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Laboratory Safety Manual - Case Western Reserve University

1. 2 Chemicals shall be stored in cabinets or on shelves Long term storage of chemicals on the floor benches or in chemical hoods is prohibited Liquids should be stored below eye level 3 Use spill trays under containers of strong reagents Perchloric acid should be kept on glass or ceramic trays of sufficient capacity to hold all of the acid in case of breakage 4 Do not store chemicals past their expiration date Ethers for example generally contain inhibitors to prevent the build up of peroxides Any distilled or processed ether no longer contains any inhibitors and should be used immediately or disposed using the University guidelines on waste disposal described in Chapter Four of this LSM 5 Store chemicals according to compatibility Within compatible classes chemicals may be stored alphabetically See Appendix D for a table of Page 30 incompatible chemicals or consult an MSDS 6 Label all containers new bottles as well as temporary containers properly with the following information Your name PI name date contents purity location hazards if known 7 Dispose of unwanted chemicals promptly using the University guidelines on waste disposal described in Chapter Four of this LSM Storage of Flammable Chemicals The following guidelines establish policy and describes cabinets for storing flammable chemicals in the laboratory In this guide flammable chemicals are defined as liquid substances having a flash poin
2. Permanganates Nitric acid APPENDIX D Page 94 SMALL SPILL CLEAN UP GUIDELINES Spills of many innocuous laboratory chemicals can be handled by laboratory personnel with appropriate procedures outlined below If laboratory personnel have knowledge of the chemical s involved and can discern that the spill does not pose any hazards clean up may begin without the presence of Safety Services If at any time there is doubt as to the nature or extent of the hazard call Safety Services 368 2907 In University Hospitals call UH Protective Services for assistance 844 4357 UH Protective Services will then notify EHS Safety Services Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and the skin washed with soap and water Clothing must be laundered before reuse and in some cases may have to be disposed of Proper disposal of chemical waste is outlined in Chapter Four of this LSM For University Hospitals chemical waste disposal call Protective Services 844 4357 or UH Safety 844 1458 1 Acid Use an absorbent material which will neutralize the acid Commercially marketed acid neutralizers and sodium bicarbonate powder are recommended Dry sand can be used but is much less effective After neutralization has occurred scoop the mixture into a plastic bag and dispose of properly 2 Flammable Solvents Turn off all spark producing equipment Use an absorbent noted above that will retard the vaporization
3. 2 Pentanone Perchloroethylene Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryl fluoride Petroleum distillates Naphtha Phenol p Phenylene diamine Phenyl ether vapor Phenyl ether biphenyl mixture vapor Phenylethylene Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenylhydrazine Phosdrin Mevinphos Phosgene Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus yellow Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus pentasulfide Phosphorus trichloride Phthalic anhydride Picloram Picric acid Pindone Plaster of paris Platinum soluble salts as Pt Portland cement Propane beta Propriolactone n Propyl acetate n Propyl alcohol n Propyl nitrate Propylene dichloride Propylene imine Propylene oxide Propyne Pyrethrum Pyridine Quinone RDX Rhodium metal fume and insoluble compounds as Rh Rhodium soluble compounds as Rh Ronnel Rotenone Rouge Selenium compounds as Se Selenium hexafluoride Silica amorphous precipitated and gel Silica amorphous diatomaceous earth containing less than 1 crystalline silica Silica crystalline cristobalite Silica crystalline quartz Silica crystalline tridymite Silicates less than 1 crystalline silica Silicon Silicon carbide Silver Soapstone Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium hydroxide Starch Stibine Stoddard solvent Strychnine Styrene Sucrose Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur monochloride Sulfur pentafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl fluoride Systox 2 4 5 T Talc Tantalum m
4. ue CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY This document has been prepared by the Environmental Health and Safety Department and reviewed and approved by the Laboratory Safety Committee on July 31 1991 Revised October 2005 Reviewed April 21 2009 Revised November 23 2009 Revised April 2013 Revised June 2013 Page 1 SCOPE AND APPLICA TION scsi ida ais litis 4 CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLA Nai 5 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS e a 9 CWRU SAFETY POLICY ic taa el ae See Ge ae 9 RESPONSIBILITY iia iS cae ats Deed arb dened nee 9 EMERGENCIES AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SPILES c ooonocococononononocnnonnconnononnnnonnnonncconoconoconcnnoss 10 EMPLEEN A A A A A A GA AUR Ob UGE das ou a AMOR Ss Tada Os Sate Ra Eee wae 10 Hazardous Chemical Spills oc a TOA cosas cases 11 Decontamination Procedures iii e stant e DAA Ace eos 12 LABORATORY DECOMMISSIONING PROCEDURES cococococccocconcncnnonnnononnoconoconocnnocnnonnnonnncancnnnonnnon 13 SAFETY RULES FOR LABORATORIES 0 csccssseccseeeeeeseeeeeeseeseeeeeeeeessaesesaeenseeeneeeeesnaeseseeeenseeeeeas 14 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES ococococccoconononnncononnnonononnnonnnconoconoco nooo non nono oaos E Eai esor TESST 14 Introduction to Safe Laboratory Practices ooocnonononoconononononncnnnononnnanannncnnn cono cn no onn cono c on nora nr nn cra rra cnn 14 Laboratory Practices for Specific Procedures ooooinconncinnnnnnonanocnnnnannnnn canon noc no conc ne nn nn cnn cra nr cnica 18 PERSONAL PROTECTION ADMINIST
5. 2 a 3 2 d imidazole glu P 2 2 aminodipyrido 1 2 a 3 2 d imidazole glycidaldehyde glycidol griseofulvin HC blue No 1 heliobacter pylori infection with hepatitis B and C viruses chronic infection with heptachlor hexachlorobenzene hexachloroethane hexachlorocyclohexanes hexamethylphosphoramide human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 infection with human papillomavirus types 16 18 31 33 human papillomaviruses other types human T cell lymphotropic virus hydrazine and hydrazine sulfates hydrazobenzene indeno 1 2 3 cd pyrene IQ 2 amino 3 methylimidazo 4 5 f quinoline iron dextran complex isoprene Kaposi s sarcoma herpesvirus human herpesvirus 8 kepone chlordecone lasiocarpine lead acetate and lead phosphate lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers magenta containing Cl basic red 9 meA a C 2 amino 3 methyl 9H pyrido 2 3 b Jindole medroxyprogesterone acetate melQ 2 amino 3 4 dimethylimidazo 4 5 f quinoline melQx 2 amino 3 8 dimethylimidazo 4 5 f quinoline melphalan merphalan 5 methoxypsoralen 8 methoxypsoralen methoxsalen with Ultraviolet A therapy PUVA 2 methylaziridine propyleneimine methylazoxymethanol acetate methyl chloromethyl ether methylchrysene Source NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC OSHA OSHA IARC NTP NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC OSHA NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC
6. Any metal particles splattered on the skin should be quickly removed and the skin should then be flushed with water Arrange a follow up survey with Safety Services to ensure the area is completely decontaminated Safety Services will provide for proper waste disposal of any spilled or contaminated materials Page 96 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices Cincinnati Ohio ACGIH 1995 American Chemical Society Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories 6th ed Washington DC 1995 Bretherick L Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards 5th ed Oxford Boston Butterworth Heineman 1995 CDC NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 3rd ed Washington DC 1993 Dux J P Stalzer R F Managing Safety in the Chemical Laboratory New York New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1988 Furr A K CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety 4th ed Boca Raton Florida CRC Press 1990 Klaasen C D Amdur M Doull J Cassarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons Third Edition Macmillan Publishing Company New York New York 1986 Lenga R A The Sigma Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data Edition Il Volumes and II Sigma Aldrich Corporation 1988 Lewis R J Sax s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials 8th ed 3 vols New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1996 Lewis R J Hazardous Chemica
7. Employees must not attempt to repair cylinders in regulators Damaged regulators must not be used until repaired After attaching the pressure regulator to the cylinder personnel should turn out the delivery pressure adjusting screw of the regulator until it turns freely The cylinder valve should be opened slowly Laboratory personnel should avoid standing directly in front of the regulator at any time as the pressure of the cylinder may blow out the glass face of a faulty gauge The cylinder valve handle should be left attached to the valve while the cylinder is in use A cylinder valve that sticks and does not open when the usual amount of force is applied may be damaged Personnel must not attempt to force it open but should return the cylinder to the vendor stating on the cylinder that the valve is stuck Pressure in full cylinders should be indicated on the cylinders or labels Lack of full pressure may indicate leaks at the connections between the cylinders and valve regulators damaged regulators or incompletely filled cylinders Connect delivery lines to the low pressure outlet of the regulator valve or to the needle valve Where low pressure lines are used their valves should be closed and the line pressure adjusted by turning the regulator delivery pressure adjusting screw until the desire pressure is shown on the delivery pressure gauge lf the gases are not to be used over a considerable length of time 24 ho
8. STEL or TLV STEL The concentration to which an employee can be exposed for no more than 15 minutes at a time no more than 4 times a day There must be at least 60 minutes between exposures at the STEL level 4 Ceiling TLV C The highest concentration to which an employee can ever be exposed APPENDIX A 5 SKIN This designation sometimes appears alongside a TLV or PEL It refers to the possibility of absorption of the particular chemical through the skin and eyes Thus protection of large surface areas of skin through the use of chemical PPE such as gloves should be considered so that the TLV is not invalidated Page 78 Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile 2 Acetylaminofluorene Acetylene dichloride Acetylene tetrabromide Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Aldrin Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl propyl disulfide alpha Alumina Aluminum Metal 4 Aminodiphenyl 2 Aminoethanol 2 Aminopyridine Ammonia Ammonium sulfamate n Amyl acetate sec Amyl acetate Aniline and homologs Anisidine 0 p isomers Antimony and compounds as Sb ANTU Arsenic organic and inorganic compounds Arsine Asbestos Azinphos methyl Barium soluble compounds as Ba Barium sulfate Benomyl Benzene Benzidine p Benzoquinone Benzo a pyrene Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl chloride Beryllium and beryllium compounds Biphenyl Bismuth telluride undoped Boron oxide Boron
9. Safety Services must be notified when storage capacity exceeds 55 gallons or 1 kilogram of acutely hazardous waste The following procedures should be performed to properly dispose of hazardous waste 1 Segregate hazardous chemical waste by compatibility see table below and clearly label waste bottles with the hazardous waste tags provided by Safety Services Plastic bottles are preferred over glass for storing hazardous waste but first check the compatibility of the waste with the specific plastic Compatibility charts are available from EHS 2 When containers have reached their capacity or when laboratory safety requires disposal complete a Hazardous Waste and Unwanted Chemical Disposal Listing Form and return it to Safety Services Chemicals will be picked up for disposal at the earliest possible date after receipt of this form In the University Hospitals area contact Environmental Services 844 3071 Chemical waste containers should be labeled with the following information and must be accompanied by a completed Hazardous Waste Information Form Identity full chemical name and quantity of the waste Generation date of the waste Place of origin department room number Pls name and telephone number Bottle number assigned on corresponding waste sheet 2908 Table of Incompatible Chemicals Chemicals may be sorted and stored in the following categories Care should be taken since it is not unknown for two chemicals in
10. information MSDSs are available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under MSDS Page 5 2 Control measures Criteria to determine and implement specific control measures such as engineering controls administrative controls and personal protective equipment PPE This LSM addresses specific control measures such as engineering controls and PPE Safety Services will assist with training and special needs as they arise 3 Chemical hoods Safety Services tests chemical hoods at least once a year This is a requirement to ensure that chemical hoods are functioning properly ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas testing is performed on every chemical hood that is new moved from one location to another or is repaired The chemical hood is velocity tested during the other four years to ensure that it has not deviated from the conditions under which it passed the ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas test Contact Safety Services 368 2907 if you have any questions about the chemical hoods in your area 4 Information and training requirements Employee training is a central element of the Laboratory Standard The training shall be appropriate for each specific laboratory and take into account the level of education and knowledge of the individuals being trained EHS offers general radiation X ray laser chemical and biological safety training programs as well as hazardous materials shipment and respirator training both in person and online Training class
11. or leaking It is recommended that the Pl choose a member of his her staff to conduct the weekly every seven days inspections and to keep the log in the laboratory area for future Safety Service inspections 1 Handling and storage instructions for hazardous wastes a Ignitable liquids and organic solvents i Keep halogenated solvent wastes separate from non halogenated solvent wastes ii Separate organic solvents from aqueous solutions iii For larger waste volumes use a covered 5 gallon metal can Page 54 iv For smaller waste volumes or for solvents that react with metal use a covered 1 gallon glass or preferably plastic container check compatibility b Acids bases and aqueous solutions i Collect concentrated acids or bases in 1 gallon glass bottles if possible otherwise use a covered 5 gallon container Exception hydrofluoric acid must be stored in plastic ii Do not mix strong acids or oxidizers with organic compounds iii Keep all perchloric acid wastes in exclusive use containers c Heavy metal solutions i Keep solutions containing arsenic barium cadmium chromium lead mercury selenium silver or other heavy poisonous metals separate from other wastes d Paint and paint thinners i Keep water and water based paint wastes separate from oil based wastes Rinsate from water based paint clean up is non hazardous and can be disposed of in the sanitary sewer e Used chromato
12. 1458 for hazardous waste disposal procedures For disposal of SHARPS and biohazardous waste in CWRU buildings contact Customer Services 368 2580 to schedule a pick up In University Hospitals buildings contact the Environmental Services Department 844 3071 All researchers who handle potentially hazardous materials should recognize the hazards and be aware of procedures required to protect themselves and the environment from the effects of these materials The determination of whether a material is regulated as a hazardous waste is often a complex task Generally the physical state of a material e g solid liquid gas is not a determining factor When in doubt assume that the material is hazardous waste and manage the material accordingly until you receive instructions to the contrary from Safety Services DISPOSAL OF CHEMICAL WASTE Disposal of Chemicals Wastes regulated by the EPA as hazardous wastes are not permitted to be disposed in the sanitary sewer or in the normal trash These waste chemicals must be retained by each laboratory in a separate container labeled with the hazardous waste tag provided by Safety Services CHAPTER FOUR Page 52 Laboratories are permitted to accumulate and store waste under what is known as Satellite Accumulation Bins and labels for Satellite Accumulation are available by contacting Safety Services 368 2907 A laboratory may not store more than 55 gallons of waste chemicals
13. IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC OSHA IARC NTP OSHA IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP OSHA IARC NTP Page 83 Substance benzidine benz alanthracene benzidine based dyes benzo a pyrene benzo b fluoranthene benzo j fluoranthene benzo k fluoranthene benzofuran benzotrichloride benzyl violet 4B beryllium and Be compounds N N Bis chloroethyl 2 naphthylamine Chlornaphazine bis chloromethyl ether and chloromethyl methyl ether technical grade bischloroethyl nitrosourea bleomycins bracken fern bromodichloromethane 1 3 butadiene 1 4 butanediol dimethanesulfonate myleran butylated hydroxyanisole b butyrolactone cadmium and Cd compounds caffeic acid captafol carbon black carbon tetrachloride ceramic fibers respirable size chlorambucil chloramphenicol chlordane chlordecone kepone chlorendic acid chlorinated paraffins C12 60 chlorine chlorinated toluenes p chloroaniline 1 2 chloroethyl 3 cyclohexyl 1 nitrosourea CCNU 1 2 chloroethyl 3 4 methylcyclohexyl 1 nitrosourea methyl CCNU chloroform 3 chloro 2 methylpropene 1 chloro 2 methylpropene chlorophenols chlorophenoxy herbicides 4 chloro o phenylenediamine p chloro o toluidine chlorozoticin chromium and certain chromium compounds Cl Acid Red 114 Cl Basic Red 9 monohydrochloride Cl Direct Blue 15 ciclosporin cisplatin citrus red no 2 clonorchis sinesis infection with cobalt and cobalt compounds
14. Incompatible The term applied to two substances to indicate that one material cannot be mixed with the other without the possibility of a dangerous reaction see Appendix D Table of Incompatible Chemicals Ingestion Taking a substance into the body through the mouth as in food drink medicine cigarettes or unknowingly as on contaminated hands etc Inhalation The breathing in of an airborne substance that may be in the form of gases fumes mists vapors dusts or aerosols Inhibitor A substance that is added to another to prevent or slow down an unwanted reaction or change Irritant A substance that produces an irritating effect when it contacts skin eyes nose or respiratory system Page 104 Kilogram kg A unit of weight in the International System Sl of Units equal to 2 2 U S pounds Lethal Concentration 50 The concentration of a material in air that will kill LC50 50 of the test subjects when administered as a single exposure typically 1 or 4 hours Lethal Dose 50 LD50 The dose of a substance or chemical that will kill 50 of the test animals in a group during a single exposure Local Exhaust Also known as exhaust ventilation A ventilation Ventilation system that captures and removes the contaminants at the point they are being produced before they escape into the workroom air The system consists of hoods ductwork a fan and possibly an air cleaning device It works by removing the contam
15. Liquid Chromatography HPLC solutions or other solutions containing less than 24 ethanol propanol or isopropanol no other alcohols The 24 limit is based on flammability of the alcohol HPLC solutions containing any amount of acetonitrile or other organic solvents must be disposed through Safety Services In University Hospitals contact UH Safety 844 1458 to arrange for disposal of these chemicals Bacteriological and tissue culture media All media containing live organisms must be sterilized by autoclaving or by another acceptable procedure and must not contain anything other than common biochemicals Serum byproducts or cell metabolites containing azides or thioglycolate must be disposed by Safety Services or in University Hospitals by UH Safety Mixed waste handling must be taken care of properly and all waste handling protocols must be included in the laboratories Chemical Hygiene and Exposure Control Plans SAFETY SERVICES and or THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE MUST BE CONTACTED BEFORE ANY MIXED WASTE IS GENERATED FOR DISPOSAL Mixed wastes include Page 57 a Radioactive Chemical mixed waste must be classified by chemical and level of radioactivity before drain disposal Refer to the Radiation Safety Laboratory User Manual for disposal procedures and acceptable limits The manual is available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Forms Manuals b Radioactive Biohazardous waste must either be disinfected
16. Methoxyethyl acetate Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acetylene propadiene mixture Methyl acrylate Methylal Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl amyl alcohol Methyl n amyl ketone Methyl bromide Methyl butyl ketone Methyl cellosolve Methyl cellosolve acetate Methyl chloride Methyl chloroform Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexanol o Methylcyclohexanone Methylene chloride Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl formate Methyl hydrazine Methyl iodide Methyl isoamyl ketone Methyl isobutyl carbinol Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isocyanate Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate Methyl propyl ketone alpha Methyl styrene Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate Mica Molybdenum soluble and insoluble compounds Monomethyl aniline Monomethyl hydrazine Morpholine Naphtha Naphthalene alpha Naphthylamine beta Naphthylamine Nickel carbonyl Nickel metal and insoluble compounds as Ni Nickel soluble compounds as Ni Nicotine Nitric acid Nitric oxide p Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene p Nitrochlorobenzene 4 Nitrodiphenyl Nitroethane Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Air Contaminants Nitroglycerin Nitromethane 1 Nitropropane 2 Nitropropane N Nitrosodimethylamine Nitrotoluene Nitrotrichloromethane Octachloronaphthalene Page 80 Octane Oil mist mineral Osmium tetroxide as Os Oxalic acid Oxygen difluoride Ozone Paraquat Parathion PCB Pentaborane Pentachloronaphthalene Pentachlorophenol Pentaerythritol Pentane
17. Protective Services of University Hospitals depending on the location of the laboratory and the hazard involved ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS USE AND MAINTENANCE Ultraviolet UV radiation includes that portion of the radiant energy spectrum between visible light and X rays approximately 3900 to 136 angstrom units Under certain conditions including radiation intensity and exposure time UV radiation will kill many types of microorganisms its greatest effectiveness being against vegetative forms of organisms UV light is not a sterilizing agent except in certain exceptional circumstances Rather it is used to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms on surfaces and in the air Guidelines Low pressure mercury vapor lamps which emit 95 of their radiation in the 2537 angstrom unit region are generally used for germicidal purposes These lamps are used to reduce the number of microorganisms on exposed surfaces and in the air Since such factors as lamp age and dust accumulation contribute to decreased efficiency of these lamps and since care is required to maintain and use them properly and safely the following guidelines have been developed Page 75 1 Laboratories shall perform periodic intensity testing of all UV installations UV lamps in constant use should be replaced every six months NOTE UV lights often continue to emit blue light after effective energy output has fallen well below a useful range Periodic monitori
