Home

pdf, 7.78 MB - Collaborative Crop Research Program

1. LONG TERM IMPACT More agricultural biodiversity is conserved on farm and improved livelihood conditions are measured a On farm conservation projects can be implemented around the world where there are areas of high levels of diversity of global significance diversified livelihood strategies intensive use of agricultural biodiversity and high cultural diversity These on farm conservation projects if well designed and successful should produce a positive cycle of increased diversity and improved well being resulting in the maintenance of or increase in diversity while simultaneously reducing poverty Both the qualitative and the quantitative analyses carried out during the grant demonstrated that on farm conservation interventions supporting on farm management of native crop diversity are largely successful and accomplish their objectives in a cost effective manner The results produced by the grant strongly suggest that adoption of the innovations from on farm interventions has an effect on the relevant biodiversity and that the relevant biodiversity in turn has an impact on livelihoods ll Narrative A Activities In the first year of project implementation a literature review was conducted to examine a set of on farm conservation projects that support on farm management of native crop diversity and seek to increase livelihood benefits derived from this diversity Six case studies funded by the McKnight Foundation a
2. Ecuador Provinces Chimborazo 3 projects Pichincha 2 projects Cotopaxi 2 projects Carchi and Imbabura 2 projects Ca ar and Azuay 1 project Pastaza 1 project Morona Santiago 1 project Peru Regions Cusco 3 projects Puno 3 projects Cajamarca 1 project Huancavelica 1 project and 1 national project Appendix G p 11 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 BOLIVIA BOLIVIA Elevation Value meters NS 70 761 MI 762 1 882 MI 1883 3 114 1 NATIONAL MN 3 115 4 085 PROJECT MI 4 086 6 177 Removing obstacles Je LaPaz to private E Department Borders conservation 3 PROJECTS Andean roots Andean tubers Andean Grains 5 PROJECTS Andean roots Andean tubers Andean grains 3 La Paz Cochabamba Chuquisaca Potos 1 PROJECT Andean grains 4 PROJECTS Andean grains 3 0 75 18 300 Kilometers Legumes Figure 3 Distribution of projects by region and crops Bolivia Located in the Neotropical zone Bolivia is characterized by an extraordinary biological diversity Its uniqueness is in the great diversity of ecosystems from tropical forests covering about 49 of the total surface area high Andean grassland plains 30 savannas 20 and wetlands 1 The ecosystems with highest species diversity in Bolivia are the Yungas and Sub Andean Amazonian Forests Bosques Amaz nicos Subandinos situated on the northeastern slopes of the Andes There are
3. Household surveys Household surveys were carried out with a random sample of farming households in communities where the selected projects took place In each location the samples were drawn from two Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 populations those who participated in the project and those who did not the latter serving as controls The survey elicited information on indicators of project participation and application of innovations provided by interventions adoption relevant crop diversity and associated management benefits associated with household wellbeing and standard socioeconomic variables such as family demographics education migration land tenure plot quality animal holdings ownership of agricultural assets access to social networks participation in government and non governmental programmes participation in markets and housing Statistical analyses Socioeconomic surveys From survey information researchers gleaned data on the number and types of interventions implemented by each project the rate of participation in them the adoption of associated innovations and the usefulness rating of these interventions as well as data on households socioeconomic characteristics and on the crop diversity grown by them Econometric analysis In the case of the six projects analyzed and because project interventions were not assigned randomly between treatment and control groups
4. en Santiago de Okola Talleres para los agricultores en los criterios y par metros de calidad Normas de certificaci n para la producci n de semillas de amaranto Estudio del proceso de toma de decisiones y el papel del g nero y la edad Appendix G p 97 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Promoci n de mejores pol ticas Marco normativo y jur dico identificado y 1 1 An lisis de Datos Econ micos de la Cadena y marcos legales para la soluciones para su mejora propuestas a los Productiva utilizaci n sostenible y socios 1 2 Reuniones Binacionales de expertos equitativa de los NUS 2 Conciencia p blica elevada entre los 2 1 Talleres responsables pol ticos sobre las cuestiones y 2 2 Pol ticas promovidas en el Ministerio de la opciones para la mejora de las pol ticas y agricultura marcos legales 2 3 Visitas para discutir la posibilidad de lanzar una
5. Appendix A p 4 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 and the threats they face as well as having piloted numerous interventions such as seed fairs participatory evaluation of landraces and dissemination of seeds biodiversity registrars improved marketing participatory crop improvement etc e g Bellon et al 2004 Jarvis et al 2000 Milpa Project 1999 However there is a lack of tools that enable donors practitioners and policy makers to measure a project s success and therefore there has been very little systematic evaluation of the extent to which these projects have actually produced on farm conservation outcomes in terms of maintaining or increasing crop diversity on farm including farmers knowledge and practices that underpin this diversity as well as of livelihood outcomes that create benefits for farmers This lack of systematic evaluation of project outcomes hampers the ability of donors policy makers and practitioners to learn and improve from their experiences and may lead to an inefficient use of scarce resources not only by donors and practitioners but also by participating farmers Evaluating these projects however presents some important methodological challenges that have received scant attention Smale et al 2004 so that the first step in addressing the problem is to develop and test the conceptual and methodological tools needed to carry out these evaluations As on farm conservation projects are imple
6. McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation United nations Development Programme UNDP Global Environmental Facility GEF Small Grant Programme Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Co financing SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation McKnight Foundation Global Environmental Facility GEF Starting 2001 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 1998 2003 2002 2006 2004 2005 2002 16 Ending 2005 2010 2009 2009 2008 2009 2009 2009 2000 2005 2005 2008 2008 2009 2005 Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 17 Table S3 Key socioeconomic characteristics of studied farmers and households Ecuador Peru Bolivia Indicator by household CAB CD E Total landholding ha i lt a 07 23 24 18 06 Language commonly spoken Spanish 35 8 24 2 31 43 2 47 8 Quechua 34 1 75 8 69 0 0 Aymara 0 0 0 56 8 52 2 Sex of head female 32 4 5 10 9 19 8 13 7 Age of head years 47 6 43 2 45 63 1 55 7 Education of head years 2 9 3 3 1 2 8 3 Family size number 5 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 6 Household with migrants 0 6 7 11 6 16 7 16 2 Mean sources of income outside own agriculture 2 5 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 7 Table S3 Detailed results of the three stage regression Adoption Ex ante participation Number of plots Spanish Sex household head Age head of household Education head of household
7. Migration Labor availability Landholdings Wealth Organizations Sources ofincome Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Constant Native Crop Diversity Adoption Number of plots Spanish Sex household head Age head of household Education head of household Migration Labor availability Landholdings Wealth Organizations Sources ofincome Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Constant Household Benefits Native Crop Diversity Number of plots Spanish Sex household head Age head of household Education head of household Migration Labor availability Landholdings Wealth Organizations Ecuador A 3 293 0 476 0 551 0 058 0 017 0 088 0 009 0 051 0 493 0 093 0 043 0 338 1 379 0 122 0 149 1 681 0 184 0 038 0 296 0 306 0 004 0 012 0 003 0 041 0 106 0 096 0 076 0 354 0 417 0 398 0 153 1 528 0 536 0 08 0 122 0 294 0 017 0 034 0 004 0 015 0 082 0 145 1 612 0 159 0 378 1 372 0 022 0 251 0 107 0 005 0 011 0 136 0 052 0 143 2 692 1 930 1 813 1 064 1 368 0 166 0 001 0 413 0 286 0 004 0 047 0 194 0 003 0 027 0 065 0 115 0 082 0 252 0 248 0 036 0 100 0 970 2 858 0 211 0 856 0 694 0 022 0 092 0 414 0 037 0 157 0 173 0 307 0 860 0 252 0 336 0 423 0 018 0 090 0 234 0 001 0 014 0 217 0 630 0 047 0 067 0
8. ono Figure 11 Social Network of the Andean Tubers Project Figure 9 Social Network of the Andean Tubers Project Muricipaidad Deistrial de Lamay Muricipabdad Distrital de Taray Provincia de Caka P ARSTAS ADANCAY CCALDO Proyecto FAO GCP PER 16 NET CEDEP AYLLU Link bre E Comenunties Municipales O international Org ONAMACHS NGOs Foundations Money mn ASOCIACIO ANDES O Training BB Private Sector ntormation GB pPuok sector Gov Research O Ureversties Research Inst On Appendix A p 63 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 12 Participation rates versus adoption rates Appendix A p 64 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 vent R amp D Design Projects Theory of Change what is the change to be Is there globally significant crop diversity f adoption and cted outcomes S19I10Yd AYY JLNY XJ Are there Ignore Are there local Incentives ee ntial to maintain diversity potentia interventions DNIYOLINOIN Are there on farm conservation to enhance activities projects in those areas incentives Are these interventions Are these interventions Monitor de facto driven by endogenous or driven by exogenous or non conservation farmers based actions Dnliriac DACS BEEBE EEE HERES farmer based actions A STE E Oe Sh Sc ack IS ommunicate with team Are there at
9. Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Annex A Figures and Graphs To accompany the research report on the project Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes Identifying Best Practices and Decision Support Tools Figure 1 Impact pathway Project Activities carried out in Pilot Sites with Stakeholders and Ultimate beneficiaries Research Outputs Develop a conceptual framework for Ex post analysis Develop best practices and guidelines on how to assess the success of Related Outcomes used by beneficiaries Conceptual and methodological tools to assess ethe success of their projects e lessons learned Changes Increased number of On Farm conservation projects delivering a greater impact as a result of a better varieties conserved on farm livelihood strategies management on farm conservation Nutritional projects Indicators Changes in attitudes Farmers aN Wider adoption of project 7 trained Outcomes outputs beyond target o Iterations Cycle and partners Adaptation amp Innovation dissemination beneficiaries through Networks Woman empowered Adoption of project outputs by major donor agencies Changes in Knowledge Project Impact More agro biodiversity conserved on farm and improved livelihood conditions Appendix A p 54 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure
10. Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 Adoption 0 2889878 Native Crop Diversity 467 9104 Bolivia Ex ante participation 1 908434 Adoption 0 0337049 Native Crop Diversity 497 0055 Note significant at the 10 05 01 001 level respectively The two projects in Bolivia SINARGEEA and Bioversity PROINPA were merged because they included very similar interventions were implemented by the same institution PROINPA A dummy variable was added to take into account project based differences In the case of INIAP the sample was not stratified by ex ante participation due to lack of available information However discussions with implementers indicated that being part of a protestant church played a key role in participation so a response mentioning a church in the section on social organization was used as the instrument for the adoption equation Two papers have been produced for a scientific audience One presents the conceptual framework used and the other the empirical evidence from the econometric results Appendices H 4 I C Challenges Network analysis Ideally the data needed for a network analysis should be compiled in a participatory process that involves all actors and captures their different perspectives however due to time and funding constraints the data were only elicited from project reports and a survey of project leaders Interventions participation as
11. Ca ar is rich in copper zinc silver and lead and has a very good climate and land for growing potatoes ullucos and ocas Agricultural production alternates with cattle farming due to the soil s fertility levels The lower inter Andean zone has been affected by severe erosion due to rainfall and rapid deforestation Agricultural production is the area s principal industry and migration from the area is low A high percentage of residents lack sufficient water supplies and the sewage system is limited PASTAZA e Conservation of biodiversity in Pastaza Pastaza is mainly occupied by indigenous communities 138 communities in which reside most of the illiterate population in the Province Health services are also extremely deficient particularly in urban small centers The loss of traditional cultivars has caused a significant decrease in the quality of food resulting in high incidence of child malnutrition and contagious diseases Market oriented cattle breeding resulted in Appendix G p 18 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 deforestation water pollution and decline of traditional livelihood subsistence resources such as hunting and fishing Both modem agricultural and livestock technologies are eroding the forest soil conditions promoting deforestation and accelerating the traditional knowledge loss MORONA SANTIAGO Conservaci n y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera del C ndor The population of Morona
12. Livelihood impact indicators are designed to measure changes in households access to assets institutional structures and livelihood strategies CGIAR 2008 and should be Outcome focused both quantitative and qualitative data are useful to assess the final outcomes and help understand hidden or unintended impacts Process based the quality of the process that leads to those outcomes is important Negotiable and open ended indicators must be contextualized and assess both positive and negative trends Following the World Bank 2004 good indicators must entail certain characteristics Be direct unambiguous measure of progress an increase or decrease of the indicator is invariably better For instance immunization coverage expenditure can be positive if it reflects an increase in household resources for health negative if it reflects a disease incidence increase Vary across group areas and over time child malnutrition is more likely to vary quickly over time than life expectancy Have a direct link with interventions for instance it is not appropriate to make vehicle operating costs an indicator to assess the condition of roads because indirect intervening factors such as oil prices can produce a bias Be relevant for policy making indicators must be coherent with the level of disaggregation relevant for decision making e g national regional Be consistent with the decision making cycle use indicators
13. Project interventions require the development of specific outputs i e novel knowledge methods technologies or forms of organization to be used by project beneficiaries or target groups to generate the envisioned change therefore can also be conceptualized as innovations provided by a project Some of these outputs will be related more to diversity others more to livelihoods but they have to be complementary Once the specific interventions have been identified then there is a need to clearly define how desired change to the current situation can be accomplished i e the methodology to be used Once the different interventions and methods have been defined there is a need to set up a network of partners that will enable the project implementation Therefore there is a need to understand which actors and institutions can influence or support the interventions and how what their goals and eventual relationships are and what links and channels are needed to improve collaboration 6 Map the impact pathway Once all these components have been defined there is a need to develop an impact pathway which is a logical and coherent conceptual chain of events that link all components into a process The chain of events maps the pathway by which planned outputs are related to interventions and allows the project team to contextualize them Interventions then are expected to lead to the application and use of the outputs that may differ
14. being The two results are shown to be not mutually exclusive but mutually reinforcing Private Benefits This fact sheet was prepared by Mauricio Bellon Elisabetta Gotor and Francesco Caracciolo For further information please contact Dr Mauricio Bellon Bioversity International Principal Scientist at m bellon cgiar org This work by Bioversity International is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License November 2012 Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Metodolog as para la Evaluaci n de Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca Dise o del estudio El estudio identific y examin 26 proyectos de conservaci n en finca de cultivos nativos en los Bioversity International H MEKNIGHI H i NDATI IN En los ltimos 20 a os ha se ha desarrollado un gran inter s en la conservaci n en finca de la diversidad de cultivos Numerosos proyectos al respecto se han llevado a cabo a nivel mundial Este tipo de proyectos es necesario debido a que mantener la diversidad de cultivos en finca puede implicar costos importantes para los agricultores involucrados quienes adem s enfrentan fuertes incentivos para abandonar sta Sin embargo ha habido una escaza evaluaci n sistem tica del grado en que estos proyectos han producido realmente resultados tanto en t rminos de mantener o aumentar la diversidad de cultivos en finca incluyendo e
15. e Are we introducing something completely new with the intervention or are we creating new ways of disseminating or using existing practices The answers to these questions determine different methodologies and different evaluation methods and therefore they need to be properly addressed Beneficiaries participate in an intervention to which they attach a certain level of usefulness and then some of them apply the innovation provided by the intervention The rating of usefulness codetermines the rate of application There might be spillovers to non participants who deem the intervention useful and decide to apply the innovations learned by participants Finally the application of innovations determines changes in local agricultural biodiversity while it also determines changes in livelihoods both directly and through changes in agricultural biodiversity Related to participation and usefulness it was interesting to see that participants and implementers mainly deemed useful the same activities There seems to be a good understanding of what farmers need and value We also learned that the definition of a baseline and control group is fundamental to understand unambiguously the change brought about by an intervention Statistical analysis Our approach has established a plausible link between the application of interventions promoted by projects aimed at on farm conservation even if their application was determined by factors other than project partic
16. limatomate tomate de monte tomate de La Paz Bolivia Argentina In the following paragraphs we draw a brief description of Andean crops by class referring to different sources National Research Council 1989 Bermejo and Le n 1994 Tapia 2000 Tapia and Mateo 1987 each followed by a summary description of the projects relative to those crops in order to have an overall view on the interventions carried out The multiplication productivity and promotion of Andean crops are the objective of most of the projects we have studied which have tried to develop or introduce varieties more acceptable at cultural and consumption level and with desirable agronomic and productive characteristics ANDEAN ROOTS AND TUBERS Many roots and tubers have their origins in the high mountains of the Andes Indigenous people have cultivated and improved them since many centuries Andean roots and tubers in fact present high yields in poor soils under adverse climatic conditions as well as tolerance to various plagues and diseases However these traditional crops are being superseded by market integration and higher yielding species with better market potential Production concentrated on the few varieties of potatoes widely accepted by the market Agronomic development monocropping tendencies and poor use of modern agricultural inputs have also affected agro ecosystem viability and increased pest damage Among the most studied Andean plant genetic reso
17. Appendix A p 46 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 focus was different and not always well identified as either research for development or development itself Moreover outcomes are general definitions are broad and it is seldom clear how they were actually achieved and if and how the related change could be measured Our analysis is a first step toward the development of a conceptual framework for the inclusion of network analysis in ex ante and ex post impact assessment In fact despite the bias and limitations in the way we had to collect information based on secondary and indirect primary data reports and surveys instead of face to face interviews or workshops this exercise was very useful in understanding network structure links and influential actors In fact we argue that network analysis represents an interesting method not only ex ante as it was conceived for mapping out information flow power structure and bottlenecks in a network but also as an ex post methodology to understand the type and intensity of interactions created in a project and assess the level to which the knowledge transfer capacity building network creation and dissemination were successful Network analysis could therefore be used as a before and after analysis to allow comparisons on the network designed at the beginning for the project to understand which actors can aid or impede the successful development of the project and the channels that would
18. ElA IFAD Bolivian Government Sistema Boliviano de Tecnolog a Agropecuaria SIBTA Location Yauli and Pacara districts Huancavelica Peru Guntuz Community Riobamba Canton Chimborazo Province Ecuador Colomi Chapare Province Cochabamba Region Bolivia Santiago de Okola Coromata Media Cuevas Canadas Mojotorillo Bolivia Cieneguillas Corisuyo Auquiorko Ocoruru Peru La Paz Coromata Media Chauhira Chico Jalsuri Colina Patarani San Pedro y San Pablo Rosapata Erbenkalla Kalla Arriba Tacaca Corpa Tiahuanacu Titijoni Cachilaya Cutusuma Cutusuma Alta Igachi Kealluma R o Grande Choj acollo Avicaya Cariquina Grande Jutilaya Chiaruyo Pomposillo Pusucani Asunci n de Huancarama I acamaya San Jos de Llanga Vitu Calacachi Salviani Ayamaya Oruro Tola Phujru Tika Noka Quillacas Sullka Tunka Chuquichuru Condoriri Irpani Potos Chacala Sajsi Cochabamba Llaytani Bolivia Appendix A p 13 Project Title Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per Sustainable production of quinoa a neglected food crop in the Andean region Lupin Quinoa Sustainable production systems to guarantee food security in impoverished communities in the province of Cotopaxi Ecuador Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinoa y ca ihua en Bolivia Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinoa altiplano sur Green manur
19. K S Bawa et al 2012 Social ecological and regional adaptation of agrobiodiversity management across a global set of research regions Global Environmental Change 22 623 639 Jarvis D T Hodgkin B R Sthapit C Fadda I Lopez Noriega 2011 Identifiying multiple ways of supporting the conservation and use of traditional crop varieties within the agricultural production system Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30 125 176 Jarvis D L A H Brown P H L Collado Panduro L Latournerie Moreno et al 2008 A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop variety diversity maintained by farming communities Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105 5326 5331 Mercer K L H R Perales 2010 Evolutionary response of landraces to climate change in centers of crop diversity Evolutionary Applications 3 480 493 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 Ecosystems and Human Well being Synthesis Island Press Washington DC Nagarajan L and M Smale 2007 Village seed systems and the biological diversity of millet crops in marginal environments of India Euphytica 155 1 2 167 182 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 23 Pautasso M G Aistara A Bernaud S Caillon P Clouvel et al 2012 Seed excange n
20. MACRENA World Neighbours Instituto Nacional de Investigaci n y Tecnolog a Agraria INIA Fundaci n Rainforest Rescue FURARE UNDP Main Donor Scanagri NIRAS McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation Global Environmental Facility GEF Bioversity International IPGRI Dutch Embassy McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation UNDP Global Environmental Facility GEF Small Grant Programme Global Environmental Facility GEF Location Cabana Puno Lima and Cusco Peru Salar de Uyuni Potosi Department Bolivia Saquisili Cotopaxi Province Ecuador Cariquina Grande Provincia Camacho Cachilaya Provincia Los Andes Titijoni Provincia Ingavi y Coromata Media Provincia Omasuyos La Paz Department Bolivia Altiplano Sur Potosi Bolivia Municipalities of Sacaca San Pedro de Buenavista and Acasio Potosi Department Bolivia Ibarra Otavalo and Cotacachi Carchi and Imbabura provinces Ecuador SIERRA NORTE Cajamarca SELVA ALTA Loreto SELVA BAJA San Mart n SIERRA CENTRAL Huancavelica y Jun n COSTA CENTRAL Ica y Lima y SIERRA CENTRO SUR Ayacucho Peru San Miguel de los Bancos Pichincha Ecuador Appendix A p 14 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Location Quichua communities of Yana Yacu Nina Amarun and Lorocachi Main Donor Global Environmental Facility GEF Project Title Conservation of Bio
21. Native potato Biodiversity of Andean tubers Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Potato moth Lupin Quinoa Cover agriculture Sustainable production of quinoa Seed Systems Projects focused on Local Agricultural Research Committees are Proyecto Integral Candelaria Sustainable production of quinoa Lupin Quinoa Cover agriculture Seed systems Other organizations and associations including women organizations were created in the projects Proyecto Integral Candelaria Biodiversity of Andean tubers Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de raices andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi Sustainable production of quinoa Green manure Cover agriculture In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Peru Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA 5 SOCIO CULTURAL BENEFITS The dissemination of project activities and their results is fundamental for projects to raise awareness on the role of targeted species the ways to improve their conservation and how they can achieve better nutrition income and generally livelinood outcomes For this reason all the projects examined had a more or less Appendix G p 68 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 developed promotion component which ca
22. Strategies training manuals 2 Local capacity strengthening through manuals and formation of leaders 3 Promotion and diffusion of Andean roots through market niches RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Arracacha is a root of regional importance the promotion of which could help alleviate poverty and generate local development processes for the benefit of Andean families This hypothesis is supported by the growing demand of this root for its easy adaptability to different ecological areas and for the degree of interest shown in the industry and because it is associated with a fine and delicate product DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Microcentres with great diversity and productive potential were selected as well as promising products with priority to the Arracacha Arracacia xanthorriza In the microcenters prioritized for project implementation in Bolivia Peru and Ecuador the cultivation and marketing of arracacha generates income for approximately 1 700 families representing more than 10 000 people Native Potato improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Country Peru Organization University of Cuzco CRIBA Peru McKnight Foundation Budget USS 200 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project funded by McKnight Foundation and implemented from 2005 to 2009 by the Intermediate Technology Development Group ITDG aims to increase the food security of native Quechua and Aymara communitie
23. There may not be benefits relevant for humans below a minimum threshold of crop diversity Once this threshold is passed then additional diversity contributes positively to the evolutionary services generated by crop diversity but probably at a decreasing rate up to a point where no additional benefits are produced and a plateau is reached Assuming compatible scales in the crop diversity metric in both figures Figure 1a can be flipped by 90 degrees to the left in order to align the crop diversity axis with Figure 1b resulting in Figure 2a that connects the three outcomes relevant for on farm conservation Figure 2a Crop Diversity i A o l l l E l Public Benefits Figure 2b Private Livelihood Benefits Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Then one can map the position of a community with respect to the private livelihood benefits that it derives from crop diversity and the public benefits it contributes to society by maintaining this diversity Figure 2a maps the trade off described above where economic development leads to a decrease in crop diversity which in turn leads to a major loss of the public benefits associated with the evolutionary services generated by crop diversity Assuming that the increase in societal benefits is socially desirable then interventions could be implemented to decrease the sl
24. a measure of crop richness Since in all projects there were multiple target crops a factor analysis was performed on the number of varieties of each target crop per household in order to obtain a reliable univariate measure of crop diversity For household benefits in most projects the indicator was the quantity of target crops consumed and marketed by the household from its production if prices were available we calculated the gross revenues from marketing In one project however the indicator was a life satisfaction index derived from a series of ratings on the level of satisfaction experience by the household with respect to different variables such as housing access to education economic activities social life and contacts as well as nutrition and food security CONCLUSIONS The methods followed in this study allowed the researchers to conclude that a successful on farm conservation project will display a trajectory in which participation should lead to adoption of innovations provided by project interventions resulting in increased conservation and use of crop diversity and the derivation of both public societal and private livelihood benefits as in the following diagram Public benefits 4 lt A Project gt Adoption q __ Interventions Crop diversity SUCCESS Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 The process depicted here may appear simplistic but this linear approximation is usef
25. l In situ management of RTAs and preservation of natural resources through integral biodiversity management trails fairs Production and distribution of quality seed virus free 3 Agro industrial application and artisanal production of processed RTAs Appendix G p 28 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 4 Market research and promotion of consumption of RTAs 5 Technology transfer and training on RTAs RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Currently in situ conservation in Ecuador is executed primarily by indigenous communities with small and scattered efforts by other actors Strengthening the capacity of farmers and local organizations would increase the conservation of farm genetic resources improving livelihoods of farmers and ensuring food security for future generations Conservation based on active participation of the farmer s family which involves the maintenance of traditional varieties or cropping systems within traditional agricultural systems requires a series of activities such as the study of population biology socio economic studies market research participatory breeding farm etc DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION The initial diagnosis of genetic erosion agro socio economic surveys and collection of tuber samples for this study was conducted in communities in the province of Chimborazo in order to identify the degree of loss of diversity in the area of Las Huacones The results of the participatory appr
26. neighboring communities via barter and sale and at risk of transferring pests and diseases many projects also focused on monitoring the seed flow after returning cleaned varieties to farmers or training them in seed cleansing and disease prevention The repatriation of varieties results in increased volumes of high quality seeds available to peasant families and in the return of native seed to local markets Some of the projects also had a genetic improvement component in order to obtain material with outstanding agronomic characteristics and provide varieties of better quality and resilience to the Andean climate subject to unexpected periods of frost hail and drought The breeding work is generally focused on minimizing the effect of the main limiting factors of production such as drought frost pests and diseases Some projects were also active in the collection and widening of accessions in national or communal germplasm banks such as the National Germplasm Bank of Andean Roots or the National Germplasm Bank of High Andean Grains complementing on farm conservation with ex situ activities Most active projects in this focal area are Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Proyecto Integral Candelaria Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Biodiversity of Andean tubers Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua en Bolivia Conservaci n complementaria y uso
27. noa y ca ahua Libro regulador de las t cnicas de cultivo Primer borrador de una norma t cnica sobre la comercializaci n de la quinua en el Per desarrollado en colaboraci n con diversas asociaciones Organizaci n de la sinergia entre 30 organizaciones diferentes que est n activamente involucrados en la cadena de valor de la quinua Establecimiento de una plataforma multilateral y un marco estrat gico para la conservaci n y utilizaci n sostenible de granos andinos en el Per Participaci n en la Reuni n del Consejo Regional para la Seguridad Alimentaria Consejo Regional de Seguridad Alimentaria CORSA del Cuzco Appendix G p 106 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA una intervenci n Asegurar la conservaci n del germoplasma
28. one of the countries with the highest levels of agro biological diversity worldwide has 51 ethnic groups around 30 of the population who practice different in situ conservation strategies In the Andes Quechua and Aymara originated people are the primary nurturers of agro biodiversity The Andean region therefore offers a rich basin of opportunities for the promotion of in situ conservation of crop genetic resources IN SITU CONSERVATION The conservation and use of biological diversity are crucial for an environmentally sustainable and socially equitable development Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2002 The strategies to protect the functions and diversity of ecosystems have often involved the creation of natural reserves or protected areas and the support to genetic richness at a national level Besides the creation of protected areas a common strategy is ex situ conservation or the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats for instance in gene banks and germ plasm banks However the worldwide concern on the loss of biodiversity has led to new strategies involving a more direct engagement of those who use and maintain this biodiversity everyday as part of their livelihoods strategies e g farmers breeders fishers lumberjacks This renewed interest in the link between traditional practices of indigenous and rural communities who have domesticated and selected agricultural va
29. pa ses sitios objetivo Metodolog as y enfoques para la gesti n del turismo desarrollados y difundidos por las comunidades locales con un enfoque en la conservaci n de la identidad cultural y la diversidad gen tica y la mejora de los medios de vida a trav s de NUS Productos tangibles incluyen metodolog as para minimizar riesgos y maximizar los beneficios asociados manuales para los miembros de la comunidad publicaciones espec ficas salidas etc Productos no tangibles incluyen el empoderamiento de los miembros de la comunidad a trav s del intercambio de experiencias capacitaci n y otras intervenciones una mayor autoestima de los asociados una mayor cooperaci n entre los pa ses e instituciones involucradas Folletos y publicaciones diversas que subrayan los m ltiples valores de los NUS y sus estrechas conexiones con las culturas locales y la identidad de la gente Mayor disponibilidad de germoplasma y conocimientos ind genas de las especies objetivo para medidas provisorias Mayor conocimiento de las caracter sticas de alta calidad en las especies objetivo y selecci n de las mejores variedades Sistemas de producci n de semilla fortalecidos establecidos para las especies objetivo garantizando la calidad una oferta regular y el mantenimiento de la diversidad gen tica y cultural de los NUS en los sistemas de producci n y de mercado Base de recursos de determinadas especies y conocimientos ind genas relacionados man
30. plataforma para la promoci n de los granos andinos Promoci n de la cooperaci n en 1 Mayor conciencia de la importancia 1 1 Monograf a sobre la ca ahua la gesti n de los NUS y econ mica social nutricional y cultural de 1 2 Campa as de sensibilizaci n sensibilizaci n sobre la los NUS entre los diversos interesados a 1 3 Talleres de diseminaci n de Tecnolog as y importancia de NUS para los trav s de la televisi n la radio talleres Metodolog as medios de subsistencia jardines de demostraci n hojas informativas 1 4 Taller de Difusi n en la gesti n de productos etc 1 5 Jingles radio 2 Difusi n de los resultados de los proyectos 1 6 Concursos de alimentaci n m s all de los socios principales y mejorar 2 1 Libro las cadenas de valor 2 2 CD ROM con las tesis de investigaci n 3 La oferta y la cadena de valor de las especies 3 1 Campa as de concienciaci n objetivo mejoradas a trav s de v nculos m s 3 2 Participaci n en eventos eficaces entre los actores 4 1 Socios identificados para concursos 4 Fortalecimiento de redes de participaci n de gastron micos los actores en distintos niveles Movilizaci n de apoyo y recabar 1 Apoyo pol tico para promover un mayor uso 1 1 Seguimiento y evaluaci n de impacto fondos para las actividades de los NUS a nivel local y municipal as como 1 2 Fundos complementarios sobre los NUS a nivel regional y nacional obtenida a trav s de reuniones talleres y otras iniciativas 2 Notas c
31. projects were the collection and characterization through morphological agronomic and molecular analyses of the different varieties of target native species in order to understand the crop diversity used by farmers and define appropriate interventions Subsequently many projects carried out regeneration and multiplication of local varieties in many cases after cleaning the planting material of viruses as well as new improved varieties adapted to local agro climatic conditions The second activity undertaken by most projects was participatory selection and evaluation of the native crop varieties to understand farmers preferences for production and consumption to determine which were the best performing genotypes to develop improved agronomic practices connected to the production of varieties selected by farmers to produce quality seed but also to raise awareness among farmers of the diversity they manage This activity was often carried out with the collaboration of existing local Farmer Field Schools ECAs or Local Agricultural Research Committees CIALs or the establishment of new ones Such participatory methods were also applied to the evaluation of traditional knowledge the collection of socio economic data and the analysis of on farm conservation dynamics and have been repeatedly stressed as important in project reports and interviews with key informants All of these activities were rated highly by interviewees with average ratings abo
32. scheme that allows us to reflect systematically on these issues organize our knowledge and identify knowledge gaps and lack of understanding By providing interventions that link the conservation of crop diversity with improved well being not only are incentives created for the continued maintenance of diversity and the generation of evolutionary services but options are provided to make the conservation process fairer by aligning the short term private interests of farmers with society s long term public interests On farm conservation as a provider of evolutionary services directly to farmers contributes to their endogenous capacity to respond to change while maintaining the structure and functioning of their agricultural systems hence their resilience The implementation of successful projects supporting on farm conservation should enable farmers and their agricultural systems to remain sustainable and resilient by providing them with tools that enhance their Capacity to face change under conditions of uncertainty The framework presented here provides a conceptual tool that allows scientists donors policy makers and practitioners involved in on farm conservation projects to identify gaps lack of understanding and organize the knowledge and information needed for the development of on farm conservation projects It also provides the basis for assessing the success of these projects It is hoped that the framework will help
33. 0 9 6 1 114 0 9 3 7 4 0 Bioversi 1 ty 16 162 56 106 0 35 76 86 0 53 8 0 76 0 88 3 96 4 0 SINARGE AAt 13 161 25 136 0 16 89 72 0 45 128 52 0 72 3 85 4 0 Tota 92 848 261 488 0 31 290 558 0 66 7 1 557 0 89 58 4 5 4 1 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Table 7 shows that there were a total of 92 interventions across all six projects Interventions were grouped into thirteen themes depending on their aim and then counted Panel A Not all themes were present in all projects but each project has a combination of these interventions and each theme grouped between one and six interventions The most common set of interventions had to do with collecting characterizing the diversity of native species and varieties which generated new knowledge to farmers and scientists about the crop diversity available and providing farmers with access to both local and introduced varieties through seed fairs production and distribution of seed and other mechanisms The second most common set of interventions had to do with training interventions that provided knowledge and practices on different aspects such as agronomy consumption diversity and pests and diseases The third type of interventions was related to new forms of farmer organizations including the formation of local research committees CIALs or strengthening local organizations for better ma
34. 09 1100 Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 Base de datos del banco ampliada con informaci n ecogeogr fica de las colecciones de quinua y ca ahua silvestres Identificaci n taxon mica de 44 accesiones de ca ahua silvestres y 59 accesiones de quinua silvestre Germoplasma de quinua y ca ahua silvestres caracterizado Numero de nuevas accesiones recolectadas Bienestar familiar 1 4 Taller de la agrocadena del chocho 2 1 Estudio sobre el efecto del consumo de chocho en la composici n de cidos grasos en la leche materna 2 2 Consumo de quinua y chocho a nivel de hogar monitorado 3 1 Numero de eventos de capacitaci n y difusi n ferias demostrativas ferias de intercambio convenios conferencias intercambios de experiencias 3 2 Numero de campa as publicitarias 1 1 Numero de CIALs conformados 1 1 Procesos desarrollados para la producci n de nuevos productos en base de quinua y chocho 1 2 Productos en base de quinoa seleccionados y estudiados a nivel comnuitario y rural 1 1 Numero de reuniones talleres reportes 2 1 Numero de vistias a otras comunidades 4 1 Libros para promover la ca ahua y quinua silvestre 4 2 Programas de radio 4 3 Seminarios para estudiantes de secundaria en las escuelas rurales 4 4 Fe
35. 2 A theory of change Bioversity Mc Knight Project Outputs Appendix A p 55 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 3 1 Relationship between private livelihood benefits and crop diversity Crop Diversity L a Private Livelihood Benefits Figure 3 2 Hypothetical relationship between crop diversity and public benefits evolutionary services Public Benefits Crop Diversity Appendix A p 56 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 3 3 Mapping changes in private livelihood benefits unto public benefits through changes in crop diversity Crop Diversity A Do o o _ o i i i l a i I i i B e a e A o l Public Benefits Private Livelihood Benefits Figure 3 4 Scenarios of change in private and public benefits associated with changes in crop diversity Crop Diversity A B 2 or oa A A A A A AAA A Scenario 3 l kB l N Intervention Pg os E Scenario 2 I Intervention i i a AA A A m Scenario 1 l I Scenario 4 Public Benefits Private Livelihood Benefits Figure 3 5 Success of on farm conservation project Appendix A p 57 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Societal Benefits Agricultural Livelihood Project A 8 Interventions meen Biodive
36. 2 Indicators Panel A Participation and adoption Sample size 162 Ex ante rate of participation 34 6 Observed Rate of participation 53 1 Mean number of interventions participated 8 Adoption by ex ante participants relative to overall sample 27 2 Adoption by ex ante participants relative to themselves 78 6 Adoption by non ex ante participants relative to overall sample 25 9 Adoption by non ex ante participants relative to themselves 39 6 Mean number of interventions adopted 4 Median rating of usefulness of intervention 4 Panel B Crop diversity Mean number of crops hh 3 8 Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Farmers planting 76 5 Mean number of varieties hh 1 8 Seed sources farmers own 87 3 years of replanting own seed 32 3 Ca ahua Chenopodium pallidicaule Farmers planting 51 9 Mean number of varieties hh 1 7 Seed sources farmers 555 556 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 own years of replanting own seed Panel C Livelihood benefits Farmers consuming their own quinoa production Farmers selling quinoa Quantity of ca ahua produced for self consumption and sale kg hh Farmers consuming their own ca ahua production Farmers selling ca ahua Quantity of quinoa produced for self consumption and sale kg hh Total quantity of both crops produced for self consumption and sale kg hh Gross income from quinoa sold Bolivianos hh Gross income fr
37. 22 Protected Areas PAs from Manuripi through Madidi Apolobamba Pil n Lajas Cotapata Isiboro S cure Carrasco and Ambor The Amazonian lowlands of Pando Beni northern La Paz northern Cochabamba and northern Santa Cruz also have high levels of species diversity Araujo et al 2005 Bolivia is also rich in endemic species species with relatively limited geographic distribution it has at least 100 endemic species of vertebrates and about 25 percent of the vascular plants found in the country 4 000 5 000 species could be endemic As for genetic diversity about 50 species of native domesticated plants are known in Bolivia and around 3 000 medicinal species are used locally and regionally Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificaci n 2003 Domesticated native animals including unique Andean camelids such as alpacas and llamas are economically important Appendix G p 12 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Key threats to Bolivia s biodiversity and tropical forests in order of gravity are USAID 2008 Loss conversion and degradation of forests and other natural habitats increasing destruction of habitats caused primarily by deforestation for the conversion of land to agriculture and cattle ranching commercial logging fires human settlement in rural areas and coca production Pollution of aquatic ecosystems mining wastes especially in the Cordillera and Sub Andean region misuse of agrochemicals such a
38. 8 Capacity building through training and extension for farmers 9 Organizing farmers in groups to experiment and test technologies CIALs or to market their products and hence foster new income opportunities 10 Establishment of home gardens to foster consumption of nutritious species 11 Establishment of agro tourism to offer new incomes sources to farmers Associated with these activities and interventions there were many indicators to measure and verify that project outputs were produced leading to outcomes that work together to contribute to generating changes in either agricultural biodiversity or in livelihoods The full report on the literature review Appendix F presents a compilation of all the agricultural biodiversity and well being indicators resulting from the examination of the projects It was difficult to identify from project documentation the specific changes in agricultural biodiversity and livelihoods generated by the projects outcomes and whether the interventions could be actually linked to these changes in a systematic and transparent manner From the review however there are a set of lessons that can be derived in terms of common problems faced by projects as well as good practices employed by them Findings of Literature Review Common problems faced by projects include the difficulty in attracting investment in these types of projects given their low income potential Even though there may be demand for native sp
39. Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad 2 1 2 2 Numero de cultivares locales identificados por sus nombres locales sus caracter sticas fenot picas as como por los conocimientos asociados a su utilizaci n Germoplasma comunal de tub rculos andinos establecido Ferias de semillas y exposici n de entradas de tub rculos andinos Bienestar Usos productivos y nutricionales de melloco y zanahoria blanca identificados Numero de promotores formados Cursos libros de cocina Programas de televisi n sobre los RTAs y sus usos Numero de acuerdos con puntos de venta en Quito Mejores pr cticas de procesamiento identificadas Numero de eventos de capacitaci n organizados N mero de agricultores que participaron en los eventos de capacitaci n Autodibujos programas de radio archivos fotogr ficos material escrito Estudio sobre los criterios del agricultor en el movimiento de semilla en los circuitos locales 4 1 Comportamiento de 8 variedades seleccionadas evaluado Estudio sobre las t cnicas artesanales de procesamiento de oca 1 2 Estudio comparativo sobre proceso tradicional y mejoras propuestas 2 1 Estudio de los vol menes de comercializaci n de chu o en la ciudad
40. Caracterizaci n y acuerdo con puntos de venta de melloco en Quito enfocando las oportunidades y limitaciones de abastecimiento desde Las Huaconas Investigaci n de mercados y promoci n del consumo de RTA Validaci n transferencia de tecnolog a y formaci n sobre los RTAs Transferencia de tecnolog a y capacitaci n Identificaci n de variedades locales de tub rculos andinos Revalorizaci n de variedades nativas de papa y oca con agricultores de Candelaria 3 Validaci n de circuitos locales de semilla var imilla blanca dentro del sistema de producci n de Candelaria 4 Rendimiento potencial de papa nativa papalisa oca e isa o en la localidad de Candelaria prov Chapare Cochabamba Desarrollo de estrategias de producci n manejo y conservaci n de la 2 biodiversidad de RTAS Aplicaci n validaci n y evaluaci n de tecnolog as tradicionales mejoradas en la elaboraci n de chu os Caracterizaci n de la oferta de productos procesados tradicionalmente chu os en Candelaria y en el mercado cochabambino 3 Dise o y difusi n de un paquete educativo alimentario y estrategia de promoci n y difusi n a utilizarse en la zona de Candelaria 4 Investigaci n de mercado para papalisa deshidratada en hojuelas en las ciudades de Cochabamba La Paz y Santa Cruz Revalorizaci n de 1 tecnolog as tradicionales e implementaci n de nuevas 2 tecnolog as para el procesamiento Indicadores de producto
41. Cochabamba Bolivia is known for its traditional farming system of Andean tubers It presents a high concentration of native oca ulluco and mashwa varieties and has been recognized as a microcentre of diversity for Andean tubers conservation Unfortunately this valuable germ plasm seems to be under threat of genetic erosion Andean tubers have high yields even in poor soils and under adverse weather conditions besides being tolerant to various pests and diseases In Cochabamba the town of Candelaria is considered a center of biodiversity where these tubers are stored ancestrally with no improvement The overall objective was to determine the performance potential of native potato ulluco ulluco oca and mashwa through assessment of the behavior of eight varieties under optimal environment conditions in the village of Candelaria province of Chapare in the department Cochabamba Appendix G p 29 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION In Cochabamba three micro centerss of biodiversity of Andean tuber were identified Candelaria Colomi Chapare Province Pocanche Chuchuani Independence Prov Ayopaya and Laimetoro Totora Prov Carrasco In these centers factors influencing the management of Andean tubers in farmers fields were identified including production objectives introduction of new varieties and consumption patterns of rural families Family seedlots were evaluated in order t
42. Finally national institutes are present in five out of six projects a fact which points to an interest in this kind of projects at a public Appendix A p 28 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 level These institutions usually provide funding but in some cases they also offer technical assistance and capacity building The majority of institutions involved in the projects have livelihood improvement as their main goal Some general limitations of network analysis must however be taken into account Provan and other authors Provan et al 2005 argue that while network analysis is useful to visualize and formalize through mathematical analysis the structure of connections and relationships among institutions it does not substitute for a complete and overall analysis of why a network is more or less effective On a different level Borgatti Borgatti 2005 points out some limitations inherent to centrality measures due to the implicit assumptions they are based on Closeness and betweenness measures for instance assume that whatever flows through the network only moves along the shortest possible paths Furthermore betwenness centrality is based on the assumption that the resources that flow between nodes only take one specific path or another as if they were indivisible However these criticisms do not really affect our analysis because the type of flow process we are studying is that of Packages as defined by Borgatti In a pa
43. Fitogen ticos y Biotecnolog a DENAREF World Neghbours Ecuador DIPEIB Chimborazo Ecuador DIPEIB Cotopaxi Ecuador FUNPRODIB Ecuador Wageningen University and Research Centre Netherlands Protection of the Environment Tarija PROMETA World Bank The Nature Conservancy Servicio Nacional de Areas Protegidas SERNAP Development and Cooperation McKnight Foundation Global Environmental Facility GEF Gualaquiza Morona Santiago Province Ecuador Bolivar Chimoborazo and Cotopaxi Province Ecuador Bolivia The methodological framework employed by the project to evaluate the on farm conservation projects consisted of both qualitative and quantitative methods The qualitative methods involved a review of relevant literature key informant interviews and a network analysis The quantitative analysis comprised two components One is a descriptive part based on the surveys characterizing the households in the sample in socioeconomic terms by reporting frequencies means and standard deviations of key relevant variables This analysis also paid particular attention to the interventions applied by each of the projects the rates of participation adoption and how these were evaluated by farmers Also through interviews with project leaders it was established whether each intervention could be firmly attributed to the projects or only with a degree of uncertainty either because other projects in the area promoted the same ty
44. In the subtropical zone rubber oak tagua laurel guayacan trees are highly exploited Cotopaxi is a typical Andean province where small farms are the Appendix G p 17 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 backbone of rural livelihoods Potatoes are the most important product particularly on the south eastern paramos Yuca onions avocados barley oranges corn broad beans beans and sugar cane are also cultivated in the area Agriculture and cattle farming are the most important sources of economic income in the region artisan manufacturing often indigenous and pottery also flourish in the area CHIMBORAZO e Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas e Potato moth Biopesticide development and diffusion of potato moths e Seed systems The biological foundations of security in the Andes Chimborazo has the largest area under potato crop nationwide but with low yields There are three potato producing areas in this province west northeast and central mountains Small farmers with small arable land 0 5 1 ha make shorter rotation periods while medium 1 5 ha and large 5 50 ha producers renew their pastures for livestock with potato returning to this crop every eight to ten years The most common system of rotation is potato bean pea barley and oats fallow or pasture 1 3 years Principle produce includes cereals vegetables potatoes fruits and medicinal plants The climate of the province is very heterogeneous The hot winds of th
45. Proyecto Integral Candelaria Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Biodiversity of Andean tubers Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per 3 ENHANCED CAPACITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS AND SHARING OF KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO BIODIVERSITY Basically all the projects analyzed had a technology transfer and capacity building component These activities aim to address the negative impacts of inadequate agricultural practices introducing modern techniques and to support the sustainable use of natural resources Moreover they focus on participatory approaches that help strengthen interactions through different actors in the communities and foster information and knowledge sharing Training of different stakeholders along the production and supply chains also improves local networks and opportunities for collaborations with different institutions Training enables farmers to be direct actors in local development raising self esteem enhancing their management skills increasing their autonomy and strengthening their productive capacity These activities are generally focused on helping farm
46. Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca Dise ando y Evaluando las Intervenciones El objetivo de la conservaci n en finca es mantener la evoluci n de los cultivos y por tanto asegurar la generaci n de nueva variaci n gen tica potencialmente til para sostener la capacidad de los sistemas agr colas y alimenticios para adaptarse al cambio Sin embargo mantener la diversidad de cultivos en finca puede entra ar costos a los agricultores ya que a menudo existen fuertes incentivos para abandonarla Debido a esto existe la necesidad de intervenciones para apoyarlos a mantener esta diversidad EL xito de cualquier proyecto de conservaci n en finca depende de un buen dise o que re na 4 aspectos 1 la diversidad de cultivo 2 los beneficios privados asociados con de Apoyo en la Toma de Decisiones coordinado e implementado por Bioversity International Y llevado a cabo entre Marzo de 2010 y Mayo de 2012 en los Andes Altos de Ecuador Bolivia y Per Estas instrucciones deben ayudar al implementador del proyecto a formular paso a paso una teor a de cambio firme y solida contribuir al logro de impacto Paso a Paso para un Proyecto Exitoso 1 Decidir qu rea tomar como objetivo Una caracter stica distintiva de un proyecto de conservaci n en finca su enfoque en contribuir a generar beneficios p blicos asociados con el mantenimiento de la diversidad de cultivo Localizar un proyecto en un rea con un alto potenci
47. SUMMARY This literature review focuses on in situ on farm conservation projects in the Andean region with the aim of understanding the activities carried out in the area the outputs and outcomes gained and how such results are measured in terms of livelihoods and biodiversity The review includes 26 projects in the Andean regions of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru implemented for the in situ conservation of native crops including tubers roots grains and legumes We have selected those projects that had a double objective of preserving agrobiological diversity on farm while improving the livelihoods of farmers In scope this literature review discusses the threats posed to biological diversity the nature of in situ conservation and linkages between diversity and livelihood outcomes and how these interact with Andean culture and traditional uses Finally the discussion considers the indicators of success used by the projects both in terms of diversity and livelihood in order to understand the logical framework under which in situ conservation is carried out by different actors INTRODUCTION 1 1 OVERVIEW The lack of a systematic assessment of the interaction between diversity conservation and livelihood outcomes has prompted us to draw the present literature review This work is part of a broader effort to determine to which extent on farm conservation projects deliver livelihood and conservation outcomes and what are the best practices to achi
48. Significativo 5 8 M nimo 4 M ximo 9 Total de actores Significativo M nimo M ximo El alcance de un proyecto particularmente en los niveles a los cuales operaba internacional regional nacional local fue crucial para determinar el n mero de actores por grado de influencia y el n mero total de actores involucrados ver tabla anterior Existe una amplia variaci n en el n mero de socios en la red entre los proyectos pero s lo una fracci n de ellos podr a considerarse influyente Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Las instituciones p blicas involucradas en los proyectos tienden a atraer a otras instituciones p blicas como socios principales La mitad de los proyectos involucraron a universidades como socios principales llevando a cabo una fuerte colaboraci n en t rminos de investigaci n acad mica formaci n de estudiantes y transferencia de conocimiento Esta clase de colaboraci n muestra un beneficio mutuo ya que aumenta la capacidad de investigaci n de la instituci n ejecutora y brinda oportunidades para que las universidades re nan datos y capaciten estudiantes en el marco del proyecto Las organizaciones internacionales tiene un rol significativo en todos los proyectos estudiados ya que ayudan a conseguir recursos proveen asistencia t cnica contribuyen a la creaci n de capacidades y en ocasiones actividades de investigaci n Finalmente las instituciones nacionales est n
49. Thus supporting on farm conservation is important in the pursuit of globally resilient agricultural and food systems These socio biological systems depend crucially on farmers preferences incentives knowledge management practices institutions and social organization Bellon 1997 Brush 2004 Zimmerer 2010 While farmers in centers of crop diversity continue to maintain crop diversity and evolution without any outside intervention known as de facto conservation there is no assurance that this may continue in the future Maintaining crop diversity on farm can entail important costs to smallholder farmers and increasingly there are incentives associated with new opportunities brought about by economic development and cultural change that encourage them to abandon this diversity Bellon 2004 Zimmerer 2010 Furthermore we cannot expect these farmers who tend to be poor to maintain crop diversity for the long term benefit of society at the expense of their short term personal or family wellbeing For these reasons there is a need for interventions to support farmers in maintaining the diversity In the last 20 years many projects to support on farm conservation have been implemented worldwide There has been very little systematic assessment however of the extent to which these projects have actually made a difference beyond what de facto conservation is already delivering For example a recent and extensive review Jarvis et al Append
50. a good chance of success RAD PROJECTS Proceed to develop the on farm conservation project R amp D Design Projects Theory of Change what is the change to be generated as aresult of the adoption and institutionalization of expected outcomes Which products outputs have to be generated by my PAD activities in order to generate a change Which dissemination strategy will the project adopt in orderto ensure that outputs generated are used by target population Outcomes Which networks of partners vill be needed inorderto ensure the achievement of outputs their dissemination and adoption beyondtarget group scaling out and or their institutionalization by policy makers sealing up Based on my final goal and actors involved what are the activities neededto reach the Implement the project final goal Do a baseline study including indicators Measure changes interms ofinterventions and potential outcome of ADB and Livelihood on diversity and livelihood Endline TREE EETTETEET E Modify activities based on lessons learnt Stop the activities Monitor the activities Is the project working Have the established networks transferred knowledge and knowhow fromthe global level to the local one IMPACT Local Impact Globallmpact l Bioversity International Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Instrucciones y mejores pr cticas para los
51. agricultoras capacitadas para utilizar la planta Appendix G p 88 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Chapare comercializaci n andinas redistribuida a las comunidades 1 Numero de marcas comerciales creadas Cochabamba 2 Numero de productos comercializados Numero de productos certificados como org nicos N mero de proyectos Biodiversity and Recuperar la agrobiodiversidad 1 Colecci n en ferias de semillas y bancos Cuantidad de semilla recogida en ferias soil conservation con nfasis en papa para comunales de la agrobiodiversidad de de biodiversidad 15 1 Numero de talleres y festivales de Cocina the motor for mejorar el manejo de los tub rculos andinos 2 1 Banco comunal de papas nativas Andina development of cultivos los 2 Manejo Comunal del Germoplasma de papa 3 1 Numero de ensayos para mejorar la 16 1 Campa as de informaci n promoci n y
52. amaz nica recolectados 4 3 Ferias de conservaci n de semillas Inventario de la agrobiodiversidad en las fincas Base de datos de germoplasma N mero de especies conservadas en el banco de semillas monitoreadas refrescadas y multiplicadas L neas promisorias identificadas Encuesta sobre aspectos agro forestales y socio econ micos Modelos en finca desarrollados con los agricultores Centro demostrativo en Gualaquiza Pre diagn stico en 9 comunidades de las provincias de Chimborazo Bol var y Cotopaxi Diagn stico Rural Participativo sobre conocimientos campesinos Numero de Planes Anuales elaborados Investigaciones socioecon micas en sistema noformales de Semillas Linea base elaborada Mapa de la Comunidad y de los Niveles de Bienestar Mapa de la Finca Numero de Grupos de Guardianes de Semillas formados N mero de miembros de los grupos de Guardianes de Semillas capacitados en t cnicas y mejoramiento de semillas Numero de Giras de Observaci n y Aprendizaje d as de campo Numero de talleres de capacitaci n a nivel comunitario Appendix G p 120 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resu
53. analysis is based mainly on the perspective of one actor which may overestimate their own links to other actors since they know their own links better than other actors In spite of this limitation the network analysis can provide useful insights into how the projects were implemented and the outcomes they delivered Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 The project team led by its enthusiasm in carrying out the analyses decided to increase both the inputs and the outputs of the project by doubling the number of case studies examined from three to six and by adding an examination of all six case studies through the lens of network analysis A no cost extension to the grant was requested for two months from March to the end of April 2012 and approved in order to allow ample time to investigate all six case studies and to accommodate the needs of the network analysis of all the projects The final workshop of the grant was postponed to April 2012 to allow the participation of the key impact specialist in the project following her maternity leave so that the final workshop and the outputs that emerged from it could benefit from her expertise A further no cost extension was granted from May to the end of November 2012 to enable the team to produce four factsheets that summarize key methods and results for training purposes and for dissemination to policymakers donors researchers practitioners and other interested parties D Insight
54. and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern Potosi Cover agriculture a farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGRI In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha Conservation of Biodiversity in Pastaza Conservacion complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador rescate promocion y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos de Ecuador Conservaci n y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera de El C ndor Seed systems The biological foundation of food security in the Andes Ansean grains Quinoa Andean Legumes Andean Legumes Grass species FRUITS camu camu granadilla GRAINS ca ihua maize Quinoa LEGUMES lima beans ROOTS arracacha maca sweet potato yuca mauka TUBERS Papa Forest Ecosystem Palm trees fruit trees timber and medicinal plants Neglected and underutilized species NUS tree tomato cucurbitaceas sambo and banana squash zapallo banana passionfruit granadilla and chili peppers Neglected and underutilized species NUS Andean crops Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 World Neighbours Manejo Comunitario de Recursos Naturales MACR
