Flame Photometer
Contents
1. Triton X 100 is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Co Inc 20 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 5 Accessories 5 1 Water separator To avoid unstable readings it is essential that the air supply to the mixing chamber is clean and dry Jenway recommends that a water separator be used with all flame photometers as when air is compressed condensation occurs The amount of condensation will depend on the humidity in the air so in high humidity areas water separators are essential The water separator fits on the air line between the compressor and the flame photometer This is where condensation forms Any water collecting in the tube will cause unstable readings and if it enters the instrument will lead to the eventual corrosion of internal components in the air line 5 1 1 Features 1 Available in two sizes large normally recommended part code 500 177 or small for areas of low humidity part code 500 176 Complete with all parts to connect to the flame photometer Provides optimum performance in minimum space Provides effective liquid and solid separation No maintenance required Finger operated plungers for easy draining O 01 Ze Faha 5 1 2 Specifications Large 500 177 Small 500 176 Port size 1 4 3 8 1 8 1 4 Maximum operating pressure 100psi 100psi Working temperature range 5 to 80 C with no freezing 5 to 80 C with no freezing Nominal filtration rating Bum Bum Bowl materia2. Unstable result ion ege ee cts eet A 25 7 3 Unable to set standard reading 25 PA Non linear results ib len eR mine 26 Lo Flame will Moti light EE 26 7 6 No electrical power ur nee ententes tee 26 7 71 ele Ke Re Ee EE 27 18 Unable to set blank iii ni a a el dere ee 27 SECTON B sir 28 Gerviee MM ela 28 8 1 Sample system description 28 8 2 Combustion and ignition system description 29 8 3 Optical system description ss ares desu ane ntm 30 8 4 Power supply description 30 8 5 Signal processing description 33 Component replacement di iia 35 9 1 Chimney and optical components su 35 92 Powersupply PB enr ti Aerer de 39 9 3 Main PCB replacement sers 40 9 4 Fuel solenoid replacement sr 41 9 5 Fuel n edle Valve cotas Eed dd 42 9 6 Spark generator replacement ss 42 9 7 Air regulator assembly replacement oocconnonccccnnanccccnnononnccnononcnnnonancnn conan cnc cnnnnn cnn nana 43 SECTION Dr SE 44 Spare PAS iii A viens Qpezdegitoundeteauedeqseutestasraurececesavi 44 10 1 Minor spares kit 500 172 44 10 2 Major spareS kit 500 T73 rca ils Mme mt ni deen tees eet e edd 44 3 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 1 Introduction 1 1 Instrument description The PFP7 and PFP7 C are low temperature single channel emission flame photometers designed for the routine determination of sodium Na and potassium K Additional filters are available for the determination of lithium Li calcium Ca an
3. PIN diode PCB mounting bracket 38 PFP7 REV C 01 08 9 2 Power supply PCB Refer to Figures 9 2 1 and 9 2 2 Figure 9 2 1 Main chassis component locations 1 power supply PCB 2 main PCB 3 ignition spark generator module 4 air regulator assembly 5 fuel needle valve assembly 1 Ensure that power is disconnected from the instrument Remove the top rear cover from the instrument by undoing the two pozidriv screws at the top of the rear panel and lifting the angled cover from the retaining screws 2 Identify the power supply PCB mounted on the base of the unit Note the orientation and polarization of the two multiway connectors branching from the cableform Disconnect these by pulling up on the connector housing do not pull on the cables 3 Remove the four wires two from the solenoid and two from the thermocouple from the screw terminal block on the PCB 4 The easiest way to remove the PCB is by undoing the four screws from underneath the instrument leaving the pillars screwed to the PCB The power supply PCB can now be lifted out of the instrument Replacement is the reverse of removal 39 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 9 2 2 Power supply PCB 9 3 Main PCB replacement Refer to Figures 9 2 1 9 3 1 and 9 3 2 1 2 Ensure that power fuel and air supplies to the instrument are disconnected Remove the knob from the front panel d p blank fine and coarse controls by loosening the two grub screws in e
4. Schematic diagram showing the component parts of a flame photometer The analysis of alkali and alkaline earth metals by flame photometry has two major advantages Their atoms reach the excited state at a temperature lower than that at which most other elements are excited Their characteristic wavelengths are easily isolated from those of most other elements due to wide spectral separation The analysis of Na K Li Ba and Ca are typically determined at low temperatures i e 1500 2000 therefore suitable fuel mixtures are propane air butane air and natural gas air 5 PFP7 REV C 01 08 1 3 Specification Ranges Limits of Detection Reproducibility Linearity Specificity Stability Sample Requirements Recorder Output Warm Up Services Operating Environment Size Weight PFP7 PFP7 C 120 160 mmol l Na linearised 0 10 0 mmol l K Na lt 0 2ppm K lt 0 2ppm z Li lt 0 25ppm Li lt 0 25ppm Ca lt 15ppm Ca lt 15ppm Ba lt 30ppm Ba lt 30ppm lt 1 Coefficient of variation C V for 20 consecutive samples using 10ppm Na set to read 50 0 Readings taken at 20 second intervals N B C V is defined as the sample standard deviation X 100 mean reading And sample standard deviation as X x2 n 1 Where x is the reading X is the mean readings of the series and n is the number of readings Better than 2 when concentration of 3ppm Na and K and 5ppm Li are set t
5. 2 Mixing chamber impact bead and impeller assembly 9 1 2 1 Chimney dismantling Ensure that power fuel and air supplies to the instrument are disconnected If the instrument has been running with the flame alight allow 30 minutes for the burner system to cool down When cool remove the mixing chamber as detailed in Section 9 1 1 To access the inner chimney for cleaning only refer to paragraphs 3 and 4 below for complete removal of the chimney continue to the end of this sub section Pull the ignition cable connector from the ignition electrode housing unscrew the PTFE ignition housing and place to one side Unscrew the three black pozidriv screws that hold the chimney back plate Loosen the nut on the rear screw retaining the chimney top plate which passes through the top of the back plate The chimney back plate can now be removed taking care not to strain the thermocouple cable The stainless steel inner chimney can now be pivoted up and cleaned with a soft lint free cloth as can the lens mounted on the front of the inner chimney The inner chimney can be fully removed by releasing the two screws that form the pivot and sliding the inner chimney out taking care to retain the spacers and washers The outer chimney can be removed by undoing the two pozidriv screws and two nuts that retain the fixing brackets at the base of the chimney Replacement is the reverse of removal Clean scale from the ignition electrode or
6. 2 3 1 and 2 3 2 below 1 Take the mixing chamber assembly and ensure that the fluted burner 1 is in place remove the retaining tape offer up to the chimney Look down the chimney and ensure that the burner locates centrally in the inner chimney Screw the locking ring 2 onto the threaded boss provided and tighten until finger tight ensuring that the mixing chamber is at right angles to the side of the instrument Fit the nebuliser 3 into the end cap and screw on the tube 4 provided Ensure that the sealing olive is fitted correctly between the nebuliser and the screw on connector If natural gas is to be used remove the restrictor 5 fitted into the end of the fuel inlet 6 on the mixing chamber The restrictor should remain in place if butane propane or L P G is to be used as fuel Keep the restrictor screw in case of any future change in gas supply Push the fuel tubing onto the fuel inlet connector 7 This tube does not need securing Figure 2 3 1 Assembly of the mixing chamber burner and nebuliser Take the drain trap clip 8 and with the screw provided fix to the hole situated at the chimney end of the rear panel Fix a length of silicon rubber tubing 9 onto the side port on the drain trap such that it is long enough to reach either the sink or the waste receptacle to be used Fit the drain trap into the clip on the rear panel and run the short piece of tubing 10 from the bottom of the drain trap to the drai
