training given that it developed the software D All of the above E None of the above Chapter 3 Licensing In earlier chapters you were introduced to the various business models employed by a company involved in open source and several open source licenses were mentioned But what makes a software license open source This chapter provides an answer to this question In this chapter you will learn about The tenets of intellectual property copyright and the intents of an open source license An explanation of what makes a license an open source license A brief description of some of the most commonly used open source licenses Things to keep in mind while choosing a license for a software 3 1 Intellectual property copyright and licensing The big picture Intellectual Property IP are legally protected rights that one has over new ideas or creations Common types of intellectual property include copyrights trademarks patents industrial design rights a
42. B2 Selection Wizard Development Tools Configure DB2 Net Data Provider IBM Data Studio Optim Development Studio Figure B 1 DB2 The big picture DB2 Environment Database MYDB1 On the left hand side of the figure we provide examples of different commands and statements that users can issue In the center of the figure we list some of the tools where you can input these commands and statements and on the right hand side of the figure you can see the DB2 environment where your databases are stored In subsequent sections we discuss some of the elements of this figure in more detail B 2 DB2 packaging DB2 servers clients and drivers are created using the same core components and then are packaged in a way that allows users to choose the functions they need for the right price This section describes the different DB2 editions or product packages available B 2 1 DB2 servers Figure B 2 provides an overview of the different DB2 data server editions that are available Appendix B Up and running with DB2 115 DB2 Enterprise Edition DB2 Workgroup Edition DB2 Express Edition DB2 Express C functionality fe functionality ae functionality Figure B 2 DB2 Server Packaging As shown in Figure B 2 all DB2 server editions are built one on top of the other DB2 Express C is a free version of DB2 and it is the core component of all DB2 products When additional functionality is added to DB2 Express C
43. BR 4 ai ple Normal g M 3 Web page 4 c 5 6 DB2 Version 9 for Linux UNIX and Windows 7 enchant SYSCAT TABLES catalog view 9 Each row represents a table view alias or nickname Each table or view hierarchy has one additional 10 row representing the hierarchy table or hierarchy view that implements the hierarchy Catalog tables and asasan views are included f E Table 67 SYSCAT TABLES Catalog View 4 Column Name Data Type Nullable Description Columns TABSCHEMA VARCHAR 128 Schema name of the 1 Column object 1 TABNAME VARCHAR 128 Unqualified name of the nan object Figure 8 17 Integrated access to the DB2 Information Center 104 Getting started with open source development At the time we also had access to software and paper examples and tutorials Many based on SQL examples The biggest problem was that it was inconvenient for people to copy and paste the examples from an online source or worse to manually type from a paper during a workshop We extended the XML model to include step by step tutorials Each tutorial included multiple steps each with a description to the left with a live ad hoc window and results screen to the right Important parts of the SQL or XML can be highlighted in the ad hoc window This is illustrated in Figure 8 19 File View Statistics Health Tools Leam Help information Connections Cc Compression Performance lt gt 30f7 Create a Compressed Table View File History Options Run Clea
44. DEPENDENCIES Table Noma 8 un 6 a amp 5 SYSCATSPACE 2a amp sysieamu SYSPLANDEP Table Normal 9 359 D a amp ary amp systoo s STMG_HIST THRESHOLD Table Nomai 9 24 D amp amp SYSTOOLSPACE 4 E syss STMG_OBJECT Table Nomai 9 2u D a amp SYSTOOLSPACE 1 amp sYSeM SYSROUTINEALITH Table Nomai 9 27 D a amp g SYSCATSPACE m D amp sysem SYSROUTINES Table Noma 8 so m a amp 5 SYSCATSPACE Ww a amp SYS M SYSMMDEXCOLUSE Table Noma A 3 D a amp ED SYSCATSPACE 18 a G sysiau SYSVIEWDEP Tabo Normal n 7 D a amp EP SYSCATSPACE 13 amp sysem SYSTABLES Teble Noma g 4906 D a amp SYSCATSPACE 2 amp sysemu SYSTABAUTH Table Nomai 8 4 D 3 amp g SYSCATSPACE Figure 8 7 SYSCAT TABLES catalog view Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 95 From this page you can see the query that retrieved the data in the table by clicking on View gt Profile Query as shown in Figure 8 8 s 082 catalog views Pa K C Tables Search View View tes j i ry Query Contents XML 1 Schema 2 Table 1 Tye stration Views f3 E E ERRORSCHEMA TUTSLPWGEISOSWS e eee MNS a a Download XML profile Pt 2 D amp msato ACT Tab Schemas 3 a amp msato ADEFUSR Metal query ble a n Procedures 4 E RMD CATALOG Toble Normal g Table Spaces 5 E amp MSATO CL_SCHED Table Normal 9 Butler Fooss 6 E amp misato COLUMN TEST Table Norm
45. E project had a clear set of goals stakeholders and investment Throughout we have stayed focused on the original insight that started the project 8 7 Keep your project current Do everything in the open Remember that source forge ranks projects based on community activity as much as it does by downloads Even if you are working with a small group of contributors open a defect for every change Track each improvement through a requirement and post your ideas to the forums The more transparent your work the more active the project will appear and the better your ranking We have never advertised the TE Most new users talk to say they hear about it through word of mouth or through a lucky search on Google Blog postings webpage links and other references bring most people to the Web site Of the people who come to the TE sourceForge site about half stay and read about the project for at least an hour If you can find an insight to build a project around make sure it is convenient to use and engages a larger community Don t lose focus on why you are investing your time at each stage of the project and always do your work in the open Appendix A Solutions to review questions Chapier 1 1 Ce De Oe ON ee IN In 1998 Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens first used the term open source in a conference in California FLOSS stands for Free Libre Open Source Software Refer to section 1 4 1 Refer to section 1 4 2 The Mozilla Foundati
46. GNU C Compiler GCC with the idea to encourage more open source code contributions Nowadays the GCC compiler is often chosen as the favorite to develop software that needs to be implemented in various types of hardware and supports C C FORTRAN Ada Java Objective C and Pascal For many years employees of Cygnus Support a small company founded by Michael Tiemann David Vinayak Wallace and John Gilmore were the maintainers of several key GNU software products including the GNU Debugger gdb and GNU Binutils This company was also one of the major contributors to the GCC project In 1991 a student of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki in Finland Linus Torvalds created with the help of several volunteer programmers through Usenet the Linux kernel Some time after the kernel grew with the assistance of developers around the world as open source software A few years later a full open source operating system was available and released as GNU Linux In 1993 the Debian GNU Linux operating system was created by lan Murdock in order to assemble all the GNU tools that existed at the time and the Linux kernel The Debian Project grew slowly and gained notoriety when the program dpkg was released This program is the basis of the Debian package management system and is used to install remove and provide information on the Debian software packages deb One of the most important events in open source developme
47. Look for user groups in your area and go have some funl Meetup com is a Web site where you can easily arrange a local reunion with a specific theme The Ruby community has done this Check it out maybe there is one for yours already Some communities go further and organize worldwide conferences where they can calmly and effectively discuss the future of the project as well as throw some technical presentations and boost the morale of everyone involved There are other types of meetings however FOSDEM short for Free and Open Source Development European Meeting is a once in a year event in Brussels It gathers roughly five thousand visitors each year Developers from all major open source projects come together to exchange knowledge which help promote their community and announce upcoming changes and innovations 72 Getting started with open source development Last but not least there are events called hackatons where developers come together and try to implement as many features or close as many bugs as they can As you can imagine this can provide big pushes into a project s life cycle and as a side effect it improves collaborative working and respect among developers Now if you bring a bunch of developers together give them a beer and a laptop and you will certainly have a hackaton going as part of the original event 5 3 1 Communication etiquette and guidelines As passionate as people are in this kind of projects it is not unco
48. M are examples of POSS companies that employ the dual licensing business model 2 3 Split open source software commercial products In this model there is a core portion of the software which is available as open source This core provides the base functionality Then there are other portions or extensions that are built on top of or extend the functionality provided by the core The latter is licensed under commercial or proprietary licenses and sold like typical proprietary software Figure 2 4 illustrates how this model works Chapter 2 Open source business models 35 Figure 2 4 Split open source software commercial products business model Many POSS companies choose the Apache or Mozilla open source license when they want to follow this business model since these licenses allow this kind of intermixing where some parts can be open source and other parts proprietary This model is used by many commercial software companies that participate in open source including IBM In fact IBM is an acknowledged leader in this space Does this mean IBM is a POSS company A company is considered a POSS when most of its revenue comes from open source software sales Since this is not the case for IBM it would not be considered a POSS company by that definition Probably the best example of IBM s successful usage of this open source business model is Eclipse the world s default IDE and tooling platform As discussed in Chapter 1 befo
49. Providing the ecosystem for your open source project An ecosystem is a perfect environment where interactive species work together as a single unit In an OSS project this environment undoubtedly refers to the OSS community As you may have guessed the intention of this section is to find out how to build a community This may sound as something simple but gathering contributors together and getting the work done is easier said than done To achieve this goal you need to have management skills and expertise This may be a good approach 1 Establish a goal for your project 2 Create a plan roadmap or strategy to accomplish your goal 3 Find community members 4 Understand the basic needs of your project and community 5 Arrange for necessary funds The only way to get members for your community is to raise awareness Is there any person in your social network who you feel can help in developing the software Yes Go and get him convinced to contribute to your project Other activities that will help are Posting your project details in relevant forums Building an official Web site This site should convey all the details of your project It should be the only portal from where users can access the code repository issue tracking database see the build status browse the mailing lists and subscribe to one or more of them A Web site will allow you to reach contributors from all over the world Chapter 6 Starting you
50. S community Debian is one of those distributions one of the oldest as a matter of fact and it drives itself from a strict belief in free software as depicted in their social contract which guarantees you that in a bare installation Debian contains only free software Of the thousands of applications that make up Debian or almost any other distribution many have their own community Debian itself has a community It is then a matter of time that in your daily routine taming around your computer you strike a bug in one of the thousands of software that make up Debian Impaired and with no other alternative to continue whatever is you were doing you look for a way to solve it The bug hunting leads you to a little library with a very simple mission intrigued you want to know more about that little library Fortunately it is not hard in the open source world to find good documentation even to the simplest piece of software good documentation guarantees project continuity and enables community feedback Even small libraries like this one that is bugging you may have a community attached It comes to no surprise libraries are used by bigger applications and the developers of these applications rely on these libraries for very specific functionalities it s a mutual interest If you are lucky you may even find a bug tracking tool For some of the smaller software projects that have no need for a bug tracking tool the project leader normally goes
51. SR ee Tale Key NEE Data type Lenath Nullable SOFTD_D G DEPTNO CHARACTER 3 No a SOFTD_P Actions DEPTNAME VARCHAR 36 No sno i etter eae E LOCATION CHARACTER 16 ve 2 Show Related Objects cP Create New Table Figure B 4 The DB2 Control Center To start the Control Center on Windows use Start gt Programs gt IBM DB2 gt DB2COPY1 Default gt General Administration Tools gt Control Center or alternatively type the command db2cc from a Windows Command Prompt or Linux shell The Control Center is a centralized administration tool that allows you to View your systems instances databases and database objects Create modify and manage databases and database objects Launch other DB2 graphical tools The pane on the left hand side provides a visual hierarchy of the database objects on your system s providing a folder for Tables Views etc When you double click a folder for example the Tables folder as shown in Figure B 5 the pane on the top right will list all of the related objects in this case all the tables associated with the SAMPLE database If you select a given table in the top right pane the bottom right pane provides more specific information about that table Right clicking on the different folders or objects in the Object tree will bring up menus applicable to the given folder or object For example right clicking on an instance and choosing Configure parameters
52. access relational engines and application database performance Tapas Saha is a graduate in electronics and communication engineering from Techno India Kolkata India He joined IBM in 2007 as an open source software developer Presently he is working as a functional verification tester for DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows Ulisses Ara jo Costa is a software engineer finishing his MSc in Formal Methods and Intelligent Systems He loves functional programming and open source methodologies He is a pro active individual who loves to be connected to academic initiatives like the open source support center at the University of Minho and the DB2 student ambassador group at the same university Pedro Carvalho is a Software Engineering student at the University of Minho in Portugal Aside from school he has developed an interest in systems administration and team leading He has been strongly engaged in local student organizations mainly in the creation of an open source software group He is currently working in a research scholarship in the area of language engineering and several Web development projects Raul F Chong is the DB2 on Campus program manager based at the IBM Toronto Laboratory and a DB2 technical evangelist His main responsibility is to grow the DB2 community around the world Raul joined IBM in 1997 and has held numerous positions in the company As a DB2 consultant Raul helped IBM business partners with migrations from
53. al g i Objects 7 E amp msato COLUMN TEST Table Normal B ora a E amp msato COLUMN_ZERO Table Normal g Data Partitions 9 E amp msaro CUSTOMER Table Normal g Containers no amp msato DEPARTMENT Table Normal g no amp msan DEPT Aias Nomai 8 2 msan EMP Alias Normal 8 4o amp msato EMPACT Aias Normal F D Eman EMPLOYEE SS 5 D amp msato EMPMOC E MSATO EMPPROJe Monitor Tools Leam Help i MISATO EMO 7 i come to the Technology Explo 23 _DB2 catalog views 3 Ad hoc SQL Q Ad hoc SQL File History Options Run Clear results SELECT FROM SYSCAT TABLES STN Figure 8 8 Viewing the query that retrieved the data displayed on the page You can also see the contents of each table by selecting the See the contents icon at the left of the display A new tab opens with the contents of the table or view you selected This is illustrated in Figure 8 9 below for table DB2INST2 ACT DB2 catalog views Tables Tables x DB2INST2 ACT pE Views iG PEANSTZACT Columns acmo actkwDo ACTDESC Indexes 1 10 MANAGE MANAGE ADVISE Schemas 20ECOST ESTIMATE COST Procedures m 30 DEFINE DEFINE SPECS eiir estat 40 LEADPR LEAD PROGRAM DESIGN Federated Obtects 50 SPECS WRITE SPECS PEERS 6 60 LOGIC DESCRIBE LOGIC Servers 7 70 CODE CODE PROGRAMS Figure 8 9 Contents of a table 8 2 2 3 Running ad hoc queries in TE TE allows you to r
54. al product Contributing to an open source project has two advantages First someone else usually approves your code and may give you valuable feedback on your style and technique And second your code is available for anyone to see A prospective employer can see for themselves that you have experience building code that was accepted by your peers The Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 uses a very open Apache license that makes it easy for anyone in the community to contribute If you choose to contribute to a project don t be surprised if they ask you to sign a contributor s agreement They just need proof that the code you are contributing is original 8 5 Make your project easy to adopt Adoption isn t usability It is much more than that People go through a very well defined set of steps when they adopt new technology As Jonathan Schwartz from Sun Microsystems has said Adoption is a non economic phenomena no money is spent only time In other words people spend time when they investigate new technology before they spend any money Even if open source is free if you want people to adopt your project you need Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBMDB2 101 to make their initial time investment very low You need to make your project convenient to use The first step is to ensure the software is easy to install and try out If possible build a live Web site where people can try out you
55. always keep the door open for the users customers so that they can also contribute effectively into the project and become part of the community Software development tools are a collection of programs that help with specific tasks during the software development life cycle They are normally used for project management and to perform repetitive and time consuming tasks There exist both proprietary and open source development tools For an open source project it should be Chapter 4 Community driven development 53 obvious that the latter one is the preferred choice There are also a few instances where communities use their self developed tools The next sections describe the various processes and tools used by the OSS development communities in detail 4 1 1 Developers group Software design and development You can think of software design as the blueprint that defines the architecture and behavior of a product and coding as the process of implementing the design A community driven software development typically starts as a project to address problems generic across the society These problems are technically termed pain points and include a list of requirements that the software is expected to fulfill The designers group which in many cases is also part of the developers group takes these requirements as input and writes algorithms which are cost effective and optimal in terms of performance Software designers