55. and influencing the institutional environment by providing interventions that enable choice Other important contributions of the project include the application of the conceptual framework the taxonomy of potential routes of implementation and the resulting guidelines It was demonstrated that on farm conservation projects can be implemented around the world in areas where there are areas of high levels of diversity of global significance diversified livelihood strategies intensive use of agro biodiversity and high cultural diversity These on farm conservation projects if well designed and successful should produce a virtuous cycle of increased diversity and improved well being resulting in the maintenance of or increase in diversity while simultaneously reducing poverty Both the qualitative and the quantitative analyses carried out during the grant demonstrated that on farm conservation interventions supporting on farm management of native crop diversity are largely successful and accomplish their objectives in a cost effective manner The results produced by the grant strongly suggest that adoption of the best practices from on farm interventions has an effect on the relevant biodiversity and that the relevant biodiversity in turn has an impact on livelihoods 12 Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 IV Appendixes All Appendixes are separate files Appendix A Research Report Figures and Graphs in Annex Appendi
56. and its amino acid composition is well balanced and higher than in other cereals It does not contain saponins or alkaloids and the leaves are edible Efficient at fixing carbon dioxide it requires less water to produce the same amount of biomass as cereals Kiwicha can be used to raise the nutritional quality of foods that are normally made from other grains such as corn rice or sorghum In such blends its food value is particularly beneficial for infants children and pregnant and lactating women The advantages of lovelies bleeding oe Amaranthus Caudatus are the low cost of the unprocessed grain the fact that it doesn t require special treatments and is easily accepted by consumers Enhancing the Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Food Security and to Incomes of the Rural Poor IFAD NUS Bolivia Peru Country Bolivia Peru Organization PROINPA Foundation CIRNMA Ministry of Agriculture Bioversity International IFAD Budget USS 108 000 250 000 Bolivia USS 96 000 210 000 Peru DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The IFAD NUS project aimed to contribute to enhance the sustainable conservation and use of neglected and underutilized species NUS through pilot activities in strategic areas of the World West and South Asia Latin America The main goal is to contribute to raising the incomes and strengthening the food security of small farmers and rural communities around the world through se
57. as controls We are keenly aware that this approach has limitations such as a potential lack of comparability between participants and non participants and hence biases in the results however in all project studied interventions were not assigned randomly between treatment and control groups there were no a priori control groups and neither baseline nor end line data available which hampered the use of alternative comparative approaches The questionnaire included information on several socioeconomic locational and environmental confounding factors factors that are independent of project interventions that can either mask or exaggerate project impacts The results presented here for illustration are limited to correlations among relevant indicators a more sophisticated econometric analysis that corrects for potential biases and confounding factors is beyond the scope of this study but is the subject of a future publication The following indicators were used to make the framework operational Since project interventions were many and comprise multiple aims the simplest indicator was the number of innovations provided by interventions applied adopted by a household This indicator also takes into account the potential indirect effects due to spillovers as will be shown participation and adoption were greater than expected from records of participation The indicator for crop diversity was derived from the number of crop populations
58. basket of interventions in a project These interventions need to have a clear theory of change see the figure on p 4 which is a narrative describing why an intervention is needed what is expected to be changed due to the intervention and how the change s is are supposed to have an effect on crop diversity and well being 5 Define expected outputs methodology and partnerships Project interventions require the development of specific outputs e novel knowledge methods technologies or forms of organization to be used by project beneficiaries or target groups to generate the envisioned change therefore can also be conceptualized as innovations provided by a project Some of these outputs will be related more to diversity others more to livelihoods but they have to be complementary Once the specific interventions have been identified then there is a need to clearly define how desired change to the current situation can be accomplished i e the methodology to be used Once the different interventions and methods have been defined there is a need to set up a network of partners that will enable the project implementation Therefore there is a need to understand which actors and institutions can influence or support the interventions and how what their goals and eventual relationships are and what links and channels are needed to improve collaboration 6 Map the impact pathway Once all these components have been defined there i
59. benefits through incentives to farmers in the form of direct private benefits that translate into improved livelihoods the specific interventions of these projects will vary according to the specific outputs and outcomes desired A diagram Figure 13 Annex A outlines how the Appendix A p 49 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 decision making process results in a successful project The first half of the diagram illustrates the reasoning process for determining the need for an on farm conservation project The second half illustrates how the project design by uniting the overall project goal with the necessary outputs and outcomes will result in the desired impact C Conclusions The major findings of the project can be summarized in the form of a set of principles that emerged from the analyses and from discussions at the end of project workshop in April that brought together international experts and actors from all the case studies at Bioversity International in Rome These principles can lend themselves to application in future projects addressing the on farm conservation of crop diversity and the link to improved livelihoods Some of these widely applicable principles are described in Table 12 Table 12 Principles emerging from the analysis of on farm projects Assemble a basket of different interventions with different aims Carry out an ex ante network analysis of partnerships as well as an ex post and compare the sh
60. both in increasing collaboration seems beneficial both in increasing Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 the research capability of implementing institutions and in providing opportunities for universities to gather data and training students as part of larger research or development projects International organizations have a significant role in all the projects studied as they leverage resources provide technical assistance capacity building and sometimes research activities Finally national institutes are present in all six projects a fact which points to an interest in this kind of project at a public level These institutions usually provide funding but in some cases they also offer technical assistance and capacity building It should be pointed out that the majority of institutions involved in the projects have livelihood improvement as their main goal CONCLUSION This brief introduces the importance of analyzing and understanding the network of partnerships that underpins any on farm conservation project and presents Social Network Analysis as a useful tool As an illustration of how this methodology can be applied the brief provides a summary of its use in the study of six on farm conservation projects and the resulting variations found among them However due to data limitations its use in the case study in depth analysis of the contribution of partnerships to project success was limited but Sho
61. chocho determinadas l neas promisorias de quinua y propiedades viscoel sticas en masas de 1 2 Estudio sobre el contenido de cidos grasos en chocho chocho y quinua chocho Desarrollo de productos en base de quinua 1 3 Estudio sobre el aporte nutricional de la quinua germinada fermentada y extruida y el chocho 2 1 Masa base para pizza elaborada a partir de chocho 2 2 Sopa instant nea de quinua dulce elaborada 2 1 1 2 Taller de procesamiento de chocho a nivel Cursos sobre producci n y manejo de semilla de granos andinos Capacitaci n de voluntarias de las comunidades Nin n Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico y Canchagua Taller Talleres de preparaci n de recetas en base de quinua y chocho Appendix G p 111 Conservaci n complementaria ex situ n situ de especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua en Bolivia Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Fortalecer la capacidad de investigaci n agr cola por parte de los agricultores CIAL s ECA s y establecer v nculos con el INIAP y otras instituciones para propender el desarrollo sostenible de comunidades pobres de Cotopaxi Impulsar la creaci n de microempresas para dar valor agregado y comercializar la producci n de granos andinos Monitorear y evaluar el avance del proyecto Mejorar e
62. consumption diversity and pests and diseases Diversity and Socioeconomic Analysis Table 8 presents some basic crop diversity indicators for the projects and target species under examination It shows that while there is diversity of both crops and their varieties there is also variation across projects The UNORCAC project reported the highest inter specific diversity of all projects which included not only native crops but also herbs fruit trees agroforestry species and non domesticated species collected from the wild while the INIAP project had the lowest diversity Many of the target crops of one project were also grown in others such as potatoes grown in most projects and exhibiting great infra specific diversity and other native crops which is not surprising given that the projects were located in centers of relevant diversity by design For project target crops many farmers grow them and maintain infra specific diversity although clearly there are some species that are more common and with higher infra specific diversity than others These data confirm the crop diversity present in project sites and maintained by farmers and their households Appendix A p 34 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Table 8 Indicators of crop diversity in the six studied projects numbers in bold indicate target crops for the relevant project Indicator Total number of crops reported Mean number of crops hh Mean number of v
63. cosecha Agrobiodiversidad y semillas Difusi n de la informaci n Saber local Con ensayos comunitarios identificar dos o m s especies de abonos verdes y forrajes dos o m s variedades de granos de leguminosas que se adapten al rea y tengan un impacto positivo en la productividad de los cultivos subsistencia de la familia salud del suelo y sistema de cultivo sustentable Las comunidades del rea del proyecto conocen y entienden los resultados de la investigaci n participativa y empiezan a adoptar pr cticas para mejorar la producci n y la salud del suelo en sus propias tierras Actores rurales de desarrollo agencias de acci n organizaciones de investigaci n y gobiernos locales est n informados de los resultados de la investigaci n para usarlos en futuros trabajos con leguminosas dentro de sistemas de alimentaci n en las Indicadores de producto Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 4 2 Biodiversidad Estudio del sistema de clasificaci n de los agricultores Numero de accesiones de quinua y ca ahua silvestres analizadas en los aspectos nutricionales Estudios de suelos Estudios sobre la incorporaci n de abonos org nicos Controladores biol gi
64. cultivo de lo que habr a sido posible sin stas 3 Este mayor nivel de diversidad de cultivos conlleva a aumentar el bienestar entre aquellos que aplicaron las innovaciones 4 El nivel de diversidad de cultivos asociado con la aplicaci n de estas innovaciones genera servicios evolutivos adicionales que de otra manera no habr an ocurrido Una respuesta positiva a estas preguntas indica que un proyecto probablemente ha sido exitoso Idealmente uno evaluar a si el proyecto ha alcanzado los cambios previstos en el corto o mediano plazo y atribuir a estos cambios a las intervenciones del proyecto Una consideraci n importante de esta evaluaci n es identificar los cambios que hubieran ocurrido sin las intervenciones contra factual Dado que la realidad es din mica y compleja con procesos que ocurren simult neamente y se afectan entre s es posible que los cambios observados pudiesen haber ocurrido por los factores que son independientes de las intervenciones del Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 proyecto ocultando exagerando sus impactos De ah la necesidad de tener una hip tesis de comparaci n contra factual para poder dilucidar si los cambios observados y su magnitud se pueden atribuir a las intervenciones del proyecto Establecer un contra factual implica que se tomen en cuenta tantos los factores observados como los no observados que intervienen as como eventos que ocurren duran
65. de stas para agrobiodiversidad que aseguran la del proyecto continuar e intensificar los seguridad alimentaria y la protecci n esfuerzos de conservaci n en ambiental son fortalecidas y chacra y para asegurar una revitalizadas en donde se hayan participaci n efectiva de los desgastado o hayan dejado de existir agricultores y de las comunidades conservacionistas en la distribuci n de los beneficios La concienciaci n del valor Renovado orgullo por las variedades de 1 Incremento de la producci n consumo y 2 Numero de programas de postgrado y o ecol gico cultural y nutritivo de cultivos nativos en las comunidades rurales comercializaci n de variedades de CCNN facultades que incorporan o fortalecen en su los cultivos nativos y sus expresado en la producci n el consumo y la curr culo aspectos sobre conservaci n y uso parientes silvestres es elevada a comercializaci n local continuos de estas sostenible de los cultivos nativos y sus parientes nivel local y nacional y se variedades silvestres manifiesta en programas de Mayor atenci n reciben los atributos 3 Numero de propuestas curriculares educaci n investigaci n positivos de los cultivos nativos y sus participativas sobre producci n y conservaci n pol ticas p blicas y programas parientes silvestres y los beneficios de la de los cultivos nativos para los niveles de de inversi n conservaci n de la agrobiodiversidad en las primaria secundaria y educaci n superior institu
66. de alfalfa con incorporaci n de ceniza y cal 12 Establecimiento de pasturas con asociaci n m ltiple 13 Implementaci n de huertos org nicos familiares 14 Sistema de crianzas mejorados de cuyes y gallinas Appendix G p 89 Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n 15 Campa as y talleres de sensibilizaci n de pr cticas saludables de alimentaci n con cultivos andinos 16 Capacitaci n en la elaboraci n de alimentos con cultivos andinos con el prop sito de mejorar el nivel de nutrici n familiar Implementar pr cticas de 1 Manejo integrado de plagas 1 1 manejo integrado de las 2 Investigaci n en uso de extractos vegetales y principales plagas y minerales en el manejo de las plagas m s enfermedades en los cultivos importantes de los cultivos principales en las 2 1 con nfasis en papa y Comunidades Chopccas tub rculos andinos 3 Implementaci n de dos Escuelas de Campo de Agricultores en Manejo Integrado del Ganado 2 2 2 3 Mejorar la conservaci n y Estudio de calidad de los suelos en la 1 1 fertilidad del suelo mediante comunidad chopcca t cnicas modernas y 1 2 tradicionales que optimicen el 1
67. de Cochabamba y del volumen potencial ofertado por la regi n de Candelaria al mercado urbano 3 1 N mero de mujeres y ni os capacidades para evaluar mezclas seleccionadas en base a cereales leguminosa tub rculo Investigaci n de mercado efectuada en las tres Appendix G p 83 Proyecto Integral Altiplano Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Desarrollo de tecnolog as para el ciudades m s importantes de Bolivia procesamiento de isa o 1 T cnica del secador solar desarrolladla Promoci n y mercadeo de Estrategia para un eficiente sistema de 1 Observaciones directas mediciones de campo y tub rculos andinos comercializaci n los sistemas de encuestas complementarias sobre los sistemas almacenamiento como estrategia para tradici
68. de Granos Altoandinos del pa s e incrementar sus posibilidades de uso a trav s de un trabajo coordinado entre el Banco Activo de Germoplasma del Subsistema las Colecciones de Trabajo y otras alianzas estrat gicas Conservaci n ex situ Colecciones de germoplasma incrementadas Consolidaci n de dos formas de almacenamiento Caracterizaci n y evaluaci n de colecciones de germoplasma Regeneraci n y multiplicaci n Documentaci n Experiencias ex situ in situ Ferias de biodiversidad Visitas al Banco Nacional de Germoplasma de Granos Altoandinos BNGA Evaluaciones participativas Bancos comunales Seguimiento a parcelas familiares Fortalecimiento de la conservaci n in situ Identificaci n de microcentros de diversidad Inventarios de agrobiodiversidad Caracterizaci n de la agrobiodiversidad Caracterizaci n de conocimientos tradicionales Numero de colecciones de germoplasma incrementadas Formas de almacenamiento mejoradas Colecciones caracterizadas agro morfol gicamente Colecciones caracterizadas molecularmente Colecciones caracterizadas en t rminos del valor nutritivo y agroindustrial Cuantidad de semillas regenerada y multiplicada Centro de Documentaci n CENDOC especializado en Granos Andinos Implementaci n de la base de datos SIRGEN Numero de ferias de biodiversidad institucionalizadas y realizadas Visitas de actores de la cadena productiva de granos andinos y otros actores del Subsis
69. de facto on farm conservation and the implementation and outcomes of related projects particularly collecting and analyzing information on crop adaptation and evolution that enables farmers practitioners scientists donors and policy makers to identify practices knowledge and germplasm that can be Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 7 used in different places and situations as change happens Such a system should be quite decentralized and open and will require the development of new sets of tools and methods to monitor evolution and adaptation A crucial aspect of on farm conservation mentioned but not addressed explicitly in this paper was the functional relationship between the amount of crop diversity present in an agricultural system and the evolutionary services it generates the fourth hypothesis which is unknown This relationship is likely scale dependent with the processes that underpin it and the benefits generated varying across different scales from the crop population to the field the farm the community the landscape the region and the world Linkages across scales may be crucial for understanding this relationship For example there is an emerging consensus about the functional relationship that links biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and underlines the importance of evolutionary processes for the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss Cardinale et al 2012 which suggests that in the futu
70. de los proyectos m s all de los socios principales y mejorar las cadenas de valor La oferta y la cadena de valor de las especies objetivo mejoradas a trav s de v nculos m s eficaces entre los actores Fortalecimiento de redes de participaci n de los actores en distintos niveles Apoyo pol tico para promover un mayor uso de los NUS a nivel local y municipal as como a nivel regional y nacional obtenida a trav s de reuniones talleres y otras iniciativas Notas conceptuales propuestas de proyectos en apoyo de los NUS desarrollados y aprobados por los donantes Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Acuerdo sobre la empresa de una serie de tareas conjuntas con el Proyecto ALTAGRO Reuniones con la oficina de COSUDE en Lima para recaudar fondos para la organizaci n de un Taller de Partes Interesadas Apoyo del Proyecto FIDA Corredor Puno Cusco para ensayos de producci n org nica en el sitio de Corisuyo 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 Bienestar Apoyo a la organizaci n del 10 2 Festival de la Quinua Ca ahua Talleres comunitarios de difusi n de la tecnolog a de quinua y ca ahua Participaci n en el Festiquinoa Festival Festivales de qu
71. degrees to the left in order to align the crop diversity axis with Figure 3 2 resulting in the relationships depicted in Figure 3 3 Annex A that connects the three outcomes relevant for on farm conservation note that private benefits increase from left to right while public benefits increase from right to left Then one can map the position of a community with respect to the private livelihood benefits that it derives from crop diversity and the public benefits it contributes to society by maintaining this diversity The figure also maps the trade off described above where economic development leads to a decrease in crop diversity which in turn leads to a major loss of the public benefits associated with the evolutionary services generated by crop diversity If maintaining or increasing the public benefits derived from crop diversity is socially desirable then interventions that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way farmers and communities access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity could be implemented in order to decrease the slope of the trajectory of change and hence introduce a shift upwards thereby reducing the loss of public benefits associated with that biodiversity A series of scenarios are presented Figure 3 4 Annex A to illustrate how these interventions could change these relationships the lette
72. derives from the biodiversit however can entail Mn f y f y maintained in an agricultural system e g ecosystem services adaptive evolutionary Important costs to rocesses farmers often in the j face of strong incentives Evolutionary services refer to all of the uses or services to humans produced from to abandon this evolutionary processes that contribute to maintain options open to benefit from diversity For this biodiversity reason there is a need for interventions to support farmers in maintaining this diversity In the last 20 years many projects to support on farm conservation have been implemented worldwide However there has been very little systematic assessment of the extent to which these projects have actually produced on farm conservation outcomes in terms of maintaining or increasing crop diversity on farm including farmers knowledge and practices that farm conservation are complex so that a conceptual scheme that brings them together in a simplified but coherent fashion can be extremely useful for scientists donors policy makers and practitioners involved in on farm projects to design and assess the success of their projects in a more systematic way The McKnight Foundation funded project entitled Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes Identifying Best Practices and Decision Support Tools was coordinated and implemented by Bioversit
73. distribuci n de los granos andinos la cultivaci n de ca ahua y quinua 2 1 Numero de actividades con empresas locales 2 2 Taller entre todos los actores de las filieres de quinua y ca ahua 2 3 Cursos y talleres sobre la producci n transformaci n y comercializaci n 2 4 Cursos en procesamiento y cocina 2 5 Taller en metodolog as participativas dirigidas a estudiantes t cnicos y profesionales 2 6 Estudio con la Universidad Cat lica Boliviana sobre las mujeres y la nutrici n 2 7 MSc sobre chocho en colaboraci n con la Universidad de Cornell USA 2 8 Taller sobre la agroindustria de granos andinos y los requisitos t cnicos para la transformaci n 3 1 An lisis de costos y beneficios 4 1 N mero de proyectos pilotos 4 2 Talleres de cooperaci n interinstitucional Marcos normativos y jur dicos y Aspectos legales y de pol ticas agrarias 1 1 Norma nacional para el cultivo de granos sensibilizaci n del p blico Sensibilizaci n del p blico andinos elaborada 1 2 Taller en La Paz para discutir la situaci n de las pol ticas 2 1 Spot publicitarios entrevistas en TV y radio 2 2 Folletos en idioma espa ol y local 2 3 Feria demostrativa con diferentes platos con amaranto 2 4 Bolet n sobre las propiedades nutricionales de los cultivos andinos subutilizados 2 5 Bolet n de recetas hechas con quinua 2 6 Taller para promover el uso de diversos platos de amaranto 2 7 Campa a promocional sobre el uso del amaranto Appendi
74. dt ii 111010 Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Project Constant Household Benefits Native Crop Diversity Spanish Sex household head Age head of household Education head of household Migration Labor availability Landholdings Wealth Organizations Sources of income Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Project Constant Note significant at the 10 05 01 001 levels respectively The two projects in Bolivia SINARGEEA and Bioversity PROINPA were merged because they 7 00M Ms ll 0 39198 0 47064 0 43163 0 17702 1 46322 0 609038 0 160509 0 293 0 01598 0 03189 0 00315 0 018474 0 066843 0 15555 0 025605 0 045103 0 4615 0 407078 0 412959 1 073672 K K K K 00M M Nu Y m 0 11658 0 94649 1 25576 0 793544 30 1441 44 9268 23 2624 1 90942 21 12796 1 276376 19 33782 30 84602 18 803 149 752 414 578 392 163 315 0276 FO Nu et Nu 0 296514 0 21821 0 06862 0 07728 0 99242 1669 15 382 228 386 526 11 60431 127 1307 53 7661 33 92963 252 1969 96 40613 278 102 614 507 755 432 474 836 333 064 785 964 526 514 K x K e Ot Nas G 0 20007 0 2563 0 07167 0 63084 467 9104 10 61775 163 383 12 42754 193 5843 46 1874 7 273295 31 27232 48 5669 312 454 278 696 349 1076 665 481 731 306 380 2374 included very similar interventions were implem
75. dynamic but to simplify their relationships they can be represented in a relatively simple framework For any farming household or community a group of farming households linked by a local seed system in theory we could map its position with respect to the crop diversity it maintains and the private benefits it derives point A Figure 3 1 in Annex A _ do Definitions Crop diversity The number of distinct populations of a particular crop species recognized and managed by a farming household or community Outcome The result of a complex process In the context of a project refers to the result of the use or adoption of project outputs Livelihood benefits The private benefits that farmers and their households derive directly from crop diversity maintain in their agricultural system e g food security nutrition income safety net cultural identity Societal benefits The public benefits that society derives from the biodiversity maintained in an agricultural system e g ecosystem services adaptive evolutionary processes Evolutionary services refer to all of the uses or services to humans produced from evolutionary processes that contribute to maintain options open to benefit from biodiversity Since agricultural systems are not static the position of a community in this graph changes moving to the lower right of the graph under economic development assuming that livelihood benefits increase with increased spec
76. from interactions in such networks we carried out a network analysis for each project A network analysis uses a methodology that maps out the actors their goals links and influence and from this obtains a series of parameters that characterize the network structure and function From the project reports all actors and their linkages were identified from which their interactions were mapped A survey with project leaders was used to validate and complement the information on the actors involved and to probe for missing information particularly regarding the types of interaction between the implementing organization and the different actors and the services that were given and received in the interactions among them e g funding research results training and exchange of relevant information related to the project dissemination Based on these data we identified a the role of each actor in the network and their contribution and b their influence on the implementation of the project Influence was measured by asking project leaders to rate the intensity of the relationship among actors in the development and implementation of the project on a scale of 1 to 4 lowest to highest From this information we calculated two network parameters 1 degree centrality and 2 betweenness Degree centrality is the number of other actors an actor is adjacent to and hence represents how well connected that person is to others directly ignoring indire
77. gicamente por los socios ACEPLO Cuantificaci n del incremento de la producci n Cuantidad de semilla recuperada y 3 1 N mero de estudiantes y profesionales formados en Per y Davis 3 2 Numero de talleres para los agricultores sobre la gesti n integrada de los tub rculos andinos 4 1 Numero de escolares capacitados durante la siembra y cosecha en la identificaci n de las principales plagas de los tub rculos andinos 4 2 Numero de agricultores que participaron a escuelas de campo ECAs 4 3 Numero de organizaciones y asociaciones de productores establecidas 4 4 Programas de radio en quechua 4 5 Numero de eventos participados 4 6 Numero de seminarios sobre la taxonom a de los gorgojos los tub rculos andinos y la conservaci n in situ 1 1 Numero de grupos conformados 1 2 N mero de personas capacitadas en el proceso de manejo de las semillas y de la biodiversidad local en papa 3 1 D as de campo demostrativos a los potenciales usuarios de semillas locales campesinos 3 2 Talleres de promoci n del manejo y conservaci n de la semilla local 3 3 Parcelas demostrativas en sectores potenciales usuarios de las semillas de papa 4 1 Numero de silos verdeadores de papa construidos 4 2 Locales para almacenamiento de semillas de papa construidos 2 1 Asociaci n de Productores y Procesadores Ecol gicos de Agro biodiversidad creada 2 2 Planta Comunal de Procesamiento de Ra ces Andinas instalada 2 3 N mero de mujeres
78. gico de la 1 2 resistencia al mildi en accesiones seleccionadas del banco de germoplasma Estrategia de integraci n desarrollada para obtener nuevas variedades el mantenimiento de su pureza y producci n de semillas Numero de variedades mejoradas difundidas promocionadas y multiplicadas Estudios sobre la resistencia de las 2 1 accesiones de quinoa de la collecion b sica y el uso de abonos verdes 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 Ensayos sobre asociaci n de cultivos 1 1 mejoramiento del sistema de siembra tradicional rotaci n de cultivos 4 1 planteados con diferentes alternativas y repeticiones de chocho qu noa papa y cebada Uso de plaguicidas en los sistemas de producci n monitoreado Ensayos de l neas promisorias de chocho Bienestar Estudio participativo de evaluaci n y selecci n de calidad culinaria y comercial Estudio de la l nea base para identificar las estrategias de los agricultores para el control de plagas Estrategia de manejo integrado de plagas desarrollada Numero de m todos alternativos de siembra de quinoa desarrollados Numero de participante en las actividades de promoci n de las t cnicas alternativas Estudio socioecon mico sobre las comunidades y la demanda de agroindustrias de la qu noa N mero de estudiantes t cnicos y agricultores capacitados N mero de agricultores capacitados en las ECAs Numero de folletos art culos y documentos promocionales Diagn stico Rural Participa
79. i EE Tine da para mantener la ei 1 OS le dd s AAA Lt ae ACI AS E E A SS Ppae ndaez 1 COMEERIBCION En Unca bm braS para umera 1 i gt arran 7 y es pprt amp 1 0 e pan E ao me T 5 r 1 roa Ho E A ES iv A T FAREMA gh ie us Ta eT nbere HEEE ee ae f 0 gadas par IECH de CIAT lA da Tae f la gia z ATW s leu da Ta AN p Di dhdi pie iird he Crucial H healt e ERRA ig p FAR ae Li acy tt dA O1 Pb 1 ra ETA aa StL See ae 4 E di LA En a TEE a A a Le LITE d MENDA JAM WEA i T jot ees TE dores 2 Pica FAG E 1 CCH E hore gata i E pa ON wa 1r ES at ad E ties E A F l peA AT ieg x A Sea A VA A E aoe w Ho E Era OP OER lt eee ry e aot Sena ee Pi as s CAN O E E Mi NIE el iss mS Doo BIENES PUPL OS BIENES PRIVY AROS RADO PaorEc Tins ma i i i D Pa T ft al Dicto ca promos Eghy a prin a al TM A pa ai i a Sr at AE dde a ee aA paree para Tasei a l E de Corey acho en alentados eros oo elias de Contenacion en 1 dig A 5 wet i oat tinea i A A aooo i a E SS z a a O OSOS 1 I j i Gui patches tebe ter paro por i comi Bet dade Ral ard tnerar uri ER i a ot i carbine El ee i E l i Gueestategi de cite noon adoptsra i El DECO para asegurar qu los i 1 prodlucios pees Sean adaa por la y Pain obio Fil tado i jee A Cl T PE EEEE E sN Rms 5 E NE ua rra de GO AN NAAA As para l or F 285 T F 1 RAEE a AE A LE 4 ayegur
80. in Pichincha is varied from intense coldness on the Andean paramos to the warm subtropical zones on the flanks of the western cordillera In the upper plains and valleys the temperature is mild sometimes with high humidity levels The province of Pichincha has a high production rate of bananas coffee barley corn maize and potatoes Pichincha is also the primary producer of wheat in the country The land is fertile mainly composed of volcanic materials and rich in minerals The low agricultural production obtained on farms is used for self consumption of local foods The service sector is the leading industry followed by manufacturing and agriculture The rate of population growth in the province is among the highest in the country COTOPAXI e Lupin quinoa sustainable production systems to guarantee food security in impoverished communities in the province of Cotopaxi Ecuador e Seed systems The biological foundations of security in the Andes Situated in the central area of Ecuador the province of Cotopaxi has a varied climate with humid rainy and sub humid tropical weather systems This variety is due to its extension from cold Andean peaks to the humid heat of subtropical zones Due to its varied climate natural resources are abundant and products various soils are fertile and rich in minerals and other materials The molle tree is the symbol of the province and there is also a variety of cypress trees walnut trees alisos and arrayanes
81. innovations deliver additional evolutionary services that would not have occurred otherwise Answering positively to these questions will indicate that a project was presumably successful Ideally one would assess whether the project has achieved the intended changes in the short or medium term and attribute these changes to the project interventions A major consideration for this assessment is to identify the changes that would have occurred without the interventions known as the counterfactual Reality is dynamic and complex with many processes taking place simultaneously and affecting each other hence observed changes Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 could have happened due to factors that are independent of project interventions known as confounding factors either masking or exaggerating project impacts and thus the need for the counterfactual as a comparison to elucidate more accurately the changes and their magnitude that can be properly attributed to project interventions Establishing the counterfactual implies that we account for both observed and unobserved intervening factors and for so called contemporaneous events These are events that occur during the implementation of the project and that influence the outcome Qualitative methods Review of relevant literature Key informant interviews Network analysis Focus group discussions Quantitative methods e Random stratified sampling e Statis
82. instance the Lupin Quinoa McKnight project had to face a myth that if potatoes are covered with too much earth they don t thicken although that is not true and moreover earth keeps moth and maggots away Appendix A p 19 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The projects focused on generating interventions that improve crop management processing marketing and consumption adapted to the socio economic conditions of farmers The interventions included the formation of local agricultural committees CIALs and farmer field schools to foster learning by doing as well as strengthening local organizations and rural networks by building capacity among them Demonstration and trial plots were important tools for exposing farmers to new technologies while seed exchange fairs provided farmers with opportunities to know and promote the planting and consumption of native cultivars while improving the exchange of information between communities and among farmers To tackle the limited market for native crops some projects aimed at creating and promoting adjacent sustainable productive activities such as ecotourism initiatives use of ornamental and medicinal plants and artisanal work However sustainability and viability plans for these activities are seldom available Communities seem interested in producing and preparing alternative recipes with nutritious foods derived from their native crops Culinary contexts exhibitions and fairs appear
83. intervenciones a implementar Una vez que las reas y los tipos generales de intervenci n han sido identificados esto debe ser traducido a actividades espec ficas que mejoren los incentivos que los agricultores tiene para usar y mantener la diversidad de los cultivo Estas actividades son las intervenciones n cleo del proyecto orientadas a cambiar la manera en que la diversidad de cultivos es manejada usada consumida y comercializada para aumentar los beneficios que los agricultores y sus hogares derivan de sta creando as incentivos para que ellos la contin en manteniendo Es probable que se requiera abordar varias reas de intervenci n por lo que un Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 proyecto puede implementar una canasta de intervenciones Estas intervenciones necesitan tener una clara teor a de cambio ver la figura en la p 4 que es una narrativa que describe por qu se necesita una intervenci n qu se espera que cambie debido a la intervenci n y c mo se supone que el los cambios deben tener un efecto sobre la diversidad de cultivos y el bienestar 5 Definir productos esperados metodolog a y alianzas Las intervenciones de los proyectos requieren del desarrollo de productos espec ficos por ejemplo nuevos conocimientos m todos tecnolog as o formas de organizaci n a ser usadas por los beneficiarios del proyecto o grupos objetivo para generar el cambio previsto por tanto
84. interventions specifically aimed at on farm conservation are few partly because of the relative newness of such practices and partly due to scarce investment To draw our review we have selected and compared 26 in situ projects in the selected Andean area in order to understand what kind of interventions have taken place for what crops and at what specific locations This general review is the first step in the direction of evaluating success stories and defining best practices of in situ conservation that deliver livelihood and diversity outcomes Detailed information on the expected results and outputs generated by the projects studied is provided in Annex Tables 1 2 We have analyzed projects working in the conservation of the diversity of Andean roots and tubers 10 projects grains 7 projects and legumes 2 projects local neglected and underutilized species 2 projects native cultivars and their wild relatives 1 project forest management and forest products 2 projects seed systems of Andean crops 1 project and finally one project aimed at removing obstacles to direct private sector participation in the conservation in situ Sources of funding for biodiversity conservation in the Andean region Some international actors are particularly involved in supporting and providing funds for conservation initiatives in the Andes of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru Among them the Small Grants Programme for Biodiversity funded by the Globa
85. latter to household benefits at least in three of the projects studied In any case most of the project interventions would not have been available without the projects being implemented in the study communities Furthermore we observed an incremental response between the level of application of project innovations each additional application of an innovation had a positive effect on the level of crop diversity and the level of native crop diversity and between the level of diversity and the indicator of well being providing additional evidence of the plausibility of these links While we may not have been able to establish exactly which interventions may have been more influential than others it is not clear whether an assessment by individual intervention or type may be meaningful if there are interactions among interventions and hence there is systemic rather than individual effects This is beyond the current scope of this report but merits further attention in the future In spite of all these limitations our approach has provided a conceptual framework to guide what to measure and what links to test empirically the plausibility of the success of an on farm conservation project not a small feat given the complexity of the processes analyzed and the limitations of the data available Table 10 Summary results of the estimation Native Crop Household Adoption Diversity Benefits UNORCAC Ex ante participation 3 34766 Adopt
86. lead to greatest dissemination and the network outcome at the end to understand if the network created was successful in linking relevant actors and in effecting dissemination or it could simply be used as a tool for ex post analysis or impact assessment This is an area that merits further research and application B Guidelines for On Farm Conservation Projects The success of any on farm conservation project depends on a good design that brings together four aspects 1 crop diversity 2 the private benefits associated with its use 3 the societal public benefits associated with its maintenance 4 the interventions innovations needed to link these three areas in a positive and coherent way In order to do this we propose a set of guidelines for project design These guidelines should assist the project implementer in formulating step by step a sound and solid theory of change that will lead to the achievement of impact Step by Step for a Successful Project 1 Decide which area to target A distinguishing feature of an on farm conservation project is the focus on delivering public benefits associated with the maintenance of crop diversity Locating a project in an area with a high potential for delivering these types of benefits is crucial e g a center of infra specific diversity for a crop or a hotspot of co occurrence of many relevant crops But even if those benefits exist the value of implementing projects may still depend on ho
87. lisis emergi una visi n de las relaciones entre los diferentes actores involucrados en cada proyecto y de posibles interacciones entre los diferentes proyectos e Una encuesta a informantes clave del proyecto Se hizo una encuesta a l deres de los proyectos con el fin de validar la informaci n de los datos secundarios A los encuestados se les pidi adicionar otros actores relevantes que no hubieran sido identificados En la encuesta se pregunt si la relaci n entre la instituci n ejecutora y los otros actores fue directa o indirecta qu servicios fueron proporcionados y recibidos de estas instituciones dinero investigaci n capacitaci n etc y la intensidad de la relaci n con cada instituci n involucrada en el proyecto La informaci n obtenida de los informantes clave fue cotejada con los datos secundarios y reportes actualiz ndose de ser necesario con el fin de obtener una matriz final de relaciones actor por actor que representara la direcci n el tipo y la intensidad de las relaciones Resultados del An lisis de la Red Del an lisis de redes los investigadores obtuvieron una mayor comprensi n sobre las caracter sticas de las redes y los enlaces involucrados en los proyectos estudiados Cuadro 1 Se observo variaci n en los par metros de centralidad de grado y centralidad de intermediaci n entre proyectos encontr ndose en la mitad de stos altos niveles en ambos par metros como se muestra en el c
88. livelihoods generate incomes attain food security and enjoy better nutrition and health IPGRI 2005 In the American continent populations have used natural resources for their survival for thousands of years breeding many varieties of plants and animals Countries such as Bolivia Ecuador and Peru are among the most important centers of plant domestication in the world and have outlined the basis for modern agriculture in the continent Tapia 2007 Indigenous people and peasants in Latin America have in fact contributed to global food resources with an infinite assortment of maize potatoes beans peppers pumpkins tomatoes fruits and many varieties that can be found in local markets and peasant farms However this richness and diversity is being lost due to changes in consumption patterns monoculture technologies marketing opportunities and undiversified diets UNORCAC 2008 On the other side markets have become more homogeneous worldwide reducing demand to a narrow range of varieties To this adds genetic erosion or the loss of varieties of seed tubers native cultivars and their wild relatives due to factors such as deforestation desertification soil erosion and partly climate change These determinants have also contributed to the migration of young people from remote areas to populated centers and cities Besides the lack of clear policies to benefit farmers technological dependence and the implementation of an economic model b
89. n ex post tambi n subraya la importancia de hacer un an lisis previo a la implementaci n sobre los resultados esperados ex ante para asegurar que sus logros puedan ser bien documentados Los resultados espec ficos son e En todos los casos la participaci n ex ante estuvo asociada positivamente con la adopcion de innovaciones suministradas por las intervenciones de los proyectos e En cinco de los casos una mayor adopci n de estas innovaciones estuvo asociada con una mayor diversidad de cultivos nativos e En tres casos una mayor diversidad de cultivos nativos estuvo asociado positivamente con m s beneficios para el hogar Los resultados muestran que es posible evaluar el xito de proyectos de conservaci n en finca con un uso cuidadoso de m todos y t cnicas anal ticas apropiadas Beneficica P blicos FS Ad A ss Ap m de culttvod m Prec Exito Esta hoja divulgativa fue producida por Mauricio Bellon Elisabetta Gotor y Francesco Caracciolo Para mayor informacion por favor contactar a Dr Mauricio Bellon Bioversity International Cientifico Principal al correo m bellon cgiar org Estre trabajo por Bioversity International es autorizado bajo un Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License November 2012 Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Network Analysis for Evaluating l Bioversity International On Farm Conservation Projects TH
90. ndice de satisfacci n de vida derivado de una serie de puntuaciones en el nivel de satisfacci n experimentada por los hogares con respecto a distintas variables tales como vivienda acceso a la educaci n actividades econ micas vida social y contactos as como nutrici n y seguridad alimentaria CONCLUSIONES Los m todos seguidos en este estudio permitieron a los investigadores concluir que un proyecto exitoso de conservaci n en finca mostrar una trayectoria en la cual la participaci n en un proyecto lleva a la adopci n de innovaciones suministradas por las intervenciones de ste resultando a su vez en un aumento en la conservaci n y uso de la diversidad de cultivos y en la generaci n de beneficios privados para el agricultor y beneficios p blicos para la sociedad como se muestra en el siguiente diagrama intervenciones del proyecto Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 El proceso aqu descrito puede parecer simplista pero una aproximacion lineal es til para lidiar con procesos complejos con el objeto de entender y evaluar aspectos concretos Una contribuci n importante de este estudio es el uso de un enfoque de utiliza m todos diversos permitiendo capturar la complejidad de las intervenciones de proyectos basados en investigaci n pero con objetivos de desarrollo como los aqu presentados A n cuando este estudio se baso en un an lisis de los proyectos posterior a su implementaci
91. of a grave loss of biodiversity due to the rapid urbanization of the region at the expense of natural forest vegetation and wildlife changes in the habitats of crops wild relatives due to deforestation through fire habitat disruption due to human presence traffic noise roads tourism that leads to the disappearance of wildlife In the central area of Cochabamba department the Chapare province presents a great variety of plant and animal species due to its sub tropical and tropical climates with potato cultivation contributing to 60 of family income The area is characterized by three zones the flat pampa the hillside and the hilltop which differ in altitude climate vegetation and cultivars Agronomic management of crops and varieties and their uses also differs in each zone and represents the basis of conservation strategies of natural resources in the area Despite strong links with the market which demands only a small number of commercial varieties this micro center has managed to maintain its diversity of Andean tubers The population of Candelaria is made up of small farmers and smallholders 9 ha a third of which are poor Almost the entire population is engaged in agricultural production with two predominant forms of land tenure family property in the valley bottoms and low hills and communal property in the highlands The commercilaization of products takes place through rural fairs in Sacaba Quillacollo Colomi and El Puente a
92. of any on farm conservation project then is to identify design and implement interventions that make the conservation of crop diversity on farm compatible with improved livelihoods and wellbeing among the farmers who conserve it References Bellon M R 1996 The dynamics of crop infraspecific diversity A conceptual framework at the farmer level Economic Botany 50 1 26 39 Bellon M R 2004 Conceptualizing interventions to support on farm genetic resource conservation World Development 32 1 159 172 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 21 Bellon M R 2009 Do we need crop landraces for the future Realizing the global option value of in situ conservation Pages 51 59 in A Kontoleon U Pascual and M Smale eds Agrobiodiversity and Economic Development Routledge London and New York Bellon M R J L Pham and M T Jackson 1997 Genetic conservation A role for rice farmers Pages 263 289 in N Maxted B V Ford Lloyd and J G Hawkes eds Plant Conservation the n situ Approach Chapman and Hall London Bretting P K and D N Duvick 1997 Dynamic conservation of plant genetic resources Advances in Agronomy 61 1 51 Brush S B 2004 Farmers Bounty Locating Crop Diversity in the Contemporary World Yale University Press New Ha
93. of quinoa before and after roasting were evaluated 5 Nutritive and agroindustrial value the nutritional assessment of quinoa accessions of 13 wild and 10 accessions of wild ca ihua has been carried out Five wild accessions of quinoa with greater grain size high in protein starch and with high grain yield have been multiplied 6 Ecological and geographic information on wild quinoa was collected in the departments of Cochabamba Chuquisaca and Potosi Threatened species were categorized in the Red Book of Crop Wild Relatives Technicians were trained in methods wild germ plasm collection 7 Promotion two books to promote wild ca ihua and quinoa were developed radio programs were broadcasted to publicize the importance of wild relatives to the population seminars to high school students in rural schools as well as provincial fairs were carried out RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The project aims to improve global food security through the effective conservation of wild relatives of cultivated species Proyecto UNEP GEF 2010 which represent the ancestors of modern crops and varieties and species associated with them DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Agrobiodiversity in the three microcentres has been analyzed 12 crops and 95 varieties in Titijoni 12 crops and 182 varieties in Cachilaya and 11 crops and 184 varieties Coromata This diversity is cultivated by farmers in traditional crop management systems with selection accord
94. of the Andean population They are sources of nutrients and of secondary metabolites with increasing value in the market Farm families are the guardians of the biodiversity of RTAs Both utility and tradition are among the reasons these families preserve and protect their cultivars Therefore natural factors socio economic and socio cultural habits play a role in the decision whether to preserve multiply or abandon the germ plasm of cultivars The three Andean tubers on which projects focus oca mashwa and ulluco are grown in the same agro ecological zone and their soil requirements and cultivation practices are very similar to those of the potato In the northern area of the Peruvian sierra the traditional form of cultivation is on melgas after cultivation of the potato the land is divided into three to five plots each of which is sown with one of the Andean tubers On the high plateau of Puno and in the agro ecological zone of the semi humid puna a mixture of tubers is sown By contrast in the quechua agro ecological zone the oca and ulluco are planted together with maize These crops show a high response to agricultural work such as fertilization earthing up hoeing and above all the control of pests and diseases their production increases to levels of 40 to 50 tonnes per hectare which are Appendix G p 25 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 comparable to the highest potato yields The Andean tubers perish easily which exp
95. or univocal relationship with other actors One can measure centrality by its degree its closeness and its betweenness In our analysis we The degree centrality of a point is the number of other points to which it is adjacent It represents how much an actor is well connected how many choices it has received and therefore how central it is in the network It is a measure of local centrality because it ignores the indirect connections the point may have Appendix A p 26 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 do not apply the closeness measure because we are analyzing the network from the point of view of the implementing institution and we lack sufficient information on the relationship between all the different pairs of actors in the network In our analysis we defined the relevant links in the network according to four categories e Money these include the links based on financing from an actor to another e g from the donor to the grant managing institution or from the latter to the institution that carries out activities on field e Research links based on the providing research activities from one actor to another e g a university carries out laboratory analysis for the implementing institution e Training links based on capacity building activities given from an actor to another e g training in food preparation given by the implementing institution to a community e Exchange of information this ca
96. organizadas con grupos de hombres y mujeres de diferentes edades en las comunidades donde los seis proyectos seleccionados se llevaron a cabo Las discusiones evocaron informaci n sobre el sistema agr cola los problemas afrontados y la percepci nde los participantes con relaci n a la utilidad de las intervenciones del proyecto Analisis de las redes sociales El an lisis de redes sociales fue usado para analizar los roles la contribuci n y estructura de las redes de socios en la que se basaron los seis proyectos estudiados Una hoja divulgativa separada presenta la metodologia y c mo fue aplicada en este estudio Las encuestas se hicieron con una muestra aleatoria de hogares de agricultores en comunidades donde Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 los proyectos seleccionados se llevaron a cabo En cada lugar las muestra se obtuvieron de dos poblaciones aquellos que participaron en el proyecto y aquellos que no los ultimos sirviendo como control La encuesta evoc informaci n sobre indicadores de participaci n en el proyecto y la aplicaci n de innovaciones suministradas por ste adopci n diversidad de cultivo relevante y de su manejo beneficios asociados con el bienestar del hogar y variables socieconomicas est ndar tales como demograf a educacion migraci n tenencia de la tierra calidad de los campos animales dom sticos propiedad de activos agr colas acceso a redes sociales participa
97. participation and for adoption although at a much lower statistical significance but not for household benefits which suggests that while adoption of project interventions influenced positively the level of native crop diversity there is no evidence that the level of native crop diversity influences household benefits Finally for the INIAP project there is no evidence of the influence of adoption of project interventions on the level of native crop diversity and neither of the latter on household benefits Discussion of results of econometric analysis Our results show that there is plausible evidence that at least three of the projects analyzed can be considered successful There is evidence of a link between ex ante participation and application adoption of project innovations in all projects and in two there is evidence albeit weak of adoption influencing the level of native crop diversity planted by a household but no link to household benefits So in two of the projects we only have partial evidence for success The lack of evidence of this last link could be because in fact there is no link but could also be due to a lack of statistical power associated with the relatively small size of sample used It should be pointed out that a limitation of our empirical approach is that for the projects with statistically significant results strictly speaking we have not shown that the projects as such work just that the interventions associ
98. perform badly at high elevations growing slowly and more difficult to cook Andean peoples have developed their own legumes lima bean nu as a variety of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris that pops like popcorn and tarwi lupin National Research Council 1989 Beans are grown all through the Andes especially in Peru and are common among communities in remote areas However people in the cities hardly eat these traditional legumes any more This explains the weak market demand for popping beans and lupines the two most important species Poor demand combined with long growing cycles of seven or eight months low yields fungus and viral diseases endanger this agricultural heritage hoo y Lupin The Andean lupin grown since pre Incan times is the only American species of the 3 e genus Lupinus domesticated and cultivated as a legume Blanco 1982 It has great ak potential not only for human consumption but also as animal feed Its main benefit for consumption derives from its high protein content However it has been replaced by European crops because of the process needed to eliminate its bitter taste for its indeterminate high content of alkaloids and its consumption limited to the indigenous Lupinus Mutabilis Appendix G p 45 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 population Lupin is one of the native Andean species most affected by marginalization despite its agronomic and nutritional benefits such
99. plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Promoci n de mejores pol ticas y marcos legales para la utilizaci n sostenible y equitativa de los NUS Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Marco normativo y jur dico identificado y soluciones para su mejora propuestas a los socios Conciencia p blica elevada entre los responsables pol ticos sobre las cuestiones y opciones para la mejora de las pol ticas y marcos legales Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Parcelas demostrativas de semillas y parcelas de semillas de alta calidad plantadas para la multiplicaci n de las variedades seleccionadas Producci n de semillas en estrecha colaboraci n con los productores en el distrito de Cabana Actividades para fortalecer la producci n de semillas con el fin de satisfacer la demanda de ca ahua Estudios de la colecci n central de germoplasma de amaranto con el fin de facilitar la evaluaci n y selecci n de actividades Colecci n b sica de semillas de alta calidad creada por la asociaci n
100. policy 2012 Italy Bellon makers and implication for assessing makers and donors Elisabetta donors the success of on farm Gotor conservation projects Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Assessing the success of on farm conservation projects in e delivering conservation and a livelihood outcomes Identifying Bioversity best practices and decision support International tools THE MCKNIGHT FOUNDATION Final Technical Report March 2010 November 2012 Appendix G Full report from literature review Submitted to the McKnight Foundation by Bioversity International December 2012 McKnight Project Code 09 1100 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00057 Maccarese Rome Italy Tel 39 06 6118336 Fax 39 06 61979661 Email m bellon cgiar org www bioversityinternational org Appendix G p 1 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 CONTENTS _Toc282610150 SUMM iii 4 A E E A E 4 BS PPP E N E 4 DA dal CI Ae A PP a 0 uE EU E e EE E O 4 o A A o A 5 DR SCE EOS CV LON noia acacia 6 Biodiversity nthe ANOS asocia 8 In situ conservation projects in the Andean regions of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru occocccoccnocnnccnccnonononnos 10 Geographic distribution of interventions cooocnccconnnnnonanonnnnanonnnnononononcnnnnnnrononnnnnnnnnnnrnnonnnnnnonnrnnononnnnnnnnnnanos 11 BOL e CR P lt tT A A PA NOE IT O 12 ECUADOR eta aii tati 15 RER O PP A O PE
101. practices The answers to these questions determine different methodologies and different evaluation methods and therefore they need to be properly addressed Beneficiaries participate in an intervention to which they attach a certain level of usefulness and then some of them apply the innovation provided by the intervention The rating of usefulness codetermines the rate of application There might be spillovers to non participants who deem the intervention useful and decide to apply the innovations learned by participants Finally the application of innovations determines changes in local agro biodiversity while it also determines changes in livelinoods both directly and through changes in agro biodiversity Related to participation and usefulness it was interesting to see that participants and implementers mainly deemed useful the same activities There seems to be a good understanding of what farmers need and value We also learned that the definition of a baseline and control group is fundamental to understand unambiguously the change brought about by an intervention From the literature review a lesson emerged from the fact that there is confusion and vagueness about the definition of impacts outcomes outputs and relative indicators which makes the understanding of projects theoretical approaches theory of change difficult The projects studied seem to have achieved similar outcomes in terms of livelihoods and conservation although their
102. presentes en todos los proyectos lo que apunta a un inter s en esta clase de proyectos a nivel p blico Estas instituciones usualmente proveen financiamiento pero tambi n en algunos casos ofrecen asistencia t cnica y creaci n de capacidades Cabe se alar que la mayor a de las instituciones involucradas en los proyectos tienen como objetivo principal el contribuir a mejorar los medios de vida de la poblaci n rural CONCLUSI N Este informe muestra la importancia de analizar y entender la red de asociaciones que subyace en cualquier proyecto de conservaci n en finca y presenta al An lisis de Red Social como una herramienta util para ello Ilustra c mo esta metodolog a puede ser aplicada provee un breve resumen de su uso en el estudio de seis proyectos de conservaci n en finca y algunos resultados relevantes Sin embargo debido a limitaciones en los datos su aplicaci n a profundidad en el estudio de los seis proyectos presentado fue limitado Sin embargo que lo presentado motive a los dise adores y ejecutores de proyectos de conservaci n en finca a adoptar un enfoque m s sistem tico en la planificaci n an lisis y comprensi n de relaciones entre actores en los proyectos que intenten por implementar ex ante o que ya hayan ex post Para los primeros el an lisis de redes sirve para hacer un mapa del flujo de informaci n las estructuraras el poder y los cuellos de botella en la red y para entender qu actores p
103. process generating a horizontal mutually trusting relationship with them In order to present the project to the Chopcca communities three meetings were held with the Chopcca board of directors in order to explain the objectives and scope of the project and in order to prepare a common work agenda with them Potato moth Biopesticide development and diffusion of potato moths Country Ecuador Organization PUCE IRD INIAP MCKNIGHT FOUNDATION Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This McKnight project focuses on the development of a biopesticide and the training of farmers in potato moth integrated management Onore et al 2006 The goal of the project is to develop an integrated management strategy of the potato moth Tecia solanivora and Symmetrischema tangolias including a viral pesticide that is economic efficient and easy to apply by farmers and make it available to potato farmers and technicians Secondarily the project aims at training farmers in integrated pest management Specific objectives 1 Development of the Bio plaguicide 2 Distribution mapping and dynamics 3 Technology transfer 4 Inter institutional Coordination Activities 5 Collection of biological material multiplication and characterization of viruses optimization of the mass production of the virus laboratory bio trials viral bio plaguicide evaluations 6 Mapping predators and or parasitoids collection potato moth s natural enemies 7 Es
104. research activities with universities and private institutions while others aimed at a rural development focus on training activities and dissemination of information Not surprisingly projects with a strong research focus included among their partners universities or national research institutes that were also linked to other similar types of organizations that network together Table 1 Key Parameters of Network Structures Network structure Degree of centrality Number of projects Low 1 Medium 2 High 3 Between centrality Low Medium High Type of predominant links not mutually exclusive Research Training Exchange of information Influential actors Number of actors Mean 5 8 Minimum Maximum Total actors Mean Minimum Maximum The scope of a project particularly the levels international regional national local on which it operated was crucial in determining the number of influential actors and the total number of actors see table above There is wide variation in the number of partners in the network among projects but only a fraction of them could be considered influential Public institutions involved in projects tend to attract other public institutions as their main partners Half of the projects involved universities among their main partners collaborations are strong especially in terms of academic research student training and knowledge transfer This kind of collaboration seems beneficial
105. role of farmers as key players enhancing their self esteem and their recognition in the communities The best project outcomes are probably achieved bringing farmers and relevant stakeholders inside the process from its design in order to address relevant objectives to its implementation which helps understanding local response to common problems and adapting solutions in an optimal way For instance the Lupin Quinoa McKnight project had to face a myth that if potatoes are covered with too much ground they don t thicken although that is not true and moreover ground keeps moth and maggots away Appendix G p 71 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Most of the projects used participatory approaches also for the characterization of agro economics systems These were carried out to create farm maps farmers view and family tasks and social maps social environment of farmers and understand the levels of well being economic productive social aspects Participatory approaches are successful in identifying knowledge gaps of farmers and technicians and developing learning tools Participatory research enables investigators to know farmers selection criteria in terms of plant health yield size and color and determine the acceptability of native cultivars Overall projects focused on generating technologies that improve crop management and production systems while being adapted to the socio economic conditions of farmer
106. should be done before the baseline one is not a substitute from the other For a diagnosis one can use secondary data key informant interviews and focus group discussions It is essential to have identified the interventions to be applied in a project with their respective theory of change before the baseline is designed Based on the predictions associated with the interventions indicators of their application and success should be incorporated into the baseline questionnaire Usually a baseline should be identified through a survey among a sample of potential participants and non participants A major contribution of this project is the mixed methods approach which when applied captures the complexity of research based and development oriented interventions that promote the use and conservation of native crop diversity to improve farmers well being The results while assessing Appendix A p 50 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 ex post the success of six projects in the Andean region also emphasize the importance of ex ante analysis to ensure the achievement of outcomes and thus a sound ex post analysis and to draw a number of lessons that can be applicable on a global scale The scope of implementing a multi faceted basket of interventions with different aims is to provide diverse and relevant options to farmers that enhance the value of what they already have In this regard it is crucial to identify develo
107. sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Sustainable production of quinoa Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA 2 SUSTAINABLE USE Among the most important actions to ensure that ecosystem goods and services are still available for future generations is to manage and use sustainably the components of biodiversity This is fundamental for safeguarding livelihoods and preserving and improving human development options in the future Assessing whether a resource is being used sustainably or unsustainably requires consideration of a number of factors an analysis not available in the information we have gathered on the projects and is beyond the scope of our study at this stage which is to review the interventions of on farm conservation in the Andean region and not Appendix G p 62 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 to assess their impact However we have checked which projects had a component directly aimed at improving the sustainable use of genetic resources ecosystems and a sustainable management of farms Indicators in this focal are thus measure land use change and land tenure types of protection measures in place conservation soil formation and sedimentation processes and nutrient cycling amongst others Also indicators available in some proje