7. 5 3 Diluter The diluter is a stand alone diluter dispenser that is programmed to dispense a final volume of 5 0ml of a 1 in 200 dilution of a sample in diluent i e taking up 25ul of sample and 4 975 ml of diluent This is useful for the dilution of clinical samples prior to aspiration in the flame photometer 5 3 1 Specification Part Code 037 001 Syringe volume 5ml Resolution 3000 steps Ambient temperature 0 40 C Reproducibility lt 0 5 at 1 syringe volume Accuracy lt 1 Voltage 110 or 230VAC 50 60Hz Dimensions 110 1 x 150 d x 210 h mm Weight kg 4 5 4 Datalogger The analogue RS232 datalogger is an easy to use PC based data acquisition product that plugs into the serial port of a PC desktop or laptop and requires no power supply Replacing costly chart recorders the datalogger enables data acquisition and printing from all PFP7 models The PicoLog software can collect data at rates from once per hour to 1000 per second and up to 1 million samples can be collected Data can be displayed in both graphical or spreadsheet format both during and after data collection 5 4 1 Specification Part Code 037 501 Number of channels 8 Resolution 16 bit sign Input range 2 5V Overload protection 30V Sampling rate 1Hz Accuracy 0 2 Input impedance 1MQ Input connector D25 female Output connector D9 male to PC serial port Outputs 2 fixed 5V references Supplied software PicoLog for Windows
8. Drivers and examples C Pascal Delphi Visual Basic HP VEE and LabView A macro is also provided to collect data directly into an Excel spreadsheet 22 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 6 Maintenance 6 1 General The design of the Model PFP7 is such that maintenance requirements are minimal To maintain good performance and prolong the life of the instrument it is important that the procedures defined in the manual are carried out regularly The performance of the instrument depends upon an adequate supply of compressed air Recommended compressor maintenance procedures should be carried out to ensure that compressor performance does not deteriorate 6 2 Weekly maintenance Ensure efficient nebuliser operation Equipment required 10ml graduated measuring cylinder Stop watch Cleaning wire 500 194 1 Switch on the air supply to the flame photometer but do not light the flame 2 Fill the measuring cylinder with deionised water and present to the nebuliser inlet tube for one minute 3 The consumption rate should be between 2 and 6ml min If correct no further action is required 4 If the consumption rate is too low this is likely to be caused by a blockage in the fine capillary tubes and can usually be cleared by passing the cleaning wire through the nebuliser If after taking this action and re checking the consumption rate it is still too low then the inlet tube should be discarded and the test repeated using fresh tubing 5 If t
9. REV C 01 08 Section 3 Analysis Preparation 3 1 Calibration standards A comprehensive range of aqueous calibration standards is available from Jenway in both industrial and clinical levels These must be diluted to a suitable concentration for aspiration into the flame see Sections 3 3 and 4 3 Clinical Standards 500ml Part Code 1 00mmol Li 025 008 100mmol Na 100mmol l K 025 004 140mmol Na 5mmol l K 025 006 120mmol Na 2mmol l K 025 007 160mmol Na 8mmol l K 025 005 160mmol Na 80mmol l K 025 027 Industrial Standards 500ml Part Code 1000ppm K 025 023 1000ppm Li 025 024 3000ppm Ba 025 025 1000ppm Na 025 021 1000ppm Ca 025 009 When preparing standards always observe the following 1 Standards must always contain the constituents that are present in the samples in the same concentration ratios i e if samples are prepared in 0 05M HCI then the standards should also contain 0 05M HCI 2 Always ensure that the standards encompass the expected range of the sample concentrations 3 Standards should be prepared so as to ensure that the region in which measurements are made coincide with the concentrations that produce the optimum performance from the flame photometer i e when measuring sodium the top standard is ideally 10ppm when measuring potassium the top standard is ideally 10ppm when measuring calcium the top standard is ideally 100ppm when measuring barium the top standard is ideally 1
10. a series of high voltage pulses approx 2 per second which are discharged in the form of a spark between the ignition electrode and burner which is at earth potential Hence the fuel passing through the solenoid into the mixing chamber and out through the burner will be ignited by the series of sparks whilst the solenoid is manually held open The thermo electric potential developed by the thermocouple mounted on the top back of the chimney is fed into the inverting input of the 741 1C1 When this level becomes greater due to flame temperature than the level set by RV8 on the non inverting input to the 741 1C1 then the output rapidly switches from 4 5V approx to 3 0V approx turning off transistor TR2 which in turn switches transistor TR1 on energising the relay coil The normally open contacts close holding the 12V supply on the solenoid If the flame should be extinguished the thermocouple cools down and the voltage on the inverting input IC1 decreases When the level falls below that set by RV8 on the non inverting input to IC1 the output goes back to 4 5V approx turning on 30 PFP7 REV C 01 08 transistor TR2 which in turn switches off transistor TR1 which de energises the coil of the relay breaks the relay contacts and removes the 12V supply from the solenoid hence shutting off any further gas flow The inputs of IC1 are protected from the high voltage sparks generated by the ignition discharge by diodes D1 and D2 The
11. deionised water will help 6 Replace the burner pointed end downwards and re assemble the mixing chamber onto the chimney 7 Carry out the flushing procedure as described in Monthly maintenance 24 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 7 Trouble shooting 7 1 General This section is a step by step guide that should allow an operator to take appropriate actions to clear simple faults Any action not defined in this trouble shooting guide should only be undertaken by qualified personnel 7 2 Unstable results Check the instrument stability is within the limits of the instrument specifications by checking against the reproducibility linearity specificity and stability parameters defined in Section 1 3 Specification Possible cause Solution Condensation in the air supply Drain the tubing If the problem persists a moisture free air supply should be arranged by using a water separator Nebuliser blocked Check the nebuliser performance as defined in Section 6 2 Weekly maintenance Flame temperature not correctly set Ensure that the fuel valve is correctly set for the element being determined refer to Section 4 2 Operation Fuel cylinder nearly empty Replace cylinder with a fully charged one Instrument in strong draught Relocate the instrument Instrument in very bright sunlight Relocate the instrument Instrument not draining correctly Ensure the U tube is clear of blockages and that the drain trap is at the correc
12. fuel gases used in the flame photometers are inflammable and therefore potentially hazardous Cylinders of fuel gas should always be stored and used in line with the supplier s recommendation It is possible that a small quantity of fuel will escape from the instrument during the ignition sequence The amount of fuel is harmless although may smell slightly If the smell of fuel gas persists the instrument should be immediately shut down and the source of the leakage determined by using a soap solution on the hose joints Do not leave the instrument running unattended while the flame is alight The top of the instrument chimney unit becomes very hot when running and can cause severe burns if touched The exhaust gases from the flame are very hot and the area approximately 1 metre above the chimney must be avoided Never attempt to look down the chimney whilst the flame is running Always use the inspection window The instrument uses potentially hazardous electrical supplies Never remove covers from the instrument without first ensuring that it has been isolated completely from the AC mains supply If the instrument is used in a pathology laboratory all samples should be handled with the caution normally accorded to those known to contain pathogenic organisms Care should also be taken when undertaking maintenance on instruments that have been used in these environments A bactericidal agent should be used when cleaning parts during routine m
13. large particles in the spray The fuel air sample mixture is then swirled around two PTFE baffles The majority of sample strikes these baffles and runs out of the mixing chamber via the drain trap to waste The remaining sample consisting of only the smallest droplets mixed uniformly with the fuel reaches the modified Meker type burner where the mixture burns in a tall round flame situated in a double skin chimney 28 PFP7 REV C 01 08 8 2 Combustion and ignition system description Regulator amp gauge assembly To nebuliser Air at 14 to 30 psi 6 litres min Rear panel lt Needle valve fuel Solenoid Y e To Fuel in on mixing chamber Fuel gas regulated to less than 0 5 psi Ignition switch amp flame detect circuits Figure 8 2 1 Combustion and ignition system The PFP7 can be used with propane butane natural gas or L P G at pressures as defined in Section 2 Immediately behind the rear panel fuel bulkhead is the fuel solenoid valve This solenoid valve is normally closed when there is no power to the instrument or where there is power to the instrument but the flame is not alight The solenoid will be latched in the open position when the flame is alight and has been detected by the flame thermocouple The fuel solenoid can be held open manually during the flame ignition sequence by holding down the front panel ignition switch fuel then flows through small bore copper tubing to the fuel valve on the f