56. ameters that would operate optimally using the suggested values If you would like more detail about DB2 configuration keep reading Otherwise use the Configuration Advisor and you are ready to work with DB2 A DB2 server can be configured at four different levels as shown earlier in Figure B 8 Environment variables are variables set at the operating system level The main environment variable to be concerned about is DB2INSTANCE This variable indicates the current instance you are working on and for which your DB2 commands will apply Database Manager Configuration File dbm cfg includes parameters that affect the instance and all the databases it contains Table B 3 shows some useful commands to manage the dbm cfg Command Description get dbm cfg Retrieves information about the dbm cfg 124 Getting started with open source development update dbm cfg using Updates the value of a dbm cfg parameter lt parameter_name gt lt value gt Table B 3 Commands to manipulate the dbm cfg Database Configuration File db cfg includes parameters that affect the particular database in question Table B 4 shows some useful commands to manage the db cfg Command Description Retrieves information about the db cfg for get db cfg for lt database_name gt a given database update db cfg for lt database_name gt Updates the value of a db cfg parameter using lt parameter_name gt lt value gt Table B 4 Commands to manipulate
57. amount of workforce On the other hand once your community becomes famous and well known you can naturally expect to get flooded with bug reports patches functionality improvement request etc on a daily basis But keep your head on your shoulder Never try to handle all these requests yourself Rather delegate it properly Redirect the issues and other reports or requests to the relevant development team and ask any of the people within that group to address it 80 Getting started with open source development When someone contributes code as part of a code change or new feature request a developer should first spend some time understanding the requirement If things are not clear he can request the contributor to provide more details Once the idea is clear to the developer he needs to check the status of the present release cycle to ensure if it is the right time to accept the request If it is the developer should walk through the code before allowing the user to check it in If it s not a good time the request should be scheduled for the next release Dealing with code reviews is painful when a developer has to do it all by himself Make sure to delegate and involve more people into the review work You can also let the experienced contributors whom you have worked with earlier and are entrusted by their quality of work commit their work directly Besides balancing the workload throughout the entire community it also helps to clear th
58. an make software unusable Bug reporting intends to decrease the amount of bugs in an application making life easier for all of the users A good bug report consists of the following A detailed description of the system in which the software is running The input the user was feeding to the application The error message The expected behavior Bug reports must be objective and based on facts guesses have no place here Even if you have the best of intentions by providing these guesses it is not uncommon for a developer to spend a lot more time looking for a bug in a place there isn t one so the best thing you can do is just to fill in the bug with as much information as you can and leave the rest to the developers They will prompt you for input if they need to do so Let s imagine for a moment that you find a real bug and you intend to fill in a bug report on the DB2 rails driver ruby forge page Where do start you may ask Well the process below may help answer this question 1 Check if there is already a submission for that bug Duplicate bug submissions are a waste of time to you and to the developers 2 If you don t have an account on ruby forge create one If you have an account login then go to the ruby forge DB2 rails adapter page and select tracker from the main menu then click on Bugs Click Submit New button right below the main menu 3 Fill in the fields Chapter 7 Case study Contributing to an
59. building Programs are normally written in smaller units that are compiled before they can be executed The resulting object modules are then bound together in a process known as linking to form a complete software system Software building refers to the sum of compiling and linking all the source code of a project Software building is a dynamic process People constantly add delete and modify the source code files under the project s central repository To make these changes effective the modified code needs to be recompiled and linked regularly Development communities generally have a separate build team to carry out this task It is important to mention that the build process recompiles only those source code files which were modified since the previous build was released For the rest of the elements which remained unchanged the older compiled modules are picked up Figure 4 3 illustrates this fact Build 0 AO BO CO DO Build 1 A1 B1 C1 D1 Build 2 A2 B1 C2 D1 Build 3 A3 B1 C2 D1 Central Repository Figure 4 3 Software builds 56 Getting started with open source development In the figure the central repository contains four source code files A B C and D The base version of these files is illustrated with the number zero so AO represents the base version of source code file A for example When compiled and linked they create Build 0 On the next iteration a
60. categories and the licenses terms and conditions at http www opensource org licenses category 3 5 Summary In this chapter you learned about the concept of Intellectual Property and how it related to a license You also learned about the relationship between a license licensor and licensee Next the chapter explained what makes a license an open source license and provided a description and comparison between the BSD GPL and MIT licenses Finally the chapter provided questions that would help you choose the most appropriate open source license for your needs 3 6 Review questions 1 What is required for OSI license approval 2 Why is it important for developers to know about OSS licenses Chapter 3 Licensing 49 3 Name 3 popular OSS licenses 4 How come the MIT and GPL licenses are both OSS licenses even though they have contradictory items 5 Name the two main categories of OSS licenses 6 Is the Eclipse Public License approved by OSI A Yes B No 7 If modify a program licensed under GPL and distribute the object code of the modified program for free must make the source code available A Yes B No 8 Under MIT can you link proprietary code to open source code A Yes B No 9 Intellectual property and copyright are synonyms True or false A True B False 10 Which of the following is not an OSS license A GPL B BSD C MIT D EPL E None of the above 50 Getting started with open source d
61. compares the GPL versus the MIT license GPL license MIT license Allow proprietary code to No Yes link to open source code Allow redistribution of No Yes software with other code that has another license Allow redistribution of Yes Derivative work becomes open Yes derivative work source with GPL license Table 3 2 Comparing the GPL vs the MIT reciprocal licenses Let s take an even closer look at the GPL and MIT licenses by reviewing excerpts of each license as shown in Listing 3 1 and 3 2 respectively We will verify each of the licenses satisfy the five intentions explained earlier in Table 3 1 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it thus forming a work based on the Program and copy and distribute such modifications or work provided that you cause any work that you distribute or publish that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves then this License and its terms do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works Chapter 3 Licensing 47 But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Pr
62. d Development Environment Eclipse was developed by IBM in 2001 and donated to the open source community in 2004 Today Eclipse is one of the widest IDEs in use worldwide There are more and more companies whose business model relies on open source For example some companies specialize in delivering an integrated and fully tested environment consisting of different open source software like LAMP The fact that such companies exist is the greatest measure of the success of open source community developed software Chapter 2 discusses in more detail other business models used in the open source world and more details about Eclipse too Other chapters in this book will discuss other successful open source projects in more detail 1 6 Career path We don t want to undermine your intelligence by making you believe that the number of jobs in OSS is much higher than that for proprietary software However though smaller it is a niche market Today it would be easier to get a C C programmer job In order to get developers who have programmed in newer technologies like Python or Ruby and who have understood the community its trends and its ways of working would certainly take a lot more time and effort Just as we make correct technology choices for a software solution based on its architecture organizations need to make choices to find the right fit for the right job With the growing trends of involvement and usage of OSS in companies the
63. d it achieves good adoption there can be significant revenue to be made from providing training and consulting services For example this may be the case with business intelligence software as compared to wiki software By the very nature of being the creators and maintainers of the software it follows that they would be the experts and hence the best trainers and consultants in the market The POSS can achieve this position with minimal spending on marketing efforts 2 5 Platform providers In a not so distant past software systems were monolithic In those days one probably bought the entire system from a single vendor who provided all the software and support needed However these are the days of concepts like Service Oriented Architecture SOA where software systems are built from multiple components from different software vendors and integrated into one system And what if those multiple components were all open source Open source software has permeated every domain of product software Today many software systems in production run entire software stacks consisting of open source software However as you can imagine customers building this type of systems have to face many challenging decisions Which open source software receives community support Which ones have a diminishing number of contributors and is on the way out How can you determine if a given open source software will work well with another one How can these software be
64. d try to understand its requirement If there is any lack of clarity or consistency he can request the user to provide more details Once the idea is clear to the developer he needs to check the status of the present release cycle to ensure if it is proper time to accept the request If YES the developer should ideally walk through the code before permitting the user to check it in And if the opposite is true the request gets scheduled for the next release B One should never try to handle all user change requests himself Rather he should delegate it properly redirect the issues and other reports or requests to the relevant development team and ask any of the people within that group to address it C You may optionally share the code selection criteria of your community with the users so that they keep them in mind while writing the codes and sending acceptance requests This is the best possible way to minimize the effort of screening user contributed codes Appendix B Up and running with DB2 This appendix is a good foundation for learning about DB2 This appendix is streamlined to help you get up and running with DB2 quickly and easily In this appendix you will learn about DB2 packaging DBz2 installation DB2 Tools The DB2 environment DB2 configuration Connecting to a database Basic sample programs DB2 documentation Note For more information about DB2 refer to the free e book Getting Started with DB
65. dels for Proprietary software Did you know When IBM sold the first mainframes the software that was bundled with them was made freely available in open source Users were allowed to modify and enhance it How about open source software companies Stepping back into the evolution of open source software it is fair enough to say that the initial roots of open source software were sowed by either community projects which had mutual sharing as their main concern over business ambitions as in the case of the GNU project or funded by government contracts as in the case of BSD UNIX However as open source software usage progressed to the extent that many of them were viable alternatives to their commercial counterparts commercial software companies became interested in finding ways by which they could promote develop and monetize open source software During this period many startup companies emerged such as Red Hat Red Hat focuses on the development and promotion of the Linux open source software building their revenue and profits around it These companies began to explore new economic models different from traditional commercial software to succeed in the competitive software market This phase companies involved in the development and promotion of open source software has lasted for around a decade or more now Today there are probably very few domains of product software from operating systems to Business Intelligence in which
66. demand for open source developers to take up this work is definitely on the rise IBM itself has shown a lot of involvement in open source software like Eclipse Linux and so on In summary OSS jobs are increasing It s still a niche area but its growth potential makes it worth exploring Needless to say that being an expert in a niche area always calls for a premium salary for oneself 1 7 Exercises Review the following link to learn about the involvement of IBM in OSS development http www accessmylibrary com article 1 G1 133183812 history ibm open source html 1 8 Summary In this chapter you learned about the history of open source and how it evolved over the years You also learned about the underlying difference between the terms free software 28 Getting started with open source development and open source software This moved us to discussing some of the advantages and disadvantages of open source software and how working in the open source space could benefit your career in the long term 1 9 Review questions 1 When was the term Open source first used and by who 2 What does FLOSS stands for 3 List the pros of FLOSS 4 List the cons of FLOSS 5 Which foundation was started when Netscape Communicator software was made open source 6 Which of the following open source projects appears in the 90s EMACS XFree86 KDE Eclipse IDE Th Oe None of the above 7 Who was the founder of the Free Software Fo
67. desired feature may take you weeks but in the process you will learn tones of new and interesting information gain a few ideas that would make that software snappier and meet people from all over the world who share the same passion you do like the one of sitting alone at night with a stash of chips and a can of coke cracking a problem like a mad man in pajamas waiting for the moment the solution comes down that stairway from heaven and rejoicing when it arrives by dancing with his cat Open source communities are full of people like this well maybe not all of them dance with their cats but they love to be challenged and aren t afraid to get involved For them opportunity often appears from necessity which generates motivation which then mutates into fun and responsibility If you are reading this book we assume you are interested in open source and if you haven t already contributed in some way maybe it s because you don t know where or how to start Well as many things in life you have to find the need first motivation is just not enough By need we mean that you should search for a project you have a special interest in for instance start by looking for the ones you use on a day to day basis Take GNU Linux for example Many of us in the open source community use GNU Linux daily for it is a very robust very powerful operating system and with its many distributions it makes for a very good playground for people to enter the FLOS
68. developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0402chong2 index html scenario4 Visual Basic and C ADO Net using the Microsoft ODBC NET Data Provider http Awww iobm com developerworks db2 library techarticle dm 0402chong2 index html scenario5 Appendix B Up and running with DB2 127 B 9 DB2 documentation The DB2 Information Center provides the most up to date online DB2 documentation The DB2 Information Center is a web application You can access the DB2 Information Center online http oublib boulder ibm com infocenter db2luw v9r7 index jsp or you can download and install the DB2 Information Center to your local computer Links to the online DB2 Information Center as well as downloadable versions are available at http www iom com software data db2 9 download html S TACT download amp S CMP exp csite References 1 STREICHER Martin Open source licensing Part 1 The intent IBM developerWorks 2005 http www ibm com developerworks opensource library os license index html 2 BERCZUK S and APPLETON B Software Configuration Management Patterns Effective Teamwork Practical Integration Addison Wesley Professional 2003 3 BERCZUK S APPLETON B and KONIECZKA S Build Management for an Agile Team CM Journal Oct 2003 Vol 2 No 10 4 MYERS G The Art of Software Testing John Wiley amp Sons Feb 1979 Resources Web sites 1 DB2 Express C web site ibm com db2 express Use this web site to downl
69. e bottlenecks by reducing the number of pending user requests Another suggestion is to share with the community the criteria to accept code contributions This way the community will know ahead of time what is required and code accordingly 6 4 Exercises 1 Become a member of an existing OSS community and use your practical knowledge and experience while driving your own project 2 Sourceforge provides an integrated platform for developing open source software Explore http sourceforge net before starting your OSS project You may like to make use of it 6 5 Summary In this chapter you learned how to start an open source software development project of your own You understood how to build up the basic infrastructure of your project how to form a community and how to satisfy its various needs Later the chapter discussed about handling multiple aspects of accepting user contributions and how to get more and more people involved in the project with effective contributions You also learned the way to deal with many user change requests 6 6 Review questions 1 Which two fundamental points a founder of an OSS project must evaluate before starting his project 2 What are the basic steps to start your OSS project How can you grow the awareness of your project 4 Why is it recommended to go for an unchanged version of an already existing OSS license 5 Howcan you overcome the stress of the code review effort 6 1
70. e development project In this chapter you will learn about How different communities operate and how you can fit in Different channels for effective communication across the community How you should interact with others contributors and users Note The writing style starting from this chapter is somewhat different than in the previous chapters This is done on purpose The writing style is used to also reflect the way many people in OSS communities communicate 5 1 Participating in open source development The big picture Open source development is quickly gaining traction as one of the most effective development models Just imagine the consequences of a having a handful of techies and savvy eyes going through your code constantly reviewing it correcting and adding to it In little to no time your project would reach a level of quality you couldn t ever have imagined As discussed in Chapter 4 every major open source project has its own model of organization a tight thought hierarchy where different people with different functions and different skills work in conjunction most commonly across the Web Figure 5 1 illustrates a traditional organization of an open source community 66 Getting started with open source development Community Developers Leader s Figure 5 1 Traditional organization of an open source community In Chapter 4 the focus was mainly on the groups responsible for the development of the