18. Toxicology is the study of the nature effects and detection of poisons and the treatment of poisoning 2 Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals and the chemical s ability to produce injury once it reaches a susceptible site in or on the body 3 Toxicity hazard is the probability that injury will occur considering the manner in which the substance is used Dose Response Relationships The potential toxicity inherent in a substance is manifest only when that substance comes into contact with a living biological system A chemical normally thought of as harmless will evoke a toxic response if added in sufficient amount to a biological system The toxic potency of a chemical is thus ultimately defined by the relationship between the dose the amount of the chemical and the response that is produced in a biological system Routes of Entry Into the Body There are four main routes by which hazardous chemicals enter the body 1 Inhalation through the respiratory tract is the most important in terms of severity and the most common route of exposure 2 Absorption through the skin is the most frequent cause of occupational disease such as dermatitis 3 Ingestion through the digestive tract can occur through eating with contaminated hands or in contaminated work areas CHAPTER THREE 4 Injection into the skin by contaminated sharps such as a needle or broken glass Page 37 Most
19. UH Protective Services 844 4357 n Do not purchase a concentrated gas such as hydrogen and mix to a lower concentration Purchase gas at the needed working concentration to avoid the possibility of explosion Restricted Products 1 Some highly toxic gases may have regulations concerning their use Ethylene oxide is one such gas Therefore consult and obtain written permission from Safety Services before purchase of any such product Safety Services must be notified of intent prior to their proposed purchase to allow time for making necessary safety preparations Large cylinders of toxic gases should not be purchased if it is possible to use small cylinders Laboratories using toxic gases should have respirators available that are effective against the agent The supervisor is responsible for ensuring that employees are instructed in how to use respirators and other protective equipment Respirators can only be used after training by Safety Services Contact Safety Services 368 2907 for information on respirator selection and training requirements of the University s Respiratory Protection Program Page 71 Purchase and use of the following gases are controlled and some require respirator training before use Ammonia Arsine Boron trifluoride Chlorine Dimethylamine Ethylene oxide Fluorine Hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid Hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid Hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid lodine
20. a combination of these factors The type of eye protection required depends on the hazard For most situations safety glasses with side shields are not adequate Where there is danger of splashing chemicals or hazardous gases vapors special non ventilated sealed goggles are required For more hazardous operations a face shield or a combination face shield and safety goggles shall be used Failure to wear and to require the persons supervised to wear the prescribed eye protection equipment will present grounds for disciplinary action Safety Services can assist in the choice of suitable protective eye equipment a Special hazards Contact lenses shall not be worn by persons exposed to hazardous chemicals It is the responsibility of supervisors to identify employees who wear contact lenses Contact lenses do not provide eye protection The capillary space between the contact lenses and the cornea may trap material present on the surface of the eye Chemicals trapped in this space cannot be washed off the surface of the cornea If the material in the eye is painful or the contact lens is displaced muscle spasms will make it very difficult to remove the lens Supplies of caustic chemicals e g ammonia solution liquid phenol acids strong bases etc should be stored no higher than countertop level to minimize the possibility of facial and upper body burns in the event of spills or breakage of containers It is also a good practice t
21. anesthetic gases halogenated gases fetal effects benzene toluene xylene decreased fertility boron decreased fertility cadmium decreased fertility fetal effects carbaryl decreased fertility carbon disulfide decreased fertility increased menstrual bleeding carbon monoxide decreased fertility fetal effects chlordane and heptachlor decreased fertility chlordecone kepone decreased fertility 1 2 dibromo 3 chloropropane DBCP decreased fertility dioxin decreased fertility fetal effects epichlorohyadrin decreased fertility ethylene dibromide EDB decreased fertility fetal effects ethylene oxide fetal effects glycol ethers decreased fertility fetal effects hexachlorobenzene HCB fetal effects ionizing radiation x rays and gamma rays decreased fertility fetal effects lead decreased fertility fetal effects mercury fetal effects polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decreased fertility fetal effects styrene fetal effects tetrachloroethylene perchloroethylene decreased fertility menstrual disorders vinyl chloride decreased fertility fetal effects Fetal effects may include spontaneous abortion low birth weight still births neonatal deaths congenital anomalies and behavioral or developmental disabilities Decreased fertility may include both male and female fertility disorders Chemicals with a High Degree of Acute Toxicity Chemicals with a high degree of acute toxicity are so classified because
22. benzo b fluoranthene benzo j fluoranthene benzo k fluoranthene benzo a pyrene dibenz a h acridine dibenz a j acridine dibenz a h anthracene 7H dibenzo c g carbazole dibenzo a e pyrene dibenzo a h pyrene dibenzo a i pyrene dibenzo a l pyrene indeno 1 2 3 cd pyrene 5 methylchrysene ponceau MX ponceau 3R potassium bromate procarbazine hydrochloride progesterone 1 3 propane sultone beta propiolactone propylene oxide propylthiouracil radon reserpine rockwool saccharine safrole schistosoma haematobium infection with schistosoma japonicum infection with selenium sulfide silica slagwool sodium ortho phenylphenate solar radiation sterigmatocysin streptozotocin styrene styrene 7 8 oxide Source NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP NTP NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC OSHA NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC Page 88 Substance sulfallate talc containing asbestos fibers tamoxifen 2 3 7 8 tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin TCDD thiotepa tetrachloroethylene perchloroethylene trichloroethylene tetranitromethane 1 2 3 trichloropropane thioacetamide 1 4 thiodianiline thiourea thorium dioxide toluene diisocyanates o toluidine and o toluidine hydrochlorid
23. cotton dust p cresidine cupferron cycasin cyclophosphamide Source OSHA IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC OSHA IARC NTP NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC OSHA NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC Page 84 Substance dacarbazine dantron daunomycin DDT N N diacetylbenzidine 2 4 diaminoanisole 2 4 diaminoanisole sulfate 4 4 diaminodiphenyl ether 2 4 diaminotoluene dibenz a h acridine dibenz a jJacridine dibenz a h anthracene 7H dibenzo a h carbazole dibenzo a e pyrene dibenzo a h pyrene dibenzo a i pyrene dibenzo a pyrene 1 2 dibromo 3 chloropropane 1 2 dibromoethane ethylene dibromide 1 4 dichlorobenzene 3 3 dichlorobenzidine 3 3 dichlorobenzidine and its salts 3 3 dichloro 4 4 diaminodiphenyl ether 1 2 dichloroethane dichloromethane methylene chloride 1 3 dichloropropene technical grade dichlorvos diepoxybutane di 2 ethylhexyl phthalate diethylstilbestrol diethyl sulfate 1 2 diethylhydrazine diglycidyl resorcinol ether dihydrosafrole diisopropyl sulfate 3 3 dimethoxybenzidine 3 3 dimethoxybenzidine 2HCI 4 dimethylaminoazobenzene
24. exposure standards Threshold Limit Values TLVs and Permissible Exposure Limits PELs are based on the inhalation route of exposure when airborne gases fumes or particulates of the chemical enter the body via respiratory system These limits are normally expressed in terms of either parts per million ppm or milligrams per cubic meter mg m in air If a significant route of exposure for a hazardous substance is through skin absorption its MSDS will have a skin notation Examples include pesticides carbon disulfide carbon tetrachloride dioxane mercury thallium compounds xylene hydrogen cyanide and benzene Exposure Definitions 1 Acute poisoning is characterized by rapid absorption of the substance and the exposure is sudden and severe Normally a single large exposure is involved Examples include carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning 2 Chronic poisoning is characterized by prolonged or repeated exposures of a duration measured in days months or years Symptoms may not be immediately apparent Examples include lead or mercury poisoning and pesticide exposure 3 Local refers to the site of action of an agent and means the action takes place at the point or area of contact The site may be skin mucous membranes the respiratory tract gastrointestinal system eyes etc Absorption does not necessarily occur Examples include strong acids or alkalis 4 Systemic refers to a site of action other than the point of con
25. marked The laboratory may also treat fluorescent lamps as hazardous waste by labeling the boxed lamps with the hazardous waste tag completing the Hazardous Waste Disposal Form and submitting the form to Safety Services This may be necessary with smaller laboratory scale lamps since they are considered laboratory materials Page 63 E Waste Computers and computer monitors and other electronic devices contain large amounts of lead in the solder of the circuit boards Monitors in the form of Cathode Ray Tubes CRT also contain barium Both are highly regulated materials If you wish to dispose of any electronic waste please complete the online e Waste disposal request form which can be submitted via email by clicking the SUBMIT button at the bottom of the form The form can be found on DOES web site under Laboratory Safety link httos www case edu ehs LabSafety equipment html Page 64 SPECIFIC LABORATORY PROCEDURES CENTRIFUGE SAFETY This LSM provides standards for the use of bench and floor centrifuges commonly used in clinical and biochemical laboratories and procedures to be followed if a centrifuge accident occurs Each employee using the centrifuge must become familiar with requirements for operation of the instrument Assistance is available upon request from Safety Services 368 2907 Each employee shall be instructed on proper operating procedures before being permitted to use the centrifuge Instructions
26. of the chemical fume hood Page 25 xii Use the sash as a safety shield when boiling materials or conducting an experiment with reactive materials xiii Close the chemical fume hood sash when the hood is not in use 3 Laminar airflow equipment Two types of laminar airflow equipment the Biological Safety Cabinet BSC and the laminar flow clean bench are discussed in this section NOTE Laminar flow hoods are not safety devices a BSC If biological safety is an issue with your work use a BSC with or without glove attachments as warranted by the experiment BSC s include 100 exhaust laminar flow hoods and glove boxes with chemical traps or exhaust access to a chemical fume hood Laminar flow equipment including BSCs will be leak tested adjusted or repaired by a certified contractor Submit a request for repair or recertification available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Biological Safety b Laminar flow clean bench Protects the product from airborne contamination but does not protect the operator Because of the risk to personnel working with hazardous materials on a laminar flow clean bench is not advisable Use of clean benches should be limited to the preparation of sterile media the assembly of sterile components into complete units e g membrane filters the examination of sterilized equipment and materials for possible contamination and similar operations Work with pathogens i
27. of the solvent sand is ineffective Pour the absorbent around the perimeter of the spill area and proceed with the clean up toward the center Scoop the mixture into a plastic bag and dispose of properly 3 Mercury Mercury is one of the most insidious hazards capable of adhering to surfaces including vertical surfaces and lodging into very small openings When mercury is spilled no matter the quantity evacuate the immediate area This includes the mercury which is released upon breakage of mercury thermometers see Chapter Four of this LSM on disposal procedures for broken thermometers APPENDIX E Page 95 4 Bromine Spilled bromine should be reacted with sodium thiosulfate solution 5 10 Under no circumstance should ammonium hydroxide be used as an explosion may result upon mixing any of the halogens with ammonia An appropriate respirator must be worn during clean up 5 Acid Chloride Use calcined absorbent products such as Oil Dry Zorb All or dry sand Scoop the mixture into a plastic bag and dispose of properly 6 Hydrazines Avoid using anything contaminated with organic materials as an absorbent Flush contaminated area with copious amounts of water 7 Alkali Metal The spilled metal should be smothered by using Met L X Yellow Extinguisher and removed to a safe location where it can be disposed of by reaction with a dry secondary alcohol such as isopropanol or by outdoor burning
28. regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen 2 Itis listed under the category known to be carcinogens in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program NTP latest edition 3 Itis listed under Group 1 carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs IARC latest edition Page 48 4 Itis listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens by NTP These chemicals cause statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria a After inhalation exposure of 6 7 hours per day 5 days per week for a significant portion of a lifetime at dosages of less than 10 mg m b After repeated skin application of less than 300 mg kg of body weight per week lt 20 g week for an average adult c After oral dosages of less than 50 mg kg of body weight per day lt 3 9 day for an average adult The most recent list which fulfills the first three of these criteria is in Appendix B Additional information on the use of chemical carcinogens can be obtained from the U S Department of Health and Human Services by requesting NIH Guidelines for the Laboratory Use of Chemical Carcinogens and from Chemsyn Science Laboratories which will supply Handling Chemical Carcinogens A Safety Guide for the Laboratory Researcher by Mary K Dornhoffer Refer to the MS
29. schedules can be obtained by calling Radiation Safety 368 2906 or Safety Services 368 2907 Training class schedules are also available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Training 5 Circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation shall require prior approval from the employer In most cases the employer will be the PI The PI may wish to institute procedures for prior approval for the use of certain extremely hazardous chemicals A list of extremely hazardous chemicals as defined by OSHA can be found in Appendix B of this LSM Except for Class IA flammable liquids those having flash points below 73 F and a boiling point below 100 F Safety Services does not require prior approval for the possession of any chemicals check with Safety Services for exceptions However an approved laboratory chemical protocol is required as part of the University Laboratory Standard Page 6 6 Provisions for medical consultation and medical exams whenever a An employee develops signs or symptoms of exposure to a hazardous chemical b Medical surveillance reveals routine exposure above the action level or PEL or c A hazardous chemical spill leak or explosion occurs Employers shall provide employees an opportunity to receive medical attention including any follow up exams with University Health Services University Health Services will address Laboratory Standard related medical consultations and me
30. sealed with tape The box must be clearly labeled SHARPS so that anyone inspecting the box will be aware of the nature of the hazard c Empty glass chemical bottles must be marked MT or EMPTY with its label defaced or removed and once decontaminated be placed in a cardboard box marked SHARPS and sealed with tape All bottle caps must be removed A bottle is decontaminated after it is triple rinsed The first rinsate is disposed of as hazardous chemical waste The second and third rinsates can be disposed of in the drain This same procedure is followed for disposal of plastic and metal containers except once decontaminated they are discarded in regular trash IMPORTANT NO items that have been contaminated by chemotherapeutic drugs or anti neoplastic agents with the exception of trace amounts can be disposed in SHARPS containers Call Safety Services 868 2907 for disposal alternatives Radioactive SHARPS Refer to the Radiation Safety Laboratory User Manual for the proper disposal of radioactive SHARPS This manual is available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Forms and Manuals 2 Non SHARPS Definition All infectious plastic Petri plates and plastic tissue culture vessels containing media cultures and stocks of infectious agents devices used to transfer inoculate or mix such agents and paper or cloth material contaminated with these agents Procedure All of the above materials pre
31. the same group to be incompatible Acids Bases Oxidizers Reducers Flammable Liquids Non Flammable Liquids Toxics Poisons Non Hazardous Chemicals Page 53 The following general classes of chemicals are incompatible with one another General Classes of Incompatible Chemicals Acids oxidizing agents Bases metals reducing agents Chlorates Chromates Chromium trioxide Dichromates Halogens Halogenating agents Hydrogen peroxide Nitrates Nitric acid Perchlorates Peroxides Permanganates Persulfates Ammonia Anhydrous and aqueous Carbon Metals Metal hydrides Nitrites Organic compounds Phosphorus Silicon Sulfur These examples of oxidizing and reducing agents are illustrative of common laboratory chemicals they are not intended to be exhaustive See Appendix D for a table of specific chemical incompatibilities Hazardous Waste Labeling and Waste Procedures All materials destined for disposal that are regulated by the EPA under CFR 40 and may not be disposed to the environment are considered hazardous wastes Containers must be labeled hazardous waste and contain all the information previously listed above Laboratories must maintain weekly leakage logs for the storage containers used for chemical waste The log must be in a bound composition book with date of inspection name of inspector and the status of the waste container at that time acceptable
32. then disposed of as radioactive waste or held until 10 half lives are reached then be disposed of as biohazardous waste DO NOT GENERATE THIS MIXED WASTE WITHOUT FIRST CONSULTING EHS c Radioactive Biohazardous waste must either be disinfected then disposed of as radioactive waste or held until 10 half lives are reached then be disposed of as biohazardous waste This can be very tricky DO NOT GENERATE THIS MIXED WASTE WITHOUT FIRST CONSULTING EHS 6 No more than unavoidable traces of highly toxic organic chemicals such as those found on glassware surfaces of either synthetic or biological in origin should be allowed in the sanitary sewer NOTE Hazardous waste cannot be diluted with a material which is not a waste e g fresh water in order to bring them to concentration suitable for drain disposal unless this dilution is part of an experimental procedure DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE OR EXTREMELY REACTIVE MATERIALS 1 Potentially explosive materials such as dry picric acid or old ethers will be picked up separately from other hazardous wastes Contact Safety Services 368 2907 as soon as possible upon discovering potentially explosive materials 2 In general extremely reactive materials should be disposed in a compatible bottle These should be taped if there is potential for explosion or implosion from developing pressure or vacuum 3 Alert handling and disposal personnel to the hazardous nature of these items DISPOSAL
33. they may be fatal or cause damage to target organs as a result of a single exposure or exposures of short duration Examples include hydrogen cyanide hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen dioxide Page 91 GLOVE COMPATIBILITY CHART The following list contains brief guidelines for glove use with common chemicals Refer to the glove manufacturer for additional details or if the chemical with which you are working is not on this list Latex gloves are not recommended for any laboratory procedure involving chemicals as they do not provide adequate protection Source Adapted from the National Research Council 1981 GLOVE COMPATIBILITY CHART KEY E Excellent protection G Good protection F Fair protection P Poor protection no available data Aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons will attack all types of natural and synthetic glove materials Should the gloves swell the user should change to fresh gloves and allow the swollen gloves to dry and return to their normal state P No data is available on the resistance to dimethyl sulfoxide of neoprene nitrile or vinyl materials The manufacturer recommends using butyl rubber gloves APPENDIX C Page 92 Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid Acetone Acrylonitrile Ammonium hydroxide Aniline Benzaldehyde Benzenea Benzyl Chloride Bromine Butane Butyraldehyde Calcium hypochlorite Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroacetone Chloroform Chromic aci
34. to servicing Procedures involving volatile chemicals or those which may result in the generation of aerosols or dispersible particulates should be conducted in a chemical fume hood Work which may present a biological hazard should be conducted in a biological safety cabinet BSC or in a glove box Precautions should also be taken to prevent exposure to aerosols that may be generated during such biological procedures Equipment should be positioned so that any vapors or aerosols produced can be vented into a chemical fume hood Aerosols can be generated from opening and closing vessels transfer of chemicals weighing chemicals homogenization open vessel centrifugation and the application injection or incubation of extremely hazardous chemicals to experimental animals Page 47 6 Minimum containment for tissue culture can be provided by a Class Il Type B BSC The PI should refer to the CDC NIH publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5 Edition USDHHS 2007 for information concerning appropriate containment equipment and its usage CDC website 7 Stock and sample containers of regulated chemicals as found in 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z should be stored in a designated area that is clearly marked with the warnings such as CAUTION POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD or CAUTION POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD The PI must maintain an inventory of each carcinogen and other hazardous substances de
35. which is also flammable and it is suggested to store glacial acetic acid in the certified Page 31 flammable storage cabinet Different types of storage cabinets are sold by laboratory supply firms Acids and bases shall be stored in separate storage cabinets manufactured specifically for corrosives or one cabinet with two isolated sections In both cases there shall be no risk of acids and bases coming into contact with each other in case of a spill or accident Maintaining neutralizing agents for acid and base spills is recommended Acids and bases shall not be stored with active metals such as sodium potassium or magnesium Contact Safety Services for more information Hazardous Waste Storage The proper storage of hazardous chemical waste is no different than the proper storage of hazardous chemicals Hazardous waste is still hazardous chemicals 1 Segregate the hazardous chemical waste by chemical properties to avoid adverse reactions Store flammable liquid waste in a flammable liquids storage cabinet or in containers clearly marked Hazardous Waste Do not store chemical waste acids with waste bases Do not store chemical waste oxidizers with flammable liquids Segregate all hazardous waste toxic materials from acids oxidizers and flammable liquids Hazardous waste can be stored properly with chemicals still in use as long as care is taken to avoid incompatibilities All hazardous waste chemicals must