14. 000ppm when measuring lithium the top standard is ideally 10ppm A minimum of four standards should be prepared to enable an accurate calibration curve to be constructed NOTE The blank used should contain all the constituents of the standard solutions except the element being measured Since a flame photometer measures the concentration of the element itself in solution standard solutions prepared from the salts of sodium potassium lithium calcium and barium must be made up to contain the concentrations required in terms of the quantity of the elements Below are two examples of how to prepare standards of 1mg Na 100ml 10ppm Na and 1mg K 100ml 10ppm k 11 PFP7 REV C 01 08 3 1 1 Sodium Accurately weigh 0 634g of dry Analar quality NaCl dissolve in pure deionised water and wash into a 500ml volumetric flask Fill to the mark with pure deionised water To prepare the standard solution for use with the flame photometer this stock solution should be diluted 1 in 50 Calculation Atomic weight Na 23 0 Molecular weight NaCl 58 46 Therefore 0 634g NaCl contains 0 634 x 23 0 25g Na 58 46 Thus in 500ml of solution there is 250mg Na or 50mg Na 100ml Diluting 1 in 50 gives a standard of 1mg Na 100ml 10ppm Na 3 1 2 Potassium Accurately weigh 0 477g of dry Analar quality KCI dissolve in pure deionised water and wash into a 500ml volumetric flask Fill to the mark with pure deionised water To prepare
15. 3 500 018 500 019 500 070 500 194 Part code 500 172 008 021 008 039 010 005 012 004 017 024 017 025 019 002 027 023 060 037 060 083 060 188 060 196 060 197 062 109 062 305 062 836 500 005 500 025 500 046 500 067 500 103 500 104 500 106 500 107 500 115 500 123 500 124 500 141 535 008 44 PFP7 REV C 01 08
16. 6A anti surge fuse when operating on 115V This fuse protects any equipment such as a recorder or compressor plugged into the POWER OUT socket on the rear panel The AC line is taken via a 250mA fuse for protecting the internal circuitry to the power switch on the front panel The AC neutral is taken to the other pole of the power switch The earth from the mains supply is taken directly to the chassis From the power switch the AC line is taken to a two position VOLTAGE SELECTOR switch mounted on the rear panel and then onto the transformer primary winding the other side of which is connected to the neutral from the power switch The transformer primary is auto wound to provide a step up function to supply 240V for the igniter unit when a 115V supply is connected The two 12V secondary windings are joined with a centre tap which forms the OV rail they are full wave rectified to give a 12V and 12V supply with respect to the centre tap The unregulated 12V is fed to the 7805 1 amp regulator to give the 5V rail The unregulated 12V is fed to the 79L05 100mA regulator to give the 5V rail The unregulated 12V is used to automatically operate the fuel solenoid via the relay but it is also fed to one pole of the ignition switch for manual operation The other pole is fed with 240V which is then switched to the ignition unit such that when the ignition switch is depressed the fuel solenoid is opened and the ignition unit activated to generate
17. Flame Photometer Models PFP7 and PFP7 C Operating and Service Manual Safety Please read this information carefully prior to installing or using this equipment 1 The unit described in this manual is designed to be operated only by trained personnel Any adjustments maintenance and repair must be carried out as defined in this manual by a person qualified to be aware of the hazards involved It is essential that both operating and service personnel employ a safe system of work in addition to the detailed instructions provided in the manual The covers of the unit should only be removed by personnel who have been trained to avoid the risk of shock At this point the unit must be disconnected from all services e gas and electric References should always be made to the health and safety data supplied with any chemicals used Generally accepted laboratory procedures for safe handling of chemicals should be employed If it is suspected that safety protection has been impaired in any way the unit must be made inoperative and secured against any intended operation The fault condition should be reported immediately to the appropriate servicing authority In all such reports the serial number of the flame photometer must be quoted Please read the operating precautions in section 4 6 For further help and advice please visit www jenway com or contact your local distributor e mail support jenway com or for service enquiries please
18. GREEN YELLOW EARTH IMPORTANT THE INSTRUMENT MUST BE EARTHED The green yellow wire in the AC supply must be connected to a properly grounded terminal If a compressor and or pen recorder is to be run directly from the instrument then they should be wired to the plugs provided and connected to the POWER OUT sockets 15a and 15b Press the power switch on the front panel The digital readout should be illuminated Fill the centre tube of the drain trap and the connecting silicon rubber tubing to the mixing chamber with deionised water Check that no air bubbles are trapped in this tube and that it flows and runs to waste freely Ensure that the drain trap is pushed completely down on its clip Accessories Always use recommended spares and accessories Even if an alternative part may appear obviously suitable there may be some minor variations in specification that could degrade the performance of the instrument Accessory Part Code Model 8515 air compressor 220V 50Hz 535 001 Model 8516 air compressor 110V 60Hz 535 002 Dilutor 230V 037 001 Dilutor 110V 037 002 Analogue to RS232 Data Logger 037 501 Calcium filter 500 125 Lithium filter 500 126 Barium filter 500 127 Butane regulator 500 178 Propane regulator 500 179 Natural gas regulator 500 180 Water separator small 500 176 Water separator large 500 177 Dust cover 500 134 Cleaning solution 1 litre 025 171 Minor spares kit 500 172 Major spares kit 500 173 10 PFP7
19. ach Remove the nuts securing the d p and coarse switches to the front panel Remove the top rear cover as described in Section 9 2 step 1 Disconnect the three connectors from the back of the main PCB by pulling on the housing box do nat pull on the cables Note the orientation and polarization of each Remove the two thumb screws one in the top right hand corner and the other in the top left hand corner The PCB may be removed by tipping it back releasing the front panel switch bosses from their mounting holes and lifting the PCB back and up through the rear top cover Take care not to loose or disturb the washers on the switches Replacement is the reverse of removal 40 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 9 3 1 Main PCB Figure 9 3 2 Main PCB rear view showing the linearization PCB for the model PFP7 C 9 4 Fuel solenoid replacement Refer to Figure 9 2 1 1 Ensure that power fuel and air supplies to the instrument are disconnected Remove the top rear cover as described in Section 9 2 step 1 2 Identify the two wires that come from the solenoid to the screw terminal block on the power supply PCB Remove these two wires from the terminal block 41 PFP7 REV C 01 08 9 5 Identify the cap nut on the compression fitting on the outlet of the solenoid Loosen this nut and slide it away from the solenoid along the micro bore copper tubing Pull the compression fitting out of the solenoid outlet Remove the nut on the rear panel
20. aintenance Good practice guidelines It is most important that the nebuliser mixing chamber and burner are kept clean by carrying out the correct shutdown procedure and by periodic maintenance If high salt solutions are aspirated correspondingly longer periods should be spent aspirating deionised water prior to shutdown It is recommended that blank and standard solutions should have a wetting agent e g Triton X 100 or Decon 90 added to promote good stability and self cleaning Any such wetting agent should be non ionic and used at a concentration of less than 3ppm It should be added to the blank standards and samples at the same concentration Take care when preparing standards The performance of the instrument depends upon the accuracy and purity of the calibration standards If standard solutions are required to be stored for any length of time or at an elevated temperature a suitable mould inhibitor e g azide should be added However if this contains the element to be measured e g sodium it is important that the samples also contain an equivalent amount Always sample from the top half of the sample container The bottom half may contain sediment or particulate matter which could easily block the fine tubing used in the nebuliser Always use recommended spares Even where an alternative part may be obviously suitable there may be good reasons for not using it Never use glass containers to store calibration standards
