Model 9349 Log/Lin Ratemeter Operating and Service Manual
Contents
1. EM CE 2 22 24 ese eas eG ug o s oe ata aa we ata we ata we we ee ata ee we ele we ee ed ena 2 2 2 CONTROLS AND INDICATOR 2 2 2 3 INPUT Z 2 2 4 OUTPUTS gu ten tunt Qu su 2 2 5 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL 2 3 UNSTAEEATION ifr er tette tus 3 GENERAL t niet maway Wu eee eres wu ae E EVE ae 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 INPUT GONNEGTION S a eal eal CNN MS 3 3 4 ANALOG OUTPUTS 3 AL ORERA TION qaa DIR 4 4 1 GENERAL e uuu UB NE RU uu 4 4 2 THEORY OF OPERATIONS 4 4 3 LINEAR ORERA TION u us asnasan 5 4 4 ACCURACY OF LINEAR RANGES 7 4 52 EOGARITHMIC OPERATIQN 52 Persa ubera a erf a ere a ere a era a eae 7 4 6 ACCURACY OF EOGAR2. dem 2 e __ u m ATE unt 1 ga LE ten OBSESVATION TIME T Tine m7 Fig 5 Correction Factors for Standard Error as a Function of Observation Time Fig 6 Equilibrium Time 4 4 ACCURACY OF LINEAR RANGES The accuracy of readings on the front panel meter is limited by the meter error which 2 of full scale The accuracy of the analog outputs is much better than the meter indications as shown in the instrument specifications This discussion and the specifications shown in Section 2 are related to the accuracy of the analog outputs The major cause of error is the finite charging time of the tank capacitor For all the ranges below 10 the error is kept below 0 15 of full scale The error increases for the higher ranges 0 2 for 10 0 5 for 3 x 10 and 1 5 for 10 This error is not random and the correction factor can be obtained from Fig 7 The curves in Fig 7 are exact for periodic inputs and remain essentially the same for random inputs except for the curve for the 109 range where the dotted portion shows corrections for random inputs As shown in Fig 7 the correction factor M is a function of both the range being used and the percent of full scale of the indication This illustrates that the best accuracy is obtained by selection of the range that provides an indication near
3. Spare 117 V ac Hot Power Return Ground Reset Scaler Gate Reset Auxiliary Coaxial Coaxial Coaxial 117 V ac Neutral High Quality Ground Ground Guide Pin Pins marked are installed and wired in ORTEC s Model 4001A and 4001C Modular System Bins
4. discharging current and the voltage across the capacitor is then functionally dependent on the input pulse rate The 9349 includes a resistor for the capacitor discharge for linear dependence and a transistor for logarithmic dependence These two types of circuits are discussed separately Figure 1 is a block diagram of the ORTEC 9349 Log Lin Ratemeter that shows the relations between its internal functions CURRENT SWITCH CAPACITORS Q11 thru O14 C11 thru C18 C35 LOGARITHMIC OUTPUT RANGE AMPLIFIER 015 thru O18 IC 1 ANALOG FRONT PANEL OUTPUTS METER 4 3 LINEAR OPERATION If the average input pulse rate is n and the charge per input pulse is Q then the average charging current is nQ At equilibrium the discharge current V R is equal to the charging current so that V nQ R A simplified equivalent circuit of the tank capacitor circuit is shown in Fig 2 The waveform at the right shows how the voltage across capacitor C increases to an equilibrium and the fluctuations suggest that a time constant has been selected that is short with respect to the interval between input pulses It can be shown that V V 1 e 777 OUTPUT CLOSE FOR TIME rg EACH A INPUT PULSE lt rra Fig 2 Simplified Equivalent Tank Capacitor Circuit where T RC which is the time constant of the circuit The standard deviation of a single observation for randomly spaced pu
5. 3 X10 0 1 10 0 1 3 X 10 0 1 10 0 1 Log 0 1 5 6 FACTORY REPAIR This instrument can be returned to the ORTEC factory for service and repair at nominal cost Our standard procedure for repair ensures the same quality control and checkout that are used for a new instrument Always contact the Customer Service Department at ORTEC 865 483 2231 before sending in an instrument for repair for shipping instructions and so that the required Return Authorization Number can be assigned to the unit This number should be written on the address label and on the package 12 Table 1 Range Calibration Analog 10V Adjusting Frequency Output Potentiometer Period counts s Use Time Constant H x A DS o When two time constants shown use the first time constant for a rough setting and follow with the second time constant for fine adjustment 13 Bin Module Connector Pin Assignments for Standard Pin O 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Function 3 V 3V Spare Bus Reserved Bus Coaxial Coaxial Coaxial 200 V dc Spare 6 V 6V Reserved Bus Spare Spare Reserved 12 V 12V Spare Bus Reserved Bus Spare Spare Reserved Pin 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Nuclear Instrument Modules per DOE ER 0457T Function Reserved Reserved Reserved Spare Spare 24 V 24 V Spare Bus Spare