36. 3 University Circle Police Department cceeeeeeeeeeeees 216 368 2222 University Hospitals Protective Services seeeeeee 216 844 4357 CWRU EHS Radiation Safety ooooooooocccccncccccccccnoccccccnnnnnnns 216 368 2906 CWRU EHS Safety Services ccccccccncccccccccccccccnnnnnnanaccnnnnnnnns 216 368 2907 2 General emergency procedures a Alert those working in the critical area s b Call 216 368 3333 or University Hospitals 844 4357 for laboratories in UH Clearly give a description and location of the event indicate if an ambulance is needed specify location where ambulance attendants fire fighters or police will be met by the caller and do not hang up the telephone 3 In case of an injury or chemical splash a Remove the source of the chemical hazard and any contaminated clothing b In case of a chemical splash flush affected area for a minimum of 15 minutes using the appropriate safety shower or eyewash station If the exposed individual is a student they must go to University Health Services for further examination If the exposed individual is a member of the faculty or staff they must visit their primary care physician For immediate help with serious injuries everyone must go to University Hospitals ER or call 216 368 3333 for help Page 10 In case of an accident serious illness or injury do not attempt to move the injured person Call Security 368 3333 Remember All inj
37. 91 GLOVE COMPATIBILITY CHART oi iii 92 TABLE OF CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES ccccseecsseeeeseeeeeeaeeeeeeseseaeenseeeeeeeeesnaeeseeeenseeeneas 94 SMALL SPILL CLEAN UP GUIDELINES oocooncocicnncccoccconcnnnanancccann narran 95 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY iio ii 97 GLOSSARY OF TERMS coi dia 99 GLOSSARY OF ORGANIZATIONS coincida diana 109 Page 3 THE OSHA LABORATORY STANDARD AND THE UNIVERSITY LABORATORY SAFETY MANUAL In January 1990 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA released its final ruling on occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories This ruling commonly referred to as the Laboratory Standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 was to be implemented by January 31 1991 The Laboratory Standard is a generic performance based standard emphasizing safe handling and use of hazardous chemicals through procedures to be established by the employer and outlined in a written Chemical Hygiene Plan CHP In order to comply with the regulations of this standard Case Western Reserve University s CWRU Department of Occupational 8 Environmental Safety EHS in coordination with the Laboratory Safety Committee has written this Laboratory Safety Manual LSM It is further required that Principal Investigators Pls develop CHPs specific to their laboratories This manual can serve as a basic model from which all Pls can create more specific documents The details of this requirement are outlined below EHS
38. DS to determine whether a particular chemical falls into this category Working with Reproductive Hazards Reproductive hazards is defined by the Laboratory Standard as toxins which may manifest themselves in lethal effects on the fertilized egg developing embryo or fetus or teratogenic malformation effects in the fetus In addition certain reproductive toxins may cause infertility in males and females Reproductive hazards include chemicals which target developing embryos and fetuses Ebryonic and fetal development is characterized by rapid growth and differentiation In addition maternal blood flow through the placenta increases and allows for fetal exposure to potential teratogens Due to this unique sensitivity any woman who believes she is pregnant should take special precautions to protect the developing fetus If she chooses to declare her pregnancy she should speak to her supervisor informing him her of her pregnancy and they should then work together to develop ways to minimize her exposure to hazardous chemicals Since disclosure of pregnancy is voluntary the PI should protect his her liability by warning all female laboratory employees of potential teratogenic or other reproductive hazards in the workplace While no employee may be forced to resign from her job due to pregnancy the PI should discuss any potential risks of exposure as soon as the fact of the pregnancy is known and assist the employee in developing pr
39. IB metals and their salts acetylenes Halogens Acids Bases Alkali and alkaline earth metals Water Acids Halogenated organic including carbides hydrides compounds Oxidizing agents including hydroxides oxides and chromates dichromates halogens peroxides halogenating agents hydrogen peroxide and peroxides nitric acid nitrates perchlorates and chlorates permanganates and persulfates Ammonia anhydrous and Halogens Halogenating agents Silver aqueous Mercury Inorganic azides Acids Heavy metals and their salts Oxidizing agents Inorganic cyanides Acids Strong bases Inorganic nitrates Acids Metals Nitrites Sulfur Inorganic nitrites Acids Oxidizing agents Inorganic sulfides Acids Mercury and its amalgams Acetylene Ammonia anhydrous and aqueous Nitric acid Sodium azide Nitric acid Chromic acid and chromates Metals Nitrites Reducing agents Permanganates Sulfides Sulfuric acid Organic compounds Oxidizing agents Organic acyl halides Bases Organic hydroxy compounds Organic anhydrides Bases Organic hydroxy compounds Organic halogen compounds Aluminum metal Organic nitro compounds Strong bases Oxalic acid Mercury and its salts Silver and its salts Phosphorus yellow Oxygen Oxidizing agents Strong bases Phosphorus pentoxide Halogenating agents Water Powdered metals Acids Oxidizing agents Sulfuric acid Metals Chlorates Perchlorates
40. N AND RECY CEN G contain tiren 62 Waste Reductton Proced res 20 e 62 Recycling Procedures it A Ai did 63 ES WAS TG panenn ideo e e sas deco e a a decidas 64 SPECIFIC LABORATORY PROCEDURES oococcccccccccconccaarnnnccccannnnna rana renacer 65 CENTRIFUGE SAFE coi a ed Mba 65 COMPRESSED GASES IN CYLINDERS tierie niae reee ea E e EE E ES TEESE 67 General Standards Li ii ENAS 67 Restricted Products 1 A A A AAA ata ct Renesas 71 Flammable Gases a A ci 72 Accepting Cylinders from Vendors iii es 73 Pressure Regulators and Needle Valves ooonccocononocnncnnnnnnnononnnononnnnnnonnonn cnn cnn canon a nnnn rn rnnan aran circa cnn 73 Leak TESTER AAA da 75 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS USE AND MAINTENANCE ooocococccccconcccnnonnnoncnonononccnnocnnocnnonnnonnncancnnncnn non 75 CU MESA A A A A A E 75 DECONTAMINATION OF LABORATORY SINK DRAINS TO REMOVE AZIDE SALTS 76 WORKING WITH BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS eoooccccccnnccnnonnnonnnnnnnnnononconnonnnonnnconncnnnrnncnnnrnn nonnecnnecnnos 77 Z LIST OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ccccseeesseeceseeeeseeeeenseeeseaeenseeeenseeeseneesaaesensnaeseeeesnaesaseaeenneeenses 78 LIST OF EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS 00 escccsseeceseeeseteeeeeeeenseeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeeenseeeeeees 82 CAPCINO BENS ii a en ria diarias 82 Reproductive HazardS isiat aeaaeae a a aan TE e aE aE aee E ana aa aeia 91 Chemicals with a High Degree of Acute Toxicity ooonococcnononononancnnnnanonanonanonnn corona neon nc conc ne cnn nrnn cra nrnnon
41. NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC OSHA IARC Page 86 Substance 4 4 methylenebis 2 chloroaniline MBOCA 4 4 methylenebis 2 methylaniline 4 4 methylenebis N N dimethyl benzenamide Michler s base methylene chloride 4 4 methylenedianiline and its dihydrochloride methylmercury and its compounds methyl methanesulfonate 2 methyl 1 nitroanthraquinone uncertain purity N methyl N nitro N nitrosoguanidine N methyl N nitrosourea N methyl N nitrosourethane methylthiouracil metronidazole Michler s ketone mineral oils untreated and mildly treated mirex mitomycin monocrotaline 5 morpholinomethyl 3 5 nitrofurfurylidene amino 2 oxazolidinone MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents mustard gas sulfur mustard nafenopin 2 naphthylamine alpha naphthylamine beta naphthylamine nickel and Ni compounds niridazole 4 nitrobipheny nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts 5 nitroacenaphthene 2 nitroanisole nitrobenzene 6 nitrochrysene nitrofen 2 nitrofluorene 1 5 nitrofurfurylidene amino 2 imidazolidinone N 4 5 nitro 2 furyl 2 thiazolyl acetamide nitrogen mustard nitrogen mustard hydrochloride nitrogen mustard N oxide 2 nitropropane 1 nitropyrene 4 nitropyrene N nitrosodi n butylamine N nitrosodiethanolamine N nitrosodiethylam
42. OF SELECT AGENT The Destruction of Select Agent form must be completed when a select agent and toxin is destroyed The form can be downloaded from DOES web site under Biological Safety link in Select Agents Page 58 Before any destruction please contact Safety Services 368 2907 to obtain permission and to verify the procedure Destruction of select agents and toxins requires a 5 day notice to either APHIS or CDC Ignoring the notification procedure can result in fines and or imprisonment DISPOSAL OF OTHER LABORATORY WASTE Classification of Waste and Disposal Procedures Prior to disposal non chemical waste must be classified as one of the following SHARPS non SHARPS or uncontaminated laboratory waste Wastes which contain both chemical waste and another type of waste e g animal parts stored in formalin must be separated and disposed according to each pertinent waste policy That is the animal waste is disposed as biohazardous waste and the formalin is disposed as chemical waste In addition local landfills no longer permit the University to dispose of any biohazardous waste whether or not autoclaved or SHARPS in the regular trash Therefore it is essential to classify waste properly Safety Services is available for consultation on a case by case basis A summary of the following bag policies is described below For University Hospitals contact Environmental Services 844 3071 for information on d
43. RATIVE CONTROLS ENGINEERING CONTROLS AND A O A 23 INTTOCUCHUON id ica a Cea di ici 23 Administrative Controls iii iaa 23 Engineering Cont ols oasis A ss 23 Personal Protective Equipment siiruses enetik EErEE no on crac E EEES 27 CHEMICAL STORAGE sc ii a a Abe rE 30 General Rules a ek baaag ieee a r tee toa toechestavetg dosages lass 30 Storage of Flammable Chemicals ion iii ai iii 31 Stordge of Corrosive CHEMICALS 30 iii tii 31 Hazardous Waste Storag eteen oen E Ea E E EEA AEE EEA A TAE ENES 32 CWRU HAZARD WARNING SIGNS eeeeeeseeserereseererererererserererereesersrereseesersrereretrseenersrererserersreresse esee 34 PIANO TIO AR ai ae eE AT OO RAN 35 LOMA SN aia t a 35 Methods Of Pos La A A A Renee esate 35 NEPA SIGNAGE 20000 RA a A A ais 36 Availability Of TENSA dt ta A AI ia 36 HEALTH HAZARDS iii 37 TOXICOLOGY vsscesissscsusediescsssiecsited espe vases nietiessbssye Sieben TOTEI SEE OEE NEEE EEIE EEEo EEE EEE EP EEOAE O sue oir 37 General Definitions esinsin es ap aei EE EE TaS aE iE AEE eA AE CSTE IRE eSEE 37 Dose Response Relationships ccseccessccesnceesecesneeensecsenceescecseneeesseseneeceacecseneeeacecseceeeaeeceaeecnaaeceenesenaes 37 Routes of Entry Into the BOdY coomoincaricnca ice cibiipns casacssadescesnsdapaesssseasdvas aaie kea aini Sass 37 Exposure Definitions coloridas nido acens sei vlecadevi EE E ia EE TERE aa AEE EEEE aa 38 Other Factors Affecting TOXICHY ccccsccsscsassesesecseassasessnioteesivss vas ieasioev
44. Short Term Exposure Limit STEL or TLV STEL SKIN Skin Hazards Systemic A chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130 F or below A substance s susceptibility to undergoing a chemical reaction or change that may result in dangerous side effects such as explosions burning and corrosive or toxic emissions The conditions that cause the reaction such as heat other chemicals or dropping will usually be specified as Conditions to Avoid when a chemical s reactivity is discussed on an MSDS Chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage mutations and effects on fetuses teratogenesis Signs and symptoms include birth defects sterility Chemicals include lead 1 2 dibromo 3 chloropropane DBCP Evaluation of existing hazards concerned with a procedure or process in the work environment See Appendix B for full definition The maximum concentration to which an employee can be exposed for no more than 15 minutes at a time no more than 4 times a day There must be at least 60 minutes between exposures at the STEL level The Time Weighted Average TLV TWA must also not be exceeded This designation sometimes appears on an MSDS alongside a TLV or PEL It refers to the possibility of absorption of the particular chemical through the skin and eyes Thus protection of large surface areas of skin should be considered so that the Threshold Value Limit
45. TLV is not invalidated Chemicals which affect the dermal layer of the body Signs and symptoms include depletion of fats of the skin rashes irritation Chemicals include ketones chlorinated compounds Spread throughout the body affecting many or all body systems or organs not located in one spot or area Page 107 Teratogen An agent or substance that may cause physical defects in the developing embryo or fetus Threshold Limit Value Airborne concentrations of substances devised by the TLV ACGIH that represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all employees may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects TLVs are advisory guidelines not legal standards that are based on evidence from industrial experience animal studies or human studies when they exist TLVs include Time Weighted Average TLV TWA Short Term Exposure Limit TLV STEL and Ceiling TLV C see also PEL Time Weighted The average time over a given work period e g an 8 Average TLV TWA hour work day of a person s exposure to a chemical or agent The average is determined by sampling for the contaminant throughout the work period Upper Explosive Limit The highest concentration of a substance that will burn UEL or explode when an ignition source is present Itis expressed in the percent of vapor or gas in the air by f volume Above the UEL or UFL the air contaminant Also known as mixture is theoret
46. The eyes and skin should not be exposed to direct or strongly reflected ultraviolet UV radiation The effect of UV radiation overexposure is dependent on such factors as dosage wavelength portion of body exposed and the sensitivity of the individual Overexposure of the eyes will result in a painful inflammation of the conjunctiva cornea and iris Symptoms will develop 3 to 12 hours following exposure There is a very unpleasant foreign body sensation accompanied by watery eyes The symptoms usually disappear in a day or two Overexposure to the skin will produce erythema reddening 1 to 8 hours following exposure Protection Against Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Adequate eye and skin protection must be worn when working in a UV radiation area Contact lenses do not offer protection against UV radiation Safety glasses designed specifically for use with UV light and with side shields or goggles with solid side pieces should be worn The side pieces prevent the entrance of reflected UV radiation and direct radiation from a side source Page 50 Skin protection is afforded by face shields caps gloves gowns etc Overexposure to UV radiation should be reported to University Health Services For further information regarding UV radiation exposure consult the EHS Physical Safety Manual available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Plant Safety link under Forms and Manuals BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Any person working
47. aboratory area All personnel must wash their hands immediately after removing gloves and after the completion of any procedure using chemical hazards Operational Procedures 1 Work areas within a laboratory where carcinogens or reproductive hazards are used should be clearly marked with a warning sign which reads CAUTION POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY or CAUTION POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY Those areas used for storage of these chemicals should also be identified in a similar manner Chemical specific signs and labels are available from Safety Services Work areas where select hazards are being used should only be entered by authorized personnel When extremely hazardous chemicals are being used in an area of a larger laboratory the area should be clearly identified and should not be a high pedestrian traffic area in order to minimize exposure to uninvolved laboratory personnel with hazardous substances Work surfaces should be covered with impervious material such as dry absorbent plastic backed paper The protective material should be decontaminated or disposed of as hazardous waste after the procedures are completed Adequate chemical traps must be used on all vacuum lines to prevent contamination of the vacuum systems A separate vacuum pump should be used for extremely hazardous chemicals and any service company should be informed of this use of the pump prior
48. acco smoke toxaphene toxins derived from fusarium moniliforme welding fumes Exposure Circumstances aluminum production art glass glass containers and pressed ware manufacture of auramine manufacture of boot and shoe manufacture and repair carpentry and joinery coal gasification coke production dry cleaning occupational exposures in furniture and cabinet making hematite mining underground with exposure to radon hairdresser or barber occupational exposure as a iron and steel founding isopropanol manufacture strong acid process magenta manufacture of painter occupational exposure as a petroleum refining occupational exposures in printing processes occupational exposures in rubber industry strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid sunlamps and sunbeds use of textile manufacturing industry work in Page 90 Reproductive Hazards Reproductive toxins are chemicals or other hazards which may manifest themselves in lethal effects on the fertilized egg developing embryo or fetus or have teratogenic effects in the fetus In addition certain reproductive toxins may cause infertility in males and females The following is a list of chemicals which have been found to have at least one of the above effects Source Zenz C Dickerson OB Horvath EP Reproductive toxicology and occupational exposure Occupational Medicine St Louis Mosby 1994 Substance Effect acrylamide decreased fertility
49. acrylate Ethyl alcohol Ethanol Ethylamine Ethyl amyl ketone Ethyl benzene Ethyl bromide Ethyl butyl ketone Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethyl formate Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl silicate Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylenediamine Ethylene dibromide Ethylene dichloride Ethylene glycol dinitrate Ethylene glycol methyl acetate Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethylidene chloride N Ethylmorpholine Ferbam Ferrovanadium dust Fluorides as F Fluorine Fluorotrichloromethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerin Glycidol Glycol monoethy l ether Grain dust oat wheat barley Graphite natural and synthetic Guthion Gypsum Hafnium Heptachlor n Heptane Hexachloroethane Hexachloronaphthalene n Hexane 2 Hexanone Hexone Methyl isobutyl ketone sec Hexyl acetate Hydrazine Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide 90 Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroquinone lodine Iron oxide fume Isomyl acetate Isomyl alcohol Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isopropylamine Isopropyl ether Isopropyl glycidyl ether Kaolin Ketene Lead inorganic as Pb Limestone Lindane Lithium hydride Liquified petroleum gas Magnesite Magnesium oxide fume Malathion Maleic anhydride Manganese compounds and fumes Marble Mercury Mesityl oxide Methanethiol Methoxychlor 2 Methoxyethanol 2
50. aessasnsoetodeesceabayesdenccbetonstascasnstavess 39 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS cscccssscssscosscscustsliscessaesssnsotbessbsccosseuveashasss SPESSE REEE ESETE eresi seti 39 Definition Gnd Polla A te dias taba 39 CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS coooocccococonoconocononnnonnoconononnnnnnnnncn nono nocnnonnn cnn crono nnnran cnn craneo 39 Physical Classifications endnu A ati 39 Physiological Classifications ecin an na a steel AE OA R AE ES 40 WORKING SAFELY WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS coconcconccnonoconoconconnconccnnnconcconoranonnnonnncnnnnnncnnnos 43 Suggested References on Hazardous Chemicdlls cccccccesccesecsscesecenseesseeseesseesseeseeesesseeeesecnaecnseesaeens 43 PRADYOT PATNAIK A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 3 EDITION WILEY 2007 s s s sssssessessees 43 Hazardous Chemicals starts da ita n e danita e dede sia Tego 44 Controlled SUDSTANCES Lied a pauses A E cece EEA ea E E a as aeti 45 Chemical Safety rantre ae E o ee eaea e aae eeta eae aeaeaie 45 Select Carcinogens Reproductive Hazards and Chemicals with a High Degree of Acute Toxicity 46 Creating Designated Arduino iia aene Enio E at deca 46 General Procedures aiii 46 Operational Procedure cias dit dan dt idea 47 Working with Select Carcinogens soei eriin a E E E E E neon ne on neon nc e eiiiai 48 Working with Reproductive Hazards cccccsccessceseeesceesecuseeseeesseeseesseeseseseesaaesecnaccnsecsaecsaseseeea
51. an be caused by hydrogen fluoride nickel carbonyl and perchlorethylene and emphysema which can be caused by ozone and oxides of nitrogen Signs and symptoms include tightness in chest and shortness of breath 2 Skin and ingestion a Skin toxins may result in anything from acute irritation to corrosion Benzocaine formaldehyde and neomycin are common chemicals which cause contact allergies A sensitizer causes a substantial proportion of exposed people to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical The reaction may be as mild as a rash contact dermatitis or as serious as anaphylactic shock Examples include chlorinated hydrocarbons chromium compounds epoxies nickel compounds dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DCC and toluene diisocyanate Signs and symptoms include defatting of the skin rashes and irritation b Eye toxins cause damage to the eye by direct contact like any of the skin or mucous membrane toxins or by systemic chemicals The antimalarial drugs quinacrine and chloroquine have been shown to affect the cornea after oral administration Signs and symptoms include conjunctivitis and corneal damage Page 41 3 Systemic a Hepatotoxic agents cause damage to the liver Examples include carbon tetrachloride nitrosamines and tetrachloroethane Signs and symptoms include jaundice and liver enlargement Nephrotoxic agents damage the kidneys Examples include halogenated hyd
52. andards nationally for a wide variety of devices and procedures DOT The Department of Transportation is the Federal Agency that regulates the labeling and transportation of hazardous materials EPA The Environmental Protection Agency is the Federal Agency responsible for administration of laws to control and or reduce pollution of water air and land systems IARC The International Agency for Research on Cancer among other duties publishes authoritative independent assessments called the IARC Monographs series by international experts of the carcinogenic risks posed to humans by a variety of agents mixtures and exposures NFPA The National Fire Protection Association is a voluntary membership organization whose aims are to promote and improve fire protection and prevention The NFPA has published 16 volumes of codes known as the National Fire Codes Within these codes is Standard No 704 Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials This system rates the hazards of a material during a fire These hazards are divided into health flammability and reactivity hazards and appear in a color coded diamond system using numbers 0 no special hazard through 4 severe hazard indicating the severity of the hazard APPENDIX H Page 109 NIOSH NIH OSHA The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH is the federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention
53. andby cylinders of flammable gases full reserve cylinders or empty cylinders must not be stored in laboratories Cylinders must be stored in restricted shaded spaces outside and delivered to the laboratory on demand 4 Limit cylinder size to 210 cubic feet Page 72 D oo Close valves on flammable gas cylinders before all employees leave the laboratory at the end of their work day unless the cylinders are being used in a controlled experimental environment Tank adapters may be used only upon written permission from Safety Services Only the approved regulator and valve units specified for use with a specific gas may be used Piping must be compatible with the gas e g no copper piping for acetylene no plastic tubing in any high pressure portion of a system Only the appropriate regulator and valve unit specified for use with a specific gas may be used Accepting Cylinders from Vendors 1 2 3 The contents of cylinders must be identified with decals stencils glued or wired on tags or other markings on the cylinders Color codes alone or tags hung around the necks of the cylinders must not be used Cylinders lacking proper identification must not be accepted from a vendor Cylinders must not be accepted from a vendor unless the valve safety covers are in place and properly tightened Cylinder valves must conform to standards of the National Compressed Gas Association i e they must be in serviceable conditio