71. e they can grow This is why the Mozilla Foundation was born You may know Mozilla as the organization who brings you Firefox a really good Web browser that happens to be licensed as free and open source software These larger projects function very much like a typical company structured into different departments each with an individual area of operation Did you know In 1993 a company called Netscape released a version of a graphical Web browser named Mosaic Mosaic was one of the first of its kind revolutionary as a matter of fact quickly becoming the world s most popular browser In 1995 Microsoft launched Internet Explorer becoming the first Mosaic opponent Internet Explorer was bundled with Windows which gave it quite an advantage By the end of the 90 s Netscape was already in trouble In order to save the company Netscape leadership created the Mozilla Foundation and released their browser as open source They expected that by releasing the code a community would gather around it helping the company regain the lost market They were right Once you indentify a potential community with whom you d like to get involved you should take some time probing it Try to figure how a new member s work is contributed Many projects will make available information on the subject but many others will not If not in a separate section on their webpage search forums for instructions on how to get your patches or bugs submitted Go for f
72. eat teaching tool is that it doesn t just explain to you how a system should act the Technology Explorer shows you using your database The TE has a large number of views that show you how your database is actually behaving All of the views the TE uses to teach you about DB2 can be used individually making the TE a very powerful monitoring tool as well The Technology Explorer is meant to be a tool for you You can use it change it build it Everything is defined using XML so you don t need to be a programmer to make changes Instruction for extending the TE can be found on our wiki db2mc sf net The TE team can be contacted for help though our Source Forge site sf net projects db2mc While this project was started and is continued to be maintained and extended in an IBM lab this is a community project We want people who use DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows to customize and extend this project and contribute back to the community To provide feedback suggestions or report defects go to the db2mc project on SourceForge net located at sf net projects db2mc Some of the key features of the Technology Explorer are e A light weight web based platform for interacting with DB2 Linux UNIX and Windows servers An easily expandable and customizable Works with DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows Version 9 9 5 and 9 7 Connect to any DB2 data server using only an IP address Contains a wealth of content to highlights demonstrates and teach you about some
73. ect branch the state changes to integrated lf the build passes all the required tests it is made available to the entire community and the issue state changes to Chapter 4 Community driven development 61 validated The originator can now verify that the new build resolves the problem If the error reoccurs the state is switched back to opened and the whole cycle starts again otherwise the issue is closed There are variations to the life cycle illustrated in Figure 4 2 It is common to find new opened issues being closed very soon due to these reasons Duplicate If someone opens an issue for an error which is already known to the development team the issue is closed as a duplicate Non reproducible When an issue cannot be recreated under a similar environment the issue is closed as non reproducible Such instances are very common as users not following an OSS project closely are also able to report failures Moreover there are instances where users open issues without understanding a feature properly This can cause the issue tracking database of a popular OSS to grow considerably with invalid issues To avoid this situation it is the responsibility of the community s active members to follow up the issues as soon as they are opened by either accepting or declining them with proper justifications On the hand users should analyze a problem before opening an issue They should at least perform some basic research by discus
74. eeecceececeee cent eeeeeee eee eeeeaeeeeaeeseeeeseeeeeetaeeneaeeseeeees 47 SA E EEE AEEA A A E iat A EA 48 359 SUMMING EE EAE a ea ee EE a ae ate 48 3 6 Review QUESTIONS urios oraaa ian atai a Ana AnA A E 48 Chapter 4 Community driven development sssssssssesnsuunruunrennenunnnunnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnenn 51 4 1 Community driven development The big picture ceceesceceeeeeeeeeeeeneeteeeeees 51 10 Getting started with open source development 4 1 1 Developers group Software design and development ceeeeeeeeee 53 4 1 2 Builders group Software building ceeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeseaeeetaeeteaeenenes 55 4 1 3 Testers group Software TeSting cc cccceccseseeceeeececeeeeeneeeeeeeeseeeeseaeeteaeeneaes 56 4 1 4 Release management group Packaging ceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeaeees 57 4 1 5 Release management group Releasing 0 2 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeaeees 58 4 2 Installation and issue traCking ceccceeeseeeeeeeeee eset eeaeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeaeeeeeeenaeeeeneaa 59 ArO1 IMStallatOn E EEE EE ETE EE cece E AE EEEE TE ects 59 B22 S906 TWACKING a a aE RAEE A 60 4 3 EKOCI S ia a a ian hae ae tian iad a 61 ATA S mmani eaaa ee ae aeaaea ly a eased nth AE rete ETATS 61 4 5 Review QUESTIONS asasen ieiti i ai DAEA a a n a E a 62 Chapter 5 Participating in open source development sssssssssssnnrnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnn mnnn 65 5 1 Participating in open so
75. eep a coherent image a public relations team is assigned to key areas passing the message along through the community communication channels Active User Active users of the software are the base of the pyramid They use the software provide feedback and may customize the product to their needs The strength of the open source development model comes from the user base and the power given to it A healthy project will empower users to submit feature requests fill out bug reports and will welcome user cooperation using properly administered communication channels In a later section you will be introduced to some of the most used means of communication within a community and you will learn effective ways of getting the word across 5 2 Open source communities Chances are you have found a certain software tool that satisfies your needs but you don t have the money to pay for it So you search through the Internet for an alternative free version and after some time you find a free open source software that seems to have all that you need Quickly you go through the features list and bummer an important feature that would be useful to you is missing Most times someone with similar needs would have already gone through that same path and contributed with code that would have provided this specific feature however not this time this time it s up to youl 68 Getting started with open source development Contributing with code for the
76. enees 31 2 1 Open source business models The big picture cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeteeeeees 31 2 2 Dual lICOnSiInG an ikds ian kane thei el a the aad 33 2 3 Split open source software commercial products cccccceesseeeesseteeeeessteeeeees 34 2A Product SPOClAliSts estran eae tee eea A EN aE EERE aa E ee ckieteteb bet teases 35 2 5 Platform Provide rs ccccceeececeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceaeeeeaaeeeeeeseeeeeeeeaeseeeeeseeeeseaeeseeeseneeess 36 2 6 Business model relationship to liCONSC ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee tees eeeaeeeeeenaeeeeee 37 2 7 Open source business model and proprietary software ccceeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeees 38 2 8 SUMMANY iiri o teeters AnG ee aaa aA ety eA ee ivan eee a a i 39 PQ EXCCISGS xcia ites ate ranna aaa apea E a EA sents scan endaganeats beac aateta aaaea hash 39 2 10 Review QUESTIONS asese ee eet eee ente cette ee ee tate teeta dete NINE etna A A EAA NANa 40 Chapter 3e LICOMmSiing ties a reee ea aa cece aee ae aaao ae Sears aasa aaaea ondaa ohien e iania 43 3 1 Intellectual property copyright and licensing The big picture ccceeseee 43 32 Open Soure IGENSING e a eaa a a aa eaaa a Aea eraa ea aaae akaa eaat 44 3 2 1 History of open source licensing ssseeseesseesseesrreserrsrnssrrssrnssrnssrnssrssrnsssrns 44 3 2 2 Commonly used open source liICENSES ceecceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetaeeeeeeeeeeeetees 46 3 3 Choosing the right license
77. eople in the community can use to communicate their ideas of how they work 8 4 You need to support and grow a community Early adopters and contributors are the lifeblood of any open source project You ignore them at your peril For every 100 or 1000 users you are lucky to find one contributor We were lucky enough that a very experienced and knowledgeable DBA found our project Peter Prib http sourceforge net users peterprib has become an exceptional contributor to the project He has added numerous new pages new tools and utilities and even more branches of code that we have yet been able to integrate into the mainline code stream If he needs something to support his database administration consulting practice he adds it to the project He has also been a great tester and regularly opens defects and adds requirements Peter Prib s most important role is as our domain expert He works with DB2 servers and customers every day There is no substitute for that kind of practical experience He doesn t just say that something is important he invests his time We also receive contributions from universities and colleges They are an outstanding resource for contribution Working on an open source project not only gives a student practical experience but can become part of their portfolio of work Most students work on software owned by another company They can t show their code to anyone else or even prove that their code was used in the fin
78. epts GPL licensed source code and links it with any other code dynamic linking or static linking the linked software also becomes open source Thus the only way proprietary software vendors can link with GPL software without causing their own software to become GPL is by paying the POSS company The POSS company then gives the same software to the proprietary software company under a license that excludes the need for the latter to make their proprietary software open source when they link to it Figure 2 3 summarizes how dual licensing business model works 34 Getting started with open source development Option 1 Open source code Closedsource Open source code P i GPL license Proprietary code GPL license Commercial license Proprietary code POSS provides same Commercial company Commercial company open source code under links proprietary code must use option 2 to two different licenses keep his own code proprietary Figure 2 3 Dual licensing business model As a developer you may want to consider this if you are planning to make code contributions to an open source project that has dual license You will be giving the POSS company the right to make money directly out of your contribution by commercially licensing your code Of course if the POSS company plans to accept your contributions they will ask you to sign a legal document which states that you have given them the rights to do so MySQL JBoss and SugarCR
79. ersion was a sample PHP application for the sample database shipped with DB2 It demonstrated some basic principals of good PHP application development and examples of how to interface with DB2 It evolved into an Open Source project when we understood the importance of flexibility in the design and the value of engaging the DB2 community The first important insight was that sample data provided with the DB2 Sample database isn t as interesting as system data The sample data serves no immediate practical purpose We needed something with a practical application that would attract users to the project Fortunately DB2 9 1 has a ready source of data that is useful to anyone using a DB2 database monitoring and performance data By switching from a sample business application to a sample monitoring and management application the DB2 Monitoring Console Open Source Project was created if you were wondering why the URL for the project is db2mc Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 99 The second insight was that you could describe database tables and views using XML files By switching to XML we created a far more flexible development environment It became easy for anyone to customize the db2mc without writing a single line of code We also took advantage of the outstanding XML support in IBM DB2 By using an XQuery statement we could automatically create a default XML profile for any table or view direct
80. evelopment Chapter 4 Community driven development Open source software is often developed by a group of people who normally have no governing authority or organizational support What are the strategies and methods they follow Which tools do they use at the various phases of the software development life cycle Are these tools available for free This chapter provides the answers to all of the above questions In this chapter you will learn about Various tools used in an open source software development project Processes of designing and writing the programs Managing different versions of the source code and creating new builds Methods of testing and issues tracking How open source software is released 4 1 Community driven development The big picture A community is a diverse group of people sharing their thoughts ideas work and experiences at a common place The term community as used in this chapter is not an exception to this definition In the software industry community driven development broadly means an initiative under which a group of technologists work together with a common vision of producing open source software Most of the OSS development communities who are successful today organize themselves in a similar way as a professional organization or proprietary software company This is why in a well structured OSS community you can find each member has a job role within the team Groups of people
81. ever the business models in the top quadrant have no bearing on the license of the open source software itself 38 Getting started with open source development License independent Product Specialists Platform Providers Dual Licensing Split Open Source Commercial products Specific to License Figure 2 7 Business model relationship to open source software license 2 7 Open source business model and proprietary software Customers startup companies and IT departments are finding it difficult to justify the licensing costs of proprietary software they use and have been looking at open source software as a cost reduction alternative This has taken open source software adoption to new levels especially in segments like Web applications In order to remain competitive several proprietary software vendors have evolved their strategies in this area A widely used strategy is to offer no charge versions of their fee based products The source code of these no charge versions remains close A typical example is with Database Management Systems DBMS Established DBMS vendors such as IBM Oracle and Microsoft compete today with open source DBMSs like MySQL and PostgreSQL by offering Express editions of their popular fee based DBMS systems The Express editions are free of charge and by default have no customer support This means that if you run into a problem such as a defect in the product the vendor will not provide you with any
82. f OSS communities When the software becomes so useful and with enough followers some users take the software to the next level by enhancing it and formally releasing it to the community OSS development often spends less time and budget to test their product Rather they leverage the community to test and fix the code themselves and to provide feedback for new functionality In addition this unique approach makes open source software very robust 4 1 4 Release management group Packaging Users give preference to a product that is well packaged In an open source software the core item of a package is the source code A standard package includes accessories like an installation guide a user manual and other information Packages of software written in high level languages like C or C that require compilation of the source code optionally may contain a pre compiled executable version of the product All of these elements are put together within a single directory and compressed into a single file The format of the compressed file depends on the operating system on which the software is meant to run On Linux or UNIX packages are presented in formats like far gz etc 58 Getting started with open source development which are created using compression utilities like tar gzip bgzip bzip2 On Windows the distribution package is zip If the software has operating system specific versions each of them is released in separate pac
83. field and a check mark under the Authenticated field as shown in Figure 8 5 below L db2admin sample l o Fie View Monitor Tools Leam Hep lt gt e Welcome to the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 v3 5 Connection manager New Connect Disconnect E Aci Authenticated Database Host Jser nd va sample db2adr aig E f Technology Explorer for IBN The Technolc of building blc you learn abc contacted for Figure 8 5 Connected to the Sample database 94 Getting started with open source development If you get an error message check that You have entered the correct combination of user name and password The user has authorization to connect to the database The database name is spelled properly For remote databases make sure the host name and port number are correct The DB2 database server is running Note Connecting to a DB2 database is discussed in detail in the free eBook Getting started with DB2 Express C You can also watch this video http Awww channeldb2 com video video show id 807741 3AVideo 3A4222 8 2 2 2 Display tables views and aliases With the TE you can display DB2 catalog tables and views Select DB2 catalog views from the View menu at the top of the page as illustrated in Figure 8 6 File View Monitor Tools Leam Help Database detail P Configuration parameters i _Vonn Authorities a Active DB2 features license status z
84. ftware development The evolution of the open source movement Open source versus free software Advantages and disadvantages of open source Trends and perspectives Career prospective in the open source world 1 1 A brief history about open source development The story of open source development started long before Richard Stallman created the Free Software movement In the 50 s and 60 s almost all the software that existed was mostly produced by research institutes Software was not seen as a product In those times computer companies were in the hardware business and software was made freely available to encourage hardware sales The source code was distributed with the software because users often had to change the code to fix bugs or add new features to support hardware issues During this time software was developed and distributed by communities of user groups and no effort was needed to make it freely available Things started to change in the early 1970 s when operating systems and compilers began to grow very fast with the emergence of micro processors For almost a decade until the early 1980 s computer vendors and software companies began to routinely charge for software licenses and sell software as a product imposing legal restrictions on new software developments through copyrights trademarks and leasing contracts At that time 22 Getting started with open source development two different groups both in United States
85. gem adapter amp driver 1BM_D8 1 5 0 August 21 2009 Public Areas Latest News A ii IBM_DB adapter gem refresh 1 5 0 Figure 7 2 The RubyForge site showing the DB2 RoR module main page bottom 86 Getting started with open source development The bottom part of the Web page has a more detailed view of the items in the main menu for example the Latest File Releases area gives you a description of the latest version as well as the date it came out and a quick link for downloading it Below the Public Areas section and the Latest News section follow the same principle Either using the menu or these sections will lead you to the same content It is important though that when you first arrive to a system like this you take some time to understand it The sheer quantity of information with unusual nomenclatures can have an overwhelming impact 7 3 Submitting a bug The purpose of this chapter is to effectively use the knowledge we gathered from the rest of the book One way of doing so is to imagine a situation where you have to submit a bug in the DB2 rails driver As you have seen in the previous chapters there are many ways of contributing to open source without having to type in a line of code Submitting a bug may come across as trivial but in fact most open source developers deal with poorly submitted bugs regularly Bugs exist since the first piece of software was created Some bugs are nastier than others and c