6. TP2 must be within limits of 0 to 2 mV to indicate a proper quiescent condition in the current switch Q13 and Q14 The voltage at TP3 indicates the proper condition of the matched FETs and must be 2 1V PORERNE L A hranej Formes wana i LOG LONG TIME COMET AAT 27 LOH SHOT COME TANT rr Ga Dsi lareamil 10 aaa wo T T 5 3 OUTPUT ZERO LEVEL With no input pulses into the 9349 the output dc level at the rear panel BNC connector should be within the limits of 30 mV to 0 V If it is not adjust the zero trim potentiometer R62 to correct 5 4 RANGE CALIBRATION Trim potentiometers are used to individually calibrate each range Each potentiometer is available through the top of the module and its associated range is identified on the printed circuit board adjacent to the potentiometer Be sure that the protective side covers are mounted on the module before calibrating the instrument and operate the module outside the 4001 4002 Series Bin and Power Supply by using an ORTEC power extension cable or equivalent to furnish operating power to the module Fig 9 Response Time for the Log Range Set the Zero Suppression control on the front panel at 0 For each range adjust the corresponding trim potentiometer for a digital voltmeter reading according to Table 1 Be sure that the cable from the precision freque
7. used as the discharge circuit for the tank capacitor When the resistance r is included in the simplified circuit of Fig 2 in place of the resistance R the average indication and standard error can be shown to be V 23V log Ny rms Q 2C V In these equations V is thermal voltage which is 30 mV at 25 C The mean value V is temperature dependent and therefore a differential transistor pair is used to lower the temperature coefficient From Eq 10 the standard error is theoretically independent of the rate The 9349 Ratemeter provides two time constants for log operation to permit a selection of They are called long and short and correspond to approximately 5 and 15 In practice however the observed standard error will always be smaller especially at higher rates because of the limited bandwidth of the amplifier and of the meter and recorder TRUE VALUE READING 0 2X ALL OTHER CORRECTION FACTOR RANGE 10 a i ze ju Ag oo 60 70 METER READING OF FULL SCALE Fig 7 Accuracy of Meter Readings TYPICAL AT HOLIDAY C GF Fuil Scar El 1a 18 TERIPEFLATLERE x FL SEALE Ch 10 BATE COLUNTSISECE Fig 8 Nonlinearity and Temperature Coefficient for Log Operation 4 6 ACCURACY OF LOGARITHMIC RANGE The accuracy of the log range is less than that for the linear ranges T
8. ITHMIC BANGE cua 2 858 Re a et e eaae ee ae 9 4 7 RESPONSE TO AN INPUT RATE CHANGE 9 5 GAEIBRA TON EUER XO NEG RE EE 10 5 1 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED anata tans kana Lenses bees bere 10 5 2 MEASUREMENT OF TEST POINT VOLTAGES 10 b 3 OU TPUT ZERO EEVEL u ill xe E eu xe 10 5 4 RANGE GALIBRATION eve ve d gs 10 bib TROUBLESHOOTING hrs RL be eben eens wena bene ban eee ene eee eye NE 11 5 6 FAGTORYCREPAIR nue RE Le Se e AS A RUN 11 5 6 FAGTORY REPAIR RE RE NR RN 11 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND SYMBOLS This manual contains up to three levels of safety instructions that must be observed in order to avoid personal injury and or damage to equipment or other property These are DANGER Indicates a hazard that could result in death or serious bodily harm if the safety instruction is not observed WARNING Indicates a hazard that could result in bodily harm if the safety instruction is not observed CAUTION Indicates a hazard that could result in property damage if the safety instruction is not observed Please read all safety instructions carefully and make sure you understand them fully before attempting to use this product In addition the f