54. ardous chemicals and the handling of them must be completed only in a designated area The three categories are select carcinogens reproductive toxins and chemicals with a high degree of acute toxicity Carcinogens The following is a list of chemicals which OSHA considers confirmed human carcinogens 2 Acetylaminofluorene 4 Aminodipheny Benzidine bis Chloromethyl ether 3 3 Dichlorobenzidine and its salts 4 Dimethylaminoazobenzene Ethyleneimine Methyl chloromethyl ether Alpha Naphthylamine beta Naphthylamine Beta Propiolactone 4 Nitrobiphenyl N Nitrosodimethylamine Select carcinogens are defined by the Laboratory standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 as being any substance which meets one of the following criteria 1 It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen 2 Itis listed under the category known to be carcinogens in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program NTP latest edition 3 Itis listed under Group 1 carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs IARC latest edition APPENDIX B Page 82 4 Itis listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens by NTP and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria a After inhalation exposure of 6 7 hours per day 5 days per week for a sign
55. arts gears belts and pulleys must be equipped with protective guards e Make certain all personnel who operate centrifuges are well trained Centrifuge tubes should be in good condition with no chips or other flaws Tubes and rotor buckets must be balanced when in use Inspect the rotors periodically and do not use them beyond their stated lifetime f Each water supply outlet within the laboratory must be equipped with either a vacuum breaker or a backflow prevention device No auxiliary plumbing should be connected to a water distribution line unless adequate backflow prevention is provided g Secure all gas cylinders against walls or laboratory benches with safety straps or chains to prevent them from falling Compressed gas cylinders in use should have pressure regulators attached to them and gas cylinders being in storage or empty gas cylinders should have valve protection caps secured on them Store compressed gas cylinders by gas compatibility no oxygen and hydrogen gas cylinders stored together Store incompatible gas cylinders within at least 20 ft from each other h Use undamaged clean glassware without chips or other flaws i Dewar flasks should be taped when in use or enclosed in metal mesh to protect personnel from shattered glass particles j Glass devices in vacuum systems should be epoxy coated taped or shielded with wire mesh to protect personnel from fragmentation Page 20 Sink traps and floor drains s
56. at even though an area looks safe it may still be dangerous Chemical spills may evaporate rapidly or may remain for a longer time The probability of fire or explosion is high when flammable chemicals are spilled and ignition sources are present Page 11 c Any incident in University Hospitals that involves CWRU personnel must be reported to Safety Services 868 2907 in addition to University Hospitals Protective Services 844 4357 4 Post signs DANGER DO NOT ENTER CONTAMINATED AREA Notify Safety Services 368 2907 of the circumstances and that the sign has been posted a Safety Services will assist supervisors in cleaning up the spill as well as directing exposed persons to treatment and check up facilities b Supervisors are responsible for submitting appropriate accident reports to Safety Services and University Hospitals Protective Services 5 For clean up of small spills that can be managed by laboratory personnel refer to Appendix E Small Spill Clean up Guidelines Contact Safety Services for guidelines on disposal of spent material or other post management concerns Decontamination Procedures 1 Chemical spill response General spills of many innocuous laboratory chemicals can be handled by laboratory personnel with appropriate procedures see Appendix E If laboratory personnel have knowledge of the chemical involved and can discern that the spill does not pose a hazard clean up may begin w
57. at the petcocks do not depend upon the valve at the base of the burner Do not use natural gas in laminar flow or non vented hoods Use laboratory approved heat guns in lieu of hairdryers Switches and heating elements may cause a spark hazard Page 22 PERSONAL PROTECTION ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS ENGINEERING CONTROLS AND PPE Introduction Administrative controls engineering controls and PPE are designed to address and prevent hazards associated with the introduction of chemicals into the body The major routes of entry into the body are inhalation skin absorption ingestion injection and subcutaneous entry Engineering controls that ventilate gases vapors and small particulates are designed to eliminate the hazards associated with inhalation the major route of entry PPE is designed to eliminate exposure through all the above routes of entry and is to be used in conjunction with administrative and engineering controls Administrative Controls Administrative controls are methodological procedures are those incorporated into activities in order to eliminate or minimize the potential for exposure to hazards These include isolation of the operator or the process hazards education job rotation to limit time exposure to hazardous substances substitution of less hazardous equipment or process e g safety cans for glass bottles and substitution of a less hazardous substance Engineering Controls Engineering control
58. aterials 8 ed 3 vols New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1996 National Research Council Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Washington DC National Academy Press 1981 Perrin D D Armarega W L F Perrin D R Purification of Laboratory Chemicals 4 ed New York Pergamon Press 1996 Raffle P A B Lee W R McCallum R Murray R Hunter s Diseases of Occupations 8 ed London Boston E Arnold 1994 Richard J Lewis Sr Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference 6 Edition Wiley 2008 Pradyot Patnaik A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances 3 Edition Wiley 2007 See the Select Bibliography for additional references Page 43 Hazardous Chemicals The following is a list of types of hazardous chemicals divided into eight general classes based on the predominant effects of those general chemical types 1 Caustic or corrosive These are typically acids or bases which may burn or otherwise damage human tissue on contact The corrosion of equipment should also be considered Examples include chromic acid cleaning solutions concentrated acids such as hydrochloric sulfuric and nitric and acid releasing substances such as thionyl chloride and halogens bromine chlorine Poisons The relative toxicity of this general class of chemicals is dependent on a large number of factors This class would also include carcinogens Examples include cyanid
59. atory system from inhalation of hazardous atmospheres Respirators provide protection either by removing contaminants from the air before it is inhaled or by supplying an independent source of respirable air Safety Services has implemented a comprehensive Respiratory Protection Program This training involves a physical examination at University Health Services getting fit tested with a respirator through Safety Services and receiving proper training Refer to the CWRU Respiratory Protection Program which can be found on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Laboratory Safety Forms and Manuals Annual retrain and fit test are required for all respirator users Respirator use mandatory or voluntary requires prior approval from Safety Services 2 Dermal protection a Gloves Type of PPE that serves as hand protection and used to prevent cuts abrasions burns and skin contact with chemicals that are capable of causing local or systemic effects following dermal exposure Proper gloves must be used in the laboratory and should be selected on the basis of chemical compatibility see Appendix C In general latex gloves do not provide adequate protection and are not recommended for any chemical operation Reusable gloves that are readily available on campus include Neoprene and nitrile butadiene rubber For the best gloves to use with your laboratory process contact Safety Services 368 2907 or refer to the glove compatibi
60. be labeled with the words Hazardous Waste AND the chemical contents of the waste container Chemical Compatibility Chart Group 1 A Group 1 B Alkaline Liquids Acid Liquids Potential consequences Heat generation violent reaction Page 32 Group 2 A Group 2 B Aluminum Wastes in Group 1 A or 1 B Beryllium Calcium Magnesium Sodium Other reactive metals and metal hydrides Potential consequences Fire or explosion generation of flammable hydrogen gas Group 3 A Group 3 B Alcohols Concentrated waste in Groups 1 A or 1 B Water Calcium Lithium Metal hydrides Potassium SO02C12 SOCI2 PCI3 CH3SiCI3 Other water reactive wastes Potential consequences Fire explosion or heat generation generation of flammable or toxic gases Group 4 A Group 4 B Alcohols Concentrated Group 1 A or 1 B wastes Aldehydes Group 2 A wastes Halogenated hydrocarbons Nitrated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Other reactive organic compounds and solvents Potential consequences Fire explosion or violent reaction Group 5 A Group 5 B Spent cyanide and sulfide solutions Group 1 B wastes Page 33 Potential consequences Generation of toxic hydrogen cyanide or hydrogen sulfide gas Group 6 A Group 6 B Chlorates Acetic acid and other organic acids Chlorine Concentrated mineral acids Chlorites Group 2 A wastes Chromic acid Group 4 A wastes Hypochlorites Other flammable and combustible wastes Nitrates Nitric acid
61. cal fume hood DO NOT use other chemicals in that chemical hood Clearly mark that the chemical fume hood is for use only with perchloric acid b Safe chemical fume hood work practices vi vii viii Xi Keep work surfaces within the fume hood clear Make sure the exhaust blower is operating and air is entering the fume hood prior to starting an experiment If there is a problem with airflow call Plant Services 368 2580 They will notify Safety Services if necessary Do not disable flow measurement devices or alarms Work with the sash at the proper operating level as indicated by Safety Services sticker test arrows Do not place your face inside of a chemical fume hood Keep hands out as much as possible Keep sources of emission at least six inches inside the fume hood Do not store chemicals in the fume hood Immediately clean up minor spills Provide catch basins secondary containers for containers that could break or spill to minimize the spread of spilled hazardous materials Avoid blocking the baffle exhaust slots in any manner Keep large equipment two inches off the base of the chemical fume hood and at least two inches from the sides of the hood Be aware of other room ventilation factors that may interfere with the chemical fume hood operation such as open doors and windows blocked exhaust ports or heating and air conditioning vents Avoid cross drafts and disruptive air currents in front
62. d Cyclohexane Dibenzyl ether Dibuty phthalate Diethanolamine Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethyl acetate Ethylene dichloride Ethyl glycol Ethylene trichloride Fluorine Formaldehyde Formic acid Glycerol Hexane Hydrobromic acid 40 Hydrochloric acid conc Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide lodine Methylamine Methyl cellosolve Methyl chloride Methyl ethyl ketone Methylene chloride Monoethanolamine Morpholine Naphthalene Nitric acid conc Perchloric acid Phenol Phosphoric acid Potassium hydroxide sat Propylene dichloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sulfuric acid conc Toluene Trichloroethylene Tricresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Chemical Neoprene y Omooma ma mO0TUQOMOTVUTTMOMOOMO mMin UTAO TOMMO TV 0 mMmMTO0O0mMMOO0OO0OO0O0O0mMMOmMMO TOTO Nitrile o mm Oo mmmi Q i 00770 lt VMVVUVUMVVOMNOHDVOHVNDOOMAAMY MMMANGOOMUMMMMODAOMMNNVVOIVMOMMMmMuvUmMmMmMgdDuvMvT in Page 93 TABLE OF CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES The following list illustrates common laboratory chemical incompatibilities Chemicals in both columns A and B should be kept separate from each other This list is not intended to be exhaustive Source Adapted from the National Research Council 1981 NOTE Oxidizing agents include the types of compounds listed in the entry for alkali and alkaline earth metals etc Column A Column B Acetylene and mono substituted Groups B and I
63. d in compliance Page 7 This introduction summarizes the requirements of the OSHA Laboratory Standard Code of Federal Regulations CFR Chapter 29 Section 1910 1450 entitled Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories If you have any questions as to what is required for the development of the CHP or wish to obtain a copy of the Laboratory Standard or information on any aspect of the Standard contact Safety Services 368 2907 Page 8 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS CWRU SAFETY POLICY This LSM has been written to acquaint all laboratory personnel with an important phase of their responsibility safety or accident prevention Accident prevention must be included in the performance of every task It cannot be considered a separate entity but is an integral part of everyone s work Safety is made possible by careful planning of all work based on an understanding of the hazards involved and a knowledge of the work area and safe working procedures Accident prevention pays in the injuries it prevents the research time it saves and the healthy attitude it creates The objective of this LSM is two fold 1 To provide general guidelines and recommendations for safe laboratory practices and 2 To comply with OSHA s Laboratory Standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 This manual is not intended to be nor can it be complete and all inclusive RESPONSIBILITY The implementation of this policy is the responsibilit
64. diation Safety 368 2906 In University Hospitals contact UH Environmental Services 844 3071 for instructions on disposal of biohazards COMPRESSED GASES IN CYLINDERS Users of compressed gases should be familiar with the pertinent equipment and the characteristics of the gases Safety Services has information available on most of the gases likely to be used in CWRU laboratories It has detailed information available on detecting leaks selecting needle valves and regulators toxicity explosion hazards chemical incompatibilities etc Use of flammable or explosive gases i e hydrogen gas requires notification of and prior approval by Safety Services General Standards 1 Rules for handling compressed gases a b Always use a cylinder hand truck for transport Chain or otherwise secure cylinders in an upright position away from chemical and mechanical damage Only two cylinders may be chained together in a group To store more than two cylinders in the same grouping a cylinder rack must be installed Do not drop cylinders or permit them to fall against each other Leave valve caps on cylinders until secured and ready for use Close all valves when not in use Page 67 f Use the proper regulator for the particular gas g Always consider cylinders to be full and handle accordingly h Cylinders should be considered empty when approximately 25 psi still remains in order to prevent contaminated air from enteri
65. dical exams Call University Health Services 368 2450 for additional information Call Safety Services 368 2907 immediately if a hazardous exposure occurs during the course of your work between 8 30 a m and 5 00 p m Between 5 00 p m and 8 30 a m weekends and holidays call Protective Services 368 3333 7 Chemical Hygiene Officer OSHA regulations stipulate that a Chemical Hygiene Officer CHO must be designated for each laboratory Since Pls hold the primary responsibility for safety in their laboratory the PI will therefore be designated as CHO The department chairperson may under special circumstances designate an alternate person to assume this responsibility 8 Protective measures The Laboratory standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 also covers requirements for development of additional employee protection when working with particularly hazardous substances such as select carcinogens reproductive toxins and substances with a high degree of acute toxicity Protective measures include the following a Establishment of a designated area such as a chemical hood b Use of containment devices c Procedures for safe removal of hazardous waste d Decontamination procedures The effectiveness of the CHP must be reviewed annually within each laboratory and submitted to Safety Services for review Additionally Safety Services conducts safety inspections to ensure chemical hygiene and laboratory safety procedures are up to date an
66. e and azide salts Flammables liquids These are materials that will easily ignite burn and serve as a fuel for a fire Examples include most common laboratory organic solvents such as acetone tetrahydrofuran diethylether and petroleum distillates pentanes hexanes as well as acetaldehyde carbon disulfide ether methanol and glacial acetic acid Explosives Chemicals in this class should be protected from shock elevated temperatures sparks rapid temperature changes and mixture with other reactive chemicals Examples include nitroglycerin nitrocellulose and organic peroxides Oxidizing and reducing agents The reactions of these agents can generate heat and are often explosive Oxidizing agents include oxygen perchloric acid peroxyacids peroxide forming compounds and bleach hypochlorite compounds Reducing agents include hydrogen metallic hydrides alkali metals and active zinc and phosphorus Water reactive These chemicals react with water steam and moisture in the air to evolve heat and or flammable or explosive gases Isolate water sensitive substances from other reactive chemicals and store ina cool dry area Examples of chemicals that liberate heat only include strong acids and bases acid anhydrides and sulfides Examples of chemicals that liberate flammable gases include alkali metals hydrides nitrides and anhydrous metallic salts Acid sensitive These chemicals react with acids to evolve heat flam
67. e toxaphene treosulfan trichlormethine trimustine hydrochloride 2 4 6 trichlorophenol tris 1 aziridinyl phosphine sulfide tris 2 3 dibromopropyl phosphate trp P 1 3 amino 1 4 dimethyl 5H pyrido 4 3 b indole trp P 2 3 amino 1 methyl 5H pyrido 4 3 b indole trypan blue uracil mustard urethane ultraviolet radiation A B and C vinyl acetate vinyl bromide vinyl chloride 4 vinylcyclohexane 4 vinylcyclohexane diepoxide vinyl fluoride Source NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP NTP NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC OSHA NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC Page 89 In addition IARC has listed the following mixtures and exposure circumstances as carcinogenic Mixtures alcoholic beverages betel quid with tobacco bitumens carrageenan chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length coal tars and coal tar pitches coffee urinary bladder creosotes diesel engine exhaust diesel fuel marine engine exhaust gasoline fuel oils residual heavy gasoline hot mate mineral oils untreated and mildly treated non arsenical insecticides occupational exposures in spraying and application pickled vegetables traditional in Asia polychlorinated biphenyls polybrominated biphenyls salted fish Chinese style shale oils soots tobacco products smokeless tob
68. e or connected for use The valve protection cap is designed to protect the valve in case the cylinder falls Fuel gas cylinder storage shall be limited to a total gas capacity of 2000 cubic feet or 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas Acetylene cylinders shall be stored valve end up If the cylinder is on its side acetone may leak out and create a dangerous condition Page 69 Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel gas cylinders or combustible materials especially oil or grease a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a non combustible barrier at least 5 feet high having a fire resistance rating of at least one half hour 2 Other tips for safe handling of compressed gases a Oil should never be used with oxygen Oxygen under pressure will rapidly oxidize oil or grease and result in an explosion Only equipment cleaned for oxygen service must be used for oxygen application Without a proper regulator or when exposed to an ignition source acetylene can explode It can also form explosive compounds in contact with copper or brass An automatic pressure regulator is the only type of control valve satisfactory for acetylene Regulators can leak and build pressure within a closed gas delivery system Insert pressure relief devices and include appropriate traps in outlet lines to prevent liquid from flowing back into the cylinder If the liquid phase is being delivered from the cylinder a trap will not prevent backfl
69. ellow radioactive waste tag and provide secondary packing if necessary A Disposal Listing for Radioactive Waste Form must be completed and faxed to the RSOF fax 368 2236 An RSOF specialist will call the laboratory to arrange a time and date for pick up WASTE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING Wastes regulated by the EPA are not permitted to be disposed of in the sanitary sewer or into a landfill making them expensive to dispose of in an environmentally responsible manner Reducing the amount of hazardous waste produced both before the experimental procedure and after and recycling whenever possible provides a vital means of controlling the amount of hazardous waste generated Waste Reduction Procedures 1 Pre experiment techniques a Pre weigh chemicals for undergraduate teaching laboratories This will reduce spills and other wastes generated by students weighing their own materials b Substitute less hazardous chemicals in experiments to reduce the cost of the disposal of hazardous chemicals i e use alcohol instead of benzene sodium hypochlorite instead of sodium dichromate c Use alcohol or digital thermometers instead of mercury thermometers which are easily broken and extremely expensive to clean up and dispose of Mercury thermometers are prohibited in laboratories d Purchase only what is needed Do not order larger quantities to take advantage of unit cost savings Future Page 62 disposal for the unused portion of
70. emical Hygiene Plan CHP describes Standard operating procedures for using hazardous chemicals hazard control techniques equipment reliability measures employee information and training programs conditions under which the employer must approve operations procedures and activities before implementation and medical consultations and examinations The CHP also designates personnel responsible for implementing the CHP and specifies the procedures used to provide additional protection to employees exposed to particularly hazardous chemicals The Pl is ultimately responsible for implementing the CHP It is recommended that a committee comprised of the PI and researchers write the CHP jointly The recommended format for the CHP is available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Forms Manuals and this LSM may be used as a reference Outlined below are the major elements that must be included in each laboratory s CHP 1 Standard operating procedures Included in this LSM are approved operating procedures for dealing with hazardous chemicals These procedures shall be adopted by individual laboratories to meet the requirements of the Laboratory Standard In addition the Material Safety Data Sheets MSDSs for every chemical in use in the laboratory must be available to all employees of that laboratory at all times The MSDS provides essential information on chemical handling containment labeling procedures and emergency medical