86. h more features 2 9 Exercises Review the following article which provides a brilliant analogy about a POSS company and bee keeping http wiki pentaho com display BEEKEEPER The Beekeeper 40 Getting started with open source development 2 10 Review questions 1 Name a well known database company that uses the dual licensing business model In which business model would the Eclipse project and its various plug ins fall under What are Professional Open Source Software Companies Describe how DB2 Express C is different from its competitors like Oracle XE or Microsoft SQL Server Express What is the value proposition from businesses using the Platform Providers Business Model Which of the following is not one of the top business models used in open source A Dual licensing B Platform Providers C OS Providers D All of the above E None of the above Which of the following business models require specific licenses A Split open source Commercial products B Platform providers C OS Providers D All of the above E None of the above Which of the following is a characteristic of DB2 Express C A DB2 Express C is a free database server by IBM B DB2 Express C has no limitation on the database size or the number of users C DB2 Express C can run on Linux Windows and the Mac OS D All of the above E None of the above What are the advantages of the express versions of some commercial products like D
87. ighlighting SQL Once you have run through the tutorial you are free to go back and alter the SQL or XML and rerun the statements all against a live database We also support including pages from the DB2 Information Center or other pages for example a list of tables in the right side of the page instead of the ad hoc page As the number of tutorials grew they were grouped together into larger workshops that focus on business problems Additional functions like graphing and driving multiuser workloads were added to demonstrate more complex scenarios The XML language which we developed to describe each tutorial acts as a script It is easy to modify and easy to copy to create a new tutorial More importantly just like the XML that defines the display pages in the TE the tutorial XML acts as a language that people can use to describe their ideas Instead of simply publishing documents the tutorial structure can be used to explain a management process to a new DBA or highlight a valuable technique for getting the most out of DB2 Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 105 Make sure you take the time to understand why you are investing in an open source project It may be as simple as a way to learn a new technology With each step the reason to keep investing time and resources may change Whether it was as a sample PHP program an open source monitor or a community tool and teaching platform the T
88. igley 66808 30 650 25 Rothman 76502 83 1152 00 James 43504 60 128 20 Koonitz 38001 75 1386 76 Plotz 78352 80 Ngan 28 206 68 Figure B 5 The DB2 Command Window You can easily identify you are working in the DB2 Command Window by looking at the window title which always includes the words DB2 CLP as highlighted in the figure From the DB2 Command Window all commands must be prefixed with db2 For example in the above figure two statements are issued db2 connect to sample db2 select from staff 120 Getting started with open source development For Linux the equivalent of the DB2 Command Window is simply the Linux shell or terminal where the DB2 environment has been set up by executing the db2profile file This file is created by default and added to the login file for the DB2 instance owner By default the DB2 instance owner is db2inst1 B 4 2 2 DB2 Command Line Processor The DB2 Command Line Processor CLP is the same as the DB2 Command Window with one exception that the prompt is db2 gt rather than an operating system prompt To start the DB2 Command Line Processor on Windows use Start gt Programs gt IBM DB2 gt DB2COPY1 Default gt Command Line Tools gt Command Line Processor or alternatively from a DB2 Command Window or Linux shell type db2 and press Enter The prompt will change to db2 as shown in Figure B 6 c DB2 CLP DB2COPY1 C Program Files I BM SQLLI B BIN gt db2 lt c
89. in the TE File View Statistics Health Tools Leam Help Information Connections Tables x Ad hoc SQL CG Ad hoc SQL File History Options Run Clear results SELECT TABSCHEMA AS TABSCHEMA TABNAME AS TABNAME CARD AS CARD TYPE AS BSPACEID AS TBSPACEID case when type in T S then coalesce IBSPACE partitioned end AS TBSPACE FPAGES AS PA D D FROM SYSCAT TABLES as ORDER BY TABSCHEMA ASC TABNAME ASC FOR READ ONLY Result 1 of 1 Result 1 of 1 Generate table definition XML View Save TABSCHEMA TABNAME STATUS TBSPACEID TBSPACE string string int string DISEASE_DESCRIPTION i RELDATA GE 4776222955_45 OUI_PATIENT_DATA partitioned GRP1264776222955_45 PATIENI_DETAILS 1 1 RELDATA GRP1264776222955_45 PATIENT_INFO_INSURANCE KOHLMANN ACT i USERSPACE1 KOHLMANN USERSPACE1 Figure 8 16 Running ad hoc statements 8 6 Understand your business model A business model isn t always about making money by selling a product or service Sometimes especially with open source it can be about saving money or sharing a cost and risk It is always about understanding why you are investing in a project In some cases open source is the basis for a services business The software is free but support comes at a cost Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 103 Several companies are built around this model for Linux or PHP In some cases there is a
90. indows and the Mac OS and can be installed on hardware of any size Applications developed for DB2 Express C will work with no modification on other editions of DB2 should you need to upgrade because DB2 Express C is built using the same code base as the other DB2 editions For more information visit ibm com db2 express Did you know When Oracle bought Sun Microsystems in 2009 MySQL became an Oracle product since MySQL had been bought by Sun a few years earlier At the time of writing Oracle has not made it clear what are its plans for MySQL but there are interesting comments here http freedb2 com 2009 09 22 ellison oracle does not compete with mysql mysql disagrees In conclusion using an Express version does have its merits when the product offers you low cost optional support flexibility of use and an easy upgrade path to more sophisticated editions in the future as your needs grow 2 8 Summary This chapter started with an explanation about the open source software ecosystem and how it generates money to sustain itself It then explained the different business models that exist in the world of open source and how choosing a model can impact you as a contributor to open source software communities Finally we looked at Express versions of proprietary software as an alternative for companies to start with no licensing cost the option for low cost customer support and the possibility to easily upgrade to a version wit
91. ion logs are stored in My Documents DB2LOG db2 log My Documents DB2LOG db2wi log Appendix B Up and running with DB2 117 Several Windows services are created B 3 2 Installation on Linux DB2 installation on Linux is straight forward and requires the following basic steps 1 2 Log on as the Root user to install DB2 After downloading DB2 Express C for Linux from ibm com db2 express look for the file db2setup and execute it db2setup Follow the self explanatory instructions from the wizard Choosing default values is normally sufficient The following is performed by default during installation DB2is installed in opt ibm db2 vV9 7 Three user IDs are created The default values are listed below db2inst1 instance owner db2fenc1 Fenced user for fenced routines dasusr1 DAS user Three user groups are created corresponding to the above user IDs db2iadm1 db2fadm1 dasadm1 Instance db2inst1 is created The DAS dasusr1 is created Installation logs are stored in tmp db2setup his tmp db2setup log tmp db2setup err B 4 DB2 tools There are several tools that are included with a DB2 data server such as the DB2 Control Center the DB2 Command Editor and so on Starting with DB2 version 9 7 however most of these tools are deprecated that is they are still supported but no longer enhanced in favor of IBM Data Studio IBM Data Studio is provided as a separate package not included with DB2 Refer
92. ion terms comply with the Open Source Definition OSD There are ten criteria mentioned at the OSI Web site http Awww opensource org docs osd The main intentions for the OSD are described in the article Open source licensing Part 1 The intent 1 by Martin Streicher and are summarized in Table 3 1 below Intention Licensees are free to use open source software for any purpose whatsoever Licensees are free to make copies of open source software and are free to distribute those copies without payment of royalties to a licensor Licensees are free to create derivative works of open source software and are free to distribute those works without payment of royalties to a licensor Licensees are free to access and use the source code of open source software Licensees are free to combine open source and other software Explanation This basically means that the licensee need not justify the usage of the open source software This implies that the licensee can redistribute the software at a cost or free of charge This allows the licensee to modify the open source software and then redistribute it with or without charge The licensee is in no way liable to pay any amount to the licensor for this neither can the licensor pose any restrictions on the derivative works A pre requisite for intention 3 to occur is the pre existence of intention 4 This means the source code is freely available This gives the licensee
93. is a collaborative Web site developed and maintained by a group of people for knowledge sharing purpose In an OSS community active members who are aware of the various technical details of the project generally publish their own articles in the form of tutorials http wiki rubyonrails org is an example of such a wiki maintained by the Ruby on Rails user group Wikis are generally open to all for contribution with restriction only to the deletion of pages Feeling the pulse of the community is not restricted to their official communication channels Weblogs also known as blogs have emerged has one of the most valid means of sharing thoughts around the Web You are guaranteed to gather a lot of helpful information through blog surfing Planets are aggregation of blogs Every major community has one it s like a newsletter but much more effective Developers write about their work and you get to know what s happening from an insider s point of view It is also one great way members can gain visibility in the community After all being credited for great work is the only and best payback community members receive and everyone likes to be appreciated for their work Still the best way by far for feeling your community is to meet the members in person The most active and passionate members that happen to share the same geographic location organize themselves once in a while to go out and get to know each other These are called user groups
94. it becomes DB2 Express Additional functionality added to DB2 Express becomes DB2 Workgroup and so on Figure B 2 illustrates why it is so easy to upgrade from DB2 Express C to any other DB2 server should you need to in the future All DB2 servers editions are built based on DB2 Express C Also applications built for DB2 Express C are applicable on other DB2 Editions as well Your applications will function without any modifications required B 2 2 DB2 clients and drivers When you install a DB2 server a DB2 client component is also installed If you only need to install a client you can install either the IBM Data Server Client or the IBM Data Server Runtime Client Figure B 3 illustrates these two clients IBM Data Server Client IBM Data Server Runtime Client GUI Tools Drivers amp Network Development Support Tools amp Libraries Figure B 3 DB2 Clients 116 Getting started with open source development From the above figure you can see the IBM Data Server Runtime client has all the components you need driver and network support to connect and work with a DB2 Data Server The IBM Data Server client has this same support and also includes GUI Tools and libraries for application development In addition to these clients provided are these other clients and drivers DB2 Runtime Client Merge Modules for Windows mainly used to embed a DB2 runtime client as part of a Windows application installation IBM Data Server Dr
95. iver for JDBC and SQLJ allows Java applications to connect to DB2 servers without having to install a client IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI allows ODBC and CLI applications to connect to a DB2 server without having to install a client IBM Data Server Driver Package includes a Windows specific driver with support for NET environments in addition to ODBC CLI and open source This driver was previously known as the IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC CLI and NET There is no charge to use DB2 clients or drivers B 3 Installing DB2 In this section we explain how to install DB2 using the DB2 setup wizard B 3 1 Installation on Windows DB2 installation on Windows is straight forward and requires the following basic steps 1 Ensure you are using a local or domain user that is part of the Administrator group on the server where you are installing DB2 2 After downloading and unzipping DB2 Express C for Windows from ibm com db2 express look for the file setup exe and double click on it 3 Follow the self explanatory instructions from the wizard Choosing default values is normally sufficient 4 The following is performed by default during the installation DB2 is installed in c Program Files IBM SQLLIB The DB2ADMNS and DB2USERS Windows operating system groups are created The instance DB2 is created under C Program Files IBM SQLLIB DB2 The DB2 Administration Server DAS is created Installat
96. ize and extend the TE 40ft4 Add a reference to the Tables page TE Workshop lt gt a Adhoc sat Adding a new reterence Instead of remembering SQL you can easily add a link to the Tables page to Adding a new reference lt fore column same tabschena gt look up dependency information e ena 1 Customizing the TE 2 Extending the TE The pages in the Technology Explorer for lt local_column_nane gt tabschema lt local_column_name gt O82 are defined in XML profiles Each page has a s own XML profile stored within the web server The file displayed to lt ref foreign column name tabname gt the right is the XML definition for the 2 E Tables page The XML file controls the lt local colunn name gt tabname lt local column name gt SQL to run how the columns are displayed cross reference links and lt ref gt actions It even controls detailed information on the page itself searching lt reference gt rules how many rows to display and much more lt ref gt lt reference nase Dapandanciea gt Goal Add a reference within the Table page s lt c_titie gt Dependencies lt c_titie gt XML table definition file You can use the modified file displayed to the nght as an example lt reftype gt table lt reftype gt Steps to complete lt refvalue gt SYSCAT TABDEP lt refvalue gt Open a terminal and run the following command lt i con gt limages ican wor i e sudo gedit Nar werw ableDefiniti
97. kages Once the package is prepared it goes through a small test by a few developers to ensure the final version of the product can be decompressed installed and works correctly Then it is published in one or more internet Web sites for download In some cases if there is budget CDs or DVDs can be ordered online at no charge 4 1 5 Release management group Releasing Releasing software means making a completely new or upgraded version of a software available to the users A new release introduces a product into the market and an upgraded version provides fixes for errors found in a previous released version and optionally adds new features To distinguish the versions from each other each OSS community follows its own convention of using unique numbers for every release Provided below is a template of such numbering scheme for the file names of the compressed package The file extension is not shown but it would be tar gz zip and so on as discussed in the previous section Abcdefg x y z lt Alpha Beta gt In the above example Abcdefg is the name of the software and x y and z represent the major minor and micro components of the unique release number respectively A release containing only small fixes for a previous version is considered as a small or minor release and thus associated with the same release number as that of the previous one incrementing its last digit micro component by 1 For example if a product was
98. l the software without reading the instructions It is recommended to at least review the README or INSTALL files Typical installation steps for open source software are Understanding the system configuration Compiling the source code Executing the installation file For example on a Linux or UNIX based system the sequence of commands below accomplish these three steps configure make make install The first command is executed from the location where the software package is extracted It invokes a tiny program called configure generally included with the package to detect the hardware and software specifications of the machine and create a Makefile containing the set of instructions to complete the installation process 60 Getting started with open source development The second command make compiles the source code of the software as dictated by the Makefile The third command make install reads the configuration specifications of the computer from the Makefile and installs the software into it Although the first two commands can be executed by any normal user the last one needs root access If the OSS package does not contain the configure script users are provided with a Makefile they can edit with their computer s configuration and start the setup process from the second step Note that users can change the source code at any time and go through this process again to install the modified
99. ll the files were modified and their versions were upgraded to 1 Since all the files were modified all are compiled and linked to create Build 1 On the net iteration only source code file A and C are modified creating second versions of them A2 and C2 As aresult when creating Build 2 only A2 and C2 are compiled and then linked with B1 and D1 Similarly Build 3 is created based on the newly compiled A3 and precompiled B1 C2 and D1 Berczuk and Appleton have divided software builds into the following three distinct categories in their book Software Configuration Management Patterns 2 and an additional paper with Konieczka Build Management for an Agile Team 3 Private build A private build is a new version of a developer s personal branch in a DVCS Naturally this type of build is only visible to its owner and he can access it locally even when working offline Integration build An integration build is created from the compilation and linking of the main project branch and is available to all within the community for use Release build A release build is the final version of the software to be shipped It is basically a snapshot of a stable integration build which users use as a product Frequent builds allow the source code to undergo less number of modifications This reduces the effort needed for debugging and fixing the new errors On the other hand the build process involves a l
100. ly from the DB2 catalog with just a push of a button Creating a new display used to take an hour or more It now took minutes Figure 8 14 shows an example of an XML profile Figure 8 14 XML Profile This also added the ability to look at the contents of any table or view Selecting the contents icons on the tables or view catalog page generates a default profile that is fed back to the page generator to create a default display for any page or view This eliminated the tedious task of creating new pages With this new flexibility we also wanted to start engaging the DB2 community Quick and simple displays are only useful if they contain meaningful information The best way we felt to do this was to make the code available as an open source project We hoped that DBA s would take some of the SQL queries they use every day and convert them to pages in the db2mc More importantly we wanted them to contribute their work back to the DB2 100 Getting started with open source development community so other people could see the insight they gained from SQL that some DBA had taken years to develop The key insight that drives the Technology Explorer project is that to engage the community of database users you need an interface that is as flexible and dynamic as the SQL or XML languages There are over 200 XML profiles shipped with the TE They not only account for over 90 of the code shipped with the TE they represent an open language that p