9. Printed in U S A Model 9349 Log Lin Ratemeter Operating and Service Manual ORTEC Part No 733710 Manual Revision C 1202 Advanced Measurement Technology Inc a k a ORTEC a subsidiary of AMETEK Inc WARRANTY ORTEC warrants that the items will be delivered free from defects in material or workmanship ORTEC makes no other warranties express or implied and specifically NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ORTEC s exclusive liability is limited to repairing or replacing at ORTEC s option items found by ORTEC to be defective in workmanship or materials within one year from the date of delivery ORTEC s liability on any claim of any kind including negligence loss or damages arising out of connected with or from the performance or breach thereof or from the manufacture sale delivery resale repair or use of any item or services covered by this agreement or purchase order shall in no case exceed the price allocable to the item or service furnished or any part thereof that gives rise to the claim In the event ORTEC fails to manufacture or deliver items called for in this agreement or purchase order ORTEC s exclusive liability and buyer s exclusive remedy shall be release of the buyer from the obligation to pay the purchase price In no event shall ORTEC be liable for special or consequential damages Quality Control Before being approved for shipment each ORTEC instrument must pass a
10. ate changes The proper selection is a function of the average counting rate and the purpose for which the measurement is made a true average rate may be desired or sudden rate changes may need to be identified quickly Longer time constants provide better long term averaging while shorter time constants reflect rate changes more quickly 1 2 DATA AVAILABILITY Any measured counting rate will be shown on the front panel meter with a 240 full scale deflection for accurate readability It is also available through rear panel connectors as a proportional analog value of voltage or current The outputs on the real panel can be used to drive a recorder an external indicating meter and or an oscilloscope The full scale range of the current output is O to 1mA This is intended for an input to a current type recorder that is adjusted for 1 mA full scale The full scale range of the comparable voltage output is 0 to 100 mV intended for use as the input to a voltage type recorder that is adjusted for 100 mV full scale Both outputs are furnished through binding posts that are appropriate for the recorder interconnections The full scale range of the analog output through the rear panel BNC connector is 0 to 10 V which is furnished through an output impedance of 1000 For any measurement the proportional meter deflection and the proportion of the analog full scale values will always be equal For example when the meter reads 50 of fu
11. cted during an experiment and yet position the readings for the normal average rates within the central portion of the full scale range Each linear range can be used with zero suppression to accommodate the same span of rates with up to twice the full scale maximum rate When a very wide variation of the count rates is encountered the logarithmic range will generally be preferred because it provides greater resolution for the lower counting rates than is furnished by a linear range with an equivalent full scale of 10 counts s INPUT T1 MONOSTABLE the Gti LINEAR RANGES AND ZERO SUPPRESSION ASO R51 R52 Fig 1 Simplified Block diagram of ORTEC 9349 Log Lin Ratemeter 019 O20 021 A variety of selectable time constants is also furnished in the 9349 The appropriate time constant for any specific application depends on several parameters In general shorter time constants will permit faster response to variations in count rates and longer time constants will tend to smooth out short term fluctuations information is included in the statistical theory discussions that follow 4 2 THEORY OF OPERATIONS The Ratemeter operates by applying a fixed amount of charge per input pulse into a tank capacitor In the interval between input pulses the capacitor discharges through some resistance As input pulses continue to occur an equilibrium is reached between the average charging and