108. spite of their role as staple foods Moreover the lack of improved varieties or enhanced cultivation and processing practices low added value disorganized or non existent market chains added to a misperception of these grains as poor man crops have contributed to their falling out Rojas et al 2009 Most of the limitations to the widespread use of Andean grains are due to the low distribution of their cultivation The difficulty of harvesting as a consequence of non uniform grain ripening is currently one of the main constraints Furthermore outside of their production areas little is known about the use of this species for food and consumption limited to producers Ly Ca ihua this Andean grain has high protein content and like quinoa and love lies E EE Maa bleeding kiwicha a high proportion of sulphur containing amino acids It also has the Ep ra advantage of not containing saponins which facilitates its use Ca ihua is traditionally consumed in the form of lightly roasted ground grains which produce a flour called L y LA F P N ca ihuaco This is consumed on its own in cold or hot drinks or in porridges Its cultivation ft O has been restricted to some areas of the highlands of La Paz and Cochabamba because of the plant resistance to low temperatures However the large number of people required Chenopodium Pallidicaule to harvest it and its small grain size which makes handling diffi
109. that are independent of the project interventions but that can affect the outcomes either masking or exaggerating their impacts Methodological Approach The result of the study is a methodological approach that consists of both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis and can be applied to other situations and other regions where on farm conservation interventions are planned or needed These methods range from desk based research to on site research in the field The qualitative methods involved a review of relevant literature key informant interviews and a social network analysis The quantitative analysis comprised two components One is a descriptive part based on the surveys characterizing the households in the sample in socioeconomic terms by reporting frequencies means and standard deviations of key relevant variables The second component comprised an econometric analysis to test whether each of the six projects can be considered successful based on the consideration of four questions 1 Do farmers apply the innovations provided by project interventions 2 If so does the application of these innovations lead to farmers maintaining levels of crop diversity higher than would have been possible without them 3 Does this higher level of crop diversity lead to increased well being among the households of farmers who applied the innovations 4 Does the level of crop diversity associated with the application of
110. them to continue to apply them beyond the lifetime of the project ensuring the sustainability of the process Figure 3 6 Annex A Thus this simple framework provides a conceptual basis for analyzing the generic structure of an on farm conservation project and assessing its success and sustainability From this model it is clear that assessing the success of on farm conservation project requires answering four questions 1 Do farmers apply the innovations provided by project interventions 2 If so does the application of these innovations lead to farmers maintaining levels of crop diversity higher than would have been possible without them 3 Does this higher level of crop diversity lead to increased well being among the households of farmers who applied the innovations 4 Does the level of crop diversity associated with the application of innovations deliver additional evolutionary services that would not have occurred otherwise Answering positively to these questions will indicate that a project was successful This implies that farmers who apply the innovations provided by project interventions a maintain higher levels of crop diversity compared to those who do not apply them and b that those farmers who maintain higher levels of crop diversity obtain additional benefits from this diversity compared to those with lower diversity These implications can be tested empirically This requires on the one hand clear and measurable indi
111. then can be treated as complementary Brush 2004 Bretting and Duvick 1997 The public and private benefits generated by on farm conservation The socio biological systems that maintain landraces in centers of crop diversity produce two distinct types of benefits private and public Smale and Bellon 1999 The private benefits 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 8 refer to those that accrue to and are captured directly by farmers who maintain these systems such as the food and products they consume or sell and associated income the safety nets they gain and the cultural values they fulfill Public benefits refer to benefits that accrue also to others in addition to the farmers themselves and that can occur at different scales such as the pest control properties of planting varieties with different resistance genes by different farmers occurring at the local or regional level e g Rebaudo and Dangles 2011 or the new potentially useful genetic variation generated by the management of landraces the evolutionary services described above and that can be available through seeds locally regionally or globally to other farmers for direct use for planting or by breeders for further crop improvement An important problem is that public benefits tend to b
112. thereby reducing the loss of public benefits associated with that biodiversity Figure 2b presents a series of scenarios to illustrate how these interventions could change these relationships the letters with the superscript refer to the different scenarios and are used to identify changes in the points from the right part of the figure into the left one Scenario 1 is the same as depicted in Figure 2a 1 e the process of change with a negative trend without any interventions 1 e the counterfactual to the interventions Scenario 2 presents the situation where while there is still a negative trend in the relationship between the crop diversity maintained by a household or a community interventions are implemented to shift the trend upward leading to a much reduced loss of crop diversity and hence of the associated public benefits compared to Scenario 1 particularly since the relationship between crop diversity and public benefits is non linear This indicates that if there is a plateau in the functional link between crop diversity and the evolutionary services it provides it is possible to reduce crop diversity at little or no cost in public benefits and hence not all loss of crop diversity is necessarily socially unacceptable Scenario 3 presents a situation that many may consider ideal where crop biodiversity 1s maintained at is original level delivering all associated public benefits of crop diversity together with a major improvemen
113. to be a good way of engaging local populations Promotion also seems successful especially through the use of radio campaigns At the individual level projects seem to have achieved some impacts in terms of self esteem among participants particularly women However these impacts though quite important are difficult to measure and are usually left to superficial analyses that merit further attention B Case studies selection and key informant interviews Case study selection A sub set of six projects was selected from the 26 projects reviewed for further study and an in depth quantitative analysis These studies were selected during a workshop held in Cali Colombia with the expert knowledge of the participants and the information obtained through the key informant interviews The aim was to have a mix of projects with the following criteria a funded by different donors including the McKnight Foundation but not limited to it b two in each country c implemented by different types of organizations and d encompassing different types of interventions crops social and biophysical environments Table 2 Telephone interviews with key informants were carried out to validate and add to the information gathered from project reports Information on the design of interventions and lessons learned from the implementation of projects was gathered during the interviews by asking opinions on gaps and strengths and other factors relevant to unders
114. to cold weather has made agricultural biodiversity in the Andes extremely diverse The Diversity Due to the diversity of ecosystems found in the Andes many crops including potatoes and tomatoes have originated in this region and Andean people have domesticated tens of different species including roots grains legumes and fruits for thousands of years resulting in a rich diversity of native cultivars adapted to unique ecological conditions Native Andean crops such as roots and tubers in fact give good yields in poor soils under adverse climatic conditions as well as being tolerant to various pests and diseases Appendix A p 10 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The potential and observed richness of Andean crops are mapped in Figures 4 and 5 in Annex A The Threat However this rich diversity is being lost due to changes in consumption patterns monoculture technologies unfavorable marketing opportunities and undiversified diets UNORCAC 2008 Markets have become more homogeneous worldwide reducing demand to a narrow range of varieties In addition genetic erosion or the loss of varieties of seed native cultivars and their wild relatives due to factors such as deforestation desertification soil erosion and climate change The lack of clear policies to benefit farmers technological dependence and the implementation of an economic model based on the market has deepened the food problem in the region as have other anthr
115. to mobilize political support and raise funds in support of NUS RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Despite their name neglected and underutilized species NUS provide the rural and urban poor with important income opportunities and nutritional benefits They provide relevant contributions to dietary diversity help to remedy nutritional deficiencies are successful crops in marginal areas often require low agricultural inputs and have largely untapped economic potential Enhancing the use of NUS which are often key livelihood assets of the rural poor leads to improved incomes and well being of the poor and marginalized DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Targeted species have been selected during ad hoc Stakeholders participatory meetings held during preparatory phase at national and regional level Manejo Conservacion y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Country Bolivia Organization PROINPA Foundation Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural Agropecuario y Medio Ambiente Sistema Boliviano de Tecnologia Agropecuaria SIBTA Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project was executed between 2003 and 2008 by the Subsistema de Granos Altoandinos High Andean Grain Subsystem of the National System of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture SINARGEA which depends from the Ministry of Rural Development Agriculture and Environment MDRAyMA The PROINPA Foundation i
116. to the Convention on Biological Diversity biodiversity indicators are information tools summarizing data on complex environmental issues to indicate the overall status and trends of biodiversity They can be used to assess national performance and to signal key issues to be addressed through policy interventions and other actions The development of indicators is important for monitoring the status and trends of biological diversity and acquiring information on ways to continually improve the effectiveness of biodiversity management programs Through the analysis of in situ conservation projects carried out in the Andean region we have been able to trace some common indicators used to assess the results and achievements of interventions Moreover we have synthesized and grouped biodiversity indicators into common thematic areas following the Biodiversity Indicator Partnership Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2006 as shown in figure 7 next page Figure 7 Selected diversity indicators DIVERSITY INDICATORS Status and trends Status of traditional ofthe components knowledge of biodiversity innovations and practices Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services Sustainable Use Threats to biodiversity Appendix G p 60 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 We would like to point out that the labeling of indicators is a useful exercise for systematization but as it will arise from the
117. was given to improving agricultural efficiency through better planting harvesting and storage practices but also to addressing specific pests and diseases such as weevils and moths The awareness and extent in use of methods of integrated pests management and practices that reduce soil exploitation or improve soil quality are the main measures of projects outputs within this focal area Projects that had a special focus on the incidence of on farm biodiversity threats are Lupin Quinoa Programa de apoyo a la quinoa altiplano sur Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Potato moth Biodiversity of Andean tubers Sustainable production of quinoa Green manure and legumes Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per 4 ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES Goods and services from biodiversity to support human well being including medicine and food represent outputs that are strongly linked with livelinoods outputs and outcomes These goods and services help achieve sustainable livelihoods local food security and health care especially for poor and marginal people who are directly or indirectly dependant on local biodiversity for their survival Outputs in this focal area are therefore measured through the actions taken to assess the nutritional status of targeted species or to improve the hygienic and consumption habits of different community members and a better use of local biodiversi
118. 005 Ministerio de Agricultura Conservacion in situ de los recursos fitogeneticos Memorias del Curso Internacional 19 23 de Setiembre del 2005 Huaral Peru Jarvis D l Sthapit B amp Sears L eds 2000 Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity in situ A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture Rome International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Jarvis D V Zoes D Nares and T Hodgkin 2004 On farm management of crop genetic diversity and the Convention of Biological Diversity programme of work on agricultural biodiversity Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 138 5 17 Jarvis D et al 2008 A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop variety diversity maintained by farming communities Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 5326 5331 Jarvis D l Brown A H Cuong P H Collado Panduro L Latournerie Moreno L Gyawali S Tanto T Sawadogo M Mar l Sadiki M et al 2008 A global perspective of the ric hness and evenness of traditional crop variety diversity maintained by farming communities Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 5326 5331 Lipper L and D Cooper 2009 Managing plant genetic resources for sustainable use in food and agriculture In A Kontoleon U Pascual and M Smale eds Agrobiodiversity and Economic Development London and New York Routledge Pp 27 39 Love B and D Spanner 2007 Agrobiodiversity its value measurement and conservation in the context of sus
119. 006 Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization The accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy Crop Science 46 2278 2292 Harlan J R 1992 Crops and Man 2nd ed American Society of Agronomy Madison WI Heckman J J and E J Vytlacil 2005 Structural equations treatment effects and econometric policy evaluation Econometrica 73 669 738 Jarvis D L A H Brown P H L Collado Panduro L Latournerie Moreno et al 2008 A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop variety diversity maintained by farming communities Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105 5326 5331 Jarvis D T Hodgkin B R Sthapit C Fadda Lopez Noriega 2011 Identifiying multiple ways of supporting the conservation and use of traditional crop varieties within the agricultural production system Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30 125 176 Lewis D Bell SD Fay J Bothi KL Gatere L Kabila M et al 2011 Community Markets for Conservation COMACO links biodiversity conservation with sustainable improvements in livelihoods and food production PNAS 108 34 13957 13962 Vigouroux Y Cedric M De Mita S Pham J L Gerard B et al 2011 Selection for earlier flowering crop associated with climatic variations in the Sahel PLoS ONE 6 1 9 Zellner A and H Theil 1962 Three stage least squares Simultaneous estimate of simultaneous equations Econometrica 29 54
120. 04 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 9 Challenges to on farm conservation While many smallholder farmers still maintain crop diversity on farm in centers of crop diversity they face increasing challenges to do so Besides the replacement of a diverse set of landraces by a few scientifically bred varieties other mechanisms that can lead to the loss of crop diversity in farming systems include the replacement of a native crop of great diversity with another crop of little local diversity e g sorghum by maize in parts of Sub Saharan Africa and farmers abandoning agriculture altogether and shifting to other activities or to migration The incentives that underpin these changes are usually related to 1 new market opportunities and or government support programs that foster specialization in few varieties or crops 11 higher opportunity costs for labor or land associated with the introduction of new crops varieties economic activities or migration 111 cultural change that diminishes the value of traditional crops and customs and iv the erosion of local seed systems due to social change and migration and increased reliance on formal ones Bellon 2004 Many of these factors may enhance farmers well being it would not be fair to ask farmers to forego these opportunities for the sake of maintaining crop diversity for future use Therefore in many situ
121. 1 59 in A Kontoleon U Pascual and M Smale eds Agrobiodiversity and Economic Development Routledge London and New York Bellon M R Gotor E Caracciolo F 2012 Conserving landraces improving livelihoods A framework for assessing the success of on farm conservation projects Submitted to Economic Botany Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 8 Bellon M R J L Pham and M T Jackson 1997 Genetic conservation A role for rice farmers Pages 263 289 in N Maxted B V Ford Lloyd and J G Hawkes eds Plant Conservation the In situ Approach Chapman and Hall London Brooks J S Franzen M A Holmes C M Grote M N Borgerhoff Mulder M 2006 Testing hypotheses for the success of different conservation strategies Conservation Biology 20 5 1528 1538 Brush S B 2004 Farmers Bounty Locating Crop Diversity in the Contemporary World Yale University Press New Haven Cardinale B J J E Duffy A Gonzalez D U Hooper C Perrings et al 2012 Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity Nature 486 59 67 Castillo R O 1995 Plant genetic resources in the Andes Impact conservation and management Crop Science 35 355 360 Faith D P S Magallon A P Hendry E Conti T Yahara and M J Donoghue 2010 Evosystem services an evolutionary perspective on the links between biodiversity and human well being Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2 1 9 Gepts P 2
122. 3 uso de recursos locales 1 4 Fortalecimiento de las Directivas de las Organizaciones de Mujeres y Comunales que dirigen los trabajos de Investigaci n en sus bases Fortalecer las capacidades habilidades y destrezas de las familias campesinas en la generaci n de alternativas traduciendo innovaciones tecnol gicas con pr cticas locales para el mejoramiento del sistema de producci n Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Investigaci n participativa para validar 3 1 Numero de promotores conservacionistas de la y o desarrollar alternativas de control de agrobiodiversidad formados plagas 3 2 Numero de promotores capacitados en manejo Capacitaci n e investigaci n integrado del ganado ECAs participativa en la elaboraci n y usos de biofertilizantes l quidos y Biopesticidas en el manejo de plagas Diagnostico de la Calidad de la semilla local de papa Mapeo Investigaci n participativa de manejo de las granizadas Clasificaci n participativa y pr cticas de recuperaci n de suelos Investigaci n en brechas de rendimiento Comparativo de sistemas de labranza en el cultivo de papa y tarhui Numero de viveros con especies nativas y e
123. 3 projects Chuquisaca 1 project Oruro 1 project and 1 national project e Ecuador Provinces Chimborazo 3 projects Pichincha 2 projects Cotopaxi 2 projects Carchi and Imbabura 2 projects Ca ar and Azuay 1 project Pastaza 1 project Morona Santiago 1 project e Peru Regions Cusco 3 projects Puno 3 projects Cajamarca 1 project Huancavelica 1 project and 1 national project Once the 36 project documents were found in the search they were carefully reviewed with the aim of narrowing the list to a more manageable size Thirteen projects were eliminated because of missing information or because they did not address the necessary indicators A final total of 26 projects aimed at conserving the diversity of native crops while improving the livelihoods of farmers and their communities were selected for further in depth review The full report of this literature review is presented in Appendix F All of the projects either had a primary focus on on farm conservation or were characterized by important on farm components This framework was used to assess a set of six case studies comprised of a sample of projects according to four main criteria 1 directly or indirectly targeting on farm conservation 2 funded by the McKnight Foundation or by other donors 3 a focus on the Andean region 4 sufficiently documented projects encompassing different situations in terms of interventions coun
124. 4 Vols International Service for National Agricultural Research Netherlands ITACAB 2002 Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha www itacab org redes eventos agro memoria c 39 pdf ITDG Peru 2007 Improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Annual report 2005 2006 2006 2007 Intermediate Technology Development Group Cusco Jakobsen S 2000 QUINOA Research and Development International Potato Center CIP Lima Appendix G p 75 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Jarvis D L Myer H Klemick L Guarino M Smale A Brown M Sadiki B Sthapit T Hodgkin 2000 A Training Guide for In situ Conservation On Farm Version 1 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Rome Kernan B S and Stern M 2006 USAID ECUADOR Report on tropical forests and biological diversity Country strategy statement FY 2007 FY 2012 Quito La Rovere R and J Dixon 2007 CIMMYT guidelines for assessing impacts on livelihoods CIMMYT El Bat n Mexico MACRENA 2006 A farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands Annual Report 2006 2006 2006 2007 Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificaci n Editores M rida G M Oliveira P L Ibisch 2003 Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de Bolivia Resumen Ejecutivo Editorial FAN Santa Cruz N
125. 533 0 470 2 186 0 322 0 047 0 225 0 054 0 002 0 005 0 070 0 004 0 006 0 087 0 236 0 092 0 183 0 161 0 148 0 597 0 136 0 397 0 568 1 214 0 110 1 821 0 281 0 089 0 290 0 554 2 855 Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 18 Bolivia D amp E 1 982 0 191 0 103 0 001 0 009 0 069 0 110 0 002 0 000 0 150 0 390 0 067 0 350 0 271 0 969 0 199 0 038 0 007 0 020 0 007 0 001 0 004 0 009 0 001 0 000 0 004 0 049 0 005 0 168 0 120 0 090 0 010 386 973 3 637 14 614 19 184 1 195 0 432 2 559 0 278 0 001 0 943 14 189 Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 19 Sources of income 0 011 0 619 3 041 16 44 7 Region 1 0 028 0 862 2 808 14 032 Region 2 0 552 0 964 8 064 35 946 Region 3 0 332 0 962 6 736 12 153 Region 4 0 369 1 045 Constant 1 048 1 807 3 577 66 212 Note significant at the 10 05 01 001 levels respectively The two projects in Bolivia D amp E were merged because they included very similar interventions were implemented by the same institution PROINPA The dummy variables referring to the regions capture the differences between both projects
126. 78 Zimmerer K 1997 Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes University of California Press Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 9 Zimmerer K S 2010 Biological diversity in agriculture and global change Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35 137 66 Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 10 Table 1 Indicators of crop diversity in the six studied projects numbers in bold indicate target crops for the relevant project Ecuador Peru Bolivia Indicator A B D E Total number of crops reported 137 11 2 13 13 Mean number of crops hh 36 2 2 1 3 7 3 4 Mean number of varieties crop hh 1 2 7 3 11 9 15 9 11 9 Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Farmers planting 22 7 76 5 88 2 Mean number of varieties hh 1 8 2 4 Ca ahua Chenopodium pallidicaule Farmers planting 51 9 4 3 Mean number of varieties hh 1 7 2 3 Lupinus Lupinus mutabilis 18 2 Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Oca Oxalis tuberosa Farmers planting 6 3 40 16 7 16 8 Mean number of varieties hh 1 9 3 2 2 4 Ulluco Ullucus tuberosus 6 8 Farmers planting 57 5 2 5 2 5 Mean number of varieties hh 2 1 2 3 2 Maswa Tropaeolum tuberosum Farmers planting 2 8 19 2 1 2 2 5 Mean number of varieties hh 1 5 2 2 5 Potatoes Solanum tuberosum Farmers planting 52 3 95 98 4 99 4 97 5 Mean number of varieties hh 3 5 11 9 11 1 7 2 t Means were calculated for only for t
127. 9 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 2 Conservando variedades nativas mejorando medios de vida Un marco para evaluar el xito de proyectos de conservaci n en finca En los ltimos 20 a os ha habido un creciente inter s en la conservaci n de la diversidad de cultivos en finca llev ndose a cabo numerosos proyectos con este fin a nivel mundial Sin embargo no ha habido una evaluaci n sistem tica de su xito Los factores y las interrelaciones implicados en la conservaci n en finca son complejos por lo que un esquema que los conceptualice de una manera simple y coherente puede ser de gran valor para cient ficos donantes tomadores de decisiones y practicantes de este tipo de proyectos con el objeto de mejorar su dise o y poder evaluar su xito de manera m s sistem tica Aqu se presenta un marco conceptual para analizar y medir el grado en que este tipo de proyectos contribuyen a dar resultados deseados en t rminos de conservaci n de cultivos en finca y de beneficios para los agricultores involucrados Con el objeto de ilustrar como este marco se puede aplicar en una situaci n real se presenta un caso de estudio de un proyecto de conservaci n de cultivos nativos en los Andes de Bolivia y as mismo se discuten las limitaciones y los retos de poner dicho marco en pr ctica Keywords crop diversity evolutionary services genetic resources High Andes Bolivia I
128. Biodiversidad de Raices y Tuberculos Andinos Annual Report 2000 Centro Internacional de la Papa Lima CONDESAN 1998 Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha 1999 2001 Propuesta que presenta el Centro Internacional de la Papa CIP en nombre del Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregi n Andina CONDESAN Lima Conservation International 2007 Tropical Andes www biodiversityhotspots org Conservation International 2009 Madhav Gadgil and William C G Burns Topic Editor Biological diversity in the Tropical Andes In Encyclopedia of Earth Eds Cutler J Cleveland Washington D C Appendix G p 74 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 COSUDE Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperaci n 2010 Biodiversidad y recursos gen ticos www deza admin ch es Dossiers Dossier Papa Biodiversidad y recursos geneticos Devaux A Thiele G Lopez G Bernet T Ordinola M Manrique K Guidi A and Velasco C 2005 Facilitating Innovation for Poverty Reduction the Andes in What are the innovation challenges for rural development IFAD Rome FAO 2008 International Year of the Potato Andean heritage www potato2008 org en index html Fundaci n Fautapo 2007 Programa De fortlecimiento al complejo de la quinua Altiplano Sur Bolivia GEF PROMETA 2002 Removing Obstacles to Direct Private Sector Participation in In situ Biodiversity C
129. Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 Assessing the success of AS on farm conservation projects a in delivering conservation and a livelihood outcomes ploversit y Identifying best practices and decision support tools THE MSKNIGHT FOUNDATION Final Technical Report March 2010 November 2012 Submitted to the McKnight Foundation by Bioversity International December 2012 McKnight Project Code 09 1100 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00057 Maccarese Rome Italy Tel 39 06 6118336 Fax 39 06 61979661 Email m bellon cgiar org www bioversityinternational org Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 l Overview Many projects have been and continue to be implemented worldwide to support on farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity and the use of this diversity through the mechanisms of markets nutrition and ecosystem services to improve human well being These projects mainly supported by international organizations have on farm conservation either as their specific focus or as a major component of a broader focus Yet there is a lack of systematic evaluation of the success of on farm conservation projects in producing outcomes that maintain crop diversity on farm and that create livelihood benefits for farmers in the form of improved income options better nutrition reduced vulnerability and improved ecosystem services As on farm conservation projects ar
130. Centralidad de Grado de un actor esta dado por el n mero de actores con los que se vincula Es la representaci n cuantitativa de que tan buena es la conexi n de un actor con otros Cu ntas conexiones ha tenido y por tanto su posici n en la red Mide solo la centralidad local ya que ignora las conexiones indirectas que el actor pueda tener Centralidad de Intermediaci n es el grado en que un actor es un intermediario entre otros dos actores dentro de un grupo Este concepto se basa en la dependencia local un actor depende de otro si sus rutas de conexi n con otros pasan a trav s de ese actor espec fico Centralidad de cercan a representa la posici n del actor en t rminos de cercan a con otros Un actor es central si se encuentra en rutas o a distancias cortas de muchos otros actores Los v nculos relevantes de la red se definieron de acuerdo a cuatro categor as e Dinero son v nculos en que un actor financia a otro por ejemplo del donante a la instituci n ejecutora del proyecto o de sta a una instituci n que gestiona las actividades de campo e Investigaci n son v nculos en los que un actor provee actividades de investigaci n a otro por ejemplo una universidad que hace un an lisis de laboratorio a la instituci n ejecutora del proyecto e Capacitaci n son v nculos basados en actividades que crean capacidades por ejemplo una capacitaci n en preparaci n de alimentos dada por la instituci n ejecutora
131. Chopcca pastos para mejorar la nativa calidad consumo de los cultivos andinos communities in productividad y la dieta 3 Comparativo de producci n de semillas de 4 1 Numero de ensayos para incrementar la Huancavelica nutricional de las familias papa nativa de selecci n positiva v s producci n de papa nativa Peru campesinas selecci n tradicional 5 1 Cuantidad de variedades retornadas 4 Evaluaci n del incremento de la producci n 6 1 Programa de Repoblamiento de papa nativa mediante preparados 7 1 L neas promisorias de haba cebada org nicos quinua y trigo con resistencia a con insumos locales enfermedades seleccionadas 5 Repatriaci n de papas nativas 8 1 Base de datos que registra las diferentes 6 Repoblamiento de Germoplasma de tecnolog as en uso tub rculos y granos andinos 9 1 Inventario de especies forrajeras y no 7 Selecci n participativa de l neas promisorias forrajeras de haba cebada quinua y trigo con 10 1 Numero de ensayos comparativos resistencia a enfermedades 11 1 Investigaci n participativa de producci n 8 Recuperaci n del conocimiento sobre de semilla vicia con tutores costumbres usos tecnolog a y conservaci n 12 1 Campos de ensayo de la agrobiodiversidad 13 1 Numero de huertos org nicos familiares 9 Evaluaci n participativa de la situaci n de praderas y colecci n de pastos apetecibles para el ganado 10 Establecimiento y caracterizaci n de pastos forrajeros 11 Pruebas de adaptaci n de variedades
132. E MCKNIGHT FOUNDATION On farm conservation projects as well as most projects that use research to foster development usually involve multiple partners who play different roles bring diverse perspectives and influence the project in multiple ways These partnerships should not be seen in isolation or as piecemeal but as a network of actors that enable the implementation of a project influence its success or failure generate learning and allow its implementers to achieve goals that would have been beyond the scope of a single institution working in isolation This network of partners usually involves actors working at different scales from the local to the global and bringing in as well their own informal networks and contacts to support the established partnership Thus universities national and international research centres local and international NGOs community based organizations the private sector and international organizations can all cooperate within a project for the achievement of its final impact They may play however very different roles determined by their diverse nature and capacity to influence the implementation process Conducting a network analysis of partnerships is crucial at both the project planning stage ex ante as well as after its implementation ex post During the former it allows project implementers to identify and link with strategic partners that can enhance the chances of project succes
133. EAA Project BB communities Mrecpaities E treernstional Org gt ii ps Sector A nc sector Gov m Ureversties Research Inst eee UP ANA o SB ne i Farmers and tera ascocutions Nahwanacu O reece e Cooper asorw e Y on Link Money Training Research Appendix A p 61 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 8 Social Network of the Lupin Quinoa Project Figure 6 Social Network of the Lupin Quinoa Project A po Urewermded T crica ds Cotopar OB Conros Murscpslives qa ANF med OD internatonal Org O NGOs Foundations BB Private sector GB peke sector Gov Ureversives Research Inst Ons Link tf dina J AR imbabura Money Training Research a 5 O edi Ma as Figure 9 Social Network of the Complementary Conservation Project Figure 7 Social Network of the Complementary Conservation Project Xarxa Cordum Sobderi Actor E international Org O NGOs Foundations BB Private Sector GB Pbk sector Gov Asociaci n de educadores ambientales de C weak corre A On Link Money Training Bioversty IPGRI N Research SODEPAZ Dhaos de ahrertos 4 BB Comenunties Murecipaities A O vrever sites Research Inst Appendix A p 62 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 10 Social Network of the Native Potato Project Figure 8 Social Network of the Native Potato Project Money Training nrormation Research
134. ECT ECUADOR NUS Legumes 2 PROJECTS Andean roots Forest Ecosystems Carchi 1 PROJECT 1 PROJECT Imbabura Seedsystems And i AL id a Pichincha Cotopaxi 2 PROJECTS Andean tubers Bolivar 1 PROJECT i Pastaza Chimborazo Forest and medicinal Morona Santiago plants Ca ar Azuay 1 PROJECT NUS 1 PROJECT Andean tubers 200 Kilometers Figure 4 Distribution of projects by region and crops Ecuador Its geographic diversity its location at the juncture of two ocean currents and the relatively recent rise of the Andean mountain range make Ecuador an extremely diverse country despite its relatively small area Ecuador is characterized by four natural regions the Galapagos or Archipi lago de Col n the west coast the Andean highlands and the Amazon region Kernan and Stern 2006 Climate varies according to the topography of each area and temperature of the adjacent ocean currents With nearly 25000 species of vascular plants the four regions have an estimated endemism of 32 25 The Galapagos region has 604 species of which 226 Appendix G p 15 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 endemic the coastal region counts for 6300 species of which 1260 endemic the Andean region has about 10500 species 2625 endemic and the Amazon region has 8200 species of which with 1230 endemic INIAP 2008 The Andean Highlands cover only one fifth of the surface of Ecuador but almost 45 of the population lives in the fertil
135. EF PROMETA 2002 This is done through strengthening the regulatory and incentives framework testing innovative conservation initiatives on four pilot sites strengthening the technical capacity of private landowners and disseminating the lessons learned throughout Bolivia and Latin America Specific objectives 1 Regulatory and Incentive Framework The objective of this component is to strengthen the regulatory and incentive frameworks for private conservation 2 Pilot Areas Creation and Management The objective of this component is to demonstrate the benefits of private conservation instruments and incentives through pilot area experiences 3 Capacity Building for New Initiatives The objective of this component is to encourage and enable landowners outside of pilot sites to participate in private conservation 4 Dissemination Project results will be documented and disseminated over the Internet and by mail to project stakeholders national and international NGOs national and local authorities academic institutions Project results will also form part of a broader dissemination campaign in Bolivia targeting the public in general and communities in and around key protected areas Activities of the project therefore include 1 Regulatory and Incentive Framework incentive proposals developed and discussed practical how to guide distributed to pilot area landowners government agencies Pilot Areas Creation and Management creation o
136. ENA World Neighbours Instituto Nacional de Investigaci n y Tecnolog a Agraria INIA Fundaci n Rainforest Rescue FURARE UNDP Instituto Quichua de Biotecnolog a Sacha Supai Global Environmental Facility GEF Inter institutional Network of Specialists in Environmental Management Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP United States Department of Agriculture USDA Uni n de Organizaciones de Campesinos de Cotacachi UNORCAC Uni n para la Cooperaci n y Desarrollo de los Pueblos UCODEP Bioversity International IPGRI Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Departamento Nacional de Recursos Fitogen ticos y Biotecnolog a DENAREF World Neghbours Ecuador DIPEIB Chimborazo Ecuador DIPEIB Cotopaxi Ecuador FUNPRODIB Ecuador Wageningen University and Research Centre Netherlands Dutch Embassy McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation United nations Development Programme UNDP Global Environmental Facility GEF Small Grant Programme Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Co financing SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation McKnight Foundation implementing Organization Location Fundaci n Autapo Altiplano Sur Potosi Bolivia Municipalities of Sacaca San Pedro de Buenavista and Acasio Potosi Department Bolivia Ibarra Otavalo and Cotacachi Carchi and Imbabur
137. Internacional de la Papa University of Cuzco CRIBA Grupo Yanapai Peru Federaci n de Mujeres Campesinas de Yauli FEMUCAY Peru Federaci n de Comunidades Chopccas Yauli Huancavelica Peru National Agricultural Research Institute INIAP CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Pontificia Universidad Cat lica del Ecuador PUCE Ecuador Institut de recherche por le d veloppement IRD Ecuador Instituto Nacional Aut nomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA Asociaci n de Productores y Procesadores Ecol gicos de SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation Fundacion PUMA via Iniciativa para la America ElA Yunguyo Puno Region Per Copacabana Escoma Regi n de los kallawayas La Paz Department Bolivia San Juan de la Miel La Paz Department Bolivia San Jos de Minas Quito Pichincha Province Ecuador Sucse Cajamarca Region Per Quechua and Aymara communities Cusco Region Peru Cusco Cusco Region Peru Provincia Azuay Provinica Ca ar Ecuador Yauli and Pacara districts Huancavelica Peru Guntuz Community Riobamba Canton Chimborazo Province Ecuador Colomi Chapare Province Cochabamba Region Bolivia Appendix G p 78 Biovers
138. K LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION For the projects purpose agronomic and morphological information generated during four different growing seasons in the 1990s for 59 quantitative and qualitative characters were obtained Through analysis of the quinoa germ plasm collection geographic subcenters for genetic variation in the country were identified One of them is the southern Altiplano a region where ecotypes of Quinoa Real are produced and where the greatest variability for exported large seeded quinoa is found A study was conducted on the geographic distribution of the quinoa collection financed by SIBTA with the objective of identifying the areas of greatest variability for quinoa in the southern Altiplano Lupin quinoa sustainable production systems to guarantee food security in impoverished communities in the province of Cotopaxi Ecuador Country Ecuador Organization National Program for Andean Legumes and Grains of the National Agricultural Research Institute PRONALEG GA of INIAP McKnight Foundation Budget USS 240 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION From 2005 to 2009 INIAP and the Social Development Committee Path To Progress CODESOCP developed this project with the objective of alleviating the levels of poverty and malnutrition in the Province of Cotopaxi through the improvement of quinoa and lupin production systems To achieve this outcome strategic alliances and participative research have been strengthened with a
139. Nacional de Investigaci n y Extensi n Agraria INIA and the Programa Andino de Tecnolog as Campesinas PRATEC The aim of the project is to preserve the genetic resources of native species and their wild relatives in Peru Gutierrez et al 2006 The project has three components cultural diversity grouping local people in rural communities committed to the development of agro ecosystems to produce and use technologies compatible with traditional resource management cooperation of public and private institutions to recover revitalize and protect plant genetic heritage consistently with the National Strategy on Biological Diversity exploiting the potential of natural ecosystems and micro watersheds in the area of work IIAP 2004 Activities were carried out with 892 conservationist farmers in 177 communities of twelve political regions of Peru Ayacucho Cajamarca Lima Ica Cusco Jun n Huancavelica Puno Loreto San Mart n Piura and Hu nuco Specific objectives 1 Conserving agricultural biodiversity on farm and protecting the wild relatives of native crops in surrounding areas through improved agricultural management of species and habitats 2 Strengthening agricultural organizations and their capacity to continue on farm conservation efforts and ensuring effective participation of farmers and conservationist communities 3 Raising awareness of the ecological cultural and nutritious properties of native crops and their wild rel
140. Regime for the Province of Galapagos and the Environmental Management Act Moreover positive practices can be found in community management of natural resources particularly in the case of indigenous communities and small scale environmentally friendly production activities by local government and the private sector CARCHI e Cover agriculture a farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGRI The province of Carchi represents the highest potato producing area nationwide providing 40 of the country s annual harvest thanks to its variety of climates The production system is characterized by small scale farmers producing mainly potato followed by other crops wheat barley corn bean and pasture Most small producers prepare the ground with different tools tractor manual and yoke depending on the planting season topography soil and availability of machinery Farmers plant throughout the whole year due to the homogeneous distribution of rainfall and use high amounts of external inputs such as insecticides fungicides Appendix G p 16 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 and fertilizers Generally farmers use family or hired labor in times of higher demand especially during planting and harvesting The area of Carchi has high levels of poverty and historical deficiencies in basic social services and infrastructure IMBABURA o Cover agriculture a
141. S Bolivia Peru Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Target Andean Tubers Andean Tubers Andean roots leafcup arracacha ajipa and yam bean Andean grains Quinoa Ca ihua Amaranth Andean grains Ca ahua Quinoa Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Implementing Organization Grupo Yanapai Peru Federaci n de Mujeres Campesinas de Yauli FEMUCAY Peru Federaci n de Comunidades Chopccas Yauli Huancavelica Peru National Agricultural Research Institute INIAP CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Pontificia Universidad Cat lica del Ecuador PUCE Ecuador Institut de recherche por le d veloppement IRD Ecuador Instituto Nacional Aut nomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA Asociaci n de Productores y Procesadores Ecol gicos de Agrodiversidad APyPA Bioversity International Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA CIRNMA Per Ministry of Agriculture PROINPA Foundation Subsistema de Granos Altoandinos del SINARGEAA Universidad Mayor de San Andr s UMSA Universidad T cnica de Oruro UTO Centro de Investigaci n y Producci n Comunal de Irpani CIPROCOM Main Donor UNDP McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation Fundacion PUMA via Iniciativa para la America
142. S phureja oca ulluco mashwa Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Departamento Nacional de Recursos Fitogen ticos y Biotecnolog a DENAREF CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA Asociaci n de Productores de Tub rculos Andinos de Candelaria APROTAC Programa de Alimentos y Productos Naturales PAPN UMSS San Simon University Proyecto de Mercadeo y Comercializaci n de los Tub rculos Andinos PROMETAS UMSS CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation Las Huaconas Chimborazo Ecuador Alto San Isidro Primera Candelaria Rodeo Alto and Tabla Mayu communities Candelaria Cochabamba Department Bolivia Appendix G p 77 Project Title Proyecto Integral Altiplano Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Native Potato improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the
143. S PE OO O POE N A 19 Agro ecological characterization Of Andean CrOpS cccoocccccncnononononnncnncononnnnnnnnonnnnnononnnnnnnnnnononnnnonannnnonanannnnnnnos 22 Andean Roots and TUDEES cenando die 25 Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops Ra ces y tub rculos andinos RTAS simi 27 Native Potato improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru 31 Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian HighlandS c ooocccnncncnnccnonacnnonacnnnacnnnnss 32 Uso manejo y conservaci n in situ de tres variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano 33 Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi provincia Chapare Cochabamba ccsssssssssssccsesscccusssscccssessecessccecessscnsusssesscssescsessuesscenessseeseneesss 34 Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica PETU aaa E E ON AAAA TAAA OEA AAEE 35 Potato moth Biopesticide development and diffusion of potato MoOthS ooccccoccnccncnncncnnnnannnnnannnnanos 36 Andean ANS aan 36 Enhancing the Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Food Security and to Incomes of the Rural Poor IFAD NUS Bolivia amp Peru 0 c ccscccsecssseresssserencavessnea
144. SIONS ocoooncnnncnnnonnnnonaconononaronnnonarononnnancnnnonanoss 46 A Lessons Lenta dl 46 B Guidelines for On Farm Conservation Projects ooocncncconnnnnnonnaronnnonaconnnonanonnnnonnrnnnononcnnncnnnonnnonos 47 ECONO ONS e E A cta 50 US A A O In EE E E 52 AnnexA Figures and Graphs ia da AA Ad A A Ad ii 54 Appendix A p 3 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 J Introduction Research Design and Conceptual Framework The diversity of cultivated plant species and domesticated animal breeds has been and continues to be the basis of our food supply and good nutrition This is equally true of subsistence based societies and technologically advanced societies These plant and animal resources provide numerous benefits that include a diversity of foods and income opportunities Love and Spanner 2007 They are particularly important for diversified and nutritious diets as well as for the genetic resources that allow farmers and plant breeders to adapt a crop to heterogeneous and changing environments Fowler and Hodgkin 2004 an issue particularly important under the pressures of climate change Another important benefit is the provision of certain ecosystem services such as resilience less agrochemicals disease and pest resistance soil health and water conservation in specific situations Hajjar et al 2008 Definition On farm conservation Refers to maintaining in the field the evolutionary This diversity is a key a
145. Santiago is the product of the colonization of the provinces of Chimborazo Ca ar and Azuay In urban areas of the province migration has generated a rapid growth of population making it the largest population in the Amazon The lush vegetation of the plateaus and valleys of the region is determined by different climatic zones with mild tropical and subtropical temperatures The cordillera Del Condor on the border with Peru is extremely divers in flora and fauna with 38 5 of mammal species 13 of amphibians 38 of birds and about 10 of plant species recorded in Ecuador The region is especially important for its biodiversity because of the high levels of endemism The cordillera Del Condor is also part of the homeland of Shuar communities partly Ecuadorian and partly Peruvian who find themselves in conflict with mining and hydroelectric concessions as the territory is known for gold and other precious minerals The area was the location of a long running territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru solved in 1998 with the symbolic creation of small peace parks PERU Appendix G p 19 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 1 NATIONAL Cajamarca PROJECT Native cultivars 1 PROJECT and wild species Andean roots 1 PROJECT Andean tubers 2 PROJECTS Andean tubers Huancavelica 3 PROJECTs Elevation Andean tubers Value meters Andean grains B 7114 E 715 1794 MU 1 795 2991 MI 2 992 4 021 MI 4 022 6 543 L
146. Sostenible de los Recursos Appendix G p 67 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per 4 STRENGTHENING OR CREATION OF LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS Many projects were focused on enhancing participatory processes through the creation or strengthening of local associations particularly under the form of Farmer Field Schools Escuelas de Campo de Agricultores and Local Agricultural Research Committees Comit s de Investigaci n Agr cola Local The Farmer Field School is a participatory training methodology based on the concept of learning by discovery and focuses on ecological principles Farmers and facilitators exchange knowledge based on experience and experimentation while the crop is used as a tool for teaching and learning Participants learn adopt validate and adapt new or better technologies after learning by doing process that enables them to become promoters of conservation in the communities Farmer Field Schools foster technology adoption and empowerment at the community and personal level These activities can have a self esteem component when improving the role of people in the community The Committees on the other side are addressed to professionals of national and international organizations and to farmers carrying out research The main objectives of the Committees are to strengthen the capacity of rural communities as
147. Southern Peruvian Highlands Uso manejo y conservaci n in situ de tres variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Peru Potato moth biopesticide development and diffusion of potato moths Integrated management to strengthen food security in the Ecuadorian Andes Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 implementing Organization Location Andean tubers oca ulluco mashwa Andean roots Arracacha Andean tubers Andean tubers oca ulluco potato Andean tubers papa Andean Tubers Andean Tubers Andean roots leafcup arracacha ajipa and yam bean Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa CONDESAN IESE UMSS Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Econ micos de la Universidad Mayor de San Sim n Bolivia INIAP Intituto Nacional de Investigaci n Agropecuaria ESCAES Escuela Campesina de Educaci n y Salud UNC Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca Peru CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Intermediate Technology Development Group ITDG Peru Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria INIA Peru Central de Autodefensa de Pataccalasaya CAP Peru CIP Centro
148. Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Project Title McKnight Foundation Sustainable production of quinoa a neglected food crop in the Andean region Lupin Quinoa Sustainable production systems to guarantee food security in impoverished communities in the province of Cotopaxi Ecuador Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinoa y ca ihua en Bolivia Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinoa altiplano sur Green manure and legumes integrating agronomic and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern Potosi Cover agriculture a farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGRI In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha Conservation of Biodiversity in Pastaza Conservacion complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador rescate promocion y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos de Ecuador Conservaci n y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera de El C ndor Seed systems The biological foundation of food security in the Andes Removing Obstacles to Direct Private Sector Participation in In situ Biodiversity Conservation McKnight Foundation Global Environmental Facility GEF Dutch Embassy
149. a Once information on project interventions and associated outputs theory of change and impact pathway is available it is fundamental to carry out the collection of baseline data in order to perform a sound impact assessment at the end of the project The baseline should include indicators associated with the implementation of project interventions and the changes that they are expected to contribute to outcomes The need to wait until project interventions are defined to carry out the baseline is important because otherwise there will be no way of knowing whether or not the interventions were effective 9 Translate outputs to outcomes Once project interventions are implemented it is expected that these lead to adoption and use of outputs by the target population through communication and dissemination activities in turn resulting in the desired changes outcomes in terms of both diversity and livelihoods Then a process to scale out may take place so that populations beyond the target group and stakeholders adopt project outputs through dissemination and institutionalization by policy makers and key stakeholders It is fundamental at this stage to collect endline data which can be then compared to baseline data collected before implementation in order to understand and measure the changes generated by the project in diversity and livelihoods 10 Assess impact Through this scaling out and scaling up process the expected impact and the chan
150. a e Andean Legumes lupin Altitudes between 1500 3000m e Andean Grains love lies bleeding e Andean Fruits pepino tree tomato mountain papaw ecological heterogeneity building the e Andean roots arracacha yam bean foundation of peasant varieties or else called landraces Tapia and de extremely diverse Box 2 shows the distribution of Andean crops by altitude The pre Hispanic Andean population was able to use this la Torre 1997 As shown in Table 1 these comprise maize and potato crops but also other species of tubers oca ulluco mashwa roots arracacha leafcup chagos maca fruits pepino tomato tree goldenberry and condiments chilies and roqoto This plant diversity favored the development of an indigenous agriculture adapted to the different and difficult ecological environment of the region ensuring adequate nutrition for the population Table 1 Andean Crops AGRO CROP SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ADAPTATION ECOLOGICAL TAXA AREA ZONE Mashwa Mashua Suni puna Peru Ecuador Isa o A u Peru l l Tropaeolum o High Mountains Mashwa Bolivia Morphotype tuberosum Maswallo Mazuko Mascho Peru High quechua Oca Peru High Mountains e i TUBERS Oca Oxalis tuberosa suni Morphotype Ecuador Melloco Ecuador High quechua Olluco Ulluco suni Lisa Papalisa High Mountains Ulluco Ullucos tuberosus ii 8 ss Morphotype Peru Lisa Papalisa Bolivia Yunga Solanum Hig
151. a provinces Ecuador SIERRA NORTE Cajamarca SELVA ALTA Loreto SELVA BAJA San Mart n SIERRA CENTRAL Huancavelica y Jun n COSTA CENTRAL Ica y Lima y SIERRA CENTRO SUR Ayacucho Peru San Miguel de los Bancos Pichincha Ecuador Quichua communities of Yana Yacu Nina Amarun and Lorocachi Pastaza Province Ecuador Cotacachi Imbabura Province Ecuador Municipios de San Juan Bosco Lim n y Gualaquiza Morona Santiago Province Ecuador Bolivar Chimoborazo and Cotopaxi Province Ecuador Appendix G p 80 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Project Title Implementing Organization Location Removing Obstacles to Protection of the Environment Tarija Global Bolivia Direct Private Sector PROMETA Environmental Participation in In situ World Bank Facility GEF Biodiversity The Nature Conservancy Conservation Servicio Nacional de Areas Protegidas SERNAP Table 2 Description of projects expected outcomes outputs and output indicators next page Appendix G p 81 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados ta
152. a una comunidad e Intercambio de informaci n esta categor a incluye todos los v nculos basados entre dos actores que intercambian informaci n relevante relacionada al proyecto o que participan en talleres conferencias seminarios Para especificar la estructura los v nculos y la influencia de los actores de la red el estudio colect datos de informantes claves en la instituci n ejecutora de cada proyecto as como de reportes disponibles En particular para definir la influencia de un actor los investigadores solicitaron a los informantes clave relevantes medir la intensidad de la relaci n con cada actor involucrado en la red en una escala de 1 a 4 De esta manera fue posible evaluar qu actores contribuyeron de mayor manera a la consecuci n de los productos y Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 resultados del proyecto Cabe se alar que de manera ideal los datos se deben recopilar de cada miembro de la red mediante m todos participativos o por medio de cuestionarios y no s lo los de la instituci n ejecutora Sin embargo debido al tiempo y a limitaciones presupuestales esto no fue posible y los investigadores s lo dependieron de dos fuentes de datos e Datos secundarios de reportes de los proyectos Estos datos permitieron a los investigadores hacer un mapa de todos los actores involucrados en cada proyecto y sus v nculos directos o indirectos con otros actores de la red De este an
153. a and Andean potatoes without damaging environment 2 To develop strategies for integrated management of oca ulluco and Andean potato weevils as one system Activities 1 Documenting the cultivars morphotypes grown by farmers and their geographical distribution Documenting farmers knowledge of Andean tubers Post harvest and storage technology improvement Identifying barriers to marketing Diffusion of knowledge and training to promote agro biodiversity conservation and food security oS MM 2 9 1 Training on methods of integrated crop and weevils management RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION In the Andean highlands subsistence farmers grow a variety of tuber crops that produce income and provide daily nourishment In some rural communities during the harvest season these tubers can account for up to 90 percent of the diet Although generally productive in the marginal Andean soils the crops oca ulluco and potato are vulnerable to insect pests particularly weevils Weevils and other problems including weather conditions low yields caused by soil erosion and nutrient loss population pressures and market isolation have been diminishing the plants biodiversity DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Morphotypes of Andean tubers were identified out of 2 526 studied in the rural communities of Picol Matinga Qqueccayog P oques Chumpi and Sayllafaya Farmers knowledge for tuber seed handling planting weather forec
154. a major constraint but the potential to increase its yield through better agronomic practices could make it an optimal alternative source of flour to wheat Ulluco of the three Andean tubers mashwa oca and ulluco ulluco is the most popular and well established in the diet of both the rural and urban population in Ecuador Peru and Bolivia however its carbohydrate and energy content is slightly less than that of most tubers Traditional preparations include mellocos soup Ecuador olluquito con charqui ulluco with meat Peru chupe potato meat egg and cheese stew and aj de papalisas ulluco pepper Bolivia and Peru Viral infections and deseases are the main Ullucus Tuberosus constraint for the widespread cultivation of this crop Potatoes are scarce in town markets during years of drought or frosts in the high areas of Andean regions and they are replaced by roots like arracacha cassava sweet potato tannia Xanthosoma sagittifolium cocoyam or dasheen Colocasia esculenta and yam beans Pachyrhizus spp Hereafter we provide a brief description of the most important roots of Andean origin lt Achira The achira is a very hardy plant grown mainly in the Yungas region of La Paz and Cochabamba and the valleys of Chuquisaca and Tarija Outside the Andes it is grown in gt Hawaii Australia Vietnam Taiwan and Indonesia The rhizome is an important source of starch with characteristics very si
155. aci n en finca conservar la diversidad de cultivos y alcanzar beneficios sociales mediante los incentivos a los agricultores en forma de beneficios directos privados que se traduzcan en mejores medios de vida las intervenciones especificas de estos proyectos variaran de acuerdo al contexto y a los productos espec ficos y los resultados deseados El siguiente diagrama define como el proceso de toma de decisiones resulta en un proyecto exitoso La primera mitad del diagrama ilustra el proceso de razonamiento para determinar la necesidad de un proyecto de conservaci n en finca La segunda mitad ilustra como el diseno del proyecto uniendo el objetivo general del proyecto con los productos y resultados necesarios resultar n en el impacto deseado Esta hoja divulgativa fue producida por Mauricio Bellon Elisabetta Gotor y Francesco Caracciolo Para mayor informaci n por favor contactar a Dr Mauricio Bellon Bioversity International Cientifico Principal al correo m bellonOcgiar org O Estre trabajo por Bioversity International es autorizado bajo un Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License November 2012 Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Euro duende de cules p otamen e A E E Tai pr TE oo O og A o aa ao A 1 emeprdr gt Ealer O53 drenz seme mies 7 4 ie aos Fa a A F A A ias ae cias onl 1 HA Exi L LEMA gr
156. ados en Ecuador Rescate promocion y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos del Ecuador Informe Tecnico Annual Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Quito INIAP 2005 Apoyo al manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales en la zona de amortiguamiento de la cordillera de El Condor mediante el mejoramiento de los sistemas de produccion en comunidades indigenas y de colonos Informe Tecnico Annual Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Quito INIAP 2007 Sustainable Production Systems To Guarantee Food Security In Impoverished Communities In The Province Of Cotopaxi Ecuador Annual Report 2007 Instituto Nacional Aut nomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Quito INIAP 2008 Estado de los Recursos Fitogen ticos para la Agricultura y la Alimentaci n en Ecuador Instituto Nacional Aut nomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Quito INIEA 2005 Ministerio de Agricultura Conservaci n In situ de los Recursos Fitogen ticos Memorias del Curso Internacional 19 23 de Setiembre del 2005 Huaral Per INRENA 2007 Plan director del Sistema Nacional de reas Naturales Protegidas del Per primer borrador del component orientador y el componente de planificaci n para el periodo 2006 2015 Lima Per IPGRI GFU MSSRF 2005 Meeting the Millennium Development Goals with agricultural biodiversity Maccarese Rome ISNAR 1987 El Modelo de Investigaci n Extensi n y Educaci n en el Per Estudio de Un Caso
157. aisals identified the Las Huaconas sector as an agro ecosystem with potential for the in situ conservation of RTAs The communities to work with were chosen based on a diagnosis of the region and through meetings with farmers participatory rural diagnostic een a A EE Country Bolivia Organization PROINPA APROTAC CIP SDC Budget Total cost of the Collaborative Programme USS 9 6 million in 10 years DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The aim of the project was to generate new market opportunities for the Bolivian potato sector especially for native potatoes through Participatory Market Chain Approach and to understand actions that allow sustainable processes of in situ conservation production commercialization and consumption of Andean tubers Specific objectives 1 Developing strategies for production management and biodiversity conservation of RTAS 2 Revaluating traditional technologies and implementing new processing technologies 3 Promoting Andean tubers in the city of Cochabamba Activities 1 Developing strategies for production management and biodiversity conservation of RTAs through the incorporation of the production chain approach establishment of farmers organizations and fairs 2 Revaluating traditional technologies and implementing new processing technologies through studies 3 Promoting Andean tubers through cookbooks and campaigns RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The area of Candelaria located in the Department of
158. al para entregar estos tipos de beneficios es crucial por ejemplo Diversidad de cultivo El n mero de distintas poblaciones de una especie cultivada reconocida y gestionada por un hogar agr cola o una comunidad Beneficios de medios de vida Los beneficios privados que los agricultores y sus hogares derivan directamente de la diversidad de cultivo mantenida en su sistema agr cola es decir seguridad alimentaria nutrici n ingreso red de seguridad un u de diversidad identidad cultural infraespec fica para un cultivo o Benefici dees oe a bli i aa e aa en una zona donde diversos eneficios sociales los beneficios p blicos que la sociedad deriva de la diversida f i cultivos ocurren de cultivo mantenida en un sistema agricola es decir servicios ecosist micos procesos evolutivos adaptativos simult neamente Pero aun si esos beneficios existen el valor de implementar proyectos puede depender de que tan nico y mundialmente relevante sea la diversidad de cultivos presente y el grado en que existan otros proyectos ya abordando estos beneficios en el rea para evitar duplicaci n y p rdida de recursos pero tambi n para aprender de esos otros proyectos Intervenci n del proyecto actividades llevadas a cabo por un proyecto que suministran a los agricultores involucrados innovaciones como nuevas tecnolog as conocimiento desarrollo de capacidades y habilidades o nuevas formas de organizaci n orientadas a cam
159. al for understanding it Furthermore the metrics for crop infraspecific diversity both at the phenotypic and genotypic level can be quite complex with measures varying depending on the traits measured and the scale at which measurement 1s performed van Heerwaarden et al 2009 These aspects require further research and the framework has been useful in identifying this knowledge gap The indicators used here are not the only ones possible There may be many others depending on the specific projects for example using food security life satisfaction or empowerment indicators for the livelihoods benefits Crop diversity indicators could include more information on seed systems seed selection practices environmental adaptation and local knowledge or on phenotypic traits and genetic markers as well as on their structure Participation and adoption indicators can be disaggregated by type of project intervention or by how complementary they are and could include indicators on social network processes The framework highlights that on farm conservation projects by implementing interventions that link the conservation of crop diversity with improved smallholder farmers well being not only create incentives for them to continue to maintain this diversity and generate evolutionary services but also contribute to make the conservation process fairer to these farmers by aligning their short term private interests with society s long term publ
160. al production systems of pre Hispanic societies adapted to the harsh conditions and highly variable climate of the region They are crops of high nutritional value the consumption of which has been culturally marginalized and replaced by commercial crops Today they represent complementary crops for poor families and are usually produced with a low use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers The cultivation of crops of Andean origin is limited by the lack of continued support for research and promotion Their nutritional value and different uses are not widely known which is why their consumption is often limited to producers in remote areas and not spread among the population Moreover market supplies of Andean crops are often limited to producer areas processing methods are still unsophisticated prices are often too low and costs too high due to traditional agro industrial techniques Box 1 Altitudinal distribution of Andean crops Appendix G p 22 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Altitudes between 3000 4400m The co existence of fertile inter Andean Tubers oca mashwa bitter potatoes papa ulluco Andean valleys with mild climates Other Tubers used in native potato rotation systems Andean roots maca leafcup Andean Grains ca ihua quinoa with fields situated at high altitudes exposed to cold weather has made agricultural biodiversity in the Andes Altitudes between 2500 3500m e Andean roots mauka achir
161. although not as common as the market studies had a high average rating indicating the importance given to these aspects by project practitioners These studies were also considered useful for improving and re evaluating the knowledge of spiritual and cultural values attached to consumption and use of native crops Capacity building among participating farmers and organizations Capacity building activities were common among all projects and in general highly rated always above 4 In particular farmer training activities were carried out by all projects and received a very high rating Project training activities are based on the assumption that trained farmers are more willing to recover and revalue the traditional knowledge linked to native cultivars are able to improve cultivation and production practices and therefore increase the value of their native species and associated products The importance that projects attached to participatory approaches and strengthening of social capital in rural communities is confirmed by the high rating of training activities for local organizations such as Farmer Field Schools ECAs and Local Agricultural Research Committees CIALs which were undertaken by many projects Training associated with consumption and use of target species such as in recipe preparation which is often directed at women and aim at tackling family and child nutrition and fostering women s empowerment were highly rated and attest to the i
