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1. 45 CUE command TITLE 0c eee eee 43 CUE command TRACK c cee ee eee eee 48 CUE set of files cece eee eee eee eee LF Cygnus Support rrisni carr ese 94 D DataTracksScrambled CCD property 30 de Icaza Miguel oooooooocomrcorrromm 84 Debian GNU Linux 0 0 0 022 e eee 86 deduction of file names 20000 19 deduction using absolute file names 19 Deluxe Distributions FSF 79 developers see also programmers 75 83 developers collaboration between 81 developers funding fOT oocoooocccccoomm 94 developers GNU Project ooooo ocoooom 80 82 developers incentive for ee eee 81 developers manuals 0 0 cece eee 86 developers proprietary software aa 98 developers traps for cece eee eee eee 84 development contributions and donations 80 development funding for 71 72 78 79 development fundraising 76 Disc CCD section 2 cic eee de cobain ees 30 documentation see also both FDL and manuals o days 85 86 95 96 documentation copying 0 005 56 documentation license 00 eee ee eee 56 documentation organization 2 DI Detorn Senet acai care 57 E O A eagle beats aoe noes TC education free software in 00 67
2. 0 0 00 eens o 52 Intel see also trusted computing 94 INTO UCLA es a5 cece iia a 1 invoking ccd2cue cece eee eee eee eee 2 ISRC COD property sc ico veces 38 ISRC CD PLC1 Gs cion ao nd mis wina 27 TISRG CUE Command ic 3 icc bici tienes 50 ITS Incompatible Timesharing System 73 75 Kantian ethics a 68 KDELi asas 84 kernel GNU Hurd oi ss acecseece mer pene ra 82 kernel LINUX s coogyad pheietsi abode ropas 83 L LaMacchia David 0 00 eee eee eee 91 TAIE X rai oea ae EE E ass 5r Lawrence Livermore Lab 000 76 LessTif see also Motif 0 0 0 82 84 Levy StOVEl caian aia ea wena es 73 LGPL GNU C library and 81 libraries comp C 0005 79 81 82 83 libraries comp GNU 0 0 000005 81 libraries comp GNU C Library see also GNU A tales E E EE 79 81 license documentation ooooccccccoocccccc o 56 license of manual 0c cece eee eee eee 56 licenses see also Affero FDL GPL LGPL X11 BSD XFree86 and lax permissive licenses cdi oa 63 Linux kernel cores 83 Lisp COMMON osmncocrnccanir rr i riana 64 LZW Lempel Ziv Welch data compression algorithm see also patents 82 85 Index M Mach microkernel 0 ccc eee eens 82 A obsessed eaeeaebeewisade daisies 1 manual copying eee eee eee eee 56 manual license 00
3. 30 Torvalds LINUS sisese ed ouste tians ew cheese iero 83 TRACK CCD section iuuuoniciina iredi 38 TRACK CUE command c cece eee o 48 TrackNo CCD property cece eee eee 35 trademarks and or trademark law 69 traps open source cece eee eee ee eee 79 traps nonfree libraries 000e eee 84 U universities releasing free software at 76 University of Utah 2 2 82 Unix compatibility announcement of 64 Unix compatibility ease of contribution because of ri a 66 Unix compatibility games and 80 Unix compatibility GNU Project development and E a 82 Unix compatibility Linux kernel and 83 Unix compatibility reason for 65 75 user subjugating software ooooooocccocccoo dl users arguments used to justify control over 92 93 101 users benefit to cee eee eee eee eee eee 66 72 users premise of author supremacy see also ownership 0 cece eee eee eee 92 93 users technical support for GNU 67 using GNU ccd2cue 0000 00 17 UUCP ic oie tiene ns o betes 65 NA VAK O casemate 73 Version CCD property oooccccoccccccccccos 29 O TT WIMS sa ai ateceteie mang sg sce pie AE ERER ENE ENER 75 Winston Patrick 00 e eee metrene y 76 X X To lkitscrerceserosoisisesdsepoprroreir tiati 84 X Window System
4. 0 eee eee eee 66 call to action future challenges 83 87 97 call to action promote free documentation 96 call to action talk about freedoM 86 call to action use correct terminology see also terminology cece eee eee e eens 79 Calling cod ciencia ds tatesueeea 21 Carnegie Mellon University 82 CATALOG CCD prOpertY ccccocccccccccccccccroo 31 CATALOG CGD field vurininia saciar atente 24 CATALOG CUE command 0008 41 COD property ADR i uici edbee cies tenia 35 CCD property AFrame 0 0c eee 36 CCD property ALBA 2 2 0cc02aescatacnnnteata 36 CCD property AMIN nica ni ta E 35 COD property AO Cunit sa 35 CCD property CATALOG 05 31 CCD property CDTextLength 3l CCD property Control ooocccccccccccco 35 CCD property DataTracksScrambled 30 CCD property Entries 005 32 CCD property ENtry cece eee ee eee 32 CCD property FLAGS cress miriciciaci waei Meee 39 CCD property INDEX ooooooooo o 39 CCD property ISRGs cncuetes as 38 CCD property MODE 2cscacce concisa 38 CCD property PFrame cece eee eee 37 CCD property PLBA urticaria 37 CCD property PMD ccc ais 36 CCD property Pointe ooc 2ssk wa ede eee es 34 CCD property PreGapMode 33 CCD property PreGapSubC 0 33 COD pro
5. 2 0 0 eee 16 TT T8 XOF taa savia Sr A Gorio se nccawatasiceiensicavavecanrinaaees 83 XM sce ied ar isaac aire aaa ate ER R E ciate Rusu ecard 57 Y VAC Cia a AE PEE ea 64 DAO E Sitewide Suet Geo et T 87
6. I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money I m asking individuals for donations of programs and work One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date The machines should be complete ready to use systems approved for use in a residential area and not in need of sophisticated cooling or power I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part time work for GNU For most projects such part time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate the inde pendently written parts would not work together But for the particular task of replacing Unix this problem is absent A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility pro grams each of which is documented separately Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility and make it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system then these utilities will work right when put together Even allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems assembling these components will be a feasible task The kernel will require closer communication and will be worked on by a small tight group If I get donations of money I may be able to hire a few people full or part time The salary won t be high by programmers standards but I m looking for people for whom building community spirit is as import
7. But its main purpose was freedom not to require the use of any nonfree software Harmony is a compatible replacement library designed to make it possible to run KDE software without using Qt In November 1998 the developers of Qt announced a change of license which when carried out should make Qt free software There is no way to be sure but I think that this was partly due to the community s firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree The new license is inconvenient and inequitable so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt Subsequent note in September 2000 Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL which essentially solved this problem Appendix F The GNU Project 85 How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library Will the whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap Or will many of us give up freedom for convenience and produce a major problem Our future depends on our philosophy Software Patents The worst threat we face comes from software patents which can put algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to 20 years The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983 and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed GIF s As of 2009 they have expired In 1998 a free program to produce MP3 compressed audio was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit There are ways to cope with patents we can search for evid
8. If you d like to make a donation of any value please send it to the following Bitcoin address 12sKDaBNYekQuRPdrpnbUL4YRDKrzMnY62 Since we aren t a tax exempt organization we can t offer you a tax deduction but for all donations over 0 05 BT C we d be happy to recognize your contribution on the donors page and on DONORS file for the next release We are also happy to consider making particular improvements or changes or giving specific technical assistance in return for a substantial donation over 0 5 BTC If you would like to discuss this possibility write to me at oitofelix gnu org Another possibility is to pay a software maintenance fee Again write to me about this at oitofelix gnu org to discuss how much you want to pay and how much maintenance we can offer in return Chapter 1 Overview 6 Thanks for your support 1 8 Hacking The development sources are available through VCS at Savannah https savannah gnu org git group ccd2cue If you are getting the sources from a VCS or change configure ac you ll need to have Automake Autoconf and Gettext installed to re build You ll also need help2man All of these programs are available from https ftp gnu org gnu After getting the VCS sources and installing the tools above you can run bootstrap amp amp configure amp amp make to do a fresh build After that first time running make should suffice to rebuild the program with your changes See file INSTAL
9. eee eee eee eee ee oo 56 manual organization 0000000 2 manuals see also manuals FDL and documentation 56 63 95 96 manuals GNU desistir 95 manuals need for oooooccccccorcccccn no 85 86 McGrath Roladd occocooccccccccoccccco 79 MIT AI Artificial Intelligence Lab 65 74 76 MIT Chao0sMety comcsisoscorirn na ra ENE 65 MIT X Window System and He MODE CCD property cece eee eee eee 38 MODE CD field seria ded wae 25 Motif see also LessTif 0 02 84 86 motivation to write GNU ccd2cue 1 Motorola iodo aii al 77 94 MP Irura tri red hinnie E iek 85 Multi S vimos land 75 N National Science Foundation NSF 71 nondisclosure agreements 65 73 74 77 DTO uns ri 64 O O Reilly Associates 0 0c cece eee eee 95 omitting all arguments of GNU ccd2cue 19 omitting output option of GNU ccd2cue 19 open source essential difference between free Software anid AAA evan eade tinen 86 operation of GNU ccd2cue 004 iT organization of this manual 2 origin of GNU ccd2cue 0 00 00220 1 outputting CD Text file o ooooooooooooo o 20 ownership and damage to social cohesion 74 ownership and Soviet style information control dd ts 91 ownership and users freedom 74 ownership arguments for
10. 92 93 P Dascalan dis dan 76 Pastel compiler seciscsrererererecicvererene 76 p tent Oe eae a ee naia 69 85 patents LZW data compression algorithm 85 PDP ocioteca tia it Sues 57 PERFORMER CUE command 0 44 PGT ONPE 95 PFrame CCD property 0 cece ee o 37 piping input and output 05 19 PLBA CCD property oes cccc cc0c care te 37 PMin CCD property ccc eee ee eee ees 36 100 A pend nice dou aE ai site a saab mae adons 57 Point CCD property iiie sce ceesbinsecegee eet 34 POSTGAP CUE command 0 000005 54 PREGAP CUE command 0 000 e eee ol PreGapMode CCD property 005 33 PreGapSubC CCD property occoccccccccccc 33 prep al mit ddr aer re Privacy Guard GPG GNU 0 5 82 Program CALA pie oct nsd eines paara eee 1 program CloneCD proprietary dl programmers and creativity and entitlement 68 70 92 93 programmers incentive for 65 70 71 programmers income for 68 69 71 72 77 79 94 programmers psychosocial harm to 65 proprietary software cece eee eee eee 1 proprietary software paradox of permissive license a a ta 77 PSec COD PEOPOTENiuircaini ar i eE 36 public domain software see also software 65 77 Q i anpenccnadanvancoumnceedenneasaeees cand 84 86 R Raymond Etico srta 81 Readline
11. FSF Free Software Foundation http fsf org 51 Franklin St Floor 5 Boston MA 02110 1335 USA This document is part of GNU philosophy the GNU Project s exhaustive collection of articles and essays about free software and related matters Copyright 2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 Free Software Foundation Inc Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire appendixare permitted world wide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved 0 PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual textbook or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it with or without modifying it either commercially or noncommercially Secondarily this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others This License is a kind of copyleft which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense It complements the GNU General Public License which is a copyleft license designed for free software We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software because free software needs free documentation a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does But this License is not limited to software manuals it can be used for any t
12. space 1t must be enclosed in quotation marks There are a total of 5 types file type can take two types for raw data and three for audio The raw data types are BINARY and MOTOROLA and they differ only in endianness little and big endian respectively The audio types are AIFF WAVE and MP3 and the correspondent files must be setup to 44 1 KHz 16 bits and stereo The following table summarizes it BINARY Intel binary raw data Little endian least significant byte first MOTOROLA Motorola binary raw data Big endian most significant byte first AIFF Audio data in AIFF Audio Interchange File Format WAVE Audio data in WAVE Waveform Audio File Format MP3 Audio data in MP3 MPEG 1 or MPEG 2 Audio Layer II Context Parents None Multiple Yes Children TRACK Position After CATALOG CDTEXTFILE Before None Example FILE guix 1 0 iso BINARY FILE The Free Software Song wav WAVE 2 See https en wikipedia org wiki Little_endian Little endian 3 See https en wikipedia org wiki Big_endian Big endian 4 See https en wikipedia org wiki Aiff 5 See https en wikipedia org wiki Waveform_Audio_File_Format 6 See https en wikipedia org wiki Mp3 Appendix C CUE sheet format 47 CCD sheet Since the CCD sheet file is not meant to be composed from scratch by an user or authoring software but rather created to mimic an existing disc layout it is assumed that the source of data are the CCD image an
13. 0 28833329 Chapter 3 Operation 17 3 Operation First it is important to distinguish between the various files involved in the conversion operation accomplished by GNU ccd2cue The whole process basically consists of a conver sion of the CCD set of files into a CUE set of files whose meaning by suffix is described below In the CCD set all files have the same basename and the respective suffixes are manda tory It is composed of img Audio data raw image hereafter called image file sub Sub channel data hereafter called sub channel file ccd Layout description hereafter called CCD sheet file In the CUE set all files need not have the same basename and the respective suffixes are just an optional default It is composed of bin The same image file as above with the traditional suffix cdt CD Text meta data file hereafter called CD Text file cue Layout description hereafter called CUE sheet file The GNU ccd2cue program never touches any of the files in the CCD set not even to rename the image file to use the traditional bin suffix However it will still work with other software because the image file is explicitly referenced inside the CUE sheet file The idea is to take the least intrusive approach e g to have both sets of files simultaneously without any interfering with each other Although we are against the use and development of any proprietary program including those which can handle CCD sheets it
14. Emacs GNU 2 00 eee eee 64 77 79 82 HMpIr CaM iia wide heeded 64 Entries CCD property ccee eee 32 Entry CCD property ima 32 Entry CGD Sectionecii ee seceaed tee deened 34 F FDL see also both manuals and documentation E A ETE EEEE E E A 56 63 78 features of GNU ccd2cue 00 cee eee i file name deduction algorithm 19 file with sub suffix 0 0 ccc cece Lr FILE CUE Command ereorrieeie dtaa EnEn EE aan 46 FLAGS CCD property iii iii 39 FLAGS CD PLOUG weds penis ba is 26 FLAGS CUE command 0 cece eee neces 49 format of TOC sheet 0 0000 cece eee eee jl Pok Brahim rn goes 79 Free Documentation License FDL GNU see also FDL manuals and documentation 56 63 Free Software Foundation FSF see also FSF E E E E 78 79 free software essential difference between open go rce AM pea arias ia ones baked 86 Free University Compiler Kit VUCK 76 freedom denying software ooooooocccccccoo fl freeware see also software 71 FSF and selling GNU manuals 95 FSF Deluxe Distributions 79 ESP fundraising s2s20es c00eueedaeen en 68 79 FSF how you can help 0 ee eee 68 Tull PIPE srs danna il aia 19 G games Empire coocaconrsinc rascar 64 games Unix compatibility and 80 o te had e Gneee ahaha nals Ras ete 85 GNOME GNU Net
15. INDEX 00 00 00 00 INDEX 01 00 02 00 INDEX 02 03 23 54 CCD sheet See Section B 6 3 INDEX TRACK CCD Section page 39 53 Appendix C CUE sheet format 54 C 12 POSTGAP POSTGAP mm ss ff CUE Command Set the length of the current track post gap to mm minutes plus ss seconds plus ff frames The values mm ss and ff must be non negative integers A frame is the 75th part of a second No data is consumed from the file specified in the current FILE command context Context Parents TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After INDEX Before None Example POSTGAP 00 02 00 CCD sheet No CCD sheet element analogous or directly related to this command is known Appendix C CUE sheet format 55 C 13 REM REM comment CUE Command Ignore comment The value comment can be any string of arbitrary length but it ends at end of line Its practical use is to comment the CUE sheet for the sake of human readers There is no way to make multi line comments but one can simply start consecutive lines with this command Context Parents None Multiple Yes Children None Position After None Before None Example REM There is no system but GNU REM and Linux Libre is just one of its kernels CCD sheet No CCD sheet element analogous or directly related to this command is known Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 56 Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 3 November 2008
16. If you use the latter option you must take reasonably prudent steps when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy directly or through your agents or retailers of that edition to the public It is requested but not required that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document 4 MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it In addition you must do these things in the Modified Version Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 59 A Use in the Title Page and on the covers if any a title distinct from that of the Document and from those of previous versions which should if there were any be listed in the History section of the Document You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission B List on the Title Page as authors one or more persons or entities responsible
17. Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary rev ed Sebastopol Calif O Reilly 2001 p 23 Appendix F The GNU Project 82 For example we developed the GNU C library because a Unix like system needs a C library BASH because a Unix like system needs a shell and GNU tar because a Unix like system needs a tar program The same is true for my own programs the GNU C compiler GNU Emacs GDB and GNU Make Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our freedom Thus we developed gzip to replace the Compress program which had been lost to the community because of the LZW patents We found people to develop LessTif and more recently started GNOME and Harmony to address the problems caused by certain proprietary libraries see below We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to replace popular nonfree encryption software because users should not have to choose between privacy and freedom Of course the people writing these programs became interested in the work and many features were added to them by various people for the sake of their own needs and interests But that is not why the programs exist Unexpected Developments At the beginning of the GNU Project I imagined that we would develop the whole GNU system then release it as a whole That is not how it happened Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system each component could run on Unix systems long before a complete GNU s
18. The CCD sheet format support this feature only by means of a general mechanism designed to specify indiscriminately any CD Text encoded entry See Section B 3 CDText CCD Section page 32 Appendix C CUE sheet format 45 C 5 SONGWRITER SONGWRITER song writer string CUE Command If this command is inside a TRACK command context write song writer string as the name of the song writer of the correspondent track otherwise write it as the name of the song writer of the entire disc The value song writer string should not contain more than 80 characters If song writer string contains any space it must be enclosed in quotation marks This command is meant for CD Text enhanced discs The same data can be retrieved from the CD Text file using COTEXTFILE command Context Parents None TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After CATALOG CDTEXTFILE Before FILE Position TRACK After None Before INDEX Example SONGWRITER Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta SONGWRITER Getz CCD sheet The CCD sheet format support this feature only by means of a general mechanism designed to specify indiscriminately any CD Text encoded entry See Section B 3 CDText CCD Section page 32 Appendix C CUE sheet format 46 C 6 FILE FILE file name file type CUE Command Declare file file name of type file type as the one whose data will be used in the following TRACK command contexts by INDEX commands If file name contains any
19. a copy it would be wrong to refuse Cooperation is more important than copyright But underground closet cooperation does not make for a good society A person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride and this means saying no to proprietary software You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other people who use software You deserve to be able to learn how the software works and to teach your students with it You deserve to be able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks You deserve free software Appendix I Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation 95 Appendix I Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation This essay was originally published on http gnu org in 1996 This document is part of GNU philosophy the GNU Project s exhaustive collection of articles and essays about free software and related matters Copyright 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 Free Software Foundation Inc Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire appendixare permitted world wide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the software it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in these systems Many of our most important programs do not come with full manuals Documentation is an essential part of any software package when an important free softwa