12. ects the time constant for the integrating network 0 03 to 30 s in a 1 3 10 series for all linear ranges Short and Long for the log range Zero Suppression 10 turn precision potentiometer to suppress the zero reference level for any linear range from 0 to 100 the same full scale span is effective above the preselected zero reference level Panel Meter 240 circular movement with 3 1 2 in deflection accuracy 296 of full scale three scale markings 0 10 and 0 3 for linear ranges and 10 106 in five decades for log range 2 3 INPUT Input Rear panel BNC connector accepts negative NIM signal of gt 14 peak current and 3ns FWHM 2 4 OUTPUTS Analog Outputs BNC type UG 1094 U connector on rear panel provides 0 to 10 V full scale dc coupled with 1000 output impedance Recorder Outputs Binding post connectors on rear panel 100 mV Provides voltage output with 100 mV full scale dc coupled with 1000 output impedance 1 mA Provides current output of 1 mA full scale dc coupled with 10 output impedance 2 5 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL Power Required 24 V 50 mA 24 V 35 mA 12 V 30 mA 12 V 45 mA Dimensions NIM standard double width module 2 70 x 8 714 in Per TID 20893 3 INSTALLATION 3 1 GENERAL The 9349 Log Lin Ratemeter is designed for installation and operation in an ORTEC 4001 4002 Series Bin and Power Supply or equal The Bin and Power Supply is designed for relay rack mountin
13. est to 80 of full scale for any input where _1 1 1 22x 1 122 a 0 8Nn T The basic accuracy of any linear range can be used to extend the range to twice its normal maximum level with the aid of the zero suppression circuit The principle of operation is to furnish a constant current that is subtracted from the signal current The amount of current that is subtracted is determined by the front panel precision 10 turn potentiometer and the range for zero suppression is equal to the selected full scale range The same full scale range is effective above the offset zero that is selected by the potentiometer adjustment The accuracy of the potentiometer setting on its duo dial is 0 25 An example of the purpose for using zero suppression is an observation of a rate that varies around 150 counts s This can be observed at half scale on the 300 count s range and the accuracy will be based on the 300 count s full scale rate The same rate can be observed at half scale on the 100 count s range with the Zero Suppression control advanced to 100 and the accuracy will be based on the 100 count s full scale rate Another example is the observation of a variable rate that is superimposed on a constant background where suppression can compensate for the background 4 5 LOGARITHMIC OPERATION For the logarithmic range the nonlinear resistance r of the collector to base circuit of a transistor is
14. g and is usually installed in a rack that houses other electronic equipment Therefore vacuum tube equipment or other heat source that operates in the same rack with the 9349 must be sufficiently cooled with circulating air to prevent localized heating of the transistorized and integrated circuits in the 9349 The maximum limit for safe operation of the 9349 is 50 C 120 F and the temperature of equipment mounted in racks can easily exceed this limit unless precautions are taken 3 2 CONNECTION TO POWER The 9349 does not include any internal power supply but must obtain its operating power from the standard Bin and Power Supply in which it is installed for operation Always turn off the power before inserting or removing instrument modules The ORTEC NIM modules are designed so that a full complement of modules in the Bin will not overload the Bin power supply However this may not be true when the Bin contains modules of other than ORTEC design and Power Supply voltages should be checked when other modules are inserted The ORTEC 4001 4002 Series have test points on the Power Supply control panel to monitor the dc voltages When using the 9349 outside the Bin and Power Supply be sure that your extension cable includes the Power Supply grounding circuits specified in the recommended standards of TID 20893 Both high quality and power return ground connections are specified to ensure proper reference voltage feedback into the Powe