21. d barium Ba Both versions are fitted with automatic flame failure detection for user safety making them ideal for use in clinical industrial or educational applications The model PFP7 C is specifically designed for use in clinical applications The in built lineariser circuitry enables readings of both Na and K at normal clinical serum concentrations to be displayed directly in mmol l Serum samples must be diluted 200 1 or 100 1 prior to presentation to the flame photometer Jenway are able to offer a diluter to enable this to be carried out efficiently and accurately 1 2 Principles of operation Flame photometry relies upon the fact that the compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals can be thermally dissociated in a flame and that some of the atoms produced will be further excited to a higher energy level When these atoms return to the ground state they emit radiation which lies mainly in the visible region of the spectrum Each element will emit radiation at a wavelength specific for that element The table below gives details of the measurable atomic flame emissions of the alkali and alkaline earth metals in terms of the emission wavelength and the colour produced Element Emission Wavelength nm Flame Colour Sodium Na 589 Yellow Potassium K 766 Violet Barium Ba 554 Lime Green Calcium Ca 622 Orange Lithium Li 670 Red Note Calcium is measured by using the calcium hydroxide band emissio
22. e direction until a peak reading is obtained Re set the display reading accordingly for the standard being aspirated NOTE There is a time delay between adjusting the flow of fuel and seeing the effect of the adjustment A pause of a few seconds is therefore necessary between making every fine adjustment The optimum flame conditions are different for Na and K and retuning is necessary when switching between elements 5 Re check the zero setting and adjust if necessary 6 Aspirate the pre diluted sample and note the reading 7 Calibration needs to be checked periodically by aspirating the blank and standard solutions Initially this check should be carried out after every 10 samples Experience and increased confidence in the PFP7 C will enable you to best judge the frequency of this check 4 5 Shutdown 1 Aspirate deionised water for at least ten minutes 2 If the shutdown is short term i e the instrument is to be used again the same day shitt it is adequate to remove electrical power from the unit by depressing the power switch This will safely extinguish the flame 3 If the shutdown is longer term or if the laboratory is likely to be left unattended during the shutdown then the fuel supply should be turned off at source wait for the FLM indicator to extinguish and then turn off the power This ensures that there is no gas left in the tubing to the unit 19 PFP7 REV C 01 08 4 6 4 7 7 Operating precautions The
23. email service jenway com 1 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Contents SECTION Ten nn iii 4 aiaee Drea i o a ra aE E narrar 4 1 1 Instrument d SCribtlon ita RM nn oa er eat ea 4 122 Principles of operation di A 4 EC Specification ae ee ade le ee ee N 6 SECTION 2 coe esac ite eta o es ios 7 INSTALO E A ot euesSepelsvedtevecet 7 Dil 7 SEIVICES UC BEE 7 2 2 Unpack umi iS 7 2 3 GU iii cda 8 2 4 ET EE EE 9 20 ACCESSOMOS cisne heh Sei e De MT Re ees 10 SECHON 3 00 A ne N en ner ue 11 Analysis Pr paration Eeer deg dee 11 3 41 Galibration Standards viviana EENS 11 3 2 Sample preparation iii iii tre de lets ae 12 3 3 DION ida 13 SECTION A A en N en ne a 14 OPO CL EE 14 4 1 Front and rear panel controls 14 dilo Op ration ti 16 4 3 Galibration PERL sitiada 17 4 4 Calibration PFP V C a cto die ida a 19 le rene ethics A ee ee A A a sentant 19 46 Operating pr cautions iii aid 20 4 7 Good practice guidelines des 20 SECHON Dira GE 21 ACCOSSOMOS ie a A E dE LA canada id 21 DN 21 52 COMP SSON iraniens dite MI tirent ete te Me eee RAA nt rendre ter Joan tra 21 53 TUE 22 6 4 Datalogger issues ca St es 22 Manten ae iia 23 Gal A e 23 6 2 Weekly maintenance sienne 23 6 3 Monthly Manten dancer a A tee eae en 23 6 4 Six monthly maintenance nc cnn nnnnn nn nannnnnnnnnannninns 24 2 PFP7 REV C 01 08 SECTION KE 25 Trouble Shooting nacre reesieraleretisee ina e ne nn induite deret ns 25 ZA EC 25 72
24. fuel inlet bulkhead connector The solenoid can now be pulled forward and lifted out of the instrument Replacement is the reverse of removal Ensure that the solenoid is mounted at a slight angle so as nat to foul the air regulator H must not be mounted horizontally Check all joints are gas tight using soapy water before relighting the flame Fuel needle valve Refer to Figure 9 2 1 1 9 6 Ensure that power fuel and air supplies to the instrument are disconnected Remove the top rear cover as described in Section 9 2 step 1 Pull the clear PVC tubing from the fuel inlet on the mixing chamber end cap Locate this tube inside the instrument and pull it back through the grommet in the chimney corner into the instrument Remove the cap nut on the compression fitting on the inlet to the fuel needle valve Slide the nut away from the needle valve along the micro bore copper tubing Pull the compression fitting out of the fuel needle valve inlet Remove the large knob from the fuel needle valve on the front panel by loosening the two grub screws and then fully close the valve taking care not to over tighten and remove the preset stop knob by loosening the single grub screw Care must be taken to ensure that the needle valve is never closed any further once this stop has been removed If this position is maintained then on re assembly it is only necessary to push the knob on as far as it will go to reset the correct stop position Re
25. ge selector Solution Select correct filter Re make standard Check the nebuliser performance as defined in Section 6 2 Weekly maintenance Solution Re make the blank and re check Clean the burner as defined in Section 6 4 Six monthly maintenance Ensure that the cleaning procedure is carried out more frequently Clean or replace the ignition electrode as detailed in Section 9 1 2 27 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 8 Service Information 8 1 Sample system description Burner Restrictor screw NB remove before using natural gas ps A Fuel in Nebuliser Capillary N Inlet tubing Impact bead Baffles Air in Drain Figure 8 1 1 Sample system The sample is taken up by a concentric type nebuliser unit Air at a constant pressure is passed around the end of a small capillary tube forming a partial vacuum inside the capillary tube and drawing sample into it via the nebuliser inlet tubing The sample leaves the end of the capillary as a fine aerosol The volume and droplet size of the aerosol is controlled by varying the position of the capillary tube and air jet with respect to each other This adjustment is the most important single factor affecting the linearity stability and reproducibility of the instrument and is factory set and sealed The aspirated sample is passed into the mixing chamber where the fuel gas is introduced The sample aerosol then strikes the PTFE impact bead which further breaks up any
26. gure 4 3 2 Typical calibration curve measuring ppm Customers working in medical environments are quite likely to be using the S I unit of mmol l to report their results The relationship between mmol l and ppm is defined below Sodium Na 1ppm 0 0435mmol 1mmol l 23ppm Potassium K 1ppm 0 0256mmol l 1mmol l 39ppm Lithium Li 1ppm 0 1441mmol l 1mmol l 7ppm Calcium Ca 1ppm 0 0250mmol 1mmol 40ppm This relationship means that Na and K samples in the normal clinical range of 136 145mmol Na and 3 5 5 0mmol l K should be pre diluted 1 in 100 or 1 in 200 to get optimum results from the flame photometer 1 2 Aspirate a blank solution and set the readout to 000 using the blank control Aspirate the highest standard solution and set the readout to an appropriate reading using the fine and coarse sensitivity controls Re check the blank setting and adjust if necessary Aspirate the remaining standard solutions if used to construct the calibration curve and note the results When the blank and standards are set unknown samples can be aspirated and the results noted either directly from the instrument readout or by deriving the concentrations from the calibration curve Calibration needs to be checked periodically by aspirating the blank and standard solutions Initially this check should be carried out after every 10 samples Experience and increased confidence in the PFP7 will enable you to best judge the frequency