162. aluate and select new technologies and enhancing partnerships to strengthen targeted cultivars Moreover as most of agricultural diversity is in the hands of small and marginalized farmers or indigenous communities of ancient and traditional cultures who use most of their production for self consumption the protection and improvement of traditional production systems linking it to the cultural heritage that sustains them has the potential to become one of the best strategies for conserving the diversity of crop species BIODIVERSITY IN THE ANDES The Tropical Andes span 1 542 644 km2 from western Caribbean Sea DAN d Venezuela to northern Chile and Argentina including large portions of Colombia Ecuador Peru and Bolivia They are considered the most diverse region in the world containing a sixth of all plant life in less than 1 percent of the world s land area Conservation International 2007 This region faces several threats including mining timber extraction oil exploration and narcotics plantations which are all expanding following the continual growth of the population and of many surrounding large cities The cloud forests face increased pressure from hydroelectric dams and invasive species like the American bullfrog and grasses for cattle grazing are threatening the ecosystem The Andes mountain range is characterized by high peaks deep canyons steep slopes and isolated valleys that have favored the evolutio
163. among Andean indigenous communities e Proyecto Integral Altiplano e IFAD NUS Peru e Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per The Puno region of southern Peru has among the highest poverty rates in the country as well as high rates of child malnutrition Given the area s harsh climate farming is difficult and practiced mainly on a subsistence level The Peruvian Bolivian Altiplano is part of the Titicaca basin with average altitudes of 3 800m Floods and droughts are common in different times of the year the first during seeding season and the second in the harvesting season Temperatures range from 4 C to 18 C and are mitigated in the area around Lake Titicaca The Altiplano is characterized by severe frost and drought problems which farmers usually smallholders tackle creating several plots with various crops alternated to rest areas used for grazing diminishing risks In both countries the potato is the main crop and occupies the largest cultivated area followed in order of importance by barley quinoa Andean tubers and beans Native species have high genetic variability usually planted as varietal mixtures in the same plot Cropland and dairy areas are concentrated around Lake Titicaca which provides thermal regulation while alpacas and sheep production is the main activity throughout the Altiplano AGRO ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANDEAN CROPS Andean crop varieties have a long history as part of the ancestr
164. anizations such as the Small Grants Programme for Biodiversity funded by the Global Environment Facility GEF and administered by UNDP which funds small projects with a budget averagely ranging from 20 000 to 40 000 USD often co financing with other agencies The SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation funded many large projects in the Andean region providing consistent support around one million USD or more IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development has also financed a global scale project with a regional focus in the Andean region of Bolivia and Peru Finally the McKnight Foundation and other foundations financed several small medium projects generally aimed at biodiversity conservation and improvement of food security and livelihoods In total the available data indicates at least an investment of 24 million USD for several projects there was no information on funding level However it is not clear over what time period this funding was carried out although it may have been over the last ten years This amount shows an interest on the part of foreign donors and a non trivial investment in the issues concerning the conservation and use of local crop diversity on farm in the Andean region of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru The geographical distribution of the 36 projects that emerged from the desk study included the following by country e Bolivia Departments La Paz 5 projects Potos 4 projects Cochabamba
165. ants of participation and outcomes of interest These variables include several socio economic characteristics of the sample the environment and household location the confounding factors and they can be considered fully exogenous not being affected by participation Since project interventions were many and comprise multiple aims that is a basket of research based and development oriented activities the indicator used is the number of interventions adopted applied by a household For crop diversity the indicator was derived from the number of varieties of target crops planted by households in each project a measure of crop richness Since in all projects there were multiple target crops a factor analysis was performed on the number of varieties of each target crop per household in order to obtain a reliable univariate measure of crop diversity For household benefits in most projects the indicator was the quantity weight of target crops produced consumed and marketed by the household If prices were available we calculated the gross revenues from marketing In one project however the indicator was a life satisfaction index derived from a series of ratings on the level of satisfaction experienced by the household with respect to different variables such as housing access to education economic activities social life and contacts as well as nutrition and food security A summary of the methods used is provided in the factsheet Method
166. ar el canica de 0s productos su oe ae dA iat eee aged acts dace Camas y be pcign mag Hli de gry po Me A gat pri y A ORE pEr os form adores Hh x os eas Seating bp i Te e O A O es a oF gm r pes E E f Y ee ee el Ba 251747 a trg final Y HO oc na AA A hr dos cuales 700 fab ached MplEm Emar el presto ATA rra ar 1 I a r r IAN pata AMA g A Tu l A eS E na a 1 F 1 E F i 1 i p Haen ur prady da irga tate mghvandy Milar ima ar Earnie Lad raged estblcodas Dan tea teri i F Ars de mbr y lE BE Cred Se eu y l Footer En Sesa y medios de dz i ed de ut mita i COMOCAMIE O y E Parra GEETE El a i alga ta H Aas at I A i ot l l 1 i i F i IMPACTO p co teal k peto murha r L A E gt Bioversity International HE MCKNIGHT FOUNDATION In the last 20 years there has been a growing interest in on farm conservation of crop diversity Numerous projects to support on farm conservation have been implemented worldwide Projects are needed because maintaining crop diversity on farm can entail important costs to farmers who often face strong incentives to abandon this diversity There has been however very little systematic assessment of the extent to which these projects have actually produced on farm conservation outcomes in terms of maintaining or increasing crop diversity on farm including farmers knowledge and practices that underpin this diversity
167. ar eventualmente a los beneficios deseados en los medios de vida de los agricultores y resultados positivos sobre la diversidad de cultivo en finca Se espera que una planeaci n expl cita de la v a de impacto por parte de los investigadores y socios afinar el dise o del proyecto contribuir a establecer alianzas m s efectivas y a una buena estrategia de comunicaci n y difusi n que redunde en el logro de los resultados esperados 7 Planear actividades participativas Es muy recomendable que todos los procesos descritos aqu sean participativos involucrando al equipo de investigaci n los socios y clientes de tal manera que se desarrolle una visi n compartida y realista del proyecto y que facilite la retroalimentaci n el aprendizaje y una gesti n adaptativa del proceso Identificar y comprometer a los socios clave y describir las v as de impacto ayudar n a focalizar las actividades de monitoreo evaluaci n e impacto del proyecto 8 Recopilar datos de referencia Una vez que la informaci n de las intervenciones de los proyectos y productos esperados la teor a de cambio y la v a de impacto est n disponibles es fundamental llevar a cabo la recopilaci n de datos de l nea base para poder hacer una evaluaci n de impacto solida al final del proyecto La l nea base debe incluir indicadores asociados con la implementaci n de las intervenciones del proyecto y los cambios esperados que contribuyan a los resultados d
168. arch for information on these projects resulted in the elimination of several for which important data were unavailable The remaining 26 projects were researched in greater detail See Table 1 and formed the population from which the final six case studies were selected Appendix A p 11 Project Title Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Proyecto Integral Candelaria Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Proyecto Integral Altiplano Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Native Potato improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands Uso manejo y conservacion in situ de tres variedades locales Target Andean tubers oca ulluco mashwa arracacha mauka yam bean Andean tubers Papa Solanum andigena S stenotomum S ajanhuiri S phureja oca ulluco ma
169. arieties crop hh Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Canahua Chenopodium pallidicaule Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Lupinus Lupinus mutabilis Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Oca Oxalis tuberosa Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Ulluco Ullucus tuberosus Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Maswa Tropaeolum tuberosum Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh Potatoes Solanum tuberosum Farmers planting Mean number of varieties hh t Means were calculated for only for those who grow the crop INIAP 2 1 4 1 1 48 1 1 95 1 1 Ecuador UNORCAC 137 36 1 2 22 7 18 2 6 3 6 8 2 8 52 3 CRIBA 11 2 2 7 3 40 1 9 57 5 2 1 19 2 1 5 95 3 5 ITDG 2 1 11 9 98 4 11 9 Bolivia Bioversity SINARGEEA 13 13 3 7 3 4 15 9 11 9 76 5 88 2 1 8 2 4 51 9 4 3 1 7 2 3 16 7 16 8 3 2 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 3 2 1 2 2 5 2 2 5 99 4 97 5 11 1 7 2 Data on infra specific diversity not presented due to difficulties in calculating them by specific crop These data refer not only to crops but include not only different cultivated species but also fruit trees herbs from home gardens and agroforestry species as well as some species collected from the wild Table 9 presents key socioeconomic indicators from households in the studied projects It shows tha
170. articipative research 9 Implementation of farmer led research activities 10 Systematization and partial and final documentation of research RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Soil degradation is one of the most pressing agricultural issues in the Andes with serious consequences for the food security of impoverished rural populations Soils are becoming less productive while populations increase and farming families have increasing difficulty in generating adequate livelihoods While research and practical experience has been gained with cover systems in lowland areas in the Andes no systematic work has been done on testing these principles in the highland areas DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION A pre diagnosis and analysis which investigated the relationship between the proposal and the priority problems of the population was undertaken at the beginning of the project The next step was undertaking farmer led experimental trials which enabled the project participants to become familiar with cover agriculture and having identified the productive and nutritional benefits of some of the species that were used the farmers have begun to incorporate the techniques of cover agriculture on their farms WILD RELATIVE As mentioned before Andean crops have been domesticated for thousands of years having evolved from species that are considered wild relatives or even ancestors Peasants knowledge experience and practices have devel
171. as vegetables Like other Mirabilis species in the Andes mauka is used as a feed mainly for guinea pigs Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops Ra ces y tub rculos andinos RTAs The Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops was developed in five countries Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador and Peru The program is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC with the support of the International Potato Center CIP the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute IPGRI and the participation of various institutions working for the conservation and use of biodiversity The program was implemented in three phases 1993 to Appendix G p 27 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 1997 CIP 1998 1998 to 2000 CIP 2000 and 2001 to 2003 The first phase focused on a participatory research over Andean roots and tubers RTAs to increase the knowledge on their level of biodiversity and concentrate efforts on the conservation of germ plasm improved sowing practices and understanding of production consumption patterns to develop new market opportunities This phase included research on in situ and ex situ conservation virus cleaning and basic seed production of tuber crops in rural communities As a result of the first phase microcentres of biodiversity were selected as well as products with gre
172. as the fixing of atmospheric nitrogen cold resistance and a high protein and oil content The grain has a high alkaloid content which imparts a very bitter taste and a process is therefore needed to eliminate it thus giving it a disadvantage compared with other introduced legumes The result has been a reduction in cultivated area of L mutabilis despite its agronomic and nutritional benefits such as the fixing of atmospheric nitrogen more than 100 kg per hectare cold resistance and a high protein and oil content The Andean lupin is not only an important source of protein 42 2 percent in the dry grain 20 percent in the cooked grain and 44 5 percent in the flour but also of fat which in the dry grain is 16 percent and in the flour 23 percent It is used for human consumption after the bitter taste has been removed a process for which there are several methods Preparation varies according to the region and the occasion on which it is eaten cebiche serrano soups cream of Andean lupin stews pipi n a kind of fricassee desserts mazamorra custard with orange and soft drinks papaya juice with Andean lupin flour There is potential in the increased use of this crop for instance maize crop rotations could be improved by a more frequent presence of legumes However improved agronomic practices especially in planting density and better pest management are necessary Nu as Popping Beans this species is cultivated from northern Ecuador to
173. as well as of livelihood outcomes that create benefits for farmers On farm conservation of crop diversity s the maintenance in the field of the evolutionary processes that generate new potentially useful genetic variation in crops This depends on the active participation of farmers and the existence of incentives for them to do so A major constraint has been a lack of tools allowing donors practitioners and policy makers to measure a project s success and the extent to which these projects have actually produced desirable on farm conservation and livelihood outcomes The McKnight Foundation funded project entitled Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes Identifying Best Practices and Decision Support Tools was coordinated and implemented by Bioversity International The project carried out between March 2010 and May 2012 developed a methodological and conceptual framework based on a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature with the aim of providing donors practitioners and policy makers with methodological tools to improve the evaluation of on farm conservation projects Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Methodologies for Evaluating On Farm Conservation Projects Study Design The study identified and examined 26 on farm conservation projects on native crops in the High Andes of Ecuador Peru and Bolivia a re
174. ased on the market has deepened the food problem worldwide This situation is aggravating the precarious conditions of indigenous people and communities that live in remote areas facing problems of food security In the Andean eco region four negative trends dominate the agricultural sector CONDESAN 1998 1 The decline of its importance in the economy 2 Strong competition from imported fresh and processed products 3 The reduction in the number of farms and the migration of farmers to cities 4 Increases in the number of poor people especially in rural areas However these trends have been accompanied by other positive aspects such as the emphasis on non traditional agricultural exports interest in agribusiness and agricultural development and the demand for natural organic and exotic products by richer consumers These trends provide new opportunities for Andean producers to break the cycle of poverty while helping the conservation and protection of local genetic variability Latin America is a region of extreme inequality aggravated by a political and institutional framework which excludes the poor and vulnerable from decision making processes Devaux et al 2005 Remote communities are deprived of the opportunity to access and contribute to information systems and people employed in the agricultural sector are usually the poorest Bolivia Ecuador and Peru in particular suffer from extremely high degrees of inequality with poor peop
175. assing different situations in terms of interventions countries crops social and biophysical environments Key informant interviews For the six selected projects interviews with key informants usually project leaders or scientists involved were conducted either in person or where that was not possible by telephone The purpose of the interviews was to validate and enrich the information already gathered from project reports and other documents consulted in the literature search Informants opinions allowed the researchers to identify gaps and strengths in specific interventions as well as lessons learned The most effective informants were those with first hand knowledge of the project in terms of what led to success in achieving its objectives and likewise what design flaws or encountered constraints limited success Focus group discussions Focus group discussions were organized with groups of men and women of different ages in the communities where the selected six projects took place The discussions elicited information on the farming system the constraints faced and the perception of participants regarding the utility of project interventions Social Network Analysis Social network analysis was used to analyze the roles contribution and structure of the network of partners that underpinned the six projects studied in depth A separate fact sheet presents the methodology and how it was applied in this study
176. ast field management and communal organization have been documented Four markets local fairs and inter communal ones have been identified as important markets to sell purchase Andean tubers Uso manejo y conservacion in situ de tres variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Country Ecuador Organization PROCAM UNDP Centro de Desarrollo e Investigaci n Rural CEDIR Budget USS 60 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This UNDP funded project was conducted by Centro de Desarrollo e Investigaci n Rural CEDIR in five communities located in Ludo base Octavio Cordero Tambo and Canar Pinguil et al 2006 The project s objective was to support small and medium farmers of Azuay and Canar in the conservation of potato diversity to evaluate its multipurpose in terms of the household food security and promoting its commercial dissemination UNDP 2000 Activities 1 Forming training organizing and promoting conservationists groups on seed management and local biodiversity 2 Collecting at least 30 varieties of local potatoes Implement crop germ plasm plots in Azuay Canar characterization and multiplication Demonstration field days for potential users of local seeds Appendix G p 33 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 5 Workshops to promote management and conservation of local seeds Technical monitoring of cultivation techniques and demonstration of conservation and production practices 7 Installing demonstra
177. at most interventions were open to everyone who wanted to participate and records of this type of participation were not kept Results show that not all ex ante participants applied the innovations provided by project interventions but most did Furthermore results also show that there is an important demand for these types of innovations among the overall population since many non ex ante participants participated and applied them On average participants were involved in a high number of interventions and adopters applied many of the associated innovations which were rated at least as useful by 50 percent of the adopting households Panel B shows that in spite of relatively small landholdings these households cultivate on average almost four crops Two thirds plant quinoa most of them planting more than one variety as well as saving seed and keeping a seed lot for a very large period Canahua is planted by a lower percentage of households but still by slightly more than half also maintaining on average more than one variety and relying on themselves for seed while keeping a seed lot for a very long period The rest of the seed is mostly sourced from other farmers usually family and friends the 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 18 classical tradit
178. at relate to the three hypotheses proposed to assess the success of a project Table 3 provide evidence that 1 farmer ex ante participation in project interventions is associated with the application of a higher number of innovations in all projects 2 in three of the projects the application of an increasing number of innovations is associated with growing a larger amount of crop diversity and 3 in three of the projects farmers obtained additional benefits from the crop diversity they grow in terms of higher quantities of the target crops consumed and sold from their production in the case of the projects in Bolivia and a higher perception of life satisfaction among farmers in the project in Ecuador These results already take into account and correct for other confounding variables full regression results in Table S3 Discussion Results show a plausible link between participation in project interventions the application of innovations provided by them and crop diversity and between diversity and household benefits at least in three of the projects studied Testing all three hypotheses simultaneously provides robust evidence of the success of a project because it imposes more stringent conditions for their acceptance and reduces the margin of error involve in the estimation Successful project then can generate additional benefits from maintaining crop diversity on farm that farmers can capture directly This not only creates additional inc
179. ated with them did This is because we are using ex ante participation as the instrument for adoption However there is no guarantee that ex ante participants and non participants were not originally different and the differences observed have to do with other unobserved factors rather than with project participation The lack of a baseline hampers our ability to carry out such comparison and because participation happened in the past and we only have data from the present the use of any instrumental variable measured during the survey to explain participation will be using a variable from the present to explain the past unless we used recall data or variables where the present is highly correlated with the past These limitations illustrate the crucial importance of having a good design and data gathering component from the onset of the project Our approach has established a plausible link between the application of innovations provided by interventions promoted by projects aimed at on farm conservation and crop diversity and from the Tn the empirical model a dummy variable was included to distinguish between both projects Merging them increases the sample size reducing finite sample bias The latter will reduce the estimation precision of instrumental variable models when the instruments are weakly correlated with the endogenous explanatory variable Bound et al 1995 Appendix A p 41 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100
180. ater productive potential In the second phase four integrated projects were developed around common action lines in areas on diversity and production of RTAs Program activities covered various topics of the chain production from the conservation of genetic resources to processing and consumption taking into account traditional craft and modern methods Market research development and consolidation was then considered an important step to value diversity and support its conservation These efforts led to the consolidation and establishment of the National Bank of Andean tubers located in the EE Andenes Cusco the INIA in vitro bank La Molina and the development of production centers of high quality seed in order to link in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable use of genetic diversity of the RTA s The third phase aimed at the consolidation analysis and publishing of the results of the first two phases Of the projects carried out in the second phase we have analyzed three In situ conservation of Andean tubers in the micro center of Candelaria Bolivia Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Ecuador and Proyecto Integral Altiplano Peru Bolivia We have also studied a fourth project correlated to the Collaborative Program and aimed at the conservation and use in Bolivia Ecuador and Peru of a specific Andean root the Arracacha Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha The programme star
181. ates the conceptual value and operational viability of the framework proposed here Discussion and Conclusions The processes and outcomes associated with on farm conservation of landraces in centers of crop diversity are complex causality is neither clear nor obvious The framework presented here clearly is a major simplification of these issues and their relationships yet is nevertheless valuable because it provides a scheme that allows us to reflect systematically on these issues organize our knowledge and identify knowledge gaps and lack of understanding 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 19 It also makes operational concepts empirical in specific situations leading to testing hypotheses and learning as the case study has shown Evidently it has limitations and there are many unresolved issues Probably the most important one is the functional relationship between the amounts of crop diversity present in an agricultural system and the evolutionary services it generates which is unknown This relationship is likely scale dependent with the processes that underpin it and the benefits generated varying across different scales from the landrace to the field the farm the community the landscape the region and the world Linkages across scales may be cruci
182. ation To demonstrate the 2 Contractos de facilitaci n de la conservaci n benefits of private conservation 3 T tulos de propiedad para el Corredor Ecol gico instruments and incentives Binacional Barit Tariqu a transferidos a through pilot area experiences PROMETA To encourage and Creaci n de capacidad para nuevas N mero de copias del Manual Pr ctico 1 N mero de solicitudes de apoyo cumplidas enable landowners outside of iniciativas de Conservaci n Privada y otros pilot sites to participate in Difusi n materiales visuales presentados a los private conservation propietarios clave Numero de propietarios privados organizaciones no gubernamentales y grupos comunitarios participan en eventos del Grupo de Conservaci n Privada Boliviana Appendix G p 121 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Appendix G p 122 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Appendix G p 123 Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 A Conceptual Framework for On Farm Conservation Projects gt Bioversity International underpin this diversity as well as of livelihood outcomes that create benefits for farmers The factors and interrelationships involved in on HE MERNIGH FOUNDATION On farm conservation of crop diversity refers to the maintenance of crop evolution in farmers fields farms and landscapes that generates new potentially useful genetic variation thus contributi
183. ation with single institutions and organizations and promotion events that link different actors Research for development projects seem to focus on research activities with universities and private institutions while projects aimed at rural development focus on training activities and dissemination of information There seems to be an association between the nature of the implementing institution and the nature of influential actors This might be due to the network contacts from which the implementer chooses its partners For instance when the implementing institution is a university or a national research institute we find a strong focus on research activities implemented with other universities or research institutes on the other hand we find that public sector institutions tend to attract other public institutions as their main partners Half of the projects involved universities among their main partners collaborations are strong especially in terms of academic research students training and knowledge transfer This kind of collaboration seems beneficial both in increasing the research capability of implementing institutions and in providing opportunities for universities to gather data and training students as part of larger research or development projects International organizations have a significant role in all the projects studied as they leverage resources provide technical assistance capacity building and sometimes research activities
184. ational Research Council 1989 Lost Crops of the Incas Little known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation Washington Nu ez J 2008 BOL 26 Ra ces andinas un tesoro milenario Biodiversity Reporting Award Cochabamaba Bolivia Onore G Zeddam J L Barrag n A Suquillo J Pumisach M 2006 Bio pesticide Development and Diffusion of Potato Moths Integrated Management to Strengthen Food Security in the Ecuadorian Andes The McKnight Foundation Pinguil M Tenezaca Q Pe afiel P Zaruma L 2006 Migraci n internacional en la comuna Sisid cambios y adaptaciones en el territorio rural y econom a local Centro de desarrollo e investigaci n rural Ecuador Pomareda C and Paz J 2010 Indicaciones geogr ficas y la protecci n de la biodiversidad en los pa ses andinos In Puentes N mero 2 Volumen XI ICTSD Geneva PROINPA Foundation 2004 Sustainable production of quinoa chenopodium quinoa willd a neglected food crop in the Andean region Annual Reports 2001 2005 The Mcknight Foundation Proyecto UNEP GEF 2010 Conservaci n in situ de parientes silvestres de cultivos a trav s del manejo de informaci n y su aplicaci n en campo www cwrbolivia gov bo Rea J 1995 Conservaci n y manejo in situ de recursos fitogen ticos agr colas en Bolivia CIP Lima Rojas W Valdivia R Padulosi S Pinto M Soto J L Alcocer E Guzman L Estrada R Apaza V Bravo R 2009 From neglect to li
185. ations outside interventions projects may be needed to maintain the viability of on farm conservation Projects to support on farm conservation On farm conservation projects usually implement a series of interventions 1 e activities that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of novel capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity Interventions can influence the demand for crop diversity by aiming at a increasing the value of crop diversity for farmers or b 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 10 decreasing the opportunity costs of maintaining diversity through decreasing the costs of obtaining access to 1t Bellon 2004 A recent and extensive review by Jarvis et al 2011 identified 59 different types of interventions for supporting on farm conservation which can also be conceptualized as influencing either the demand or supply of crop diversity however there is still scant evidence that such interventions actually make any difference A framework to assess on farm conservation projects Any project aimed at the on farm conservation of crop diversity intends to influence outcomes in three areas 1 the relevant cro
186. atives through educational programs and key research institutions 4 Promoting the formulation of policies legislation and other mechanisms that encourage farmers to produce and preserve native crops and wild relatives 5 Strengthening the introduction and development of indigenous crops and their products in local markets nationally and internationally ensuring that the benefits are shared equitably with conservation farmers and marketing costs are minimized 6 Establishing information and monitoring system that serves as a tool for planning and coordinating the activities of agro biodiversity conservation in Peru while ensuring a quantitative assessment based on the biological ecological social cultural political and economic impact of the project Activities 1 Improvement of the management of species and habitats located on or near farms to conserve agro biodiversity Agro biodiversity conservation on farm Strengthening traditional knowledge techniques and organizations necessary to maintain agro biodiversity 4 Enhancing awareness of the ecological cultural and nutritive values of wild relatives and native crops at educational and research institution programs on native cultivars 5 Establishing policies norms and incentive systems to motivate farmers to conserve agro biodiversity Strengthening incipient market for native crops at the regional and national level 7 Establishing an information and monitoring system as a manag
187. biar la forma como ellos acceden gestionan usan perciben consumen y o mercadean la diversidad de cultivo su uso 3 los beneficios p blicos sociales asociados con su mantenimiento 4 las intervenciones innovaciones necesarias para conectar estas 3 reas en una manera positiva y coherente Con este prop sito aqu proponemos una serie de instrucciones para el dise o de proyectos basado en los resultados del proyecto financiado por La Fundaci n McKnight titulado Evaluando el xito de los Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca para Suministrar Resultados de Conservaci n y Medios de Vida Identificando Mejores Practicas y Herramientas 2 Recopilar datos de diagnostico El pr ximo paso es evaluar si los agricultores en el rea objetivo est n derivando beneficios privados de la diversidad de cultivo qui nes lo est n haciendo y cu les son las tendencias en la provisi n de estos beneficios contin an est n aumentando disminuyendo En muchas localidades los agricultores contin an manteniendo la diversidad de cultivo sin ninguna intervenci n externa conocida como conservaci n de hecho Sin embargo no hay seguridad de que esto pueda continuar en el futuro y por tanto puede existir la necesidad de intervenciones externas Por esto es necesario tener un buen diagn stico de los incentivos que tienen los agricultores para usar y mantener esta diversidad Esto requiere recopilar datos de diagn stico al nivel de la gest
188. ble Relevant Timebound The main considerations are the feasibility of collecting data which can be quickly and easily used at specific points in the project management cycle Due to the increasing emphasis on participatory assessment and context diversity the SPICED criterion was developed SPICED indicators are Subjective Participatory Interpreted Cross checked Empowering and Diverse This criterion focuses more on relevance of indicators to different stakeholders and their accurate representation of complex realities Table 2 SMART and SPICED indicators Adapted from Bond Guidance Notes Series 2005 and UNDP Signposts of Development SPICED Participatory SMART Properties Definition Contributors have a special position or experience that gives them unique insights which may yield a high return on the evaluators time What may be seen by others as anecdotal becomes critical data because of the source s value Reflect what the project intends to change is it clear what is being measured Does it capture differences across areas and categories of people Measurable Must be precisely defined Measurement and Indicators should be developed together with Attainable Relevant interpretation unambiguous and objectively verifiable and reliable Comparable across projects allowing changes to be compared Achievable by the project and sensitive to change Are the results realistic Feasible time and money to colle
189. bsence of a regulatory framework the exploitation of these resources is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity conservation in the Andes Appendix G p 9 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 IN SITU CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN THE ANDEAN REGIONS OF BOLIVIA ECUADOR AND PERU According to the Andean worldview Rea 1995 in situ conservation represents the caring on farm breeding of plants in their own environment providing a natural evolution with the goal of using crops in multiple ways that allow a healthy life and diet for current and future generations with great respect and knowledge of crops wild relatives INIEA 2009 In situ conservation has been carried out virtually since the beginning of the domestication of plants For farmers all varieties are useful since they suit different purposes and represent an insurance against climatic risk in addition to the variety of flavors and a certain social prestige for the possession of a great variety of plants Therefore in situ conservation is practiced by a great number of Andean farmers especially small farmers in remote areas In the whole Andean region the peasant is the crucial unity for the conservation and use of genetic resources interacting with socio economic and ecological environment and creating complex relationships that can only be fully understood through detailed studies and long term approaches Rea maintains that the concept of in situ is connected to the e
190. bterranean part hypocotyl is edible and highly valued for its richness of proteins and minerals Dried the roots can A ges be stored for years They are often exchanged with communities at lower elevations for a a La staples such as rice and they reach markets as far away as Lima The sweet spicy Lepidium Meyenii dried root is considered a delicacy Maca boiled in water is sweeter than cocoa In Huancayo Peru maca pudding and maca jam are popular However the methods of horticulture are complex and labor intensive and maca is peculiarly adapted to the climate of the puna Its commercial potential lies in its stimulant properties in which rural communities strongly believe Mauka greatly valued in the communities of temperate valleys at around 2800 m for human consumption and animal feed this crop is maintained in a marginal way in small vegetable gardens It is cultivated alon or combined with maize and cucurbits or other plants remaining in the field for several years as a result of the transplanting of MORE D vegetative parts The protein calcium and phosphorus content is higher than in other roots and tubers grown in the same agro ecological area making it advantageous for the Andean diet frequently deficient in calcium and phosphorus The upper part of the root and the lower part of the stem are edible These swollen thickened clumps similar to those of cassava are usually boiled or fried and served
191. cal genetic resources Wood and Lenne 1997 In situ conservation concerns in fact entire agro ecosystems from cultivated crops forages and agro forestry species to their wild relatives in forests and protected areas These inter linkages shape in situ conservation projects which achieve different objectives including e The conservation of evolution and adaptation processes of crops to their environments e The conservation of ecosystem species or gene diversity e The integration of farmers into a national plant genetic resources system e The sustainable conservation of functional ecosystem services e The improvement of rural livelihoods through economic and social development Appendix G p 6 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 e The improvement of farmers access to and control over crop genetic resources The benefits of in situ conservation thus belong to the socio economic ecologic and genetic sphere Jarvis et al 2000 However the definition of in situ conservation has been often used to describe the creation of protected areas or habitats paying less attention to the actual conservation of species in situ Heywood and Dulloo 2005 have defined the range of interventions that follow under the definition of in situ management 1 Conservation of natural or semi natural ecosystems in various types of protected area conservation of the area and non specifically of the biodiversity of the area 2 Conservation of agri
192. cators of adoption significant levels of diversity and relevant well being and on the other a proper set of comparisons Answering the first three questions is quite straight forward although it requires the appropriate methods and design However as indicated earlier the answer to question 4 is still quite difficult since the functional relationship between levels of crop diversity and the generation of evolutionary services is little understood although a simple principle may be that under uncertainty more is better than less Then by placing on farm conservation projects in known areas with high levels of crop diversity we insure that public benefits are delivered C The Study Area and State of Diversity The High Andes region of Latin America was selected as the study area based primarily on the basis of three factors 1 it is a center of the origin and diversity of many important crops 2 it is a center of cultural diversity and poverty and 3 the custodians of the rich agro biodiversity are poor smallholder farmers The Area The Andean region offers abundant opportunities for the promotion of in situ conservation of crop genetic resources It is considered the most diverse region in the world containing a sixth of all plant life in less than one percent of the world s land area Conservation International 2007 The co existence of fertile inter Andean valleys with mild climates with fields situated at high altitudes exposed
193. ceive remittances Table S3 The households however maintain an important amount of crop diversity in spite of the small landholdings Table 1 both in terms of crop species and farmer varieties i e crop populations within a crop that farmers recognize as distinct units Households tend to grow many more species than those targeted by the studied on farm conservation projects A special case is a project implemented in Ecuador by a farmer organization that shows by far the highest level of infra and inter specific crop diversity The data show relatively poor marginal households maintaining important amounts of native crop diversity in a center of origin and diversity for these crops The on farm conservation projects that were subjects of the study implemented between 13 and 19 interventions per project for a total of 79 with different aims that included a improving the knowledge and enhancing access of farmers to information and planting material of a diversity of targeted native crops b improving the agronomic management of the crops particularly in terms of pests and diseases c training local farmers to provide advice to others d improving the Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 5 consumption of these crops their storage and processing e improving their marketing to enhance income opportunities f providing training and capacity building on these aspects g enhancing farmer organization for consumpti
194. ception about its value Access to farmers to additional diversity of target crops New systematic and comparative knowledge allowing farmers better evaluation and choices New knowledge and practices to improve crop management New knowledge and practices to improve potato harvesting New knowledge and practices for pest control New knowledge and practices for pest control New knowledge about diversity held beyond the household and community change of perception of its value Training on new recipes and preparations with quinoa and ca ahua Organizing a producer association of Andean crops or for tourism Sale of quinoa in association with other farmers Sale of caha ua in association with other farmers Agro touris receive tourist at home or in field Agro tourism other income from tourism Agro tourism establishment of community museum Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 28 New knowledge and skills for novel ways of preparing food from traditional crops New forms of organization to link to new business opportunities New forms of organization to link to new business opportunities New forms of organization to link to new business opportunities New forms of organization to link to new business opportunities New forms of organization to link to new business opportunities New forms of organization to link to new business opportunities Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 29 554 Table
195. changing situations This in turn ensures that farmers and society are able to cope with and adapt better to change Bellon 2009 Crop evolution may be critical for adaptation to climate change among smallholder farmers who depend on landraces Mercer and Perales 2010 The evolutionary services delivered by on farm conservation do not depend on just a few farmers managing diverse crop populations in one village or even a group of farmers in a few villages in a particular area but are tied to broader social and ecological landscapes These landscapes consist of many farmers and villages interlinked to various degrees through seed systems and distributed across different types of environments facing diverse selection pressures from environmental factors and human management and preferences This leads to the generation of an array of a broad base of genetic variation in constant evolutionary flux The dynamic nature of on farm conservation contrasts with ex situ conservation where the aim is to maintain for a long period without change the genes and genotypes contained in seed samples or planting material representative of the diversity of a particular crop These two strategies are aimed at conserving different things On farm conservation is about maintaining processes while ex situ conservation is about maintaining specific results of those processes specific genes and genotypes sampled at a particular point in time Both types of conservation
196. ci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar una intervenci n 8 1 Cuantidad de semilla distribuida 1 1 Numero de encuestas sobre usos locales Documentaci n de los 1 Encuestas socioecon micas conocimientos sobre usos 2 Manuales para los productores tendencias de cultivo y otras cuestiones limitaciones y oportunidades 3 Cat logo de la colecci n de germoplasma de llevadas a cabo en los hogares y los quinua mercados de los cultivos 1 2 Estudios sobre las limitaciones y oportunidades en el uso de la quinua el amaranto y la ca ahua 2 1 Numero de manuales de instrucciones y t cnicas para los productores 3 1 Catalogo Acciones impulsadas por la 1 Mejores t cnicas de cultivo 2 1 An lisis de los valores nutricionales de la Trilladora de quinua ca ahua y amaranto comunidad para mejorar la 2 Estudios nutricionales harina de quinua Pruebas de cosecha mejorada y tecnolog as generaci n de ingresos 2 2 Evaluaci n del impacto nutricional del amaranto post cosecha N mero de visitas a las plantas de procesamiento Numero de pruebas de procesamiento Tesis de investigaci n sobre an lisis de costes y beneficios de la comercializaci n de la quinua y ca ahua Tecnolog as mejoradas
197. ci n de eventos de difusi n y participaci n Realizaci n de un diagnostico de l nea base del programa de turismo rural Identificaci n mejora y promoci n de las bellezas etnoculturales bot nicas y pecuarias Promoci n a nivel nacional e internacional los paquetes tur sticos integrados Establecimiento de alianzas estrat gicas a nivel nacional e internacional Capacitaci n a los gu as en temas de agroturismo Capacitaci n a familias due as de albergues y comunidades en agroturismo higiene buenas pr cticas de manufactura permisos de funcionamiento etiquetas Numero de talleres con promotores dirigentes ind genas t cnicos y cooperantes de la UNORCAC Numero de talleres de evaluaci n y seguimiento Material did ctico y publicaci n final de manuales de ense anza Eventos de capacitaci n y de evaluaci n del proceso de desarrollo de la gu a Grupo de profesores formados en el tema de la diversidad agr cola Unidades de educaci n ambiental Numero de eventos como fiestas asambleas y encuentros Diagn sticos de l nea de base Bellezas esc nicas y centros de la agrobiodiversidad andina de Cotacachi identificados Numero de due os de alojamientos formados para la reintroducci n de cultivos Participaci n en eventos internacionales Numero de alianzas tur sticas entre actores locales e internacionales N mero de actores locales capacitados en turismo virtual Numero de gu as capacitadas N mero de fami
198. ci n en programas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales participaci n en mercados y tipo de vivienda An lisis estad sticos Entrevistas socieconomicas A partir de los datos de la encuesta los investigadores obtuvieron el n mero y los tipos de intervenciones implementadas por cada proyecto la tasa de participaci n en stas la tasa de adopci n de las innovaciones asociadas y la tasa de utilidad percibida por los participantes con respecto de cada intervenci n asi como estad sticas descriptivas sobre las caracter sticas sociecon micas de los hogares y de la diversidad cultivada por ellos An lisis econom trico En el caso de los proyectos analizados y dado que las intervenciones de stos no fueron asignadas aleatoriamente entre tratamiento y grupos de control no existieron grupos de control a priori ni una l nea base disponible existe una alta probabilidad de sesgos de selecci n Esto puede obstaculizar el discernir la relaci n entre adopci n y los resultados esperados sobre los medios de vida del agricultor Por lo que se utiliz un enfoque econom trico el m todo de variables instrumentales para corregir estos sesgos Para llevar a cabo el an lisis econom trico un grupo de indicadores fueron desarrollados para analizar resultados en tres reas a Adopci n de innovaciones suministradas por las intervenciones de los proyectos b Diversidad de cultivos c Beneficios asociados con el bienestar de l
199. cial to the assessment and dissemination of project results and to improved understanding of how project implementation is linked to the logical and theoretical framework within which it operates From a project operational perspective an important limitation is the late arrival of funding and bad timing between organization planning availability of funding and implementation of activities limiting reliable and good results At the field operational level an important limiting factor is the motivation of authorities and farmers to participate Some projects lament that in participatory activities and training sessions people are often more interested in snacks than training Moreover local authorities do not have the leadership to motivate the population to pay attention to such events and people sometimes plan other community activities on the day when trainings are planned Local institutional and organizational support is limited which also constraints the creation of networks and diffusion of project activities The low interaction and support from the formal and institutional sector to local groups or individual farmers is a great constraint to the sustainability and effectiveness of projects Gender is an important aspect of the lives of rural people in the Andes Women in particular play a key role in the use and conservation of native crops and varieties but there are gender differences in the power to make decisions and unfortunately in
200. cida en los sitios piloto Planes de estudio sobre los NUS desarrollados y promovidos para la construcci n de capacidades humanas en el mbito de los NUS SHG CIALs y otras organizaciones comunitarias establecidas en los sitios piloto M todos y enfoques para empoderar a las mujeres a trav s de NUS en los sitios objetivo en particular mediante su gesti n directa de la cultura alimentaria local y las iniciativas relacionadas Aumento de la auto estima de las personas a trav s de iniciativas comunitarias regionales nacionales que reconocen la contribuci n de la poblaci n local como custodios NUS y campeones NUS Mayor conciencia del papel de los NUS en los medios de subsistencia de los pueblos a trav s de material educativo y otros mensajes culturalmente orientados para generaciones m s j venes Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 5 2 6 1 6 2 7 1 7 2 7 3 Bienestar Encuesta sobre las necesidades de formaci n de los productores de amaranto Cursos de transferencia de tecnolog a Curso de formaci n para actores de la cadena de valor D as de Campo para la quinua y ca ihua Formaci n de los agricultores para
201. cide development and diffusion of potato moths Integrated management to strengthen food security in the Ecuadorian Andes Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de raices andinas en el sub tropico del municipio de Colomi provincia Chapare Cochabamba Enhancing the contribution of neglected and underutilized species to food security and to incomes of the rural poor Manejo Conservacion y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Geneticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Organica en el Scanagri NIRAS 2003 2005 Peru SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation McKnight Foundation Project Title alanis 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1999 2001 Native Potato improved production of native McKnight Foundation 2005 2009 potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening 1995 1999 2001 2005 UNDP 2000 2002 McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation Fundacion PUMA via Iniciativa para la America EIA Bolivian Government Sistema Boliviano de Tecnologia Agropecuaria SIBTA 2005 2009 2005 2009 2005 2009 IFAD 2001 2003 2007 2009 2003 2008 E gt N D N N N N ER E ER E E UW NO Fa O o 00 N Ul N UI N ep Appendix J Final
202. cimiento de la identidad local Analizar el papel del turismo rural en la promoci n de NUS Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Mejora de las capacidades de los miembros de la comunidad a trav s de cursos talleres y otras iniciativas de creaci n de capacidad Estrategia de valor agregado basada en la comunidad adem s de establecida fortalecida en los sitios piloto Planes de estudio sobre los NUS desarrollados y promovidos para la construcci n de capacidades humanas en el mbito de los NUS SHG CIALs y otras organizaciones comunitarias establecidas en los sitios piloto M todos y enfoques para empoderar a las mujeres a trav s de NUS en los sitios objetivo en particular mediante su gesti n directa de la cultura alimentaria local y las iniciativas relacionadas Aumento de la auto estima de las personas a trav s de iniciativas comunitarias regionales nacionales que reconocen la contribuci n de la poblaci n local como custodios NUS y campeones NUS Mayor conciencia del papel de los NUS en los medios de subsistencia de los pueblos a trav s de material educativo y otros mensajes culturalmente orientados para generaciones m s j venes Una mejor comprensi n del turismo rural en el mantenimiento de la diversidad en los pa ses sitios objetivo Metodolog as y enfoques para la gesti n del t
203. cing and Maintaining Genetic Resources On Farm India Int Dev Res Centre Bermejo J E and J Le n eds 1994 1492 from a Different Perspective Plant Production and Protection Series No 26 FAO Rome Blanco O 1982 Genetic variability of tarwi Lupinus mutabilis Sweet In Agricultural and Nutritional Aspects of Lupins eds R Gross y E S Bunting pp 33 49 GTZ Eeschborn BOND Guidance Notes 2005 Guidance Notes N 4 3 Monitoring and Evaluation London Brush S B 2000 Genes in the field On Farm Conservation of Crop Diversity IDRC IPGRI Lewis Publishers Ottawa Byers A C 1990 Erosion processes in tropical watersheds A preliminary assessment of measurement methods action strategies and information availability in the Dominican Republic Ecuador and Honduras Development Strategies for Fragile Lands Agendia para el Desarrollo Internacional Washington CABOLQUI 2009 FAUTAPO Desarrollo Tecnol gico Quinua BIOFACH 2009 de Nuremberg CGIAR 2008 Strategic Guidance for Ex Post Impact Assessment of Agricultural Research Science Council Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Rome CIP 1997 Raices y tuberculos andinos Informe sobre la colaboracion en investigaciones de biodiversidad 1993 97 Centro Internacional de La Papa Lima CIP 2000 Programa Colaborativo Biodiversidad de Raices y Tuberculos Andinos Annual Report 2000 Centro Internacional de la Papa Lima CIP 2001 Programa Colaborativo
204. cionales de NUS y evaluados en particular en las zonas ensayos de campo desarrollo de estrategias para afectadas por la desnutrici n y el hambre 1 2 Datos secundarios sobre la poblaci n la una mejor utilizaci n de NUS en oculta salud y la nutrici n en las comunidades programas de nutrici n 2 Impacto actual y potencial de las especies objetivo objetivo evaluado en todos los grupos y 1 3 Exposiciones y talleres sobre el uso de la zonas prioritarias biodiversidad local y la seguridad 3 Estrategias para mejorar la utilizaci n de NUS nutricional altamente nutritivos elaboradas y difundidas 2 1 Evaluaci n del aporte nutricional a los ni os 3 1 Nueva tecnologia para promover el uso de la quinua Appendix G p 102 Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Mejora del capital humano y social de los interesados para gestionar los NUS y los beneficios derivados de su uso combinado con el fortalecimiento de la identidad local Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Mejora de las capacidades de los miembros de la comunidad a trav s de cursos talleres y otras iniciativas de creaci n de capacidad Estrategia de valor agregado basada en la comunidad adem s de establecida fortale
205. ciones educativas peruanas tecnol gica Establecer un sistema de Un sistema de informaci n y monitoreo 1 Sistema descentralizado de Informaci n informaci n y monitoreo que funcionando para monitorear la para el monitoreo de la conservaci n in servir como una importante conservaci n in situ de la agrobiodiversidad situ herramienta de manejo para las en reas principales en el Per actividades de planificaci n ycoordinaci n de la agrobiodiversidad en el Per y que tambi n permitir evaluar cuantitativamente la informaci n computarizada del impacto biol gico ecol gico social cultural pol tico y econ mico del proyecto Seguimiento y Recuperar parte de la Incremento de la biodiversidad 1 Numero de viveros en producci n 1 Centro para comercializar artesan as y plantas ampliaci n de la biodiversidad forestal a trav s Comercializaci n 2 Numero de arboretos instalados ornamentales instalado rehabilitaci n de del manejo sustentable de Investigaci n 3 N mero de centros de propagaci n de 1 Ingresos por la venta de productos de jardines la biodiversidad fincas ganaderas en las Capacitaci n especies establecidos forestales en fincas comunidades de Nuevo Mundo 4 Porcentual de disminuci n de la tala de 2 Base de datos con informaci n de 50 especies ganaderas en el y Ganaderos Orenses bosque potenciales para Forestar a An loga Appendix G p 116 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Produ
206. citados en nutrici n infantil con un n mero de mujeres saben y entienden estrategias para 1 2 N mero de mujeres lideres campesinas actividades que se construyan mejorar su estado nutricional y el de sus capacitadas en la preparaci n de comida a base sobre ganancias en la ni os de leguminosas y otros componentes productividad de la 1 3 Recetarios investigaci n participativa en 1 4 Alimentos mejorados para los animales leguminosas en las rotaciones 1 5 Numero de hortalizas introducidas para el de cultivos consumo 1 6 Estudio de la desnutrici n infantil en zonas beneficiarias 1 7 N mero de Centros de Madres capacitados en demostraciones culinarias y preparaci n de algunas dietas utilizando las leguminosas Cover agriculture Identificar y caracterizar Sistema para el an lisis de diagn stico y 1 1 Instrumentos para el inventario del sistema a farmer led conocimientos y pr cticas documentaci n desarrollada en actividad 2 1 Lista de sistemas agroecol gicos con estrategias research initiative relacionadas a los sistemas implementada de agricultura de cobertura on the application existentes de agricultura y Inventario de sistemas existentes y 3 1 Documento sobre la informaci n social of cover manejo de suelos en los Andes potenciales geogr fica t cnica econ mica y ambiental de agriculture y tambi n factores que Diagn stico socio econ mico de factores que los sistemas agroecol gicos principles in the contribuyan o impidan el contribu
207. ckage flow process there is a fixed destination or target in our case a specific actor and the actor that delivers the package usually chooses the shortest path to do so The social networks of all six case study projects have been mapped and are given in Figures 6 11 in Annex A of this research report D Field surveys The quantitative analysis comprised two components the first of which is a descriptive part based on the surveys characterizing the households in the sample in socioeconomic terms by reporting frequencies means and standard deviations of key relevant variables This analysis also paid particular attention to the interventions applied by each of the projects the rates of participation adoption and how these were evaluated by farmers The field studies were carried out on the sub set of six case studies to obtain a quantitative assessment of the implementation and outcomes of the projects Data drawn from focus group discussions and a household level questionnaire with a sample of project participants and non participants in the project implementation areas were collected The sampling framework had to be adjusted to the conditions of implementation of each project since each project had its unique aspects Table 5 presents the specific sampling used in each project including the sample size and the number of villages where the studies took place In five of the six cases the sample was drawn randomly from two populations t
208. cnicas de producci n transformaci n y comercializaci n de la quinua 2 4 Visitas a plantas de transformaci n 2 5 Curso en La Uni n con empresas de procesamiento de harina de amaranto 2 6 Identificaci n de las necesidades y oportunidades para fortalecer el sector de transformaci n en Puno Appendix G p 100 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n 2 7 Reuni n en el Cuzco con los productores 2 8 Cursos para la transformaci n y agregar valor a los productos de quinua y ca ahua 2 9 Taller de capacitaci n para 5 empresas 2 10 Curso sobre la legislaci n sanitaria de producci n y procesamiento de granos andinos 2 11 Talleres demostrativos sobre la transformaci n de granos andinos Curso para la identificaci n de las enfermedades de los granos andinos Proyectos piloto con los municipios locales para mejorar el cultivo y el uso de amaranto con la partic
209. conservation Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Leaders and promoters Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Native potato Conservation of biodiversity in Pastaza Seed systems Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Proyecto Integral Candelaria Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Cover agriculture In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Traditional knowledge and culture Proyecto Integral Candelaria Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Andean tubers Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Native potato Appendix G p 69 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 DISCUSSION We will now synthesize the main findings of the literature review by highlighting the common problems emphasized in projects reports and the activities and approaches that seem more efficient in achieving targeted results Common problems stand out from the review One of the main constraints reported for attracting investment in pro
210. cos en plagas de quinua evaluados Entomopat genos en el Altiplano Sur identificados Feromonas espec ficas para plagas de la quinua desarrolladas Estudio de la entomofauna ben fica asociada al cultivo de la quinua Cuantidad de semilla certificada de quinua real producida Numero de accesiones recolectadas para el germoplasma de la UTO Numero de ensayos experimentales participativos Numero de parcelas demostrativas y de producci n de leguminosas Numero de experimentos de abonos verdes para mejorar la salud del suelo Numero de ensayos de macetas e invernaderos con especies prometedoras para determinar los aspectos de su impacto en la salud del suelo Bienestar 1 2 Numero de planes municipales de Manejo de Suelos 1 4 Estudios de los beneficios de sistemas agroforestales en el Altiplano Sur 2 1 Estudio comparativo de cuatro tipos de arados 3 5 Trampas de luz evaluadas y difundidas 4 1 Numero de trilladoras y venteadoras desarrolladas 6 1 Numero de experiencias sistematizadas 6 2 Base de datos 6 3 Publicacion mediante web 1 1 Estudio sobre las aproximaciones etnobot nicas en reas productoras de quinua real Taller de Planificaci n Trabajos de tesis Numero de ferias realizadas N mero de d as de campo comunales e inter comunales Numero de cursillos comunales Boletines de divulgaci n L nea de base en seguridad alimentaria Folletos de s ntesis de los resultados de la investigaci
211. creation of networks and diffusion of project activities The low interaction and support from the formal and institutional sector to local groups or individual farmers is a great constraint to the sustainability and effectiveness of projects One common problem is the late start due to unavailable funding and a bad timing between organization planning availability of funding and implementation of activities limiting reliable and good results Cultural heritage is sometimes a constraint to the application of appropriate practices for instance religious practices or myths can limit the adoption of adequate technologies and are difficult to overcome On the other side culture is extremely important for instance rituals are used to propitiate animal s increase and potatoes sowing An increase in the quantity of varieties produced is a clear indicator of increased agricultural biodiversity However sometimes an increase in the number of varieties produced is not followed by an increase in the volume of varieties sold or used for self consumption which can lead to the subsequent rejection or abandoning of these varieties by farmers This indicator must therefore be verified by an analysis of the marketing and self consumption patterns of the selected varieties Moreover farmers field results are very variable and several seasons are necessary to evaluate effectively productivity improvements Finally the weather instability in the Andes lim
212. ct data using chosen indicators Is it relevant to the intended outputs and outcome interpretable Cross checked those best placed to assess them This means involving a project s ultimate beneficiaries but it can also mean involving local staff and other stakeholders Locally defined indicators may be meaningless to other stakeholders so they often need to be explained The validity of assessment needs to be cross checked by comparing different indicators and progress and by using different informants methods and researchers Appendix G p 59 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Timebound Describes when a certain change is expected Empowering The process of setting and assessing indicators should be empowering in itself and allow groups and individuals to reflect critically on their changing situation Disaggregated There should be a deliberate effort to seek out different indicators from a range of groups especially men and women This information needs to be recorded in such a way that these differences can be assessed over time Summarizing the process of evaluation poses a number of challenges bounding the evaluator to follow certain criteria which are seldom verified by available indicators In the next section we will review the impact pathway developed by the projects studied and the indicators used to measure output outcome and impact achievements DIVERSITY INDICATORS According
213. ct links which in turn can be divided into in degree centrality which counts the in going links and out degree centrality which counts the out going links Betweenness refers to the A third parameter closeness centrality which measures how close is an actor to any other in the network being globally central if it lies in the shortest paths to many other was not calculated because our data are based on the perspectives of the implementing organizations lacking the perspectives of the other actors in the networks hence this parameter if calculated would have been an artifact of the way data were collected Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 level to which an actor is an intermediary between two other actors inside a group it measures how often an actor lies on the shortest path between others i e if A has to go through B to get to C B has a high betweeness score The network analysis was carried out with the NetMap Toolbox adapted to our case studies http netmap worldpress com To visualize and analyze the network we used the software SocioMetrica VisuaLyzer 2 0 which has been designed to graphically display small and mid sized networks A summary of the analysis is provided in the factsheet Network Analysis for Evaluating On Farm Conservation Projects Appendix H c Field surveys For the six case studies identified during year 1 further field studies were carried out to obtain a quantitative assessme
214. ctos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Resultados Esperados Noroccidente de Numero de orquidearios instalados 3 3 N mero de especies arb reas y no arb reas Pichincha identificadas 4 5 N mero de personas capacitadas en forestar a an loga 4 6 N mero de fincas planificadas implementadas y manejadas con Forestar a An loga Numero de Planes de Manejo N mero de proyectos pilotos Talleres para la planificaci n de los estudios y Dise o y aplicaci n de planes de gesti n en Mapa base de los territorios ind genas tres territorios de las comunidades de Pastaza Establecimiento de un Centro de Mapa de cobertura vegetal amaz nica en los territorios de Informaci n Socio Ambiental de los Mapa base del rea de estudio de los para el an lisis de los resultados las comunidades ind genas de Territorios Ind genas de Pastaza territorios de Yana Yacu Nina y Amarun Talleres para la aprobaci n de los planes de Pastaza Dise o e implemen