20. aaa oe teen ade ae eee 39 B 6 4 FLAGS cece cece eee eee e eens 39 Appendix C CUE sheet format 40 Cl CATALOG ni da Da a a 41 0 2 CDTEXTPILE 20 ia ad 42 C3 TITLE A A at 2 43 CA PERFORMER 0 kietus ra eaa aa oaa aA 44 C5 SONGWRITER lt lt ia 45 GA S PALE vir didas 46 Cir TRACK cuca dd dd 48 CS FLAGS ceca sere ua tos inde des acted nee 49 CO MOR Cie RN bin ie eid sieges 50 C10 PREGAP a 52 2b sb dade sgl el dae Be eae he eed RG bs ene 51 EAT INDEX 3s fy cue E e coheed 52 CA2 POSTGAP i240 isda sica tres 452 bee Seaa ts 54 CAS REM secon da a ead Seen Peedi 55 Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License Oe ee eee TT oe ee eee en eee wee ere eres yee 56 Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 64 Appendix F The GNU Project 73 Appendix G Linux and the GNU system 88 Appendix H Why Software Should Not Have AMO in op eer wen A AS irtaurba Se 91 Appendix I Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation 0 00 95 Preface 1 Preface Manifesto On the internet there is a gigantic quantity of optical disc image files in numerous formats Countless times we need to burn some of them Some time ago I needed it but I came across a file format extremely irritating for a Free Software user like me a CD layout descriptor file with ccd suffix generated by a proprietary software called CloneCD I searched the internet for a way to burn that file on the GNU Linux Libre system bu
21. be used that proxy s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document 11 RELICENSING Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site or MMC Site means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server A Massive Multiauthor Collaboration or MMC contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site CC BY SA means the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3 0 license pub lished by Creative Commons Corporation a not for profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco California as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization Incorporate means to publish or republish a Document in whole or in part as part of another Document An MMC is eligible for relicensing if it is licensed under this License and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC and subse quently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC 1 had no cover texts or invariant sections and 2 were thus incorporated prior to November 1 2008 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC BY SA on the same site at any time before August 1 2009
22. can t rely on any support You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without service a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU free ought to be profitable We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work and mere handholding The former is something one cannot rely on from a software vendor If your problem is not shared by enough people the vendor will tell you to get lost If your business needs to be able to rely on support the only way is to have all the necessary sources and tools Then you can hire any available person to fix your problem you are not at the mercy of any individual With Unix the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most businesses With GNU this will be easy It is still possible for there to be no available competent person but this problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements GNU does not eliminate all the world s problems only some of them Meanwhile the users who know nothing about computers need handholding doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don t know how Such services could be provided by companies that sell just handholding and repair service If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a product with service they will also be willing to buy the service having got the product free Th
23. can be useful to have the original CCD sheet for reference in case the conversion process is improved in a subsequent release or more expressive destination formats become supported or just for debugging The GNU ccd2cue program has just one non trivial operation the conversion And this only relies on the information contained inside the CCD sheet file to generate the equivalent CUE sheet file Thus GNU ccd2cue does not enforce and in fact does not even check if you have the sub channel file or even more important the actual image file Therefore although it is possible to generate seamlessly a CUE sheet file from a lone CCD sheet file it is a must to have also at least the corresponding image file in order to burn the disc While the image file is not used by GNU ccd2cue but is referenced in the produced CUE sheet file the sub channel file is not used nor referenced at all in the CUE sheet file The CUE sheet format was not designed to describe the information found in the sub channel 1 Actually I m really sorry those programs came into existence in the first place I wish I never had to write a program like GNU ccd2cue I would then be contributing to society in a way that directly advances the social good not just alleviating the wrong doing of others that immersed in their own egoism and blindness desire to subjugate their neighbors for their own benefit 2 The TOC sheet format is an example Chapter 3 Operation 18 f
24. do reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware The rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software as our numbers increase secrecy of specifications will become a self defeating policy Reverse engineering is a big job will we have programmers with sufficient determination to undertake it Yes if we have built up a strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle and nonfree drivers are intolerable And will large numbers of us spend extra Appendix F The GNU Project 84 money or even a little extra time so we can use free drivers Yes if the determination to have freedom is widespread 2008 note this issue extends to the BIOS as well There is a free BIOS coreboot the problem is getting specs for machines so that coreboot can support them Nonfree Libraries A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for free software developers The library s attractive features are the bait if you use the library you fall into the trap because your program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system Strictly speaking we could include your program but it won t run with the library missing Even worse if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit back in the 80s Although there were as yet no free operating systems it
25. e Added distgnu Make target which aids the maintainer in uploading release tarballs to the GNU ftp site It only can be made from VCS checkouts e Likewise the homepage Make target now can only be made from VCS checkouts Therefore the exclusive infrastructure for building the package s homepage doesn t get distributed Chapter 2 Release 11 0 3 0 2 Fixed build system bug in which configure didn t detect the absence of help2man for maintainer builds Improved maintainer clean Make target effectiveness The program ccd2cue has become a GNU package and therefore is now dubbed GNU ccd2cue Its code and documentation have been updated to reflect such remarkable occurrence The target homepage generates the package homepage primarily from re lease documentation Some interesting GNU philosophy essays were added to documentation Various bugs in the program and documentation were fixed Support for all features of the CUE sheet format prominently CD Text meta data and track sub code flags Internationalization support using gettext Compliance with the GNU Coding Standards and the GNU Maintaining Standards See GNU Coding Standards and GNU Maintaining Standards Noteworthy changes are the use of the GNU build system for the ease and consistency of build and installation see INSTALL file documentation in the Texinfo format notably an user manual that can be outputted in numerous formats including but not limited to
26. for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document all of its principal authors if it has fewer than five unless they release you from this requirement C State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version as the publisher D Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document E Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copy right notices F Include immediately after the copyright notices a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License in the form shown in the Addendum below G Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document s license notice H Include an unaltered copy of this License I Preserve the section Entitled History Preserve its Title and add to it an item stating at least the title year new authors and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page If there is no section Entitled History in the Document create one stating the title year authors and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence J Preserve the network location if any given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document and like
27. https en wikipedia org wiki Ini_file Appendix B CCD sheet format B 1 CloneCD Syntax CloneCD Description Properties of the disc authoring software Example CloneCD Version 3 B 1 1 Version Syntax Version value Description The major version of CloneCD which made the CCD sheet Value Positive integer 29 Appendix B CCD sheet format B 2 Disc Syntax Disc Description Properties that apply to the entire disc Example Disc TocEntries 18 Sessions 1 DataTracksScrambled 0 CDTextLength 810 CATALOG 5479154328763 B 2 1 TocEntries Syntax TocEntries value Description Number of Entry sections Value Strictly positive integer B 2 2 Sessions Syntax Sessions value Description Number of Session sections Value Strictly positive integer B 2 3 DataTracksScrambled Syntax DataTracksScrambled value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer 30 Appendix B CCD sheet format 31 B 2 4 CDTextLength Syntax CDTextLength value Description The size in bytes of the corresponding CD Text file discarding one byte for the terminating null character 0 if there is no CD Text meta data See Section C 2 CDTEXTFILE CUE Command page 42 for more informa tion on the CD Text file Value Given by the formula 16 2 CDText Entries Where e 16 gt CD Text entry length in bytes e 2 gt CRC code length in bytes e CDText Entries Value of E
28. in sole position to make changes Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code Harvard s computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on the system if its sources were not on public display and upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs I was very much inspired by this Finally the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted Arrangements to make people pay for using a program including licensing of copies always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much that is which programs a person must pay for And only a police state can force everyone to obey them Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great cost charging each breather per liter of air may be fair but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are outrageous It s better to support the air plant with a head tax and chuck the masks Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as breathing and as productive It ought to be as free Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU s Goals Nobody will use it if it is free because that means they
29. mm ss ff CUE Command If number is 0 then consider the time specified by the next INDEX command as the track pre gap length present in the file declared by the current FILE command context If number is 1 then define the starting time of the index of this track as mm minutes plus ss seconds plus ff frames This index specify the starting time of track data and is the only stored in the table of contents of the disc If number is 2 or more then define the starting time of the number 1 th sub index within this track as mm minutes plus ss seconds plus ff frames If this is the first INDEX command of the current TRACK command context then it must start at 00 00 00 and number must be either 0 or 1 If this is not the first INDEX command of the current TRACK command context then number must be one greater than that of the last TRACK command The value number cannot be greater than 99 and is usually padded with a 0 on the left when smaller than 10 in order to keep index and sub index numbers two digit wide uniformly throughout the CUE sheet The time mm ss ff is an offset relative to the beginning of the file specified by the current FILE command context The values mm ss and ff must be non negative integers There are 75 frames per second Context Parents TRACK Multiple Yes Children None Position After FLAGS ISRC TITLE PERFORMER SONGWRITER PREGAP Before POSTGAP Appendix C CUE sheet format Example
30. not obstruct most individuals who use patented products The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times when authors frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction This practice was useful and is the only way many authors works have survived even in part The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of encouraging authorship In the domain for which it was invented books which could be copied economically only on a printing press it did little harm and did not obstruct most of the individuals who read the books All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society because it was thought rightly or wrongly that society as a whole would benefit by granting them But in any particular situation we have to ask are we really better off granting such license What kind of act are we licensing a person to do The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred years ago The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one neighbor to another the fact that a program has both source code and object code which are distinct and the fact that a program is used rather than read and enjoyed combine to create a situation in which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and spiritually in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the law enables him to Competition makes things get done better The paradi
31. notice of violation of this License for any work from that copyright holder and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 62 10 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new revised versions of the GNU Free Doc umentation License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns See http www gnu org copyleft Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License or any later version applies to it you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can
32. proprietary software Consider GNU Readline a library that was developed to provide command line editing for BASH Readline is released under the ordinary GNU GPL not the Library GPL This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used but that is no loss for us Meanwhile at least one useful application has been made free software specifically so it could use Readline and that is a real gain for the community Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides free software de velopers need to make advantages for each other I hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL covered libraries that have no parallel available to proprietary software providing useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software and adding up to a major advantage for further free software development Scratching an Itch Eric Raymond says that Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer s personal itch Maybe that happens sometimes but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in order to have a complete free operating system They come from a vision and a plan not from impulse 7 This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it 8 Eric Raymond is a prominent open source advocate see Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software Eric S Raymond The Cathedral and the Bazaar Musings on Linux and
33. provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 63 ADDENDUM How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page Copyright C year your name Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License If you have Invariant Sections Front Cover Texts and Back Cover Texts replace the with Texts line with this with the Invariant Sections being list their titles with the Front Cover Texts being list and with the Back Cover Texts being list If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts or some other combination of the three merge those two alternatives to suit the situation If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license such as the GNU General Public License to permit their use in free software Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 64 Appendix E The GNU Manifesto The GNU Manifesto was writ
34. stated above and you may publicly display copies 3 COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies or copies in media that commonly have printed covers of the Document numbering more than 100 and the Document s license notice requires Cover Texts you must enclose the copies in covers that carry clearly and legibly all these Cover Texts Front Cover Texts on the front cover and Back Cover Texts on the back cover Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible You may add other material on the covers in addition Copying with changes limited to the covers as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly you should put the first ones listed as many as fit reasonably on the actual cover and continue the rest onto adjacent pages If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100 you must either include a machine readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer network location from which the general network using public has access to download using public standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document free of added material
35. than just some GNU programs they use almost all of the GNU system but they don t think of themselves as GNU users Often they never hear about the GNU idea if they do they may not think it relates to them Most introductions to the Linux system acknowledge that GNU software components play a role in it but they don t say that the system as a whole is a modified version of the GNU system that the GNU project has been developing and compiling since Linus Torvalds was in junior high school They don t say that the main reason this free operating exists is that the GNU Project worked persistently to achieve its goal of freedom As a result most users don t know these things They believe that the Linux system was developed by Linus Torvalds just for fun and that their freedom is a matter of good fortune rather than the dedicated pursuit of freedom This creates a danger that they will leave the survival of free software to fortune as well Since human beings tend to correct their first impressions less than called for by addi tional information they learn later these users will tend to continue to underestimate their connection to GNU even if they do learn the facts When we began trying to support the GNU Linux system we found this widespread misinformation led to a practical problem it hampered cooperation on software mainte nance Normally when users change a GNU program to make it work better on a particular s
36. that pertain to more than one context namely None and Track are the CD Text related commands TITLE PERFORMER and SONGWRITER The only commands that can appear multiple times within its contexts are FILE TRACK INDEX and REM The valid positions of a command are determined by the following rules 1 A command can only appear after the introduction of the context it pertains to 2 Within that context the position of a command is determined by its specific positioning rules Each following manual section corresponds to a CUE command For each of them is explained its meaning context structure and positioning rules At the end of each section is an example of use and a reference to the correlated CCD sheet format element if there is any The meaning of the context tables is Parents The contexts to which this command pertains None here names the context introduced by no command Multiple Whether multiple instances of this command within a single instance of its context is allows value is Yes or No Children The commands that pertains to the context introduced by this command None if there is not one The meaning of the positioning tables is After This command must appear after the commands listed here if they are present The expression None means nothing Before This command must appear before the commands listed here if they are present The expression None means nothing Append
37. them making each user agree not to share with others I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities but eventually they had gone too far I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me against my will So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free I have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix Unix is not my ideal system but it is not too bad The essential features of Unix seem to be good ones and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks without spoiling them And a system compatible with Unix would be convenient for many other people to adopt How GNU Will Be Available GNU is not in the public domain Everyone will be permitted to modify and redistribute GNU but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution That is to say proprietary modifications will not be allowed I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to he
38. CD sheet input from standard input and write the CCD sheet output to standard output it is enough to just make explicit the name of a image name possibly with a nonstandard suffix regardless of the actual existence of the image file as in ccd2cue i free as in free speech img where free as in free speech img is the image file name On the other hand you can use the i image in conjunction with the CCD sheet file name and or CUE sheet file name just to override the image file name deduction As expected the argument in place of the CCD sheet file name will also make GNU ccd2cue read its CCD sheet input from standard input If for some weird reason you want to move the CUE sheet file around while keeping the image file in its original place and yet be able to normally use this pair as if they were in the same directory you can use the option a absolute file name That option will make the file name deduction algorithm explained above retain the absolute directory name Chapter 4 Tutorial 20 for each file however as a consequence of this approach it will only work for file names not directly supplied but deduced by the program When GNU ccd2cue detects CD Text data information inside the CCD sheet it outputs a CD Text file whose name is determined by the same file name deduction rules just described unless overridden by the option c cd text It is not possible to output the binary CD Text data to standard output how