27. he nebuliser operation is still unsatisfactory remove the nebuliser from the mixing chamber disconnect from the air line remove the inlet tubing and soak the nebuliser in hot deionised water 6 Refit the nebuliser and repeat the test 7 If operation is still unsatisfactory a new nebuliser should be fitted NOTE Under no circumstances should the nebuliser be adjusted 6 3 Monthly maintenance Equipment required 10ml graduated measuring cylinder Stop watch Cleaning wire 500 194 Cleaning solution 025 171 1 Carry out the Weekly maintenance schedule 2 With the flame alight aspirate a 1 in 100 diluted sample of cleaning solution for 30 minutes followed by deionised water for a further 30 minutes 23 PFP7 REV C 01 08 6 4 Six monthly maintenance Burner cleaning Equipment required 10ml graduated measuring cylinder Stop watch Cleaning wire 500 194 Cleaning solution 025 171 Small stiff brush 1 Carry out the Weekly maintenance schedule 2 If the instrument has been running with the flame alight allow 30 minutes for the burner system to cool down 3 Disconnect the mixing chamber from the chimney unit by unscrewing the knurled locking ring and dropping the chamber clear of the chimney 4 Remove the fluted burner from the top of the burner tube 5 Rinse the burner in deionised water and remove any deposits or encrustations by brushing with a small stiff brush If deposits are persistent heating or boiling the
28. itions are different for Na and K and retuning is necessary when switching between elements For optimum performance the instrument should be allowed 15 minutes to warm up During this warm up period a blank deionised water sample should be aspirated It should be noted that results adequate for most purposes can be obtained from switch on although standardisation settings will need frequent checking during the warm up period 16 PFP7 REV C 01 08 4 3 Calibration PFP7 It is important to understand that the principles of flame photometry are such that over certain concentration ranges light emitted from the flame is directly proportional to the concentration of the species being aspirated The graph below shows that the direct relationship between the flame emission and concentration is only true at relatively low concentrations Above these low levels the flame begins to saturate and the flame emission ceases to increase in a linear relationship to concentration Readout 2 4 6 8 10 12 ppm Figure 4 3 1 Relationship between sample concentration and flame emission If the samples being analysed lie on the linear part of the curve then the user can take direct concentration readings from the digital display If however the concentration of samples are above the levels shown on the graph then the user has the choice of either a diluting the samples so that they lie on the linear part of the curve or b constructing a ca
29. l Polycarbonate Polycarbonate Bowl guard Yes No Drain capacity ml 25 8 Weight kg 0 22 0 18 5 2 Compressor The 8515 8516 is a reliable quiet air compressor of oil less design requiring minimal maintenance The compressor is constructed from a lightweight but rigid aluminium extrusion and is housed in a protective case to ensure maximum user safety and convenience Load bearings are permanently lubricated and sealed for the life of the compressor A Teflon composition cup offers excellent sealing and wear properties The integral motor has its own cooling fan and is thermally protected against overload 5 2 1 Specification The 8515 8516 compressor gives a supply of dry clean and pulse free air at a pressure between 14 and 30 psi approximately 1 2 kg cm at 6 litres minute Model 8515 8516 Part Code 535 001 535 002 Voltage 230V 50 60Hz 110V 60Hz 5 2 2 Installation The compressor should be positioned on a stable surface within 2 metres of the PFP7 Connection to the PFP7 should be carried out as follows 1 Ensure the power supply to the PFP7 is switched off 2 Connect the air tubing supplied with PFP7 to the 8515 8516 outlet nozzle and secure with a hose clip 21 PFP7 REV C 01 08 3 Connect the other end of the air tubing to the air inlet located on the rear panel of the PFP7 and secure with a hose clip 4 Plug the 8515 8516 mains lead into either auxiliary power socket located on the rear panel of the PFP7
30. l power by depressing the power switch If the air compressor is powered separately switch on the air compressor Ensure that air is present by listening for the hissing created as it passes through the nebuliser Depress the ignition switch and hold down Watch the FLM indicator in the display window When this indicator is illuminated the flame is alight and the ignition switch can be released If the FLM indicator does not light within approximately 20 seconds release the switch and open the fuel valve one turn Allow the gas to disperse before continuing Depress the ignition switch for a further 20 seconds This process may be repeated until successful ignition occurs If the fuel valve has to be opened more than 5 turns more than recommended above refer to Section 7 5 Set the filter select control to the desired position Aspirate deionised water and set the readout to zero by adjusting the blank control Aspirate a standard solution of slightly higher concentration than expected in the samples to be tested Adjust the fine and coarse control until a positive reading is obtained This is a nominal value to be used in optimising flame conditions Adjust the fuel valve in a clockwise direction until a peak reading is obtained NOTE There is a time delay between adjusting the flow of fuel and seeing the effect of the adjustment A pause of a few seconds is therefore necessary between making every fine adjustment The optimum flame cond
31. libration curve and relating the digital display reading to the concentration by cross reference to the curve A calibration curve is prepared using standard solutions containing known concentrations of the elements to be determined and if necessary other materials to ensure that the standard and sample backgrounds match The concentration range covered by the calibration curve will depend upon the expected concentration of the samples so that the sample readings fall somewhere in the middle of the calibration curve Once the calibration curve has been plotted the readings for the sample solutions are compared with the curve to allow the sample concentrations to be established It is important to realise that each element has its own characteristic curve and separate calibration curves must be constructed If the same estimation is performed on a routine basis the calibration curve need only be prepared once and checked periodically Instrument re calibration is easily achieved by setting the blank solution to read zero and the top standard to read the same value as it did when the calibration curve was initially prepared The graph in Figure 4 3 2 shows a typical curve obtained when measuring in parts per million ppm 17 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Gs y Unknown sample J reads 20 and can be seen to have a concentration of approx 16 5ppm E Calibration points at5 10 15 20 and 25ppm 5 10 15 20 25 ppm Readout Fi
32. mantling Figure 9 1 1 Mixing chamber nebuliser and burner assembly 1 2 Ensure power fuel and air supplies to the instrument are disconnected Remove the nebuliser 1 by turning the retaining cam and withdrawing the nebuliser from the mixing chamber end cap 2 Unscrew the air inlet tube 3 from the nebuliser and place it safely to one side Pull the fuel inlet tube 4 and drain tube 5 from their connectors on the mixing chamber end cap If the instrument has been running with the flame alight allow 30 minutes for the burner system to cool down When it is cool the knurled brass ring 6 may be unscrewed and the mixing chamber 7 lowered from the chimney and removed The burner 8 can be withdrawn from the burner tube 9 and the end cap removed by releasing the three socket head screws 10 The impact bead and impeller assembly 11 can be removed by releasing the centre pozidriv screw 12 in the rear plate 13 of the mixing chamber The rear plate can be removed by releasing the three outer pozidriv screws 14 All items should be inspected for damage and contamination before cleaning and re assembly Re assembly is the reverse of dismantling and the end cap and rear plate retaining screws must be securely tightened to give gas tight seals Ensure that when re assembling the mixing chamber that the baffles are positioned at 45 degrees to each other as shown in Figure 9 1 2 35 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 9 1
33. move the front panel mounting nut and then the needle valve may be taken back into the instrument and removed Replacement is the reverse of removal Check all joints are gas tight using soapy water before relighting the flame Spark generator replacement Refer to Figure 9 2 1 1 Ensure that power to the instrument is disconnected Remove the top rear cover as described in Section 9 2 step 1 Identify the ignition spark generator module mounted on the inside of the chimney corner Disconnect the high voltage cable from the push on connector on top of the module Disconnect the green earth lead on top of the module in a similar manner Remove the two M3 nuts and associated washers that retain the unit to the chimney corner Remove the switched line and neutral connections from the base of the module that can now be removed from the instrument Replacement is the reverse of removal Ensure correct polarity of all wires when reconnecting 42 PFP7 REV C 01 08 9 7 Air regulator assembly replacement Refer to Figure 9 2 1 1 Ensure that power fuel and air supplies to the instrument are disconnected Remove the top rear cover as described in Section 9 2 step 1 2 Remove the compression fitting that retains the nylon tube to the outlet of the air regulator assembly Pull the tube and compression fitting out of the air regulator assembly 3 Remove the nut on the rear panel air inlet bulkhead connector The air regulator assembly ca