15. his is primarily due to the actual difference between the response of the logarithmic circuit and a true logarithmic distribution The typical nonlinearity and temperature coefficient are shown in Fig 8 4 7 RESPONSE TO AN INPUT RATE CHANGE The response of the 9349 operating as a log ratemeter to an input rate step change is always monotonic The speed of response depends on the initial and final rate ratio as shown in Fig 9 For any rate change the long time constant has a rise time that is 10 times that of the short time constant For example using Fig 9 Suppose that the input rate changes from 10 to 10 counts s The is 10 10 10 From this the curve shows that 7 T 22 6x10 s or 2 6 ms If the log time constant is short 7 60 10 0 6 so that T 2 6 103 0 6 1 36 ms If the initial rate is 10 counts s the rise time for a small rate change to 102 can be extremely long For larger changes the rise time approximately follows the curve with n initial gt 10 counts s 10 5 CALIBRATION 5 1 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED The following test equipment or equal is required to perform calibration on the 9349 Log Lin Ratemeter Tektronix Type 184 Precision Frequency Pulse Generator Digital Voltmeter Oscilloscope 5 2 MEASUREMENT OF TEST POINT VOLTAGES Test points TP2 and TP3 provide easy checks of critical voltages in the 9349 to determine that its circuits are operating normally The voltage at
16. ld follow the same procedure and ORTEC will provide a quotation Damage in Transit Shipments should be examined immediately upon receipt for evidence of external or concealed damage The carrier making delivery should be notified immediately of any such damage since the carrier is normally liable for damage in shipment Packing materials waybills and other such documentation should be preserved in order to establish claims After such notification to the carrier please notify ORTEC of the circumstances so that assistance can be provided in making damage claims and in providing replacement equipment if necessary Copyright 2002 Advanced Measurement Technology Inc rights reserved is a registered trademark of Advanced Measurement Technology Inc All other trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners CONTENTS WARRANTY amas away Qu ur ET E p E pr Er E E E o E pr TE p Erur E EEEO YETT EDY ii SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND SYMBOLS 0 iv SAFETY WARNINGS AND CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS To DESCRIP HON ea a oat aha haba ca dip bana haba Qanpa bagay 1 Tl GENE RALA Z n ata a a een qa 1 1 2 s sede UNE UNE INNEN NEM NEM VE 1 2 SPECIFICATIONS 0 TO 500G EVE
17. ll scale the three analog outputs will be 500 HA 50 mV and 5 V respectively 2 SPECIFICATIONS 0 TO 50 C 2 1 PERFORMANCE Linear Ranges 11 ranges from 10 to 10 counts s full scale in 1 3 10 steps Dead Time lt 100 ns the 10 range 0 396 of average pulse spacing up to the 3 x 10 range 196 on the 10 and 3 x 10 ranges Rated Overload Maintains full scale output for X300 overload or 10 counts s whichever is smaller Temperature Instability lt 0 05 C Analog Output Nonlinearity lt 0 15 of full scale from 10 to 3 x 10 counts s range lt 1 5 of full scale from 10 to 10 counts s Time Constants 7 selectable time constants 0 03 to 30 s in 1 3 10 steps Zero Suppression 0 to 100 of full scale nonlinearity lt 0 25 of full scale Logarithmic Range One 5 decade range from 10 to 10 counts s Temperature Instability lt 0 25 of full scale per C Analog Output Error lt 2 5 of full scale Standard Deviation 15 with Log Short Time Constant 5 with Log Long Time Constant Slewing Rate Dependent on input rate for any rate change Log Short Time Constant provides 10 times faster response than Log Long Time Constant 2 2 CONTROLS AND INDICATOR Range 12 position switch selects the full scale range and either linear or logarithmic mode linear ranges 0 10 counts s through 0 10 counts s 1 3 10 steps log range is 10 10 counts s Time Constant 9 position switch sel
18. lses is PERI V The relative standard error e depends on the input pulse rate and the selected time constant These relations are shown in Fig 3 2T DAD X ri creer RATE icr uci Fi g 3 Relative Standard Error APPROX 25 lt l APPROX 20 200511 Fig 4 Typical Recorder Output The ratemeter output is often recorded on a strip Equilibrium time is defined as the amount of time chart recorder and a lower standard error can be that is required for the 9349 indication to reach an obtained by using more data Figure 4 is a typical average value within one probable error 0 6750 graph obtained with a strip chart recorder From this figure the mean count rate and the standard deviation can be estimated T T In 1 1 15 T log 4 4nT 0 675c Using the expression T to identify the duration of observation in seconds and 7 for the time constant the error of the average value found by the above method is reduced by the factor K with These relations are shown in Fig 6 the following formula K QTIT T T 0 e The curve of Fig 5 illustrates this relation for T T ratios from 1 through 100 I 4 3 ak x z 90 1 s i_n 3 eam m i b D d 22 at 3 4 u