215. cts include methodologies for the sustainable use of land use types reduction in chemicals and synthetic fertilizers also through organic and alternative cultivation methods reduction of deforestation through the valorization of forest products and establishment of sustainable local systems of seed supply and technical support that can increase the quality and yield of cultivars The projects which had a specific focus on sustainable practices are Lupin Quinoa Native Potato Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi Green manure and legumes In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Peru Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Cover agriculture Sustainable production of quinoa Sustainable production of quinoa Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per 3 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY The food and agriculture sector can contribute to the loss of biodiversity components through land use change loss of nutrients and overexploitation of natural resources The projects we have studied were focused on fighting the determinants of biodiversity loss on farm which are linked to bad cultivation and processing practices affecting the quality nutrient content and productivity of soils but also the resilience of native varieties to pests diseases and adverse weather conditions A special attention in the projects analyzed
216. cult are among the causes of its marginalization At present its cultivation and utilization are maintained at subsistence levels Quinoa the content and quality of quinua s proteins are outstanding because of their essential amino acid composition lysine arginine histidine and methionine its biological value is comparable to milk and it is especially suitable for food mixtures with legumes and cereals Its particular hardiness allows generating good yields in also semiarid and arid places These outstanding properties make it a highly valuable crop for nutrition and food security of the Andean populations In spite of these properties its marginalization began with the introduction of cereals such as barley tnd wheat for some technical NA economic and social reasons Traditional practices of harvesting and threshing done by vA hand take many days and the grain requires a process to remove its bitter ingredients Ny before consumption Another limiting factor influencing productivity are pests that attack NY g w the crop in different phenological phases Production costs are therefore high for eondu producers a problem that could be overcome with the development of appropriate technologies Appendix G p 37 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Love Lies Bleeding Amaranto Kiwicha thank to its excellent nutritional content kiwicha is quite persistent among farmers It is high in proteins 12 to 16 percent
217. cultural biodiversity preservation of diversity within and among populations of species used directly in agriculture in the habitats where it developed and grows This includes food crops forages and agro forestry species and their wild relatives but also conservation of landraces or local crop varieties in farmers field on farm conservation 3 Conservation and maintenance of selected target individual species conservation and management plans in the species natural habitat or ecosystem genetic conservation 4 Recovery programs for nationally or sub nationally threatened rare or endangered wild species a case of in situ conservation of target species they may require recovery of the habitats 5 Restoration recovery or rehabilitation of habitats species recovery programs may require not only management and reinforcement of populations but also rehabilitation or restoration of the habitats in which the often fragmented populations occur Therefore in situ conservation requires a focus on the biodiversity the dynamics and the conservation of all the components of an ecosystem Brush 2000 defines two types of in situ conservation The first is the conservation of crop genetic resources in areas where farmers maintain diversity on their farms through their everyday practices or farmer driven conservation The second type concerns incentivizing farmers to in situ conservation through Research amp Development R amp D strategies
218. curing and exploiting the full potential of the genetic diversity contained in neglected and underutilized species The first phase of the project was implemented between 2001 and 2003 while the second phase was carried out between 2007 and 2009 Specific Objectives Phase 1 1 Provision of genetic material of the target species Conservation of germplasm and associated traditional knowledge Documentation of knowledge on uses constraints and opportunities Development of Community driven actions to enhance income generation Actions addressing market commercialization and demand limitations Research and development oriented activities to strengthen national capacities oe ee ae Establishment of effective links between conservation and crops filieres 8 Development of policy and legal frameworks and public awareness Activities Phase 1 1 Organizations of seed fairs Regeneration of accessions Establishment of core collections Ex situ conservation Improvement and distribution of seeds Socio economic characterization Improvement of cultivation techniques Training of farmers and other actors of the production chain EE a Public awareness Specific Objectives Phase 2 1 Assessment and enhancement of income generation based on NUS 2 Assessment of nutritional values of NUS and development of strategies for enhanced use of NUS in nutrition programmes Appendix G p 38 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 3 Enhance
219. d guidelines to measure impact in three areas delivering conservation of agricultural biodiversity delivering livelihood benefits for farmers and delivering wider public benefits We were encouraged to find that the majority of projects assessed as part of the project successfully delivered both conservation and livelihood outcomes for target groups and that in particular there was evidence that increased agricultural biodiversity leads to more livelihood benefits for farmers One of the major contributions of this project is the mixed methods approach which when applied captures the complexity of research based and development oriented interventions that promote the use and conservation of native crop diversity to improve farmers well being The results while assessing ex post the success of six projects in the Andean region also emphasize the importance of ex ante analysis to ensure the achievement of outcomes and thus a sound ex post analysis and to draw a number of lessons that can be applicable on a global scale The goal of implementing a multi faceted basket of interventions with different aims is to provide diverse and relevant options to farmers that enhance the value of what they already have In this regard it is crucial to identify develop and offer new ways of cultivating consuming processing and marketing the diversity of crops they have as a way to enhance farmers choices and well being by improving their capacities
220. d Decision Support Tools coordinated and implemented by Bioversity International and carried out between March 2010 and May 2012 in the High Andes of Ecuador Bolivia and Peru These guidelines should assist the project Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Guidelines and Best Practices for On Farm Conservation Projects Designing and Evaluating Interventions implementer in formulating step by step a sound and solid theory of change that will lead to the achievement of impact Step by Step for a Successful Project 1 Decide which area to target A distinguishing feature of an on farm conservation project is the focus on delivering public benefits associated with the maintenance of crop diversity Locating a project in an area with a high potential for delivering these types of benefits is crucial e g a center of _ infra specific diversity for a crop or a hotspot of co occurrence of many relevant crops But even if those benefits exist the value of implementing projects may still depend on how unique and globally relevant the crop diversity is and the extent to which there are other projects already addressing these benefits in the area to avoid duplication and waste of resources but also to be able to learn from those other projects 2 Collect diagnostic data The next step is to assess whether farmers in the target area are deriving private benefits from crop diversity which farmers are
221. dad en teor a se puede identificar su posici n en estas 3 reas La figura la identifica la posici n de una comunidad de agricultores con respecto a la diversidad de cultivo que mantiene y los beneficios privados que deriva punto A Como los sistemas agr colas no son est ticos la posici n de una comunidad en esta gr fica cambia movi ndose hacia el sureste del gr fico debido al desarrollo econ mico suponiendo que los beneficios privados de los agricultores aumentan con mayor especializaci n pero llevando a Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 una reducci n en el nivel de diversidad de cultivo mantenido punto B Esta es la visi n convencional de la relaci n entre la diversidad de cultivo y el desarrollo agr cola que asume una disyuntiva entre ambos Figure 1a Diversidad de cultivos Beneficios Privados Es importante destacar que no estamos suponiendo una relaci n causal entre estos 2 resultados solo representando una tendencia que es com nmente asumida Esta relaci n causal es compleja y contextual La figura lb presenta una relaci n hipot tica entre una m trica que resume el nivel de la diversidad de cultivo presente en un sistema agr cola y los beneficios p blicos que esta diversidad genera como los valores de opci n asociados con el mantenimiento de los procesos evolutivos del cultivo servicios evolutivos Obviamente esta relaci n es compleja y se sabe poco sobre la fo
222. das N mero de entradas de melloco oca mashua j cama miso y zanahoria blanca duplicadas in vitro N mero de entradas de RTAs de cultivares locales como de especies silvestres mantenidas en campo Numero de variedades en el campo identificadas Investigaci n participativa sobre criterios de selecci n de los agricultores llevada a cabo Numero de morfotipos m s aceptables seleccionados Numero de ferias de semillas organizadas para la distribuci n de semillas de calidad Cuantidad de material limpiado propagado 1 1 Numero de n cleos semilleros formados Tecnolog a para melloco y zanahoria blanca precocidos y congelados desarrolladla N mero de mujeres en la producci n de elaborados artesanales aumentado N mero de mujeres que participaron a eventos de capacitaci n N mero de recetas elaboradas Tecnolog a para la producci n de artesan as de zanahoria blanca oca y melloco desarrollada e implementada Appendix G p 82 Proyecto Integral Candelaria Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n
223. de el desarrollo econ mico lleva a un detrimento en la diversidad de cultivo lo que a su vez lleva a una p rdida de los beneficios p blicos asociados con los servicios evolutivos generados por la diversidad de cultivos Suponiendo que el aumento en los beneficios sociales es socialmente deseado entonces se pueden implementar intervenciones para disminuir la pendiente de la trayectoria de cambio moviendo hacia arriba la relaci n entre los beneficios privados y la diversidad de cultivos Estas intervenciones incluyen la introducci n de nuevas tecnolog as el desarrollo de capacidades y habilidades o nuevas formas de organizaci n orientadas a cambiar la manera como los agricultores y las comunidades acceden manejan usan perciben consumen y o mercadean la diversidad de cultivos La figura 2b presenta una serie de B escenarios para ilustrar como estas intervenciones podr an cambiar estas relaciones El escenario 1 es el mismo que se indica en la figura 2a es decir el proceso de cambio con una tendencia negativa sin Diversidad de cultivo oa Escenario 3 Intervenci n Escenario 2 Intervenci n aa Aa m Escenario 1 Escenario 4 Beneficios P blicos Beneficios Privados intervenci n alguna es decir el punto de referencia de las intervenciones El escenario 2 presenta la situaci n en donde mientras todav a existe una tendencia negativa en la relaci n e
224. decision makers and agricultural innovators and increase their power to put a demand on the formal system of research and development They also provide mechanisms for access to new skills information and research products that may be useful locally promoting the generation adaptation validation and transfer of technologies Committees are based on interaction and feedback with the farmers and take into account their criteria for the selection of new technologies They thus improve organizational processes identify priority problems in relation to the projects and disseminate them to the community and practitioners Some projects fostered the creation of organizations and associations targeted at different stakeholders such as farmers producers and women in order to increase their bargaining power and recognition in the community Projects strengthen local organizations participation and negotiation skills to facilitate coordination production marketing and promotion of selected varieties and acquire local incidence Some projects strengthened local organizations in order to develop agro industrial solutions such as the construction of community processing plants conservation silos or micro enterprises Moreover some projects empowered rural networks promoting the exchange of experiences between the organizations through meetings seminars workshops and interpersonal relations Projects which strengthened or created Farmer Field Schools were
225. der local audience The second component involved an econometric analysis of the extent to which there was participation in project activities the evaluation by participants of the usefulness of the interventions and an examination of how the application of these interventions in the field influenced observed patterns of management and use of native varieties and species Further Clearly we are not able to control for unobserved difference and this is a limitation of this study Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 analysis then sought to determine the extent to which these factors in turn influenced perceived benefits associated with the native diversity The exercise corrected for a set of confounding variables and for potential biases In order to carry out the econometric analysis a set of indicators was developed for three different outcomes a adoption of innovations provided by project interventions b crop diversity and c benefits associated with household well being In the case of the six projects analyzed and because project interventions were not assigned randomly between treatment and control groups there were no a priori control groups and no baseline available an instrumental variable method had to be used to analyze whether these projects can be deemed successful or not To address the complexity of assessing three different outcomes a simultaneous equations system was estimated including other determin
226. ditions of Andean people persistent widespread and appreciated by local civilizations over millennia Among these grains Quinoa a grain like crop whose seeds are highly nutritive due to an exceptional protein and mineral quality of which cereals are short is very important in Andean culture It is a resistant and adaptable crop drought but also frost resistant Jakobsen 2000 Bolivia is the biggest producer of quinoa with 46 of world production followed by Peru with 42 but training and technical assistance are necessary in order to introduce the technological changes required to improve the crops productivity and competitiveness n situ conservation studies have only started in 2001 2002 to complement the existent ex situ strategies Another valuable grain is the Ca ihua which originated in the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia and is especially important for human consumption in high plateaus between 3 800 and 4 300 m because of its resistance to cold Bermejo and Le n 1994 All three native grains ca ihua quinoa love lies bleeding or kiwicha are highly tolerant of marginal conditions Caniwa and quinoa are adapted to cold and drought kiwicha to drought They are in fact cultivated in the rarefied elevations of the Andean snow line where few crops can survive their cultivation going back thousands of years However the competition of commodity cereal crops such as wheat and barley is the main reason for their marginalization in
227. diversity in Pastaza Target Palm trees fruit trees timber and medicinal Implementing Organization Instituto Quichua de Biotecnolog a Sacha Supai Global Environmental Facility GEF plants Inter institutional Network of Co financing Pastaza Province Specialists in Environmental Ecuador Management Conservacion Neglected and Instituto Nacional de FAO Cotacachi complementaria y uso underutilized Investigaciones Agropecuarias Imbabura Province sostenible de cultivos species NUS INIAP Ecuador subutilizados en tree tomato United States Department of Ecuador rescate cucurbitaceas Agriculture USDA promocion y uso de sambo and Uni n de Organizaciones recursos fitogeneticos banana squash de Campesinos de Cotacachi interandinos de Ecuador zapallo UNORCAC banana Uni n para la Cooperaci n y passionfruit Desarrollo de los Pueblos UCODEP granadilla and Bioversity International IPGRI chili peppers Conservaci n y manejo Neglected and Instituto Nacional de SDC Suisse Municipios de San Juan de la agrobiodiversidad underutilized Investigaciones Agropecuarias Agency for Bosco Lim n y en la cordillera de El C ndor Seed systems The biological foundation of food security in the Andes Removing Obstacles to Direct Private Sector Participation in In situ Biodiversity Conservation Il Methodology implementation analysis and results species NUS Andean crops INIAP Departamento Nacional de Recursos
228. doing so and what the trends are in the provision of these benefits are they continuing decreasing increasing In many locations farmers already continue to maintain crop diversity without any outside intervention known as de facto conservation However there is no assurance that this may continue in the future and hence there may be a need for outside interventions For this it is necessary to have a good diagnosis of the incentives for farmers to use and maintain crop diversity This requires collecting diagnostic data on the level and management of native species diversity in situ and ex situ as well as on socio economic issues focusing on the use of target species in the research area Diagnostic data therefore include a literature review or empirical studies of local diversity status and use socio economic surveys and key informant interviews 3 Assess the potential for success If the evidence from diagnostic data indicates that an involvement is desirable then there is a need to assess ex ante whether there are interventions that can be implemented to enhance the incentives that farmers have to use and maintain crop diversity This is a prospective assessment for identifying the areas where change is needed areas of intervention the types of change interventions needed and their potential of success based both on the diagnosis and on knowledge from other studies There are two broad types of potential intervention
229. ducidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios Biodiversity of Andean tubers producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Establecer sistemas locales sostenibles de provisi n de semillas y asistencia t cnica que permitan incrementar la calidad y los rendimientos de los cultivares de papa nativa a los peque os productores de 12 comunidades Quechuas altoandinas de la provincia de Canchis Cusco Sentar las bases para el crecimiento del mercado de papas nativas en el pa s identificando opciones de mercado probando esquemas de permitan una adecuada comercializaci n y difundiendo los resultados obtenidos To strengthen the factors that contribute to a sustainable Las comunidades campesinas del mbito del proyecto han implementado y gestionan un fondo rotatorio de semillas de papa nativa y semilleros para la producci n sostenible de las mismas L deres tecnol gicos campesinos han establecido un sistema local de provisi n de asistencia t cnica culturalmente aceptado y econ micamente atractivo para la mejor producci n de papa nativa Peque os productores de papa nativa
230. duction Crop genetic diversity is unequally distributed around the world and is concentrated in centers of diversity which often coincide with centers of crop domestication Gepts 2006 where many smallholder farmers continue to maintain it Brush 2004 Jarvis 2008 This diversity is the result of the interaction between farmers and the crops they grow in the agricultural systems they manage constituting socio biological systems that maintain crop evolution in distinct environments subject to multiple selection pressures due to human preferences and different and varying biotic and abiotic factors Bellon 2009 Gepts 2006 Brush 2004 Vigouroux et al 2011 Conserving these socio biological systems also known as on farm conservation contributes to retaining potentially useful but undetermined genetic variation and to generating novel ones needed to maintain the capacity of agricultural and food systems to adapt to change On farm conservation can be conceptualized then as delivering an evolutionary service Faith et al 2010 to agricultural and food systems It is because we have had these processes in the past that we currently have the genetic variation that allows farmers and plant breeders to adapt to heterogeneous and changing conditions Therefore the need for and value of maintaining crop evolution on farm today is to enable society to continue to have the broad genetic variation needed to adapt to change tomorrow particularly if uncertain
231. e Allen Implementing agency UNORCAC CRIBA ITDG Bioversity Int amp PROINPA PROINPA 14 Donor US Department of Agriculture McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation International Fund for Agricultural Development Gov t of Bolivia Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 15 Table S2 On farm conservation projects identified in the High Andes of Ecuador Peru and Bolivia i un E NO a a N WwW N ER 13 Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Proyecto Integral Candelaria Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Proyecto Integral Altiplano Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands Uso manejo y conservacion in situ de tres variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Peru Potato moth biopesti
232. e Amazon affect the stretch of the Cordillera Oriental softening its climate As a result of strong variations in altitude between 2200 3600 m and rainfall average temperatures range between 6 and 15 C which has generated a wide diversity of ecological zones AZUAY amp CANAR e Uso manejo y conservaci n in situ de tres variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Previously united under one province with Ca ar the Azuay province is characterized by strong migratory movements from the countryside to the city In Azuay the land is rich in minerals including important deposits of lead silver zinc and even uranium Gold mining is also practiced in some of the regions rivers with old fashioned practices Azuay is well known for its artisan tradition in particular for handicrafts in wool and cotton cabinetwork shoe making and straw hat industry Marble and clay are natural resources that have been exploited for years making pottery a relevant resource of the province The soil is not as fertile as in other provinces as there is no volcanic material in the earth Despite this agriculture is a traditional activity Due to low rainfalls potato is not a relevant crop in the region and rotation includes maiz peas beans and native grass Other Andean crops such as mashwa oca and ulluco are alternated with natural or artificial pasture In the southeast subtropical fruits such as banana mango papaya and granadilla are produced
233. e and legumes integrating agronomic and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern Potosi Cover agriculture a farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGRI In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha Target Andean grains Quinoa Andean grains Quinoa Ansean grains Lupin Quinoa Ansean grains Quinoa Ca ihua Ansean grains Quinoa Andean Legumes Andean Legumes Grass species FRUITS camu camu granadilla GRAINS ca ihua maize Quinoa LEGUMES lima beans ROOTS arracacha maca sweet potato yuca mauka TUBERS Papa Forest Ecosystem Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Implementing Organization Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Extension Agraria INIEA Universidad Nacional del Altiplano UNAP Asociacion Agroindustrial de Granos Andinos ASAIGA Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Social Development Committee Path to Progress CODESOCP Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA Fundaci n Amigos de la Naturaleza Fundaci n Autapo World Neighbours Manejo Comunitario de Recursos Naturales
234. e diffuse and longer term and hence are often ignored in individual decision making which focuses on private benefits that tend to be concrete and short term This together with the fact that the resources are limited often leads to a divergence of interests between individuals and society and thus to trade offs between the generation of public and private benefits Heal et al 2004 Smale and Bellon 1999 This result is a social dilemma where the incentives are against crop diversity and its sustainable use and in favor of economic activities that erode them For example the conventional explanation for crop genetic erosion is that farmers increasingly specialize and replace their diverse set of landraces with a few scientifically bred varieties that provide them with higher yields and more income While farmers pursue their legitimate private interest higher incomes crop genetic diversity that may be central to ensuring their own and others adaptation to changing conditions or to the needs of future generations public benefits may be lost Farmers as individuals may tend to under invest in the conservation of landraces and associated genetic diversity relative to what society at large would consider optimal Heal et al 2004 Smale and Bellon 1999 Hence outside interventions that align individuals and society s interests may be needed 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 2
235. e following four outputs e A framework and a methodology to analyze and measure the extent to which interventions by projects aimed at supporting on farm conservation deliver conservation and relevant livelihood outcomes e Assessment of the impact of a sample of specific projects on on farm conservation funded by the McKnight Foundation and other donors e A set of conceptual and methodological tools in the form of guidelines and best practices to design on farm conservation projects to deliver impact and measure it e A set of training tools to enhance the capacity of donors and policy makers to assess ex ante and ex post on farm conservation projects and of implementers to design projects that both deliver and measure impact t The set of training tools will be extracted from this final report and appendices and produced in a user friendly format for dissemination to potential users Appendix A p 5 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The fundamental hypothesis tested in this project was that on farm conservation interventions can yield conservation and livelihood oriented outcomes that generate benefits for those farmers and their families involved in them In order to test this hypotheses we addressed four methodological issues by 1 defining the conservation and livelihood outcomes that project interventions are ex ante or were ex post expected to achieve 2 developing measurable indicators of those outcomes 3 establi
236. e implemented and new projects are designed donors policymakers and practitioners need to have the conceptual and methodological tools to assess the success of their projects and the lessons learned and hence their investments This research proposes a framework to determine the extent to which on farm conservation projects deliver livelihood and conservation outcomes The framework aims to be an organizational tool akin to the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and will be used to classify variables processes and their relationships Its use in analyses of projects will ensure that these variables processes and inter relationships have been considered The overall goal of this project is to strengthen the contribution of on farm conservation projects to improvements in livelihoods and food security in poor and or marginal areas The specific objective is to improve the ability of donors policymakers and practitioners to assess the extent to which on farm conservation projects have contributed to increased diversity on farm and to the creation of livelihood benefits that in turn encourage farmers to conserve diversity creating a feedback loop that ensures both diversity and its continuing benefit to present and future generations Throughout the dissemination of the project outputs we aim to change the level of awareness among donors policymakers and practitioners regarding on farm conservation projects In the next five years we hope to see an u
237. e income potential of local Andean crops is difficult to assess and demand and cultural limitations such as the distance of farmers from markets the demand of imported crops and the view of some native species as the poor man s crop constrain their commercialization some projects had specific components addressing marketing and income generation Quantitative changes in income are related to yield improvement cost benefit efficiency marketing of higher quality products improvement of profit margins and larger quantities of products to sell This livelihood indicator is straightforwardly measured in family income gains Increased income options also mean that the families can diversify their portfolio of productive and remunerative activities thanks to native cultivars production alternative productive activities such as ecotourism or artisanal production and transfer of improved technologies and knowledge to other cultivars The creation of added value products and marketing opportunities also fall under this focal area Finally the successful promotion and commercialization of products can also impact although indirectly the income of farmers because of larger volumes sold Appendix G p 66 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Most of the projects developed a promotion component but only some were focused on income generating activities or the analysis of income potential and increase through the cultivation of selected crops
238. e valleys along the Andes mountain range Among the country s natural vegetation there s richness in wild relatives of cultivated species such as wild potato beans tomato tropical and subtropical fruit INIAP 2008 Forests also contain wild relatives of species such as avocado Persea spp and papaya Carica spp Soil degradation is considered one of the most serious environmental problems in Ecuador Byers 1990 In the Andean region the natural vegetation has been almost entirely replaced by modern crops and urban settlements The indiscriminate cutting of the forests not only results in the loss or extiction of timber forest species but in the gradual disappearance of crops wild relatives such as wild potatoes tree tomatoes and Passiflora INIAP 2008 However indigenous communities in rural settlements continue planting and preserving traditional varieties of different crops such as maize potato sweet potato ulluco oca white carrot quinoa lupin and beans for consumption and commercialization purposes While economic development has improved the lives of Ecuadorian people it has also increased the extraction transport and use of natural resources causing the pollution of many water systems replacement of many varieties by monocultures and the construction of forest access roads exacerbating deforestation The country has the second highest rate of deforestation in the Americas 190 000 has for years and almost 200 of i
239. e virus 3 Numero de responsables capacitados en the regi n of Los gesti n de las comunidades evaluadas controladas y devueltas dosificaciones de fungicidas registro y Kallawayas Promoci n del procesamiento de tub rculos 2 Estudio de control sobre las variedades evaluaci n de siembras desarrollo y cosecha distribuidas a las familias 1 Pruebas para mejorar la calidad y presentaci n del producto Ensayos para la mejora de productos procesados Informes sobre el marco metodol gico para la realizaci n de agroindustrias rurales AIR 2 1 Informe sobre la metodolog a Marco metodol gico aplicable al desarrollo de AIR 2 Metodolog a desarrollada Sintetizar y generar una metodolog a v lida para el desarrollo de agroindustrias tradicionales de los Andes Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Identificar en las zonas piloto de Criterios y lineamientos para identificaci n Informes de taller Arracacha CONDESAN agroindustrias de actividades promisorias 1 N mero de proyectos Collaborative tradicionales o actividades Proyectos desarrollados para mejorar o Programme for promisorias en marcha factibles desarrollar AIR the Conservation de ser potenciadas and use of Fortalecer las capacidades Necesidades de capacitaci n identificadas 1 Numero de informes Biodiversity of institucionales de los socios a Talleres regionales 1 Numero de talleres And
240. ean Roots and nivel de los pa ses andinos en Profesionales de instituciones socias de 1 Numero de profesionales capacitados Tuber Crops aspectos t cnicos y sociales CONDESAN mejor capacitados RTAs relacionados con el desarrollo de agroindustrias Mejorar la competitividad de la agroindustria rural del Rallado de Arracacha en Sucse Cajamarca Per Base de Datos con indicadores socioecon micos 1 2 Organizaci n del trabajo con definici n de roles 2 1 Numero de informes con oferta y demanda cuantificados y limitantes de proceso y mercados identificados 3 1 Tecnolog as mejoradas menores costos calidad sanitaria seg n normas 4 1 Existen nuevos puntos de venta fuera de los mercados tradicionales Se ha incrementado la utilidad por venta Diagn stico socioecon mico sobre la comunidad de Sucse 2 Oferta demanda y tecnologia del rallado caracterizados 3 Productos con calidad competitiva 4 Nuevos mercados para el desarrollo Appendix G p 85 Native Potato improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Mejorar la competitividad comercial de la arracacha fresca en San Jos de Minas Ecuador San Juan de La Miel Bolivia y Sucse Per Fortalecer las capacidades l
241. ecies Sometimes generated by the projects own promotional activities many supply side constraints limit their potential to improve their status in markets and provide income to farmers for example due to a missing or under developed agro industrial capacity needed to develop new products Management practices along the value chain tend to be outdated and unable to insure the quality needed for better marketing Lack of organization among producers which creates high transaction costs and increases prices together with a lack of knowledge about marketing limit the competitiveness of products derived from native species in value chains Lack of infrastructure from roads processing facilities and transportation to storage facilities together with the remoteness in which many of the target farmers are located further reduce commercial competitiveness Low demand can be a problem as well and promotional strategies can be important for overcoming it however the design of these strategies should take into account an understanding of the socioeconomic segmentation of demand in order to tackle the scarce profitability of the commercialization of Andean crops and related products Low demand may continue to be a constraint if consumption patterns do not change towards increased acceptance of products derived from native species in the region which in many cases is hampered by cultural notions such as Quoting the McKnight project Strengthening
242. ect activities were planned production processing and marketing problems defined prioritized and possible solutions presented Sustainable production of quinoa a neglected food crop in the Andean region Country Bolivia Organization PROINPA McKnight Foundation Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This McKnight financed project is a partnership between the PROINPA Foundation in Bolivia and Brigham Young University in the United States The project ran from 2001 to 2005 first phase and from 2006 to 2010 with the aim of holistically improving quinoa production utilization and marketing in the Andean region The area of intervention is in communities around the Salar de Uyuni salt desert in the Potosi and Oruro departments The objective of the project is to use an integrated multidisciplinary approach to increase quinoa production consumption and marketing in the Bolivian Altiplano as a mean for strengthening food security Specific objectives 1 To implement a strategy for the ex situ and in situ conservation of quinoa genetic resources 2 To establish a breeding and genetic improvement program for quinoa utilizing modern tools of breeding and biotechnology 3 Develop components for sustainable production and marketing of quinoa Improve extension programs with the aim of capacity building of rural people to develop economic and nutritional self sufficiency Activities 1 Morphological characterization and geographic distr
243. ect interventions is an instrument Appendix A p 40 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 to identify crop diversity while the latter is an instrument to identify household benefits It is assumed that adoption only influences benefits indirectly through its effect on crop diversity The adoption of project interventions is influenced by whether the household was drawn from the sample of ex ante participants or from the one of non participants Table 10 shows a summary of the results presenting the coefficients that relate participation in the project adoption of project innovations native crop diversity and benefits to the household which correspond to answering the three questions posed to assess the success of an on farm conservation project the complete results including the confounding factors are presented in Table 11 A positive answer to any of the questions posed corresponds to a coefficient that is positive and statistically significant The results show that in the cases of both projects in Bolivia which were merged because they were implemented by the same organization PROINPA had very similar interventions with same target crops and environments and the UNORCAC project all coefficients are positive and significant indicating that the answers to the questions posed are positive and are unlikely to be due to chance In the case of the CRIBA and ITDG projects the coefficients are statistically significant only for ex ante
244. ects in rural areas including on farm conservation projects that include a strong development component and can stem from a lack of interest a lack of funding or of expertise on the part of project implementers for the design and collection of appropriate data necessary to generate evidence of project outcomes Obviously project implementers are interested in the success of their projects but their views and measures of what constitutes success can be very different from what scientists donors and policy makers may consider valid evidence in this respect To the extent that public benefits are invoked to support projects and public funds are invested there is a need to strengthen the generation of data and defensible evidence The need for evaluating the success of actions to support conservation has also been identified as important for conservation strategies of wild biodiversity Brooks et al 2006 and particularly for interventions to foster livelihood improvement among human populations that interact with wild biodiversity as a means of creating incentives for its conservation Lewis et al 2011 All projects implemented a basket of interventions with different aims that addressed different aspects of the production consumption and marketing of these native crop species providing diverse and relevant options to smallholders in quite marginal conditions These options enhance the value of what they already have It is not possible and p
245. ed to wait until project interventions are defined to carry out the baseline is important because otherwise there will be no way of knowing whether or not the interventions were effective 9 Translate outputs to outcomes Once project interventions are implemented it is expected that these lead to adoption and use of outputs by the target population through communication and dissemination activities in turn resulting in the desired changes outcomes in terms of both diversity and livelihoods Then a process to scale out may take place so that populations beyond the target group and stakeholders adopt project outputs through dissemination and institutionalization by policy makers and key stakeholders It is fundamental at this stage to collect endline data which can be then compared to baseline data collected before implementation in order to understand and measure the changes generated by the project in diversity and livelihoods 10 Assess impact Through this scaling out and scaling up process the expected impact and the changes that the project set out to create should be generated and the conservation of diversity while improving livelihoods achieved The relevant questions that ex ante and ex post impact assessment must answer are What are the changes at the local national and policy levels that occurred thanks to project implementation How did they affect diversity and livelihoods Appendix H Final Technical Report Gran
246. edicine Resource base of selected species maintained through in situ and ex situ methods Knowledge on high quality traits in target species and selection of best varieties Improved planting material available Lists maps of geographical areas where important biodiversity is found Area covered by selected varieties cultivars breeds of cultivated plants and or domesticated animals and their wild relatives Repatriation and multiplication of native varieties Availability distribution and exchange of good quality seeds Ex situ crop collection Number of threatened or declining ecosystems species and varieties restored or rehabilitated Number of areas under sustainable management Number of species under sustainable use Practices that use living materials such that yield or harvest can be maintained over time Increase in the sustainable production and trade of species and related products Practices reducing overexploitation of natural resources Use of organic and other practices reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers Assessment of nutritional status of biodiversity Actions to improve health and well being of communities Actions to improve the use of biodiversity for food and medicine Number of ex situ accessions Extent of on farm maintenance Seed and planting material quality quantity and availability Agronomic practices improved and applied Number of yield and quality Appendix G p 61 B
247. educed This case may correspond to changes in the economic and social environment that lead to the abandonment of crop diversity but without any associated private benefits to the communities For example the introduction of a new crop leading to the total abandonment of the traditional crop in the hope of increasing income followed by a collapse in the price or market of the former due to competition changes in consumer tastes or failure to produce due to the appearance of a non controllable pest or disease In the context of this simple schema an on farm conservation project can be seen as a set of interrelated interventions that provide innovations to farmers aimed at changing the way they access Manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity In a successful project these innovations are adopted by farmers and in turn translate into private livelihood benefits for them and their households in terms of enhanced income food consumption and security productivity stability and or reduced vulnerability The new ways crop diversity is used and managed leads to its Appendix A p 9 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 maintenance in the agricultural system where it continues to yield public benefits e g evolutionary services Figure 3 5 Annex A If the private net benefits private benefits derived from these innovations minus the costs of implementing them are judged by farmers as desirable enough this should lead
248. egal framework connected to the conservation of target species have lead to the incorporation of conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity in the local development agenda and to the legal recognition of the role of conservationist organizations and communities By collecting documenting and disseminating information over the role of traditional and indigenous knowledge and uses of local diversity projects also contribute to maintaining the cultural background of communities strongly interlinked with local natural resources Finally the compilation organization systematization and analysis of projects results in publications aimed at decision makers institutions practitioners and technicians creates growing interest for in situ conservation from different stakeholders Guides for training technicians agencies and promoters are the most common type of publication Academic and research institutions are often involved in the generation of these activities which strengthens institutional relationships As promotion is an activity undertaken by all the projects studied we list here the ones that specifically focused on improving policy and legal frameworks on creating conservationist leaders and promoters and on maintaining traditional knowledge Policy and legal framework In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Seed systems Removing obstacles to direct private sector participation in in situ biodiversity
249. el resultado Capacidades Mejoradas de Las Autoridades Locales Los Grupos Comunitarios De Base Y El Sector Privado En La Gesti n De Recursos Naturales Y Del Medio Ambiente Ecuador UNORCAC 2008 Desarrollo con identidad Informativo Institucional N 2 Cotacachi USAID 2007 Update assessment on section 118 119 of the FAA Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Peru Washington USAID 2008 Bolivia Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Assessment Final Report United States Agency for International Development Washington WOOD D and LENNE J M 1997 The conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm questioning the emerging paradigm In Biodiversity and Conservation 6 109 129 Springer Netherlands The Netherlands World Neighbors 2007 Strengthening Seed Systems the Biological Foundation for Food Security in the Andes Annual Report 2005 2006 2006 2007 Ecuador ANNEX TABLES Table 1 List of projects directly aimed at n situ conservation Implementing Organization Location Project Title Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Proyecto Integral Candelaria Collaborative Programme for the Conservation and use of Biodiversity of Andean Roots and Tuber Crops RTAs Andean tubers oca ulluco mashwa arracacha mauka yam bean Andean tubers Papa Solanum andigena S stenotomum S ajanhuiri
250. ement tool for coordinating and planning RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Appendix G p 49 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The germ plasm of the region is extremely valuable not only for the maintenance and improvement of Andean agro ecosystems but also for the sustainability of plant breeding in other regions and countries n situ conservation of native cultivars is aimed at strengthening and maintaining this process of farmer driven genetic adaptation by promoting the economic policy and institutional frameworks DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION This project is focused on 11 native crops local varieties and wild relatives that have originated or diversified in Peru These were selected based on their actual or potential importance for food security diversity within species erosion risk endemism cultivated area and social and cultural importance Specific pilot sites were identified based on analysis and prioritization of micro centers of Andean agro biodiversity Existing national and sectoral policies laws and regulations affecting land use agricultural development and related sectors were analyzed to determine their actual and potential effects on conservation NEGLECTED AND UNDERUTILIZED SPECIES Andean Neglected and Underutilized Species include most of the crops we have analyzed so far such as arracacha achira leafcup mashwa oca ulluco quinoa love lies bleeding popping beans and lupin As alread
251. emote areas However the motivation of the community to receive training and attending training events and visits is fundamental for success of the project It s also important to measure the level of knowledge acquired through training The acquisition of new knowledge abilities and skills and the environmental awareness raised through information capacity building and practice are all intangible outcomes of the projects but difficult to measure in the short term To tackle the limited market for native crops some projects aimed at creating and promoting adjacent sustainable productive activities such as ecotourism initiatives use of ornamental and medicinal plants and artisanal work However sustainability and viability plans for these activities are seldom available Connected to this conservation and seed exchange fairs seem good in promoting conservation and consumption of native cultivars while improving the exchange of information between communities and or gaining income to participating farmers Local and inter communal fairs have in fact been identified as important markets to sell and purchase native crops Communities seem interested in producing and preparing alternative recipes with nutritious foods Culinary contexts exhibitions and fairs appear to be a good way of engaging local population Promotion also seems successful especially through the use of radio campaigns Practices such as crop association and rotation see
252. endix G p 87 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios Uso manejo y conservaci n in situ de tres variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi provincia producidos por los productos de una intervenci n IA EOS E DS To develop strategies for integrated management of oca ulluco and Andean potato weevils as one system Motivar y apoyar a peque os y medianos agricultores de Azuay y Ca ar para la conservaci n de la diversidad de papa existente en la regi n en funci n de revalorizar dicha diversidad para m ltiples usos entre otros para aportar en la alimentaci n humana Contribuir a la conservaci n de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas yac n arracacha ajipa y achira por el mejoramiento de la producci n y del valor agregado de su Determincaion de la taxon
253. enetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58 727 739 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 24 Vom Brocke K A Christinck A R E Weltzien R T Presterl and H H Geiger 2003 Farmers seed systems and management practices determine pearl millet genetic diversity patterns in semiarid regions of India Crop Science 43 1680 1689 Zimmerer K S 2010 Biological diversity in agriculture and global change Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35 137 66 A B SOE AA o Crop Diversity Private Livelihood Benefits Figure la Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 25 uy thi hi aa qa E a Crop Diversity 545 546 Figure 1b Crop Diversity A 1 Qo_ a a ee a y I I e A o l I 547 Public Benefits Private Livelihood Benefits 548 Figure 2a 549 550 551 552 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 26 Crop Diversity 1 A p A Oo A ss A A A A eee 3 u Intervention i go 6 Scenario 2 Intervention l B B B a En Scenario 1 l l Scenario 4 L I l I Public Benefits Private Livelihood Benefits Figure 2b Crop Diversity numb
254. ented by the same institution PROINPA A dummy variable was added to take into account project based differences In the case of INIAP the sample was not stratified by ex ante participation due to lack of information available however discussions with implementers indicated that being part of a protestant church play a key role in participation so a response mentioning a church in the section on social organization known was used as the instrument for the adoption equation K Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 III Lessons Learned Resulting Guidelines and Conclusions A Lessons Learned Interventions participation assessment and application One of the main lessons learned from our study concerns the lack of systematic assessment and definition of interventions in the context of a specific project There are in fact some fundamental questions that implementers should address in designing their intervention but seem to be generally overlooked These questions include e What is an intervention i e what are the activities to be carried out What are the innovations that these activities will provide e Why there is a need for this intervention are we doing the right and relevant thing e What is the change that this intervention will bring about or what is the effect of the intervention i e what is the expected result from the application of the innovation that the intervention provides e How will the inter
255. entives for farmers to continue to engage in processes that generate novel genetic variation of potential value to society but also contributes to make these processes acceptable to these farmers and society by aligning their short term private interests with society s long term public ones Clearly our empirical approach has limitations since all projects were studied after their completion and neither baseline information nor a priori controls exist limiting the counterfactual that could be used which is not an uncommon problem for studies that attempt to demonstrate the value of conservation projects Lewis et al 2011 However there are other lines of evidence that support Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 6 our results Most of the interventions would not have been available to farmers without the projects in the study communities and the levels of participation and application of innovations provided by project interventions were very high consistent with an effect due to the projects In spite of high participation and application of project innovations in at least two projects in Peru there was no evidence of an effect on crop diversity nor on household benefits This could be because in fact there was no effect or because of low statistical power due to small sample size and limited variation in the relevant data The challenge of generating defensible evidence from imperfect data is common to development proj
256. epts of biodiversity or ecosystem cannot be simply internalized by raising awareness but have to be owned by the farmers themselves in order to be fully accepted and acquired Another aspect which hasn t been directly tackled in the assessment of projects results is the impact on traditional inequality relations between classes or ethnicities which is relevant especially in those projects aimed at the empowerment of indigenous communities through natural resources conservation Finally the projects achieved some impacts at the individual level in terms of self esteem e g promoters and leaders more individual autonomy especially of women and generally empowerment through new economic resources and knowledge to share with the community However these aspects of self esteem empowerment and autonomy on the personal level which are of utmost importance to keep change processes ongoing in the long term are difficult to measure and are therefore left to marginal analyses not implemented with the depth they require CONCLUSION This literature review aimed at outlining the characteristics of in situ conservation in the Andean regions of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru in order to understand the main activities carried out and how their success was measured Some difficulties were encountered while writing up the literature review connected to the task of retrieving reports and information on the projects and to the fact that the analysis was constrai
257. er of varieties of quinoa and ca ahua planted by household i e ES i l l l ee ee m m m E oe oe l V Intervention Number of interventions K E a applied I I l i l l Public Benefits Private Livelihood Benefits Location in area of high phenotypic and Quantity of quinoa and ca ahua produced for self genetic diversity consumption amp for sale or gross revenue from sale Figure 3 553 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 27 Table 1 Interventions of the PROINPA Bioversity International project on on farm conservation of quinoa and ca ahua Intervention Collection of local varieties of native Andean crops for PROINPA inventory Identification and description of Andean crops in the community Introduction or planting of new varieties of quinoa or ca ahua by PROINPA in the community Observation and evaluation of traits of new quinoa or ca ahua varieties by PROINPA Training on crop management of quinoa and ca ahua Training on potato harvesting Training on pest control for quinoa and ca ahua Training on prevention of weevil attack Agro biodiversity competition Innovation provided New knowledge about infraspecific diversity and its distribution basis for broaden access to this diversity and to change perception about its value Broaden farmers knowledge of the diversity available beyond the household and social network contribute to change per
258. ere is a need to assess ex ante whether there are interventions that can be implemented to enhance the incentives that farmers have to use and maintain crop diversity This is a prospective assessment for identifying the areas where change is needed areas of intervention the types of change interventions needed and their potential of success based both on the diagnosis and on knowledge from other studies There are two broad types of potential interventions a those that build on farmers preferences and actions related to improving production consumption and marketing and b those driven by external actions such as payments for agro biodiversity services PACS or regional or national policies e g eliminating subsidies promoting purchase programs etc 4 Identify interventions to implement Once the areas and general types of interventions have been identified these must be narrowed down to specific activities that need to be undertaken to enhance the incentives that farmers have to use and maintain crop diversity These activities are the core project interventions aimed at changing the way native crop diversity is managed used consumed and marketed to increase the benefits farmers and their households derive livelinoods and hence to create the incentives for farmers to continue to maintain this diversity on farm conservation It is likely that several areas of intervention may have to be addressed and therefore there may be a
259. ers knowledge and practices that underpin this diversity as well as of livelihood outcomes that create benefits for farmers The factors and interrelationships involved in on farm conservation are complex so that a conceptual scheme that brings them together in a simplified but coherent fashion can be extremely useful for scientists donors policy makers and practitioners involved in on farm conservation projects to assess the success of their projects in a more systematic way This paper presents a framework for analyzing and measuring the extent to which interventions by projects aimed at supporting on farm conservation deliver relevant conservation and livelihood outcomes It illustrates how this framework can be made operational in concrete situations with a case study assessing an on farm conservation project of native crops in the High Andes of Bolivia and presents some of the empirical and 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 5 analytical limitations and challenges faced The paper is divided into four sections a short overview of on farm conservation a presentation of the framework the case study and a discussion of the framework followed by conclusions On farm conservation strategies contribution to sustainable agricultural systems Crop diversi
260. ers own the practices for improving the production and health of crops and soil in their own plots and therefore accept and adopt them Without the acceptation of improved technologies by farmers the outcome of the projects would be in fact limited Mainly technology transfer activities concentrate on integrated crop and soil management recording and evaluation of crops seed cleaning breeding sawing harvest and post harvest technologies storage processing and soil health protection Improved agricultural practices are adapted to traditional methods through studies and participatory approaches that identify knowledge gaps and rural knowledge networks Also organized field days visits to successful trials and observation tours have the objective of help farmers and technicians learn about innovative practices identifying efficient organizations and participatory processes and understand the benefits of biodiversity conservation Field days to demonstrative and trial plots communal short courses and educational tours are used show the superiority of introduced varieties and technologies with the objective of inducing farmers to apply them themselves Also fairs are a means for local organizations to present the activities undertaken in recovery valuation and conservation of diversity in the communities they are working with Finally age differentiated courses and workshops are also implemented by several projects in order to amplify the disseminatio
261. eru CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa University of Cuzco CRIBA CEDIR Main Donor SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation McKnight Foundation McKnight Foundation United Nations Development Programme Location Las Huaconas Chimborazo Ecuador Alto San Isidro Primera Candelaria Rodeo Alto and Tabla Mayu communities Candelaria Cochabamba Department Bolivia Yunguyo Puno Region Per Copacabana Escoma Regi n de los kallawayas La Paz Department Bolivia San Juan de la Miel La Paz Department Bolivia San Jos de Minas Quito Pichincha Province Ecuador Sucse Cajamarca Region Per Quechua and Aymara communities Cusco Region Peru Cusco Cusco Region Peru Provincia Azuay Provinica Ca ar Ecuador Appendix A p 12 Project Title de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Peru Potato moth biopesticide development and diffusion of potato moths Integrated management to strengthen food security in the Ecuadorian Andes Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi provincia Chapare Cochabamba Bioversity NU
262. ervaci n en finca identificar brechas falta de entendimiento y organizar el conocimiento y la informaci n necesaria para el desarrollo de proyectos de conservaci n en finca as como para la evaluaci n de sus logros Se espera que este marco les ayude a dise ar e implementar mejores proyectos que conserven la diversidad de manera m s efectiva y que a su vez generen mayores niveles de bienestar para los agricultores involucrados Esta hoja divulgativa fue producida por Mauricio Bellon Elisabetta Gotor y Francesco Caracciolo Para mayor informaci n por favor contactar a Dr Mauricio Bellon Bioversity International Cientifico Principal al correo m bellon cgiar org Estre trabajo por Bioversity International es autorizado bajo un Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License Noviembre 2012 Crop diversity The number of distinct populations of a particular crop species recognized and managed by a farming household or community It could include measures of population size such as area or quantity of seed planted per distinct l Bioversity International THE MCKNIGHT FOUN The objective of on farm conservation is to maintain crop evolution and thus ensure the generation of new potentially useful genetic variation in order to sustain the capacity of agricultural and food systems to adapt to change Maintaining crop diversity on farm however can entail important costs to farmers often in
263. erventions 2 If so does the application of these innovations lead to farmers maintaining levels of crop diversity higher than would have been possible without them 10 As indicated earlier answering the fourth question while important is not feasible yet due to our limited understanding of the relationship between crop diversity and evolutionary services As indicated later this was addressed by the location of projects Appendix A p 37 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 3 Does this higher level of crop diversity lead to increased well being among the households of farmers who applied the innovations Answering positively to these three questions will indicate that a project was presumably successful Ideally one would assess whether the project has achieved the intended changes in the short or medium term and attribute these changes to the project interventions A major consideration for this assessment is to identify the changes that would have occurred without the interventions known as the counterfactual Reality is dynamic and complex with many processes taking place simultaneously and affecting each other hence observed changes could have happened due to factors that are independent of project interventions known as confounding factors either masking or exaggerating project impacts and thus the need for the counterfactual as a comparison to elucidate more accurately the changes and their magnitude that can be properly a
264. es events targeted at women Strengthening of community based organizations Appendix G p 65 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Traditional indigenous and spiritual knowledge and practices linked to local biodiversity preserved Self esteem of producers farmer Traditional and spiritual practices preserved and passed on Number of key actors whose role is recognized in the communities Actions strategies and policies to improve access to and or rights over biological resources Public awareness and promotion materials produced and spread to different stakeholders Socio cultural benefits leaders and biodiversity promoters raised Better legal and policy frameworks for access and benefit sharing related to biodiversity Public awareness raised on the role of biodiversity in livelihoods 1 NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS The knowledge of food preparation and purchase patterns of consumption and sharing beliefs and rites associated with certain foods and how this knowledge itself is transferred from one generation to the next are important components of the food system in the Andes Some of the projects analyzed have carried out studies on ancestral consumption habits the nutritional values of Andean crops and their culinary uses and properties in order to improve the nutritional intake of families and communities Outputs in this focal area are measured through the documentation of ancestral forms of c
265. es and tomatoes and Andean people have domesticated tens of different crop species including roots grains legumes and fruits for thousands of years resulting in a rich diversity of native cultivars adapted to the unique ecological conditions of the region Climate variability within years between years decades and centuries has had an effect on the biodiversity of species and the use of individual plots in different altitudinal and physiographic areas For instance the biodiversity of Andean roots and tubers is focused in some micro centres which are probably the product of a long process of evolution of wild plants early domestic and prehispanic agriculture In these areas genetic erosion is due to e Low market demand e Low profitability e Limited availability of arable land e Growing preference for other species e Abiotic and biotic problems e Low availability of quality seed Moreover the Andean highlands are home to some of the poorest rural households in South America Native varieties and local knowledge for their cultivation and use are unique resources possessed by farmers in these areas Most of the poor practice in fact subsistence agriculture in small farms GTZ Sustainet 2008 facing many problems e Pro consumer and pro urban policy e Feeble institutions for the promotion of agriculture e Lack of legal security of land titles e Lack of adequate infrastructure e Poor marketing channels e Unequal trade relations wo
266. es to analyze project design in a systematic way These guidelines should assist the project implementer in formulating step by step a sound and solid theory of change that will lead to the achievement of impact The guidelines address 1 targeting of project location 2 collection of diagnostic data 3 assessment of potential for success 4 identification of interventions to implement 5 definition of expected outputs methodology and partnerships 6 mapping of the impact pathway 7 participatory planning and implementation 8 collection of baseline data 9 translation of outputs 11 Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 into outcomes and 10 assessing impact The factsheet Guidelines and Best Practices for On Farm Conservation Projects Designing and Evaluating Interventions describes these guidelines Appendix H E Conclusions Whilst on farm conservation has been the focus of much research worldwide there has been a lack of tools to enable donors practitioners and policy makers to systematically evaluate a project s success in producing outcomes that maintain on farm diversity and create livelihood incentives for farmers to do so We believe this project has made significant inroads into providing such tools The project set out to conduct a serious analysis the first of its kind of on farm conservation interventions in the High Andes region and develop the conceptual framework methodologies an
267. eseados La necesidad de esperar hasta que las intervenciones de los proyectos sean definidas para llevar a cabo la l nea base es importante porque de otra manera no habr modo de saber si las intervenciones fueron efectivas o no 9 Traducir productos a resultados Una vez que las intervenciones del proyecto sean implementadas se espera que esto lleve a la adopci n y uso de los productos prove dos por ste por parte de la poblaci n objetivo a trav s de actividades de comunicaci n y diseminaci n a su vez resultando en los cambios deseados resultados en t rminos tanto de diversidad como de medios de vida Entonces puede llevarse a cabo un proceso ampliaci n hacia otras poblaciones m s all del grupo objetivo y hacia otros actores interesados a trav s de la diseminaci n de los resultados del proyecto hacia formuladores de pol ticas y otros actores claves y eventualmente a su institucionalizaci n por parte de ellos Es fundamental a este nivel recolectar datos finales que puedan ser comparados con aquellos de la l nea base para entender y medir los cambios generados por el proyecto 10 Evaluar el impacto A trav s de este proceso de ampliaci n el impacto esperado y los cambios que el proyecto haya contribuido a crear se espera lograr la conservaci n Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 de la diversidad de cultivo y a su vez una mejora en los medios de vida de los agricultores involucrados La
268. est on the planet based on the results obtained from the studies conducted Appendix G p 53 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Plans designed by the communities to manage strategic biological resources in the 250 000 ha area spanning the community territories of Yana Yacu Nina Amarun and Lorocach were developed including three principal components a proposal for community zoning based on ancestral criteria of land use a proposal of Community Standards for the sustainable management of the principal biological resources of the territory and a proposal for projects to recuperate the quality of life of the families in the three communities Seed systems The biological foundations of security in the Andes Country Ecuador Organization World Neighbours DIPEIB FUNPRODIB Wageningen University Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project was implemented between 2005 and 2009 to empower local communities in Ecuador s central highlands to create and sustain functional seed systems that will help them combat food insecurity interactively explore and act upon opportunities to strengthen seed systems and interact locally while directing seed selection variety development conservation and exchange through participatory learning Specific objectives 1 To work with marginal communities in order to gain a new understanding of their knowledge gaps and the structural barrier