34. n at 622nm as the Calcium main atomic emission occurs at 423nm Over certain ranges of concentration the intensity of the emission is directly proportional to the number of atoms returning to the ground state This is in turn proportional to the absolute quantity of the species volatized in the flame i e light emitted is proportional to sample concentration It can be seen that if the light emitted by the element at the characteristic wavelength is isolated by an optical filter and the intensity of that light measured by a photo detector then an electrical signal can be obtained proportional to sample concentration Such an electrical signal can be processed and the readout obtained in an analogue or digital form A simple flame photometer consists of the following basic components a The burner a flame that can be maintained in a constant form and at a constant temperature b Nebuliser and mixing chamber a means of transporting a homogeneous solution into the flame at a steady rate c Simple colour filters interference type a means of isolating light of the wavelength to be measured from that of extraneous emissions d Photo detector a means of measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by the flame 4 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Flame Filter Photodetector a ESGP Readout AAT Amplifier Burner p f di Mixing chamber 5 y7 SS EN 7 Nebuliser Air inlet U tube Figure 1 2 1
35. n is essential 3 Species that cause interference should be removed from samples or the equivalent concentration of the interferant should be present in the standards so as to avoid erroneous results e g if a sample of approximately 10ppm Na contains approximately 12 PFP7 REV C 01 08 1000ppm Ca then Na analysis can only be achieved by removing the Ca with oxalate oxalic acid or ensuring all standards contain 1000ppm Ca 4 Always try to follow a well documented analytical procedure which should contain information pertaining to interference removal when applicable 5 Standards and samples should not be exposed to the atmosphere for long periods due to contamination from airborne particles and the evaporation of the solvent that could lead to elevated concentrations 6 When in doubt about the equipment or application the operator should contact Jenway for advice 3 2 1 Sample extraction number of methods for extracting sodium potassium lithium calcium and barium from a wide variety of raw materials may be obtained by contacting the technical support helpline at support jenway com The sample must be in the form of an aqueous solution with no solid matter present to be suitable for direct introduction into the flame photometer This is achieved by e Extracting the salts from solid samples using deionised water or suitable extractants e g saturated CaSO for sodium in soil Extraction is more successful using a blende
36. n now be pulled forward so the connector clears the rear panel and then remove from the instrument Replacement is the reverse of removal 4 Check that no air leaks are present and that the gauge can be set to 12psi with the nebuliser connected 43 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 10 Spare parts 10 1 Minor spares kit 500 172 Description Multi turn potentiometer LED double 7 segment display red Fuse 250mA slow blow Fuse 3 15A slow blow Fuse 6 3A quick blow Inlet tube 500mm Silicon rubber tube Drain trap Nebuliser assembly Ignition electrode Qty 3 Nebuliser cleaning wire 3 x 150mm long 10 2 Major spares kit 500 173 Description Minor spares kit Knob 10mm Knob 21 8mm dia black Transformer 12VA LED double 7 segment display red Qty 2 Rocker switch illuminated green Rocker switch bias 1w Display driver ICL7107 Qty 2 Thermocouple assembly Allen key 2 5AF Adjustable hose clip No 14 Qty 5 Allen key M3 Allen key 1 27AF Allen key 1 5AF M3x6 skt set cone point black M5x6 skt set cone point black M14 plain washer zinc Air regulator assembly Needle valve assembly Mixing chamber assembly Ignition probe Opto PCB assembly Display PCB assembly Power supply PCB assembly Solenoid valve assembly Electronic ignition unit Sodium filter Potassium filter Universal joint 8515 8516 compressor inlet filter Part code 007 034 012 004 016 005 016 007 016 015 500 193 023 00
37. n trap outlet 11 on the bottom of the mixing chamber This tube can be pushed on and does not need securing 8 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 2 3 2 Rear panel showing the drain trap air and fuel tubing 2 4 Installation WARNING The exhaust gases from the chimney are very hot No obstruction should be placed above the instrument and the instrument should be located in a position that makes A accidental contact with the chimney or its exhaust unlikely The instrument needs to be operated in a well ventilated room although very strong draughts should be avoided Ensure the air tubing is routed away from sources of heat Fit the air and fuel inlet connectors to the ports provided on the rear of the instrument 1 Fit the appropriate lengths of tubing to the connectors 12 and 13 and secure with the screw clips provided Run the tubing to the air and fuel supplies to be used NOTE The maximum inlet pressure and regulation requirements are defined in Section 2 1 Turn on the fuel supply at the cylinder or source and check all fuel joints for leaks by using soap solution 2 Check the position of the voltage selector switch 14 on the rear panel and the value of the fuse FS1 If necessary adjust to suit your supply voltage If necessary connect a 9 PFP7 REV C 01 08 2 5 suitable plug to the 3 pin AC supply lead The colours of the wires conform to the internationally recognised standard such that BROWN LIVE BLUE NEUTRAL
38. nguished the thermocouple will detect the fall in temperature and the solenoid will automatically be closed stopping any further gas escaping to atmosphere 29 PFP7 REV C 01 08 8 3 Optical system description Light is emitted from the flame and collected by a plano convex lens mounted on the inner chimney The wavelength of light reaching the photo detector is determined by up to 5 different interference filters mounted in a wheel The filter in the light path is selected by the front panel control and is indicated by this control Na 589nm and K 766nm filters are fitted as standard and positions 1 2 and 3 can be fitted with Ca 620nm Ba 520nm and Li 670nm filters to order The filters are held in the wheel by circlips Should replacements or alternatives need to be fitted care must be taken to prevent fingerprints getting onto the optical surfaces If this does happen a small amount of ethanol on a very soft lint free cloth may be used to gently wipe away deposits Filtered light from the flame falls on the PIN diode mounted on a small PCB on fixing brackets that allow critical adjustment so that the lens on the diode can be set to an optimum position in the light path The electrical signal from the diode is taken via a 3 pin connector and a screened cable to the main PCB 8 4 Power supply description Refer to Figures 8 4 1 and 8 4 2 The mains AC supply is fed in via the rear panel socket filter unit to a 3A anti surge fuse
39. o read 100 Interference from Na K and Li when equal in concentration to the test element will be less than 0 5 Better than 2 over 5 minutes when continuously aspirating 10ppm sample set to read 50 0 Zero drift better than 2 per hour N B Note warm up requirement Between 2 and 6ml minute Nominal 1 00 volt for readout of 100 0 The flame must be alight for at least 15 minutes to ensure achievement of the above stated specifications Electrical 90 125V or 190 250V O 50 60Hz Air Moisture and oil free 6 litres minute at 1kg cm 14psi Fuel Propane butane natural gas or L P G 15 C to 35 C 420 x 360 x 300mm 8kg 6 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 2 Installation 2 1 Services required The fuel and air supplies to the instrument must be clean and dry and supply pressures regulated within the limits specified Any contamination moisture or variation in supply pressure will directly affect the performance of the instrument NOTE The instrument will only operate with the correct type of air compressor and gas regulator 2 1 1 Voltage 90 125V or 190 250V 50 or 60Hz 2 1 2 Fuel e Propane or butane regulated to 10 15 inches water gauge 0 36 0 54psi or 0 025 0 038kg cm e Natural gas at mains pressure between 3 and 10 inches water gauge 0 11 0 36psi or 0 0076 0 025kg cm e _L P G as for propane e Suitable regulators are available from Jenway refer to Section 2 5 2 1 3 Air A supply of dr