71. emicals in the course of his her assignments Epidemiology The study of disease in human population Erythema A reddening of the skin Evaporation Rate The rate at which a material is converted to vapor evaporates at a given temperature and pressure when compared to the evaporation rate of a given substance Explosive A chemical that causes a sudden almost instantaneous release of pressure gas or heat when subjected to sudden shock pressure or high temperature Eye Hazard A chemical which affects the eye or visual capacity Signs and symptoms include conjunctivitis corneal sas Chemicals include Ja solvents acids Flammable Aerosol An aerosol that when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500 45 yields a flame projection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening or a flashback a flame extending back to the valve at any degree of opening Flammable Gas a a gas that at ambient temperature and pressure forms a flammable mixture with air as a concentration of 13 by volume or less or b a gas that at ambient temperature and pressure forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12 by volume regardless of flash point below 100 F except any mixture having components with flash points of 100 F or higher the total of which make up 99 or more of the total volume of the mixture Page 102 Flammable Liquid Flammable Solid Flash Point General Ventilation Hazardous Material Hemato
72. er Service 368 2580 by 4 30 p m All biohazardous bags must remain in the laboratory for evening pick up Biohazardous waste must be disposed of expeditiously Liquid biomedical waste that has been treated to render it non infectious can be poured in the sanitary drain which should then be flushed with water EXCEPTIONS a Any liquid biomedical waste which contains radioactive materials Contact Radiation Safety 368 2906 to receive disposal instructions for this exception or refer to the Radiation Safety Laboratory User Manual b Any liquid biomedical waste which contains hazardous chemicals as set forth in the University Chemical Disposal Policy Contact Safety Services 368 2907 to receive disposal instructions for this exception 3 Uncontaminated laboratory waste Page 61 Definition All laboratory waste which has not been contaminated by radioactive chemical or infectious agents such as Petri plates plastic tissue culture vessels paper cloths gloves tubing non sharp laboratory wastes empty chemical containers as well as ordinary trash such as computer paper cardboard packing materials and the like Procedure Pick up is provided by Custodial Services DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE The RSOF provides radioactive waste pick up and radiation disposal services for all University laboratories Typically individual laboratories collect radioactive waste in suitable containers label the material with a y
73. er a period of days weeks or years Combustible Liquid According to DOT and NFPA combustible liquids are those having a flash point at or above 100 F or liquids that will burn They do not ignite as easily as flammable liquids However combustible liquids can be ignited under certain circumstances and must be handled with caution Concentration The relative amount of a material in combination with another material For example 5 parts of acetone per million parts of air Corrosive A substance that according to DOT causes visible destruction or permanent changes in human skin tissue at the site of contact or is highly corrosive to steel Cubic Meter m A measure of volume in the International System SI of Units Cutaneous to or oe the skin Decomposition The breakdown of a chemical or a substance into different parts of simpler compounds Decomposition can occur due to wear chemical reaction decay etc Dermatitis An inflammation of the skin Designated Area An area which may be used for work with select carcinogens reproductive toxins or substances with a high degree of acute toxicity see Appendix B A designated area may be the entire lab or a section of it such as a chemical hood Page 100 Page 101 Dilution Ventilation See General Ventilation DOE Shortness of breath difficult or labored ae Employee An individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous ch
74. etal and oxide dust TEDP Tellurium and compounds as Te Tellurium hexafluoride as Te Temephos TEPP Terphenylis 1 1 1 2 Tetrachloro 2 2 difluoroethane 1 1 2 2 Tetrachloro 1 2 difluoroethane 1 1 2 2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachoroethylene Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloronaphthalene Tetraethyl lead as Pb Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethyl lead as Pb Tetramethyl succinonitrile Tetranitromethane Tetryl Thallium soluble compounds as TI 4 4 Thiobis 6 tert Butyl mcresol Thiram Tin inorganic compounds except oxides Tin organic compounds Titanium dioxide Toluene Toluene 2 4 diisocyanate o Toluidine Toxaphene Tremolite Tributyl phosphate 1 1 1 Trichloroethane 1 1 2 Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Trichloronaphthalene 1 2 3 Trichloropropane 1 1 2 Trichloro 1 2 2 trifluoroethane Triethylamine Trifluorobromomethane 2 4 6 Trinitrophenol 2 4 6 Trinitrophenylmethyl nitramine Trinitrotoluene TNT Triorthocresyl phosphate Triphenyl phosphate Turpentine Uranium soluble and insoluble compounds as U Vanadium as V205 dust and fume Vegetable oil mist Vinyl benzene Vinyl chloride Vinyl cyanide Vinyl toluene Warfarin Xylenes Xylidine Yttrium Zinc chloride fume Zinc oxide fume Zinc oxide Zinc stearate Zirconium compounds as Zr Page 81 LIST OF EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS The chemicals listed in the following three categories are considered extremely haz
75. fined by OSHA as regulated chemicals This inventory should include the quantities and the date purchased The storage vessel should also be marked with a label indicating the specific potential danger of the substance Working quantities should be kept to a minimum and should also have the same label Chemical specific labels are available from Safety Services 8 If itis necessary to transfer the chemicals from one site to another the chemicals must be placed in durable secondary containment Biologically contaminated materials should be placed in properly labeled biohazard bags to indicate the potential biohazard Safety Services should be contacted for the proper disposal of hazardous chemical waste Customer Services should be notified for disposal of biological waste Organic liquid waste should also be disposed in containers per the University guidelines on waste disposal outlined in Chapter Four of this LSM In all cases prior to initiating any experiments with select chemical hazards the PI should make plans for the handling of hazardous waste 9 In order to ensure that the laboratory meets the standards for the use of a select chemical hazard i e flow rate of the chemical fume hood the Pl should contact Safety Services prior to initiating experiments Working with Select Carcinogens Select carcinogens are defined by the Laboratory Standard as being any substance which meets one of the following criteria 1 It is
76. flammable materials infectious agents or other special hazards exist Caution Emergency Information Signs available from Safety Services are to be posted on all entrances to the laboratory clearly visible to personnel entering the lab The Emergency Contact Information must be completed listing two laboratory contacts on each posted sign c Unauthorized minors and general population are prohibited in all laboratories d Visitors in laboratories must be accompanied by faculty staff or a graduate student Visitors must wear the appropriate PPE in labs presenting a chemical or physical hazard CHAPTER TWO Page 14 e No undergraduate laboratory class work shall be carried out in the absence of an instructor Unauthorized experiments as well as misconduct are prohibited Unapproved variations in experiments including changing the quantities of reagents may be dangerous and must be strictly guarded against in undergraduate laboratories f DO NOT PERFORM HAZARDOUS PROCEDURES WHEN WORKING ALONE This rule may be relaxed whenever there are other laboratory personnel in the area g Eating drinking chewing gun taking medications applying cosmetics and the use of certain hand lotions as well as smoking are prohibited in ALL laboratory areas h According to OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910 1030 Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens hand lotion is not considered a cosmetic and is permitted However after this ru
77. fuming Perchlorates Permanganates Peroxides Potential consequences Fire explosion or violent reaction CWRU HAZARD WARNING SIGNS In an effort to bring the system of signs used at CWRU into agreement to warn of danger and to direct pedestrian traffic away from laboratory work areas uniform hazard warning signs have been designed This LSM describes these signs and sets forth the conditions under which the signs are to be posted It is important that all employees and visitors comply with the policy for entering areas where these signs have been posted Page 34 Description Samples of commonly used warning signs are illustrated on the EHS website http case edu ehs see Labels and Warnings under Laboratory safety The signs inform employees and visitors that a hazard exists in an area The degree of danger is indicated by the sign In high risk areas admission is forbidden except to those assigned to that area In low risk areas visitors must obtain permission from the PI to enter the laboratory Policy The Pl in charge of the laboratory is responsible for posting the signs in accordance with policy set forth in this LSM Upon request Safety Services will assist Pls in determining the need for posting warning signs The signs will be posted only while a hazard exists and must be taken down as soon as the source of danger is removed Hazard signs will not be posted when no hazard exists simply to disc
78. ge tubes and centrifuge buckets should be carefully inspected prior to each ultra centrifuge cycle Only sound tubes and buckets should be used to process infectious material Reusable tubes used in an ultra centrifuge are subjected to great pressure which sometimes causes them to break especially after they have been through several cycles Tubes likely to fail can often be identified by stress lines which appear in the area of junction of the sides and the bottom Such tubes should be discarded Tubes to be used in angle head centrifuges must never be filled to the point that liquid is in contact with the lip of the tube when it is placed in the rotor even though the meniscus will be vertical during rotation When the tube lip is wetted high G forces drive the liquid past the cap seal and over the outside of the tube Nitrocellulose tubes should be used only when fresh meaning clear without discoloration and flexible Small lots should be ordered several times a year instead of one large lot once a year Storage at 4 C extends shelf life Used nitrocellulose tubes should be disinfected in a solution known to be effective against the agent being processed and discarded as solid waste c Carrier rotors and cups Rotor corrosion can create a hazardous condition best prevented through cleanliness Ultra centrifuge heads in particular must be protected After each use the rotor should be rinsed in warm tap water and then with dist
79. graphic adsorbent i When possible segregate chromatographic adsorbents from liquid wastes f Indicate the chemical in the adsorbent material and its concentration of contaminants g Animal waste contaminated with hazardous chemicals i Procedure for handling animal wastes are implemented by the ARC 368 3490 h Mixed waste radioactive waste combined with chemical waste or radioactive waste combined with bio hazardous waste Please contact Safety Services 368 2907 for detailed guidelines in proper disposal of mixed wastes Page 55 i Broken mercury thermometers Attach a hazardous waste tag to the container with broken mercury thermometer and label the material as broken thermometer and elemental mercury NOTE Mercury volatilizes and can be a hazard Even the mercury from one thermometer can create a potential health risk Call Safety Services 368 2907 for disposal and pick up In the University Hospitals area contact UH Protective Services 844 HELP or UH Safety 844 1458 For larger spills of mercury gt 3 cc evacuate the area and call Safety Services They will respond clean the spill and monitor the room air to ensure the area is safe to re enter For a spill in a University Hospitals laboratory operated by Case Western Reserve University employees contact Protective Services at 368 3333 They will then call Safety Services 2 Discarded hazardous substances a Gas cylinders Promptl
80. hould be kept filled with water at all times to prevent escape of sewer gases into the laboratory Such gases may be toxic or flammable and may be ignited causing flash fires Do not use or place burners hot plates or non explosion proof motors near experiments which may generate flammable gases Use beaker covers to prevent splattering when heating liquids on a hot plate Keep a pair of tongs conveniently at hand A specific tong for the dish crucible beaker casserole or flask should be used In general if the apparatus is likely to shatter either because of pressure or vacuum surround it with mesh or cloth to limit the possibility of shards of shattered glass from becoming dangerous projectiles Glassware or any potential SHARPS including chemical bottles and test tubes should be set back from the front edge of the work bench to lessen the risk of injury if there is an accidental breakage of glass Adequate traps must be used in vacuum systems When using a vacuum source it is important to place a trap between the experimental apparatus and the vacuum source The vacuum trap i Protects the pump and the piping from the potentially damaging effects of the material which could be infectious if being used inside of bio safety cabinet Protects maintenance workers who must work on the vacuum lines or system Prevents vapors and related odors from being emitted back into the laboratory or system exhaust Do no
81. i A primary irritant exerts no systemic toxic action either because the products formed on the tissue of the respiratory tract are non toxic or because the irritant action is far in excess of any systemic toxic action An example includes hydrogen chloride ii A secondary irritant s effect on mucous membranes is overshadowed by the systemic effect resulting from absorption Exposure to a secondary irritant can result in pulmonary edema hemorrhage and tissue necrosis Page 40 Examples include hydrogen sulfide and aromatic hydrocarbons b Central nervous system depressants such as anesthetics affect the brain Examples include chloroform diethyl ether hexane and other nerve depressing organic substances and alcohols Many other chemicals also have deleterious effects on the central nervous system c Asphyxiants have the ability to deprive tissue of oxygen Simple asphyxiants are inert gases which displace oxygen Examples include carbon dioxide hydrogen helium nitrogen and nitrous oxide Chemical asphyxiants render the body incapable of utilizing an adequate oxygen supply They can cause damage at very low concentrations Examples include carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide d Pulmonary agents damage the lungs Examples include asbestos coal dust cotton dust silica and wood dust Dusts can cause a restrictive disease called pneumoconiosis black lung disease Other types of lung injuries include edema which c
82. ically too rich to support combustion Upper Flammable The difference between the LEL and the UEL Limit UFL constitutes the flammable range or explosive range of a substance That is if the LEL is 1 ppm and the UEL is 5 ppm then the explosive range of the chemical is 1 ppm to 5 ppm see also LEL Unstable A chemical which in the pure state or as produced or transported will vigorously polymerize decompose condense or wil become self reactive under conditions of shock pressure or temperature Vapor The gaseous form of substances which are normally in the liquid or solid state at normal room temperature and pressure Vapors evaporate into the air from liquids such as solvents Solvents with low boiling points will am aa Water Reactive A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard Page 108 GLOSSARY OF ORGANIZATIONS ACGIH The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is a voluntary membership organization of professional industrial hygiene personnel in governmental or educational institutions The ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational exposure limits each year called Threshold Limit Values TLVs for hundreds of chemicals physical agents and biological exposure indices ANSI The American National Standards Institute is a voluntary membership organization operating with private funding that develops consensus st
83. id if there is the possibility of a dangerous exothermic decomposition as in some distillations Explosions are one of the most serious physical hazards in the laboratory NEVER place your nose directly over a container to smell the contents NEVER look down the opening of a vessel unless it is empty Caution should be used when opening bottles which the lid or stopper is stuck Wrap the bottle with a towel and place itina container before applying additional force The same precaution should be taken when opening ampoules All containers with hazardous chemicals must be clearly labeled with the contents of the container Use the complete chemical name not the chemical formula or abbreviation see Chapter Four NEVER use any substance from an unlabeled or inadequately labeled container Any unlabeled containers should be disposed of according to the University guidelines on waste disposal outlined in Chapter Four of this LSM Flasks containing large volumes of toxic solutions volatile solvents boiling liquids and so forth should be kept in pans large enough to contain the contents if the flask breaks These should also be transported in appropriate transport containers All chemicals or biological materials with an objectionable odor should be kept in the chemical hood or in an appropriately vented safety cabinet 5 Waste disposal a b Hazards to the environment must be avoided by following the University guideline
84. ies can also be found under Laboratory Safety Glove Page on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Chemical Safety e Proper PPE must be worn at all times in the laboratory Avoid direct contact with all chemicals Keeping chemicals away from hands face and clothing including shoes is especially important Many substances are readily absorbed into the body through the skin or may enter through the mouth because of contamination of the hands In case of any accidental contact with chemicals immediately wash the site of contact with soap and copious amounts of water but take care not to abrade the skin f A change of clothing should be available in the laboratory in case of an accident 3 Housekeeping a Aisles and hallways shall have proper egress b Keep drawers and cabinets closed while working c Avoid slippery floors by picking up any ice glass beads glass rods or other small items Mop up any spilled water d Keep the workplace uncluttered Benches floors desks and tables are work areas not storage spaces Keep the workplace free from extraneous chemicals and non essential objects Page 16 4 Safety with chemicals a All heating of potentially hazardous chemicals must be performed in a chemical hood Prior to heating a liquid place boiling stones in vessels other than test tubes Use an alcohol thermometer mercury thermometers are prohibited in laboratories in a boiling liqu
85. ificant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg m b After repeated skin application of less than 300 mg kg of body weight per week c After oral dosages of less than 50 mg kg of body weight per day Though many of these chemicals are in common use they have been listed by the corresponding agency as being carcinogenic The following is a list of chemicals which fulfill the above criteria with an indication of the agency or group which has so classified that chemical This compilation though at present complete is a guide only Regulating agencies add chemicals to their lists on a regular basis For the most current information on a chemical s carcinogenic status refer to Section 3 of its MSDS Hazards Identification Substance acetaldehyde acetamide 2 acetylaminofluorene acrylamide acrylonitrile adriamycin aflatoxins 2 amino 9H pyrido 2 3 b indole 2 aminoanthraquinone para aminoazobenzene o aminoazotoluene 4 aminobiphenyl 1 amino 2 methylanthraquinone 2 amino 5 5 nitro 2 furyl 1 3 4 thiadiazole amitrole androgenic anabolic steroids o anisidine o anisidine hydrochloride antimony trioxide aramite arsenic and certain arsenic compounds asbestos atrazine auramine azaserine azacitidine azathioprine benzene Source NTP IARC IARC OSHA NTP NTP IARC OSHA NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC OSHA IARC NTP NTP IARC NTP IARC
86. illed water If solid deposits persist clean with a mild detergent solution and a stiff test tube brush Do not scratch the surface of the tube wells in aluminum rotors Rinse off the detergent with warm tap water and distilled water and dry before use Since caustic solutions are particularly damaging to rotors clean them promptly after use When centrifuge tubes are used in dirty or rough cups the tubes expand and seize against the walls of the cup making it very difficult to remove the tubes In some instances tubes have had to be pulled with pliers and have been torn or broken in removal To avoid this possibility the inside of the cups may be sprayed with a silicon aerosol spray or similar product see instructions that come with these ultra centrifuges as rotors require special care which may differ from instructions in this guide Page 66 2 Post accident procedures a Major accident In case of a major centrifuge accident involving potential exposure to hazardous chemical or biological materials immediately contact Safety Services 368 2907 for instructions Spill response Clean up and decontamination of laboratory equipment for reuse are the responsibilities of the user Safety clearances for disposal of equipment contaminated with biohazardous or radioactive materials will be carried out by EHS Ifthe spill involves pathogens or radioactive materials EHS must be contacted immediately Safety Services 368 2907 Ra
87. inant not just diluting it making it more economical over the long term However the system must be properly designed with correctly shaped hoods and correctly sized fans and ductwork Lower Explosive Limit The lowest concentration of a substance that will LEL produce a fire or flash when an ignition source is Also known as present It is expressed in the percent of vapor or Lower Flammable Limit gas in the air by volume Below the LEL or LFL the LFL air contaminant mixture is theoretically too lean to burn see also UEL Lung Hazards Chemicals which damage the lungs Signs and symptoms include cough tightness in chest shortness of breath Chemicals include silica asbestos ETA FEAR ae se Se Melting Point The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid A melting range may be given for mixtures MPPCF Millions of particles of particulate per cubic foot of air Material Safety Data Safety information about a chemical provided by the Sheet MSDS manufacturer or distributor OSHA regulations require that an MSDS for each chemical used in a laboratory be accessible to every employee of that laboratory Page 105 Mutagen Anything that can cause a change or mutation in the genetic material of a living cell Narcosis Stupor or unconsciousness caused by chemical exposure Nephrotoxins Chemicals which produce kidney damage Signs and symptoms include edma proteinuria Chemicals include a PR uran
88. ine N nitrosodimethylamine N nitrosodi n propylamine 3 N nitrosomethylamino propionitrile N nitroso N ethylurea 4 N nitrosomethylamino 1 3 pyridyl 1 butanone N nitrosomethylethylamine N nitroso N methylurea N nitrosomethylvinylamine N nitrosomorpholine N nitrosonornicotine N nitrosopiperidine N nitrosopyrrolidine N nitrososarcosine norethisterone Source NTP IARC IARC NTP OSHA NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC OSHA OSHA NTP IARC IARC OSHA NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC OSHA NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP Page 87 Substance ochratoxin A oil orange SS opisthorchis viverrini infection with oral contraceptives combined and sequential oxazepam 4 4 oxydianiline oxymetholone palygorskite attapulgite panfuran S containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine pentachlorophenol phenacetin analgesic mixtures containing phenazopyridine hydrochloride phenobarbital phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride phenyl glycidyl ether phenytoin PhIP 2 amino 1 methyl 6 phenylimidazo 4 5 b pyridine polybrominated biphenyls PBB polychlorinated biphenyls PCB polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs benz a anthracene