39. CVACKEL osre oo beisadenaverede eee es 73 intellectual property bias and fallacy of term see also ownership 69 70 92 Linux erroneous use of term see also open A gcd pate Er rias Eee nates 86 open source values of 0005 86 87 open misleading use of term 79 piracy erroneous use of term 74 92 93 theft erroneous use of term 92 6 68000 class hardware 04 65 73 77 A absolute file name deduction 19 Ada language sce eee eee eee ences 94 ADR CCD property ici ca 35 AFrame CCD property cee eee eee 36 AI Artificial Intelligence Lab MIT see also A O ace aie renee 65 70 73 Air Porc s Us vascos dette need io dea 94 ALBA CCD property cece cece eee ees 36 O 2 324 554 dade sagt sedans any TERDEE DR WERTE 82 AMin CCD property cece eee eee eee 35 Analog D yices 2 sp secede fides es ii 94 ASCI sas rs 57 ASec CCD property cc cece eee 35 audio track static noise 000 22 B BASH Bourne Again Shell GNU 79 81 82 Bushnell Michael now Thomas 83 Ci at bares sacs paket eeh eh wes Dom eawend seats vig INS A ba gulk cad Gclleae ee aed 79 81 82 83 Ct LANG ARES o 56 sos A hatha w hae bins 84 call to action contribute to GNU 66 75 call to action donate
40. Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 5 7 ASec Syntax ASec value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer 35 Appendix B CCD sheet format B 5 8 AFrame Syntax AFrame value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 5 9 ALBA Syntax ALBA value Description Unknown meaning Value Negative integer B 5 10 Zero Syntax Zero value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 5 11 PMin Syntax PMin value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 5 12 PSec Syntax PSec value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer 36 Appendix B CCD sheet format B 5 13 PFrame Syntax PFrame value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 5 14 PLBA Syntax PLBA value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer 37 Appendix B CCD sheet format 38 B 6 TRACK Syntax TRACK index Description Track layout and meta data Index Strictly positive integer Example TRACK 1 MODE 0 ISRC DKKH50800101 INDEX 1 0 FLAGS DCP 4CH PRE SCMS CUE sheet See Section C 7 TRACK CUE Command page 48 B 6 1 MODE Syntax MODE value Description Track mode see Section A 2 MODE Compact Disc fields page 25 Value Non negative integer Value Mode 0 AUDIO 1 MODE1 2352 2 MODE2 2352 CUE sheet See Section C 7 TRACK CUE Command pag
41. Distribution This program is free software this means that everyone is free to use it and free to redistribute it under certain conditions This program is not in the public domain it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of this program that they might get from you The precise conditions are found in the GNU GPL General Public Licence The program manual is covered by the GFDL Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License page 56 This license is similar in spirit to the GNU General Public License but is more suitable for documentation Chapter 1 Overview 4 1 3 Getting a copy One way to get a copy of this program is from someone else who has it You need not ask for our permission to do so or tell any one else just copy it You may also receive this program when you buy a computer Computer manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to everyone else These terms require them to give you the full sources including whatever changes they may have made and to permit you to redistribute the program received from them under the usual terms of the GNU General Public License In other words the program must be free for you when you get it not just free for the manufacturer If you have access to the I
42. Free Software Foundation As interest in using Emacs was growing other people became involved in the GNU Project and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again So in 1985 we created 3 In 1984 or 1985 Don Hopkins a very imaginative fellow mailed me a letter On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings including this one Copyleft all rights reversed I used the word copyleft to name the distribution concept I was developing at the time 4 We now use the GNU Free Documentation License for documentation Appendix F The GNU Project 79 the Free Software Foundation FSF a tax exempt charity for free software development The FSF also took over the Emacs tape distribution business later it extended this by adding other free software both GNU and non GNU to the tape and by selling free manuals as well Most of the FSF s income used to come from sales of copies of free software and of other related services CD ROMs of source code CD ROMs with binaries nicely printed manuals all with the freedom to redistribute and modify and Deluxe Distributions distributions for which we built the whole collection of software for the customer s choice of platform Today the FSF still sells manuals and other gear but it gets the bulk of its funding from members dues You can join the FSF at http fsf org join Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software pac
43. GNU see also libraries comp GNU ii a daa 81 Red Hat Linux see also Linux erroneous use of A E 86 Red Hat Software 0 eee eee eee eee 84 REM CUE command vecina 55 S schools free software in cece eee ee 67 selling free software cece ee eee 76 79 Session CCD property sees 34 Session CCD section cc eee eee ee 33 Sessions CCD property ee cece eee 30 set of files of CCD cee eee eee eee kes set of files of CUE 2 eee 17 A fas taasde ASIE IT eal EEEN S simple use Case 2 api nri VEREER ee ees 19 Software Publishers Association SPA 91 software overstretched analogy with material ODIEC S ves ira ee ated ra aiee 92 93 software software tax cece eee eee TA SONGWRITER CUE command 45 Soviet UNION esos enni rr teeters 91 Stallman Richard cece eee eee 94 static noise in audio tracks 0 22 stdin to stdout 0 0 cece sane aven ngiki 19 sub channel information 0045 17 swap sample bytes 0 cece eee eee eee 22 Index SYMDOCS A os pads edad ie E Heaws dee ware 73 T terminology importance of using correct 92 Tira 64 76 Texas Instruments 000 e eee eee eee 94 TITLE CUE command ooocooccoccocoo momo 43 TOC sheet forMat ooccocooocccccnnncccccnn mo il TocEntries CCD property
44. GNU ccd2cue for version 0 5 March 13 2015 Bruno F lix Rezende Ribeiro lt oitofelix gnu org gt GNU ccd2cue is a CCD sheet to CUE sheet converter It supports the full extent of CUE sheet format expressiveness including mixed mode discs and CD Text meta data This manual is for GNU ccd2cue version 0 5 March 13 2015 This package is a component of the GNU Operating System and is developed by the GNU Project Copyright 2010 2013 2014 2015 Bruno F lix Rezende Ribeiro Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License Table of Contents PVC ea oan eh a eee i 1 Overview ole jena tae A 3 1 1 DeScriptiOi sys con ate peepee canidies cnet a tea cis 3 1 2 Distribution 00 000000 cece cece eee neces 3 1 3 Getting A COPY 1 34ss2ec6 ees eens spas sear P NEEE KEERA 4 LA Contacta iii A E dow avace Bev aa i 4 1 5 Bug T portimg lt iccesese rodados rea 4 1 6 Contributing mimosa esoo 5 LT DOI ni ees aaa eee 5 1 8 Ha Gkin eos d pcs CRO DU E sacbdeag eh be perenae sates 6 2 ReOGSS86 cc ibescawouds beac a ad 7 21 ANIME ito 1a 8 Deedes NEWS o a a ap oe aes ee le ees 10 Ded A O EN 13 DA Author Se nicas rs dida 14 20 ThidMksrsiariia india cda
45. L When modifying the sources or making a distribution more is needed as follows e This distribution also uses Gnulib to share common files stored as a submodule in git e When updating gettext besides the normal installation on the system it is necessary to run gettextize f in this hierarchy to update the po infrastructure After doing so rerun gnulib tool import since otherwise older files will have been imported See Gnulib Manual for more information When committing changes to the repository always create an entry in the doc release latest news texi file for any user visible changes or additions made This file is intended to provide the latest release news for the NEWS texi and ANNOUNCEMENT texi files to avoid duplication of information and syncing work After a release is made the news items should be moved to the NEWS texi file and another news list should be built from scratch in the ANNOUNCEMENT texi file Chapter 2 Release 7 2 Release In this chapter one can find information that are specific to the current release or subject to change between releases It presents the features this package acquired over time prob lems that affect its overall usage and what possibly could happen to it by our wishes in the future Last but not least people whose contribution for this package are noteworthy are acknowledged Chapter 2 Release 8 2 1 Announcement GNU ccd2cue is a CCD sheet to CUE sheet converter It s
46. NU General Public 1 This kernel consists of the Mach microkernel plus the GNU HURD The first test release was made in 1996 Now in 2002 it is running well and Hurd based GNU systems are starting to be used Appendix G Linux and the GNU system 89 License He did not write this kernel for GNU but it fit into the gap in GNU The combination of GNU and Linux included all the major essential components of a Unix compatible operating system Other people with some work made the combination into a usable system The principal use of Linux the kernel is as part of this combination The popularity of the GNU Linux combination is success in the sense of popularity for GNU Ironically the popularity of GNU Linux undermines our method of communicating the ideas of GNU to people who use GNU When GNU programs were only usable individually on top of another operating system installing and using them meant knowing and appreciating these programs and thus being aware of GNU which led people to think about the philosophical base of GNU Now users can install a unified operating system which is basically GNU but they usually think these are Linux systems At first impression a Linux system sounds like something completely distinct from the GNU system and that is what most users think This leads many users to identify themselves as a separate community of Linux users distinct from the GNU user community They use more
47. a variables Bug reported by Mario Bl ttermann e Numerous grammatical and markup corrections to the user s manual Patch submitted by Karl Berry e Make target announcegnu which automatically sends a signed announcement message to info gnu gnu org ccd2cue gnu org and coordinator translationproject org mailing lists when a release is ready This target can only be made in VCS checkouts e Make target fetchpo which fetches from the Translation Project the latest PO files available This target can only be made in VCS checkouts e Latest release news manifesto package s description and version in a single point of maintenance e Package meta information as release date and build system version auto matically generated at configuration time e Announcement message in user s manual and homepage e Make target distdir can be made when top level documentation files are missing 0 4 e The code repository moved from CVS to Git e Mailing lists were re purposed Now bug ccd2cue gnu org is exclusively used for bug reporting and ccd2cue gnu org for user support e Fixed bad wording in help text Bug reported by Benno Schulenberg of the Translation Project e Fixed potential crash caused by calling error function with wrong arguments inside error handling routines Bug first noticed by Rosa GNU Linux maintainers e Fixed documentation distribution bug in which the INSTALL file didn t get redistributed Bug reported by Darren S
48. again The answer was clear what was needed first was an operating system That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer With an operating system you can do many things without one you cannot run the computer at all With a free operating system we could again have a community of cooperating hackers and invite anyone to join And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by conspiring to deprive his or her friends As an operating system developer I had the right skills for this job So even though I could not take success for granted I realized that I was elected to do the job I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable and so that Unix users could easily switch to it The name GNU was chosen following a hacker tradition as a recursive acronym for GNU s Not Unix An operating system does not mean just a kernel barely enough to run other programs In the 1970s every operating system worthy of the name included command processors assemblers compilers interpreters debuggers text editors mailers and much more ITS had them Multics had them VMS had them and Unix had them The GNU operating system would include them too Later I heard these words attributed to Hillel If I am not for myself who will be for me If I am only for myself what am I If not now when The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit Free as in Free
49. age has more words and nuances than any other but it lacks a simple unambiguous word that means free as in freedom unfettered being the word that comes closest in meaning Such alternatives as liberated freedom and open have either the wrong meaning or some other disadvantage GNU Software and the GNU System Developing a whole system is a very large project To bring it into reach I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software wherever that was possible For example I decided at the very beginning to use TFX as the principal text formatter a few years later I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing another window system for GNU Because of this decision the GNU system is not the same as the collection of all GNU software The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU software programs that were developed by other people and projects for their own purposes but which we can use because they are free software Commencing the Project In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with distributing GNU as free software If I had remained on the staff MIT could have claimed to own the work and could have imposed their own distribution terms or even turned the work into a proprietary software package I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it become useless for
50. ags flag_1 flag_n for the current track Flags are separated by space For the allowed flags and its respective meanings see Section A 3 FLAGS Compact Disc fields page 26 Context Parents TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After None Before INDEX Example FLAGS DCP FLAGS 4CH PRE CCD sheet See Section B 6 4 FLAGS TRACK CCD Section page 39 Appendix C CUE sheet format 50 C 9 ISRC ISRC code CUE Command Specify the ISRC International Standard Recording Code to the current track The value code is described at Section A 4 ISRC Compact Disc fields page 27 This command only apply to audio tracks Context Parents TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After None Before INDEX Example ISRC DKKH50800101 CCD sheet See Section B 6 2 ISRC TRACK CCD Section page 38 Appendix C CUE sheet format 51 C 10 PREGAP PREGAP mm ss ff CUE Command Set the length of the current track pre gap to mm minutes plus ss seconds plus ff frames The values mm ss and ff must be non negative integers A frame is the 75th part of a second No data is consumed from the file specified in the current FILE command context Context Parents TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After None Before INDEX Example PREGAP 00 02 00 CCD sheet No CCD sheet element analogous or directly related to this command is known Appendix C CUE sheet format 52 C 11 INDEX INDEX number
51. anies based on launching new free software products Watch out though a number of companies that associate themselves with the term open source actually base their business on nonfree software that works with free software These are not free software companies they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt users away from freedom They call these programs value added packages which shows the values they would like us to adopt convenience above freedom If we value freedom more we should call them freedom subtracted packages Technical Goals The principal goal of GNU is to be free software Even if GNU had no technical advantage over Unix it would have a social advantage allowing users to cooperate and an ethical advantage respecting the user s freedom 5 Bourne Again Shell is a play on the name Bourne Shell which was the usual shell on Unix Appendix F The GNU Project 80 But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to the work for example dynamically allocating data structures to avoid arbitrary fixed size limits and handling all the possible 8 bit codes wherever that made sense In addition we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size by deciding not to support 16 bit machines it was clear that 32 bit machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a megabyte In pro
52. ant as making money I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way Why All Computer Users Will Benefit Once GNU is written everyone will be able to obtain good system software free just like air This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art Complete system sources will be available to everyone As a result a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself or hire any available 3 Nowadays for software tasks to work on see the High Priority Projects list at http fsf org campaigns priority projects and the GNU Help Wanted list the general task list for GNU software packages at http savannah gnu org people type_id 1 For other ways to help see http gnu org help help html This is another place I failed to distinguish carefully between the two different meanings of free The statement as it stands is not false you can get copies of GNU software at no charge from your friends or over the net But it does suggest the wrong idea Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 67 programmer or company to make them for him Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the sources and is
53. at proprietary manuals are good enough Some have not consid ered the issue I hope this article will do something to change that Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same reason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable they judge in purely practical terms not using freedom as a criterion These people are entitled to their opinions but since those opinions spring from values which do not include freedom they are no guide for those of us who do value freedom Please spread the word about this issue We continue to lose manuals to proprietary publishing If we spread the word that proprietary manuals are not sufficient perhaps the next person who wants to help GNU by writing documentation will realize before it is too late that he must above all make it free We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free copylefted manuals instead of proprietary ones One way you can help this is to check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it and prefer copylefted manuals to noncopylefted ones Note We maintain a page that lists free books available from other publishers Index Index SUD Te aciertan rendida Iy 6 damage erroneous use of term 92 free software unambiguous translations of 76 give away software misleading use of term 65 GNU Manifesto 0 e eee ee eee 64 72 hacker actual meaning of term see also
54. ax accepted options and their meanings Burning Gives an important warning and advice about burning the resulting CUE sheet READ THAT In the latter one can find the reference material comprised of the following appendices Compact Disc fields Describes some Compact Disc information that are common concepts to CCD and CUE sheet formats CCD sheet format Describes the CCD sheet format at least the part we know about it is a reverse engineering process and you are encouraged to help CUE sheet format Describes the CUE sheet format Now that you are acquainted with the program and documentation HAPPY HACKING Chapter 1 Overview 3 1 Overview This chapter briefly explains for what this package is intended gives relevant considera tions regarding dependencies configuration build installation and use describes which are the rules for its distribution how to get a copy of it how to contact the community how to fill bug reports how to contribute to the package how to make donations to support its development and how to get started hacking the code Bear in mind that instructions in this chapter are package specific for general and in depth configuration build and installation instructions refer to the file INSTALL present in the top level directory of the source distri bution If you have checked out the source tree from the VCS repository see Section 1 8 Hacking page 6 For more information about this program yo
55. ay that I a notable software author myself call it bunk But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the natural rights claims for two reasons One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects When I cook spaghetti I do object if someone else eats it because then I cannot eat it His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits him only one of us can eat the spaghetti so the question is which one The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly and me only indirectly Whether you give a copy to your friend affects you and your friend much more than it affects me I shouldn t have the power to tell you not to do these things No one should Appendix H Why Software Should Not Have Owners 93 The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society As a matter of history the opposite is true The idea of natural rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US Constitution was drawn up That s why the Constitution only permits a system of copyright and does not require one that s why it says that copyright must be temporary It also states that the purpose of copyright is to promote progress not to reward authors Copyright does reward authors somewhat and publishers more but that is intended as a means
56. cally sends a _ signed an nouncement message to info gnu gnu org ccd2cue gnu org and coordinator translationproject org mailing lists when a release is ready This target can only be made in VCS checkouts e Make target fetchpo which fetches from the Translation Project the latest PO files available This target can only be made in VCS checkouts e Latest release news manifesto package s description and version in a single point of maintenance e Package meta information as release date and build system version automatically generated at configuration time e Announcement message in user s manual and homepage e Make target distdir can be made when top level documentation files are missing Download Here are the compressed sources and a GPG detached signature https ftp gnu org gnu ccd2cue ccd2cue 0 5 tar gz https ftp gnu org gnu ccd2cue ccd2cue 0 5 tar gz sig Use a mirror for higher download bandwidth Chapter 2 Release 9 http ftpmirror gnu org ccd2cue ccd2cue 0 5 tar gz http ftpmirror gnu org ccd2cue ccd2cue 0 5 tar gz sig Use a sig file to verify that the corresponding file without the sig suffix is intact First be sure to download both the sig file and the corresponding tarball Then run a command like this gpg verify ccd2cue 0 5 tar gz sig If that command fails because you don t have the required public key then run this command to import it gpg recv keys 0x28D618AF key