101. ly discuss some basic features and operations that the TE offers Connect to a database Display table and view contents and the output of queries Run ad hoc queries View and change database configuration and monitoring parameters Display basic monitoring information Create and work with tutorials and workshops If you would like to know more about how to use TE in detail a step by step guide is also available on the TE SourceForge site 8 2 2 1 Connecting to a Database Figure 8 2 shows the TE starting page This is the page that appears when you start the TE in your browser 92 Getting started with open source development L Not connected File View Monitor Tools lt CG Welcome to the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 v3 5 a l Leam Help Information Connections Connection manager 41 ee New No connec gt Feed Reader Feed Manager Refresh No Ez Sourceforge News DB2 Support IDUG Express C Forum Chris Eaton s Blog Planet DB2 pein mes F The Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 Technolo lorer E vs The Technology Explorer TE is a light weight web based console for DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows The Technology Explorer strives to be a teaching tool for all users of DB2 Whether you re just starting to use DB2 or have been for years there are tutorials for you around many aspects of DB2 Part of what makes the TE such a gr
102. mmon for opinions to diverge and matters to get out of hand For that reason communities often follow guidelines for user behavior These guidelines emphasize users and contributors communication conventions as to maintain social order and effectiveness These are some of the community guidelines Search before you ask This principle is quite simple sometimes the information you are looking for is clearly stated somewhere within the project documentation or commonly available around the internet It may be easier to ask on a mailing list or forum but this would be the equivalent to asking someone else to do the work for you Do not engage in acts of verbal aggression The Internet is a wonderful place it enables people to communicate across continents with no connection whatsoever to their real identity this triggers some primal human behaviors issues in some of us Enabling these behaviors in yourself will not bring anything helpful to the conversation it will however destroy any credibility you have left Do not support acts of verbal aggression If you are taking part on a discussion when all of a sudden a flame war erupts please do not take part on it respect other people s opinions be constructive and try to positively explain your view Do remember a hierarchy exists as in your professional life you ll often find people with more authority and lesser technical expertise Know were to ask your questions Usuall
103. n source development D Accept code only from known external users E None of the above Chapter 7 Case Study Contributing to an open source project If you made it this far you must be thrilled and wanting to get your hands dirty Use this chapter as your first guided tour to contribute to a real project All the knowledge you ve gained thus far can be applied following the step by step example provided in this chapter The subject of our study is the DB2 module to Ruby on Rails Why You may ask Because the authors of this book are familiar with it and it will give us the opportunity to take a look to a very important tool 7 1 Ruby on Rails and the DB2 module There are a few tools that can help you develop Web applications Ruby on Rails RoR is certainly one of the best Ruby on Rails is a Web application framework developed by David Hansson and released in 2004 since then it has gained a lot of traction and has become widely used Its adoption is much due to its simplicity and philosophy Ruby on Rails builds on principles such as Don t Repeat Yourself and Convention over Configuration RoR is based on the Model View Controller MVC architecture and built in tools such as scaffolding which guarantee a rapid and easy development DB2 is a relational database management system first released in 1983 by IBM Even though it is not an open source software DB2 has a no charge version known as DB2 Express C giving us the abili
104. nating many of the project subdivisions In the early years of OSS documentation was particularly important because working with OSS was not that straight forward Only those who had the patience and skill could get this software working Today documentation is still very important since community members often rotate software development positions 110 Getting started with open source development It is the responsibility of the documentation writer to ensure that every person can use the software in hand 4 Translators are needed because OSS communities are worldwide communities Though every member must have some English skills having documentation in their own language will help 5 Two guidelines can be Search before you ask Do not engage in acts of verbal aggression 6 E 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 C Chapter 6 1 Before starting an open source software development project a person must evaluate following two key points A What is the fundamental idea or requirement of your software Do you feel many people would have same kind of requirements B Is there any software already available in the market for the same purpose If yes where does your product stand out i e why would people use it Following are the basic steps for setting up the infrastructure of the project Fix a definite mission or goal for your project Plan a roadmap or strategy to accomplish your objective Find people Understand the basic
105. nd trade secrets Copyright gives the creator of the original work exclusive rights in terms of usage distribution and customization of the work Some of the privileges copyright provides to the author of software include The right to produce and sell copies of the work The right to create derivative works The right to sell transfer or reassign any of the rights granted by copyright to others The transfer of rights by the author partly or wholly at his own terms is what we refer to as licensing The term license means permission The copyright holder or licensor grants another person known as the licensee specific permissions to use the work Figure 3 1 depicts this relationship between licensor licensee and license It also shows that a license is a subset of the privileges that the Copyright Act grants the licensor The 44 Getting started with open source development licensor permits the licensee to use these privileges as agreed between the two parties in the license Intellectual Property Copyright l Licensee Licensor Copyright Holder Figure 3 1 Relationship between licensor licensee and license 3 2 Open source licensing This section provides a brief history about open source licensing its intent and a brief description of commonly used licenses 3 2 1 History of open source licensing The open source software movement traces its history to the formation of the Free Software Foundation FSF
106. nge it extend it and use it to share your ideas Everything is defined using XML so you don t need to write code to make changes Some of the key features of the Technology Explorer are Is a light weight Web based platform for interacting with DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows ls easy to expand and customize Works with DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows version 9 1 9 5 and 9 7 Connects to any DB2 data server using only an IP address Contains a wealth of content to highlight demonstrate and teach you about DB2 s core features Figure 8 1 shows the Technology Explorer It can run on most popular browsers 90 Getting started with open source development Fie View Statistics Health Toots Leam Help Information Connections lt CG Tables Search View Developer Options Viewresults 110100 Contents xa 1 Schema 2 Table Tye gt Status Count gt Number of f Columns indexes Prnileges gt Tablespace r 1 G GRP1264776222955_45 DISEASE DESCRIPTION Table Normal 9 No Stats E amp GP RELDATA a 2 BG GRP1264776222955_45 OUT_PATIENT_DATA Table Normal 9 No Stas D 8 amp partitioned 3 G amp _ GRP1264776222955_45 PATIENT_DETAILS Table Normal g NoStts O a amp RELDATA 4 a GR GRP1264776222955_45 PATIENT_INFO_INSURANCE Table Normal p Nosas m 8 amp RELDATA 5 amp KOHUMANN ACT Table Normal g NoStats a amp USERSPACE 6 a fT KOMUMANN ADEFUSR Materialize Normal 9 s 8
107. nt happened in 1994 when Robert McCool developed the Apache HTTP server This Web server played a key role in the development of the World Wide Web and it was the first open source alternative to the Netscape Web server Today more than 100 million Web sites use Apache as their Web server of choice as shown in Figure 1 2 24 Getting started with open source development BOR Apache Microsoft Sun nginx Google qq com NCSA Other wwonrenre owooarand GHttaAntmrtnonrtrwTowbowewoenrerene Oo aM OararnaraanrnanrnccdcdccocsoceoscococoscosclcUcSCUCUOCOCUCUCMSCUC A A A a AN A RA A TR O O OFO O O OOO OT Oa OG O O O and did ct FA eH HANNAN AN ANAN NN NN NN NN ANI eee ee ee Re ee oe G et eet eet ee ee ee eet Set Soa Sos FS FS tC Se Se Sea aS SS eS KS SS Srey Fab beer Peete cer lake Ir eed ior T Irs ier Hvar Hiivar Whar Wit bar Pibsey Fests Jetere Wier oir ivr aise tier T leisy les Figure 1 2 Market share for top Web servers across all domains according to Netcraft http www netcraft com In 1995 Marc Ewing created his own Linux distribution called RedHat RedHat is nowadays a major company that provides operating system platforms along with middleware applications and management products as well as support training and consulting services In 1996 the KDE and GNOME desktop environments were developed providing basic desktop functionality for daily needs as well as development tools Two years later in
108. nt is an incremental process where functionality is added or removed one by one At any given time the code of different modules may undergo frequent modifications by different individuals or groups which create different versions of the same code Version control or revision control is the mechanism to manage all of these versions in an effective way There are two varieties of version control systems Centralized Version Control System CVCS This is perhaps the most widely used version control system to date It works in a centralized manner which means that developers and testers around the world have to connect to a server where a central repository for the entire project is stored Concurrent Versions System CVS is a very well known open source CVCS http ftp gnu org non gnu cvs To get a private copy of a particular file you first need to check it out from the repository Once done with your changes you may commit or save your work into the repository by checking the file in CVS will automatically increment the version or revision number by 1 and record all the necessary information about the change in its log If someone else had already committed some other changes to the same file CVS will automatically merge your changes with those of the other person This system also allows a user to track back the old versions of a file By comparing two successive versions of a file you can easily determine modifications introduced
109. oad the image for DB2 Express C servers DB2 clients DB2 drivers manuals access to the team blog mailing list sign up etc DB2 Express C forum www iobm com developerworks forums dw_forum jsp forum 805 amp cat 19 Use the forum to post technical questions when you cannot find the answers in the manuals yourself DB2 Information Center http publib boulder ibm com infocenter db2 luw v9 index jsp The information center provides access to the online manuals It is the most up to date source of information developerWorks http www 128 ibm com developerworks db2 This Web site is an excellent resource for developers and DBAs providing access to current articles tutorials etc for free alphaWorks http www alphaworks ibm com This Web site provides direct access to IBM s emerging technology It is a place where one can find the latest technologies from IBM Research planetDB2 www planetDB2 com This is a blog aggregator from many contributors who blog about DB2 DB2 Technical Support 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 If you purchased the 12 months subscription license of DB2 Express C you can download fixpacks from this Web site http www ibm com software data db2 support db2_9 ChannelDB2 ChannelDB2 is a social network for the DB2 community It features content such as DB2 related videos demos podcasts blogs discussions resources etc for Linux UNIX Windows z OS and i5 OS ht
110. oes a bit deeper describing the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 an open source project hosted at sourceForge net it also summarizes and revisits some of the concepts discussed in the previous chapters Exercises are provided with most chapters There are also review questions in each chapter to help you learn the material answers to review questions are included in Appendix A A book for the community This book was created by the community a community consisting of university professors students and professionals including IBM employees The online version of this book is released to the community at no charge Numerous members of the community from around the world have participated in developing this book which will also be translated to several languages by the community If you would like to provide feedback contribute new material improve existing material or help with translating this book to another language please send an email of your planned contribution to db2univ ca ibm com with the subject Getting started with open source development book feedback 14 Getting started with open source development Conventions Many examples of commands SQL statements and code are included throughout the book Specific keywords are written in uppercase bold For example ANULL value represents an unknown state Commands are shown in lowercase bold For example The dir command lists all files and subdirectories on Windows SQL sta
111. of DB2 s core features Figure 8 2 TE starting page The main menu bar is at the top of the page The database connection manager is at the top left The RSS feed reader is at the bottom left and the introduction page is on the right To create a new database connection click on New in the top right corner of the connection manager as shown in Figure 8 3 below File View Monitor Tools Learn Help CG Welcome to the Technology Ex IBM DB2 v3 5 Connection manager ig ZE p Technology Explore jor iam DB2 Figure 8 3 Creating a new connection Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 93 If you are connecting to a database on your local machine enter the database name user name and password as shown in Figure 8 4 below The password field color will change from red to green when you enter a password Connection Form Connect to a database Previous C connections Persistent El Database sample Hostname l Port number User name ab2admin Password feswwesee Comment Connect Cancel Figure 8 4 Connection Form If you are connecting to a remote database then you must also enter the host name of the database machine as well as the port number used by the DB2 instance the default is 50000 Click on Connect The TE should load with the connection details in the top left panel with an arrow under the Active
112. ogram the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it Listing 3 1 An excerpt of the GNU license The sentence You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it thus forming a work based on the Program and copy and distribute such modifications or work indicates that licensees are free to access and use open source software for any purpose and that they are free to create and distribute derivative works Intention 1 3 4 and 5 In the same sentence the clause copy and distribute such modifications or work further indicates that licensees are free to make copies of the open source software Intention 2 Copyright c year copyright holders Permission is hereby granted free of charge to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files the Software to deal in the Software without restriction including without limitation the rights to use copy modify merge publish distribute sublicense and or sell copies of the Software and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so subject to the following conditions lt text that follows has been removed for the sake of brevity gt The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software Listing 3 2
113. on C KDE A Richard Stallman D A amp B B Free as in Free speech 10 D B amp C Chapter 2 1 2 3 a MySQL Split Open Source software commercial products POSS companies help the consumer manage the risks of deploying open source software Not limits on data storage and usage No limits on type of hardware used Paid support option It is difficult to work in an OSS environment with many different OSS products that have not been tested together Using the Platform providers business model a company offers a tested environment and provides support C OS Providers is not a business model A Split open source commercial products 108 Getting started with open source development 8 9 D All of the above C All of the above 10 D All of the above Chapter 3 1 2 N wo Should be based on OSD Open Source Definition To avoid possible lawsuits GPL MIT BSD They have contradictory statements however both satisfy the intentions for OSS licenses according to the OSI Academic and reciprocal Yes Yes Yes False Intellectual property IP is a superset containing copyrights trademarks etc 10 E None of the above Chapter 4 1 In the software industry community driven development broadly means an initiative under which a group of technologists work together with a common vision of producing open source software CVCS allows a single central repository for
114. onsfable E aana lt ref foreign_column_name bschema gt Add a new column to be displayed within the display columns element The changes are outlined lt local_column_name gt tabschema lt local column name gt in the file to the nght Refer to the legend below lt ref gt Do this by e Copyingtne cot ef cree foreign column nane faand gt Figure 8 15 Tutorial on how to customize the Technology Explorer 102 Getting started with open source development Adopting is also about easily making the transition from what you are already using As mentioned before you can easily create a new display in the Technology Explorer by selecting the XML icon from the table or view page You can also export the SQL embedded in any XML profile to the ad hoc SQL page Often we found that the results we needed were not available from a simple table or view DB2 DBAs have also spent years developing SQL to answer key questions about the databases they are managing To give them a way to use their SQL we added the ad hoc SQL page It not only allows them to reuse their SQL they can quickly build new pages based on their existing SQL The Generate table definition XML actions on the results tab will automatically generate an XML profile for any statement you can run in the ad hoc window Building a bridge from existing practice to your new technology will greatly accelerate adoption Figure 8 16 illustrates running ad hoc statements
115. opers have the interest to understand your feedback and fix problems proactively Refer to Chapter 5 Participating in open source development for more information about this topic Other requirements of the project include various software development tools for version control issue tracking automating build process designing coding and testing We have discussed about these tools in Chapter 4 Community driven development 6 3 Accepting contributions Chapter 5 gave you an idea on how you can contribute to an open source project This section tells you how to drive the car on your own Growth of an OSS project strongly relies on code or some other contributions from the outer world And as you have already learned the only way to gather such contributions in large scale is to make your software popular among the users so that they feel enthusiastic about participating effectively in your project It is not very easy to make a product widely visible in the present competitive market However if the key concept is innovative and if your software is distinctly ahead of other existing products it is definitely not impossible OSS development projects typically start with small communities Since commitment to the project is completely voluntary some developers may not always devote much time on your project when they are busy with other important jobs In such situations it becomes really challenging to take the work forward with limited