89. is comprised of two divisions Radiation Safety and Biological Chemical Safety Biological Chemical Safety will be hereafter referred to in this document as Safety Services SCOPE AND APPLICATION Laboratories are covered by the Laboratory Standard if they meet all of the following requirements 1 Chemical manipulations are carried out on a laboratory use scale 2 Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used 3 The procedures involved are not part of a production process nor in any way simulate a production process 4 Protective practices equipment is available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals INTRODUCTION Page 4 29 CFR 1910 1450 supersedes the requirements of all other OSHA standards applicable to laboratories except for the requirement to maintain employee exposures below permissible exposure limits PELs PELs are maximum air concentrations of hazardous chemicals to which an employee can be exposed to within an 8 hour work shift If atmospheric concentrations are routinely high then specific exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements may apply In addition if any regulated chemical under SARA Title 313 Appendix A is being used or stored applicable standards must be followed see Appendix A CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN The basic requirement of the Laboratory Standard for employers is to establish a written Chemical Hygiene Plan The Ch
90. isposal of biohazardous waste SHARPS Definition Examples include discarded hypodermic needles syringes and scalpel blades cannulas coverslips microscope slides all pipettes glass or plastic and pipette tips test tubes and glass Petri dishes glassware and any other item capable of causing puncture wounds or cuts Procedure All SHARPS contaminated or not must be contained in puncture resistant containers Call Customer Service 368 2580 for disposal a All needles syringes and scalpel blades and any SHARP designed for use in biological etiological bacteriological or tissue culture work must be placed in red rigid SHARPS containers Call Purchasing 368 2560 for a list of vendors Hypodermic needles should not be recapped clipped broken or disassembled Page 59 Under no circumstances are hypodermic needles syringes scalpel blades or materials designed for use in biological etiological bacteriological or tissue culture work permitted to be disposed of in any container other than the red rigid SHARPS container All needles syringes scalpel blades and razor blades whether contaminated with biologicals or not must be disposed of in a properly marked and labeled rigid sharps container b All other SHARPS such as broken glassware which are NOT contaminated may be discarded in red SHARPS containers or in a cardboard box labeled SHARPS The box must be lined with a plastic bag to prevent leaking and
91. ithout the presence of EHS specialists from Safety Services If at any time there is doubt as to the nature or extent of the hazard call Safety Services 368 2907 Laboratories at University Hospitals must call UH Protective Services for assistance 844 4357 UH Protective Services will then notify Safety Services Regardless of the nature of the spill contact Safety Services before proceeding with any decontamination or clean up Chemical spill kit Spill kits should be available in every laboratory Spill kits suitable for responding to typical laboratory spills are available from commercial vendors Alternatively you may prepare your own spill kits A spill kit should contain the following items a Spill pillows b Silicon based absorbent such as Oil Dry kitty litter or vermiculite c Dust pan Page 12 Broom or brush Plastic bags Hazardous waste labels Rubber gloves check chemical compatibility before use Rubber boots or foot protectors Chemical splash goggles sarge LABORATORY DECOMMISSIONING PROCEDURES Safety Services has developed certain decommissioning procedures for Pls whose research at CWRU will terminate Pls who are leaving CWRU are responsible for proper disposal or transfer to another Pl with appropriate paperwork of all commercial chemicals and research products Contact Safety Services 368 2907 to arrange for disposal of hazardous waste The guidelines for decommissioning and relocation are l
92. ium Odor Threshold The minimum concentration of a substance at which a majority of test subjects can detect and identify the substance s characteristic odor Oxidation The process of combining oxygen with some other substances of a chemical change in which an atom loses electrons Oxidizer A substance that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases Oxygen Deficiency An atmosphere having less than the normal percentage of iS TN found in normal air Permissible Exposure The term used by OSHA to indicate the maximum air Limit PEL concentration to which employees can be exposed PEL may be given as an 8 hour time weighted average TWA exposure limit a 15 minute short term exposure limit STEL or a ceiling C Personal Protective Any device or clothing worn by the worker to protect Equipment PPE against hazards in the laboratory Examples include respirators gloves lab coats and splash goggles PPM Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume Polymerization A chemical reaction during which two or more small molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units of the original molecules A hazardous polymerization is the above reaction with an uncontrolled release of energy Page 106 Pyrophoric Reactivity Reproductive Toxins Risk Assessment Select Carcinogen
93. le went into effect it was brought to OSHA s attention that petroleum based hand lotions affect the integrity of latex gloves The following is a list of five recommended hand lotions that are non petroleum based should e Johnson and Johnson Baby Lotion e Cetaphil e Jason Natural Cosmetics Nexcare e Keri Lotion If you are concerned that the hand lotion you are using contains petroleum contact Safety Services 368 2907 2 Personal Protective Equipment PPE a The minimum PPE requirement for a laboratory is goggles face shield a buttoned laboratory coat and appropriate chemically resistant gloves Laboratory coats gloves and other PPE shall not be worn outside the laboratory area b Clothing shall be appropriate to the laboratory long pants and regular shoes for example Sandals or open toed shoes shorts ties or other dangling clothing can pose a safety threat in the laboratory Page 15 c Contact lenses are a risk when working with hazardous chemicals Particulate matter vapors and liquids can lodge behind the contact lens causing considerable eye damage before they can be washed with water from an eyewash station In addition solvent vapors can weld contact lenses to the eyes requiring surgery to remove them d Select appropriate gloves when working with toxic or corrosive materials Call the glove manufacturer or consult Appendix C of this LSM for a discussion of glove compatibilities Glove compatibilit
94. lity table listed in Appendix C of this LSM or refer to the EHS website http case edu ehs under Laboratory Safety Glove Page b Laboratory coats Should always be worn during active work in the laboratory and should be buttoned completely Laboratory coats are loose fitting by design so in case of chemical contact there is ample time to react before a chemical gets to the undergarments and ultimately to the skin Laboratory coats shall not be taken home for any reason They are not to be laundered in a public laundromat instead arrangements should be made in the laboratory group for laundry service Refer to the EHS website http case edu ehs under Laboratory Safety Forms and Manuals for further laboratory coat laundering information Page 28 3 Eye protection This LSM defines eye hazard areas where wearing eye protection equipment is mandatory It also sets forth the supervisor s responsibilities both in identifying locations where possible damage to the eyes could occur and in enforcing precautionary procedures in those areas The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and good safety practices dictate that protective eye and face equipment shall be required where there is a reasonable probability of injury that can be prevented by such equipment suitable eye protectors shall be provided where machines or operations present the hazard of flying objects glare liquids injurious radiation or
95. loride PVC are potentially contaminated with azides Therefore they must be chemically treated prior to any maintenance to remove the salts usually lead azide If you believe that azides were previously disposed in your laboratory s drain and they have not been decontaminated contact Safety Services 368 2907 for information or assistance in decontaminating prior to any maintenance work Page 76 WORKING WITH BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS The OSHA regulation known as The Bloodborne Pathogen Standard is intended to reduce occupational exposure to Hepatitis B HBV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV and other bloodborne pathogens OSHA fully intends that if necessary your physical facility work practices and other areas will be modified to attain this goal and that employees will be informed and educated so they can contribute to this reduction elimination of exposure as well These regulations affect all laboratories using the following materials 1 Human pathogenic organisms found in blood blood products semen vaginal secretions cerebrospinal fluid synovial fluid pleural fluid pericardial fluid amniotic fluid saliva in dental procedures any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids Any unfixed tissue or organ other than intact skin from a human living or deceased HIV containing cell or tissue cultures o
96. ls Desk Reference New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1997 The Merck Index Eleventh Edition 1989 APPENDIX F National Research Council Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories Washington DC National Academy Press 1983 National Research Council Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Washington DC National Academy Press 1981 Page 97 National Institutes for Occupational Safety and Health Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Washington DC USDHHS 1994 Patty F A Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 4th ed New York John Wiley and Sons 1991 Perrin D D Armarega W L F Perrin D R Purification of Laboratory Chemicals 4th ed New York Pergamon Press 1996 Raffle P A B Lee W R McCallum R Murray R Hunter s Diseases of Occupations 8th ed London Boston E Arnold 1994 Zenz Carl editor in chief Occupational Medicine 3rd ed St Louis Mosby 1994 Page 98 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Acute Severe often dangerous conditions in which relatively rapid changes occur Acute Exposure An intense exposure over a relatively short period of time Asphyxiant A chemical gas or vapor that can cause death or unconsciousness by suffocation Simple asphyxiants such as nitrogen either use up or displace oxygen in the air They become especially dangerous in confined or enclosed spaces Chemical asphyxiants such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen
97. mable and or explosive gases and toxicants Examples include alkali metals cyanides sulfides carbonates arsenic and related elements Page 44 8 Pyrophoric These chemicals burn when exposed to air In general they require absolute protection from air Examples include a Phosphorus white or yellow b Alkali metals such as sodium and potassium c Metal hydrides or nonmetal hydrides including germane diborane sodium hydride and lithium aluminum hydride d Partially or fully alkylated derivatives of metal and non metal hydrides like diethylaluminum hydride trimethylaluminum butyllithium and triethylboron e Used hydrogenation catalysts such as Raney nickel f Grignard reagents of the form RMgx g Alkylated metal alkoxides or nonmetal halides such as diethylethoxyaluminum or dichloro methyl silane h Metal carbonyls like pentacarbonyliron octacarbonyldicobalt and nickel carbonyl i Finely divided metals such as calcium and zirconium j Methanetellurol CH3TeH k Pyrophoric gases include arsine diborane phosphine and silane Pyrophoric liquids include hydrazine Controlled Substances Chemicals considered to be controlled substances are regulated by specific Federal and state regulations In order to purchase and distribute controlled substances such as opiates barbiturates or anesthetics appropriate Federal and state licenses must be obtained If use of these classes of chemicals is required contact Safe
98. n and free of corrosion Pressure Regulators and Needle Valves 1 The valve fittings of cylinders used to store different families of gases are different and will only allow regulators or needle valves to be attached that are safe for use with those gases Cylinders must not be purchased or accepted whose fittings do not conform to standards of the National Compressed Gas Association Use of adapters to connect regulators to cylinder valves defeats this safeguard and must not be used without written permission from Safety Services Only pressure regulators and needle valves approved for the specific gases may be used Threads and points of unions must be clean and should be inspected before they are connected Personnel must not attempt to lubricate threads or fittings Page 73 When attaching regulators or needle valves personnel must firmly tighten the connections Nonadjustable wrenches of the proper size should be used Pliers or adjustable wrenches should not be used as they damage the nuts most of which are brass and rather soft Need for excessive force often indicates that the regulators or needle valves do not fit the cylinders Leaks at the unions between the regulators and the cylinder valves are usually due to damage to the faces of the connections Attempts to force a tight fit may damage the previously undamaged half of the connection If the cylinder valve faces are damaged the cylinders must be returned to the vendor
99. ng the tank See the table below for maximum size and quantity of cylinders permitted in any one laboratory unit Flammable Flammable Liquified Liquified Gases with Gases and or Gases and or Flammable Flammable Health Oxygen Oxygen Gases Gases Hazard Sprinklered Nonsprinklered Sprinklered Nonsprinklered Rating Of 3or4 Space Space Space Space Max number of cylinders per 300 6 3 3 2 3 sq ft or less Max cylinder 0550 10 x 50 9 x 30 9 x 30 4x15 size in Approx water volume 2 0 2 0 0 6 0 6 0 1 ft Identify the contents of cylinders with decals stencils glued or wired on tags or other markings on the cylinders Color codes alone or tags hung around the necks of the cylinders are not acceptable Cylinders lacking proper identification must not be accepted from the vendors A safe handling procedures sign should be posted above the cylinder storage area The information about compressed gas cylinders safety can be found on EHS web site under Chemical Safety Employees must not attempt to repair cylinders or cylinder valves or to apply force to stuck or frozen cylinder valves Empty cylinders must be marked EMPTY or MT with grease pencils Generally this marking should be on a large piece of adhesive or masking tape secured to the cylinder Some cylinders have tags wired to the valve that identify their contents in this case the bottom half of this tag may be torn off t
100. ng with an appropriate light energy meter is necessary to verify proper output of UV light sources Contact Radiation Safety 368 2906 to perform UV light monitoring UV lamps in air locks and door barriers will be turned on continuously Skin or eye protection is not usually required for persons walking through these areas Protection is required however for persons exposed to the radiation for longer than a few seconds UV lamps in BSCs will be turned on only when the cabinet is not in use The lamps in the BSC lethal chamber above the filters are turned on automatically when the blower is turned on Personnel must wear PPE goggles caps gowns and gloves or turn off the lights before entering laboratories animal rooms or exposed spaces which have UV installations All UV lamps except those located in the BSC lethal chamber above filters must be cleaned at two week intervals or more often if located in an unusually dusty area The lamps should be turned off and wiped with a soft cloth moistened with alcohol Cleaning is the responsibility of the personnel in charge of the laboratory Cleaning dates should be logged on a card and attached to the installation Special problems concerning use cleaning or installation of UV lamps should be referred to Radiation Safety 368 2906 DECONTAMINATION OF LABORATORY SINK DRAINS TO REMOVE AZIDE SALTS All laboratory sink traps and drains which have not been converted to polyvinyl ch
101. o use the smallest size container compatible with the need b Eyewash facilities Emergency eyewash facilities shall be available in the following areas or other areas as deemed necessary where i Chemicals are handled ii Explosive materials are handled iii Hollow glassware is under vacuum or pressure Page 29 iv v vi vii viii Cryogenic materials are handled Airborne particles may be generated grinders mills power saws drill presses lathes etc Molten metal is used or metal is melted soldering leading joints etc Gas or electric arc welding is performed Processes can produce aerosols of infectious agents e g removing lyophil vials from liquid nitrogen c Supervisor s responsibilities Failure of the supervisor to enforce eye protection requirements will present grounds for disciplinary action The supervisor is responsible for i ii iii iv V vi vii Determining that an eye hazard exists Placarding the work area with proper signage Determining the type of eye protection equipment needed Obtaining necessary assistance from Safety Services Ensuring that the equipment is available to employees Ensuring that the necessary PPE is worn by employees Supplying all PPE as necessary CHEMICAL STORAGE General Rules 1 Keep minimum quantities of chemicals in the laboratory Purchase only what is needed Never acquire more than a year s supply of reactive or combustible chemicals
102. o indicate an empty cylinder In all cases empty cylinders must be easily identifiable so as to not be confused or stored with full cylinders Page 68 m Cylinders not in use must have cylinder caps in place n It is both prudent safety practice and cost effective to return cylinders to vendors as soon as they are empty 2 Storing compressed gases a Store cylinders in a cool dry and adequately ventilated area If the cylinder contains a flammable compressed gas it must be stored in a fire resistant area The storage area should not contain any sources of ignition Storage area temperature should not exceed 100 F The floor should be level and designed to protect cylinders from dampness Cylinders should be protected from weather extremes direct sunlight and other heat sources Store oxygen containing cylinders at least 25 feet from fuel gases preferably in another storage area Cylinders shall be stored in a well protected well ventilated dry location at least 20 feet from highly combustible materials Cylinders should be stored in definitively assigned places away from elevators stairs or gangways or other areas where they might be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects or subject to tampering Empty cylinders shall have valves closed Valve protection caps where the cylinder is designed to accept a cap shall always be in place hand tight except when cylinders are in us
103. ocated on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Forms Manuals and pertain to Pls who are transferring their laboratory to another location either within or outside the University This form also covers clearances for equipment disposal Contact Safety Services 368 2907 if you have any questions concerning the above procedures Procedures for decommissioning laboratories using radioactive materials are available in the Radiation Safety Lab User Manual available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under Forms Manuals It is important that these items be completed before equipment is disposed of or you leave the University Page 13 SAFETY RULES FOR LABORATORIES STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES Introduction to Safe Laboratory Practices A number of rules for safe laboratory practices are outlined below This listing is intended to provide a practical base line for laboratories required to handle hazardous chemicals Because of the nature of specific chemical hazards this list is not comprehensive but it will help Pls provide an appropriate safety plan for their laboratories EHS is available for consultation on all safety and health related issues 1 General safety a Be alert to unsafe conditions and actions calling attention to them so corrections can be made as soon as possible Safety is a community responsibility b Post warning signs and labels when unusual hazards such as radiation lasers
104. of work related injury and illness The National Institutes of Health is a biomedical research center comprised of 27 separate institutes and centers The goal of the NIH research is to acquire new knowledge to help prevent detect diagnose and treat disease and disability The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a Federal Agency under the Department of Labor which publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for most businesses and industries within the United States Page 110
105. ograms to minimize exposure Page 49 The use of PPE or chemical fume hoods may substantially reduce exposures and they are of particular significance for a pregnant employee Examples of reproductive toxins include benzene mercury ethylene dibromide carbon monoxide anesthetic gases halothane ionizing radiation ethylene oxide and glycidyl ethers A more complete list of known reproductive hazards is presented in Appendix B In addition the MSDS may be consulted for information on additional chemicals with reproductive toxicity which may be in use in the laboratory Safety Services is available for consultation on both hazards and means of reducing exposures Working with Substances with High Acute Toxicity The Laboratory Standard requires that substances with high acute toxicity such as hydrogen cyanide hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen dioxide are included under the category of substances for which employers must consider the need for special precautions Such substances may be fatal or cause damage to target organs as a result of a single exposure or exposures of short durations Experimentation with Animals The use of extremely hazardous chemicals in experimental animals must be arranged with the personnel in the ARC Call 368 3490 for information Specific recommendations will be made by the Animal Research Committee on protocols to be used with chemical carcinogens ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION EXPOSURE Effects of Exposure
106. onal Protective Equipment Along with carefully planned work practices administrative and engineering controls PPE is the key element in minimizing the potential for worker exposure to hazardous chemicals Proper use of PPE requires that the supervisor assess the hazard presented and attempt to apply administrative and or engineering controls first PPE is used when administrative and or engineering controls will not be effective The performance of PPE as a barrier to chemicals is determined by the materials and quality of its construction Three important factors to keep in mind when considering PPE are In general there is no such thing as impermeable plastic or rubber clothing No one clothing material will be a barrier to all chemicals and For certain chemicals or combination of chemicals there is no commercially available glove or clothing that will provide more than an hour s protection following contact In this case it is recommended that PPE be changed frequently or as soon as it comes into contact with chemicals or hazardous mixtures Of principal importance in the selection of PPE for protection from chemicals is the rate at which chemicals permeate clothing materials and the time elapsed Page 27 between the contact with the chemical and the appearance of the chemical on the inside of the PPE called breakthrough time 1 Respiratory Protection The basic purpose of any respirator is to protect the respir