57. d eventually it became useful to make a list of the remaining gaps We used it to recruit developers to write the missing pieces This list became known as the GNU Task List In addition to missing Unix components we listed various other useful software and documentation projects that we thought a truly complete system ought to have Today hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task List those jobs had been done aside from a few inessential ones But the list is full of projects that some might call applications Any program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system Even games are included in the task list and have been since the beginning Unix included games so naturally GNU should too But compatibility was not an issue for games so we did not follow the list of games that Unix had Instead we listed a spectrum of different kinds of games that users might like 6 That was written in 1998 In 2009 we no longer maintain a long task list The community develops free software so fast that we can t even keep track of it all Instead we have a list of High Priority Projects a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage people to write Appendix F The GNU Project 81 The GNU Library GPL The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU Library General Public License which gives permission to link proprietary software wi
58. d sub channel files which have predefined formats and names Thus there is no related explicit element in the CCD sheet format Among the CCD set files is presumed that the source of audio data is a file with the same base name of the CCD sheet file but with a different extension to indicate its specific purpose namely img This file is always assumed as having type BINARY Appendix C CUE sheet format 48 C 7 TRACK TRACK number data type CUE Command Define the numberth track whose type is data type The value number is a strictly positive integer and must be one greater than the last one supplied to a previous TRACK command notwithstanding number can be greater than 1 in the first occurrence of TRACK command however it cannot exceed 99 in any case Usually number is padded with a O on the left when smaller than 10 in order to keep track numbers two digit wide uniformly throughout the CUE sheet The data type argument is one of those described at Section A 2 MODE Compact Disc fields page 25 This command should appear at least once in the CUE sheet file Context Parents FILE Multiple Yes Children FLAGS ISRC TITLE PERFORMER SONGWRITER PREGAP INDEX POSTGAP Position After None Before None Example TRACK 1 MODE2 2352 TRACK 37 AUDIO CCD sheet See Section B 6 TRACK CCD Section page 38 Appendix C CUE sheet format 49 C 8 FLAGS FLAGS flag 1 flag 2 flag_n CUE Command Set special sub code fl
59. de the copy would otherwise have paid for one from the owner A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought copies Yet the owners compute their losses as if each and every one would have bought a copy That is exaggeration to put it kindly The Law Owners often describe the current state of the law and the harsh penalties they can threaten us with Implicit in this approach is the suggestion that today s law reflects an unquestionable view of morality yet at the same time we are urged to regard these penalties as facts of nature that can t be blamed on anyone This line of persuasion isn t designed to stand up to critical thinking it s intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway It s elementary that laws don t decide right and wrong Every American should know that in the 1950s it was against the law in many states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus but only racists would say sitting there was wrong Natural Rights Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have written and go on to assert that as a result their desires and interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone else or even those of the whole rest of the world Typically companies not authors hold the copyrights on software but we are expected to ignore this discrepancy To those who propose this as an ethical axiom the author is more important than you can only s
60. does not use such destructive means to become wealthier is that if everyone did so we would all become poorer from the mutual destructiveness This is Kantian ethics or the Golden Rule Since I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards information I am required to consider it wrong for one to do so 8 Although it is a charity rather than a company the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised most of its funds from its distribution service You can order things from the FSF to support its work TA group of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 69 Specifically the desire to be rewarded for one s creativity does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity Won t programmers starve I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer Most of us cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces But we are not as a result condemned to spend our lives standing on the street making faces and starving We do something else But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner s implicit assumption that without ownership of software programmers cannot possibly be paid a cent Suppos edly it is all or nothing The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be possible for them to get paid for programming just not paid as much as n
61. dom The term free software is sometimes misunderstood it has nothing to do with price It is about freedom Here therefore is the definition of free software A program is free software for you a particular user if e You have the freedom to run the program as you wish for any purpose e You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs To make this freedom effective in practice you must have access to the source code since making changes in a program without having the source code is exceedingly difficult 2 As an Atheist I don t follow any religious leaders but I sometimes find I admire something one of them has said Appendix F The GNU Project 76 e You have the freedom to redistribute copies either gratis or for a fee e You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program so that the community can benefit from your improvements Since free refers to freedom not to price there is no contradiction between selling copies and free software In fact the freedom to sell copies is crucial collections of free software sold on CD ROMs are important for the community and selling them is an impor tant way to raise funds for free software development Therefore a program which people are not free to include on these collections is not free software Because of the ambiguity of free people have long looked for alternatives but no one has found a better term The English langu
62. e means software you are free to redistribute but usually you are not free to study and change the source code so most of it is not free software See Words to Avoid or Use with Care Because They Are Loaded or Confusing for more explanation Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 72 In the long run making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity world where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun such as programming after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks such as legislation family counseling robot repair and asteroid prospecting There will be no need to be able to make a living from programming We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society must do for its actual productivity but only a little of this has translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software production We must do this in order for technical gains in productivity to translate into less work for us Appendix F The GNU Project 73 Appendix F The GNU Project The original version of this essay was published in Open Sources Voices from the Open Source Revolution by Chris DiBona and others Sebastopol O Rei
63. e 48 B 6 2 ISRC Syntax ISRC value Description ISRC International Standard Recording Code see Section A 4 ISRC Com pact Disc fields page 27 Value 12 characters the first five characters are alphanumeric the last seven are numeric only CUE sheet See Section C 9 ISRC CUE Command page 50 Appendix B CCD sheet format 39 B 6 3 INDEX Syntax INDEX index value Description Index within a track Index Non negative integer Value Non negative integer indicating the number of frames 1 75th of a second CUE sheet See Section C 11 INDEX CUE Command page 52 B 6 4 FLAGS Syntax FLAGS value Description Special sub code flags for this track Value A space separated string of the flags described in Section A 3 FLAGS Compact Disc fields page 26 CUE sheet See Section C 8 FLAGS CUE Command page 49 Appendix C CUE sheet format 40 Appendix C CUE sheet format The CUE sheet format is a simple text file composed solely of CUE commands its respective arguments blank spaces and lines The following syntactic rules apply to CCD sheets 1 Each command take one and only one entire line 2 Commands are case insensitive 3 Commands can be indented at will 4 Blank lines are ignored There are three contexts in a CUE sheet file None File and Track The first of them is not introduced by any command and the last two are introduced by FILE and TRACK commands respectively The only commands
64. e service companies will compete in quality and price users will not be tied to any particular one Meanwhile those of us who don t need the service should be able to use the program without paying for the service 5 Several such companies now exist Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 68 You cannot reach many people without advertising and you must charge for the program to support that It s no use advertising a program people can get free There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU But it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising If this is really so a business which advertises the service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its advertising and more This way only the users who benefit from the advertising pay for it On the other hand if many people get GNU from their friends and such companies don t succeed this will show that advertising was not really necessary to spread GNU Why is it that free market advocates don t want to let the free market decide this My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive edge GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition You will not be able to get an edge in this area but neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you You and they will compete
65. ece neces 82 GNU GNU manuals 2c eee eee 95 GNU GNU Privacy Guard GPG 82 GNU GNU programs see also software 65 GNU GNU Project 64 73 87 95 GNU GNU Readline 0 005 81 GNU GNU software see also software 64 65 81 GNU GNU software as distinguished from the GNU Systetitiies cc pccctaioi ties patena teiti 76 GNU GNU tar 0 eens 82 GNU GNU Task List o oooooooocooooo 80 GNU Harmony eee e eee eee 82 84 GNU motivation to write 0045 65 GNU objections to 0 eee eee eee 67 72 GNU operating system parts 64 75 76 82 GNU programs developed to cope with specific irradian 82 GNU user support 0 eee eee ee 67 Golden Rule naninn corria 65 68 GPG GNU Privacy Guard oococococcocccco 82 GRE sirios ib a 78 81 GPL copyleft and 0 eee eee eee eee 78 GAD se oe aussi inne paren E eens eens thet SE Sadan 82 99 Harmony scien cca tas gee ea seen eia 82 84 High Priority Projects list 66 Hillel the Elder oococccccccccccccccccco 75 history of GNU ccd2cue 00002 dl Hopkins Don cece eee eee eens 78 HTM dba 57 Hungry Programmers 0 000005 84 Hurd GNU ocios iopein irene 82 Hurd original name of 20 005 82 I INDEX CCD property coccoccccccccccccccccc 39 INDEX CUE command
66. ed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text A copy that is not Transparent is called Opaque Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup Texinfo input format LaTeX input format SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD and standard conforming simple HTML PostScript or PDF designed for human modifica tion Examples of transparent image formats include PNG XCF and JPG Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word proces sors SGML or XML for which the DTD and or processing tools are not generally available and the machine generated HTML PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only The Title Page means for a printed book the title page itself plus such following pages as are needed to hold legibly the material this License requires to appear in the title page For works in formats which do not have any title page as such Title Page means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work s title preceding the beginning of the body of the text The publisher means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public A section Entitled XYZ means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in pa
67. en wikipedia org wiki Universal_Product_Code 2 See https en wikipedia org wiki European_Article_Number Appendix A Compact Disc fields 25 A 2 MODE Description Track data type Value The following modes are defined Value Description AUDIO Audio Music 2352 588 samples CDG Karaoke CD G 2448 MODE1 2048 CD ROM Mode 1 Data cooked MODE1 2352 CD ROM Mode 1 Data raw MODE2 2048 CD ROM XA Mode 2 Data form 1 MODE2 2324 CD ROM XA Mode 2 Data form 2 MODE2 2336 CD ROM XA Mode 2 Data form mix MODE2 2352 CD ROM XA Mode 2 Data raw CDI 2336 CDI Mode 2 Data CDI 2352 CDI Mode 2 Data The modes marked with are not defined in the original CUE sheet format specification CCD sheet See Section B 6 1 MODE TRACK CCD Section page 38 CUE sheet See Section C 7 TRACK CUE Command page 48 Appendix A Compact Disc fields 26 A 3 FLAGS Description Track special sub code flags Value The following flags possibly more than one Value Description DCP Digital Copy Permitted 4CH 4 CHannel audio PRE PRE emphasis enabled audio tracks only SCMS Serial Copy Management System For non audio tracks the special flag DATA is used implicitly CCD sheet See Section B 6 4 FLAGS TRACK CCD Section page 39 CUE sheet See Section C 8 FLAGS CUE Command page 49 Appendix A Compact Disc fields 27 A 4 ISRC Description ISRC International Standard Recording Code Value 12 characters the first fi
68. ence that a patent is invalid and we can look for alternative ways to do a job But each of these methods works only sometimes when both fail a patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users want What will we do when this happens Those of us who value free software for freedom s sake will stay with free software anyway We will manage to get work done without the patented features But those who value free software because they expect it to be technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it back Thus while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of the bazaar model of development and the reliability and power of some free software we must not stop there We must talk about freedom and principle Free Documentation The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the software it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in our systems Documentation is an essential part of any software package when an important free software package does not come with a good free manual that is a major gap We have many such gaps today Free documentation like free software is a matter of freedom not price The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free software it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms Redistribution including commercial sale must be permitted online and on paper so that the manual can accompany every co
69. er of historical connection with the subject or with related matters or of legal commercial philosophical ethical or political position regarding them The Invariant Sections are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated as being those of Invariant Sections in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none The Cover Texts are certain short passages of text that are listed as Front Cover Texts or Back Cover Texts in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License A Front Cover Text may be at most 5 words and a Back Cover Text may be at most 25 words A Transparent copy of the Document means a machine readable copy represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or for images composed of pixels generic paint programs or for drawings some widely available drawing editor and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup or absence of markup has been arrang
70. ess There s no need to make anyone rich a typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are less satisfying than programming For years until a fellowship made it unnecessary I made a living from custom enhance ments of the free software I had written Each enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus eventually became available to the general public Clients paid me so that I would work on the enhancements they wanted rather than on the features I would otherwise have considered highest priority Some free software developers make money by selling support services In 1994 Cygnus Support with around 50 employees estimated that about 15 percent of its staff activity was free software development a respectable percentage for a software company In the early 1990s companies including Intel Motorola Analog Devices Texas Instru ments and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C compiler Most GCC development is still done by paid developers The GNU compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force and continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose The free software movement is still small but the example of listener supported radio in the US shows it s possible to support a large activity without forcing each user to pay As a computer user today you may find yourself using a proprietary program If your friend asks to make
71. ever Chapter 5 Invocation 21 5 Invocation The command ccd2cue is used to convert CCD sheet files in CUE sheet files It is invoked as follow ccd2cue OPTION ccd file The input file referred as ccd file must exist If ccd file is or omitted standard input is used Output options cd text cdt file Write CD Text data to cdt file 0 output cue file Write output to cue file While the main output file cue file is always generated the cdt file is created only when there is CD Text info If cue file is or output is omitted standard output is used Conversion options a absolute file name Use absolute file name deduction i image img file Reference img file as the image file The img file is a reference to a data file required only at burning time and thus its existence is not enforced at the conversion stage Help options help Give a help list usage Give a short usage message V version Print program version Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional for any corresponding short options Chapter 6 Burning 22 6 Burning READ THIS If you have burned a CD from a CUE sheet produced by this program and all audio tracks became only senseless static noise you may need to tell your burning software to swap the byte order of all samples sent to the CD recorder This can be accomplished with for example the swap option
72. extual work regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference 1 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work in any medium that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License Such a notice grants a world wide royalty free license unlimited in duration to use that work under the conditions stated herein The Document below refers to any such manual or work Any member of the public is a licensee and is addressed as you You accept the license if you copy modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law A Modified Version of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it either copied verbatim or with modifications and or translated into another language A Secondary Section is a named appendix or a front matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document s overall subject or to related matters and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject Thus if the Document is in part a textbook of Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 57 mathematics a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics The relationship could be a matt
73. ey change the program does not fill our community s needs While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable some kinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem For example requirements to preserve the original author s copyright notice the distribution terms or the list of authors are OK It is also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics Some GNU manuals have them These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because as a practical matter they don t stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program In other words they don t block the free software community from making full use of the manual However it must be possible to modify all the technical content of the manual and then distribute the result through all the usual media through all the usual channels otherwise the restrictions do block the community the manual is not free and so we need another manual Unfortunately it is often hard to find someone to write another manual when a propri etary manual exists The obstacle is that many users think that a proprietary manual is good enough so they don t see the need to write a free manual They do not see that the free operating system has a gap that needs filling Why do users think th
74. form name value there is no space around and belongs exclusively to one section the nearest upward section 3 There is no explicit end of section delimiter sections end at the next section declaration or end of file and sections cannot be nested 4 A space can occur in a indexed section resp property name followed by a number like in Session 3 resp INDEX 0 17524 5 Each non indexed section resp property come out only once per file resp section 6 Indexes of sections and properties starts at the minimum value allowed and increment sequentially Each following manual section corresponds to a CCD sheet section and each subsection within to a valid property of its parent section The sequence in which sections should be declared in the CCD sheet is the same given below For each section and property is explained its meaning and for properties is made explicit its value type A indicates the correspondent property value is not more than believed to be right or is a guess against which no counter example do exist so far In the end of each section description is presented a code example of that section using each available property just described Indexed sections and properties are those whose syntax references index Unless otherwise noted each section and property are mandatory The correlation with CUE sheet format is expressed by means of cross references to the relevant CUE commands 1 See