19. ncy generator to the 9349 input is terminated properly The front panel meter indications should agree with the frequency settings within the 2 meter tolerance except for the Log range the meter should read between 8 X 10 and 1 5 X 104 for the check that is made at 10 000 counts s for this range If observation of the front panel meter indication is the ultimate use for the 9349 rather than observation of an instrument that is operated with its Analog output the above calibrations can be made for accurate meter indications rather than for the indicated output voltage levels 5 5 TROUBLESHOOTING The following voltages and waveform details are intended to indicate the typical values as a means of detecting malfunctioning in the event of instrument failure Before checking any of the circuit details see that the 4001 4002 dc output voltages are within their specified tolerances Set the Range switch of the 9349 at 10 Set the Time Constant switch at 0 3 Set the Zero Suppression control at 000 dial divisions Location Typical Voltage Q8 C 12 0 Q9 E 1 0 Q13B 9 1 Q14B 8 0 2 0 gt 1 lt 3 1 3 11 2 1 7 17 Q19A B 0 176 Q19A C 11 17 11 Measure the monostable output pulse width at the collector of Q7 for each Range switch setting Each indicated duration should be withing 5 of the pulse width shown Range Pulse Width ps 10 300 30 100 10 30 3 X10 10 10 3 3 X10 1 10 0 3
20. ollowing symbol may appear on the product ATTENTION Refer to Manual DANGER High Voltage Please read all safety instructions carefully and make sure you understand them fully before attempting to use this product SAFETY WARNINGS AND CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS DANGER Opening the cover of this instrument is likely to expose dangerous voltages Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources while it is being opened WARNING Using this instrument in a manner not specified by the manufacturer may impair the protection provided by the instrument Cleaning Instructions To clean the instrument exterior Unplug the instrument from the ac power supply Remove loose dust on the outside of the instrument with a lint free cloth Remove remaining dirt with a lint free cloth dampened in a general purpose detergent and water solution Do not use abrasive cleaners CAUTION To prevent moisture inside of the instrument during external cleaning use only enough liquid to dampen the cloth or applicator Allow the instrument to dry completely before reconnecting it to the power source vi 9249 LOG UN RATEMETER o 1 TIME CONSTANT ioci TRO SUPPRESSION 0 1090 ORTEC 9349 LOG LIN RATEMETER 1 DESCRIPTION 1 1 GENERAL The ORTEC 9349 Log Lin Ratemeter is a double width NIM standard module that is designed for measurement of the average count rate of input pulses It can be used for photon or ion beam coun
21. put circuit is 0 to 410 V and the output is furnished through an output impedance of 100 A direct connection from the 10 V Analog Output can be made to any measuring device that can use this range This can be a voltmeter an oscilloscope or a similar instrument as desired The input impedance of the measuring instrument should be very high compared with the 100 O output impedance of the 9349 in order to use the 0 5 accuracy of the output to advantage A low impedance loading of any of the three outputs 10 V 1 mA and 100 mV on the 9349 will reflect a decrease in the signal available through all output circuits Except for this consideration the output connections can be used simultaneously through more than one output circuit without degradation of the information 4 OPERATION 4 1 GENERAL The function of the 9349 Ratemeter is to accept NIM standard fast negative input pulses and to indicate their average rate in counts per second The measurement of the rate in counts per second The measurement of the rate itself may be the desired end result or the rate can be monitored for variations or for control if a dangerous rate is sensed The average input rates of random signals can be expected to vary but the range of rates will normally lie within some small total range The variety of selectable full scale linear ranges is furnished to permit selection of any one range that will accommodate the highest rate to be expe