107. or explosions Chemical fume hoods should be considered primary safety devices that can contain and exhaust toxic offensive or flammable materials when the design of an experiment fails and particles or gases vapors escape from the apparatus being used Fume hoods should never be used as a means of disposing chemicals Chemical fume hoods are tested at least annually by Safety Services using two methods of testing iii Velocity testing is performed annually on each chemical fume hood with a smoke test to assure that the chemical fume hood has not deviated from the conditions under which the hood passed its ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas test iv ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas testing is performed on each chemical fume hood once in a five year cycle The fume hood is velocity tested during the other two years The ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas test utilizes SFe sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer gas that is released into the fume hood A gas detector is used to measure leakage from the hood under varying conditions If the fume hood does not spill more than an average of 100 ppb of SFe during the test the fume hood passes this test If you need assistance or more information about a chemical fume hood in one of your laboratories or if your chemical fume hood is not posted with a label or sticker showing that it has been tested within the past year contact Safety Services 368 2907 Page 24 NOTE Use perchloric acid only in a specifically designated chemi
108. or inserting and removing a glass tube from a stopper Protect your hands Shortcuts can lead to a severe puncture wound 4 Electrical equipment a All electrical connections should be grounded b Service cords for electrical equipment should be in good condition Qualified personnel should repair frayed cords or exposed wires c Avoid overloading circuits Do not use multiple outlet plugs for additional connections d Do not handle any electrical connections with wet hands or when standing in or near water e Do not use electric equipment such as mixers or hot plates around flammable chemicals f Do not try to repair equipment yourself unless you are qualified and fully understand the repairs required Qualified personnel should do all repairs g NEVER try to bypass any safety device on a piece of electric equipment h In case of a fire on or near any electrical equipment turn the equipment off if it can be done safely Page 19 5 Apparatus a Use pipetting devices Do not mouth pipette chemicals b Know the location of the nearest safety shower fire extinguisher fire blanket eyewash station and spill kit to be used after a chemical has been spilled c Apparatus attached to a ring stand should be positioned so that the system s center of gravity is over the base and not to one side The lower the center of gravity the better Leave adequate room for removing burners or baths d Equipment with moving p
109. ourage pedestrian traffic through an area At the end of working hours decontaminate laboratory work areas so that custodial personnel plant personnel firefighters and other can safely enter the area If this is not done post a special DANGER DO NOT ENTER sign Hazard warning signs will show the name of the hazard the PI and an alternate contact and their home telephone or cell numbers When appropriate similar signs must be posted on both the laboratory and animal holding rooms The PI named on the hazard sign will determine when visitors are permitted in the laboratory The PI is ultimately responsible for everyone s including visitor s safety while they are in the laboratory Visits are restricted to those who have a need to observe laboratory procedures Social visits by unauthorized individuals are prohibited in areas where biohazards are present Methods of Posting Signs that are to be used permanently will be posted only in permanent frames The PI in charge of the laboratory is responsible for requesting the installation of the frames Signs that are to be used on a temporary basis less than one month will be posted in permanent frames if such frames have been installed If frames have not been installed these signs will be posted with masking tape on a glass surface or if more appropriate on refrigerators freezers doors etc Signs will not be posted with tacks pins or any adhesive Page 35 material tha
110. ow but a check valve will Traps should be of sufficient capacity to hold all of the materials which could be drawn back into a cylinder during its operation Open the cylinder valve only after connecting the regulator to the cylinder using a proper National Compressed Gas Association regulator Do not pressurize glass equipment A general rule is Do not apply pressure greater than 10 inches of water if you are not wearing protective equipment Never mix gases in a cylinder Explosion contamination corrosion and other hazards can result To prevent corrosion regulators valves and fittings used in compressed gas systems which conduct corrosive gases should be flushed with nitrogen or dry air after each use The cap should be firmly in place when moving the cylinder Page 70 i Any system should be leak tested before it is used To check for leaks use a leak detector or spread liquid soap or soapy water over all joints The system is leaking if any bubbles appear j The researcher is responsible for knowing the characteristics of the gases being used toxicity flammability compatibility with materials and other gases m Contact the cylinder manufacturer immediately if a leak or other malfunction is discovered If a poison gas such as chlorine ora flammable gas such as hydrogen is found leaking immediately contact Protective Services 868 3333 and Safety Services 368 2907 In University Hospitals contact
111. pentafluoride liquid shipped in gas type cylinder Methyl bromide bromomethane Methyl chloride Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrosyl chloride nitrogen oxychloride Phosgene Silicon tetrafluoride tetrafluorosilane Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide 3 Safety Services will notify Pls in charge of laboratories as soon as a EHS specialist determines that requirements for safe use of the gas have been fulfilled Pls planning to use these gases are reminded that some of them are extremely toxic and may require both isolated laboratory space and equipment that is not immediately available Additional training may also be required for some gases such as ethylene oxide or hydrogen For these reasons certification for use should be requested well in advance of the proposed use Flammable Gases Because of the fire and explosion hazards that can result when these products are used in confined spaces special care must be taken 1 When reactive cylinders are kept inside a building do not manifold two or more cylinders together However several instruments may be operated from one cylinder If more than one cylinder of highly flammable gas is to be placed in a laboratory written permission must be obtained from Safety Services Consideration for granting permission will include size and location of the room airflow other equipment in use and ease of access to cylinders St
112. poietic According to DOT and NFPA a liquid which has a flash point below 100 F see Flash Point A solid other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 16 CFR 1910 109 s that is liable to cause fire through friction absorption or moisture spontaneous chemical change or retained heat from manufacturing or processing or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable solid if when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500 45 it ignites and burns with a self sustained flame at a rate greater than one tenth of an inch per second along its major axis The lowest temperature at which liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture and burn when a source of ignition spark open flame cigarette etc is present Two tests are used to determine flash point Open cup and close cup The appropriate test method is indicated on the MSDS Also known as general exhaust ventilation This is a system of ventilation consisting of either natural or mechanically induced fresh air movements to mix with and dilute contaminants in the workroom air This is not the recommended type of ventilation to control contaminants that are highly toxic when there may be corrosion problems from the contaminant being generated and where fire or explosion hazards are generated close to sources of ignition see also Local E
113. rgan cultures and HIV or HBV containing culture medium or other solutions and blood organs or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV Any materials known to be contaminated with HIV or HBV Any perceived or contaminated SHARPS see Chapter Four of this LSM for a complete definition All etiologic agents CWRU also includes these as bloodborne pathogens Page 77 Z LIST OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES The following table lists toxic chemicals which are regulated by OSHA and have restrictions concerning their use Source OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910 1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants Check the chemical s MSDS for information on the following limits before beginning work 1 Permissible Exposure Limit PEL The term used by OSHA to indicate the maximum air concentration to which employees can be exposed during an 8 hour day on a regular basis Exceeding these levels may result in additional duties such as medical monitoring or introduction of engineering controls to reduce air exposure levels 2 Threshold Limit Value TLV The term used by the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists ACGIH an independent group to indicate the time weighted average concentration TLVTWA for a normal 8 hour work day and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all employees may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse exposure 3 Short Term Exposure Limit
114. rocarbons and uranium compounds Signs and symptoms include edema and proteinurea Neurotoxic agents damage the nervous system The nervous system is especially sensitive to organo metallic compounds and certain sulfide compounds Examples include carbon disulfide manganese methyl mercury organo phosphate insecticides tetraethyl lead thallium and triakyl tin compounds Signs and symptoms include narcosis behavioral changes and decrease in motor function Hematotoxic agents act on the blood bone marrow or hematopoietic system Examples include aniline benzene nitrites nitrobenzene and toluidine Benzene damages bone marrow which can lead to leukemia Signs and symptoms include cyanosis a bluish coloration to the skin and loss of consciousness Carcinogenic agents can initiate or speed the development of malignant or potentially malignant tumors or other malignant neoplastic proliferation of cells Known human carcinogens are listed in Appendix B Reproductive toxins cause damage to either the reproductive system directly or to the fetal tissue 1 2 dibromo 3 chloropropane DBCP causes infertility azoospermia in males while lead and ethylene oxide can cause infertility in males and females Teratogens embryotoxic or fetotoxic agents interfere with normal embryonic development without damage to the mother or lethal effect on the fetus Effects are not hereditary Examples include lead and DBCP see Appendix B for a li
115. s not permitted A large number of companies manufacture both vertical and horizontal laminar flow clean benches Most of the commercially available equipment is adequate when i The High Efficiency Particulate Air HEPA filter has been tested and certified To meet standards this filter should be at least 99 97 efficient in removing particles 0 3 microns or larger by the Dioctylphthalate DOP test ii The HEPA filter housing has been properly sealed around the edges to prevent unfiltered air from bypassing the filter iii The airflow is adjusted to 80 100 linear feet per minute Page 26 The pre filter is periodically cleaned or replaced when the magnahelic gauge indicates it is full because of a pressure drop 4 Biological Safety Cabinet The BSC protects both product and operator and may be used for organisms which exceed Biosafety Level 2 See CDC NIH publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories for a list of organisms and applicable biosafety levels Check the CDC NIH website regularly for updated information http www cdc gov ods ohs Safety and desirability of using this equipment to contain infectious material should be determined on an individual basis depending upon the agent the proposed activity and the need to prevent cross contamination This hood however cannot replace the standard gastight Class III BSC for extremely hazardous work Do not use open flames in a BSC Pers
116. s include tools or devices that reduce the hazard at the source These include Local and general ventilation e g use of chemical fume hoods use of biological safety cabinets or glove boxes placing walls or increased distance between the operator and the hazard and using appropriate disposal containers 1 Laboratory ventilation a Control of airflow in the laboratory Safety in laboratory areas partially depends upon keeping infectious toxic and flammable airborne materials away from personnel Controlling airflow helps accomplish this b Laboratory doors In general doors to laboratories should remain closed When the airflow is correctly balanced air pressure in the corridor is higher than in the laboratories and the air flows under the doors and through the door slots into the laboratory This moving curtain of air keeps airborne substances generated in the work areas from entering the corridors Page 23 2 Chemical hoods a In general chemical hoods offer two significant types of protection from atmospheric exposure to hazardous materials i Local ventilation to prevent toxic offensive or flammable vapors from entering the room ii A physical barrier between the researcher and the chemical reaction when that reaction is performed in a chemical fume hood especially with the chemical fume hood sash closed This barrier can protect the researcher from hazards such as chemical splashes or sprays fires and min
117. s on waste disposal outlined in Chapter Four of this LSM Chemicals shall not be poured down the sanitary drains except for specific instances described in Chapter Four of this LSM Page 17 Laboratory Practices for Specific Procedures 1 Flammable substances a A chemical fume hood should be used for reactions in which flammable vapors are released e g during the distillation of ether If noxious or flammable gases are likely to be evolved in any process the equipment must be confined to a chemical fume hood behind an explosion shield see Chapter Two for a discussion of chemical fume hoods Ethers and other peroxide forming chemicals should be dated when they are received and when they need to be disposed of Ether should not be stored past the expiration date Purchased ethers generally contain inhibitors to prevent the build up of peroxides Any distilled or processed ether no longer contains these inhibitors and should be used immediately or disposed of using the University guidelines on waste disposal for ethers described in Chapter Four of this LSM Do not pour ether petroleum or other flammable water immiscible liquids into the sanitary sink to be washed down with water Fires and explosions have been caused in laboratories by vapors returning through the drainage system e g during aspiration or rotary evaporation See the University guidelines on waste disposal outlined in Chapter Four of this LSM Dispose of gla
118. sed individual MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS Definition and Policy A chemical s MSDS provides the user with information on that particular chemical The information is provided by the manufacturer or distributor of that chemical OSHA requires that the MSDS for each chemical used in the laboratory be accessible to every employee of that lab A compilation of MSDS are available online through the EHS website http case edu ehs under MSDS This MSDS system is available 24 hours a day through the EHS website However EHS recommends that laboratories download in Adobe Acrobat format pdf the MSDS for each chemical used in their laboratory in the event of a University power failure CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS Physical Classifications 1 A gas is a substance that exists in a state of single molecularity at room temperature and pressure having the capability of indefinite expansion 2 A vapor is the gaseous phase of a material which is ordinarily a solid or a liquid at room temperature and pressure Page 39 When considering the toxicity of gases and vapors the solubility of the substance is a key factor Highly water soluble materials such as ammonia irritate the upper respiratory tract However low water soluble materials such as nitrogen dioxide penetrate deep into the lung Fat soluble materials such as pesticides tend to have longer residence times in the body 3 A liquid is the state of matter bet
119. sensess 49 Working with Substances with High Acute TOxicity c cccscccssesssesseerseeeseesecesecesecnsecsecsecuaecnseeeseensees 50 Experimentation with Antal xis scccsasesissisontvncessesas cantina cine nee raid 50 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION EXPOSURE cooocccoccconoconoconocnnonnccnnononcnnnnnnncnnnc nono necnnonnnc cano nono nnnrancrnn crac 50 Effects OF EXPO oa 50 Protection Against Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure ooooonccionnnonnocnnonnnannanacono cono cnno ono on nora non neon nn ran crnnon 50 BIOEOGICAL HAZARDS see a aaae eers e er aep AEE onthe COSO E EE e A RE E p EEE 51 Select Agent Program cia aian aniei iiaa a Ea sap TEE E naoa sie 5I WASTE DISPOSAL AND WASTE REDUCT ION sssssssssunsuunuunnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nunnan nnna 52 DISPOSAL OF CHEMICAL WASTE coooooccnccnnonnconoconcnnnconononncnnnonnnrnn cnn Eue SEE aee DSE Eos SE Soini 52 Table of Incompatible Chemicals A Ai 53 Disposal of Chemicals in Sanitary Sewers Drains ooooninincninnnnnnnnnnnonnonnconnconacnno canon nono corno rn nn cnn nrnnon 57 DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE OR EXTREMELY REACTIVE MATERIALS 58 DISPOSAL OF SELECT AGEN Torrar nra e id aspas 58 DISPOSAL OF OTHER LABORATORY WASTE cocococccocccononononnnonnonnncnnnnnnncnnoconeconocnnoonncnnnon carac cnn cnnnon 59 Classification of Waste and Disposal Procedures ooconoocicnonnononinononnnnonnncnnononono nn non ona rnn ancora conc rnnanccnno 59 DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WAS TE suo biie eii 62 WASTE REDUCTIO
120. sent a potential hazard to workers and must be treated prior to disposal Treatment of this waste is the responsibility of each researcher Laboratories should maintain preventive maintenance and repair activity Page 60 records for all instruments and equipment including pH meters analytical balances incubators refrigerators autoclaves and water baths Steam sterilization for the appropriate amount of time and at the proper temperature is the simplest most effective method STEAM SHOULD BE CONDUCTED AS CLOSE TO THE POINT AND TIME OF WASTE GENERATION AS POSSIBLE All waste must be sterilized in red or orange biohazardous bags All bags must be able to be autoclaved and conspicuously labeled with the international biohazard symbol Biohazard bags can be ordered from scientific supply houses After sterilization and cooling these bags are to be denoted sterilized and tagged with the Pl s name and date of sterilization NO SHARPS which includes glass plastic pipettes and tips are permitted to be placed in these autoclaved bags or any other bag Such SHARPS are a hazard when handling these bags and cause contaminants to leak from bags in transit They must be disposed if in a red rigid SHARPS container as biohazardous SHARPS After all autoclaved biohazardous waste has been appropriately tagged Custodial Services will remove the waste in the evening for incineration Arrangements for pick up must be made by contacting Custom
121. should include requirements for balancing loads using the proper centrifuge head and using accessory equipment Conditions for loading and operating an ultra centrifuge and preparative centrifuge vary considerably Therefore even experienced investigators should review procedures before operating an unfamiliar instrument Each employee who uses a centrifuge is responsible for the condition of the machine at the end of the procedure This includes entering data in the log book turning off the power and cleaning spills broken glass etc Detailed records of operation should be made for most high speed centrifuges and rotors The safe speed that rotors can be operated is determined by a rating formula which is based on numbers of starts and stops rpm and total G loads Also warranty coverage and service procedures for the machine are determined by hours of operation These records should be kept in log books placed near each machine 1 Safety precautions a Laboratory area Rooms where live etiologic agents are centrifuged should be identified with a warning sign Because of the hazards involved continuous flow centrifugation of live etiologic agents may be done only in installations approved by Safety Services including using batch type zonal rotors that require seal disconnection when in operation This protocol must be included in the laboratory s Exposure Control Plan CHAPTER FIVE Page 65 b Tubes Reusable centrifu
122. ss in special waste receptacles designed and labeled for glass 2 Reactive substances a b When conducting a reaction where there is a possibility of an explosion use a face shield that is sufficiently large and strong enough to protect the face and neck or use a standing shield Goggles must be worn even when using a shield When sodium potassium or lithium is used the cuttings or residual pieces must be immediately disposed of by properly using the University guidelines on waste disposal described in Chapter Four of this LSM Store these metals in oil toluene xylene or other saturated hydrocarbon with a high boiling point NEVER leave chemical reactions unattended that have not achieved kinetic equilibrium Page 18 3 Corrosive substances a Always pour acid into water NEVER add water to acid as it can cause an exothermic reaction For the same reason pour concentrated solutions into water or less concentrated solutions while stirring b Always rinse the outside of acid bottles before opening them Do not place a cap from an acid bottle on a surface where someone may rest a hand or arm Keep acid bottles tightly closed Rinse and dry them before storing them do not store acids with bases Make certain that no spills remain on tables floor or bottle c Bottles containing acids or other corrosive liquids shall be carried in the protective containers supplied for that purpose d Use the proper techniques f
123. st of reproductive toxins Signs and symptoms include sterility and birth defects Immune system toxins specifically immunosuppression can be caused by a wide variety of chemicals including arsenic benzene cadmium lead methyl mercury nitrous oxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs Page 42 h Cardiotoxic agents cause damage to the cardiovascular system These chemicals may either cause damage to the heart directly examples include aliphatic alcohols aldehydes and glycols or they may also cause damage to the vascular system examples include heavy metals such as lead and cadmium WORKING SAFELY WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS It is the responsibility of the Pl to determine the hazards associated with all of the chemicals used in his her laboratory There are many excellent compilations of the hazards associated with chemicals The following references can be extremely useful and it is recommended that each laboratory have at least one of the following reference manuals available All are available through the University libraries Suggested References on Hazardous Chemicals Klaasen C D Amdur M Doull J Cassarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons Third Edition New York Macmillan Publishing Company 1986 Lenga R A The Stigma Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data Edition II Volumes and II Sigma Aldrich Corporation 1988 Lewis R J Sax s Dangerous Properties of Industrial M