75. free operating system We therefore set out to write one In the long run though we cannot expect to keep the free operating system free unless the users are aware of the freedom it gives them and value that freedom People who do not appreciate their freedom will not keep it long If we want to make freedom last we need to spread awareness of the freedoms they have in free software The GNU project s method is that free software and the idea of users freedom support each other We develop GNU software and as people encounter GNU programs or the GNU system and start to use them they also think about the GNU idea The software shows that the idea can work in practice Some of these people come to agree with the idea and then they are more likely to write additional free software Thus the software embodies the idea spreads the idea and grows from the idea Early on in the development of GNU various parts of it became popular even though users needed proprietary systems to run them on Porting the system to many systems and maintaining them required a lot of work After that work most GNU software is easily configured for a variety of different platforms By 1991 we had found or written all of the essential major components of the system except the kernel which we were writing That was the situation when Linux came into being Linux is a kernel like the kernel of Unix it was written by Linus Torvalds who released it under the G
76. from the flexibility of the design and it is not clear solutions exist Fortunately another kernel is available In 1991 Linus Torvalds developed a Unix compatible kernel and called it Linux In 1992 he made Linux free software combining Linux with the not quite complete GNU system resulted in a complete free operating sys tem Combining them was a substantial job in itself of course It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version of the GNU system today We call this system version GNU Linux to express its composition as a combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel Challenges in Our Future We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free software This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain meeting them will require steadfast effort and endurance sometimes lasting for years It will require the kind of determination that people display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it away The following four sections discuss these challenges Secret Hardware Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware specifications secret This makes it difficult to write free drivers so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware We have complete free systems today but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot support tomorrow s computers There are two ways to cope with this problem Programmers can
77. g and maintenance services could also employ program mers People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware asking for donations from satisfied users or selling handholding services I have met people who are already working this way successfully Users with related needs can form users groups and pay dues A group would contract with programming companies to write programs that the group s members would like to use All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the price as a software tax The government gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend on software development But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development himself he can take a credit against the tax He can donate to the project of his own choosing often chosen because he hopes to use the results when it is done He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the tax weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on The consequences e The computer using community supports software development e This community decides what level of support is needed e Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for themselves De Subsequently we learned to distinguish between free software and freeware The term freewar
78. g on any of these TODO items we appreciate your help please write to bug ccd2cue gnu org so we can be aware that the problem is being addressed and talk with you how to do it best It is best to consult the latest version of this file in the program source code repository See Section 1 3 Getting a copy page 4 and Section 1 8 Hacking page 6 for instruction on how to access it Since the developers of this program are willing to assign the copyright of this package to FSF please be prepared to sign legal papers to transfer the copyright on your work to the FSF too For more details on this and some more practical details about getting involved see Section 1 6 Contributing page 5 As well as the issues listed here there are bug reports which are effectively to do items too that can use your help at the bug tracker web interface See Section 1 5 Bug reporting page 4 for more information CCD sheet format specification There is a specification of the CCD sheet format in the program manual That specification is the result of a reverse engineering process and is incomplete pretty much only the fields that affects the CUE sheet generation are known It would be very nice to decipher the entirety of the format and document it so we can bring into light whether there is room for improvement in the conversion process and to open new possibilities for more expressive formats like the TOC sheet TOC sheet format As the name
79. g the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question Is this program free If you judged based Appendix F The GNU Project 78 on the freedom provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release you would say that X was free software But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X you would have to say it was proprietary software Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems not the free version Copyleft and the GNU GPL The goal of GNU was to give users freedom not just to be popular So we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being turned into proprietary software The method we use is called copyleft 3 Copyleft uses copyright law but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose instead of a means for restricting a program it becomes a means for keeping the program free The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to run the program copy the program modify the program and distribute modified versions but not permission to add restrictions of their own Thus the crucial freedoms that define free software are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy they become inalienable rights For an effective copyleft modified versions must also be free This ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if it is published When programmers who have jobs as programmers volunteer to im
80. ge That was never the intent later on the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the service of distribution for a profit Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between free in the sense of freedom and free in the sense of price Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change Some users may obtain copies at no charge while others pay to obtain copies and if the funds help support improving the software so much the better The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using it Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 65 eventually a Lisp based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen Both C and Lisp will be available as system program ming languages We will try to support UUCP MIT Chaosnet and Internet protocols for communication GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000 16000 class with virtual memory be cause they are the easiest machines to make it run on The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants to use it on them To avoid horrible confusion please pronounce the g in the word GNU when it is the name of this project Why I Must Write GNU I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer
81. ge 5 Bruno F lix Rezende Ribeiro oitofelix oitofelix gnu org He is the original and only author so far Chapter 2 Release 15 2 5 Thanks This chapter contains a list of people that reported problems suggested improvements or submitted relatively small portions of actual code This program would not be what it is today without the invaluable help of these people to whom we would like to say THANK YOU The names are listed in chronological order of contribution Each person s contact in formation usually email and a summary of that person s contribution is put in per corre spondent section For contributions that does matter for copyright purposes e g major source code con tributions see Section 2 4 Authors page 14 If you would appreciate your own name listed here please contribute See Section 1 6 Contributing page 5 Lucas Sk ldqvist frusen frusen gungre ch He pointed out a syntactically incorrect expression in the manifesto kindly tested pre release versions and reported bugs Chapter 2 Release 16 2 6 Donors This chapter contains a list of people that supported development by means of donation This program would not be what it is today without the invaluable help of these people to whom we would like to say THANK YOU VERY MUCH If you would appreciate your own name listed here please donate See Section 1 7 Donating page 5 Name Email BTC Lucas Sk ldqvist frusen frusen gungre ch
82. gm of competition is a race by rewarding the winner we encourage everyone to run faster When capitalism really works this way it does a good job but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become intent on winning no matter how they may find other strategies such as attacking other runners If the runners get into a fist fight they will all finish late Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a fist fight Sad to say the only referee we ve got does not seem to object to fights he just regulates them For every ten yards you run you can fire one shot He really ought to break them up and penalize runners for even trying to fight Won t everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive Actually many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive Program ming has an irresistible fascination for some people usually the people who are best at it There is no shortage of professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way But really this question though commonly asked is not appropriate to the situation Pay for programmers will not disappear only become less So the right question is will anyone program with a reduced monetary incentive My experience shows that they will For more than ten years many of the world s best programmers worked at the Artif
83. grams for which handling very large files was not crucial we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into core then scan its contents without having to worry about I O These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix counterparts in reliability and speed Donated Computers As the GNU Project s reputation grew people began offering to donate machines running Unix to the project These were very useful because the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system and replace the components of that system one by one But they raised an ethical issue whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all Unix was and is proprietary software and the GNU Project s philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software But applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is justified I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package But even if this was a justifiable evil it was still an evil Today we no longer have any copies of Unix because we have replaced them with free operating systems If we could not replace a machine s operating system with a free one we replaced the machine instead The GNU Task List As the GNU Project proceeded and increasing numbers of system components were found or develope
84. he civics of our community We need to do both and we need to keep the two efforts in balance Open Source Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998 when a part of the community decided to stop using the term free software and say open source software instead Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of free with gratis a valid goal Others however aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the free software movement and the GNU Project and to appeal instead to executives and business users many of whom hold an ideology that places profit above freedom above community above principle Thus the rhetoric of open source focuses on the potential to make high quality powerful software but shuns the ideas of freedom community and principle The Linux magazines are a clear example of this they are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works with GNU Linux When the next Motif or Qt appears will these magazines warn programmers to stay away from it or will they run ads for it The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways all else being equal it is useful But winning their support by speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous it makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education even worse Free software and open source describe the same catego
85. hort compared with the rate of advance of the state of the art Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up production 8 I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary software was the most common basis for making money in software It seems that actually the most common business model was and is development of custom software That does not offer the possibility of collecting rents so the business has to keep doing real work in order to keep getting income The custom software business would continue to exist more or less unchanged in a free software world Therefore I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less in a free software world In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to speak of the issue of intellectual property That term is obviously biased more subtle is the fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very different issues Nowadays I urge people to reject the term intellectual property entirely lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent issue The way to be clear is to discuss patents copyrights and trademarks separately See Did You Say Intellectual Property It s a Seductive Mirage for further explanation of how this term spreads confusion and bias Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 70 the patents often do not do much harm They do
86. icial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had anywhere else They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards fame and appreciation for example And creativity is also fun a reward in itself Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting work for a lot of money Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 71 What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than riches but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well they will come to expect and demand it Low paying organizations do poorly in competition with high paying ones but they do not have to do badly if the high paying ones are banned We need the programmers desperately If they demand that we stop helping our neigh bors we have to obey You re never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand Remember millions for defense but not a cent for tribute Programmers need to make a living somehow In the short run this is true However there are plenty of ways that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the most money not because it is the only way to make a living It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them Here are a number of examples A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of operating systems onto the new hardware The sale of teaching handholdin
87. ile and most optical disc authoring software seems to ignore it when guided by a CUE sheet file Therefore do not expect to obtain an exact copy at the sub channel level using the CUE sheet file to guide your burning software Nevertheless for the vast majority of practical uses the extra sub channel data contained in the sub channel file can be fully ignored producing yet usable discs for the intended application Notice however that that does not mean CUE sheet format is incapable of describing any sub channel data in fact it describes the most important ones Hence all that data is available for GNU ccd2cue not inside the sub channel file but rather in the CCD sheet file itself the CD Text meta data is such a case the CD Text file is produced from decoded sub channel information available inside the CCD sheet file Chapter 4 Tutorial 19 4 Tutorial The most ordinary use case is when you have a CCD set of files and just want to generate a CUE sheet file in order to burn or otherwise access the data inside the image file Supposing your CCD sheet file is called free as in freedom ccd all you need is the command ccd2cue o free as in freedom cue free as in freedom ccd Remember that if your CCD sheet file name has spaces or unusual characters like you are better quoting the whole name with Naturally the CUE sheet file don t need to have the same base name as the CCD sheet file You can give an adequate CUE sheet o
88. implies the program GNU ccd2cue is designed to convert CCD sheets only to the CUE sheet format This format has some well know limi tations regarding the sub channel data which apparently can be mitigated by more expressive formats There is one sheet format called TOC that is very common well documented and accessible to free software in the GNU system It seems that format was designed to handle the sub channel data that is the major flaw of the CUE sheet format In fact it seems like a super set of the CUE sheet format For that reason we would like to have a ccd2toc in complement of the GNU ccd2cue But is that another project If not we have to change the name Chapter 2 Release 14 2 4 Authors This chapter contains a list of people that made sufficiently large contributions to de velopment that they can be regarded as truly authors of the program This program would not be what it is today without the invaluable help of these people to whom we would like to say THANK YOU VERY MUCH The names are listed in chronological order of contribution Each person s contact in formation usually email and a summary of that person s contribution is put in per corre spondent section For contributions that does not matter for copyright purposes e g minor or non source code contributions see Section 2 5 Thanks page 15 If you would appreciate your own name listed here please contribute See Section 1 6 Contributing pa
89. imply by using the terms Linux based GNU system or GNU Linux system instead of Linux system when you write about or mention such a system Seeing these terms will show many people the reason to pay attention to our philosophical articles The system as a whole is more GNU than Linux the name GNU Linux is fair When you are choosing the name of a distribution or a user group a name with GNU Linux will reflect both roots of the combined system and will bring users into connection with both including the spirit of freedom and community that is the basis and purpose of GNU Appendix H Why Software Should Not Have Owners 91 Appendix H Why Software Should Not Have Owners This essay was originally published in Technos Quarterly for Education and Technology vol 3 n 2 pp 24 26 Summer 1994 This document is part of GNU philosophy the GNU Project s exhaustive collection of articles and essays about free software and related matters Copyright 1994 2009 Richard Stallman Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire appendixare permitted world wide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it easier to copy and modify information Computers promise to make this easier for all of us Not everyone wants it to be easier The system of copyright gives software programs owners most of whom aim to withho
90. in other areas while benefiting mutually in this one If your business is selling an operating system you will not like GNU but that s tough on you If your business is something else GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of selling operating systems I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many manufacturers and users reducing the cost to each Don t programmers deserve a reward for their creativity If anything deserves a reward it is social contribution Creativity can be a social contri bution but only in so far as society is free to use the results If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs Shouldn t a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work or seeking to maximize one s income as long as one does not use means that are destructive But the means customary in the field of software today are based on destruction Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that the program can be used This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity derives from the program When there is a deliberate choice to restrict the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction The reason a good citizen
91. its intended purpose creating a new software sharing community However Professor Winston then the head of the MIT AI Lab kindly invited me to keep using the lab s facilities The First Steps Shortly before beginning the GNU Project I heard about the Free University Compiler Kit also known as VUCK The Dutch word for free is written with a v This was a compiler designed to handle multiple languages including C and Pascal and to support multiple target machines I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it He responded derisively stating that the university was free but the compiler was not I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU Project would be a multilanguage multiplatform compiler Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself I obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler which was a multiplatform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab It supported and was written in an extended version of Pascal designed Appendix F The GNU Project 77 to be a system programming language I added a C front end and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack space while the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the entire input file into a syntax tree converting the whole syntax tree into a chain of instructi