40. of this check The decimal point d p switch can be set to illuminate the decimal point in any significant position This should be chosen to give sufficient resolution for the test required 18 PFP7 REV C 01 08 4 4 Calibration PFP7 C When using the PFP7 C a calibration curve is not required as the display is calibrated in direct concentration units Therefore only one top standard is required to enable this calibration to be performed Installation and set up procedures should be carried out as for the standard Model PFP7 NOTE The Model PFP7 C allows direct readout of Na and K concentration in serum samples Na levels in urine samples may also be read directly from the display although K levels in urine can only be determined by plotting a calibration graph refer to standard PFP7 calibration Samples of both serum and urine should be diluted 1 in 100or1in 200 to obtain optimum results from the flame photometer To calibrate the unit for clinical use the following steps should be carried out 1 Aspirate deionised water and set the display to read zero 2 Select the appropriate element Na or K on the filter select control and the position of the decimal point using the d p switch 3 Aspirate the required standard e g 140mmol l Na 5 0mmol l K which has been pre diluted at least 1 in 100 and set the display reading accordingly using the fine and coarse sensitivity controls 4 Adjust the fuel valve in a clockwis
41. ove the chimney assembly from the unit Remove the four screws on the cover plate to release the filter wheel assembly from the chimney assembly Remove the two grub screws from the filter wheel to gain access to the filters To fit additional filters push out the round plastic blanking piece fit the new filter into the vacant position with the mirrored side towards the flame Replace the circlip to retain the new filter and replace the filter wheel Ensure that the PIN diode housing is in alignment with the filter recess This can be achieved by loosening the filter wheel via the two retaining grub screws and pushing the PIN diode housing into the filter recess Tighten the filter wheel in this position and slide the PIN housing back to just clear the filter wheel in all positions PIN diode PCB removal Refer to Figure 9 1 3 1 Ensure that power is disconnected from the instrument Remove the right hand side panel as detailed in the previous sub section Unplug the 3 pin connector from the PIN diode mounting PCB UOD1 The PCB may be removed complete with half of the mounting bracket by removing the two pozidriv screws that pass through the adjusting slots into the captive nuts on the other half of the bracket Replacement is the reverse of removal Check that the diode is aligned with the optical path on re assembly as described in section 9 1 4 37 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 9 1 3 Filter wheel and filters 1 filter wheel 2
42. r macerator or shaking machine e lf the sample is organic then the organic material should be removed by ashing The remaining oxides are then dissolved using strong acids e Filtration centrifugation is used to remove solid debris When aqueous the sample can then be diluted to a known accurately measured volume using deionised water If it is a concentrated sample then the dilution ratio should be increased If the sample concentration is low then a small volume of diluent and initial extractant should be used Whichever method of extraction is used the resultant solution must always be free of any particulate matter that may cause blockages in the nebuliser capillary tube 3 3 Dilution In order to obtain samples and standards of the right concentration for aspiration into the flame various levels of dilution will often be necessary Good quality deionised water should normally be used for carrying out these dilutions and it is recommended that the same batch of water should be used for diluting the samples and standards More information on typical dilution ratios is given in Section 4 3 13 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section A Operation 4 1 Front and rear panel controls 4 1 1 Front panel controls Figure 4 1 1 Front panel power ignition d p fuel blank sensitivity fine and coarse filter select A two position rocker switch which controls the AC supply of the instrument Any accessories connected to the au
43. r out sockets FS2 is to protect the electronic circuitry in the PFP7 Both FS1 and FS2 should be of an anti surge type A three pin receptacle for the AC mains supply Two three pin sockets for flame photometer accessories such as a compressor and a pen recorder The power from these sockets is controlled by the instrument power switch on the front panel Two 4mm sockets which will provide an analogue signal of approximately 1 volt when the readout is 1000 digits or 100 0 10 00 and 1 000 1 4 connector for fuel tubing IMPORTANT Fuel supply must be regulated to 10 15 inches water gauge 0 36 0 54psi or 0 025 0 38kg cm See section 2 1 2 for information on different fuel types 5 16 connector for air tubing IMPORTANT Air pressure on the inlet to the instrument must not exceed 30psi 2kg cm See section 2 1 3 15 PFP7 REV C 01 08 4 2 Operation Ensure that the drain trap is pushed fully down on its clip Ensure that the drain trap has solution in it and that no air locks are present If necessary purge by adding deionised water and allowing the surplus to run away Close the fuel valve by turning fully clockwise To avoid damaging the valve it should not be forced Turn the fuel valve the required number of turns anti clockwise depending on the fuel being used Fuel Number of turns Propane 3 Butane 4 Natural gas Fully open L P G 3 5 Turn on the fuel supply at source i e cylinder Switch on electrica
44. reference level set by RV8 is factory set for optimum switching of the solenoid on off Adjustment of this may have a significant impact on the safe operation of the flame photometer and should only be undertaken by trained engineers Back E M F s generated by the coils in the relay and solenoid are dissipated by diodes D3 and D4 The collector of TR1 is taken to the main PCB to activate the FLM indicator when the flame has a been detected by the above circuitry D6 DS D7 D8 Figure 8 4 1 Power supply and flame failure detection printed circuit board layout 31 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 8 4 2 Power supply and flame failure detection circuit 32 PFP7 REV C 01 08 8 5 Signal processing description Refer to Figures 8 5 1 and 8 5 2 The signal from the PIN PD1 diode is amplified by IC1 a high input impedance op amp The coarse gain control switches 1 10 and 100 Megohm resistors into the feedback to change the gain on the first three ranges On range 4 the 100 Megohm resistor is left in circuit and the sensitivity of the 7107 IC5 is increased by a factor of approximately 10 The 10 Kilohm potentiometer feeding into the inverting input of IC 1 is a factory preset control for compensating for any dark current from the PIN diode and for any offset in 1C1 The output of IC1 is then fed through a filter network consisting of R8 C4 and R9 C5 the signal is then fed into IC2 a non inverting buffer with RV2 its preset offset adj
45. replace by loosening the grub screw sealed with plasticine that clamps the electrode Replace with a new electrode setting the protruding length to 10mm before retightening the grub screw and re sealing with plasticine The plasticine also acts as an insulator so the spark does not jump from the grub screw to the inner chimney 36 PFP7 REV C 01 08 9 1 3 9 1 4 Thermocouple removal Ensure that power is disconnected from the instrument If the flame has been alight allow 30 minutes for the burner and chimney to cool down When cool unscrew the cap that holds the thermocouple in place taking care not to loosen the housing retaining nut Remove the thermocouple complete with the compression fixing Unscrew the thermocouple wires from the terminal block on the power supply PCB Pull the wires through the grommet in the side panel If re fitting a replacement thermocouple ensure it is pushed through the housing as far as it will go before clamping the compression fitting Ensure correct polarity is observed when fitting into the terminal block Filter wheel and filters Refer to Figure 9 1 3 1 9 1 5 Ensure that power is disconnected from the instrument Remove the four socket head screws from the right hand side panel Remove both left and right hand side panels and place carefully to one side Remove the filter select knob Unscrew the four screws on the bottom of the unit that hold the chimney assembly in place Carefully rem
46. ront panel This is a very fine needle valve and to avoid damage this control should never be screwed hard fully clockwise and should not be used as an on off valve From the fuel valve the gas then passes to the mixing chamber and then on to the burner A restrictor screw is fitted to the mixing chamber fuel inlet for use with propane butane or L P G but must be removed if natural gas is used Air is fed through the rear panel to the air regulator The air regulator is factory set to 12psi Adjustment should not be necessary but can be achieved by lifting the yellow locking ring and rotating the knob on the side of the regulator until the correct pressure is shown on the pressure gauge From the air regulator the air passes to the nebuliser where it acts as an atomising agent Ignition is achieved by passing a high voltage spark between the ignition electrode and the centre of the burner The spark is generated by the self contained ignition unit mounted inside the instrument This is activated by depressing the front panel ignition switch which simultaneously opens the fuel solenoid allowing gas to flow through the stream of sparks and hence ignite The ignition switch must be manually held down until the thermocouple mounted at the top of the back of the chimney detects the temperature rise due to the flame latches the solenoid in the open state and energises the FLM indicator in the display window If the fuel flow ceases and the flame is exti