116. opment is all about Learn about open source licenses Understand how to work with open source communities Learn about open source business models and trends Start and contribute to open source projects Practice using hands on exercises Open source software development is a community driven methodology to develop software products from the design and development stages to distribution Developers across different parts of the world are passionate about their collaboration and several successful projects including Firefox Moodle and Drupal are widely used today Moreover many companies are using open source software as the foundation to build their business models This book gets you started into the fascinating world of open source software development Using the exercises and case studies provided you will get good hands on experience to contribute to and start open source projects To learn more about open source development visit ibm com developerworks opensource To learn more or download DB2 Express C visit ibm com db2 express To socialize and watch related videos visit channelDB2 com This book is part of the DB2 on Campus book series free eBooks for the community Learn more at db2university com 9 780986 628337 Price 24 99USD
117. or 1 DB2COPY1 connect to sample select from staff connect to sample select from staff connect to sample Database Connection Information Database server DB2 NT 9 7 0 SQL authorization ID ARFCHONG Local database alias SAMPLE select from staff 98357 50 20 Pernal 20 Sales 78171 25 30 Marenghi 38 Mgr 77506 75 20 Calana nonne nn Figure B 7 The DB2 Command Editor 122 Getting started with open source development B 5 The DB2 environment Figure B 8 provides a quick overview of the DB2 environment DB2 Express C Server Database MYDB 1 Figure B 8 The DB2 Environment The figure illustrates a server where DB2 Express C has been installed The smaller boxes in light green Environment Variables Database Manager Configuration File Database Configuration File DB2 Profile Registry are the different areas where a DB2 server can be configured and they will be explained in more detail in the next section The larger dark green box represents an instance which in this example has the name myinst An instance is an environment where database objects can be created On the same server you can create several instances each of which is treated independently For example you can use an instance for development another one for test and another one for production Table B 1 shows some useful commands you can use at the instance level Note that the commands shown in this section can also
118. or DB2 He managed the business development process for the Information Management division and was the project manager for the first large scale TPCC performance benchmarks for DB2 Prior to his current role he was the DB2 Express development lead Contributors The following people edited reviewed provided content and contributed significantly to this book Contributor Company University Position Occupation Contribution Misato IBM Toronto Lab Technology Explorer Overall review and Sakamoto for DB2 Developer input for Chapter 8 Leon IBM Toronto Lab Program Director IBM Technical review Katsnelson Data Servers Acknowledgements We greatly thank the following individuals for their assistance in developing materials referenced in this book Martin Streicher for his article Open source licensing 1 published by IBM developerWorks Natasha Tolub for designing the cover of this book Susan Visser for assistance with publishing this book Chapter 1 Introduction to open source development Open source software development is a methodology for creating software products from the design and development to distribution Under this methodology the author offers access to the source code This chapter gets you started into this fascinating software development world It teaches you how it all started and what the direction will be for the coming years In this chapter you will learn about A brief history about open source so
119. ot of repetitive tasks which can be automated by means of open source tools like make ant maven and scons So far we have discussed about the building process in a project environment However since the code is open at anytime users can tailor it at their own premises and get customized versions of the product A later section discusses how you can rebuild and install open source software after changing its source code 4 1 3 Testers group Software Testing Software testing as defined by Glenford J Myers in his book The Art of Software Testing 4 is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors Conventionally there are two varieties of software testing black box and white box Black box testing In this type of testing the actual output of the code is compared with the expected result Testers are supposed to feed the system with a set of inputs and note down the corresponding outputs In case of any mismatch between the obtained and expected results they report it to the developer without analyzing the code White box testing In contrast to black box in this type of testing testers look into the source code of the product and carry out some investigation in the event of Chapter 4 Community driven development 57 failures This requires a developer to put less effort and time for analyzing the error before fixing it With open source software every person no matter whether he i
120. ource How the business models affect you as a contributor to open source if any You might be asking yourself Why should this matter to me as developer Strictly speaking at this point you can choose not to bother however from our experience this knowledge will help you understand some of the nuances behind why communities and companies do what they do You may use this knowledge to your advantage and perhaps use it as a guide towards your success when you start your own open source project Understanding the economics behind how open source operates can be interesting in itself 2 1 Open source business models The big picture An open source business model is a model used by companies that are involved in the development of open source software to keep themselves financially viable and successful In fact today these companies compete with traditional proprietary software companies for investor s money on the stock markets Traditional software companies get revenue by the sale of the software they create that is they earn money for each copy of the software sold As illustrated in Figure 2 1 traditional software business models monetize software by 32 Getting started with open source development either directly selling software products or by providing software development services Sale of software development services Sale of software products Traditional Software Business models Figure 2 1 Business mo
121. pen source development 4 5 Review questions 1 PON Bs 2G EN What does the term community driven development mean in the software industry State the key difference between CVCS and DVCS Name some open source issue tracking tools What are the items typically included within an OSS package What are the steps to install open source software in a computer Which of the following is a valid format of a Windows specific OSS package A tar B zip C gz D A and C E All of the above Which of the following is used during the design process of an OSS A UML B XML C CVS D Git E None of the above myproduct 3 4 5 in this scheme of version numbering which is the minor component A myproduct B 3 C 4 D 5 E None of the above Which two of the following tools can be used to automate software build process A Make B Apache C Ant D Darcs E None of the above Chapter 4 Community driven development 63 10 Which of the following is not a state in the life cycle of an issue A Opened B Fixed C Closed D Integrated E Validated Chapter 5 Participating in open source development On Chapter 4 you became acquainted with the software development process for OSS and the relationship between the different groups in the community This chapter is related to Chapter 4 however the focus is more on the communication and social aspects when participating in an open sourc
122. r own open source project 79 Getting the members to promote the project Once you get a few members for your community encourage all of them to promote your community This makes the awareness effort multiplied by the number of members The first and most important thing that an OSS product and project needs is an appropriate license When choosing the license remember that users always prefer those ones which are well known in the industry for example BSD GPL etc An unfamiliar license even if it is very short simple and straight forward may discourage some users from choosing your software and contribute in the project So it is always recommended to select an unchanged version of a well known popular open source license unless your product has special characteristics that would require specific terms and conditions Refer to Chapter 3 Licensing to get more detailed guidance on the choice of a license Setting up channels of communication is next in the list As discussed before the easiest way to mass communicate all the details of your project is through a Web site You also need to create separate mailing lists IRC chat rooms and blogs where people can discuss about specific matters of the project or product Your active participation as well as the participation from other key community members will often encourage the newbies to get more involved into the project because it shows that the project management and the main devel
123. r project without installing anything We made sure that we could set up the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 so it could run in demonstration mode Take a look at hitp db2mc dfw ibm com for an example The setup ensures that anything destructive has been turned off Invest the time in an integrated installer The only clearly negative feedback on the TE is that it takes too many steps to set up A common problem with open source projects is that they are built on several components The TE requires a Web server DB2 PHP drivers as well as the TE code For someone who has been through the process before or is familiar with Web applications it only takes five minutes but to a novice the number of steps may seem complex We are finalizing an integrated installer that lays down all the components along with a single desktop icon to launch the TE and hope to have legal approval to ship all the components by the time you read this The second step is to ensure that someone can quickly see how to adapt the software to their own needs In the more recent versions of the Technology Explorer we included demonstrations on how to customize the system including detailed examples Figure 8 15 illustrates a tutorial about how to customize the TE Fie View Statistics Health Tools Leam Help Information Connections Welcome to the Technology Explo TE Workshop 33 C TE Workshop This workshop shows how to fe Customizing the Technology Explorer custom
124. rch for getting started documentation Note If you would like to skip this step Chapter 8 provides an example of an open source project where all the above information is provided 2 Consider reading the essay How to ask smart questions by Eric Raymond on his FAQ page http www catb org esr fags 3 Choose the project you enjoyed the most from question one keep in mind that it must have a forum or IRC channel Now from what you have read in question two you are more than able to engage in your community Go to the community site and join their forum or IRC channel Participate 5 5 Summary This chapter started discussing the motivations for contributing to an open source project It also described the different roles a new member can take which are not restricted to coding The chapter then discussed a range of communication channels used by communities to exchange information and finally it explained some guidelines and etiquette required when dealing with other members in the community such as Do not engage in acts of verbal aggression 5 6 Review questions 1 Howis a project ranked in sourceForge 2 List some of the duties of a Project Leader 3 Why is documentation important in an OSS project 74 Getting started with open source development Why are there translators in an OSS community Name two communication etiquette guidelines What are the benefits of open source development Delay on bug fixes Poor
125. re IBM donated Eclipse to the open source community a number of proprietary Java IDE s competed with each other yet as a whole Java IDE s had a very small portion of the IDE market share compared to Microsofts Visual Studio When IBM open sourced its VisualAge family of IDE products as Eclipse it became the de facto standard and was widely accepted by all This led to a massive increase in the overall Java IDE market share compared to Visual Studio Thus IBM chose the right strategy with Eclipse and is probably the biggest beneficiary financially IBM Rational s development tools which are commercial software products have seen a great uptake since they are based on Eclipse If you are a developer planning to contribute to an open source project under this business model you can be certain that your code will never be licensed under a commercial license since it would be part of the core which must be open source 2 4 Product specialists A POSS company that nurtured an open source software project either by creating it from the start or contributing and maintaining it can generate revenue from it by providing training and consulting services to the customers of the open source software This is illustrated in Figure 2 5 36 Getting started with open source development Open source code no charge Figure 2 5 The product specialists business model If the open source software caters to a domain that is very complex an
126. ree library Qt the Mozilla project under GPL yg 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 lan Murdock starts First RedHat Linux Miguel de Icaza The term Open source the Debian project Distribution starts the GNOME is first used project Figure 1 2 Evolution of Open Source development Chapter 1 Introduction to open source development 23 In 1984 Stallman started the GNU project with the ultimate goal of building a free operating system Within this project he wrote the EMACS editor which is considered by many as the most powerful text editor In 1985 Stallman created the Free Software Foundation FSF a nonprofit organization dedicated to the elimination of restrictions on copying redistribution understanding and modification of computer programs The organization s goal was to promote the development and use of open source software in all areas of computing particularly in helping to develop the GNU operating system and its tools Until 1990 the foundation was dedicated to writing more software Today it coordinates many independent open source projects where the FSF s focus has shifted to the structural and legal aspects of the open source community As a legal tool the GNU General Public License GPL was designed not only to ensure that the software produced by GNU would remain free but to promote the production of more and more open source software In 1987 Stallman created an open source compiler the
127. requently asked questions FAQ sections and wikis Sometimes smaller projects include this information into text files that come with the source of the application check it also Ultimately if nothing else works search around the Web maybe one of the community members has posted some information somewhere A good example of a development guide is at http Idn linuxfoundation org how participate linux community a Linux kernel developer s guide which makes also a good read even if you don t plan to take on kernel development Suffice is to say that open source has grown from being associated with a software project to a more extended concept Open source is now in effect a culture it symbolizes free sharing of content Communities gather around the most different concepts of content written content video even hardware such as computer chips or cars are turned into open source 70 Getting started with open source development Wikipedia is one of those communities even though we must point out that technically it is not considered to be open source This is because Wikipedia s license does not satisfy the open source principles it is nonetheless a great example of peer contribution You may even also come across some projects that have associated literature in the form of a book created gradually by contributors 5 3 Effective communication The internet is the foundation of open source communities since users and contributors are scat
128. rresults Edit Query Run the four statements in the Ad Hoc command Ad hoc SQL window to the right CREATE TABLE customer _addrees_with compression This step builds a compressed copy of the Se EE ee CUSTOMER_ADDRESS_WITHOUT_COMPRESSION Freee table INSERI INTO customer_address_with compression SELECT FROM customer_eaddress_without_compression Create and load the compression table ALIER TABLE tomer address with compression The first statement creates a new table aness ies CUSTOMER_ADDRESS_WITH_COMPRESSION All the rows from the onginal CUSTOMER_ADORESS_WITHOUT_COMPRESSION l carr ADMIN_CMD ROUSTATS OM TABLE TUTSMBYVCO4SEOW customer_eddress_with compression table are selected and inserted in the new a a KRESS CUSTOMER_ADDRESS_WITH_COMPRESSION 4 gt avy table The two tables are identical in size CALL ADMIN_CMD REORG TABLE TUTSMBYVCO4SEOW customer_address_with_compression Console Turn on compression The ALTER TABLE command switches on row compression for the CUSTOMER_ADDRESS_WITH_COMPRESSION table but nothing is compressed until the final step z 10 06 43 Monday Feb 15 Statement 1 SUCCEEDED Reorganize with compression CREATE TA r_address w The reorganization REORG command samples the E yat ies table data builds a compression dictionary and Total Data server compress the data T erve Statement 2 SUCCEEDED INSERT INTO customer_address_with_compression TECI pan Figure 8 19 H
129. s 131 WED Sto Sinse aa Bela e vata a adda lc ales a a a a a tu daetdcatey 131 BOOKS E E E E A A TA E A A A A 134 Preface Keeping your skills current in today s world is becoming increasingly challenging There are too many new technologies being developed and little time to learn them all The DB2 on Campus Book Series has been developed to minimize the time and effort required to learn many of these new technologies Who should read this book This book is a good starting point for beginners to the open source world It is specially written to equip students and open source enthusiasts with the norms and best practices of open source You should read this book if you want to Educate yourself on the objectives of open source Understand open source software licensing requirements Get an introduction to the norms followed in the open source world Join the open source movement and begin contributing How is this book structured The first chapters of this book discuss the history of open source software development and its licensing requirements It then talks about how organizations use open source as their business model Chapter 4 introduces the reader to the tools used in the development of an open source project Chapters 5 and 6 take the reader into more details about how to contribute to an existing open source project Chapter 7 provides a case study where you practice contributing to an open source project Chapter 8 g
130. s Servers Front Ends Registered 2006 10 11 18 15 Activity Percentile 92 00 View project activity statistics Figure 7 1 The RubyForge site showing the DB2 RoR module main page top This is the top section of the DB2 RoR module page which consists of a quick project description a list of the project developers and some menus on the horizontal bar These menus give you direct access to different sections of the Web page containing the tools we have talked through the book The main menu bar includes the following listed from left to right Chapter 7 Case study Contributing to an open source project 85 Summary Provides a summary of the project This is what you can see in Figure 7 1 Forums A place where users can exchange their ideas Tracker Takes you to the bug reporting tool with several but similar options Lists Provides a listing of several mailing lists available with capability to view subscribe and unsubscribe Tasks Provides a todo list that project developers use to organize their activities Docs For documentation News and the SCM area Gives you instructions to check out the project through subversion Files Takes you to the download area containing all different versions of the Rails DB2 driver package in different formats Figure 7 2 shows the bottom part of the ruby forge DB2 RoR module page Latest File Releases Package Version Date Notes Monitor Download 1BM_DB