92. ix C CUE sheet format 41 C 1 CATALOG CATALOG mcn CUE Command Define MCN Media Catalog Number of the disc as mcn The argument mcn is a num ber composed of 13 decimal digits in UPC EAN encoding as described in Section A 1 CATALOG Compact Disc fields page 24 Context Parents None Multiple No Children None Position After None Before CDTEXTFILE TITLE PERFORMER SONGWRITER FILE Example CATALOG 3203040601052 CCD sheet See Section B 2 5 CATALOG Disc CCD Section page 31 Appendix C CUE sheet format 42 C 2 CDTEXTFILE CDTEXTFILE file name CUE Command Specify file file name as the one containing the CD Text meta data of the disc If file name contains any spaces it must be enclosed in quotation marks The CD Text Encoding and Decoding Guidet documents the CD Text file format Context Parents None Multiple No Children None Position After CATALOG Before TITLE PERFORMER SONGWRITER FILE Example CDTEXTFILE m sicas com nomes de garotas cdt CDTEXTFILE EngHaw Longe Demais das Capitais 1986 cdt CCD sheet See Section B 3 CDText CCD Section page 32 1 See https gmu org software libcdio cd text format html Appendix C CUE sheet format 43 C 3 TITLE TITLE title string CUE Command If this command is inside a TRACK command context make title string the title of the correspondent track otherwise make it the title of the entire disc The value title string should not contain
93. kages Two notable ones are the C library and the shell The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU Linux system uses to communicate with Linux It was developed by a member of the Free Software Foundation staff Roland McGrath The shell used on most GNU Linux systems is BASH the Bourne Again Shell which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just about tools or a development environment Our goal was a complete operating system and these programs were needed for that goal Free Software Support The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business practice but it is not against business When businesses respect the users freedom we wish them success Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business When the FSF took over that business I needed another way to make a living I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had developed This included teaching for subjects such as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC and software development mostly porting GCC to new platforms Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a number of corpo rations Some distribute free software collections on CD ROM others sell support at levels ranging from answering user questions to fixing bugs to adding major new features We are even beginning to see free software comp
94. king at http stallman org articles on hacking html Appendix F The GNU Project 74 This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not to help your neighbor A cooperating community was forbidden The rule made by the owners of proprietary software was If you share with your neighbor you are a pirate If you want any changes beg us to make them The idea that the proprietary software social system the system that says you are not allowed to share or change software is antisocial that it is unethical that it is simply wrong may come as a surprise to some readers But what else could we say about a system based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless Readers who find the idea surprising may have taken the proprietary software social system as a given or judged it on the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses Software publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the issue When software publishers talk about enforcing their rights or stopping piracy what they actually say is secondary The real message of these statements is in the unstated assumptions they take for granted which the public is asked to accept without examination Let s therefore examine them One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural right to own software and thus have power over all its users If this were a natural
95. ld software s potential benefit from the rest of the public They would like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we use The copyright system grew up with printing a technology for mass production copying Copyright fit in well with this technology because it restricted only the mass producers of copies It did not take freedom away from readers of books An ordinary reader who did not own a printing press could copy books only with pen and ink and few readers were sued for that Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press when information has digital form you can easily copy it to share it with others This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like copyright That s the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian measures now used to enforce software copyright Consider these four practices of the Software Publishers Association SPA e Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners to help your friend e Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and colleagues e Raids with police help on offices and schools in which people are told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying e Prosecution by the US government at the SPA s request of people such as MIT s David LaMacchia not for copying software he is not accused of copying any but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to censor their use All four p
96. les You may add a section Entitled Endorsements provided it contains nothing but en dorsements of your Modified Version by various parties for example statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front Cover Text and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back Cover Text to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version Only one passage of Front Cover Text and one of Back Cover Text may be added by or through arrangements made by any one entity If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of you may not add another but you may replace the old one on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one The author s and publisher s of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version 5 COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents unmodified and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice and that you prese
97. lly Media 1999 under the title The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement This document is part of GNU philosophy the GNU Project s exhaustive collection of articles and essays about free software and related matters Copyright 1998 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 Richard Stallman Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire appendixare permitted world wide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved The First Software Sharing Community When I started working at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971 I became part of a software sharing community that had existed for many years Sharing of software was not limited to our particular community it is as old as computers just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking But we did it more than most The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called ITS the Incompatible Timeshar ing System that the lab s staff hackers had designed and written in assembler language for the Digital PDP 10 one of the large computers of the era As a member of this community an AI Lab staff system hacker my job was to improve this system We did not call our software free software because that term did not yet exist but that is what it was Whenever people from another university or a company wanted to port and use a program we gladly let them If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting program you could alway
98. lp Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system software It may enable them to make more money but it requires them to feel in conflict with other pro grammers in general rather than feel as comrades The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the sharing of programs marketing arrangements now typically used essen tially forbid programmers to treat others as friends The purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the law Naturally many decide that friendship is more 2 The expression sive away is another indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that of freedom We now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about free software See Words to Avoid or Use with Care Because They Are Loaded or Confusing for more explanation Appendix E The GNU Manifesto 66 important But those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making money By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs we can be hospitable to everyone and obey the law In addition GNU serves as an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use software that is not free For about half the programmers I talk to this is an important happiness that money cannot replace How You Can Contribute
99. macs distribution This document is part of GNU philosophy the GNU Project s exhaustive collection of articles and essays about free software and related matters Copyright 1996 2002 Richard Stallman Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire appendixare permitted world wide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved The GNU project started in 1984 with the goal of developing a complete free Unix like operating system GNU Free refers to freedom not price it means you are free to run copy distribute study change and improve the software A Unix like system consists of many different programs We found some components already available as free software for example X Windows and T X We obtained other components by helping to convince their developers to make them free for example the Berkeley network utilities This left many missing components that we had to write in order to produce GNU for example GNU Emacs the GNU C compiler the GNU C library Bash and Ghostscript The GNU system consists of all these components together The GNU project is not just about developing and distributing some useful free software The heart of the GNU project is an idea that software should be free that software users should have freedom to participate in a community To run your computer you need an operating system if it is not free your freedom has been denied To have freedom you need a
100. may include a translation of this License and all the license notices in the Document and any Warranty Disclaimers provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer the original version will prevail If a section in the Document is Entitled Acknowledgements Dedications or His tory the requirement section 4 to Preserve its Title section 1 will typically require changing the actual title 9 TERMINATION You may not copy modify sublicense or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense or dis tribute it is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However if you cease all violation of this License then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated a provisionally unless and until the copyright holder explic itly and finally terminates your license and b permanently if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation Moreover your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means this is the first time you have received
101. more than 80 characters If title string contains any space it must be enclosed in quotation marks This command is meant for CD Text enhanced discs The same data can be retrieved from the CD Text file using CDTEXTFILE command Context Parents None TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After CATALOG CDTEXTFILE Before FILE Position TRACK After None Before INDEX Example TITLE Por Quem os Sinos Dobram TITLE S 0 S CCD sheet The CCD sheet format support this feature only by means of a general mechanism designed to specify indiscriminately any CD Text encoded entry See Section B 3 CDText CCD Section page 32 Appendix C CUE sheet format 44 C 4 PERFORMER PERFORMER performer string CUE Command If this command is inside a TRACK command context write performer string as the name of the performer of the correspondent track otherwise write it as the name of the performer of the entire disc The value title string should not contain more than 80 characters If title string contains any space it must be enclosed in quotation marks This command is meant for CD Text enhanced discs The same data can be retrieved from the CD Text file using CDTEXTFILE command Context Parents None TRACK Multiple No Children None Position After CATALOG CDTEXTFILE Before FILE Position TRACK After None Before INDEX Example PERFORMER Detonator e as Musas do Metal PERFORMER Metr CCD sheet
102. n all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 61 7 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium is called an aggregate if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation s users beyond what the individual works permit When the Document is included in an aggregate this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate the Document s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate 8 TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections You
103. nity from making full use of the manual However it must be possible to modify all the technical content of the manual and then distribute the result in all the usual media through all the usual channels otherwise the restrictions do obstruct the community the manual is not free and we need another manual Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to produce a full spectrum of free manuals Once again our future depends on philosophy We Must Talk about Freedom Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU Linux systems such as Debian GNU Linux and Red Hat Linux Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are flocking to it for purely practical reasons The good consequences of this are evident more interest in developing free software more customers for free software businesses and more ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software instead of proprietary software products But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the philosophy it is based on and this leads to trouble Our ability to meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to stand firm for freedom To make sure our community has this will we need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the community But we are failing to do so the efforts to attract new users into our community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them t
104. nternet you can get the latest distribution version of this pro gram at https ftp gnu org gnu ccd2cue Please use a mirror if possible you will be automatically redirected to the nearest mirror at http ftpmirror gnu org ccd2cue A VCS repository where the development takes place is also available It maintains the full history of modifications of every single source file You can checkout any given revision of any file or get a snapshot of the entire source tree in a particular desired state Special build tools as described in Section 1 8 Hacking page 6 are required to build from those checkouts though Notably to stay up to date with the latest developments in the source tree you can anonymously checkout the repository with the following command git clone git git savannah gnu org ccd2cue git 1 4 Contact You can get in touch with other users and the developers of this program by subscribing to its mailing list Anyone is welcome to join the list to do so visit ccd2cue s help and support mailing list web interface To post a message to all the list members send email to ccd2cue gnu org To see the collection of prior postings to the list visit its archive You can use this list for all discussion including asking for help and bug reporting although the preferred method for reporting bugs is sending a mail to bug ccd2cue gnu org the ccd2cue s bug reporting mailing list See Section 1 5 Bug reporting page 4 If y
105. ntries property of CDText section CUE sheet See Section C 2 CDTEXTFILE CUE Command page 42 B 2 5 CATALOG Syntax CATALOG value Description MCN Media Catalog Number Value UPC EAN encoded exactly 13 decimal digits see Section A 1 CATALOG Compact Disc fields page 24 CUE sheet See Section C 1 CATALOG CUE Command page 41 Appendix B CCD sheet format 32 B 3 CDText Syntax CDText Description CD Text meta data this section is entirely omitted if there is no CD Text meta data Example CDText Entries 3 Entry 0 80 00 00 00 54 72 69 6f 20 41 63 6f 75 73 74 69 Entry 1 81 00 16 00 54 72 69 6f 20 41 63 6f 75 73 74 69 Entry 2 8f 00 2a 00 00 01 Of 00 16 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 CUE sheet See Section C 2 See Section C 3 See Section C 4 See Section C 5 CDTEXTFILE CUE Command page 42 TITLE CUE Command page 43 PERFORMER CUE Command page 44 SONGWRITER CUE Command page 45 Ti B 3 1 Entries Syntax Entries value Description Number of Entry properties inside CDText section Value Strictly positive integer B 3 2 Entry Syntax Entry index value Description CD Text entry Value The nth index is exactly the nth CD Text file entry omitting the 2 byte CRC code and additionally in the case of the last entry the final null character It is encoded as a space separated sequence of 16 hexadecimal numbers of two digits without Ox base indicator Each pair of digits re
106. of modifying their behavior The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts into the natural rights of the public and that this can only be justified for the public s sake Economics The final argument made for having owners of software is that this leads to production of more software Unlike the others this argument at least takes a legitimate approach to the subject It is based on a valid goal satisfying the users of software And it is empirically clear that people will produce more of something if they are well paid for doing so But the economic argument has a flaw it is based on the assumption that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay It assumes that production of software is what we want whether the software has owners or not People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our experiences with material objects Consider a sandwich for instance You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or for a price If so the amount you pay is the only difference Whether or not you have to buy it the sandwich has the same taste the same nutritional value and in either case you can only eat it once Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards This is true for any kind of material object whether or not it has an owner does not directly affect what it is or what
107. om anyone and everyone your help is very much appreciated You can help in many ways e Donate to developers in order to support their work See Section 1 7 Donating page 5 e Write documentation We are specially in need to complete the CCD sheet format specification e Help users in the mailing list and IRC channel e Find and report bugs See Section 1 5 Bug reporting page 4 e Fix reported bugs e Implement new feature ideas e Write test cases e Check the documentation against the implementation e Translate the program strings to other languages You can join the development team to contribute code and documentation at the development page Patches are most welcome but contributed code should follow the GNU Coding Standards If it doesn t we ll need to find someone to fix the code before we can use it It is also necessary that the contributor be willing to assign their copyright to the FSF since the developers plan to make it officially part of the GNU operating system and they want FSF to enforce the program s license To get started hacking see Section 1 8 Hacking page 6 1 7 Donating If you find this program useful please send a donation to its developers to support their work If you use this program at your workplace please suggest that the company make a donation We appreciate contributions of any size donations enable us to spend more time working on this package and help cover our infrastructure expenses
108. ons and then generating the whole output file without ever freeing any storage At this point I concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch That new compiler is now known as GCC none of the Pastel compiler is used in it but I managed to adapt and use the C front end that I had written But that was some years later first I worked on GNU Emacs GNU Emacs I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984 and in early 1985 it was beginning to be usable This enabled me to begin using Unix systems to do editing having no interest in learning to use vi or ed I had done my editing on other kinds of machines until then At this point people began wanting to use GNU Emacs which raised the question of how to distribute it Of course I put it on the anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used This computer prep ai mit edu thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site when it was decommissioned a few years later we transferred the name to our new ftp server But at that time many of the interested people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp So the question was what would I say to them I could have said Find a friend who is on the net and who will make a copy for you Or I could have done what I did with the original PDP 10 Emacs tell them Mail me a tape and a SASE self addressed stamped envelope and I will mail it back with Emacs on it But I had no job and I was looking f
109. or ways to make money from free software So I announced that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one for a fee of 150 In this way I started a free software distribution business the precursor of the companies that today distribute entire Linux based GNU systems Is a Program Free for Every User If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author this does not neces sarily mean it will be free software for everyone who has a copy of it For example public domain software software that is not copyrighted is free software but anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it Likewise many free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive licenses which allow proprietary modified versions The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System Developed at MIT and released as free software with a permissive license it was soon adopted by various computer companies They added X to their proprietary Unix systems in binary form only and covered by the same nondisclosure agreement These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a problem they expected and intended this to happen Their goal was not freedom just success defined as having many users They did not care whether these users had freedom only about having many of them This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of countin
110. ou feel somewhat chatty eager for a somewhat more instantaneous response from com munity you can join us on our friendly IRC channel irc irc freenode net ccd2cue 1 5 Bug reporting If you came across some problem and need help you can contact the community as described in Section 1 4 Contact page 4 If you think you found a bug but is not quite sure about it you can ask for support sending a mail to ccd2cue gnu org We will revise your post advise you and take the appropriate measures If you are confident you have found a bug you can submit a bug report directly to bug ccd2cue gnu org You can subscribe to this ccd2cue s bug reporting mailing list at its web interface To see the collection of prior reported bugs visit its archive Please when reporting a bug include enough information for the maintainers to reproduce the problem Generally speaking that means e The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug and command line invocations of the program s involved crucial e A description of the problem and any samples of the erroneous output e The version number of the program s involved use version Chapter 1 Overview 5 e Hardware operating system and compiler versions uname a e Unusual options you gave to configure if any see config status e Anything else that you think would be helpful 1 6 Contributing This program is a collaborative effort and we encourage contributions fr