47. sure the fuel valve is correctly set for the element being determined refer to Section 4 2 Solution Check the nebuliser performance as defined in Section 6 2 Weekly maintenance Make up new standards in fresh water Prepare fresh dilutions of the calibration standard Check the validity of the calibration curves using fresh standards Ensure the fuel valve is correctly set for the element being determined refer to Section 4 2 Ensure the U tube is clear of blockages and that the drain trap is at the correct level Solution Fill with deionised water Replace cylinder or reset regulator Check air connection to the rear panel and the operation of the compressor Carefully blow out the restrictor Do not use wire to clear the blockage as this will result in damage to the restrictor Igniter lead disconnected Refit Reposition the sensor Straighten electrode or replace with a new part set to the correct length Solution Check the power lead is correctly inserted 26 PFP7 REV C 01 08 AC supply not available Fuse s blown 7 7 No reading on display Possible cause Incorrect filter selected Calibration standard incorrectly made Nebuliser completely blocked 7 8 Unable to set blank Possible cause Blank contaminated Burner encrusted with salt Ignition electrode encrusted with salt Check mains supply Check fuses and replace if necessary Check the setting of the volta
48. t level Le pushed down fully so the rim at the top is resting on the clip Atmosphere contaminated Remove source of contamination or improve ventilation Mixing chamber burner contaminated Carry out the six monthly maintenance procedures Ensure the instrument is always flushed with deionised water before shutdown 7 3 Unable to set standard reading Possible cause Solution Calibration standard at incorrect Make new standards to check the calibration concentration or incorrectly diluted procedure Blank calibration standard Re make standard and re set blank contaminated or incorrectly set Nebuliser blocked Check the nebuliser performance as defined in Section 6 2 Weekly maintenance 25 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Incorrect filter selected Flame temperature not correctly set 7 4 Non linear results Possible cause Nebuliser blocked Contaminated deionised water Incorrect dilution or incorrect calibration standard used Calibration curves incorrect Flame temperature not correctly set Instrument not draining adequately 7 5 Flame will not light Possible cause Drain U tube empty Fuel cylinder empty or regulator pressures incorrectly set Inadequate air supply Propane butane fuel restrictor blocked No ignition spark Flame not detected by the sensor Ignition electrode worn or bent 7 6 No electrical power Possible cause AC supply not fully engaged Select correct filter En
49. the standard solution for use with the flame photometer this stock solution should be diluted 1 in 50 Calculation Atomic weight K 39 1 Molecular weight KCI 74 56 Therefore 0 477g KCI contains 0 477 x 39 1 0 25g K 74 56 Thus in 500ml of solution there is 250mg K or 50mg K 100ml Diluting 1 in 50 gives a standard of 1mg K 100ml 10ppm K 3 1 3 Storage Store solutions away from direct sunlight in a cool place ideally at temperatures below 25 C Glass containers should not be used for storage as they can affect the sodium concentration levels Standards should be stored in sealed plastic vessels and in high concentrations e g as a stock 1000ppm solution and dilutions prepared as required The long term storage of low concentration standards is not recommended due to degradation of ionic species 3 2 Sample preparation There are several practical points regarding sample preparation which should be adhered to in order to achieve the required accuracy in your analysis 1 Avoid handling samples with fingers This leads to serious contamination e g if a finger is immersed in 20ml of deionised water the resulting Na concentration will exceed that of a 10ppm standard 2 All analyses involve the use of a diluent which is almost always deionised water This should be of the highest quality for accurate flame analysis Sodium potassium and calcium are present in high concentrations in tap water and thus efficient deionisatio
50. ustment The front panel blank potentiometer RV3 provides an adjustable DC offset which is fed into the inverting input of IC3 to compensate for any signal from the flame background when setting the readout to zero with the flame alight The front panel fine sensitivity potentiometer RV4 controls the gain of IC3 and the values in the feedback of this stage are selected to enable the sensitivity to be varied continuously between each of the switched steps of the coarse sensitivity control The output of IC3 is fed via a filter consisting of R15 and C7 to the 7107 IC5 The 7107 is an Analogue to Digital converter complete with a 7 segment decoder driver for the 3 digit LED display The sensitivity of the A to D converter is set by RV6 to approximately 1mV per digit on coarse sensitivity ranges 1 2 and 3 and 0 1mV per digit on coarse sensitivity range 4 by SW1B and RV7 The output of IC3 is also fed to the non inverting buffer IC4 with preset offset control RV5 to give a buffered recorder output of 1mV per digit on ranges 1 2 and 3 and 0 1mV per digit on range 4 The preferred decimal point may be selected by SW2 which connects the relevant decimal point to OV through a 560 ohm resistor R16 R17 or R18 Figure 8 5 1 Main circuit board layout 33 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Figure 8 5 2 Main circuit board 34 PFP7 REV C 01 08 Section 9 9 1 9 1 1 Component replacement Chimney and optical components Mixing chamber dis
51. xiliary POWER OUT sockets on the rear panel are also controlled by the front panel power switch A spring loaded switch which when depressed will cause an electrical discharge between the ignition electrode and the burner unit thereby causing fuel ignition This switch controls the position of the decimal point A fine needle valve that controls the flow of fuel and enables optimum flame conditions to be set This control sets zero or low reading when a blank standard is aspirated Two controls which are used in conjunction to set the digital readout to an appropriate number when a calibration standard is aspirated A five position control which will select the appropriate optical filter for the element being determined NOTE positions 1 2 and 3 will normally be blank unless optional filters Ca Ba or Li respectively have been fitted 14 PFP7 REV C 01 08 4 1 2 Rear panel controls Figure 4 1 2 Rear panel Voltage selection Fuses POWER IN POWER OUT RECORDER FUEL GAS AIR A two position switch marked 230 and 115 These positions allow operation from voltage supplies 190 250 volts and 90 125 volts respectively at either 50 or 60Hz WARNING when adjusting the operating voltage it may be necessary to change the top fuse as indicated on the rear panel Two fuses are fitted to the instrument FS1 is the primary fuse provided to give protection to the instrument and any accessories connected to the powe
52. y clean and pulse free air at a pressure between 14 and 30 psi approx 1 2 kg cm at 6 litres minute is required A suitable compressor and water separator are available from Jenway refer to Section 2 5 2 14 Drain The instrument will need to be sited near a drain or sink to enable disposal of waste liquid A suitable receptacle can be utilised if provision is made for easy disposal of its contents WARNING The waste liquid will still contain any hazardous materials that were in the original samples and should be handled and disposed of with the same care Waste liquid should always be considered to be of a pathogenic nature where the instrument is used in a clinical environment 2 2 Unpacking Remove the instrument from the packaging and ensure the following items are present Part Code Model PFP7 or PFP7 C Flame photometer Auxiliary power plug 009 035 Mains cable with connector plug optional as ordered 013 046 Nebuliser inlet tube 500mm 500 193 Gas tube low pressure 2 metres 500 191 Silicon rubber tube drain 023 003 Air tube 2 metres 500 192 Nozzle 1 gas 026 012 Nozzle 2 air 026 013 Allen key 2 5mm 060 037 Adjustable hose clip 060 083 Drain trap 500 018 Drain trap clip 500 114 Nebuliser cleaning wire 500 194 Any shortages or damage should be reported immediately to the manufacturer or local distributor 7 PFP7 REV C 01 08 2 3 Assembly Place the instrument on a bench and proceed as follows see Figures
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