131. s a member of the community or not gets equal opportunity of performing white box testing as the source code is accessible to all Testing also requires planning and a proper infrastructure At different stages of development the code undergoes various levels of testing Unit testing This level is used to test individually each of the units that make up a software Integration testing In this level all the stable modules are integrated with each other to form the entire system and tested as a whole System testing This testing ensures the software is operational and satisfying all its requirements Alpha testing In this stage the software is given to the users internal to the community to judge its performance against practical deployment Beta testing After fixing the errors discovered during alpha testing the community releases the software to the external users as a beta version with a disclaimer that it may fail in unplanned use cases The community expects external users to provide feedback about these unplanned scenarios Small scale open source software without any organizational governance may not undergo formal testing However this software tends to be quickly adopted because it provides a solution to a common problem When a bug is encountered the user will normally poke through the code to make things work again or he can customize it to his own needs This is the way in which many people become members o
132. s one would think in many active projects the programmers are a small percentage of all contributors The programmer is in charge of implementing features and fixing bugs Documentation Writer In the past open source software was difficult to install and only those who had the patience and skill could get this software working This was perhaps one of the reasons why documentation became very important as well as the fact that community members often rotate software development positions It is the responsibility of the documentation writer to ensure that every person can use the software in hand Translator Even though English is the official Web language it is true that not all of us are fluent in it for that same reason it is common for a project to readily make its manuals available in as many languages as possible Any user is more than welcome to translate any piece of the documentation to his own native language Designer Gone are the days when people in the Free and Open Source Software community didn t believe in image and its overall importance to a project There are many kinds of designers UI designers often called usability engineers Web designers and artwork designers Projects like KDE or Gnome rely heavily on designers work Public relationship In some cases such is the dimension of a project that huge amount of content is generated every day Keeping the community up to date can be an overwhelming job In order to k
133. should be the most experienced and knowledgeable members of the community as their job requires thorough understanding of the entire system They also must be aware of every alternative to overcome all the probable barriers of implementing the design Following are the two most important points that a designer must analyze closely Hardware platform The designer must know the capabilities of the hardware with which the software is going to interact Resources like number and speed of the processors I O device response time available system cache primary memory and secondary storage space etc are the most important concerns Operating system The operating system OS provides the environment for running applications Process and thread handling mechanisms vary from one OS to another Moreover the algorithms of job scheduling CPU time allocation avoiding deadlock situations are also different The designer must take these factors into account A perfect design should be self explanatory and easy to understand All the algorithms and flowcharts should include detailed explanations and other necessary documentations including time space complexity and the expected behaviors of the system under best and worst scenarios Unified Modeling Language UML is a widely accepted standard used for software design It allows a designer to describe the structure behavior and interactions among different sub units of the system with the help of vario
134. sing the problem in blogs or discussion forums or searching in the issue tracking database Another option is to e mail the development team directly and only open an issue when they confirm it is a new problem 4 3 Exercises 1 Visit Mozilla s bug tracking system at https bugzilla mozilla org and see how an open source community tracks issues Mozilla accepts bug reports and feature enhancement requests for all their products through this portal 2 Know more about open source software testing from http www opensourcetesting org 3 Learn about Linux Software Packaging History and Concepts from http wiki rpath com wiki Appliance_Development Linux Software Packaging Hist ory and Concepts 4 The Apache community uses Subversion SVN revision control system and allows everyone to access the source code over the internet Know how you can get inside their code repository and work with the contents from http www apache org dev version control html source code repositories 4 4 Summary In this chapter you learned how open source software is developed as a community initiative and how a project goes from an idea to a featured product The chapter discussed all the stages of the software development life cycle such as designing coding testing building packaging and releasing with focus on the different groups who participate at each stage and also on the open source software tools used 62 Getting started with o
135. software that can be used studied and modified without any restriction It does not refer to price but liberty This software can be freely distributed Because many people can confuse the concept of free software with freeware closed source software freely distributed by the author the concept of Libre Software was created Libre is a word used by several Romanic Languages such as Spanish Portuguese and French This word does not exist in English but what it means is free as in free speech freedom as a right that a citizen has and not freedom associated with zero cost Gratis Open source on the other hand is a movement which emphasizes on source code of software being freely available It also talks about certain criteria which must exist in the license of software to make it open source In this book when we used the term open source we mean FLOSS In essence the freedom here refers to what an individual developer or user has with the code It does not refer to a no charge license We discuss more details on the various connotations this phrase has in the open source world in the chapters to come Did you know The first use of the phrase free open source software on Usenet was in a posting on 18 March 1998 just a month after the term open source itself was introduced Did you know The IBM DB2 Express C database is free as in free beer Check out these Web sites for more details http freedb2 com 2009 08 06 db2 e
136. source project The big picture Before starting an open source software development project you must perform a self assessment test using the flow chart depicted in Figure 6 1 Evaluate the concept Check if something is already available Do you have enough experience Work with a community Yes Start your project Figure 6 1 Prerequisites for starting a new OSS project 78 Getting started with open source development As illustrated in Figure 6 1 the mandatory criteria for starting an OSS project is asking yourself two main questions 1 What is the fundamental idea or requirement of your software Do you feel many people would have same kind of requirements 1 Is there any software already available in the market for the same purpose If yes does your product stand out for any reason Why would people use it If you can convince yourself with the answers to the above questions your project can be kicked off But hold on Do you have any prior experience contributing to an OSS project Have you ever managed such a project If your answer for either or both of these questions is NO we suggest you be a part of at least one OSS project and understand their community culture Get in touch with the management team and learn their experiences of dealing with various aspects of the project All sorted out What are you waiting for then Let s get started with setting up the platform for the project 6 2
137. structions to complete the installation process The make command compiles the source code of the software as dictated by the Makefile And finally make install reads the configuration specifications of the computer from the Makefile and installs the software into it Although the first two commands can be executed by any normal user the last one needs root access to the system B zip is the valid format for Microsoft Windows packages Whereas tar and gz are specific to UNIX platform A Unified Modeling Language UML is a widely accepted standard used for software design purpose It allows a designer to describe the structure behavior and interactions among different sub units of the system with the help of various simple diagrams C myproduct is the name of the software 3 4 and 5 are the major minor and micro components of the release number respectively D A and C Make and Ant are two build automation software Whereas Apache is an open source Web server and Darcs is a decentralized version control tool 10 B Fixed is not a state in the life cycle of an issue Chapter 5 1 It is ranked based on number of downloads and community activity such as opening defects checking in code making feature requests etc A leader performs functions that are not too different from a company s CEO He is the one making tough decisions In big projects he is in charge of coordi
138. support However vendors often optionally offer support for a fee Thus proprietary software vendors are using the same approach as the open source business model not charging for the software itself but generating revenue by providing support In addition to customer support revenue proprietary vendors view this as an opportunity for adoption and upgrade to fee based versions in the future For example a startup company in its initial stages may not be in a position to spend lots of money to purchase software licenses however if the company grows they would need more sophisticated product features which are generally not available in the free versions or on open source software Therefore an obvious choice for these companies would be to upgrade to a fee based version of the proprietary software Chapter 2 Open source business models 39 To an extent Express editions have not seen significant adoption due to the customer s perception that these editions are nothing more than crippled software with upgrade paths to the fee based versions And though this may be true in some cases such as Oracle XE and Microsoft SQL Server Express which place a 2GB hard limit on the amount of data that can be stored other companies like IBM with its DB2 Express C database product do provide more flexibility Did you know IBM DB2 Express C database server does not provide any restriction on the amount of data you can store It can run on Linux W
139. t framwork to help you le PYeXML 1 The TE team can be co Basics of XQuery was started and is cont Data Types in XQuery people who use DB2 for Date and Time Duration Values the community To prov XML Functions located at sf net project XQuery Performance Comparison Sample XML usage SQL e Is a light weight w Administrative Commands in SQL e Is easily expanda Built in Functions e Works with DB2 Decimal Numeric Functions PL SQL Support The Technology Exploret e Connect to any D Fetch First in Subselects 4 E e Contains a wealth Formatting and Math Functions a Feed Reader Feed Manager Refresh Now Schema Support Sourceforge News New content for 3 Festures DB2 Support e New 97 tutorials Alter table enhancements IDUG Dynamic Identity Column Support Express C Forum o Created Gl DB2 Text Search Figure 8 13 Tutorials and workshops available with TE 8 3 You need a key insight to build a project The TE started as a hobby project and a way to explore DB2 and PHP It started with basic information from a developerWorks article http www ibm com developerworks data on how to connect PHP to a DB2 data server By writing a set of functions to encapsulate connection information and process SQL it was easier to quickly retrieve data from the server Then by creating a set of PHP objects that describe tables and how to display them it became easy to quickly display data in a standard way The first v
140. t the central repository of the version control system is branched into two The branch where Chapter 4 Community driven development 59 maintenance works will occur is called the release branch Stable snapshots of this branch are released as minor versions of the product at the same maior line for example Abcdefg 3 1 0 Abcdefg 3 2 0 and so on Fixes for high potential failures which cannot wait until next minor release are distributed to the customers via a sub branch of the current minor release line such as Abcdefg 3 2 1 Abcdefg 3 2 2 etc The branch where developers work on the new version Abcdefg 4 0 0 for this example is called the mainline development branch This branch progresses in parallel with the release branch A community should continue to provide fixes for previous versions until the majority of the existing users start using the latest version of the software 4 2 Installation and issue tracking After an OSS is released and is available to users users have to install the product In contrast to proprietary software OSS may require users to compile the source code and perform some configuration before the installation This is described in this section The section also describes how users can provide feedback to the community using issue tracking 4 2 1 Installation Before a user can install the software in his system he needs to extract it by decompressing the package Many users often attempt to instal
141. tements are shown in upper case bold For example Use the SELECT statement to retrieve information from a table Object names used in our examples are shown in bold italics For example The flights table has five columns Italics are also used for variable names in the syntax of a command or statement If the variable name has more than one word it is joined with an underscore For example CREATE TABLE table_name What s next We recommend you to review the following books in this book series for more details about related topics Getting started with DB2 Express C Getting started with Ruby on Rails Getting started with PHP Getting started with Python Getting started with Perl The following figure shows all the different eBooks in the DB2 on Campus book series available for free at ibm com db2 books The DB2 on Campus book series 15 About the authors Rachna Kapur is the development manager for open source technologies at the IBM India software labs She works with a team driving value propositions for IBM Data Servers in the open source world She brings 8 years of experience developing drivers in the health care and database domain Mario Briggs is the architect for the open source offerings for the IBM Data Servers which includes Ruby Rails Python Django SqlAlchemy Hibernate Spring iBatis amp PHP Mario has almost 11 years of experience in software development with many years in the area of data
142. tered across the globe This also means that communication must be as effective and organized as possible There must me established infrastructures and these infrastructures must be well designed and should fully fulfill the community needs and modus operandi Though there are no standard communication channels there is a historic means of communication used extensively across all open source projects email Email can be used as a great discussion mechanism through mailing lists Mailing lists provide one of the most important community feedback channels they are filled with developers taking on enthusiastic and technical discussions There is also a more direct communication approach used extensively across the open source world Internet Relay Chat IRC for instantaneous textual communication between two or more parties In the past BBSs Bulletin Board Systems were used to exchange messages with other users In 1998 IRCs were introduced and quickly became the de facto communication tool for real time communication throughout the 90 s IRC users have to install a client part of the software to their local computers Today real time communication falls in the hands of instant messaging services but IRCs remain widely used Due to its open nature it is a good way to meet other people There are a number of IRC servers you can connect to but the one used by most open source fellows are the freenode servers freenode com A popular open source
143. the incompatible formats in proprietary software because it only uses open standards that is standards that are known or are accessible to all the people One such example is OpenDocument Text odt which is an open standard for word processor documents From a corporate perspective companies that use open source do not have to worry about complicated licensing and thus do not suffer the risk of having illegal copies that infringe copyrights Therefore they don t need anti piracy measures such as CD keys product activation and serial keys Open Source software is community driven and community serving a large number of bright and generous developers work openly and with the whole community For example when an open source program crashes it provides useful information to find the source of the error or to report a possible bug Open source software is independent of companies and its main authors If the company goes bankrupt or the authors fail to maintain the program the code continues to belong to the community Therefore many people believe open source software can live by itself As long as there are passionate contributors from the community this is indeed the case 1 4 2 Cons Open source software has been focused to provide solutions to servers rather than to desktop computers As a result adoption in the desktop arena is much slower For example Linux desktops are still not used as much as Microsoft Windows In addi
144. there are no commercial companies promoting open source communities and their software Studies have been carried out by groups to find out the various economic models employed by these companies The top four models are illustrated in Figure 2 2 Chapter 2 Open source business models 33 Product Specialists Platform Providers Dual Licensing Split Open Source Commercial products Figure 2 2 Business models for open source software Companies that develop and promote open source software are sometimes referred to as Commercial Open Source Software companies COSS or Professional Open Source Software companies POSS The following sections describe in detail each of the four business models shown in Figure 2 2 2 2 Dual licensing In this model the open source software is licensed by the POSS company under both an open source license using GPL only a license to discuss in detail in Chapter 3 as well as a commercial license In this model the POSS company generates revenue when it sells the open source software under a commercial license Why would a consumer of open source software pay the POSS company to obtain the same software which is also available free of charge This is needed when the consumer wants to link his own proprietary software to the open source software but does not want this to cause its proprietary software to become open source as it would under the GPL license According to the GPL license when one acc