111. ow Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software It is the most common basis because it brings in the most money If it were prohibited or rejected by the customer software business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less often There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is now But that is not an argument against the change It is not considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do If programmers made the same that would not be an injustice either In practice they would still make considerably more than that Don t people have a right to control how their creativity is used Control over the use of one s ideas really constitutes control over other people s lives and it is usually used to make their lives more difficult People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights carefully such as lawyers say that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property The kinds of supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes For example the patent system was established to encourage inventors to disclose the details of their inventions Its purpose was to help society rather than to help inventors At the time the life span of 17 years for a patent was s
112. perty PSC ocpopreiricanenstinsed itis 36 CCD property Session 0 cess 34 CCD property Sessions 005 30 CCD property TocEntries 30 CCD property TrackNo coVnmecorcia seis 35 CCD property Version 005 29 CCD property ZerO ccc cece eee eee ees 36 CCD section CDText cece eee eee 32 CCD section CloneCD 00 ee eee eee 29 CCD s ction Dise ciucciiaresawatiena sada raed 30 CCD section Entry cceeeescriaa Yaad eens 34 CCD section Sessi0M command 39 CCD section TRACK cuca ai 38 CCD set of les iba 17 Ccd2cue INVOCALION mooconicioi re eed ae 21 CCAQCUE OPLIONS 0 sede as 21 CD DUPMING rs cebo no pale aw Lob oa ee hae vas 22 CD field CATALOG ccc tees desert peds 24 CD field PAGS es occ esc id 26 CD field ISRG 2 cnsticvevetaartaandiawe naitte 27 CD field MODE 6 ocio Heed nerds 25 CD Text file generation 00 20 cdridao program coma a derevstadees 1 CUECAO IPs O EE panes 22 CDT ext CCD Sectio cscs cae dda aden arse ava 32 Index CDTEXTFILE CUE command 42 CDTextLength CCD property 31 citizen values convenience v 79 84 citizen values cooperation 93 94 citizen values future challenges to 83 86 citizen values Golden Rule 68 citizen values open source v free software 86 citizen values prop
113. presents one byte Index Non negative integer Appendix B CCD sheet format B 4 Session Syntax Session index Description Unknown meaning Index Strictly positive integer Example Session 1 PreGapMode 0 PreGapSubC 0 B 4 1 PreGapMode Syntax PreGapMode value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 4 2 PreGapSubC Syntax PreGapSubC value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer 33 Appendix B CCD sheet format B 5 Entry Syntax Entry index Description Table of Contents entry Index Non negative integer Example Entry 0 Session 1 Point 0xa0 ADR 0x01 Control 0x00 TrackNo 0 AMin 0 ASec 0 AFrame 0 ALBA 150 Zero 0 PMin 1 PSec 0 PFrame 0 PLBA 4350 Every property whose value is an integer in hexadecimal base uses Ox notation B 5 1 Session Syntax Session value Description Unknown meaning Value Strictly positive integer B 5 2 Point Syntax Point value Description Unknown meaning Value Hexadecimal non negative integer 34 Appendix B CCD sheet format B 5 3 ADR Syntax ADR value Description Unknown meaning Value Hexadecimal non negative integer B 5 4 Control Syntax Control value Description Unknown meaning Value Hexadecimal non negative integer B 5 5 TrackNo Syntax TrackNo value Description Unknown meaning Value Non negative integer B 5 6 AMin Syntax AMin value
114. printable pdf info html and plain text Traditional Unix man page automatically generated by help2man Doxygen for in depth source code documentation That can be used to out put pdf html and numerous other formats documenting the inner workings of the code GNU compliant command line parsing provided by Argp It is no more necessary to provide arguments in the fixed order of command s synopsis the arguments can be given in any order and long options are accepted The command line options suffered the following changes to comply with GNU Coding Standards 0 Has companion long option output Has companion long option image h Changed to with companion long option help v Changed to V with companion long option version The following command line options were added to cover new features c cdt file cd text cdt file Writes CD Text data to cdt file Chapter 2 Release 12 a absolute file name Uses absolute file name deduction usage Gives a short usage message e It is no longer required to specify i option in every invocation It is enough to specify only one file name on the command invocation as an option or non option argument since the remaining needed file names are now deduced automatically 0 1 Initial release Chapter 2 Release 13 2 3 To do This chapter contains a list of ideas and features which would be nice to see implemented some day If you are ready to start workin
115. prove GNU software it is copyleft that prevents their employers from saying You can t share those changes because we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the program The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to ensure freedom for every user of the program The companies that privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to their systems and hardware These changes were small compared with the great extent of X but they were not trivial If making changes were an excuse to deny the users freedom it would be easy for anyone to take advantage of the excuse A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code Such a combination would inevitably be nonfree whichever freedoms are lacking for the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as well To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship Therefore a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole anything added to or combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined version is also free and copylefted The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is the GNU General Public License or GNU GPL for short We have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances GNU manuals are copylefted also but use a much simpler kind of copyleft because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for manuals The
116. py of the program Permission for modification is crucial too As a general rule I don t believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books For example I don t think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one which describe our actions and our views But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for documentation for free software When people exercise their right to modify the software and add or change its features if they are conscientious they will change the manual too so they can provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program A nonfree manual which does not allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the job does not fill our community s needs Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem For example requirements to preserve the original author s copyright notice the distribution terms or the list of authors are OK It is also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics These kinds of restrictions Appendix F The GNU Project 86 are not a problem because they don t stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program In other words they don t block the free software commu
117. ractices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it from hand to hand as samizdat There is of course a difference the motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political in the US the motive is profit But it is the actions that affect us not the motive Any attempt to block the sharing of information no matter why leads to the same methods and the same harshness Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power to control how we use information 1 The charges were subsequently dismissed Appendix H Why Software Should Not Have Owners 92 Name Calling Owners use smear words such as piracy and theft as well as expert terminology such as intellectual property and damage to suggest a certain line of thinking to the public a simplistic analogy between programs and physical objects Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about whether it is right to take an object away from someone else They don t directly apply to making a copy of something But the owners ask us to apply them anyway Exaggeration Owners say that they suffer harm or economic loss when users copy programs them selves But the copying has no direct effect on the owner and it harms no one The owner can lose only if the person who ma
118. re package does not come with a free manual that is a major gap We have many such gaps today Once upon a time many years ago I thought I would learn Perl I got a copy of a free manual but I found it hard to read When I asked Perl users about alternatives they told me that there were better introductory manuals but those were not free Why was this The authors of the good manuals had written them for O Reilly Asso ciates which published them with restrictive terms no copying no modification source files not available which exclude them from the free software community That wasn t the first time this sort of thing has happened and to our community s great loss it was far from the last Proprietary manual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their manuals since then Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell me about a manual that he is writing with which he expects to help the GNU Project and then had my hopes dashed as he proceeded to explain that he had signed a contract with a publisher that would restrict it so that we cannot use it Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers we can ill afford to lose manuals this way Free documentation like free software is a matter of freedom not price The problem with these manuals was not that O Reilly Associates charged a price for printed copies that in itself is fine The Free Software Foundation sells printed copie
119. rentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below such as Acknowledgements Dedications Endorsements or History To Preserve the Title of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section Entitled XYZ according to this definition The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License but only as regards disclaiming warranties any other Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 58 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License 2 VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium either commercially or noncommercially provided that this License the copyright notices and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute However you may accept compensation in exchange for copies If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3 You may also lend copies under the same conditions
120. rietary manuals 96 citizen values proprietary software and 74 CloneCD proprietary program 1 CloneCD CCD section 0c cece eee 29 command line syntax eee eee eee eee 21 commercial use and development 86 Common Lisp i 5 22 sc600 008 cee rr eden 64 competition impact on 68 70 91 Compress program 2 00 e cece eee ees 82 Constitution authors natural rights and US 93 Constitution US 224 0 b cccnvapesdastener eee ar 74 Control CCD property oocccoccccccccccccco 35 converting CCD sheet 0 00 19 copying documentation 04 56 copying Manual macia 56 copyleft FDL and eee eee ee 56 copyleft GPL and eee eee eee eee 78 copyleft modified versions 76 77 78 copyright digital technology and OL copyright enforcement measures 91 CUE command CATALOG 41 CUE command CDTEXTFILE 42 CUE command FILE ouoriiinosnia siria 46 CUE command FLAGS oococcocccoccocoo moco 49 CUE command INDEX 0 eee e eee 52 CUE command ISRO ociosa ra 50 CUE command PERFORMER ooo oooooo o 44 CUE command POSTGAP o ooocoococccoccocco coo 54 CUE command PREGAP o ooo ooooocoomooo 51 CUE command REM cece cece neces 55 CUE command SONGWRITER
121. right then no matter how much harm it does to the public we could not object Interestingly the US Constitution and legal tradition reject this view copyright is not a natural right but an artificial government imposed monopoly that limits the users natural right to copy Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about software is what jobs it allows you to do that we computer users should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have A third assumption is that we would have no usable software or would never have a program to do this or that particular job if we did not offer a company power over the users of the program This assumption may have seemed plausible before the free software movement demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without putting chains on it If we decline to accept these assumptions and judge these issues based on ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first we arrive at very different conclusions Computer users should be free to modify programs to fit their needs and free to share software because helping other people is the basis of society There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning behind this conclusion so I refer the reader to the article Why Software Should Not Have Owners A Stark Moral Choice With my community gone to continue as before was impossible Instead I faced a stark moral choice The easy choice wa
122. rve all their Warranty Disclaimers The combined work need only contain one copy of this License and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it in parentheses the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known or else a unique number Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work In the combination you must combine any sections Entitled History in the various original documents forming one section Entitled History likewise combine any sections Entitled Acknowledgements and any sections Entitled Dedications You must delete all sections Entitled Endorsements 6 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects You may extract a single document from such a collection and distribute it individually under this License provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document and follow this License i
123. ry of software more or less but say different things about the software and about values The GNU Project continues Appendix F The GNU Project 87 to use the term free software to express the idea that freedom not just technology is important Try Yoda s aphorism There is no try sounds neat but it doesn t work for me I have done most of my work while anxious about whether I could do the job and unsure that it would be enough to achieve the goal if I did But I tried anyway because there was no one but me between the enemy and my city Surprising myself I have sometimes succeeded Sometimes I failed some of my cities have fallen Then I found another threatened city and got ready for another battle Over time I ve learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my city calling on other hackers to come and join me Nowadays often I m not the only one It is a relief and a joy when I see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line and I realize this city may survive for now But the dangers are greater each year and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community We can t take the future of freedom for granted Don t take it for granted If you want to keep your freedom you must be prepared to defend it Appendix G Linux and the GNU system 88 Appendix G Linux and the GNU system The original version of this essay was published as the file etc LINUX GNU in the GNU E
124. s 15 2 0 gt DONOS 2er 32 Sa e ca 16 3 No AA 17 4 Tutorial coa AAR oreo FEAR awa 19 5 INVOCA OM sti ds bias dt is 21 6 B rmning a taba add 22 Appendix A Compact Disc fields 23 Ad CATALOG 30d 24 A2 MODE a De dad a 20 A A IN eos Domed 26 AA TSR rta a A A aa 27 Appendix B CCD sheet format 28 Bel CloneCD ria pace sees Sidon oats ae aati ade ate 29 BALL Vers TOM da oes ds 29 B2 IDSC rd dao ollo ie ath hls ble ane 30 B 2 1 TocEntries 1 0 ccc ccc ccc rered r EKEREN SENEE EERS 30 B 2 2 Sessions iaa dai dee ents bees ban 30 B 2 3 DataTracksScrambled cc ccc ccc runur enrere 30 B24 CDTextLength 600360 iat pisiw rial 31 Bio CATALOG tuvo aL Bid CDT 68s iia Edi iia 32 Bibel ENtTIES da A EARE whe da Rees 32 B32 ENtry sica Depa EA EE E E E EEE thes 32 BA Sessioner t eed 25 tok di A Salo a4 33 B41 PreGapMode vctuevelans bea rd skies Dek ated 33 B42 PreGapSub umi ciar seer eden ad 33 Bo TEO tabs ar ad ia 34 EA 34 B52 POP Grin edicts da oa 34 O PR 35 BiB A Cont Oli dd aie Ros 35 B50 ILACKN O A Beha eS eet dak eae 30 B56 AMin ic ei ri daria dia 35 B5 ASOC ada AO tail 35 B 5 9 APLAME iii e ad tada 36 B59 ALBA cn a aid 36 BDO ZrO sii ia did td 36 A A A etree ak oe acne 36 Ba PSEC uu os 36 B513 PFrame aces das chee codec aaa a eee Ghee ok Bold PLB Rociana ada 3r Bib TRACK ucraniana da E E a r E E a 38 BOL MODE draaien SD 38 B62 TS RC a Ss ah E a 38 Bib INDEX 26
125. s ask to see the source code so that you could read it change it or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program The Collapse of the Community The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital discontinued the PDP 10 series Its architecture elegant and powerful in the 60s could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s This meant that nearly all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed not long before In 1981 the spin off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the hackers from the AI Lab and the depopulated community was unable to maintain itself The book Hackers by Steve Levy describes these events as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime When the AI Lab bought a new PDP 10 in 1982 its administrators decided to use Digital s nonfree timesharing system instead of ITS The modern computers of the era such as the VAX or the 68020 had their own operating systems but none of them were free software you had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy 1 The use of hacker to mean security breaker is a confusion on the part of the mass media We hackers refuse to recognize that meaning and continue using the word to mean someone who loves to program someone who enjoys playful cleverness or the combination of the two See my article On Hac
126. s of free GNU manuals too But GNU manuals are available in source code form while these manuals are available only on paper GNU manuals come with permission to copy and modify the Perl manuals do not These restrictions are the problems The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free software it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms Redistribution including commercial redistribution must be permitted so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program on line or on paper Permission for modification is crucial too As a general rule I don t believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books The issues for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software For example I don t think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one which describe our actions and our views Appendix I Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation 96 But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for documentation for free software When people exercise their right to modify the software and add or change its features if they are conscientious they will change the manual too so they can provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program A manual which forbids programmers from being conscientious and finishing the job or more precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch if th
127. s to join the proprietary software world signing nondisclosure agree ments and promising not to help my fellow hacker Most likely I would also be developing software that was released under nondisclosure agreements thus adding to the pressure on other people to betray their fellows too I could have made money this way and perhaps amused myself writing code But I knew that at the end of my career I would look back on years of building walls to divide people and feel I had spent my life making the world a worse place Appendix F The GNU Project 75 Thad already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure agreement when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer The lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent I was very angry when he refused to share with us I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone else Another choice straightforward but unpleasant was to leave the computer field That way my skills would not be misused but they would still be wasted I would not be culpable for dividing and restricting computer users but it would happen nonetheless So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the good I asked myself was there a program or programs that I could write so as to make a community possible once
128. server hkp keys gnupg net and rerun the gpg verify command This release is signed by Bruno F lix Rezende Ribeiro His key fingerprint is 7CB1 208C 7336 56B7 5962 2500 27B9 C6FD 28D6 18AF This release was bootstrapped with the following tools e GNU Autoconf 2 69 e GNU Automake 1 14 1 e GNU Texinfo 5 2 Links Homepage https www gnu org software ccd2cue Atom feed https savannah gnu org news atom php group ccd2cue Help and support mailing list ccd2cue gnu org Bug reporting mailing list bug ccd2cueQgnu org IRC channel irc irc freenode net ccd2cue Support Tracker https savannah gnu org support group ccd2cue Bug Tracker https savannah gnu org bugs group ccd2cue Development page https savannah gnu org projects ccd2cue Chapter 2 Release 10 2 2 News This document contains a list of user visible changes worth mentioning The changes are split and ordered by version in reverse chronological order If you want to receive notifications about new releases of this program or important issues related to it subscribe to the mailing list as described in Section 1 4 Contact page 4 or subscribe to the package atom feed https savannah gnu org news atom php group ccd2cue 0 5 e Danish German Ukrainian and Vietnamese translations e Support for localized Unix manual pages Feature suggested by Mario Bl ttermann German translator e Respectable Unix manual pages e Localizable help met