269. etter livelihoods and diversity results Ex post studies on the effective recovery of agrobiodiversity are much needed considering the fact that season after seasons the farmers tend to choose the varieties according to their better adaptation and fewer work required again threatening diversity Monitoring is thus a relevant part of impact assessment and is useful to understand which interventions succeed in motivating farmers to maintain diversity Quoting the McKnight project Strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands in urban marginal neighborhoods of Cusco the most important characteristic of ulluco is its nutritive value and its low price by contrast in the richest neighborhoods the most important quality of the ulluco is that is perceived as a healthy product Appendix G p 70 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Different types of Incentives are important in technology transfer activities and capacity building Some projects lament that in participatory activities and training sessions people are often more interested in snacks than training Moreover local authorities don t have the leadership to motivate the population to pay attention to such events and people sometimes plan other community activities on the day when trainings are planned Local institutional and organizational support is limited which also constraints the
270. etworks for agrobiodiversity conservation A review Agronomy for Sustainable Development In press Perales H R S B Brush and C O Qualset 2003 Landraces of maize in Central Mexico an altitudinal transect Economic Botany 57 1 7 20 Rebaudo F and O Dangles 2011 Coupled information diffusion pest dynamics models predict delayed benefits of farmer cooperation in pest management programs PLoS 7 10 1 10 Rojas W Pinto M and J L Soto 2010 Distribuci n geogr fica y variabilidad gen tica de los granos andinos Pages 11 23 in Rojas W J L Soto M Pinto M Jager and S Padulosi eds Granos Andinos avances logros y experiencias desarrolladas en quinoa ca ahua y amaranto en Bolivia Bioversity International Roma Italia Smale M and M R Bellon 1999 A conceptual framework for valuing on farm genetic resources Pages 387 408 in D Wood and J M Lenn eds Agrobiodiversity Characterization Utilization and Management CABI Publishing Wallingford UK van Heerwaarden J Hellin J R F Visser and F A van Eeuwijk 2009 Estimating maize genetic erosion in modernized smallholder agriculture Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119 875 888 Vargas A D B Elzinga J A Rojas Beltran A Bonifacio B Geary M R Stevens E N Jellen and P J Maughan 2010 Development and use of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of ca ahua Chenopodium palliducale Aellen G
271. eve them We will therefore carry out an analysis of on farm conservation projects implemented in the Andean region addressing four key areas of interest These are 1 What projects have taken place for what crops in which specific locations 2 For each project what interventions were implemented 3 For each project what were the livelihoods outcomes 4 For each project what were the diversity outcomes 1 2 STRUCTURE This literature review is divided in four parts The first part provides a brief introduction to in situ on farm conservation in order to understand the theoretical framework of our analysis Secondly we draw the lines of the status of biodiversity in the Andean regions of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru and its connections to the livelihoods of local populations Thirdly we review the main components and activities of the selected projects Appendix G p 4 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 by targeted crops Finally we analyze the indicators used in the projects to measure livelihood and diversity outputs and we draw our conclusions BACKGROUND Rural communities worldwide are key players in the conservation of genetic resources and biological diversity It is therefore crucial that they assume a relevant role in the management of these resources on the conservation of which depends their well being Agricultural biodiversity in fact offers poor communities in harsh environments options to improve their
272. f Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives PerU o ococcoccococnccncncncnncnncncnananons 49 Neglected a a UNnGerutiiZed SPECIES aci as ein 50 Conservacion complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Rescate promocion y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos del Ecuador occccoccccnnccnonccnnnacononccnonannnonos 50 Conservaci n y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera de El C ndor Apoyo al manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales en la zona de amortiguamiento de la cordillera de El Condor mediante el mejoramiento de los sistemas de produccion en comunidades indigenas y de colonos 51 Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha acia 52 CONServation Of Biodiversity IM Pastaza smerenie EA EEA EE EEA AA 53 Seed systems The biological foundations of security in the Andes cccocccccnccncnnccnoncnnnnncnonccnnnnannnnanonns 54 Removing Obstacles to Direct Private Sector Participation in In situ Biodiversity Conservation 55 DIVERSITY INDICATORS lt a boe 60 LIVENIRCODINDICATO Su acatar tein aasaanh ate sola eames Satin eed acetates 64 DISCUSSION ease sc crate ote eer patos eases enacts oc eee 70 CONCLUSION usina bncuciawee aa ene eoncatne salieri ew aat ana ese OE van oereeeee eas 73 REECE OI COS na doo 74 Amex l Tables ca iia 77 Appendix G p 3 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100
273. f four pilot areas 3 Capacity Building for New Initiatives 100 landowners participating in Private Conservation Group meetings and events capacity building activities 4 Dissemination Best practices identified and documented information and project results disseminated to national international stakeholder groups and target public audiences in Bolivia RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Bolivia s biodiversity is threatened by the accelerated destruction of habitats caused primarily by deforestation due to the conversion of land to agriculture and cattle ranching commercial logging fires and human settlement in rural areas Existing regulations incentives and capacities for in situ biodiversity conservation in Bolivia are limited in such a way that there is little direct participation in biodiversity conservation by important sectors such as private landowners and NGOs As a consequence the Bolivian government is left as the principal and virtually sole protagonist with the limitations that this situation entails for maximizing the overall impact and sustainability of national biodiversity conservation efforts By introducing innovative instruments for private conservation important lands could be protected where the application of conventional instruments is socially and or financially unfeasible DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Appendix G p 55 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 While a number of instruments for i
274. farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGRI e Conservacion complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Rescate promocion y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos del Ecuador The province of Imbabura produces several products belonging to different climates from cold to tropical and subtropical ones The Andean zone of Cotacachi especially is a microcenter of genetic diversity managed for millennia by indigenous people and mestizos Basic infrastructure is lacking although farmers own irrigation systems Farms are small and characterized by three basic components the house crop agro ecosystem and animal agro ecosystem Production is based on Andean grains such as corn and beans in the northern and central sector with milder climates and where over 95 of production is sold while in the cold southern sector many families have no access to any services and 90 of production goes to consumption Rural areas in the province are characterized by unequal distribution of land and unemployment PICHINCHA e Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha e Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha The province of Pichincha is located in the central region of the sierra between the two cordilleras of the Andes The climate
275. focus on gender and agro ecology The project has been implemented in the communities of Ninin Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico and Canchagua of the Saquisil Canton Specific objectives 1 To strengthen the production systems of the Ninin Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities through the improvement and promotion of quinoa and lupin 2 To evaluate and select varieties of quinoa and lupin that adapt to the edaphic climatic conditions and are in accordance with the criteria and preferences of the farmers men and women of the Ninin Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities 3 To identify agro industrial applications of promising varieties and lines of quinoa and lupin To develop an informal system for the production and distribution of good quality seeds of the main crops that make up the production systems of the Ninin Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities 5 To promote and diversify the consumption of Andean grains quinoa and lupin Appendix G p 42 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 6 To strengthen the agricultural research capacity of the farmers CIALs ECAs and to establish links with the INIAP and other institutions to create tendencies towards the sustainable development of poor communities in Cotopaxi 7 To give impetus to the creation of micro enterprises to generate added value and commercialize the production of Andean grains 8 To mo
276. following sections indicators are variously interlinked While this may give the impression of redundancy the repetition of some concepts under different titles follows from the strong relations between the indicators and we have tried to emphasize it Table 3 next page provides a schematic description of the diversity indicators we have selected as useful in the context we are studying and the expected outputs they measure After the table a short comment on each indicator and related outputs with references to the projects which developed more activities in each focal area Table 3 Selected diversity output indicators Status and trends of the components of biodiversity Sustainable use DIVERSITY Threats to biodiversity Ecosystem goods and services Status of traditional knowledge innovations and practices Improved status and trend in abundance and distribution of selected species Improved availability of genetic diversity Protection and conservation of life support systems and ecosystem services Sustainable management and use of biological diversity Sustainable human exploitation of ecosystems or land use type Proportion of products derived from sustainable sources Reduction in overexploitation Reduction in nitrogen deposition and the use of chemicals causing the loss of biodiversity Improvement in health and well being of communities Improvement of biodiversity use for foods and m
277. framework for assessing on farm conservation projects Total word count 7555 Conserving landraces improving livelihoods A framework for assessing the success of on farm conservation projects In the last 20 years there has been a growing interest in on farm conservation of crop diversity with numerous projects to support it being implemented worldwide There is however very little systematic assessment of the extent to which this type of project is successful at contributing to the maintenance of crop diversity on farm and the creation of associated benefits for farmers The factors and interrelationships involved in on farm conservation are complex so that a conceptual scheme that brings them together in a simplified but coherent fashion can be extremely useful for scientists donors policy makers and practitioners to design on farm projects and assess their success in a more systematic way This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing and measuring the extent to which on farm conservation projects contribute to delivering conservation and livelihood outcomes A case study assessing an on farm conservation project of native crops in the High Andes of Bolivia is used to illustrate how this framework can be made operational in concrete situations as well as presenting some of the empirical and analytical limitations and challenges faced 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 3
278. from the planned ones due to contextualization to achieve the desired changes These in turn should eventually lead to the desired livelinood and diversity outcomes associated with successful on farm conservation It is anticipated that by explicitly planning the impact pathway researchers and partners will be better able to fine tune the research design establish the most effective partnerships and determine the appropriate communications activities for achieving the intended outcomes more effectively 7 Make planning and activities participatory implementation It is highly recommended that all the processes described here be made participatory engaging the research team partners and clients as a way to develop a more realistic and shared vision of the project programme and to facilitate feedback learning and adaptive management Identifying and engaging key partners and describing intended impact pathways will help to focus monitoring evaluation and impact assessment activities 8 Collect baseline data Once information on project interventions and associated outputs theory of change and impact pathway is available it is fundamental to carry out the collection of baseline data in order to perform a sound impact assessment at the end of the project The baseline should include indicators associated with the implementation of project interventions and the changes that they are expected to contribute to outcomes The ne
279. g the degree of the actors interaction their roles in influencing and determining the final results and assessing any transfer of influence from the project implementers to the local community are thus crucial exercises for determining the real impact of any research or development project Network analysis is therefore an important step that should be included in any ex ante analysis and the transfer of capabilities from one actor to another ideally from the global to the local should be assessed ex post as an integral part of any impact assessment analysis Table 3 presents a list of questions we might be able to answer in conducting network analysis both for ex ante and ex post impact assessment Appendix A p 25 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Table 3 Ex ante and ex post analysis of networks Ex ante Ex post analysis analysis What can a single actor bring to the project s network How can each actor influence the project s implementation MI Is there any actor directly or indirectly involved in the project that might have different goals from the rest of the group Do you need to strengthen the links with an influential potential supporter high influence same goals Can increased networking help empower your disempowered beneficiaries Can we measure a change or transfer of knowledge from one actor to another Has the network facilitated the degree of farmer s adoption of the introduced technology Ha
280. ganic fertilizer green manure 2 Mechanization comparative study of 4 types of plows Pest control evaluation and dissemination of light traps assessment of biological pests control of ad quinoa Harvesting and post harvesting practices thresher and vent development Agro biodiversity and seeds production of certified organic Royal Quinoa Dissemination research systematization Local knowledge revaluation of farmers knowledge of in quinoa production at RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Quinoa is an ancient grain that grows over 3600m surrounding the salt flat of Uyuni The production of quinoa provides between 50 and 85 of revenues for 15000 families most of which are poor The program sustains the quinoa production chain and its actors providing funding training and legal instruments that strengthen productivity exports and well being of the actors involved CABOLQUI 2009 DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO INTERVENTION To identify indicators that describe the quinoa consumption behavior in the area of Potosi statistical methods were used both for gathering information through surveys and Interviews as well as for the analysis of results Soil studies have been carried out in the Southern Altiplano showing main soil physical and chemical characteristics Agrobiodiversity and agronomic practices in the region have been studied in order to develop appropriate management plans ANDEAN LEGUMES Because Ancient common beans
281. ges that the project set out to create should be generated and the conservation of diversity while improving livelihoods achieved The relevant questions that ex ante and ex post impact assessment must answer are What are the changes at the local national and policy levels that occurred thanks to project implementation How did they affect diversity and livelihoods The scope of implementing a basket of interventions with different aims is to provide diverse and relevant options to the farmers that enhance the value of what they already have In this regard it is crucial to identify develop and offer new ways of cultivating consuming processing and marketing the diversity of crops and animal breeds they have as a way of enhancing farmers choices and well being by improving their capacities and influencing the institutional environment by providing interventions that enable choice On farm conservation projects can be implemented around the world where there are areas of high levels of diversity of global significance diversified livelihood strategies intensive use of agro biodiversity and high cultural diversity These on farm conservation projects if well designed and successful should produce a positive cycle of increased diversity and improved well being resulting in the maintenance of or increase in crop diversity While the final goal is the same for all on farm conservation projects to conserve crop diversity and achieve societal
282. gesti n ambiental N mero de estudiantes de las comunidades de Yana Yacu Nina y Amarun Lorocachi que asisten a programas universitarios de grado Appendix G p 117 Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Rescate promoci n y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos del Ecuador Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n M dulo de escuela dise ado para el aprendizaje de la Sumac Allpa Conservaci n complementaria 1 Diagn stico participativo de los 1 1 Base de datos 2 2 Talleres de devoluci n de informaci n ferias de los cultivos en estudio componentes de la finca 2 1 Estudio sobre el flujo de la semilla en 3 2 Agricultores conservacionistas formados rescate y conservaci n de las 2 Documentaci n de los sistemas formales e forma formal mercados locales y 5 1 Numero de modelos de finca que cuantifican l
283. gion known as a center of origin and diversity of many important crops where smallholder farmers are the custodians of diversity Six of these projects were studied in depth The methods used were based on secondary data from reports for all projects and primary data obtained through key informant interviews focus group discussions and a random sample household survey in communities targeted by the six projects An on farm conservation project is conceptualized as a set of interrelated interventions that create additional benefits for farmers giving them incentives to continue to maintain crop diversity To assess the success of on farm conservation project work four methodological issues have to be addressed 1 Defining the expected conservation and livelihood outcomes that project interventions were expected to achieve 2 Developing measurable indicators of those outcomes 3 Comparing the results of applying the innovations provided by project interventions against what would have happened without applying them counterfactual Project Intervention Activities carried out by a project that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity 4 Identifying and correcting for confounding factors in the final assessment of the impact i e factors
284. gures Figure la can be flipped by 90 degrees to the left in order to align the crop diversity axis with Figure 1b resulting in Figure 2 that connects the three outcomes relevant for on farm conservation note that private benefits increase from left to right while public benefits increase from right to left Then one can map the position of a community with respect to the private livelihood benefits that it derives from crop diversity and the public benefits it contributes to society by maintaining this diversity Figure 2a maps the trade off described above where economic development leads to a decrease in crop diversity which in turn leads to a major loss of the 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 12 public benefits associated with the evolutionary services generated by crop diversity If maintaining or increasing the public benefits derived from crop diversity 1s socially desirable then interventions that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way farmers and communities access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity could be implemented in order to decrease the slope of the trajectory of change and hence introduce a shift upwards
285. h Mountains quechua suni Morph Papa tuberosum lake shores APAGNDE eastern slope Arracacha Yunga low f Low Mountains Arracacia Racacha quechua Arracacha Medium Morphotype xanthorrhiza Zanahoria Blanca l Mountains Spanish os Ss High Mountains Morph Lepidium meyenii Mace Peru High Plateau orphotype Yacon Yacuma Yunga low f Medium ER Smallathus J cama Ecuador Mountains quechua eb ROOTS P sonchifollius Bolivia pre High Mountains J cama Peru Chago arric n Yunga inca echua Mauka yuca inca qu u eee cushipe chaco Medium humeda chagos Mirabilis expansa l Peru miso taso Mountains miso pega pega Ecuador Low Mountains Yunga Achira Canna edulis Achira Medium quechua Morphotype Mountains Appendix G p 23 Pachyrhizus Yam bean tuberosus Sweet potato Ipomoea batata Manihot sculenta Chenopodium pallidicaule Amaranthus caudatus Chenopodium quinoa Zea mays Love lies bleeding LEGUMES Poppin bean Lupinus mutabilis Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus lunatus Arachis hipogea Butternut Cuc rbita squash moschata CUCURBITACEAE Banana oe ol Cuc rbita m xima squash Capsicum annum Lycopersicum esculemtum Capsicum pubescens Hot pepper VEGETABLES Tomato Apple chili een Passiflora ligularis FRUITS granadilla 8 Pepino i muricatum Camu camu Myrciaria dubia Tree Tomato Cyphomandra E betacea tamari
286. han identificado nuevas oportunidades de mercados de papa nativa y han establecido los canales adecuados para comercializar su producci n Las organizaciones participantes han documentado detalladamente la experiencia el modelo de intervenci n y las lecciones con el prop sito de promover una r plica a mayor escala Documentacion de los cultivares morfotipos cultivados por los agricultores en Cuantidad de semilla adquirida entregada a las familias productoras de papa nativa para siembra y multiplicaci n como fondo rotatorio Cuantidad de semilla compartida entre agricultores de diversas comunidades durante varias campa as 1 1 Numero de morfotipos del complejo de los tub rculos andinos identificados N mero de agricultores campesinos formados en calidad de expertos kamayoq Numero de talleres de las ECAs pasant as d as de campo N mero de cursos sobre las Escuelas de Campo y el cultivo de papas nativas dirigidos a los lideres y agricultores campesinos Estudio sobre la cadena productiva de las papas nativas Numero de talleres para los actores de la cadena productiva de papas nativas Numero de talleres sobre la cultura emprendedora Documentos de diseminaci n de las actividades del proyecto Reportajes sobre varios aspectos del cultivo de las papas nativas Programas televisivos y radiales Numero de grupos de trabajo de agricultores voluntarios establecidos strengthening the conservation and
287. he Chaco Savanna pampas USAID 2007 Ecosystem and species diversity in Peru is accompanied by a multicultural diversity of over 65 ethnic groups present in the country The 7 000 indigenous communities representing 9 million native people can be divided into three main groups Quechua Aymara and Amazonian Most of them live in rural Comunidades Campesinas or peasant communities which form the basis of social organization in the Peruvian Andes and are officially recognized by the national government These communities manage approximately 40 of the Appendix G p 20 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 total agricultural and pasture land in the country differing in terms of access to resources internal organization and cultural traditions Grupo Allpa 2009 They represent the poorest segment of the population mostly living between 2 000 and 4 000 meters above sea level in the Quechua and Suni regions and experiment produce reproduce and nurture their native seeds in peasant s fields of 1 to 2 hectares so called chakra From these small plots scattered throughout the Andes they collect native seed varieties of Andean roots tubers and grains The legal framework for biological diversity in Peru is represented by the Law of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity and its Regulation D S 048 2000 PCM with mandatory sectorial and development plans programs and projects HUANCAVELICA e In Sit
288. he highland Andes in Ecuador to improve their food security through appropriate and sustainable approaches to improving soil fertility and to share these approaches to organizations and communities 2 To identify and characterize knowledge and practices related to existing farming and soil management systems as well as factors that contribute to or constrain the development of appropriate cover agriculture for soil conservation and improvement 3 To design and test management and technological innovations in order to identify the most effective and sustainable approaches of cover agriculture 4 To produce media and processes for effective documentation analysis and exchange of knowledge and experiences among rural stakeholders Activities 1 Methodology and instruments for systems inventory socioeconomic analyses and farmer experiments designed by local organizations the coordination committee and the technical 2 Field research on cover agriculture systems in the Ecuadorian Andes 3 Collection of data for the participative socioeconomic analysis 4 Analysis and publication of information on knowledge gaps and structural obstacles of socioeconomic 5 Planning meetings for defining the research priorities strategy learning and action thesis research and farmer experimentation 6 Agroup of farmer experimenters promoters is established in each ecological zone 7 Periodic planning monitoring and evaluation 8 Training of farmers in p
289. he results expected or achieved at the end of the intervention They help verify that the intended positive change in the development situation has actually taken place Key elements which contribute towards well being e g use and satisfaction with public services Impact indicators provide a broad picture of whether the developmental changes that matter to the involved organization are actually occurring They measure the achievement of the ultimate goals of public policies and programs Measures key dimensions of well being freedom from hunger literacy good health empowerment and security For instance the output local technicians trained can be measured by the output indicator 50 technicians trained by the end of Year 1 Likewise for the outcome establishment of a local system for the provision of technical assistance to increase the quality and yield of native crops an outcome indicator could be the community leaders have established a local system for the provision of culturally accepted technical assistance for a better production of native crops Finally for the impact to contribute to the increase of food security levels in poor rural populations through the improvement of the production and commercialization of various native varieties an impact indicator could measure increased quality of and access to resources adoption of behaviors that promote food security and increased institutional capacities
290. he summer season Cajamarca hosts 948 endemic taxa of flora has a diversity of forest ecosystems paramos valleys cloud forests and coastal communities many of which are threatened by inappropriate uses that are generating large losses of biodiversity Almost 70 of the population in the region is rural recently mining activities have increased e Native Potato improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru e Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands e IFAD NUS Peru The department of Cusco is characterized by several life zones and microclimates ranging from highlands over 6 000 m to the low jungle in the Amazon and the east slope of the Andes which is extremely rich in Appendix G p 21 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 biodiversity Given the importance of conservation and preservation of these natural resources the department of Cusco has several protected and intangible areas declared World Heritage The climate in Cusco is influenced by large air masses from the south eastern jungle the highlands and even the distant region of Patagonia Weather is hot and humid in lowland areas hot and dry in the Yungas temperate in the inter Andean valleys and cold on the mountains and punas In the department of Cusco advanced and backward areas coexist with poverty incidence higher
291. heir work conditions and their socioeconomic and cultural characteristics Variety selection is also the result of an experimentation and evaluation process that involves communication and exchange of information between farmers developing new knowledge 3 Variety adaptation crop population become increasingly adapted because the farmers select them and maintain them for the characteristics and conditions that make them superior to the varieties discarded The specialization of varieties thus depends on how strong the selection process has been Appendix G p 7 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 4 Seed selection and storage apart from selecting varieties farmers must also select the seeds a process that depends on the type of pollination and propagation of the crop Seed selection for the production of new strains is also an important source of diversity It follows that the main beneficiaries of in situ conservation are local farmers and communities who directly use diversity and whose culture and traditions have maintained and contributed to diversification For centuries farmers have selected seeds for various characteristics breeding plants and saving seed for replanting but such practices go beyond pure conservation by improving and developing plant genetic resources For rural communities to maintain this fundamental role the formal sector must recognize the importance of their knowledge and experience allowing them to ev
292. hold P C A G y A Language commonly spoken Spanish 52 0 35 8 24 2 31 0 43 2 47 8 Quechua 19 0 34 1 75 8 69 0 0 0 0 0 Aymara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 8 52 2 Sex of head female 28 0 32 4 5 0 10 9 19 8 13 7 Age of head years 45 3 47 6 43 2 45 0 63 1 55 7 Age of the household years 29 0 31 2 276 29 9 51 7 42 7 Education of head years 3 9 2 9 3 0 3 1 2 8 3 0 Family size number 4 6 5 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 6 Household with migrants 1 0 0 0 6 7 11 6 16 7 16 2 Total landholding ha 1 7 0 7 2 3 2 4 1 8 0 6 Mean number of domesticated animal species own 4 4 3 4 4 5 3 6 3 5 4 0 Mean number of organizations known to hh 0 8 2 4 0 9 0 7 0 7 0 7 Mean sources of income outside own agriculture 1 0 2 5 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 7 at least one source 68 0 98 3 53 3 50 4 64 2 54 0 off farm labor 36 0 50 0 142 19 4 1 2 4 3 non farm labor 35 0 89 2 39 2 21 7 20 4 23 0 business 11 0 14 8 5 8 18 6 8 0 14 9 remittances national 3 0 4 0 2 5 3 9 0 0 0 6 remittances international 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 E Econometric analysis The field surveys comprised one component of the quantitative methodology The second component comprised an econometric analysis to test whether each of these six projects can be considered successful based on the concepts presented in the Conceptual Framework section As indicated there assessing the success of an on farm conservation project requires answering at least three questions 1 Do farmers apply the innovations provided by project int
293. hose who grow the crop Data on infra specific diversity not presented due to difficulties in calculating them by specific crop These data refer not only to crops but include not only different cultivated species but also fruit trees herbs from home gardens and agroforestry species as well as some species collected from the wild Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Table 2 Participation in project interventions and adoption of innovations provided Project No interventions project Sample size Ex ante rate of participation Observed rate of participation Mean number of interventions participated Rate of adoption among participants Mean number of interventions adopted Median rating of usefulness of intervention Ecuador A 22 176 55 66 150 5 4 4 3 13 120 37 88 2 7 90 4 9 4 1 Peru 15 129 31 98 6 1 90 3 7 16 162 35 53 88 3 96 Bolivia 13 161 16 45 7 9 72 3 85 11 Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 12 Table 3 Summary of regression results associated with hypotheses of project success Outcomes Native Crop Household Adoption Diversity Benefits Project A Ex ante participation 3 293 Adoption 0 184 Native Crop Diversity Project B Ex ante participation Adoption Native Crop Diversity Project C Ex ante participation Adoption Native Crop Di
294. hose who participated in the projects and those who did not participate resulting in a stratified random sample based on stratification by participation In one case the sample was drawn randomly from the population in the areas where the project took place without an a priori distinction between participants and non participants The samples are representative of the population for the project sites though the scale varied by project but they vary in size proportion of sample relative to the population and proportion of participant and non participant households Appendix A p 29 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Table 5 Sampling used in the six studied projects Total Number of number of Sample Non PROJECT communities families size Participants participants Ecuador UNORCAC 35 2728 175 87 88 INIAP 4 655 100 na na Peru CRIBA 5 326 120 46 74 ITDG 4 370 130 40 90 Bolivia Bioversity 2 260 162 59 105 SINERGEA 2 221 164 27 135 Total 52 4560 4851 259 492 Random sample drawn separately from participants and non participants in each community Random sample from the population without distinction of participants and non participants Unfortunately no baseline or end line data were available for the studies nor control sites sites similar to the intervention ones but where no project activities were carried out except for a baseline and end line surveys Participants and non participants were randomly
295. hould lead to its maintenance in the agricultural system which in turn should continue to yield public benefits such as evolutionary and other ecosystem services If project introduced innovations are incorporated into farmers livelihood strategies then the process becomes sustainable beyond the life of the project This apparently simple chain of events however masks great complexity since each of the decisions and processes involve the interaction of multiple factors at different scales and some are still poorly understood While this chain of events may seem too simplistic and linear a linear approximation is useful for dealing with complex processes in terms of understanding and assessing particular aspects of the issues involved and can also be useful by providing clear and testable hypotheses about observable outcomes Therefore assessing empirically the success of an on farm conservation project requires testing four different but related hypotheses 1 participation in project interventions leads to the application of the innovations provided by the interventions 2 the application of these innovations lead to farmers maintaining higher levels of crop diversity than would have been possible without them 3 farmers who maintain these higher levels of crop diversity obtain additional benefits from this diversity 4 the higher levels of crop diversity associated with with the application of these innovations deliver additional evolutionar
296. i n de la diversidad de especies nativas in situ y ex situ as como de aspectos socioecon micos enfoc ndose en el uso de las especies de inter s en el rea objetivo La informaci n requerida para el diagnostico incluye una revisi n de literatura o estudios emp ricos del estado de la diversidad local y su uso encuestas socioecon micas y entrevistas con informantes claves 3 Evaluar el potencial para el xito Si la evidencia del diagnostico indica que es deseable llevar a cabo un proyecto entonces existe la necesidad de evaluar ex ante si existen intervenciones que pueden ser implementadas para aumentar los incentivos que los agricultores tienen para usar y mantener la diversidad de cultivos Esto es una evaluaci n prospectiva para identificar las reas donde se necesita el cambio reas de intervenci n los tipos de cambio necesarios intervenciones y su potencial de xito con base en el diagn stico y en experiencias de otros estudios Existen 2 grandes tipos de intervenciones potenciales a aquellas que se construyen a partir de las preferencias y conductas de los agricultores relacionadas con el mejoramiento de la producci n el consumo y la comercializaci n y b aqu llas impulsadas por acciones externas tales como pagos por servicios de agro biodiversidad PACS o pol ticas regionales o nacionales de apyo por ejemplo eliminaci n de subsidios promoci n de programas de compras etc 4 Identificar
297. i n in situ de los Native Cultivars silvestres de las especies de trabajo cultivos nativos priorizados mantenida cultivos nativos priorizados and Their Wild objetivo en y alrededor de la 2 Variabilidad de los cultivos nativos 1 Cuantidad de diversidad de parientes 1 Numero de pol ticas p blicas promotoras de la Relatives Peru chacra 3 Conservaci n de Parientes Silvestres silvestres mantenida conservaci n en chacra 4 Participaci n de la poblaci n juvenil 5 Reconocimiento del valor de la conservaci n in situ Fortalecer las organizaciones 6 La organizaciones tradicionales clave 1 1 Numero de organizaciones claves reconocidas sostenedoras para acrecentar la responsables de la conservaci n de la por los agricultores en el mbito de influencia Appendix G p 115 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Project capacidad
298. ialization but with a concomitant decrease in the level of crop diversity point B This could be seen as the conventional view of the relationship between crop diversity and agricultural change that assumes a trade off between these two outcomes It should be stressed that we are not assuming a causal relationship between these two outcomes but just representing a trend that is commonly assumed The actual causal relationship is complex and contextual One can imagine a hypothetical relationship between a metric that summarizes the level of crop diversity present in a landscape and the public benefits that this diversity generates such as the option values associated with maintaining crop evolutionary processes evolutionary services Appendix A p 8 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 3 2 in Annex A Obviously this relationship is quite complex and we know very little about the actual functional form that may relate these two outcomes but for argument s sake we assume a sigmoid shape There may be no benefits relevant for humans below a minimum threshold of crop diversity Once this threshold is passed then additional diversity contributes positively to the evolutionary services generated by crop diversity but probably at a decreasing rate up to a point where no additional benefits are produced and a plateau is reached Assuming compatible scales in the crop diversity metric in both figures Figure 3 1 can be flipped by 90
299. ibution of the quinoa collection 2 Evaluation of the nutritional value of accessions in the quinoa core collection 3 Role for women in the adoption of technology and decision making in quinoa conservation in the Southern Altiplano Genetic improvement seed production and distribution of varieties 5 Strategic development of a program for breeding maintaining and distributing improved varieties Appendix G p 41 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 6 Release of new varieties 7 Distribution of improved quinoa varieties in the Central and Northern Altiplano 8 Incorporation of three species as green manure and determination of their effects on grain yield for different quinoa varieties 9 Training and distribution of information RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The food security of rural inhabitants in this part of South America is tenuous because most are subsistence farmer families with small land holdings Quinoa is a major staple food and cash crop for subsistence farming families in this region It is remarkably well adapted to the harsh environmental conditions of the Altiplano which can include aridity salinity and frequent frosts In some areas it is the only crop that can be cultivated Quinoa is also well known for its superior nutritional properties its protein content and ideal balance of essential amino acids However many farmers are unable to produce sufficient quinoa to meet their nutritional needs DIAGNOSTIC WOR
300. ic ones 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 20 This in turn counters the common criticism that on farm conservation keeps farmers poor and burdens them with maintaining public benefits at the expense of their private interests On farm conservation as a provider of evolutionary services directly to farmers contributes to their endogenous capacity to respond to change while maintaining the structure and functioning of their agricultural systems hence their resilience Abandoning on farm conservation processes may then make these systems much more vulnerable The implementation of successful projects supporting on farm conservation should enable farmers and their agricultural systems to remain sustainable and resilient by providing them with tools that enhance their capacity to face change under conditions of uncertainty The framework presented here provides a conceptual tool that allows scientists donors policy makers and practitioners involved in on farm conservation projects to assess the success of their projects and to reflect systematically on the lessons learned It 1s hoped that this should help them design and implement better projects that maintain crop diversity more effectively and deliver higher levels of well being to the farmers who maintain it The challenge
301. icios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Desarrollo Mejorar la producci n y los 1 Numero de variedades resistentes 1 Organizaci n y capacitaci n de los agricultores Sostenible de sistemas de mercadeo de la Generaci n de una tecnolog a validada para identificadas 2 Establecimiento de asociaciones Quinua Org nica quinua con la finalidad de la producci n org nica de quinua con nfasis 2 Pruebas de la eficiencia de control 3 Presentaci n del informe de medio a o en el Per contribuir a la seguridad del en el manejo org nico del qhona qhona 3 Manual t cnico para los agricultores 1 Plan de investigaci n suministro de alimentos 1 Estudios sobre la aplicaci n de 2 Informaci n nacional e internacional compilada generaci n de ingresos y Desarrollo de una tecnolog a alternativa con fertilizantes org nicos 3 An lisis de datos preservaci n del fertilizantes org nicos y manejo agron mico 2 Estudios de los sistemas de producci n y 4 Informe sobre el estudio de mercado medioambiente en la zona tecnolog as 1 Plan de acci n andina Promoci n organizaci n y capacitaci n de 3 Publicaci n t cnica para los agricultores 1 Conferencias TV radio las partes que interact an en la cadena de la 2 D as de campo producci n de la qu
302. icos y los sistemas informales de intercambio de semillas Mejorar la habilidad y el acceso a semillas de calidad de diversas plantas y variedades a trav s del dise o y la prueba de intervenciones estrat gicas para literatura ecol gica enfocado en bot nica multiplicaci n de semillas mejoramiento local de plantas y sistemas de comunicaci n e intercambio de semillas Caracterizaci n de los recursos gen ticos del rea Estudiar el destino de la agrobiodiversidad en el rea Caracterizaci n del germoplasma Dise ar e implementar un modelo conceptual en fincas No se encuentran otras informaciones An lisis rural participativo de los conocimiento actitudes y pr cticas relacionados a sistemas de semilla existentes y potenciales Investigaciones socioecon mica en los sistemas de semillas y el mercado informal de semillas Grupos de Guardianes de Semillas capacitados en investigaci n dirigido por los agricultores y procesos de aprendizaje ECA s CIAL s que complete los vac os de conocimiento y aprendan nuevas habilidades para la multiplicaci n de semillas mejoramiento participativo de plantas y sistemas de comunicaci n e intercambio de semillas Probar metodolog as participativas promocionando aprendizajes y acciones comunitarias para mejorar el manejo de semillas e implementar y probar Microcentro de biodiversidad 4 1 identificado Variedades de frutas plantas 4 2 medicinales y ra ces y tub rculos
303. ics and cost benefits of Documents analyzing cost benefit and the commercialization of targeted commercialization opportunities species gathered Documented strategies for added value products Value adding strategies developed Changes in crop choices by growers Income generation Better knowledge and technology LIVELIHOODS transfer Knowledge and technologies improved o E shared transferred and applied aa Enhanced capacities of community ak l a ke Enhanced capacities l a Availability and use of improved cultivation members involved in biodiversity l of stakeholders and a n practices production and marketing sharing of knowledge Number of farmers technicians and related to scientists trained cad Community based add value units l biodiversity Information and methods documented established published Curricula on target species developed Courses and curricula on targeted species Ber SP P established Number of organizations established CIALs ECAs and other associations legally recognized established and or legally recognized Strategies to strengthen organizations Number of community members that Pre existing local organizations participate strengthened Assessment of potential for women empowerment through cultivation and use Increased participation of community of targeted crops members to local organizations Women organizations established strengthened Empowerment of women Cours
304. identificar y evaluar el grado de incidencia de la enfermedad en el campo Talleres participativos dirigidos a las organizaciones de productores sobre preparaci n de la tierra siembra y semillas de calidad de los granos andinos Estudio para evaluar el papel del g nero en el cultivo y la creaci n de valor agreagdo de los granos andinos Cursos para empoderar a las mujeres agricultoras mediante la transferencia de tecnolog a Stand en el Festival de la Diversidad Biol gica en Lima Acuerdo con la Comunidad de Cabana para el establecimiento de parcelas demostrativas de quinua para promover las mejores variedades Cursos para la difusi n de m todos y herramientas para fortalecer los puntos d biles identificados a lo largo de la cadena de valor de amaranto Formaci n durante el Festival de amaranto Competiciones de alimentos Appendix G p 103 Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Analizar el papel del turismo rural en la promoci n de NUS Mejora de la disponibilidad el conocimiento y el mantenimiento de la base de recursos gen ticos Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Una mejor comprensi n del turismo rural en el mantenimiento de la diversidad en los
305. iewed their definition according to different international agencies and institutions Annex We find useful clarifying the definition of these concepts considering that they are seldom explicitly developed in the projects reports we have analyzed which seems to indicate an overall confusion or lack of uniform agreed upon definition over indicators of outputs outcomes and impacts This is true despite leading international institutions have developed a more or less similar definition of these concepts which is summarized below for the sake of completeness we also provide the definition of inputs Inputs Inputs are the financial human material technological and information resources used for the development intervention Outputs Outputs are the products capital goods and services that represent the tangible measurable and immediate results of the intervention Outputs may also include changes resulting from interventions which are relevant to achieving outcomes Bottom line outputs are products of interventions and result in changes that achieve outcomes Outcomes Outcomes are the likely or achieved short term and medium term effects or changes brought about by an intervention s outputs They represent changes in development conditions which occur between the completion of outputs and the achievement of impact Impacts Impacts are the positive and negative primary and secondary long term effects produced by a develop
306. ifficulties in generating sustainable economic benefits because the commercialization of native Andean crops is not profitable enough Low demand and low competitiveness are the biggest constraints connected to the remoteness of conservationist communities from markets In this respect fairs and local festivities represent important complementary channels for income generation The lack of a market for Andean products has been addressed by projects through the creation of promotion strategies However if consumption patterns don t change towards acceptance of these products their viability will remain a big constraint reflecting negatively on diversity conservation nutrition and food security It is therefore necessary to study the markets of intervention areas and the logic that Andean families apply in the selection and recovery of native seed in order to make it competitive in a market full of imported products Technical and economic feasibility studies are also needed to guarantee the viability and sustainability of economic activities proposed by the projects to participants Some projects stressed the importance of understanding the socioeconomic segmentation of demand in designing promotion strategies in order to tackle scarce profitability of the commercialization of Andean crops and related products Although income is not the only priority of families the productive affordability of conservation activities must improve in order to achieve b
307. ificadas 6 Conservaci n in situ 3 1 Datos sobre la distribuci n y usos de la 7 Evaluaci n de la erosi n gen tica diversidad de amaranto 4 1 Competencias de diversidad 4 2 Festivales 5 1 Bancos de germoplasma INIA Puno e UNA Puno mejorados 6 1 Iniciativas conjuntas entre los productores 6 2 Encuestas en fincas 6 3 Talleres con los agricultores de amaranto para elaborar una estrategia coordinada 6 4 Acuerdos con los agricultores para llevar a cabo cursos de formaci n y participar en ferias 6 5 Encuesta en zonas ricas en diversidad en la regi n de Puno Appendix G p 99 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Documentaci n de los Encuesta sobre el uso y el fortalecimiento de Encuesta sobre la ca ahua conocimientos sobre usos las conneciones a lo largo de la cadena de 1 2 Parcelas de demostraci n de ca ahua y limitaciones y oportunidades sumi
308. ifts with project implementation Project interventions should have a clear theory of change A diagnosis is different from a baseline and the former should be done first and used to inform the latter The baseline should incorporate in its design the knowledge generated in the diagnosis particularly indicators of adoption and success of interventions An issue to examine is whether there are interventions that are more successful than others the reasons for their success and how this can be assessed what works best Given that projects provide a basket of interventions and farmers applied several of them it is not obvious how the effect of specific interventions can be identified and assessed In many of the projects the achieved outcomes are the result of long term interactions and investments by different actors working in the area One has to be careful not to attribute all the outcomes just to the projects themselves This further complicates the attribution analysis as well as the cost effectiveness assessment A narrative describing the intervention what is expected to be changed with the application adoption of the intervention how that change s is are supposed to have an effect on agro biodiversity and well being what expected observable changes are associated with the intervention predictions of the interventions on agro biodiversity and well being The diagnosis of the situation in the intervention sites
309. il 2005 with the support of appropriate instrumental variables The stochastic version of the model is formulated in the following way Household Benefits x w 6 Crop Diversity e Crop Diversity x A 6 Adoption u 1 Adoption x 3 y Participation v Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 4 Where x is a vector of other determinants of participation and outcomes of interest for the household such as several socio economic characteristics of the sample the environment and the location of households w A and Y are the parameter vectors of the equations system measuring the effects of the exogenous variables on our considered outcomes respectively Household Benefits Crop Diversity and Adoption of practices while e u and v are the error components The model measures through the estimation of the parameter y whether the household was drawn from the sample of ex ante participants Participation 1 or from the one of non participants Participation 0 and the consequent effects on the application of innovations Parameter 6 provides quantitative estimate of the impact of project interventions on crop diversity while parameter 6 accounts for the additional benefits obtained by a household from this diversity Within this specification we are implicitly assuming that ex ante participation may influence crop diversity only through the application of innovation Moreover the application of inno
310. ility The new ways crop diversity is used and managed leads to its maintenance in the agricultural system where it continues to yield public benefits e g evolutionary services If the private net benefits private benefits derived from these innovations minus the costs of implementing them are judged by farmers as desirable enough this should lead them to continue to apply them beyond the lifetime of the project ensuring the sustainability of the process Thus this simple framework provides a conceptual basis for analyzing the generic structure of an on farm conservation project and assessing its success and sustainability From this model it is clear that assessing the success of on farm conservation project requires answering four questions 1 Do farmers apply the innovations provided by project interventions 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 14 2 If so does the application of these innovations lead to farmers maintaining levels of crop diversity higher than would have been possible without them 3 Does this higher level of crop diversity lead to increased well being among the households of farmers who applied the innovations 4 Does the level of crop diversity associated with the application of innovations deliver additional evolutio
311. ima Department Borders 0 500 Kilometers Le a Figure 5 Distribution of projects by region and crops Peru Peru is among the five countries with the greatest biological diversity and variety of climates and natural environments in the world The Nature Conservancy 2007 Up to date figures report 25 036 species of flowering plants and vertebrates of which approximately 5 763 species 23 are endemic Such high biological diversity stems from the country s tropic and equatorial geographic location the variety of climates and ecosystem types By example Peru has 1 816 bird species 115 endemic 515 mammal species 109 endemic and 3 200 orchid species 10 of the world s orchids According to INRENA 2007 Peru can be divided into four main geographic regions marine coastal plain highlands and the Amazon basin The marine region is characterized by a cold nutrient rich Peruvian current eco region and a warm high diverse Tropical current eco region The coastal plain contains Pacific desert hills with very low rainfall and often extremely dry desert a dry equatorial forest and a Pacific equatorial forest The highlands are characterized by Andean pastures in the Puna with severely degraded soil brushlands in the western Andean steppe and Paramo high plateau Finally the Amazon basin can be divided into a moist Selva Alta or cloud forest a Selva Baja or lowland forest with fertile soils and the flat area of t
312. in five classes 1 Natural Assets e g land water 2 Social Assets e g formal and informal networks 3 Human Assets e g education knowledge health 4 Physical Assets e g equipment transport 5 Financial Assets e g access to credit These assets are combined in the pursuit of different livelihood strategies intensify productivity diversify income etc CGIAR 2008 These assets are combined in the pursuit of different livelihood strategies intensify productivity diversify income etc CGIAR 2008 In order to assess the impact of agricultural research on livelihoods many impacts must be considered which can be Direct Indirect direct quantitative impacts include higher productivity improved yields and higher income while qualitative impacts can be in terms of reduced vulnerability improved knowledge and agricultural practices Quantitative Qualitative quantitative impacts include lower food prices and changes in off farm work opportunities while qualitative impacts include positive externalities on the community due to the diffusion of knowledge on improved natural varieties Other tangible income change because of higher yield intangible changes in empowerment positive effects on participants income and knowledge negative less access to natural resources reduced soil fertility intended more yield unintended fewer rural jobs temporary yield increase in a year permanent yield stabili
313. incularse con socios estrat gicos que puedan mejorar las probabilidades de xito del proyecto Despues de la ejecuci n del proyecto permite comprender la estructura de la red los grados de interacci n entre actores sus roles en la influencia y la determinaci n de los resultados finales asi como evaluar si hubo una transferencia de influencia de los ejecutores del proyecto a los beneficiarios del mismo Este an lisis es crucial para determinar el impacto real del proyecto por lo que debe ser considerado desde el inicio de un proyecto incluyendo el presupuesto necesario Una excelente herramienta metodol gica para analizar el papel de la red de socios en la implementaci n de un proyecto es el An lisis de Redes Sociales ARS el cual construye un mapa de v nculos entre los diferentes actores sus relaciones y el flujo de informaci n entre ellos de una manera f cil de comprender y verificar a trav s de matrices y diagramas El enfoque del ARS es sobre las relaciones y flujos de informaci n y conocimientos entre los actores involucrados en un proyecto Los temas centrales incluyen la interdependencia entre actores a trav s un an lisis de los v nculos que los relacionan La unidad del an lisis es la relaci n no la organizaci n en s En el marco del proyecto financiado por la Fundaci n McKnight titulado Evaluando el xito de los Proyectos sobre Conservaci n en Fincas en la Entrega de Resultados de Conservaci n
314. ing to household preference Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinoa altiplano sur Country Bolivia Organization Fundaci n AUTAPO CONACOPROQ ANAPQUI Prefectures and Universities of Potosi and Oruro departments Royal Embassy of the Netherlands Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The Programa de Apoyo a la Cadena Quinua Altiplano Sur has been implemented by FAUTAPO Foundation from 2005 to 2008 under the Plan to Strengthen Quinoa Chain with the objective of positioning Bolivia as a leader and major supplier of organic quinoa in the international market Fundaci n Fautapo 2007 Measures to strengthen the quinoa production chain are developed through five components Training Technological Development Promotion and export Finance and Coordination Appendix G p 44 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Specific objectives 1 Funding to increase the access to capital and credit for chain actors and improve their productivity and competitiveness 2 Capacity building in order to adequately train actors in the production chain Technological Development with the aim of adopting and prompting existing technologies in the quinoa chain Export promotion aimed at improving national markets and increase exports of quinoa 5 Coordination to create a space for the coordination of practitioners in the various components of the program Activities 1 Soil management soil studies soil management plans Incorporation of or
315. inua org nica 3 Entrevistas para analizar la importancia de la quinua como un producto alimenticio entre Estudio de los mercados reales y potenciales diferentes grupos de personas e instituciones para la quinua org nica y convencional 4 Encuestas a consumidores de quinua Puno Cursos pr cticos de capacitaci n Formulaci n de un plan empresarial para la 6 Festivales gastron micos producci n y para las empresas de servicio que entran a formar parte del mercado org nico Difusi n y adopci n de la nueva tecnolog a Sustainable Implementar una estrategia 1 Numero de accesiones de quinoa Informacion agron mica nutricional y production of para la conservaci n ex situ e in 1 Las colecciones en el Banco Nacional de multiplicadas morfol gica de 59 caracteres cuantitativos y quinoa a situ de los recursos gen ticos Germoplasma de Granos Altoandinos BNGA 2 1 Colecci n b sica de quinua construida cualitativos recogida neglected food de quinua se mantienen en condiciones adecuadas 2 2 Numero de accesiones de la colecci n 3 2 Estudio sobre el papel de la mujer en la crop in the 2 Caracterizaci n de la variaci n gen tica de b sica evaluadas en t rminos adopci n de la tecnolog a y la toma de Andean region los recursos gen ticos de quinua a nivel nutricionales decisiones en la conservaci n de quinua en el fenot pico y molecular y desarrollo de una 3 1 Numero de subcentros de diversidad Altiplano Sur colecci n b sica gen tica y f
316. ion 0 1775699 ue Native Crop Diversity 0 609038 INIAP Ex ante participation 1 23050 Adoption 0 0146095 Native Crop Diversity 30 14413 CRIBA Ex ante participation 1 734173 Adoption 0 1835637 Native Crop Diversity 1669 148 ITDG Ex ante participation 0 95421 Adoption 0 2889878 Native Crop Diversity 467 9104 Bolivia Ex ante participation 1 908434 Adoption 0 0337049 Native Crop Diversity 497 0055 Note sionificant at the 10 05 01 001 level respectively Appendix A p 42 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 t The two projects in Bolivia SINARGEEA and Bioversity PROINPA were merged because they included very similar interventions were implemented by the same institution PROINPA A dummy variable was added to take into account project based differences In the case of INIAP the sample was not stratified by ex ante participation due to lack of available information However discussions with implementers indicated that being part of a protestant church played a key role in participation so a response mentioning a church in the section on social organization was used as the instrument for the adoption equation Appendix A p 43 Adoption Ex ante participation Spanish Sex household head Age head of household Education head of household Migration Labor availability Landholdings Wealth Organizations Sources of inco
317. ional seed system Panel C shows that almost three quarters of the households consumed the quinoa they produced with a substantially lower proportion selling 1t The situation is different for ca ahua only half consumed it but a larger proportion sold it and the total quantity produced for both aims on average was almost double that of quinoa For those who sold them the gross income obtained by households was substantially higher from ca ahua than from quinoa Table 3 shows the correlations among these indicators which in all cases are positive and highly statistically significant indicating that participation is associated with higher adoption which in turn is associated with higher crop diversity The latter is associated both with higher amounts of quinoa and canahua consumed by the household and higher gross monetary income derived from their sale While evidently a correlation is not causation and as indicated earlier there may be other variables not related to any project intervention that may influence these relationships the evidence nonetheless is strongly suggestive that such relations exist and hence the answers to the first three questions posed by the framework could tentatively be answered positively A more rigorous testing of these relationships requires more advanced econometric techniques and ideally a better project design that includes from the outset a baseline and controls but the case study presented clearly illustr
318. ioplaguicida 2 Multiplicaci n y caracterizaci n de virus 2 1 Diagnostico de la presencia de probables virus development and Optimizaci n producci n masiva de virus en varias de las muestras analizadas diffusion of 3 Bio ensayos de laboratorio 2 2 Estudio epidemiol gico sobre material biol gico potato moths 4 Evaluaciones de bioplaguicidas virales 2 3 Borrador de la tesis de licenciatura Integrated 2 4 Presentaci n en congreso Organizaci n Internacional de Lucha Biol gica OILB 2 1 Metodolog as de multiplicaci n obtenci n y almacenamiento de dos cepas de virus 2 2 T cnicas de cr a masiva de Tecia solanivora 2 3 Materiales inertes para la formulaci n del bioplaguicida identificados 4 1 Publicaciones y comunicaciones tesis 4 1 Estudio sobre la eficiencia del bioplaguicida 4 2 Tesis de pre grado 4 3 Integrantes de escuelas de campo capacitados 4 4 T cnicos de almacenes agr colas capacitados 4 5 Ni os capacitados en cr a masiva formulaci n y aplicaci n de un bioinsecticida viral en tub rculos semillas 4 6 Visitas a otros proyectos management to strengthen food security in the Ecuadorian Andes 1 1 Plan de muestreo 1 2 Modelos predictivos de la repartici n de las plagas 1 3 N mero de visitas a campos de papa bodegas y mercados en las provincias de Chimborazo Cotopaxi Tungurahua y Bol var 1 Monitoreo biol gico georeferenciado 2 Mapas de presencia de las tres especies 3 Predadores y o pa
319. ioversity International Grant No 09 1100 improvement practices and facilities Traditional knowledge collection and maintenance systems 1 STATUS AND TRENDS OF THE COMPONENTS OF BIODIVERSITY The indicators found in the projects within this focal area measure the richness of diversity through assessment and mapping of abundance and distribution of selected species change in status of threatened species inventories and trends of genetic diversity of domesticated animals and cultivated plants of major socio economic importance and the identification of microcenters of diversity Most of the projects we have analyzed in the Andean region assess the trends of the components of biodiversity by observing seed and conservation fairs and the seed flow throughout the region These are indicators of genetic variability in a specific geographic area as they help identify the species and varieties grown by farmers and facilitate the exchange of germplasm between them thereby fostering genetic diversity Fairs also foster the exchange of knowledge and information between farmers and help strengthen cultural and indigenous identity through the promotion of traditional uses recipes and customs Finally seed exchange helps practitioners characterize and learn more about agro biodiversity that farmers have on their farms while favoring the increase strengthening and replication of varieties As seed exchange is mainly a local process between families within
320. ipaci n de micro empresas Acuerdo con las Comunidades de Lampa Yunguyo Chucuito para un programa piloto para la mejora de uso de los cultivos Concurso de platos Exposici n sobre la diversidad y los usos de los granos andinos Libros de recetas An lisis de costo beneficio Marcos normativos y jur dicos y Aspectos legales y de pol tica agraria 1 Taller en Puno en los aspectos jur dicos y sensibilizaci n del p blico Sensibilizaci n del p blico pol ticos relacionados con el cultivo y la comercializaci n de granos andinos 1 2 Propuesta de reducci n de impuestos con el fin de promover el cultivo de los cultivos andinos e incluirlos en programas de desarrollo social 1 3 Documento sobre todos los aspectos de la producci n y comercializaci n de granos andinos y las pol ticas agr colas 2 1 Curso sobre los valores nutricionales de quinua y ca ahua 2 2 Folletos diversos sobre los valores nutricionales de los granos andinos 2 3 Propuesta de proyecto sobre la producci n y comercializaci n de la quinua 2 4 Parcelas y talleres demostrativos sobre la diversidad de ca ahua 2 5 Spot publicitarios sobre los valores nutricionales Appendix G p 101 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes
321. ipation and crop diversity and from the latter to household benefits in at least in three of the projects studied In any case most of the project interventions would not have been available without the projects being implemented in the study communities Furthermore we observed an incremental response between the level of application of project interventions each additional application of an intervention had a positive effect on the level of crop diversity and the level of native crop diversity and between the level of diversity and the indicator of well being providing additional evidence of the plausibility of these links While we may not have been able to establish exactly which interventions may have been more influential than others it is not clear whether an assessment by individual intervention or type may be meaningful if there are interactions among interventions and hence there are systemic rather than individual effects This is beyond the current scope of this report but merits further attention in the future In spite of the limitations our approach has provided a conceptual framework to guide what to measure and what links to test to assess empirically the plausibility of the success of an on farm conservation project not a small feat given the complexity of the processes analyzed and the limitations of the data available Guidelines for project design Based on the learning generated by the project we created a set of guidelin