145. tion many software is not yet compatible with open source When a user chooses a Linux desktop he has to remove several software that are not supported on Linux or in some cases there is no similar nor viable open source application A good example is the gaming industry which is still very focused on Windows Excluding companies that sell open source combined with technical support proprietary software offers better service and support The quality and availability of assistance in an open source project is proportional to the interest and use of the program by the community An open source tool with few users can be poorly documented and have almost no means to help you understand it 1 5 Open source trends and perspectives The advantages of OSS outweigh its disadvantages this is why companies are starting to pay close attention to open source Increasingly many companies are using open source software tools for development and test but open source is quickly gaining market share Chapter 1 Introduction to open source development 27 as an alternative in production environments A well known example is the LAMP stack LAMP being Linux Apache MySQL and PHP Perl Python It is arguably the widest adopted software stack for the deployment of Web applications Many other open source projects that emerged since the 80 s are still going strong with many users and better product quality This is the case of the Eclipse IDE Integrate
146. tion parameters Database Configuration lt Database Configuration Parameters i Search View Developer Options View results 1 to 5 Database Manager Configuration 1 ParameterName Current Value Special Settings gt Deferred Value Deferred Value Flag Description ks 1 alt_collate NONE NONE Yspecifies the col Compatibility DB2 9 7 2 2 app_ctl_heap_sz 256 NONE 256 NONE Application control 3 appgroup_mem_sz 30000 NONE 30000 NONE Maximum size of i 4 appl_memory 10016 AUTOMATIC 10000 AUTOMATIC allows DBAs anc 5 applheapsz 256 AUTOMATIC 256 AUTOMATIC Yin previous relea 6 E archretrydelay 20 NONE 20 NONE specifies the nur 7 e E autodb backup OFF NONE OFF NONE Automatic mainter Figure 8 11 Changing database configuration parameters 8 2 2 5 Display monitoring information The TE includes monitoring information under the Monitor menu DB2 can provide detailed monitoring information through SQL which allows TE to show you what is happening in your DB2 server Figure 8 12 provides a sample of a monitoring dashboard You can set it to refresh as often as you like gt Dashboard Refresh Time Of Senice Class Activities Search View Developer Options Long Running UOWs Search View _ Developer Options Service Class Max Concurrent Activities Active Reques Application UOWID State Total CPU time CPU Rate 4 SYSDEFAULTSYSTEMCLASS om 5 Ee httpd exe SABE Ee A LA 2 SYSDEFAULTMAINTENANCECLASS om
147. to the ebook Getting started with IBM Data Studio for DB2 for more details B 4 1 Control Center Prior to DB2 9 7 the primary DB2 tool for database administration was the Control Center as illustrated in Figure B 4 This tool is now deprecated but still included with DB2 servers 118 Getting started with open source development Control Center DB2COPY1 la x Control Center Selected Edit View Tools Help A E O Object View 3 Control Center RAULCHONG DB2 SAMPLE Tables ioe Caray States ag Al Detabaces g ACT ARFCHO USERSPACE1 T 4 F Mv g ADEFUSR ARFCHO USERSPACE1 s 1 a J RESEARCH g CATALOG ARFCHO IBMDB2SAM T 1 G J SAMPLE S CL_SCHED ARFCHO USERSPACE1 T 1 aT bes fA CUSTOMER ARFCHO IBMDB2SAM T 4 Ca Views I SS A 0 Aliases S EMP_PHOTO ARFCHO USERSPACE1 T 4 Nicknames EB OEMP_RESU ARFCHO USERSPACE1 T 4 4 0 Cache Objects g EMPLOYEE ARFCHO USERSPACE1 T 4 E Triggers g EMPMDC ARFCHO IBMDB2SAN T 10000 12 19 06 E Schemas E EMPPROJACT ARFCHO USERSPACE1 T 4 E Indexes S HMON_ATM_INFO DOLS SYSTOOLSP T 130 2 7 07 4 2 E Table Spaces EA HMON COL SYSTOOLS SYSTOOLSP T 0 armel G Event Monitors 4 C Buffer Pools 130 of 130 items displayed A B da yy Default View Vien H E Application Objects H E User and Group Objects Table DEPARTMENT Help X H E Federated Database Objects Schema ARFCHONG Columns E XML Schema Repository X
148. tp www ChannelDB2 com How to Ask Questions The Smart Way http catb org esr faqs smart questions html intro A manual by Eric S Raymond and Rick Moen who will enlighten new users in the art of getting technical answers online Ruby Language Site http www ruby lang org Your starting point to the ruby community The Cathedral and the Bazaar An almost complete online version of the book by Eric S Raymond on the open source developing model Bazaar vs closed source developing model Cathedral Debian Community Guidelines http oeople debian org enrico dcg index htm Intro to Distributed Version Control Illustrated Kalid Azad October 15 2007 http betterexplained com articles intro to distributed version control illustrated Ruby Language Site http www ruby lang org Your starting point to the ruby community P G Capek S Frank S Gerdt and D Shields A history of IBM s open source involvement and strategy http www research ibm com journal abstracts sj 442 capek html http en wikipedia org wiki Open source 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Resources http www ibm com developerworks opensource library os license S_ TACT 105AGX44 amp S CMP LP http en wikipedia org wiki Copyright http en wikipedia org wiki Intellectual_ property http www opensource org http www fsf org licensing essays free sw html http www internetnews com bus news article php 3790
149. ty to use one of the most high performance relational databases available in the market for free DB2 can run on Linux UNIX Windows Mac OS X beta version at the time of writing system i and z OS mainframes Its high availability and seamless stability has catered to the business crowd but fear not its features may well be what you are looking for Like Ruby on Rails DB2 builds on bold principles to succeed DB2 supports for pureXML technology which gives it a clear boost on application performance It also provides the best compression support in the industry allowing huge databases to be reduced to slightly more than half of their previous sizes Bringing together the benefits of these two technologies will put you at an obvious advantage Here is where the DB2 Ruby on Rails module comes in The DB2 Ruby on Rails module is the glue that makes this happen A team of six developers ensures the project stays highly active and extremely well maintained providing Rails developers with continuous integration 84 Getting started with open source development Note If you would like to learn more about Ruby on Rails refer to the ebook Getting started with Ruby on Rails For DB2 refer to the ebook Getting started with DB2 Express C or review Appendix B Up and Running with DB2 Both ebooks are free and part of the DB2 on Campus book series at ibm com db2 books 7 2 The ruby forge DB2 module for Ruby on Rails is hosted at ruby
150. u have seen how to fill a bug report in a simple and effective manner There will be times when despite all your efforts you won t make yourself clear Be persistent and try to get your thoughts through clearly The developers will appreciate it and you will have your software fixed sooner Good Bug Hunting Chapter 8 Case Study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 Some open source projects grow along predictable lines Some start well but quickly lose momentum Just look at the number of projects on sourceforge net that have had no recent activity Other projects grow organically in unpredictable directions The Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 or TE for short http db2mc sf net is a project that has been through a long evolution The TE started like all good open source projects as an itch that needed scratching 8 1 What is the Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 The Technology Explorer is a light weight Web based console for DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows The Technology Explorer is also a teaching and exploration tool for DB2 It is a great way to learn about DB2 because it doesn t just explain how to do things it lets you play using a live database The TE includes hundreds of ways to see inside the database and monitor what is going on It also includes numerous tutorials and advanced techniques to get the most out of your system The Technology Explorer is meant to be a tool for the community You can use it cha
151. un SQL statements You can see the results including BLOB CLOB DBCLOB and XML data Figure 8 10 provides an example of an SQL statement at the top and the output at the bottom In the example the RESUME column is defined as 96 Getting started with open source development CLOB On the left side of the result there is an icon that when clicked will display the CLOB contents on the right for the given employee Welcome to the Technology Explo 3 DB2 catalog views Z Adhoc SQL x Ad hoc SQL File History Options Run Clear results SELECT FROM EMP RESUME Ne Oe an Console Result 1 of 1 DA Result 1 of 1 Generate table definition EMPNO RESUME_FORMAT RESUME Web page string string clob 7 y z 1 000130 ascii E 2 000130 html ics 5 Resume Delores M Quintana 3 000140 ascii amp 4 000140 html oe 5 000150 ascii Table of Contents 6 000150 html 7 000190 ascii amp pe eee Se Personal Information 8 000190 html amp Department Information Education Work History Interests Figure 8 10 Running an ad hoc query Chapter 8 Case study A sourceForge project Technology Explorer for IBM DB2 97 8 2 2 4 View and change database configuration and monitoring parameters The TE allows you to change database configuration and monitoring parameters without having to revert to the command line The icons highlighted in Figure 8 11 below are used to change values Cc Configura
152. undation Richard Stallman lan Murdock Miguel de Icaza Linus Torvalds mo OWP None of the above 8 One of the two groups who established the roots of OSS were The founders of the GNU project The creators of BSD UNIX The founders of the GNOME project A amp B 909 M gt E None of the above 9 In Stallman s definition of Free Software Free means A Free as in Free beer B Free as in Free speech 10 Chapter 1 Introduction to open source development C Free as in Free of charge D All ofthe above E None of the above In Stallman s definition Free Software is A Freeware B Libre C Software that can be modified studied and distributed with no restriction but may not be free of charge D BandC None of the above 29 Chapter 2 Open source business models You ve probably heard the saying There s no such thing as a free lunch Do you think this applies to open source Are the users of open source software getting a free lunch The answer to this question lies in the famous quote free as in free speech not as in free beer discussed in Chapter 1 If the creators of open source software are giving their users a free lunch then how do they themselves earn a living or even be profitable In this chapter we try to understand the answers to this question In this chapter you will learn about The different business models employed by companies not communities involved in open s
153. urce development The big picture 65 5 2 Open source communities eeeeeeeeeecece cence eeeeee scenes seas eeseaeeeeaeseeeeeetaeeesaeseeneeee 67 5 3 Effective COMMUNICATION cccececeeeeeeeceeeeceeeeeeeeee scence cae eesaaeseaaeseceeesaeeseaeeeeneeee 70 5 3 1 Communication etiquette and guidelines cccccceseesseeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeees 72 SA EXOLCISOS 3 cdeca ases ica saoees E a eghaaid bes A NONA 73 5 5 SUMMA AE A E A E taeha Oe Ve te ie ee ate ee onde 73 5 6 Review QUESTIONS ccceccccceseeececeeeeeceeeteeeeeeeseeeeeeesneceessenaeeeesneeceesseeeeeeesenneeesennaees 73 Chapter 6 Starting your OWN open Source project secseeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeesteneeeeees 77 6 1 Starting your own open source project The big picture ccecceeeeeeeseeeeeteeees 77 6 2 Providing the ecosystem for your open source PFOjeCt eeeeeceeeeeeseeeeteeeeeeeeees 78 6 3 ACCEpting CONTIDUTIONS oa ae ieee a ea aE TE A A EIEEE 79 GA EX IrGIS S soeren neneiia a ai ei i o a a eL e AE awleeess 80 6 5 SUMMA ra aria anan aae aaia edit AA aaia a ANA aE ERA Aa aa AE aA AE alee 80 6 6 REVIOW guestonS ainaani ean A NE A AEEA aK TA AANER SA 80 Chapter 7 Case Study Contributing to an open source project sseceeeeeeees 83 7 1 Ruby on Rails and the DB2 MOdule eee eeeeeeenneeeeeeeneeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeseaeeeeeneaaes 83 F272 TING TUBY TOPG PAEA E extent eyuttblac sete Pato belebeeatt A beh f bi Rey an 84 7 3
154. us simple diagrams Following design the software development life cycle enters the coding phase At this stage the design is first sub divided into multiple smaller units Different development groups code these sub units separately as individual modules Coding is the process of translating the steps of an algorithm into multiple computer instructions with the help of a programming language Choosing the proper language for writing the source code is critical A community should always encourage using languages 54 Getting started with open source development which have gained industry wide trust and with which the development team is well versed Some communities prefer using interpreted languages since they consume less time to create the executable modules as compared to the compiled languages Automatic code generators are often helpful in developing big and complex code snippets iCodeGenerator is an open source code generator offered by SourceForge http sourceforge net projects codegenerator Transition between the design and code generation phases in a community driven development typically tend to overlap with each other in a project Developers sometimes start coding parts of a system while other parts are yet to be designed Although this kind of approach of running two phases in parallel saves time it may result in duplication of effort in the event of a change in design 4 1 1 1 Version control Software developme
155. ussnneenunnennnnnenunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nunne nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnmnnn nnmnnn nnman nnan nannan na 17 COMMIDUTOFS isina tice asses aaa aaka conan daa aK E esapi Ea daaa sansi EEE aiao a KES eguien 19 Acknowledgements ssssssssunnenunnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnmnnn nnnnnn nnmnnn nnmnnn nnne nnna 19 Chapter 1 Introduction to open source development ssssssssssesunnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnn 21 1 1 A brief history about open source development s sssssesseessessrssrersnnsrnerrrsrrnees 21 1 2 The evolution of the open source movement sssessesssessissrrsrirtsrrnernnetnnsnnns 22 1 3 FLOSS Free libre open source software ssssssssnnssesnnstnrnssren rnst nn nnstrn nenene nne 24 1 4 Advantages and disadvantages Of Open SOUICE cccceeceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeetaeeeeeeenaees 25 VA SPLOS hina ee E Rte R A E tliat abit crite A E halt 25 TAZ GONS tesesvsiteaceiaceasaatittacetitvadacutehaa cas cvaadaetstdagetetieazeershina cahecacdialtaa satel tans sarohia dads 26 1 5 Open source trends and perspectives ccceecceeseeceeeeceeeeeeeeeseeeeeseaeeesaeeteaeeeenees 26 1 6 Career patha ie aiana tis totale aE aara Paha ao raa E teat hadi tee 27 1 7 EXETCiSES ui u a aaa A ees a ee se aa adada 27 1 8 SUMMANY es atti AE E E edit rie TA 27 1 9 Review QUeSTIONS monesti ei elie ice cee nel nein eevee 28 Chapter 2 Open Source business models scsecceseeeeeeseseeseseeeeeeeeeeseeeseneenenseeee
156. version of the product 4 2 2 Issue tracking Although the term issue may be interpreted as a bug or problem in the software development world in reality it is more than that An issue may refer to a bug but also toa change request where the change is related to a piece of existing code design feature or even software documentation OSS projects typically use free issue tracking tools like Abuky Bugzilla Buggit BugRat GNATS JitterBug and Mantis An issue can be discovered by a developer a tester or even a user Once identified it is reported to the community by logging a record in the issue tracking database managed by the tool with all the necessary details Every single issue record is associated with a unique number for identification purpose Figure 4 2 shows different states of an issue throughout its entire life cycle Fix working fine Figure 4 2 Life cycle of an issue When a person the originator finds a problem he logs a defect in the issue tracking database and the state of the issue is set to opened Thereafter someone from the development team tries to reproduce the error and takes ownership of the issue if he validates it is indeed a bug At that point the state of the issue is updated to working Once the developer owner fixes the problem he commits the changes required into the central repository and updates the state to delivered When these changes are included in the build of the proj
157. with a simpler and centralized feedback platform like a forum It s very hard to be the first to find a bug in a community as large as Debian s rest assure that if this example were to suit reality someone would have already fill in the bug for you But in this reality you are the master checking out every bug that bugs you A little debugging with a proper software tool a simple run through the source code and there it was Five minutes later you have set up a patch you go into the bug tracking tool and submit it a few hours later one of the developers picks it up merges it into the main code and redistributes it Your good deed for the day is done Chapter 5 Participating in open source development 69 Now don t get the wrong idea it is not all dull work and necessity that makes an open source contributor Some of us specially the younger ones have a tendency to get bored quickly There s a little noise bubbling in our heads like kids on Christmas Eve that just have a lot of curiosity We go to where our current obsession drives us Finding an open source community that fits you out of pure interest should not be difficult you see communities come in all size and shapes They range from extremely large like the Linux kernel to the very small like your run for the mill script that downloads dubious content from the Internet Some of the larger projects turn into non profit organizations to provide a sustainable platform from wher
158. xpress c those who use oracle like it a lot http db2express com http tldp org HOWTO DB2 HOWTO whyexpc9 html 1 4 Advantages and disadvantages of open source Based on the fact that open source software is free and can be seen by everyone has great advantages But the fact that it is being developed by a nonprofit community has some disadvantages In this section we discuss the pros and cons of open source software maintenance and development 1 4 1 Pros Open source software has lower monetary costs as development support and license costs are fairly minimal when compared to proprietary software This does tempt many organizations to use open source software in their business model In fact many companies do business with open source IBM being one of them For example IBM offers a quality service with the Linux operating system Another company RedHat is selling the Linux operating system with support services 26 Getting started with open source development As far as security and reliability goes open source is a great model because as many people analyze the source code a safer and more secure code will be produced Since open source software has so many people participating in its development some programs are faster and scale better than the proprietary counterparts Also depending on usage and need open source software is also changed by experienced users thereby making code more stable Open source is also the answer to
159. y a quick look around the project Web site is all you need to find your way to a forum or IRC channel where you can ask a specific question Sometimes in bigger projects these platforms are carefully divided into different and appropriate sections where your question can be answered by someone with appropriate knowledge Show results you ll earn more respect showing work than talking about it Often when you take part on a technical discussion and your point of view is not getting across do not stress it sometimes the best way to do it is by presenting the end result Even if it turns out it is not the best solution you will end up helping in Chapter 5 Participating in open source development 73 achieving it hopefully you ll learn something new as well and you ll have proven yourself to the community Be concise explain your intentions first Objectiveness is a big plus in any work area besides saving you and others a lot of time it simplifies the chore at hand Across any written medium such as the ones we have seen earlier it is absolutely essential that you make yourself and your intentions clear in any communication attempt Start by asking yourself is this information relevant 5 4 Exercises 1 Pick one or more OSS projects mentioned in this book so far then choose your favorite search engine and perform the following A Investigate the project purpose B Find where it is heading and where it came from C Sea

Chapter 1 – Introduction to open source development

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Chapter 1 – Introduction to open source development