129. t I only found a lot of people asking for a solution on a lot of forums and getting the unanimous answer no way At first 1 could not believe at that point there was no option Then with a little bit of patience and research I wrote some code to convert that files to a format much more common and accessible an ad hoc standard in the GNU operating system the CUE sheet format So I could burn a lot of what I wanted I wondered whether it would be useful for others and here is the result Bruno F lix Rezende Ribeiro oitofelix There is a well known and widely employed proprietary optical disc authoring software called CloneCD which is intended to make a nearly exact copy of audio and or data optical discs for archival and or reproduction purposes When making a copy of an optical disc to hard disk that program can output three files audio data raw image sub channel data and layout description The GNU ccd2cue program operates exclusively on the latter to produce a hopefully equivalent layout description in the CUE sheet format and possibly a companion CD Text meta data file Since there are free software packages that can easily and fully handle CUE sheet files this frees the user from the temptation to use a proprietary program or from the burden of searching for the desired disc data into a supposedly more free software friendly format One such program capable of burning a raw image file laid out by a CUE sheet file as well as con
130. ten by Richard Stallman at the beginning of the GNU Project to ask for participation and support For the first few years it was updated in minor ways to account for developments but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it Since that time we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid Footnotes added since 1993 help clarify these points For up to date information about the available GNU software please see the information available on our web server in particular our list of software For how to contribute see http gnu org help The GNU Manifesto was originally published in Dr Dobb s Journal vol 10 n 3 March 1985 This document is part of GNU philosophy the GNU Project s exhaustive collection of articles and essays about free software and related matters Copyright 1985 1993 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 Free Software Foundation Inc Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire appendixare permitted world wide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved What s GNU Gnu s Not Unix GNU which stands for Gnu s Not Unix is the name for the complete Unix compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who can use it t Several other volunteers are helping me Contributions of time money programs and equipment are greatly needed So far we have an Emacs
131. text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands a source level debugger a yacc compatible parser generator a linker and around 35 utilities A shell command interpreter is nearly completed A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released this year An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to emulate Unix When the kernel and compiler are finished it will be possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development We will use T X as our text formatter but an nroff is being worked on We will use the free portable X window system as well After this we will add a portable Common Lisp an Empire game a spreadsheet and hundreds of other things plus online documentation We hope to supply eventually everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system and more GNU will be able to run Unix programs but will not be identical to Unix We will make all improvements that are convenient based on our experience with other operating sys tems In particular we plan to have longer file names file version numbers a crashproof file system file name completion perhaps terminal independent display support and perhaps 1 The wording here was careless The intention was that nobody would have to pay for permission to use the GNU system But the words don t make this clear and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no char
132. th the library Why make this exception It is not a matter of principle there is no principle that says proprietary software prod ucts are entitled to include our code Why contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us Using the LGPL for the C library or for any library is a matter of strategy The C library does a generic job every proprietary system or compiler comes with a C library Therefore to make our C library available only to free software would not have given free software any advantage it would only have discouraged use of our library One system is an exception to this on the GNU system and this includes GNU Linux the GNU C library is the only C library So the distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system There is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU system but strate gically it seems that disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of free applications That is why using the Library GPL is a good strategy for the C library For other libraries the strategic decision needs to be considered on a case by case basis When a library does a special job that can help write certain kinds of programs then releasing it under the GPL limiting it to free programs only is a way of helping other free software developers giving them an advantage against
133. threaded servers that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years Alix The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd Its original name was Alix named after the woman who was my sweetheart at the time She a Unix system Appendix F The GNU Project 83 administrator had pointed out how her name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions as a joke she told her friends Someone should name a kernel after me I said nothing but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix It did not stay that way Michael now Thomas Bushnell the main developer of the kernel preferred the name Hurd and redefined Alix to refer to a certain part of the kernel the part that would trap system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers Later Alix and I broke up and she changed her name independently the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly to servers and this made the Alix component disappear from the design But before these things happened a friend of hers came across the name Alix in the Hurd source code and mentioned it to her So she did have the chance to find a kernel named after her Linux and GNU Linux The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use and we don t know if it ever will be The capability based design has problems that result directly
134. u can visit its home page at https ww gnu org software ccd2cue If you want to receive notifications about new releases of this program or important issues related to it subscribe to its mailing list as described in Section 1 4 Contact page 4 or subscribe to the package atom feed https savannah gnu org news atom php group ccd2cue 1 1 Description GNU ccd2cue is a CCD sheet to CUE sheet converter It supports the full extent of CUE sheet format expressiveness including mixed mode discs and CD Text meta data It plays an important role for those who need to use optical disc data which is only available in the proprietary sheet format CCD but don t want to surrender their freedom It fills an important gap in the free software world because before its conception it was impossible to use complex forms of optical disc data laid out by CCD sheets in a whole holy free operating system The GNU ccd2cue documentation is also intended to be a reference documentation for both sheet format specifications That way we can reverse engineer the secret CCD sheet proprietary format only once and then make the information available for developers in order to benefit all free software users that want their software to be interoperable The CUE sheet format is not a secret but with this package we take the opportunity to ensure that its specification is available under a free documentation license for the sake of the whole free software community 1 2
135. upports the full extent of CUE sheet format expressiveness including mixed mode discs and CD Text meta data It plays an important role for those who need to use optical disc data which is only available in the proprietary sheet format CCD but don t want to surrender their freedom It fills an important gap in the free software world because before its conception it was impossible to use complex forms of optical disc data laid out by CCD sheets in a whole holy free operating system The GNU ccd2cue documentation is also intended to be a reference documentation for both sheet format specifications That way we can reverse engineer the secret CCD sheet proprietary format only once and then make the information available for developers in order to benefit all free software users that want their software to be interoperable The CUE sheet format is not a secret but with this package we take the opportunity to ensure that its specification is available under a free documentation license for the sake of the whole free software community News e Danish German Ukrainian and Vietnamese translations e Support for localized Unix manual pages Feature suggested by Mario Blattermann German translator e Respectable Unix manual pages e Localizable help meta variables Bug reported by Mario Bl ttermann e Numerous grammatical and markup corrections to the user s manual Patch submitted by Karl Berry e Make target announcegnu which automati
136. utput file name at your discretion to the o output option If you omit the o option entirely as in ccd2cue free as in freedom ccd the result is that the yielding CUE sheet is written to the standard output giving you the chance to pipe it out to another command or to use the shell to redirect it to a file as you would do without it using the o option The same thing is accomplished by passing as an argument to option o Can you guess what happens if we omit the CCD sheet input file specification as well If you answered that GNU ccd2cue will read the CCD sheet input from standard input and write the correspondent CUE sheet output to standard output unfortunately you are wrong It would be nice if it behaved that way but there is an inherent design drawback the CUE sheet needs to reference an image file and possibly a CD Text file in that way how could it have any clue about those file names For that reason it is always necessary to supply at least one file name in an option or non option argument so GNU ccd2cue can deduce the remaining file names needed The deduction algorithm is very simple get the file name supplied in the following preference order 1 CCD sheet input file name non option argument 2 CUE sheet output file name o output 3 Image file name i image 4 CD Text file name c cd text conserve only its base name and concatenate the canonical suffix Therefore if you want to read the C
137. ve characters are upper case alphanumeric the last seven are numeric only The code has the format CCOOOYYSSSSS where Cc 0 Y S Country code Owner code Year Serial number Example USRMS8371421 CCD sheet See Section B 6 2 ISRC TRACK CCD Section page 38 CUE sheet See Section C 9 ISRC CUE Command page 50 This field is usually used on CD ROM s mastered for commercial production 3 See https en wikipedia org wiki ISRC Appendix B CCD sheet format 28 Appendix B CCD sheet format Warning This appendix describes the CCD sheet format This description is the result of observation deduction and tests Although there is quite some uncertainty about the semantics of a number of elements it is expected that every applicable entry or otherwise relevant element for the production of the corresponding CUE sheet is well understood Due to its proprietary nature no authoritative free and public available reference of the CCD sheet format do exist Whereas the information contained herein is thought to be accurate there is no guarantee of its correctness The CCD sheet format is an instance of the INI format a simple text file with a basic structure composed of sections and properties The following syntactic rules apply to CCD sheets 1 Every section has a name in square brackets that appears on a line by itself as in CDText 2 Every property has a name and a value in the
138. verting a CUE sheet file to the TOC sheet format is cdrdao Notably GNU ccd2cue can handle e Mixed mode CCD sheet file e CD Text meta data e Track special sub code flags Designed to run on an equally freedom restricting and user subjugating platform known as Microsoft Windows As far as possible to the full extent of CUE sheet format expressiveness See http cdrdao sourceforge net A sheet describing the layout of a disc which contains simultaneously audio and data tracks A method for storing disc and track relevant information like album song and artist names on a standard compliant audio CD In disc information that determines copy restriction very sad and audio track characteristics like 4 channel audio and track pre emphasis ao e O N a Preface 2 This manual is split in two major logical segments instruction and reference In the former resides the manual content targeted to instructional reasonably tutorial use It is composed of the following chapters Overview General information about purpose distribution copying community contri bution and donation for this package Release Presents information specifically relevant for the current release or subject to change between releases Operation Teach how the program works from the user s perspective Tutorial Guides the reader step by step in using the program for practical common use cases Invocation Concerns ccd2cue invocation synt
139. was clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on The GNU Project responded in two ways by asking individual free software projects to support the free X Toolkit widgets as well as Motif and by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif The job took many years LessTif developed by the Hungry Programmers became powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997 Between 1996 and 1998 another nonfree GUI toolkit library called Qt was used in a substantial collection of free software the desktop KDE Free GNU Linux systems were unable to use KDE because we could not use the library However some commercial distributors of GNU Linux systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their systems producing a system with more capabilities but less freedom The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt and millions of new Linux users had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this The situation appeared grim The free software community responded to the problem in two ways GNOME and Harmony GNOME the GNU Network Object Model Environment is GNU s desktop project Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza and developed with the support of Red Hat Software GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities but using free software exclusively It has technical advantages as well such as supporting a variety of languages not just C
140. when using the cdrdao program Experience has shown that at least for mixed mode discs it is necessary to use that option when burning otherwise you will almost certainly waste a CD Supposing you want to burn a CD using the cdrdao program and a CUE sheet file named gnu cue and wisely want to ensure the correct behavior of your burnt disc use the command cdrdao write swap speed 1 eject gnu cue That way cdrdao will swap the byte order of audio samples cautiously burning in the smallest possible speed and will eject your CD when it is done Appendix A Compact Disc fields 23 Appendix A Compact Disc fields This appendix describes some Compact Disc information that are common concepts to both sheet formats Each following manual section corresponds to a Compact Disc field or characteristic For each of them is explained its meaning the values it can assume and is given an example where appropriate Cross references to both CCD and CUE sheets applicable elements follow each description Appendix A Compact Disc fields 24 A 1 CATALOG Description MCN Media Catalog Number Value UPC Universal Product Code EAN European Article Number encoded ex actly 13 decimal digits Example 7954234679231 CCD sheet See Section B 2 5 CATALOG Disc CCD Section page 31 CUE sheet See Section C 1 CATALOG CUE Command page 41 This field is usually used on CD ROM s mastered for commercial production 1 See https
141. wise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on These may be placed in the History section You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission K For any section Entitled Acknowledgements or Dedications Preserve the Title of the section and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and or dedications given therein L Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document unaltered in their text and in their titles Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles M Delete any section Entitled Endorsements Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version N Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled Endorsements or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section O Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers If the Modified Version includes new front matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document you may at your Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License 60 option designate some or all of these sections as invariant To do this add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version s license notice These titles must be distinct from any other section tit
142. work Object Model Environment 0 020005 82 84 GNU see also both software and GNU 75 83 Index GNU ccd2cue features 00 c eee eee eee ee il GNU ccd2cue history oooocooccoccccnccc 1 GNU ccd2cue motivation ooooooocccrooom il GNU ccd2cue operation 000 eee 17 GNU ccd2cue origin 00 eee eee 1 GNU ccd2cue tutorial 0 0 0 eee eee 19 GNU ccd2cue use 0 cee eee eee eee ip GNU ccd2cue omitting all arguments 19 GNU ccd2cue omitting output option 19 GNU Help Wanted liSt o oooooocooomm 66 GNU Project see also GNU 73 87 GNU GNU Manifesto 0 2 64 72 GNU across a e 75 GNU advertising for 00 68 GNU GCC cuina cardio 77 79 94 GNU GDB iceicd ie cbs isd arar tr 82 GNU GNOME GNU Network Object Model Environment 2 0 000005 82 84 GNU GNU BASH Bourne Again Shell 79 81 82 GNU GNU C compiler see also GNU GCC EE EEEE eee 68 82 94 GNU GNU C Library 79 81 82 GNU GNU compiler 0 0 00000 94 GNU GNU Emacs 64 77 79 82 GNU GNU Free Documentation License FDL see also FDL manuals and documentation anat A nd oil 56 63 GNU GNU ftp distribution site ai GNU GNU Hurd eee eee aes 82 83 GNU GNU Make 20 ccc c
143. you can do with it if you acquire it But if a program has an owner this very much affects what it is and what you can do with a copy if you buy one The difference is not just a matter of money The system of owners of software encourages software owners to produce something but not what society really needs And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us all What does society need It needs information that is truly available to its citizens for example programs that people can read fix adapt and improve not just operate But what software owners typically deliver is a black box that we can t study or change Society also needs freedom When a program has an owner the users lose freedom to control part of their own lives And above all society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary cooperation in its citizens When software owners tell us that helping our neighbors in a natural way is piracy they pollute our society s civic spirit This is why we say that free software is a matter of freedom not price Appendix H Why Software Should Not Have Owners 94 The economic argument for owners is erroneous but the economic issue is real Some people write useful software for the pleasure of writing it or for admiration and love but if we want more software than those people write we need to raise funds Since the 1980s free software developers have tried various methods of finding funds with some succ
144. ystem they send the change to the maintainer of that program then they work with the maintainer explaining the change arguing for it and sometimes rewriting it for the sake of the overall coherence and maintainability of the package to get the patch installed But people who thought of themselves as Linux users showed a tendency to release a forked Linux only version of the GNU program and consider the job done In some cases we had to redo their work in order to make GNU programs run as released in GNU Linux systems How should the GNU project encourage its users to cooperate How should we spread the idea that freedom for computer users is important We must continue to talk about the freedom to share and change software and to teach other users to value these freedoms If we value having a free operating system it makes sense to think about preserving those freedoms for the long term If we value having a Appendix G Linux and the GNU system 90 variety of free software it makes sense to think about encouraging others to write free software instead of proprietary software However it is not enough just to talk about freedom we must also make sure people know the reasons it is worth listening to what we say Long explanations such as our philosophical articles are one way of informing the public but you may not want to spend so much time on the matter The most effective way you can help with a small amount of work is s
145. ystem existed Some of these programs became popular and users began extending them and porting them to the various incompatible versions of Unix and sometimes to other systems as well The process made these programs much more powerful and attracted both funds and contributors to the GNU Project But it probably also delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years as GNU developers time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the existing components rather than moving on to write one missing component after another The GNU Hurd By 1990 the GNU system was almost complete the only major missing component was the kernel We had decided to implement our kernel as a collection of server processes running on top of Mach Mach is a microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the University of Utah the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers i e a herd of GNUs that run on top of Mach and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as free software as had been promised One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the hardest part of the job debugging a kernel program without a source level debugger to do it with This part of the job had been done already in Mach and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs with GDB But it took a long time to make that possible and the multi

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