322. ironment Programme and implemented by the Global Environment Facility between 2005 and 2009 Five countries participated to the project Armenia Bolivia Madagascar Sri Lanka and Uzbekistan Partner organizations from these countries participate along with five international organizations dedicated to conservation the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO the International Network of Botanic Gardens for Conservation BGCI the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center WCMC the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN and the German Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food BLE PROINPA Foundation is the executing agency in Bolivia The project aims at improving the conservation status of crop wild relatives in the genus Chenopodium through the strengthening of management information available at the National High Andean Grain Bank BNGA germ plasm collections of wild ca ihua and quinoa for ex situ in situ conservation Activities Global Plan of Action 2007 1 Database development the database of the bank has been widened with ecogeographic information on wild quinoa and ca ihua collections 2 Taxonomic identification 59 accessions of wild quinoa were classified into three species also 44 accessions of wild ca ahua were identified 3 Genetic variability 57 new quinoa accessions were collected Plant breeding with the purpose of incorporating wild quinoa breeding schemes the expansion volume and grain weight of six accessions
323. is practiced by a great number of Andean farmers especially small farmers in remote areas and is considered part of the cultural heritage of the Andean region For centuries poor farmers in the region have engaged in the breeding of plants in their own environment allowing continuing evolution and the use of crops in multiple ways that allow a healthy life and diet for current and future generations INIEA 2005 Selection of project locations Although Bolivia Ecuador and Peru are characterized by the presence of thousands of agricultural institutions working in different areas from livestock and plants conservation to technology promotion the interventions specifically aimed at in situ on farm conservation are few partly because of the relative newness of such practices and partly due to scarce investment It is important then to study the efforts that have been undertaken by local and national organizations often in concert with international research institutions and donors to determine what interventions work best in protecting this Andean heritage and improving livelihoods of the Andean poor The process of selecting on farm conservation projects for use as case studies started with a sample of 36 projects that emerged from an extensive review of relevant literature These projects were located in Bolivia in the area of La Paz Potosi and Cochabamba Peru in the area of Cusco and Puno and in Ecuador in the area of Chimborazo A further se
324. its the outcome of projects if the rainy or drought season is normal crop yield good harvest when it concentrates badly in some periods crop fails mainly because of diseases Moreover climate change is probably accentuating these processes provoking increased difficulties in terms of frost hail heavy rains and atypically long drought periods Although this requires great resources and competencies adequate climate risk planning and methodologies are necessary in order to avoid efforts being vanished by external factors This problem is also linked with the fact that most projects studied do not have a big scale and have a limited area of influence therefore with low capacity of impacting environmental and conservation policies although some of them were successful in raising policy makers awareness and interest Several good practices also emerge from a first analysis of the projects A common trait of the projects analyzed is the use of participatory approaches based on the recognition that to promote rural development through sustainable practices it is necessary to give participants ownership of the project In this way practitioners and farmers objectives are interlinked and the project is developed addressing specific problems and needs of families and communities The learning process is therefore based on dialogue mutual respect and recognition of the fundamental role of local culture and knowledge A participatory approach fosters the
325. ity International Grant No 09 1100 Project Title Implementing Organization Location de Colomi provincia Agrodiversidad APyPA Chapare Cochabamba IFAD NUS Andean grains Bioversity International IFAD Santiago de Okola Bolivia Peru Quinoa Promoci n e Investigaci n de Coromata Media Ca ihua Amaranth Productos Andinos PROINPA Cuevas Canadas CIRNMA Per Ministry of Mojotorillo Agriculture Bolivia Cieneguillas Corisuyo Auquiorko Ocoruru Peru Manejo Conservaci n y Andean grains PROINPA Foundation Bolivian La Paz Coromata Media Uso Sostenible de los Ca ahua Subsistema de Granos Altoandinos Government Chauhira Chico Recursos Gen ticos de Quinoa del SINARGEAA Sistema Jalsuri Colina Granos Altoandinos en Universidad Mayor de San Andr s Boliviano de Patarani San Pedro y San el marco del UMSA Tecnolog a Pablo Rosapata SINARGEAA Universidad T cnica de Oruro UTO Agropecuaria Erbenkalla Kalla Arriba Centro de Investigaci n y SIBTA Tacaca Corpa Producci n Comunal de Tiahuanacu Titijoni Irpani CIPROCOM Cachilaya Cutusuma Cutusuma Alta Igachi Kealluma R o Grande Choj acollo Avicaya Cariquina Grande Jutilaya Chiaruyo Pomposillo Pusucani Asunci n de Huancarama I acamaya San Jos de Llanga Vitu Calacachi Salviani Ayamaya Oruro Tola Phujru Tika Noka Quillacas Sullka Tunka Chuquichuru Condoriri Irpani Potos Chacala Sajsi Cochabamba Llaytani Bol
326. ity and evolutionary services As indicated in the section on crop diversity not only are the high Andes centers of crop diversity for the target crops but also there is a high diversity in areas around the target communities Figures 4 amp 5 in Annex A The relationship between crop diversity and the provision of societal benefits still requires further study To address the complexity of assessing three different outcomes a simultaneous equations system was estimated including other determinants of participation and outcomes of interest These variables include several socio economic characteristics of the sampled the environment and the location households the confounding factors mentioned above and they can be considered fully exogenous not being affected by participation Household Benefits 6 y Crop Diversity 6 gt X1 6 14 X Crop Diversity Bo B Adoption B2 Xi B3 Xa Biar Xri Ui Adoption Yo Y 1Z1 Y 2X1 Y 3 Xai Y 1er Xri Vi where Z ex ante participation in project X language age education sex of head of household landholdings wealth organizations labor availability migration number of sources of income Empirically the model assumes that adoption of project interventions is an endogenous variable explaining native crop diversity while crop diversity is an endogenous variable that explains the benefits associated with household wellbeing So adoption of proj
327. ity it maintains and the private benefits it derives point A Since agricultural systems are not Static the position of a community in this graph changes moving to the southeast of the graph under economic development assuming that livelihood benefits increase with increased specialization but with a concomitant decrease in the level of crop diversity point B This could be seen as the conventional view of the relationship between crop diversity and Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 agricultural change that assumes a trade off between these two outcomes It should be stressed that we are not assuming a causal relationship between these two outcomes but just representing a trend that is commonly assumed The actual causal relationship is complex and contextual Figure la A o I I l 4 B gt A ee ee 3 D a E Private Livelihood Benefits Figure 1b presents a hypothetical relationship between a metric that summarizes the level of crop diversity present in an agricultural system and the public benefits that this diversity generates such as the option values associated with maintaining crop evolutionary processes evolutionary services Figure 1b Public Benefits Crop Diversity Obviously this relationship is quite complex and we know very little about the actual functional form that may relate these two outcomes but for argument s sake we assume a sigmoid shape
328. iversidad de cultivos y medios de vida que el proyecto se orient a influenciar e Indicadores asociados Estos datos cualitativos fueron analizados y sintetizados y se seleccionaron seis proyectos que fueron analizados a profundidad y de los que se deriv una serie de lecciones El criterio usado para seleccionar los estudios fue 1 enfoque en la conservaci n en finca directa 2 financiada por la Fundaci n McKnight o por otros donantes 3 enfoque en la regi n Andina 4 buena documentaci n disponible Los proyectos seleccionados abarcan diferentes situaciones en t rminos de intervenciones pa ses cultivos ambientes sociales y biof sicos Entrevistas de Informantes Clave Para los 6 proyectos seleccionados las entrevistas con informantes clave usualmente l deres de proyecto o cient ficos involucrados fueron llevadas a cabo en persona o por tel fono El prop sito de las entrevistas fue validar y enriquecer la informaci n obtenida de los reportes de los proyectos y otros documentos consultados Las opiniones de los informantes permitieron identificar brechas y fortalezas asi como tambien lecciones aprendidas Los mejores informantes fueron aquellos con conocimiento de primera mano sobre el proyecto tanto en t rminos de los factores que contribuyeron a alcanzar sus objetivos as como sobre defectos en el dise o o problemas encontrados Discusiones en grupos focales Las discusiones en grupos focales fueron
329. ivia Desarrollo Sostenible Andean grains Instituto Nacional de Investigaci n y Scanagri NIRAS Cabana Puno Lima and de Quinua Org nica en Quinoa Extensi n Agraria INIEA Cusco el Per Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Peru UNAP Asociaci n Agroindustrial de Granos Andinos ASAIGA Sustainable production Andean grains Promoci n e Investigaci n de McKnight Salar de Uyuni Potosi of quinoa a neglected Quinoa Productos Andinos PROINPA Foundation Department food crop in the Bolivia Andean region Lupin Quinoa Ansean grains Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones McKnight Saquisili Sustainable production Lupin Agropecuarias INIAP Foundation Cotopaxi Province systems to guarantee Quinoa Social Development Committee Ecuador food security in Path to Progress CODESOCP impoverished communities in the province of Cotopaxi Ecuador Conservaci n Ansean grains Promoci n e Investigaci n de Global Cariquina Grande complementaria ex situ Quinoa Productos Andinos PROINPA Environmental Provincia Camacho in situ de especies Ca ihua Fundaci n Amigos de la Naturaleza Facility GEF Cachilaya Provincia Los silvestres de quinoa y Bioversity Andes Titijoni Provincia ca ihua en Bolivia International Ingavi y Coromata Media IPGRI Provincia Omasuyos La Paz Department Bolivia Appendix G p 79 Project Title Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinoa altiplano sur Green manure and legumes integrating agronomic
330. ix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 2 2011 identified 59 different types of interventions for supporting on farm conservation worldwide but there is little evidence that they actually made a difference Projects supporting on farm conservation can contribute to the resilience of agricultural and food systems only if they actually make a difference beyond what farmers do on their own hence there is a need to systematically assess their contribution The factors and processes involved in on farm conservation of crop diversity are complex Bellon et al 2012 On farm conservation projects usually implement a series of interventions i e activities that provide farmers with innovations such as new knowledge technologies development of novel Capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity and in doing so should create incentives for farmers to continue to maintain this diversity Many of these interventions are based on farmers local knowledge practices or institutions but usually with new twists In a successful project then farmers apply the innovations provided by project interventions which in turn should translate into private benefits for them and their households in terms of enhanced income food consumption and security productivity stability and or reduced vulnerability The new ways crop diversity is used and managed s
331. ject on Andean grains in Bolivia that 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 15 was part of a larger study on assessing the success of on farm conservation of native crops in the region This example also shows some of the empirical and analytical limitations and challenges faced The project Enhancing the Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Food Security and to Incomes of the Rural Poor was implemented by the Fundaci n PROINPA and Bioversity International between 2007 and 2010 with the support of the International Fund for Agricultural Development It was implemented in communities around Lake Titicaca with smallholder farmers and focused on quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd and ca ahua Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen although farmers maintained many other native and non native crops as well The project put into operation 16 interventions that provided different types of innovations to these farmers Table 1 The high Andes are an important center of domestication and diversity for several crops Castillo 1995 including quinoa and ca ahua Castillo 1995 del Castillo et al 2007 Rojas et al 2010 Vargas et al 2010 These two Andean grains have a long history of cultivation and use by smallholder farmers in the region They are highly n
332. jective of the project was to conserve species and varieties of Andean roots originating in the subtropical area of Colomi in the department of Cochabamba Secondarily the project aimed to strengthen Andean root production respecting the environment and applying organic farming in indigenous communities One of the results of this project has been the recovery of seed production and its reallocation between different communities Nu ez 2008 Currently the communities manage and use eight varieties of arracacha four of leafcup three of achira and one of ajipa thus ensuring the preservation and enhancement of valuable genetic resources Activities have been conducted with the technical assistance and facilitation of PROINPA Foundation and the active participation of producers and members of the Asociaci n de Productores y Procesadores ecol gicos de Agrobiodiversidad APyPA previously ACEPLO subtropical zone Colomi The project started in August 2005 for a period of 18 months but was implemented until 2008 reformulated in track by PUMA Foundation and finalized with the construction of the Processing Plant of Andean Roots To make sure that the plant would be operated by the community women farmers were trained and are responsible for producing the dried leafcup achira and arracacha flour and arracacha achira and ajipa starch Activities 1 Organization and administration of the project in the first year Agro ecological production plan deve
333. jects for in situ conservation of native cultivars is their low income potential Despite demand needs to be supported through promotion of native cultivars the main problems are found on the supply side agro industry is not developed small with very limited abilities to develop new products lack of necessary machines equipment capital for purchasing new products and training in modern practices Strategies and practices for the management of pests and diseases cultivation storage and production must be evaluated and modernized in order to achieve adequate standards of quality yield resistance and conservation Supply problems also derive from the disorganization of the producers so that manufacturers are forced to deal with several farmers and producers thus extending the market chain and increasing the price of the final product Moreover most domestic producers don t know the export process and they do not have the technical and commercial capacity to meet external demand Training of farmers technicians and producers in quality management systems is also necessary in order for them to be able to offer competitive products that reach the market with the required quality The poor state or lack of productive infrastructure such as roads and irrigation as well as lack of processing equipment also prevent agricultural products to be competitive in the market Finally In terms of economic impacts most of the projects have encountered many d
334. l 1997 Maintaining crop diversity on farm can entail important costs to farmers often in the face of strong incentives to abandon this diversity hence the need for interventions to support farmers in maintaining this diversity Bellon 2004 The basic principle of any on farm conservation intervention is not to keep farmers poor but to enable them to capture more benefits from the diversity they maintain including those benefits associated with the often significant public good values resulting from that conservation Such public good values can include not only the conservation of the genetic resource itself but also the provision of socio cultural and environmental services e g maintenance of local culture traditions and landscapes Lipper and Cooper 2009 The challenge of any on farm conservation project is to identify design and implement interventions that make the conservation of crop diversity on farm compatible with improved livelihoods and wellbeing among the farmers who conserve it Bellon 2004 The aim is to maintain diversity while reducing poverty Many projects have been and continue to be implemented worldwide to support on farm conservation either as their specific focus or as a strong component of a broader focus mainly supported by international organizations Jarvis et al 2004 These projects have yielded important insights into the role of farmers in the process their reasons for maintaining crop diversity on farm
335. l Environment Facility GEF and administered by UNDP funds small projects with a budget averagely ranging from 20 000 to 40 000 dollars often co financing with other agencies The SDC Suisse Agency for Development and Cooperation funds many large projects in the Andean region providing consistent support around 1 000 000 dollars or more IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development has also financed a global scale project with a regional focus in the Andean region of Bolivia and Peru Finally the McKnight Foundation and other foundations finance several small medium projects generally aimed at biodiversity conservation and improvement of food security and livelihoods In the following sections we will analyze the geographical and biodiversity framework in which selected projects were developed their objectives and the activities carried out GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF INTERVENTIONS Hereafter we provide an overview of the status of diversity conservation in the three countries under study followed by a summary description of the diversity and socio economic status of the regions where the selected projects were implemented in order to better understand the specific context in which they took place Overall the geographical distribution of projects is as follows Bolivia Departments La Paz 5 projects Potos 4 projects Cochabamba 3 projects Chuquisaca 1 project Oruro 1 project and 1 national project
336. l SINARGEAA Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per LIVELIHOOD INDICATORS Livelihood indicators are not easy to categorize as the different spheres to which they belong often fit into different classes However through the analysis of projects reports we have chosen to group them in five areas as shown in figure 8 next page Table 4 next page schematizes the livelihood indicators we have found in the projects and the expected output they measure Figure 8 Selected livelihood indicators Appendix G p 64 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 LIVELIHOOD INDICATORS Nutritional benefits Socio cultural benefits Enhanced Strengthening of capacities of community based stakeholders organizations Income generation Table 4 Selected livelihoods output indicators Nutritional value of target species Availability and use of nutritional assessed information Current and potential impact of target species evaluated across social groups Nutritional benefits and priority areas Documented strategies for nutritional security across differentiated groups Strategies applied for the improvement of household nutrition especially through women training Improved nutrition through dissemination of diet diversification strategies The supply chain of targeted species and impact across their actors is assessed Information on supply chains is available do different stakeholders Data on econom
337. l conocimiento de los agricultores y pr cticas que la sustenten as como de un mejoramiento en los medios de vida de los agricultores que les brinden beneficios Andes Altos de Ecuador Per y Bolivia una regi n que es centro de origen y diversidad de muchos cultivos importantes donde peque os agricultores contin an siendo los guardianes de esta diversidad Seis de estos proyectos fueron analizados a profundidad Los m todos usados se basaron en datos secundarios obtenidos de reportes de los proyectos y datos primarios adquiridos a trav s de entrevistas con informantes clave discusiones en grupos focales y una encuesta con una muestra aleatoria de hogares en comunidades donde los proyectos se llevaron a cabo Un proyecto de conservaci n en finca se puede conceptualizar como un conjunto de intervenciones que crean beneficios adicionales para los agricultores d ndoles as incentivos para continuar manteniendo la diversidad de cultivos Para evaluar el xito de un proyecto de conservaci n en finca se deben abordar 4 temas metodol gicos La conservaci n en finca de la diversidad de cultivos es el mantenimiento en el campo de los procesos evolutivos en cultivos que generan nueva variaci n gen tica potencialmente util Depende de la participaci n activa de los agricultores y la existencia de incentivos para que lo hagan Una problema importante ha sido la falta de herramientas que permitan a donantes profesionale
338. l estado de conservaci n de los parientes silvestres de cultivos del g nero Chenopodium a trav s del fortalecimiento del manejo de informaci n disponible en el Banco Nacional de Granos Altoandinos BNGA de las colecciones de germoplasma de especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua para la conservaci n Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n comunitario en Nin n Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico y Canchagua Conferencias en las escuelas y colegios de la zona para concienciar sobre el valor nutritivo de los granos andinos Spots publicitarios en radio y prensa de la provincia de Cotopaxi Conformaci n CIAL s y capacitaci n en manejo de ensayos evaluaciones participativas an lisis de datos y presentaci n de resultados Capacitaci n y estudio de factibilidad para dos microempresas Evaluaci n participativa del Proyecto Intercambio de experiencias Clasificaci n de las accesiones de quinua silvestres y ca ahua en El Banco Nacional de Granos Altoandinos BNGA Documentaci n de los conocimientos tradicionales de las especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua en Titijoni Cachilaya Coromata Media Santiago de Okola and Cariquina Grande Evaluaci n del valor nutricional y agroindustrial de la quinua y ca ahua silvestres Indicadores de producto Bioversity International Grant No
339. l productivity by fostering Andean biodiversity as an exercise of rights and as a strategy for the sustainable development in the Chopcca communities of the Huancavelica region Specific objectives 1 To recover agro biodiversity with an emphasis on potatoes with the purpose of improving the management of crop and pasture areas and improve the productivity and the diet of the families 2 To implement integrated management practices for the main pests and diseases of the crops with an emphasis on potatoes and andean tubers 3 To improve the conservation of soil fertility through modern and traditional techniques that optimize the use of local resources 4 To strengthen the capacities skills and proficiencies of the families in terms of generating alternatives which combine local practices and technological innovations for the improvement of production systems 5 To facilitate experience exchange mutual support and collective learning in the Andean Region and Communities of the Peruvian Andes Activities 1 Collection and Characterization of the diversity of Andean tubers 2 Recovery of natural pastures 3 Selection of adapted Andean crops from the material of INIEA Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Extension Agraria 4 Introduction of new lines of blight and frost resistant barley New lines of botrytis resistant high yielding broad beans will be selected by the farmers 5 Integrated pest management 6 Research on the use of vegetable and
340. l then affect the way donors policy makers and practitioners fund design and develop on farm conservation projects producing changes in the ability of farmers of achieving diversity and livelihood outputs Appendix A p 7 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 B Conceptual Framework The theory of change is the basis upon which the project design and the impact pathway were developed This is conceptualized in the model described below which outlines the way in which outputs from on farm conservation projects are translated into impact that effects the desired change A simple model of impact for an on farm conservation project Any project aimed at the on farm conservation of crop diversity intends to influence outcomes in three areas 1 the relevant crop diversity and associated practices maintained in an agricultural system 2 the private benefits that farmers and their households derive from that agricultural system referred as livelinood benefits e g food security nutrition income safety net cultural identity and 3 the public benefits that society derives from the crop diversity maintained in an agricultural system referred as societal benefits e g option values derived from crop evolution These three outcomes are the result of complex interactions among different biological biophysical and socioeconomic processes and are in themselves multi dimensional and can occur at different scales They are interrelated and
341. la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera de El C ndor Apoyo al manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales en la zona de amortiguamiento de la cordillera de El Condor mediante el mejoramiento de los sistemas de produccion en comunidades indigenas y de colonos Country Ecuador Organization INIAP SDC Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This INIAP project is part of the programme for the conservation of the Condillera El Condor funded by the SDC INIAP work targeted conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources of the Shuaras indigenous people in Gualaquiza to contribute to food security maintain ethnobotanical knowledge and preserve agricultural biodiversity in the mountains of El Condor INIAP 2005 The role of SDC in the project was to expand the coverage of existing services to support agricultural and forestry production contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity increasing the participation of local governments in the sustainable development of the area and create and implement an agile flexible and participatory funding mechanism for ongoing initiatives Activities 1 Identification of micro center of agrobiodiversity the project has provided technical assistance for the realization organization and execution of the first two Fruits Medicinal Plants and Tropical Amazonian Roots Conservation Fairs in 2004 and 2005 where the germ plasm exchange was found to be very acti
342. lains why ancient Andean peoples attempted to store surpluses by freezing and drying processes used also for the ulluco Mashwa is probably the Andean region s fourth most important root crop after potato oca and ulluco Mashwa has an important role in meeting the food requirements of resource poor people in remote rural areas of the high Andes Its culinary uses vary from to roasts and thayacha overnight frozen tubers eaten with sugar cane syrup From an agronomic point of view mashwa is a very resistant crop growing on poor soil without fertilizers and pesticides Among Andean tubers mashwa Tropaeolum tuberosum f EPS f is one of the highest yielding easiest to grow and most resistant to cold Even under bad weather and soil conditions it can produce twice the yield of the potato In spite of its productivity pest resistance and popularity mashwa is not widely commercialized and in the Andes it is usually associated with poverty Oca thanks to its low protein and fat content Oca is a good source of energy Sun dried to make it sweeter it can be parboiled roasted or prepared as pachamanca meat roasted in a hole in the ground The dried frozen tuber washed after freezing is used to make superior quality flour for porridges and desserts Despite the fact that oca is an important food and cash crop in upland Andean areas it suffers cultural scorn because it is considered a poor man s plant Virus infections are
343. lanted in the form of varietal mixtures in the same plot Families are smallholders and have several plots 100 to 2 000 m7 located in Appendix G p 30 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 different areas of the same community or elsewhere Farmers keep plots cultivated with many varieties along with other plots left to rest and used for grazing 4 PROMOCI N DE CULTIVOS ANDINOS DESARROLLO DE AGROINDUSTRIAS Y MERCADOS PARA LA ARRACACHA Organization Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregi n Andina CONDESAN SDC IDRC Canada Budget USS 267 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The aim of the program is to improve the quality of life of rural Andean families achieving competitive production of roots and tubers through the conservation and efficient use of biodiversity Specific Objectives 1 To synthesize and generate a methodology for developing valid traditional agro industries in the Andes 2 To identify pilot areas agribusiness CONDESAN where promising traditional activities can be strengthened 3 To strengthen the institutional capacities of partners at the Andean countries in technical and social aspects related to agribusiness development 4 Atregional local level 5 Toimprove the competitiveness of Arracacha s various products 6 To strengthen local capacity through training leader peasants Activities 1 Increasing agricultural production in micro centers through improved technologies and market
344. le concentrated in isolated rural areas of the Andes depending for their survival on insufficient land holdings and fragile ecosystems IFAD 2010 In Bolivia some 20 of the population total 8 million lives under the poverty line in Ecuador 35 total population 13 5 million and in Peru 44 5 total population 29 million The majority of poor people in these countries are peasants mostly of indigenous origin Rural poverty in Bolivia is concentrated in the highlands and valleys where it affects more than 2 million people of which 1 6 live in extreme poverty Most of the poor are indigenous people The Appendix G p 5 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 situation is similar in Ecuador where 87 of indigenous people and Afro Ecuadorians are poor especially in rural areas of the plateau In Peru the poorest of the poor are indigenous people living in remote areas in the southern highlands where about 73 of the Quechua and Aymara communities more than 5 million people live below the poverty line The reasons for this must be sought in the historical social exclusion of Andean and Amazonian indigenous people and their fight for self determination control over their territories and over natural intellectual and communal resources Tirso 2000 Moreover indigenous populations are important for the conservation of biological diversity as it is highly correlated to their cultural diversity Brush 2000 Peru for instance
345. least one atearn and share lessons area monitored Does incentive continue over time Do these interventions have gt a good chance of success Appendix A p 65 R4D PROJECTS PUBLIC GOOD PRIVATE GOOD Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 Which products outputs have to be generated by my R4D activities in order to generate a change Which dissemination strategy will the project adopt in order to ensure that outputs generated are used by target AN PRE O O o ee S Which networks of partners will be needed Modify activities based on Stop the in order to ensure the achievement of lessons learnt activities outputs their dissemination and adoption beyond target group scaling out and or their institutionalization by policy makers fe Monitor the Based on my final goal and actors ae activities Is the involved what are the activities needed to Implement the project roject working reach the final goal pro g Do a baseline study including indicators Measure changes in terms of ADB and Livelihood Have the established networks of interventions and potential outcome transferred knowledge and knowhow on diversity and livelihood from the global level to the local one IMPACT Local Impact Global Impact Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 Assessing the success of AS on farm conservatio
346. lementing agencies donors partners and combinations of native crops Table S1 providing a broad perspective on on farm conservation efforts Methods Through an extensive review of the literature including Internet searches 26 projects focused on on farm conservation of native crops in the High Andes of Ecuador Peru and Bolivia were identified Table S2 From those five projects were selected for in depth analysis representing different crops types of implementing institutions partnerships and donors Project implementers were contacted and interviewed about project execution and information on project implementation interventions applied and partnerships involved were obtained A household survey was implemented in communities where projects took place In each community a stratified random sample was drawn based on participation one strata being drawn from participants according to project records referred as ex ante participants and the other from the community at large specifically those who had not explicitly participated in the project to serve as control referred to as non participants Unfortunately no project had a priori control groups and neither baseline nor end line data available which hampered the use of alternative comparative approaches A total of 748 households were interviewed The survey elicited information on project participation application of the innovations provided by the project ratings on their usefulnes
347. lias capacitadas N mero de mujeres capacitadas N mero de visitas y giras ejecutadas Appendix G p 119 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios Conservaci n y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera de El C ndor INIAP Seed systems The biological foundation of security in the Andes producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Contribuir a la conservaci n y utilizaci n sostenible de los recursos fitogen ticos de los Shuar y Achuar como una contribuci n a la seguridad alimentaria el mantenimiento de los conocimientos etnobot nicos y la preservaci n de la biodiversidad agr cola en las monta as de El C ndor Trabajar con comunidades marginales para ganar nuevos entendimientos con respecto a vac os de conocimiento y barreras estructurales que afectan los sistemas locales de semillas incluyendo el mejoramiento de especies locales manejo de recursos gen t
348. liquen los expertos de desarrollo 1 2 N mero de encuentros entre agricultores principios de agricultura de Innovaciones tecnol gicas aplican formas de cient ficos y expertos cobertura con agricultores de agricultura de cobertura probadas para su 2 1 N mero de agricultores promotores y algunos tres zonas ecol gicas para efectividad y sustentabilidad t cnicos que participan a los cursos de identificar las formas m s formaci n de facilitadores en Comit s de efectivas y sustentables Investigaci n Agricola Local CIAL s Numero de facilitadores de facilitadores de Escuelas de Campo de Agricultores ECA capacitados N mero de Escuelas de Campo ECAs piloto implementadas N mero de encuentros para intercambiar experiencias entre agricultores de la parte media y alta Numero de giras de observaci n para conocer nuevas experiencias entre agricultores Numero de tesis de grado Producir documentaci n efectiva an lisis e intercambio de conocimiento y experiencias entre interesados en desarrollo rural organizaciones de agricultores agencias de desarrollo instituciones de investigaci n gobiernos locales y centrales In Situ Conservar in situ las especies Aumento mantenimiento de las areas de 1 Mapas de distribuci n de las chacras 1 Numero de jovenes que participan en las Conservation of nativas y sus parientes cultivo seleccionadas en los sitios objetivos 1 Cuantidad de variabilidad nominal de actividades de conservac
349. lleve al abandono total del cultivo tradicional con la esperanza de aumentar el ingreso seguido por un colapso en el precio de venta dada una mayor Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 competencia a cambios en los gustos de los consumidores o a problemas de producci n por la aparici n de plagas o enfermedades no controlables Los procesos y resultados asociados con la conservaci n en finca de las variedades nativas en centros de diversidad de cultivos son complejos su causalidad no es ni clara ni obvia El marco presentado aqu es claramente una simplificaci n de estos temas y sus relaciones sin embargo el esquema presentado aqu puede ser valioso ya que permite reflexionar sistem ticamente sobre estos temas organizar nuestro conocimiento as como identificar brechas de conocimiento Suministrar intervenciones que conecten la conservaci n de la diversidad de cultivo con el mejoramiento en el bienestar de los agricultores no solo crea incentivos para que esta diversidad se mantenga y contin e generando servicios evolutivos simo que contribuye a hacer los procesos de conservaci n mas equitativos al alinear los intereses privados a corto plazo de los agricultores con los intereses p blicos a largo plazo de la sociedad El marco aqu presentado presenta una herramienta conceptual que permite a los cient ficos donantes formuladores de pol ticas y profesionales involucrados en los proyectos de cons
350. llo Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Jungle Low Mountains Ca ihua Canahua Qaniwa Peru Bolivia Kiwicha Achita Achis Coyo Peru Coimi Millmi Bolivia Sangoracha Atago Ecuador Quinua Ecuador Bolivia Jiura Bolivia High Mountains Medium Mountains High Mountains Kiuna Medium Peru Mountains High Mountains Coast Medium Mountains High Mountains Ma z Tarwi Peru Bolivia chocho chochito Ecuador and northern Peru ccequela Peru chuchus Bolivia Medium Mountains High Mountains Coast Low Medium Mountains Frejol una Pallar Mani Coast Low Mountains Calabaza Chiclayo Zapallo past j Low Mountains Coast Low Mountains Tomate oat Low Mountains Coast Rocoto Low Mountains Low Medium Mountains mw o Yunga quechua Granadilla Pepino dulce Camu camu Tomate de rbol j Low Mountains berenjena Medium sachatomate Mountains yuncatomate Mountains Jungle Coast Mountains Morphotype Morphotype Morphotype Suni puna Quechua suni yunga lake shores eastern slope Yunga quechua eastern slope Breed Breed Breed Breed Quechua lake shores Variety Yunga h l cere Variety Variety Variety Breed Breed Variety Variety Variety Ecotype Ecotype Ecotype Appendix G p 24 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Peru
351. local de agricultores Desarrollo de un marco para investigar el impacto de pr cticas no sostenibles relacionadas con el cultivo de granos andinos An lisis nacional de las estad sticas relacionadas con el cultivo procesamiento comercializaci n y uso de los cultivos de papa nativa peruana quinua ca ahua chocho oca olluco isano frijol lima que cubre el per odo 1998 2006 Desarrollo de un libro sobre los resultados de la fase en Per Posibilidad de establecer un mecanismo nacional auto sostenible que gu a todos los esfuerzos futuros en la conservaci n y el uso de granos andinos investigada Appendix G p 105 Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Promoci n de la cooperaci n en la gesti n de los NUS y sensibilizaci n sobre la importancia de NUS para los medios de subsistencia Movilizaci n de apoyo y recabar fondos para las actividades sobre los NUS Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Mayor conciencia de la importancia econ mica social nutricional y cultural de los NUS entre los diversos interesados a trav s de la televisi n la radio talleres jardines de demostraci n hojas informativas etc Difusi n de los resultados
352. loped agreed and approved in the first year ACEPLO partners community members trained through FFS since 2005 Andean roots organically grown by ACEPLO partners since 2005 Products processed locally at the processing plant since 2006 Andean roots and their derivatives certified as organic products from 2008 A 2 A O Promotion and marketing of Andean roots from the second year RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Appendix G p 34 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The production and commercialization of Andean roots would improve the quality of life of 200 families including members of the Association of Organic Producers and Processors of Agro biodiversity in the 10 communities where it operates DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION N A Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Peru Country Peru Organization CIP INIAP FEMUCAY MCKNIGHT Budget USS 800 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project funded by The McKnight Foundation was executed by the Yanapai Group from 2005 to 2009 with the cooperation of the International Potato Center CIP the National Institute for Agricultural Research INIA Huancayo the Chopccas Communities formed by 13 Populated Centers and 3 annex and Chopcca Sub basin Women s Organizations that belong to the Yauli FEMUCAY Peasant Women Federation The McKnight Foundation 2006b The aim of the project is to improve agricultura
353. ltados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n o Documentar diseminar y Documentar y diseminar lecciones Numero de promotores y l deres de las promocionar aplicaciones entre aprendidas y nuevas metodolog as s de comunidades locales formados los agentes de desarrollo rural Guardianes de Semillas 2 Documentos sobre las experiencias campesinas organizaci n de agricultores en fincas integrales agencias de desarrollo 3 Biblioteca M nima del Ambiente instituciones de investigaci n y 4 Guia para la capacitaci n de t cnicos y los pol ticos de lecciones promotores en la sistematizaci n de aprendidas y presentar conocimientos campesinos metodolog as prometedoras para facilitar a las comunidades a promover el inter s en la seguridad alimentaria a trav s de mejorar el manejo del sistema informal de semillas Removing Fortalecer el marco regulatorio 4 Marco regulatorio y de incentivos Documento Manual Pr ctico de Obstacles to y de incentivos para la Conservaci n Privada distribuido a los Direct Private conservaci n privada propietarios de las zonas piloto las Sector agencias de gobierno Participation in In situ Biodiversity Creaci n y Gesti n de reas Piloto 1 Planes de gesti n Conserv
354. lujo de semillas en las 3 3 Estrategias para la conservaci n de 3 Estregia de conservaci n in situ desarrollada regiones sur centro y norte del Altiplano germoplasma in situ a trav s de los CIALs 4 Establecimiento de un programa de 4 1 Estudio sobre la determinaci n de humedad y conservaci n a largo plazo y fortalecimiento temperatura para el almacenamiento de del programa de conservaci n a corto plazo semillas para la colecci n de germoplasma de quinua Appendix G p 109 Project Lupin Quinoa Sustainable production systems to guarantee food security in impoverished communities in the province of Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Mejora del programa de reproduccion de 1 1 quinua existente con instalaciones adecuadas y mecanizaci n y el 1 2 establecimiento de un enfoque moderno de fitomejoramiento Desarrollo de m todos para el manejo 1 3 integrado de plagas y enfermedades Establecer un programa de reproduccion y mejoramiento gen tico de la quinua utilizando herramientas modernas de reproducci n y biotecnolog a 1 4 1 5 Caracter sticas asociadas con resistencia a la 1 1 sequ a identificadas Tecnol
355. ly These confounding factors include farmer s characteristics such as ethnicity age and education agro ecological conditions agricultural assets labor availability including migration sources of income including government transfer programs social capital ability to engage and participate in different types of organizations with different purposes and specific conditions in the communities such as infrastructure history political environment etc These factors not only reflect local conditions and processes but also global trends For example increasingly migration remittances and non farm sources of income have become a reality of rural livelihoods with rural households having quite diversified livelinoods in terms of sources of income crops and domesticated animals While many of these factors may influence all of the three processes of interest there may be some that are only important for some e agro ecological heterogeneity is particularly important for decisions concerning crop diversity The conceptual framework also identifies the public benefits associated with crop diversity as a fundamental component of an on farm conservation project These benefits are taken into consideration by the location of the projects and this is the way we addressed the fourth question of the framework though we recognize that is a limited approach but the only feasible one given the limited knowledge about the relationship between crop divers
356. m on Environmental and Natural Resource Management Activities 1 Communal environmental management plans and pilot projects biological studies socio economic studies participatory design of management plans biodiversity sustainable management pilot projects 2 Establishment of a socio environmental information center for the indigenous territories of Pastaza construction of basic infrastructure purchase of hardware and software design of geographic information system linked to the socio environmental data base 3 Design and Implementation of a training program on environmental and natural resources management RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The area of intervention of the project circumscribed the territories of the Quichua communities of Yana Yacu Nina Amarun and Lorocachi located in the border area of the province of Pastaza Consisting of approximately 250 000 hectares of tropical rainforest characteristic of the Amazon region the global surface area of the three territories is home to a total of 300 indigenous Quichua inhabitants who fundamentally sustain their family economy through low productive agriculture hunting and subsistence fishing These territories are traversed by two important hydrographic basins the River Curaray to the north and the River Pinduc to the south Between these two water basins there is a mosaic of terrestrial forest ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems whose diversity could be considered one of the great
357. m to obtain good results improving other crops performance resilience and improving soil health Appendix G p 72 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Gender and culture are fundamental aspects in the Andean environment Women are often the most prepared on the history of how technologies in the communities were adopted and their development through time the seed selection and traditional conservation of local varieties and are aware of the ongoing loss of local biodiversity However they have less decision making power than men who usually focus on cash crops and practices that gain better outcomes in the short term Notably the question of gender issues and women empowerment in general has not received the due attention Despite the management of native Andean crops is for a relevant part carried out by women only 8 out of the 22 projects had a specific component addressed to gender empowerment Moreover it would be useful to enquire the result of these activities in terms of the social debate and the response of the community on this theme to understand if a long term impact of gender empowerment has been achieved In the case of indigenous organizations where collective action is an ancestral form of organization regulated by right and duties projects must be particularly careful in adapting to this settled institution Moreover cultural heritage and indigenous worldview is utterly important in the Andean context where the conc
358. ma como ellos acceden gestionan usan perciben consumen y o mercadean la diversidad de cultivo 4 Identificar y corregir por factores que son independientes de las intervenciones del proyecto pero que pueden afectar los resultados ocultando o exagerando sus impactos Enfoque Metodol gico El resultado de este estudio es un enfoque metodol gico que utiliza m todos de an lisis tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos y que pueden ser aplicados a otras situaciones y en otras regiones donde se planeen o requieran proyectos de conservaci n en finca Estos m todos van desde la investigaci n documental hasta investigaci n en campo Los m todos cualitativos involucraron una revisi n de la literatura relevante entrevistas con informantes clave y un an lisis de redes sociales El an lisis cuantitativo comprendi dos componentes Uno fue una parte descriptiva basada en encuestas para caracterizar a una muestra de hogares en t rminos socioecon micos reportando frecuencias medias y desviaciones est ndar de variables clave relevantes El segundo componente comprendi un an lisis econom trico para probar si estos seis proyectos pueden ser considerados exitosos basado en respuestas a cuatro preguntas 1 Aplican los agricultores las innovaciones suministradas por las intervenciones de los proyectos 2 Si es as la aplicaci n de estas innovaciones lleva a los agricultores a mantener niveles m s altos de diversidad de
359. mal para la producci n y distribuci n de semilla de buena calidad de los principales cultivos componentes de los sistemas de producci n de las comunidades Nin n Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico y Canchagua Promocionar y diversificar el consumo de los granos andinos quinua y chocho Ensayos sobre producci n de semilla poca de siembra manejos de plagas y enfermedades cosecha trilla secado almacenamiento Lotes de producci n de semilla Intercambio y distribuci n de semilla Talleres para identificar formas ancestrales de consumo y preparar nuevas recetas en base de quinua y chocho Estudio del sistema alimentario promoci n diversificaci n y monitoreo del consumo de quinua y chocho a nivel familiar y y qu noa de grano dulce 3 2 Semilla de las variedades seleccionadas multiplicada 3 3 Numero de nuevas variedades evaluadas 1 1 Numero de variedades gen ticamente mejoradas 1 1 Cuantidad de semilla de quinua y chocho purificada y multiplicada 3 1 Lotes y d as de campo para la difusi n dentro de la parroquia y en otras comunidades de la l nea de chocho seleccionada por el CIAL 2 1 Ensayos de diferentes cultivos del sistema de producci n evaluados con los CIALs de las cuatro comunidades Identificar aplicaciones An lisis bromatol gicos 1 1 Caracter sticas qu micas de variedades y l neas agroindustriales de variedades y Estudios amilogr ficos para identificar promisorias de quinua y
360. me Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Project Constant Native Crop Diversity Adoption Number of plots Spanish Sex household head Age head of household Education head of household Migration Labor availability Landholdings Par lal xy 1 NS 11 Nm MNus 3 34766 0 49387 0 093108 0 00805 0 121262 0 00594 0 284182 0 501767 0 098798 0 118582 0 643269 1 85804 0 115199 0 319629 1 246152 0 17757 0 026467 0 30662 0 286511 0 002853 0 008888 0 002864 0 011739 TA A TALA TA ES K K K K x K K K K K x K x K Ll Ls 1 230504 0 4187 0 115553 0 07012 0 00049 0 026207 0 397629 0 06751 0 01742 2 44615 1 82814 2 34996 1 103624 0 01461 0 0679 0 01971 0 38112 0 00913 0 03338 0 00241 0 026042 A AT kerr LK A x K x K K K x K x K 1 734173 0 431237 1 03594 0 021163 0 274804 0 20352 0 007487 0 124079 0 159382 0 13109 0 085318 2 78148 2 0678 1 53231 1 14176 1 705106 0 183564 0 00387 0 41995 0 310041 0 003733 0 0513 0 189087 0 003187 0 026635 K K K K K K x K x K 0 95421 0 44995 0 151598 0 01428 0 06465 0 36053 0 001 0 022237 0 249573 0 745063 0 002977 0 00747 0 23369 0 244972 2 582811 0 288988 0 027639 0 24357 0 031242 0 000732 0 00505 0 095662 0 003452 0 00756 x K K K X K K K x K Www
361. melight issues methods and approaches in enhancing sustainable conservation and use of Andean grains in Bolivia and Peru In Agrobiodiversity and Genetic Erosion Suppl issue of of Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics no 92 p 87 115 Scoones 1998 Sustainable rural livelihoods a framework for analysis IDS Working Paper 72 London Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2006 Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 Montreal 81 vii pages Sen A K 1999 Development as Freedom Oxford University Press New York Tapia M E and A de la Torre 1997 Women Farmers and Andean Seeds International Plant Genetic Resources Rome Tapia M E and A M Fries 2007 Gu a de campo de los cultivos andinos FAO ANPE Lima Tapia M E 2000 Cultivos andinos subexplotados y su aporte a la alimentaci n FAO Santiago Chile Tapia M E and N Mateo 1987 High mountain environment and farming systems In the Andean region of Latin America International Workshop on Mountain Crops and Genetic Resources Kathmandu Nepal The McKnight Foundation World Neighbors 2008 Promoting food security through legumes Workplan Summary for 2007 2008 The McKnight Foundation 20006b Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Peru Annual progress report 2005 2006 2006 2007 The McKnight Foundation 2006 Collaborative Crop Research Program Strengthening
362. ment intervention directly or indirectly intended or unintended They represent the changes in the lives of people as perceived by them and their partners at the time of evaluation plus sustainability enhancing change in their environment to which the project has contributed SELECTING INDICATORS Appendix G p 57 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Having set the definition of outputs outcomes and impacts it is important to understand how they can be measured which is generally done through the use of indicators International institutions fundamentally agree on the definition of indicators and the criteria for selecting them see Annex for detailed definition by different institutions Indicators are defined as quantitative or qualitative factors or variables that provide simple and reliable means to measure achievement reflect changes connected to an intervention or help assess the performance of a development actor Therefore indicators are increasingly important in summarizing the progress and direction taken by development related activities CGIAR 2008 Indicators can measure inputs outputs outcomes and impacts Input indicators measure the various financial and physical resources dedicated to a goal Output indicators measure and verify the production of outputs meaning the goods and services that are produced by the inputs They have quantity quality and time attributes Outcome indicators relate to t
363. ment of human and social capital of stakeholders to manage NUS and derive benefits from their use combined with strengthening of local identity Exploring the role of rural tourism in promoting NUS Improvement of availability knowledge and maintenance of genetic resource base Promotion of better policies and legal frameworks for the sustainable and equitable use of NUS O A Promoting cooperation in NUS management and raising awareness of the importance of NUS to livelihoods 8 Mobilization of support and raising funds for NUS activities Activities Phase 2 1 Assessment of the competitiveness of NUS 2 Assessment of nutritional values of NUS and their potential impact 3 Capacity building initiatives 4 Establishment of value addition strategies 5 Establishment of farmers associations 6 Activities to empower women 7 Community based initiatives to raise self esteem 8 Activities to raise awareness of role of NUS in peoples livelihoods 9 Activities to understand and promote rural tourism in the maintenance of diversity 10 Activities to improve availability of germplasm maintain indigenous knowledge and strengthen seed production systems 11 Solutions to improve policy and legal frameworks 12 Activities to raise public awareness among policy makers 13 Activities to raise awareness of the economic social nutritional and cultural importance of NUS 14 Enhancement of supply value chain of target species 15 Activities
364. mented and new projects are designed donors policy makers and practitioners need to have the conceptual and methodological tools to assess the success of their projects and the lessons learned and hence their investments This in turn should enable them to design and implement better projects that maintain crop diversity more effectively and deliver higher levels of well being to the farmers who maintain it The project entitled Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes Identifying Best Practices and Decision Support Tools was carried out between March 2010 and May 2012 to develop and test the necessary conceptual and methodological tools to deliver these results A Project Research Design The overall goal of the project was to strengthen the contribution of on farm conservation projects to improvements in livelihoods and food security in poor and or marginal areas The specific objective was to improve the ability of donors policy makers and practitioners to assess the extent to which on farm conservation projects have contributed to increased diversity on farm and to the creation of livelihood benefits that in turn encourage farmers to conserve diversity creating a feedback loop that ensures both diversity and its continuing benefit to present and future generations The objective was achieved by applying appropriate methodologies and approaches to a project design that deliver th
365. milar to maize Its starch is easily digested and is used jn foods for infants the elderly or people with digestive problems It also contains protein and minerals like calcium iron phosphorus and vitamin A This starch can be Canna edulls used in cakes muffins noodles as a thickener for soups dietary products as well as pharmaceutical and textile industry Its marginalization is due to agronomic limitations scarce promotion of its multiple properties and lack of technologies for large production vids Arracacha Arracacia xantorrhiza or Inca root is a species of Andean root which has TR replaced the potato in the diet of many Andean people In the areas where it is produced 4 4 A it is part of the basic family consumption basket where the leaves stem and root are i D E y Appendix G p 26 A Arracacia Xanthorrhiza Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 used in both human consumption and animal feed The most appreciated part is the root for its nice taste and important nutritional characteristics easily digestible starch high in calcium phosphorus and Vitamin A CONDESAN 1998 The crown of the root is used dairy cattle swine and small animals feed For these features arracacha is a crop that provides good economic prospects in the Andean countries The marginalization of this root depends on the socio economic context of its growers and secondarily on some agronomic constraints such as susceptibili
366. mineral extracts in the management of pests for the main crops of the Chopcca communities 7 Implementation of two Farmer Field Schools in Integrated Livestock Management 8 Study on soil quality in the chopcca community 9 Strengthening of the Women and Community Board of Directors RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The Chopcca community consists of 16 population centers located at or above 3 600 meters above sea level with 3 451 registered community members and a population of approximately 8 000 units distributed between the districts of Yauli in Huancavelica and Paucar in Acobamb province The Huancavelica Region is the poorest Appendix G p 35 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 department in Peru with 84 of the people living in poverty and 62 categorized as extremely poor The main sources of livelihood for these isolated communities are subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry mainly sheep Soil degradation is the most critical problem in the area Crops and pastures have become less productive as traditional land management techniques have been lost and population increases have led to intensification of land use Farmland is being degraded by erosion and crops are increasingly vulnerable to pests and diseases Research and development agencies are absent from the area DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION The Yanapai Group uses Participatory Research Action that involves the farmers in the research action
367. mplementing institution of each project and from the available project reports In particular to define the influence of an actor in the network the researchers asked the relevant key informants to gauge the intensity of the relationship with each actor involved in the network on a 1 to 4 scale In this way it was possible to assess which actors have contributed more to the achievement of relevant project outputs and outcomes It should be pointed out that ideally data should be collected from every network member through participatory activities or through questionnaires not just those in the implementing institution However due to timing and budgetary constraints this could not be done so that the researchers had to rely only on two sources of data e Secondary data from project reports These data allowed the researchers to map out all the actors involved in each project and their direct or indirect linkages to other actors in the network From this analysis of secondary data an overview of the relationships between different actors involved in each project and of the eventual interactions between different projects was developed e A survey of key project informants The survey was submitted to project leaders in order to validate and complement the information from secondary data Respondents were asked to add other missing actors relevant to the project The survey asked whether the relationship between the implementing instit
368. mportance of food consumption and nutrition in project interventions The ratings given to training in production and processing activities are consistent with the importance given the development on new products and processing practices Dissemination and promotion to foster the improved use conservation and management of target species The most common and highly rated promotional activities were the organization of fairs festivals and contests along with promotional campaigns through media and local shops Project reports and key informants highlighted the usefulness of fairs and festivals in gathering people from within and outside the communities to celebrate the diversity of target native species Also culinary contests were widely applied to foster the use of native species and cultivars by different people especially women Radio programs and press reports on the experience and results of projects were extensively used to reach a broad set of audiences Dissemination activities such as exchange visits seminars and conferences were also common and highly rated Appendix A p 24 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Findings from Interviews At the qualitative level there were a certain number of issues commonly raised by interviewees From the point of view of practitioners participatory approaches and the active engagement of farmers producers technicians and local organizations played an important role in project implementa
369. n Appendix G p 113 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n o Q comunidades andinas rurales Construir capacidades locales En las reas del programa al menos 15 para innovaci n agr cola que organizaciones comunitarias han emergido o mejore la salud del suelo y se han fortalecido en sus capacidades para contribuya a un sistema de comprometerse a un proceso de desarrollo alimentaci n m s sostenible y autodirigido enfocado en la seguridad productiva alimentaria 4 2 Numero de giras educativas y o Intercambios comunitarios 4 3 N mero de visitas de intercambio 4 4 Numero de talleres de capacitaci n para la formaci n de pir mide de liderazgo 4 5 Numero de reuniones comunales 4 6 Cognresos reuniones institucionales reunione en sub alcadias Mejorar la nutrici n materna Mujeres de los grupos participantes de 1 1 Numero de t cnicos capa
370. n finca as como la mayor a de los proyectos que utilizan la investigaci n para fomentar el desarrollo suelen involucrar m ltiples socios que juegan roles distintos tienen diferentes perspectivas e influyen sobre un proyecto de m ltiples maneras Las relaciones entre estos socios no deben ser consideradas en forma aislada o fragmentada sino como una red de actores que permiten implementar e influir sobre el xito o fracaso de un proyecto contribuyen a generar aprendizaje y facilitan alcanzar metas que hubieran estado fuera del alcance de una sola instituci n trabajando de manera aislada Una red de socios involucra a varios actores trabajando a diferentes escalas de lo local a lo global Estos actores traen consigo sus propias redes informales y contactos que pueden asimismo apoal proyecto Universidades centros de investigaci n nacional e internacional ONGs locales e internacionales organizaciones de base comunitaria el sector privado y organizaciones internacionales pueden cooperar en un proyecto para lograr su impacto final Los roles que estos actores pueden jugar dependen de su propia naturaleza y su capacidad para influir en el proceso de implementaci n del proyecto Es fundamental analizar a los actores de la red asociada a un proyecto tanto en la etapa de su planificaci n ex ante como despu s de su ejecuci n ex post En la primera etapa este an lisis permite a los ejecutores del proyecto identificar y v
371. n going political economic and social crisis has resulted in an increase in poverty particularly among the rural indigenous communities of the high Andes Cotopaxi has a high incidence of poverty 80 1 and chronic child malnutrition 60 6 Enhancing the production and utilization of nutritious and ecologically beneficial Andean crops can help Ecuadorian families to improve their nutrition and livelihoods and to enhance the sustainability of their soil resources DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION The base line has been defined through a Participative Rural Diagnosis Diagn stico Rural Participativo DRP and predefined surveys Topics such as present situation and vision of the future institutional presence agricultural biodiversity identification and prioritization of the main agricultural problems and levels of well being were covered The bromatological and nutritional analysis of quinoa and lupin shows the high value of these foods which could be very important for the country and the region within the strategies for food security and sovereignty Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinoa y ca ihua en Bolivia Country Bolivia Organization PROINPA Foundation Global Environment Facility GEF Bioversity International Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION Appendix G p 43 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The project was funded by the United Nations Env
372. n of activities Children for instance can be educated in appropriate seed cleaning and weevil management and effectively reproduce acquired knowledge with their parents Collaborations between projects and universities also led to the implementation of seminars master graduate and specialization courses in sustainable management of natural resources and in situ conservation Output indicators in this focal measure for instance the number of farmers that have acquired adopted new or better agronomic and production technologies the number of guides workshops courses experimental trials the rate of participation to activities but also the informal transfer of knowledge through meetings exchange of experiences between individuals or organizations and through the cultivation of interpersonal relations and curricula in education institutions Although basically all the projects studied had a component related to technology transfer or capacity building some of them were more developed under this area Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Proyecto Integral Candelaria Biodiversity of Andean tubers Native potato Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands Potato moth Lupin Quinoa Conservation of Biodiversity in Pastaza Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Manejo Conservaci n y Uso
373. n of an amazing diversity of microhabitats PACIFIC and species At different altitudes different types of vegetation are found Tropical wet and moist forests occur between 500 OCEAN and 1 500 meters Various types of cloud forests extend from 800 to 3 500 meters including the montane cloud forests 0 1000 yungas ceja de selva or ceja de la monta a that cover more Seance than 500 000 km in Peru and Bolivia and are among the richest 1Cl CABS ARGENTINA and most diverse on Earth At higher altitudes 3 000 4 800 a FR Se FAN January 005 meters grassland and scrubland systems reach up to the snow line The Andes holds in fact 84 out of the 103 ecosystems identified in the world and it is considered one of the eight principal centers of crop genetic diversity in the world ISNAR 1987 These include the p ramo in the humid northern Andes with thick and dark mountain vegetation growing on highly absorbent mosses cushion plants and other forms of vegetation Figure 1 www cepf net adapted to the cold and the drier cold southern Tropical Andes of the puna characterized by sub alpine and Appendix G p 8 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 steppe like grass species surrounded by herbs lichens mosses and ferns Some dry forests woodlands cactus stands thorn scrub and matorral complete this set of ecosystems Conservation International 2009 Many crops have originated from the Andes including potato
374. n projects a in delivering conservation and a livelihood outcomes ploversit y Identifying best practices and decision support tools THE MSKNIGHT FOUNDATION Final Technical Report March 2010 November 2012 Appendix B Publications Summary amp Training and Outreach Summary Submitted to the McKnight Foundation by Bioversity International December 2012 McKnight Project Code 09 1100 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00057 Maccarese Rome Italy Tel 39 06 6118336 Fax 39 06 61979661 Email m bellon cgiar org www bioversityinternational org Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 1 Publications Summary The following publications from the results obtained by the project have been produced 1 Factsheet 1 A Conceptual Framework for On Farm Conservation Projects 2 Hoja de divulgaci n 1 Un Marco Conceptual para Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca 3 Factsheet 2 Guidelines and Best Practices for On Farm Conservation Projects Designing and Evaluating Interventions 4 Hoja de divulgaci n 2 Instrucciones y Mejores Pr cticas para los Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca Dise ando y Evaluando las Intervenciones 5 Factsheet 3 Methodologies for Evaluating On Farm Conservation Projects 6 Hoja de divulgaci n 3 Metodolog as para la Evaluaci n de Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca 7 Factsheet 4 Network Analysis for Evaluating On Farm Conservation Projects 8 H