22. r Supply and these must be preserved in extension cables Be careful to avoid ground loops when the module is operated outside the Bin 3 3 INPUT CONNECTION Use 50 O cable to connect the source of NIM standard fast negative logic pulses to be counted into the rear panel input connector on the 9349 The input impedance through this connector is 50 providing the proper termination for the cable to prevent reflections and multiple counts from occurring The input signal to the 9349 is normally obtained from the Discriminator output of an ORTEC 9302 Amplifier Discriminator a 436 100 MHz Discriminator or a 0101 Differential Discriminator 3 4 ANALOG OUTPUTS A strip chart recorder can be connected to the 9349 output in order to obtain a permanent record of the variations in count rates that are measured by the 9349 through any time interval The three binding posts on the rear panel are intended for connection to the recorder The black binding post is a common ground for both types of recorder output One of the red binding posts is marked 1 mA and will be used to connect the output to a current type recorder input The other red binding post is marked 100 mV and will be used to connect the output to a voltage type recorder input The 10 V Analog Output BNC connector on the rear panel also furnishes an output voltage that is proportional to the meter deflection for any operating range The full scale range of this out
23. stringent set of quality control tests designed to expose any flaws in materials or workmanship Permanent records of these tests are maintained for use in warranty repair and as a source of statistical information for design improvements Repair Service If it becomes necessary to return this instrument for repair it is essential that Customer Services be contacted in advance of its return so that a Return Authorization Number can be assigned to the unit Also ORTEC must be informed either in writing by telephone 865 482 4411 or by facsimile transmission 865 483 2133 of the nature of the fault of the instrument being returned and of the model serial and revision Rev on rear panel numbers Failure to do so may cause unnecessary delays in getting the unit repaired The ORTEC standard procedure requires that instruments returned for repair pass the same quality control tests that are used for new production instruments Instruments that are returned should be packed so that they will withstand normal transit handling and must be shipped PREPAID via Air Parcel Post or United Parcel Service to the designated ORTEC repair center The address label and the package should include the Return Authorization Number assigned Instruments being returned that are damaged in transit due to inadequate packing will be repaired at the sender s expense and it will be the sender s responsibility to make claim with the shipper Instruments not in warranty shou
24. ting applications as well as for many others where NIM standard fast negative pulses are available to be counted The measurements are based on a selected full scale rate There are 11 rates from which to select the range that is appropriate when linear deflections are desired The range can be matched to the input pulse rate whether it is low lt 10 counts s medium or high to 109 counts s When the pulse rate varies through a wide range the 9349 can be used with a logarithmic range to expand the lower portion of the scale for better interpretation of changes when the count rate is low and will still accommodate the high count rates within the same total range The range of the logarithmic scale is 10 through 10 counts s in five decades With the aid of the front panel Zero Suppression control the range of any linear scale can be offset so that its zero indication is any count level between 0 and 100 of the full scale setting The span of the setting is the same full scale range above the preselected zero reference level For example with the Zero Suppression control set at mid scale 500 dial divisions and the Range switch set at 10 for 10 000 counts s the indications on the meter will be for a span from 5000 to 15 000 counts s A variety of time constants can be selected The time constant determines the relative averaging capability of the circuit and controls the rate at which the meter indication responds to sudden r
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