124. sulfide interfere with the body s ability to absorb or ae sa to the tissues Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure or at which the liquid changes to a vapor The boiling point is usually expressed in degrees Fahrenheit F If a flammable material has a low boiling point it indicates a special fire hazard C or Ceiling A description usually seen in connection with a published exposure limit It refers to the concentration that should not be exceeded even for an instant It may be written at TLV C or Threshold Limit Value Ceiling see also Threshold Limit Value Carcinogen A substance or physical agent that may cause cancer in animals or humans APPENDIX G C A S Number Identifies a particular chemical by the Chemical Abstracts Service a service of the American Chemical Society that indexes and compiles abstracts of worldwide chemical literature called Chemical Abstracts Page 99 Chemical As broadly applied to the chemical industry an element or a compound produced by chemical reactions on a large scale of either direct industrial and consumer use or for reaction with other chemicals Chemical Reaction A change in the arrangement of atoms or molecules to yield substances of different composition and properties see also Reactivity Chronic Persistent prolonged or repeated conditions Chronic Exposure A prolonged exposure occurring ov
125. t below 140 F and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 p s i a at 100 F All flammable chemical supplies exceeding a cumulative total of two gallons when kept in one laboratory room must be stored in National Fire Protection Association NFPA approved flammable chemical storage cabinets Safety Services can advise on NFPA approved cabinets 1 Several sizes of cabinets are manufactured to fit funds and available space Many laboratories may require storage of only a few chemicals and the supervisors may wish to share cabinets with adjoining laboratories 2 Commercially manufactured flammable storage cabinets are sold by several laboratory supply firms These larger boxes hold either 30 or 45 one gallon containers 3 Laboratory supervisors should determine their storage needs and order appropriately sized and certified flammable storage cabinets 4 4 Flammable liquids should not be stored in the refrigerators unless it is UL approved for flammable liquid storage Storage of flammable liquids in household grade refrigerators is a fire explosion hazard Household grade refrigerators should be labeled No food or flammable liquid storage Storage of Corrosive Chemicals The following guidelines establish policy and provide information pertinent to the safe storage of corrosive chemicals acids and bases 1 Acids and bases shall not be stored together or kept in a flammable storage cabinet An exception is glacial acetic acid
126. t release the vacuum in any apparatus when the temperature is greater than 1672F The hot vapors may explode To prevent contamination all lines leading from experimental apparatus to the vacuum source should be equipped with filtration or other trapping as appropriate i For particulates use filtration capable of efficiently trapping the particles in the size range being generated Page 21 vi vii For most aqueous or non volatile liquids a filter flask at room temperature is adequate to prevent liquids from getting to the vacuum lines and vacuum source For solvents and other volatile liquids use a cold trap of sufficient size and cold enough to condense vapors generated followed by a filter flask capable of collecting fluid that could be aspirated out of the cold trap For highly reactive corrosive or toxic gases use a sorbent canister or scrubbing device capable of trapping the gas Periodically disinfectant the chemical trap flasks MAKE sure that disinfectant is compatible with chemicals collected in flask Inline HEPA filters should be used as vacuum line filters they should be inspected and replaced if clogged Vacuum traps flasks should be placed into secondary containers to prevent leakage in case of a broken flask Oven temperature regulators should be checked periodically to ensure the oven is functioning properly Bunsen burners should never be left burning when not in use They should be turned off
127. t would damage the doors walls or building when the signs are removed NFPA Signage OSHA has adopted the National Fire Protection Association s NFPA standard 704 signage to indicate the hazards present in a given location The NFPA diamond contains four sections Each section contains a number from zero for minimal hazard to four for the highest possible hazard These signs shall be posted outside each laboratory and shall be filled in with the information on the highest possible hazard present in each laboratory The color of the diamond indicates the type of hazard while the number represents the degree of hazard Availability of Signs The Pl in charge of the laboratory is responsible for obtaining the appropriate signs and frames These are available through most laboratory supply companies Most commonly used signs are available from Safety Services Special signs for shared cold or warm rooms and experiments in progress are available from Safety Services Experiments that are in progress after regular business hours 8 30 a m 5 00 p m or on weekends and holidays must have an Experiment in Progress sign posted on the door The signs and labels can be ordered from EHS by following instructions in the order form http case edu ehs see Caution Sign and Label order form on the bottom of the page under Laboratory Safety link Page 36 HEALTH HAZARDS TOXICOLOGY General Definitions 1
128. tact where presupposed absorption has taken place Examples include an inhaled material that may act on the liver arsenic affects on the blood nervous system liver kidneys and skin benzene affects in bone marrow 5 Cumulative poisons are characterized by materials that tend to build up in the body as a result of chronic exposure The effects are not seen until a critical body burden is reached Examples include heavy metals 6 Synergistic or potentiating effects occur when two or more hazardous materials are present in combination The resulting effect can be greater than the effect predicted based on the individual substances Examples include transport or carrier substances such as dimethylsulfoxide DMSO which is readily absorbed through the skin and can carry with ita more dangerous substance which by itself is not easily absorbed Page 38 Other Factors Affecting Toxicity 1 Rate of entry and route of exposure 2 Concentration of chemical present in the air or amount of chemical absorbed into the body 3 Age of affected individual possibly affecting the capacity to repair tissue damage 4 Previous exposure history possibly leading to tolerance or increased sensitivity 5 State of health physical condition and lifestyle Pre existing disease can result in increased sensitivity 6 Environmental factors such as temperature and pressure 7 Host factors including genetic predisposition and the sex of the expo
129. the chemical greatly exceeds the initial savings The University s supplies store Fisher Scientific stock room sells chemicals in smaller quantities at bulk prices to facilitate waste minimization in laboratories 2 Post experiment techniques a When cleaning with solvents use spent solvent for the initial cleaning and use fresh solvent only for the final rinse b Destroy wastes as part of the last step of the experiment if possible provided the result is not a regulated material call Safety Services to confirm Such end procedure neutralization techniques include oxidation reduction or precipitation and filtration of solids c Label all containers new or temporary with the proper information even if the solutions they contain are innocuous Disposing of an unknown waste which is what materials in unlabeled containers often become requires time consuming and costly analysis In addition unknowns are dangerous in that they may explode or cause adverse reactions Recycling Procedures Items currently managed by Safety Services for recycling as a hazardous waste are fluorescent and ultraviolet lamps computers and computer monitors batteries lead and paints Fluorescent lamps contain small amounts of mercury 0 6 mg as well as lead found in the end caps These items are currently managed as a recyclable material Custodial Services will pick up and remove fluorescent lamps provided they are properly boxed and
130. trans 2 dimethylamino methylimino 5 2 5 nitro 2 furyl vinyl 1 3 4 oxadiazole 2 6 dimethylaniline 3 3 dimethylbenzidine dimethylcarbamoyl chloride dimethylformamide 1 1 dimethylhydrazine 1 2 dimethylhydrazine dimethyl sulfate dimethyl vinyl chloride 3 7 dinitrofluoranthene 3 9 dinitrofluoranthene 1 6 dinitrofluoranthene 1 8 dinitrofluoranthene 2 4 dinitrofluoranthene 2 6 dinitrofluoranthene 1 4 dioxane direct Blue 6 direct Black 38 disperse blue 1 epichlorohyadrin Epstein Barr virus Source NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC OSHA NTP IARC NTP NTP IARC NTP IARC OSHA IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP OSHA NTP IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC IARC NTP IARC NTP NTP IARC NTP IARC IARC Page 85 Substance erionite estrogens conjugated estradiol 17 beta estrone ethinyl estradiol mestranol estrogen replacement therapy estrogens steroidal and non steroidal ethyl acrylate ethylene dibromide ethyleneimine ethylene oxide ethylene thiourea ethyl methanesulfonate N ethyl N nitrosourea formaldehyde 2 2 formylhydrazino 4 5 nitro 2 furyl thiazole furan glass wool respirable size glu P 1 2 amino 6 methyldipyrido 1
131. trifluoride Bromine Bromoform 1 3 Butadiene Butanethiol 2 Butanone 2 Butoxyethanol n Butyl acetate sec Butyl acetate tert Butyl acetate n Butyl alcohol sec Butyl alcohol tert Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert Butyl chromate as CrO3 n Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl mercaptan p tert Butyltoluene Cadmium as Cd Calcium carbonate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Calcium silicate Calcium sulfate Camphor synthetic Carbaryl Sevin Carbon black Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Cellulose Chlordane Chlorinated camphene Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde a Chloroacetophenone Chlorobenzene o Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile Chlorobromomethane 2 Chloro 1 3 butadiene Chlorodiphenyl 42 Chlorine Chlorodiphenyl 54 Chlorine 1 Chloro 2 3 epoxypropane 2 Chloroethanol Chloroethylene Chloroform Trichloromethane bis Chloromethyl ether Chloromethyl methyl ether 1 Chloro 1 nitropropane Chloropicrin beta Chloroprene 2 Chloro 6 trichloromethylpyridine Chromic acid and chromates as CrO3 Chromium Il and III compounds as Cr Chromium metal and insoluble salts as Cr Chrysene Clopidol Coal dust Coal tar pitch volatiles benzene soluble fraction Cobalt metal dust and fume Coke oven emissions Copper dusts and mists Copper fume Cotton dust Crag herbicide Sesone Cresol all isomers Crotonaldehyde Cumene C
132. ty Services for information at 216 368 2907 Chemical Safety The potential dangers that may be encountered when working with hazardous chemicals are very diverse and depend greatly upon the type of exposure The dangers inherent in use of all chemicals in this LSM are not completely described Page 45 It is the responsibility of the Pl to be aware of hazards that exist when using the chemicals in his her laboratory MSDS are available on the EHS website http case edu ehs under MSDS and contain detailed information to inform workers of potential dangers of these materials WORKING SAFETY WITH EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Select Carcinogens Reproductive Hazards and Chemicals with a High Degree of Acute Toxicity When working with certain hazardous chemicals the Laboratory Standard 29 CFR 1910 1450 requires that you designate an area for such work Chemicals for which special precautions are to be taken include carcinogens reproductive toxins and certain chemicals with a high degree of acute toxicity A list of these substances is provided in Appendix B Creating a Designated Area The designated area for use of extremely hazardous substances as defined by the Laboratory Standard may be a chemical fume hood or a portion of the laboratory or the entire laboratory itself depending on individual circumstances The only requirements are that the area must be posted as to the nature of the hazard and that all employees
133. uries are potentially dangerous It is better to err conservatively and have the injury inspected as soon as possible by medical personnel Report all incidents to your Pl or supervisor and in writing to Safety Services Students who suffer injuries in the laboratory must report to their supervisor professor or teaching assistant after receiving medical assistance Minor injuries can be treated at University Health Services 368 2450 For serious injuries and or need for an ambulance call Security 368 3333 Faculty or staff members who suffer relatively minor injuries during working hours 8 30 a m to 5 00 p m can receive treatment at University Health Services 868 2450 At all other times report to the Emergency Room of University Hospitals Hazardous Chemical Spills Accidents involving hazardous chemicals require special consideration The following steps MUST be taken 1 2 Immediately evacuate the affected area Call Security at 368 3333 at any time 24 7 and they will contact the proper authorities including Safety Services DO NOT RE ENTER THE AREA until the proper authorities indicate that it is safe to re enter a The importance of keeping everyone out of the area where the accident occurred cannot be overemphasized If a hazard exists and the area must be entered safety personnel can re enter in protective clothing allowing them to work safety in contaminated environments b Remember th
134. urs the cylinder valves should be closed the lines bled and the pressure adjusting screws turned back until they turn freely Damage to gauges and inaccurate readings may result if pressure is left on the gauges during extended periods of non use Page 74 Leak Testing Compressed gas cylinders are tested for leaks when they are filled However leaks have been detected when cylinders were received in laboratories Personnel should not attempt to repair cylinder leaks or leaks caused by loose valve stem packing 1 Leak testing using a soap solution should be performed twice The first test should be made before the regulator or needle valve is attached to determine if there are leaks at the union of the cylinder and the cylinder valve and to determine if the valve is leaking The second test should be made after the regulator is attached and the cylinder valve is opened to detect leaks around the valve stem packing the connecting fittings the regulator or needle valve or the transfer lines to the instrument 2 Cylinders leaking nontoxic nonflammable gas may be taken to a loading dock or other place having suitable airflow for regular and scheduled vendor pick up Leaks from cylinders of toxic or flammable gases require immediate attention and should be reported to Safety Services or University Security 3 Assistance with problems arising during use of gas products can be obtained from EHS Safety Services local fire departments or
135. ween a solid and a gas Liquids present skin and ingestion hazards A liquid can evaporate to the gaseous state and present a respiratory hazard 4 An aerosol including smog smoke fumes etc is composed of microscopic solid or liquid particles dispersed in a gaseous medium The toxic potential of an aerosol is only partially described by its concentration in milligrams per cubic meter mg m For a proper assessment of the toxic hazard the size of the aerosol s particles is important Particles above 5 um tend to deposit in the upper respiratory tract Particles below 5 um enter the lungs Very small particles lt 0 2 um are generally not deposited but are instead absorbed like gases or vapors Physiological Classifications 1 Respiratory a Mucous membranes nose mouth throat lungs may become inflamed by contact with certain chemical irritants Inflammation of tissue results from concentrations far below those needed to cause corrosion Examples include ammonia alkaline dust and mist arsenic trichloride diethyl dimethyl sulfate hydrogen chloride hydrogen fluoride halogens nitrogen dioxide ozone phosgene and phosphorus chlorides Irritants can also cause changes in the mechanics of respiration and lung function Examples include acetic acid acrolein formaldehyde formic acid iodine sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide Long term exposure to irritants can result in increased mucous secretions and chronic bronchitis
136. who work in this area be informed as to the hazards involved Employees include maintenance personnel who may be exposed to the hazard while working in the area In general engineering controls such as chemical fume hoods or glove boxes are required to be used to contain select hazardous substances which may become volatile result in the release of aerosols during manipulation or may through handling or reaction result in the uncontrollable release of the substance In addition procedures for decontamination and the safe removal of contaminated material must be outlined The Pl is strongly urged to seek the advice of Safety Services prior to experimentation with these substances General Procedures 1 All guidelines for safe laboratory practice such as use of proper eye protection wearing proper protective clothing following correct pipetting procedures wearing the appropriate gloves and not permitting smoking eating chewing gum drinking taking medications or application of cosmetics in the laboratory must be observed at all times in the laboratory including when working with extremely hazardous chemicals 2 Laboratory coats should be adequate to protect street clothing and should never be worn outside of the laboratory area Page 46 3 4 Disposable gloves should be discarded after each use and immediately after overt contact with extremely hazardous chemicals Gloves should never be worn outside of the l
137. with infectious agents should be familiar with the CDC NIH manual Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories Safety Services recommends the CDC website for up to date information or to order a copy of the manual http www cdc gov od ohs For further information regarding bloodborne pathogens consult Working with Bloodborne Pathogens in Chapter Five of this LSM Select Agent Program All persons having access to select agents and toxins MUST complete forms and training which are available at Safety Services The select agents and toxins are housed and used in special biological safety facilities and are specifically equipped for prion research Page 51 WASTE DISPOSAL AND WASTE REDUCTION This chapter discusses the University procedures for all types of hazardous waste classifications containment labeling and handling These procedures are necessary for compliance with regulations of the United States and Ohio Environmental Protection Agencies EPA amp OhioEPA the Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC the Department of Transportation DOT the Occupational Health and Safety Administration OSHA and the Ohio Department of Health ODH Pls and area supervisors must ensure that the appropriate personnel follow the procedures outlined in this LSM Call Safety Services 368 2907 with specific hazardous waste disposal questions or problems In the University Hospitals area contact UH Safety 844
138. xhaust Ventilation Any substance of compound that has the capability of producing adverse effects on the health and safety of humans Agents which act on the blood or the hematopoietic system They decrease hemoglobin function and deprive the body tissues of oxygen Signs and symptoms include cyanosis loss of consciousness Chemicals include carbon monoxide cyanides Page 103 Hepatoxins Chemicals which produce liver damage Signs and symptoms include jaundice liver enlargement Chemicals include carbon tetrachloride nitrosamines Highly Toxic a A chemical that has a median lethal dose of 50 mg LD50 or less per kg of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 g and 300 g each b A chemical that has an LD50 of 200 mg or less per kg of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours or less if death occurs within 24 hours with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 kg and 3 kg each c A chemical that has a median lethal concentration LC50 in air of 200 ppm by volume or less or gas or vapor or 2 mg L or less of mist fume or dust when administered by continuous inhalations for one hour or less if death occurs within one hour to albino rats weighing between 200 g and 300 g each AAA AA Ignitable A solid liquid or compressed gas waste that has a flash point of less than 140 F Ignitable material may also be regulated by the EPA as a hazardous waste
139. y of the managerial and supervisory staff of the University Vice Presidents Deans Chairpersons Directors Heads of Units Laboratory Supervisors Pls and all other supervisory personnel will be accountable for the health and safety of employees engaged in activities under their supervision This responsibility cannot be delegated Supervisors must realize that it is their responsibility to ensure that workers are educated about safety issues and comply with safety rules Supervisors must continuously promote and insist upon safety CHAPTER ONE Page 9 Safety Services will assist supervisory personnel in establishing and maintaining a safe working environment EHS interprets the standards and regulations to ensure the safety education information monitoring and recommendations for improvements EHS will initiate the establishment of standards and regulations for safety education information monitoring and recommendations for improvements Safety Services will also maintain and provide general safety training while Pls provide site specific training EMERGENCIES AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SPILLS Emergencies Each laboratory should develop its own protocol for emergency situations taking into account the following information 1 CWRU emergency telephone numbers Emergency injury fire life endangering spill 216 368 3333 CWRU Protective Services cooccoconncccccnnccccncnccanancncnnnnnnnnns 216 368 333
140. y return discarded or empty gas cylinders and lecture bottles to the vendor to regain your deposit on the cylinder and minimize rental charges Small lecture bottles must be disposed of as a hazardous chemical waste b Chemicals in original containers Label these containers with the same information as you would a hazardous waste Page 56 Disposal of Chemicals in Sanitary Sewers Drains Hazardous wastes are regulated by the EPA under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRA In general these regulations do not permit any drain disposal except for those items listed below For questions contact Safety Services 368 2907 1 Inorganic acids and bases that have a pH between 5 and 10 These pH limits are imposed by regional sewer regulations Sewer disposal is permitted provided no other regulated chemical is present Neutralization is permitted to change the pH to within acceptable limits if it is written into the experiment s protocol Aqueous buffer solutions containing no regulated materials or biohazardous threat e g common salt solutions or tissue culture media Such solutions may contain millimolar concentrations of common biochemicals buffers serum by products or cell metabolites When in solution common salts chlorides bromides bicarbonates citrates phosphates sulfates acetates of sodium potassium magnesium ammonium and calcium may be disposed in the sanitary sewer Aqueous High Performance
141. yanides as CN Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentadiene 2 4 D Decaborane Demeton Systox Diacetone alcohol 1 2 Diaminoethane Diazomethane Diborane 1 2 Dibromo 3 chloropropane DBCP 1 2 Dibromoethane Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phthalate o Dichlorobenzene p Dichlorobenzene 3 3 Dichlorobenzidine Dichlorodifluoromethane 1 3 Dichloro 5 5 dimethyl hydantoin Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT 1 1 Dichloroethane 1 2 Dichloroethane 1 2 Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane Dichloromonofluoromethane 1 1 Dichloro 1 nitroethane 1 2 Dichloropropane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Dichlorvos DDVP Dicyclopentadienyl iron Dieldrin Diethylamine 2 Diethylaminoethanol Diethyl ether Difluorodibromomethane Diglycidyl ether Dihydroxybenzene Diisobutyl ketone Diisopropylamine Dimethoxymethane Dimethyl acetamide Dimethylamine 4 Dimethylaminoazobenzene Dimethylaminobenzene Dimethylaniline Dimethylbenzene Page 79 Dimethyl 1 2 dibromo 2 2 dichloroethyl phosphate Dimethylformamide 2 6 Dimethylheptanone 1 1 Dimethylhydrazine Dimethylphthalate Dimethyl sulfate Dinitrobenzene all isomers Dinitro o cresol Dinitrotoluene Dioxane Diphenyl Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Dipropylene glycol methyl ether Di sec octyl phthalate Emery Endrin Epichlorohydrin EPN 1 2 Epoxypropane 2 3 Epoxy 1 propanol Ethanethiol Ethanolamine 2 Ethoxyethanol 2 Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl

Laboratory Safety Manual - Case Western Reserve University

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