375. n selection In addition through the movement of the crop and determination of the location where it is planted seed systems influence the specific biotic and abiotic selection pressures the crop is exposed to such as 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 6 climatic conditions specific soils pests and diseases Gepts 2006 Nagarajan and Smale 2007 Pautasso et al 2012 vom Broke et al 2003 The agricultural systems that underpin on farm conservation tend to be open and dynamic as well as quite decentralized since farmers and communities make different and independent decisions in multiple locations environments and situations Bellon 2009 Gepts 2006 Perales et al 2003 These systems allow continuous evolution creating and re creating the crop diversity that exists today On farm conservation delivers evolutionary services The objective of on farm conservation is to maintain crop evolution and thus ensure the generation of new potentially useful genetic variation The outcome of on farm conservation then can be conceptualized as an evolutionary service to agricultural and food systems This service while implicit in the definitions and rationale for on farm conservation has not been explicitly conceptualized as such The idea of ecosystem se
376. n situ biodiversity conservation both public and private exist in Bolivian legislation an analysis of these instruments as they have been applied in practice revealed that most have failed to significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation INDICATORS The objective of this literature review is to analyze the indicators used in projects aimed at in situ conservation and understand the links between objectives activities implemented to achieve them and diversity and livelihood outcomes in order to trace a preliminary best practices pathway To achieve this result we have studied in detail the reports from the 26 in situ conservation projects The information we rely on to understand the links between activities outputs and outcomes is based on the indicators used in the projects to assess their results In specie we have focused our attention on indicators of change in diversity and livelihoods In order to retrieve this information we have analyzed in depth the projects reports Before proceeding to the analysis we introduce the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach which is used in the choice of relevant indicators MEASURING CHANGES The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SLA is a widespread framework used to evaluate the magnitude and mechanisms through which agricultural research can help improve the livelihoods of poor people Adato and Meinzen Dick 2002 The building blocks of livelihoods are called assets and they can be categorized
377. n take the form of organized events such as fairs competitions seminars and conferences but also through tours and exchange visits to share knowledge and techniques with other projects and communities Through promotion local regional or national population recognize and revaluate the benefits of native crops and their services tourism food genetic resources health while markets aknowledge their potential Dissemination is achieved through different media radio television newspapers fairs cooking festivals The radio seems the most effective mean to sensitize the rural and urban population and achieve greater dissemination of knowledge production and consumption However to reach the population best promotion activities must be well adapted to the local context School garden installations workshops and exhibitions also seem efficient means of promotion because they engage the local population However their effectiveness depends on the motivation of people to participate Cooking courses cookbooks degustation tests or seed and recipe contests are other common activities carried out in the projects These activities are also linked to actions involving promoters and conservationist leaders or women organizations through their active participation to household well being and to the community as a whole which help strengthen their self esteem and role in the communities In some cases the activities aimed at improving the policy and l
378. nal Grant No 09 1100 relationship with institutions local organizations and local government involvement in the activities should be strengthened Finally interesting interlinks between indicators of diversity and livelihood results support the hypothesis that the two domains are strongly intertwined and that projects outlining this relationship have great probability of achieving relevant outcomes REFERENCES Adato M and R Meinzen Dick 2002 Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework IFPRI FCND Discussion Paper 128 EPTD Agualtiplano 2003 Cultivos Andinos http infoagro net shared docs a5 cproandinos1 PDF Araujo N Muller R Nowicki C and Ibisch P 2005 An lisis de Vacios de Representitividad del Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas Fundaci n Amigos de la Naturaleza FAN Asociaci n Boliviana para la Conservaci n TROPICO Centro de Estudios y Proyectos CEP and Agencia N rdica para el Desarrollo y la Ecolog a NORDECO La Paz Ashley C and D Carney 1999 Sustainable Livelihoods Lessons from Early Experience Department for International Development London Bagolin P T Comim F 2005 The Capability Approach as an alternative to conventional social indicators Bellon M R 1997 Understanding farmer seed and variety systems on farm conservation as a process An analysis of its components In Sperling L Loevinsohn M editors Using Diversity Enhan
379. nary services that would not have occurred otherwise Answering positively to these questions will indicate that a project was successful This implies that farmers who apply the innovations provided by project interventions a maintain higher levels of crop diversity compared to those who do not apply them and b that those farmers who maintain higher levels of crop diversity obtain additional benefits from this diversity compared to those with lower diversity These implications can be tested empirically This requires on the one hand clear and measurable indicators of adoption significant levels of diversity and relevant well being and on the other a proper set of comparisons Answering the first three questions is quite straight forward although it requires the appropriate methods and design However as indicated earlier the answer to question 4 is still quite difficult since the functional relationship between levels of crop diversity and the generation of evolutionary services is little understood although a simple principle may be that under uncertainty more is better than less Then by placing on farm conservation projects in known areas with high levels of crop diversity we insure that public benefits are delivered An example from Bolivia on farm conservation of quinoa and ca ahua To illustrate how the framework can be made operational in concrete situations we use observational data from an on farm conservation pro
380. nd other donors were selected from these projects Appendix A Table 1 During the grant s second year the team focused on assessing the impact of this sample of specific on farm conservation projects and then developed a set of conceptual and methodological tools to design on farm conservation projects to deliver impact and measure it In April 2012 an end of project meeting in Rome brought together representatives from the institutions implementing the six projects that constituted the case studies and external experts to discuss the overall results and the methodological and policy implications The project due to end in February 2012 was ultimately extended until the end 4 Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 of November 2012 Please see Section Il C of this document for further information and the accompanying Final Financial Report budget narrative for commentary on how this was reflected in the budget expenditure In this last phase of the project Dr Mauricio Bellon was able to attend the McKnight Foundation s Community of Practice meeting in Ecuador in July 2012 which provided an opportunity to share insights from the project with other McKnight beneficiaries and peers A number of dissemination materials and peer reviewed papers were also developed to share valuable insights and key methods from the project a Model for assessing success A simple model was developed to assess the success of on farm conservation
381. nd through fairs in Charahuayto and Pocanche e Proyecto Integral Altiplano e Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha e Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinoa y ca ihua en Bolivia 1 The United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from the 3 to the 14 of June 1992 Appendix G p 13 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 o IFAD NUS Bolivia e Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA The department of La Paz is located in the inter Andean valleys close to the Eastern split of the Altiplano region The most important microcenter of biodiversity in the area is the subtropical Yungas basically constituted by mountain jungles it offers great environmental diversity along different altitudinal zones forests at the base forests on the slopes and other forests and pastures on the peaks The climate is warm and humid with dry winter seasons heavy summer rains and winter snowfalls at higher altitudes Historically the Yungas have been the center of migration from southern Peru a situation accentuated in the past 40 years by migration from La Paz itself Oruro Potosi and Chuquisaca In the past the establishment of thousands of Aymara and Quechua colonies has favored the movement of roots and other species up and down the Los Yungas All this genetic movement occu
382. ndes of Ecuador Bolivia and Peru we used SNA to examine six projects that supported on farm management of native crop diversity and sought to increase livelihood benefits derived from it This analysis was done only ex post since ex ante data and information were not available Network Structure The measures of interest for the Andean study regard the concept of network centrality which refers to the position of a network actor relative to other actors Relationships between a pair of actors can be reciprocal two way or univocal only one way The analysis centres on relationships among different organizations and institutions and not among particular people In this analysis there are three important parameters for network centrality degree of centrality closeness centrality and betweenness The study focused on the first two measures and did not apply the closeness measure because the researchers lacked sufficient information on the relationship between all the different pairs of actors in the network and only had access to information from the point of view of the implementing institution Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Degree of centrality of an actor is the number of other actors to which it is adjacent lt represents how much an actor is well connected how many choices it has received and therefore how central it is in the network It is a measure of local centrality because it ignores
383. ndix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 11 assuming that livelihood benefits increase with increased specialization but with a concomitant decrease in the level of crop diversity point B This could be seen as the conventional view of the relationship between crop diversity and agricultural change that assumes a trade off between these two outcomes It should be stressed that we are not assuming a causal relationship between these two outcomes but just representing a trend that is commonly assumed The actual causal relationship 1s complex and contextual Figure 1b presents a hypothetical relationship between a metric that summarizes the level of crop diversity present in a landscape and the public benefits that this diversity generates such as the option values associated with maintaining crop evolutionary processes evolutionary services Obviously this relationship is quite complex and we know very little about the actual functional form that may relate these two outcomes but for argument s sake we assume a sigmoid shape There may be no benefits relevant for humans below a minimum threshold of crop diversity Once this threshold is passed then additional diversity contributes positively to the evolutionary services generated by crop diversity but probably at a decreasing rate up to a point where no additional benefits are produced and a plateau is reached Assuming compatible scales in the crop diversity metric in both fi
384. ned by the lack of systematization of projects experiences From this first analysis we reckon that the success of projects partly depends on how their objectives and therefore implementation fit in a specific ecosystem culture and dynamics of the communities Despite the lack of significant results in terms of income projects can be successful in improving nutrition and diets the soil fertility and health awareness on sustainability issues maintaining and improving the relation between communities and their natural resources and the recovery and increase of Andean agrobiodiversity In situ conservation in the Andes is carried out by farmers in remote areas with poor economic soil and water resources They keep diversity alive and support its evolution through many traditional forms of cultivation inherited or rescued from ancestors Among the most important aspects of the conservation of agrtobiodiversity in the region is that the understanding of the Andean worldview relationships and boundaries is a condition sine qua non for the success of conservation projects During all stages of the design and implementation of activities generation and transfer of technology and the promotion and dissemination farmer participation should be active and voluntary so that these activities have serious prospects of full acceptance by communities and larger adoption Also aspects that improve the projects Appendix G p 73 Bioversity Internatio
385. ng to the Capacity of agricultural and food systems to adapt to change It depends on the active participation of farmers and the existence of incentives to do so A large amount of crop diversity and associated evolutionary processes are still retained in developing countries by smallholder farmers particularly in centers of crop domestication and Crop diversity The number of distinct populations of a particular crop species recognized and managed by a farming household or community Project intervention activities carried out by a project that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity Outputs The products or processes produced by a project or intervention Outcome The result of a complex process In the context of a project refers to the result of the use or adoption of project outputs Incentive An encouragement whether moral persuasive or monetary that motivates an individual to perform an action Livelihood benefits The private benefits that farmers and their households derive directly from crop diversity maintain in their agricultural system e g food security diversity Maintaining nutrition income safety net cultural identity crop diversity on farm il ee SUBIR J ii ocietal Denetits The public benefits that society
386. ngibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Programa Colaborativo Biodiversidad De Ra ces Y Tub rculos Andinos RTAs una intervenci n Manejo in situ de RTAs y preservaci n de recursos naturales Producci n y distribuci n de semilla de calidad Aplicaciones agroindustriales y producci n artesanal de elaborados de RTAs Identificaci n de microcentros de diversidad y conservaci n in situ de RTAs Evaluaci n y promoci n de varias especies de RTAs en sistemas forestales para manejo y conservaci n de suelos en cuatro comunidades de la Cuenca alta del r o Pastaza Manejo integral de la biodiversidad de RTAs en Ecuador Producci n y distribuci n de semilla de melloco blanco jaspeado y conformaci n de n cleos semilleros Limpieza viral a trav s de termoterapia m s cultivo de meristemas en clones promisorios de mayor aceptabilidad de melloco y zanahoria blanca Aplicaciones agroindustriales en base a par metros importantes identificados en RTAs Inventario desarrollo y transferencia de tecnolog a para la producci n artesanal de elaborados a partir de zanahoria blanca melloco y oca Microcentro de diversidad y conservaci n in situ de RTAs identificado Numero de ferias de Conservaci n de Semillas organiza
387. nistro d as de campo 1 3 Estudio conjunto con la Asociaci n Agro Industrial de Cereales Andina sobre los beneficios de cultivo y los costos de producci n Acciones impulsadas por la 1 Mejoramiento en la transformaci n local de 1 1 An lisis de los valores nutricionales de 1 5 Tecnolog a de procesamiento comunidad para mejorar la los granos andinos ca ahua en la producci n de donuts y 1 6 Iniciativa conjunta con el Municipio de La Uni n generaci n de ingresos otros snacks en el uso de granos de amaranto para la ayuda 1 2 Estudio sobre el uso de harina de quinua alimentaria como sustituto del trigo 1 7 Programa piloto con el Municipio de El Collao 1 3 Diagn stico del sector de 1 8 Tesis con la Universidad UNA Puno sobre la comercializaci n de granos andinos en mejora de la transformaci n industrial de la Puno y Juliaca quinua 1 4 Estudio de mercado Acciones dirigidas al mercado 1 Encuesta sobre las fili res de quinua 1 1 An lisis de las empresas locales dedicadas a la comercializaci n y limitaciones amaranto y ca ahua transformaci n de la quinua el amaranto y la de la demanda 2 Capacitaci n talleres locales para los ca ahua miembros de la Comunidad 2 1 Curso de capacitaci n sobre la producci n y 3 Exposiciones competiciones comercializaci n de granos andinos 4 An lisis de costo beneficio de la 2 2 M todos para la evaluaci n y la cosecha de la comercializaci n de ca ahua y sus productos quinua 2 3 Cursos sobre t
388. nitor and evaluate the progress of the project Activities 1 Revaluation of farmers know how in production systems management 2 Research and implementation of new practices for strengthening the production systems green manure new crop varieties water harvesting system 3 Quinoa and lupin lines development in greenhouses Experimental Station and in fields Quinoa and lupin promising lines participatory evaluation through trial verification production and strain liberation tests 2 Bromatological analyses and development of products based on germinated fermented and extruded quinoa 3 Development of products based on germinated fermented and extruded quinoa Development of products milk yogurt from the best lines of lupin 5 Seed production trials purification and multiplication seed production plots seed exchange and distribution 6 Workshops for identifying ancestral forms of consumption and for preparation of new recipes based on quinoa and lupin study of the food system promotion diversification and monitoring of the quinoa and lupin home and community consumption in Nin n Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico and Canchagua 7 Study of the food system promotion diversification and monitoring of quinoa and lupin consumption at family and community levels 8 Lectures at public and private schools radio and newspaper advertising 9 Feasibility study for two micro enterprises RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Ecuador s o
389. northern oe Ol Mie Bolivia mainly in the northern Peruvian Andes particularly in the departments of val i A f et Cajamarca and La Libertad Agricultural techniques are the same as those used with elt common beans In the Andes it is almost always planted with corn to let it climb up its IN stalks In the northern and central Peruvian Andes the nu as are prepared as the yr y popcorn Nutrient levels are similar to those of beans and the protein content is around 22 Its yields can be erratic and compared with other bean varieties it is relatively Phaseolus Vulgaris S susceptible to pests and diseases Green manure and legumes integrating agronomic and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern Potosi Country Bolivia Organization World Neighbors McKnight Foundation Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project was implemented by World Neighbors from 2005 to 2009 addressing three problems high levels of extreme poverty food insecurity and malnutrition declining soil fertility and agricultural productivity and lack of institutional mechanisms and support for farmers The McKnight Foundation 2008 The areas of implementation are the Municipalities of San Pedro de Buena Vista Sacaca and Acasio in Northern Potos Bolivia The aim of the project was to educate marginalized communities to improve food security through research in the cultivation of legumes tha
390. nt of the implementation and outcomes of the projects These included focus group discussions and a household level questionnaire with a sample of project participants and non participants in the project implementation areas The questionnaire elicited information on 1 family demographics education occupations and migration 2 land tenure landholdings and plot quality 3 gender 4 animal holdings and ownership of agricultural assets 5 access to information and social networks 6 participation in government and non governmental programmes and 7 housing and access to public infrastructure For each project the specific interventions had been previously identified Information on participation in the interventions was compiled in a form noting whether or not they were applied and if so rating their usefulness In addition and depending on the nature of the project there were specific forms for crop diversity crop consumption crop management and perceptions of well being These modules were adjusted according to the diversity and livelihood outcomes that each project aimed to achieve The questionnaire included information on several socio economic locational and environmental confounding factors that were used to correct for observed differences among the two groups The sampling framework had to be adjusted to the conditions of implementation of each project since each project had its own characteristics Table 5 in Appendix A present
391. nters of crop domestication and diversity Brush 2004 Jarvis et al 2008 Zimmerer 2010 The recognition of this de facto conservation of crop diversity has led to a growing interest in on farm conservation of landraces in centers of crop diversity Bellon et al 1997 Bretting and Duvick 1997 Brush 2004 Gepts 2006 On farm conservation refers to the maintenance of landraces in farmers fields and orchards where they originated and aims at maintaining the processes of crop evolution Brush 2004 These processes generate new potentially useful genetic variation that contributes to maintaining the capacity of agricultural and food systems to adapt to change particularly if that change is unpredictable Bellon 2009 The processes depend on the interaction between the genetic diversity of the relevant crop the environments in which is grown and the farmers preferences incentives knowledge management practices and social organization Bellon et al 1997 On farm conservation then is about conserving socio biological processes not particular landraces or varieties While de facto conservation of diverse landraces on farm continues for many crops in their centers of diversity allowing farmers to derive multiple benefits Brush 2004 Jarvis et al 2011 it also faces challenges There are increasing incentives associated with new opportunities brought about by economic development and cultural change that encourage smallh
392. ntion and control group start out with the same conditions Cook 2000 Random assignment experiments have gained great support in development circles lately e g Banerjee and Duflo 2011 however this approach also has technical limitations Barahona 2010 Deaton 2010 and has raised certain social and ethical concerns Stern et al 2004 Alternative non experimental methods using statistical tools such as selection models Heckman 2000 are available A type of these methods relies on comparing differences within and between groups such as within the same group before and after interventions take place or within and between participant and non participant groups before and after interventions take place Using these methods requires a careful design and collection of data before baseline and after interventions take place Another type is the method of instrumental variables which takes into account the potential presence of correlation between the participation and the unobserved components that may influence the participation Caliendo and Hujer 2006 It consists in identifying a variable which determines treatment participation without directly influencing the outcome The causal effect among treatment and outcome can be identified exploiting the variation in the selected instrumental variable Appendix A p 38 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 In the case of the six projects analyzed here and because project interventions we
393. ntre la diversidad de cultivos mantenida por un hogar o una comunidad se llevan a cabo intervenciones para cambiar la trayectoria descendente aminorando de esta manera la reducci n en la diversidad de cultivo y por ende en los beneficios p blicos asociados comparado con el escenario 1 Debido a que la relaci n entre la diversidad de cultivos y los beneficios p blicos no es lineal y que a altos niveles de de diversidad de cultivos los beneficios p blicos pueden alcanzar un nivel de estancamiento su p rdida puede ser poco consecuente Esto indica que a ciertos niveles de diversidad de cultivo es posible reducir esta diversidad con poco o sin costo alguno en beneficios p blicos y por lo que no todas las p rdidas de diversidad de cultivo pueden ser socialmente inaceptables El escenario 3 presenta una situaci n que muchos pueden considerar ideal donde la diversidad de cultivo es mantenida en su nivel original generando todos los beneficios p blicos asociados junto con un mayor bienestar para la comunidad Finalmente el escenario 4 presenta el peor de los casos con una trayectoria en la cual la diversidad de cultivos y los beneficios p blicos asociados y los beneficios privados de una comunidad se reducen Esto podr a corresponder a cambios en el ambiente econ mico y social que llevna al abandono de la diversidad de cultivos pero sin ning n beneficio privado asociado Por ejemplo la introducci n de un nuevo cultivo que
394. ntroduction The diversity of crops cultivated by humans has been and continues to be a fundamental component of our food supply necessary for good nutrition and essential to confront the future challenges of feeding nine billion people under the effects of climate change Crop diversity at the phenotypic and genotypic levels provides humans with different and nutritious foods and other products and services and in particular allows farmers and scientists to adapt crops and farming systems to heterogeneous and changing environments a fact attested by the diffusion of a great number of crops from their centers of origin to completely new and different environments The conservation of crop diversity has been a 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 3 worldwide concern for many decades particularly due to the worry that a great amount of this diversity would disappear through genetic erosion with agricultural and economic development Brush 2004 Gepts 2006 This concern has led to the collection and conservation of seeds and planting material in gene banks 1 e ex situ conservation Gepts 2006 While genetic erosion has occurred in certain crops and certain areas still a large amount of crop diversity 1s present in developing countries and grown by smallholder farmers particularly in ce
395. o be addressed including virus infection and susceptibility to pests and diseases Biodiversity of Andean tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands Country Peru Organization University of Cuzco CRIBA Peru McKnight Foundation Budget USS 872 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION Funded by the McKnight Foundation and implemented by the University of Cuzco CRIBA the project has been running from 1995 to 1999 and was renewed for a second phase from 2001 to 2005 The aim is to improve the biodiversity of Andean tubers by applying sustainable practices documenting traditional knowledge and uses and translating it into a larger scale The McKnight Foundation 2006 Combining biology agronomy and Appendix G p 32 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 social sciences this project worked with farmers from six villages to understand how they traditionally have conserved genetic resources through their cropping systems and to help them manage the weevil pests The researchers developed a system of integrated pest management studied the genetic diversity of the tubers and worked with conventional and marker assisted breeding methods to improve the nutritional content storage and marketing of the tubers Specific objectives 1 To strengthen the factors which contribute to a sustainable conservation and utilization of oca ulluco mashw
396. o de informes capacitaci n 1 N A Eventos de capacitaci n organizadas Porcentual de la poblaci n intervenida Hombres y mujeres de mbitos intervenidos Numero de l deres formados capacitados en organizaci n gesti n Manuales tecnolog a y mercado Formaci n de l deres locales Sistematizaci n y difusi n de resultados Investigadores y comuneros han 1 1 Numero de variedades de papas nativas identificado caracterizado y valorado las caracterizadas morfologicamente diferentes variedades y ecotipos de papa 1 2 Numero de variedades de papas nativas nativa de 12 comunidades campesinas del identificadas por los campesinos mbito del proyecto productores de papas nativas en otras Investigadores y comuneros han estudiado comunidades y caracterizadas de mejorado validado y difundido a 600 acuerdo a criterios locales familias campesinas labores culturales 1 3 Diagn stico de los problemas que adecuadas pr cticas sanitarias oportunas y afectan a los cultivos y a los agricultores t cnicas de almacenamiento apropiadas para 1 4 Numero de experimentos campesinos las variedades y ecotipos de papas nativas con los agricultores campesinos identificadas 1 5 Cuantidad distribuida de semilla adquirida de varias comunidades campesinas remotas Appendix G p 86 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son pro
397. o de toma de decisiones en finca Concursos de agrobiodiversidad de Cultivos Andinos N mero de j venes capacitados Academia de turismo en Santiago de Okola Numero de itinerarios tur sticos Taller dedicado a la gastronom a local Museo local de la agrobiodiversidad Numero de gu as locales formadas Visitas a Ecuador para compartir experiencias con el trabajo de UCODEP en el ecoturismo Iniciativas conjuntas con las tiendas de la compa a Alexander P gina web Publicaci n cient fica para difundir las conclusiones de los trabajos sobre turismo rural Appendix G p 96 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Mejora de la disponibilidad el conocimiento y el mantenimiento de la base de recursos gen ticos miembros de la comunidad publicaciones espec ficas salidas etc Productos no tangibles incluyen el empoderamiento de los miembro
398. o determine the diversity of native potato cultivated in Candelaria The unit of analysis is the farmer s field considered as an agro ecosystem in which potential and threats are identified as well as the relationship with the surrounding environment market traders agro industry municipalities etc 3 PROYECTO INTEGRAL ALTIPLANO Country Bolivia Peru Organization INIAP CIP IPGRI SDC Budget Total cost of the Collaborative Programme USS 9 6 million in 10 years DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The main objective of the project was to enhance the mechanisms of conservation and use of the biodiversity of Andean tubers in the family system of farmers in the Bolivian Peruvian altiplano tracking the flow of seed of RTAs from farmplots to their final destination and documenting their relationship to traditional fairs management strategies Andean worldview and use in rural diets The project is developed around three lines of action 1 Identification of the dynamics of conservation of Andean tubers in Yunguyo Puno Peru 2 Production of high quality seed of Andean tubers return and control in their areas of origin Copacabana Escoma Bolivia 3 Conservation and use of Andean roots and tuber in the region kallawayas Bolivia Specific objectives Returning native genetic materials to their home areas after cleaning them from viral threats Understanding the dynamics of conservation micro centerss dynamics through the inventory of
399. o raise awareness of the links between these concepts and strengthen actions directed at their improvement In fact the analysis of project reports and interviews showed that among the main obstacles to adequate adoption and dissemination of project results were the lack of systematic impact assessments the sudden withdrawal of funds and support by donors when the end of the project has been reached and limited dissemination because the results achieved were not easily replicable or because they were limited to single communities for lack of funding and time to implement them elsewhere C Network analysis Research and development projects often rely on a network of partners that work on different scales from the local to the global and levels across the project impact pathway Through partnerships implementers are able to achieve goals that would have been beyond the scope of a single institution working in isolation Partners also bring their own informal networks and contacts to support the established partnership Thus universities national and international research centres local and international NGOs community based organizations the private sector and international organizations can all cooperate within the same project for the achievement of the grant s final impact playing however very different roles determined by their diverse nature and degree of power in influencing the process Understanding the network s structures depictin
400. obal Environment Facility Budget USS 763 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This project was developed between 2003 and 2005 by the Inter institutional Network of Specialists in Environmental Management which incorporates the Quichua Institute of Biotechnology IQBSS the Amazon Environmental Institute of Science and Technology Amazanga IACYT A the Technological Center of Amazon Resources and the Omaere Foundation The network is a combination of local NGOs that work on environmental issues in the province of Pastaza and technicians from the Quechua communities GEF 2006 The area of intervention of the project circumscribed the territories of the Quichua communities of Yana Yacu Nina Amarun and Lorocachi located in the border area of the province of Pastaza The goal of the project was to contribute to global ecological equilibrium and maintenance of biological diversity through the conservation and sustainable use of the resources of the Amazon forest in the province of Pastaza Specific objectives 1 To conserve and attain in situ management of the ecosystems and biodiversity of the Amazon forest in the territories of the indigenous communities of Pastaza through the implementation of three components design and application of Management Plans in three community territories establishment of a Socio Environmental Information Center for the Indigenous Territories of Pastaza design and implementation of a Capacity Building progra
401. ocales mediante la formaci n de l deres campesinos Determinar y difundir las tecnolog as agron micas m s apropiadas que permitan incrementar la calidad y productividad de las variedades y ecotipos de papa nativa identificadas en 12 comunidades Quechuas altoandinas de la provincia de Canchis Cusco Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar Productos Generados Se OS Mercado en fresco caracterizado 1 1 Desarrollo actual y potencial de los mercados Limitantes de poscosecha Identificados cuantificado cuantificado 1 2 Estudio sobre segmentaci n del mercado y Desarrollo de alternativas tecnol gicas preferencias en presentaci n del producto Promoci n y difusi n 2 1 Numero de informes 3 1 Propuesta para disminuir p rdidas empaque t cnicas de manipuleo almacenamiento 4 1 Manuales t cnicos sobre tecnolog a de poscosecha de arracacha rallado de arracacha 4 2 P gina Web sobre lecciones aprendidas sobre mercadeo de productos de agroindustrias rurales competitividad de AIR Diagn stico de necesidades locales de Numer
402. oduction if prices were available we calculated the gross revenues from Given that many farmers planted several varieties in one plot and hence a specific area could not be associated with a specific variety available data cannot allow us to calculate other types of diversity indices that take into account both richness and evenness such as the Simpson index 12 We used this index because given the high diversity of crops many perennial it was very difficult to create an index based on consumption and marketing Furthermore the UNORCAC partner explicitly requested the use of this index Appendix A p 39 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 marketing The target crops were potatoes Peru ITDG and potatoes olluco oca and mashua Peru CRIBA c For Bolivia we use the quantity of quinoa and ca ahua consumed and marketed by the household from its production since selling prices were available we calculated the gross revenues from marketing The processes of the adoption of a basket of innovations provided by multiple interventions by a household its management of crop diversity and the levels of well being it experiences are complex and are influenced by many different factors simultaneously which in turn can hamper the identification and measurement of the relationships among these three processes and hence have to be taken into account and corrected for in order to be able to answer these three questions correct
403. oduction system differs according to ethnicity mestizos have a market oriented production system contrasting with the subsistence oriented production system of indigenous people Shuaras The high biodiversity in the area is being lost mainly to deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Diagnostic work showed that the preservation of plant genetic resources used by the Shuar requires complementary conservation methods which involve a combination of in situ and ex situ methodologies OTHER Seguimiento y ampliaci n de la rehabilitaci n de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha Country Ecuador Organization FURARE Fundacion Rainforest Rescue UNDP Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This project aimed to retrieve forest biodiversity through sustainable management of livestock farms in the communities of Nuevo Mundo and Ganaderos Orenses northern Pichincha through analog forestry This is a system which seeks to establish analog ecosystems with architectural structures and ecological functions similar to the original climax or sub climax vegetation It also seeks to strengthen rural communities socially and economically through the use of species that provide commercial products ITACAB 2002 Implemented between 1998 and 2000 the project aimed to increase biodiversity and create biological corridors to ensure environmental stabili
404. of germplasm collections regeneration and multiplication 2 Consolidation of storage systems 3 Diversity fairs identification of diversity microcentres inventories and characterizaiton of agrobiodiversity Visits to the National Germplasm Bank High Andean Grain BNGA establishment of community banks Participatory assessments follow up on family farms Agrobiodiversity Contests Exchange of experience and traditional knowledge Genetic improvement seed distribution selection of ca ahua accessions with forage potential Market links 10 Participation in fairs for the promotion and dissemination of information promotion on radio and oe a oY SS television programs publications 11 Staff and farmers training RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The intervention develops from the need for the National Germplasm Bank to give continuity to the activities for the conservation and consolidation of germplasm of High Andean Grains through different methodologies and increasing the usability of the accessions DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION N A Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Organica en el Peru Country Peru Organization Instituto Nacional de Investigaci n y Extensi n Agraria INIEA Scanagri NIRAS Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The general objective is to improve the production and marketing systems of quinoa with the aim of contributing to the security of food supply income generation and environmental p
405. ogias de cosecha y post cosecha de quinua mejoradas Potencial agroindustrial de la quinua y opciones de mercado evaludas Programas de capacitaci n y difusi n de la informaci n implementados Desarrollo de componentes para la producci n sostenible y comercializaci n de la quinua Mejoramiento de los programas de extensi n con el objetivo de fomentar la capacidad de la poblaci n rural para el desarrollo econ mico y la autosuficiencia nutricional Definici n de la l nea base del proyecto en 2 1 Nin n Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico y Canchagua y Canchagua Fortalecer los sistemas de 1 producci n de las comunidades Nin n Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico y Canchagua 2 Revalorizaci n del saber campesino en el mediante el mejoramiento y manejo de sistemas de producci n promoci n de la quinua y el 3 Investigaci n e implementaci n de nuevas chocho pr cticas para fortalecer los sistemas de 2 2 producci n 4 Parcelas demostrativas sobre manejo de 3 1 Biodiversidad Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Numero de h bridos de genotipos 1 6 desarrollados Estudio de los aspectos gen ticos 1 1 b sicos para la reproducci n de la quinoa Estudio agron mico y morfol
406. oja de divulgaci n 4 An lisis de Redes para Evaluar Proyectos de Conservaci n en Fincas 9 Bellon M R Gotor E and Caracciolo F Conserving landraces improving Livelihoods A framework for assessing the success of on farm conservation projects scientific paper submitted to Economic Botany 10 Bellon M R Gotor E and Caracciolo F Assessing the contribution of on farm conservation projects of crop biodiversity to resilient agricultural and food systems Evidence from the High Andes of South America draft scientific paper under circulation to peers for comments Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 2 Training and Outreach Summary Non degree March Bolivia Mauricio Proinpa Assessing the impact of training for 2011 ee Bellon and Conservation and Livelihood researchers Peru Elisabetta Proinpa Outcomes sampling Gotor Strategies Proinpa researchers Non degree June Vicenza Eva Schiffe Elisabetta Gotor Network mapping training for 2011 Italy researchers Non degree Gen Rome Elisabetta Genowefa Blundo Network mapping training for Dec 2011 Gotor Canto PhD questionnaire development Students candidate MSc candidate and statistical analysis Workshops for August Bolivia Vivian Polar Farmers in the Workshop of field work farmers 2011 project selected activities and FGD results communities Victor Barrera Workshops for April Rome Mauricio Scientists policy Methods results and Scientists
407. older farmers to stop growing crop diversity on farm Bellon 2004 Zimmerer 2010 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 4 Furthermore it would be unfair to expect smallholder farmers who tend to be poor to maintain crop diversity for the long term benefit of society at the expense of new opportunities that may enhance their personal or family wellbeing in the short term Therefore in many situations outside interventions projects are needed to maintain the viability and fairness of on farm conservation In the last two decades there have been many projects worldwide to support on farm conservation implemented by many different types of institutions national and international NGOs farmers organizations universities international research organizations and supported mainly by foundations and international organizations These projects have yielded important insights into the role of farmers in the process their reasons for maintaining crop diversity on farm and the threats they face They have also piloted numerous interventions to support on farm conservation However there has been very little systematic assessment of the extent to which these projects have actually produced on farm conservation outcomes in terms of maintaining or increasing crop diversity on farm including farm
408. ologies for Evaluating On Farm Conservation Projects Appendix H B Results Network analysis From the network analysis we gathered some interesting insights into the types of partnerships and actors involved in the six on farm conservation projects we analyzed in the Andean region Table 4 in Appendix A factsheet Network Analysis for Evaluating On Farm Conservation Projects Appendix H Network centrality differs from project to project however it is rather high both in degree and betweenness Most project activities are developed by the implementing institution with few key partners usually in a centralized network with one or two focal points The type of link prevailing in the network is exchange of information dissemination activities were in fact carried out by all projects and include both sharing information with single institutions and organizations and promotion events that link different actors Research for development projects seem to focus on research activities with universities and private institutions while projects aimed at rural development focus on training activities and dissemination of information Interventions participation assessment and application Tables 6 and 7 in Appendix A present the results in terms of participation and adoption of innovations provided by interventions among the six projects studied Each project implemented between 13 and 22 interventions and the results show that 7
409. om a de los gorgojos Determinacino de la biolog a y del comportamiento de gorgojos de oca y olluco Manejo integrado de los gorgojos Difusi n de conocimientos y capacitaci n para promover la conservaci n de la agro biodiversidad y la seguridad alimentaria Promocionar la conformaci n y o fortalecimiento de grupos semilleros conservadores del germoplasma Realizar un seguimiento t cnico de los cultivos de germoplasma y aplicaci n de metodolog a de selecci n de semillas locales con fines demostrativos Seguimiento t cnico del cultivo y demostraci n de t cnicas de conservaci n y producci n Mejoramiento de los sistemas de almacenamiento Aplicaci n de la agricultura org nica en las comunidades ind genas para fortalecer la producci n de las ra ces andinas Fortalecimiento de los procesos de transformaci n Promoci n y comercializaci n de ra ces 1 1 Taxonomia de gorgojos estudiada a trav s de muestras de campo y espec menes de museo Estudio diagn stico del estado de las plagas de oca olluco mashua en las aldeas de P oques Chumpi y Sayllafaya Nematodos entomopat genos Heterorhabditis investigados Encuesta participativa para los nematodos en la comunidad de Picol Numero de variedades de papas locales recolectadas Numero de parcelas para la caracterizaci n y multiplicaci n de cultivos del germoplasma recolectado en Azuay Ca ar Planes agro ecol gicos Numero de variedades cultivadas ecol
410. om ca ahua sold Bolivianos hh Total gross income from both crops sold Bolivianos hh only for those households producing the relevant crop 30 85 34 9 Mean 74 1 15 4 51 2 27 2 43 1 83 9 207 7 425 1 487 7 Appendix l Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 31 557 Table 3 Correlations among indicators of on farm conservation project success in 558 Bolivia Native Crop Household Benefits Adoption Diversity Qty quinoa ca ahua Gross revenues from consumption amp sale sale of quinoa amp canahua 0 42 Ex ante participation Adoption 559 Note significant at the 10 05 01 001 level respectively 0 38 0 45 Native Crop Diversity 560 t Since participation is a binary variable the coefficient reported here is derived from a Point 561 biserial correlation The rest are Pearson correlations 562 Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 1 Draft Please do not cite or circulate comments welcome Assessing the Contribution of On Farm Conservation Projects of Crop Biodiversity to Resilient Agricultural and Food Systems Evidence from the High Andes of South America Mauricio R Bellon Elisabetta Gotor and Francesco Caracciolo Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00057 Maccarese RM Italy University of Naples Federico II Via Universita 96 80055 Portici Na Italy Intro
411. on and marketing h disseminating the associated information and knowledge and i providing opportunities for income generation through agro tourism Each project presented households with different combination of these interventions which in general provided project participants with a basket of options to choose from to fit their needs and contexts Results show that that the actual percentage of participation was much higher than expected from the a priori information used to draw the sample of participants from project records ex ante participants Table 2 The reason was that most interventions were open to everyone who wanted to participate and records of this type of participation were not kept The percentage of farmers who applied innovations provided by project interventions adopters was extremely high in all projects and in one project the percentage was even greater than the number of total participants suggesting an important diffusion of innovations to non participants The high levels of participation and of application of innovations suggest that there is an important demand for these types of interventions among the overall population in project sites On average participants were involved ina high number of interventions and adopters applied many of them All of the innovations adopted were rated at least as useful by at least 50 percent of the adopting households Regression results showing the coefficients th
412. onales de almacenamiento mejorar la comercializaci n de oca y papalisa 2 Almacenes mejorados de oca y papalisa de Candelaria 1 Observaciones directas y entrevistas abiertas a Estrategias de promoci n y mercadeo de oca comerciantes mayoristas y productores de la y papalisa en supermercados de zona de Candelaria Cochabamba 2 Encuestas al consumidor Estrategia de promoci n del consumo y mercadeo en los supermercados de mayor categor a dise ada Cuantificaci n de ingresos aumentados para los campesinos Comit de Investigaci n Agr cola Local CIAL Primera Candelaria y Asociaci n de Productores de Tub rculos Andinos Primera Candelaria APROTAC creados Din mica en los microcentros Din mica de conservaci n In Situ de RTAs en 1 Estudio sobre familias agricultores y 4 Numero de ensayos de mezcla de oca para de conservaci n in situ de el microcentro de Yunguyo ferias determinar los rendimientos tub rculos andinos Promoci n y difusi n del consumo de RTAs 2 Numero de variedades identificadas y 1 Encuesta de consumo para seleccionar los para mejorar la nutrici n infantil en el clasificadas alimentos mas aceptados altiplano 3 Estudio de la din mica de conservaci n 2 Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de Manejo de la biodiversidad n Situ en cuatro en las familias la biodiversidad de RTAs en los mercados ayllus de la Reserva Nacional de Ulla Ulla 1 Encuestas sobre la evoluci n de la locales conservaci n de agrobiodiversidad 3 N me
413. onceptuales propuestas de proyectos en apoyo de los NUS desarrollados y aprobados por los donantes Appendix G p 98 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n IFAD NUS Peru Suministro de material gen tico Selecci n participativa de las variedades 1 1 Ecotipos de ca ahua y quinoa evaluados Fase de las especies objetivo 2 Regeneraci n y multiplicaci n 1 2 Pruebas comparativas de amaranto 2 1 L neas de ca ahua y qu noa regeneradas y multiplicadas Conservaci n de germoplasma 1 Recolecci n 1 1 Descriptores de ca ahua y qu noa y de los conocimientos 2 Identificaci n de duplicados caracterizados tradicionales asociados 3 Evaluaci n de la diversidad gen tica in situ 1 2 Colecci n de amaranto y ca ahua 4 Ferias de intercambio de semillas 1 3 Estudio de las caracter sticas deseables 5 Conservaci n ex situ 2 1 Accesiones duplicadas ident
414. onservation Project Brief Bolivia GEF 2006 Pastaza Biodiversity Conservation Project Project completion report Ecuador Global Plan of Action 2007 Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua www globalplanofaction org GPA 2005 Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de colomi provincia chapare Cochabamba Global Plan of Action GPA for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture PGRFA www pgrfa org Grupo Allpa 2009 Datos nacionales de comunidades campesinas Importancia del sector rural y las comunidades campesinas en el desarrollo peruano Lima GTZ Sustainet 2008 Agricultura sostenible una salida a la pobreza para la poblaci n rural de Per y Bolivia Deutsche Gesellschaft f r Technische Zusammenarbeit Eschborn Guti rrez G Tejada M Pinz s T 2006 Proyecto conservaci n in situ de plantas nativas y sus parientes silvestres informe de evaluacion final independiente Lima October 2006 Heywood V H and Dulloo M E 2005 n situ conservation of wild plant species a critical global review of good practices IPGRI Technical Bulletin n 11 p 6 Rome IFAD 2010 La pobreza rural en Bolivia Ecuador Peru www ruralpovertyportal org IIAP PNUD 2004 Proyecto n Situ Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazon a Peruana www insitu org pe INIAP 2003 Conservacion complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutiliz
415. onsumption the preparation of new recipes teh improvement of dishes preparation in order to maintain higher nutritional values Awareness campaigns and workshops for healthy eating practices were also used to improve nutritional knowledge These activities are generally carried out through the involvement of women trained to support the preparation and promotion of foods derived from local biodiversity and sometimes in monitoring the frequency of their consumption and the nutritional state of children and pregnant women Family school and communal orchards were often created to promote the diversification of food consumption Seemingly projects that have addressed this cultural connection have reached the best outcomes in terms of acceptability adoption diversification and nutritional improvements Such activities also help strengthening and maintaining community s interest in target crops and prepare trained people communicate their benefits to others Projects which developed a specific component in this focal area are Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Proyecto Integral Altiplano Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Sustainable quinoa Lupin Quinoa Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua en Bolivia Green manure and legumes Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador 2 INCOME Although th
416. ools THE MEKNIGHT FOUNDATION Final Technical Report March 2010 November 2012 Appendix A Research Report Submitted to the McKnight Foundation by Bioversity International December 2012 McKnight Project Code 09 1100 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00057 Maccarese Rome Italy Tel 39 06 6118336 Fax 39 06 61979661 Email m bellon cgiar org www bioversityinternational org Appendix A p 1 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Appendix A Research Report Assessing the success of on farm conservation projects in delivering conservation and livelihood outcomes Identifying best practices and decision support tools Research Report to the McKnight Foundation December 2012 Appendix A p 2 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Contents l Introduction Research Design and Conceptual Framework ccccccsssecccecesecceccuesececauescceceenseceeeaeseeees 4 A Project Research DEN ia 5 B COMCEDLUG FIGIM CW OI dd 8 E The Study Area and State of DIME Sada 10 Il Methodology implementation analysis and results ccccssecccccsssccccccssccecausseccceeescceeeaecceesegseees 15 A Literature review deS KTEVEW lt a AA AS 16 B Case studies selection and key informant interviews cccccsescccccessccecceeeecceceeeceeeaueeceessueeeeesauens 20 CNEWOIKONGIVS aa 25 DAFT e db 29 E ECONOMCLEIC GIGIVS S it AS cda 37 Ill Lessons Learned Resulting Guidelines and CONCIU
417. ope of the trajectory of change shifting the relationship between livelihood benefits and crop diversity These interventions include the introduction of new technologies the development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way farmers and communities access manage use perceive consume 8 and or market crop s diversity Figure 2b presents a series of scenarios to Crop Diversity Public Benefits Scenario 3 Intervention Scenario 2 Intervention SSS SS SS a Scenario 1 Private Livelihood Benefits illustrate how these interventions could change relationships Scenario 1 is the same as depicted in Figure 2a i e the process of change with a negative trend without any interventions i e the counterfactual to the interventions Scenario 2 presents the situation where while there is still a negative trend in the relationship between the crop diversity maintained by a household or a community interventions are implemented to shift the trend upward leading to a much reduced loss of crop diversity and hence of the associated public benefits compared to Scenario 1 particularly since the relationship between crop diversity and public benefits is non linear and at high levels of diversity may reach a plateau its loss may be inconsequential This indicates that at certain levels of crop diversity present it i
418. oped from the observation and use of their surrounding environment where wild relatives represent a pool of species from which they selected and cultivated plants that still survive playing a fundamental part in the agroecosystems Other than the 8 cultivated species of potatoes 165 wild relatives of the genus Solanum are known with over 500 species of this genus in total Oca Ulluco Mashwa also have wild relatives on which fewer studies are available Quinoa has a close relationship with a Meso American species cultivated by the Aztecs known as the Chenopodium nuttaliae The ca ihua also has wild relatives often interspersed with the cultivated species The genus Passiflora includes ornamental species as well as wild Appendix G p 48 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 relatives of passion fruit Passiflora granadilla which is the best known species and related species such as the poro poro and the tumbo In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Peru Country Peru Organization INIA Global Environment Facility GEF UNDP Budget US 6 720 500 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project is part of the interagency initiative between UNDP GEF and six national institutions called Strategic Partners ARARIWA Centro de Servicios Agropecuarios CESA Comisi n Coordinadora de Ciencia y Tecnolog a en los Andes CCTA Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana IIAP Instituto
419. opogenic factors such as mining timber extraction oil exploration and narcotics plantations This situation is aggravating the precarious condition of indigenous people and communities that live in remote Andean areas and make the widest use of this diversity Andean crop varieties have high nutritional values but their consumption has been marginalized and replaced by commercial crops and their nutritional properties and wide range of uses are not widely known Today they represent complementary crops for poor families Their cultivation is also limited by the lack of continued support for research and promotion As a result their consumption and supply is often limited to producers in remote areas processing methods are unsophisticated and prices are often too low and costs too high to make them widely marketable Andean culture and poverty Bolivia Ecuador and Peru suffer from extremely high degrees of inequality with poor people concentrated in isolated rural areas of the Andes depending for their survival on insufficient land holdings and fragile ecosystems IFAD 2010 The majority of poor people in these countries are in fact peasants mostly of indigenous origin These indigenous populations are especially important for the conservation of biological diversity as it is highly correlated to their cultural diversity Brush 2000 In the Andes Quechua and Aymara speakers are the primary nurturers of agro biodiversity In situ conservation
420. ops planted by households in each project so in fact is a measure of richness Since in all projects there were multiple target crops a factor analysis was perform on the number of varieties of each target crop per household in order to obtain a reliable univariate measure of crop diversity and the result the predicted factor was used as the indicator Factor analysis is a statistical variable reduction technique that captures most of the available information contained in multiple variables as a linear combination of them As indicator of benefits associated with household well being we use slightly different ones depending on the case study by country a In Ecuador for the UNORCAC project we summarize information provided in the survey on a household s life satisfaction and on nutrition and food security meat and fruit and vegetable consumption using factor analysis The life satisfaction index was derived from a series of ratings on the level of satisfaction experience by the household with respect to different variables such as housing access to education economic activities social life and contacts as well as nutrition and food security For the INIAP project we use the quantity of lupin and quinoa consumed by the household from its production since selling prices were available we calculated the gross revenues from marketing b For Peru we use the quantity of target crops consumed and marketed by the household from its pr
421. or externally driven conservation Farmer driven conservation is the management of agrobiodiversity through the cultivation of specific crop populations The genetic diversity that farmers use and pass on to future generations is therefore the result of a constant process of experimentation evaluation and selection of existing and new varieties This selection according to Bellon 1997 is done on two levels the farmers choose the varieties to be maintained and then for each variety they choose the seed stock to replant the next season This selection process is dynamic and affected by supply of new or existing populations from other farmers villages regions or even countries To manage this diversity farmers apply a four components strategy 1 Seed flows the exchange of traditional and modern germ plasm within villages regions and within and among countries Thanks to increasing exchange migration and trade the germ plasm of modern varieties originated in different countries increasing the diversity of populations 2 Variety selection farmers select from the previous agricultural cycle or through exchange and purchase the varieties they want to keep and discard in a growing season and thus determine the diversity present in their fields This selection process depends on how the crop populations or varieties meet the farmers needs agro ecological efficiency of crops use technological etc thus reflecting their objectives t
422. ores nutricionales de los NUS objetivo 1 1 Datos sobre la poblaci n la salud y la 4 Estudio de impacto de amaranto en los ni os nutricionales de NUS y evaluados en particular en las zonas nutrici n en las comunidades de destino 1 Nuevos productos derivados NUS desarrollo de estrategias para afectadas por la desnutrici n y el hambre 1 2 An lisis complementario del valor 2 Prototipo de tecnolog a de expansi n una mejor utilizaci n de NUS en oculta nutricional del amaranto continua para el procesamiento de amaranto programas de nutrici n 2 Impacto actual y potencial de las especies 1 3 Encuestas alimentarias 3 Agentes educados en nutrici n objetivo evaluado en todos los grupos y 2 1 Estudio de la calidad de las prote nas en 4 N mero de miembros de la comunidad zonas prioritarias la dieta seg n la edad y el sexo capacitados en nuevos productos 3 Estrategias para mejorar la utilizaci n de NUS 2 2 Investigaci n sobre la calidad nutricional 5 M quina para la producci n continua de altamente nutritivos elaboradas y difundidas del amaranto de acuerdo a la edad popcorn 2 3 Estudios antropom tricos Appendix G p 95 Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Mejora del capital humano y social de los interesados para gestionar los NUS y los beneficios derivados de su uso combinado con el fortale
423. os especies en estudio en informales de abastecimiento de semilla nacionales e informal componentes interacciones entre ellos condiciones ex situ 3 Desarrollo e implementaci n de estrategias 3 1 Banco comunal formado entradas y salidas desarrollados para la conservaci n en fincas de 4 1 Inventario de la agrobiodiversidad agricultores 4 Definici n y caracterizaci n final de microcentros de variabilidad gen tica 5 Desarrollo de modelos de fincas para replicaci n en otras localidades Planta agroindustrial piloto equipada Numero de grupos meta en el uso de la agrobiodiversidad con recetas tradicionales alternativas y de f cil aplicaci n formados y capacitados Capacitaci n pr ctica en uso y manejo de registros de producci n y comercializaci n manejo de equipos e instrumentos de laboratorio al personal encargado de la planta Estudios de mercado y factibilidad Talleres en consumo nutrici n posibilidades agroindustriales opciones gastron micas Numero de ferias de comidas t picas apoyadas N mero de talleres de manejo post cosecha N mero de cursos de embalaje Numero de productos desarrollados Estudios de factibilidad para los productos Uso sostenible de la diversidad Capacitaci n y formaci n para el uso de la local agrobiodiversidad local y en agroindustrias Capacitaci n en nutrici n Implementaci n de eventos para impulsar la agro biodiversidad local Capacitaci n seguimiento y difusi n en m todos alterna
424. os hogares Dada la complejidad para evaluar estos tres resultados se estimo un sistema de ecuaciones simult neas incluyendo otros determinantes de participaci n y factores de inter s Estas variables incluyen varias caracter sticas socioecon micas de la muestra el ambiente y la ubicaci n de los hogares las cuales pueden ser consideradas ex genas en otras palabas no son afectadas por la participaci n Como las intervenciones de los proyectos fueron muchas y con m ltiples objetivos esto es conformaron una canasta de intervenciones el indicador usado fue el n mero de innovaciones suministrada por las intervenciones adoptadas aplicadas por un hogar Para la diversidad de cultivos el indicador fue derivado del n mero de variedades nativas para cada cultivo sembrado por hogares en cada proyecto en realidad una medida de riqueza de cultivos Como en todos los proyectos existieron m ltiples cultivos se llev a cabo un an lisis de factores sobre el n mero de variedades de cada cultivo para obtener una medida en una sola variable de esta diversidad El indicador utilizado para los beneficios de los hogares en la mayor a de los proyectos fue las cantidades consumidas y comercializadas de los cultivos relevantes por parte del hogar a partir de la propia producci n en caso de disponibilidad de precios se calcularon los ingresos brutos a partir de la venta Sin embargo en un proyecto el indicador fue un
425. out What are the innovations that these activities will provide e Why is there a need for this intervention Are we doing the right and relevant thing e What is the change that this intervention will bring about or what will the effect of the intervention be i e what is the expected result from the application of the innovation that the intervention provides e How will the intervention bring about this change or effect how will the intervention and associated innovation generate the envisaged change This has a dual nature on one side it concerns defining what the intervention is and why one wants to implement it on the other it involves defining the expectations that one has regarding the effects that participating in the intervention will have for the beneficiaries This exercise should be undertaken thoroughly at the beginning of any project because defining what one expects from an intervention automatically involves defining the instruments through which one 10 Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 can achieve this expectation and the indicators of change progress through which one measures the success of an intervention Moreover there is a strong problem of attribution it is difficult to understand what the effects of the intervention itself are and what would have happened anyway because of an existing trend The relevant overall questions are e What would would not happen without the intervention
426. p and offer new ways of cultivating consuming processing and marketing the diversity of crops and animal breeds they have as a way to enhance farmers choices and well being by improving their capacities and influencing the institutional environment by providing interventions that enable choice On farm conservation projects can be implemented around the world where there are areas of high levels of diversity of global significance diversified livelihood strategies intensive use of agro biodiversity and high cultural diversity These on farm conservation projects if well designed and successful should produce a positive cycle of increased diversity and improved well being resulting in the maintenance of or increase in diversity while simultaneously reducing poverty Both the qualitative and the quantitative analyses carried out during the grant demonstrated that on farm conservation interventions supporting on farm management of native crop diversity are largely successful and accomplish their objectives in a non costly manner The results produced by the grant strongly suggest that adoption of the best practices from on farm interventions has an effect on the relevant biodiversity and that the relevant biodiversity in turn has an impact on livelihoods Appendix A p 51 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 IV References Banerjee A and E Duflo 2011 Poor Economics A Radical Rethinking of the Ways to Fight Global Poverty Pe
427. p diversity and associated practices maintained in an agricultural system 2 the private benefits that farmers and their households derive from that agricultural system referred as livelihood benefits e g food security nutrition income safety net cultural identity and 3 the public benefits that society derives from the crop diversity maintained in an agricultural system referred as societal benefits e g option values derived from crop evolution These three outcomes are the result of complex interactions among different biological biophysical and socioeconomic processes and are in themselves multi dimensional and can occur at different scales They are interrelated and dynamic but to simplify their relationships they can be represented in a relatively simple framework Below we describe such a framework for assessing the success of on farm conservation projects illustrating it with a series of graphs Figure la maps the position of a farming community a group of farming households linked by a local seed system with respect to the crop diversity it maintains and the private benefits it derives point A Since agricultural systems are not static the position of a community in this graph changes moving to the lower right of the graph under economic development 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 Appe
428. p diversity present on farm in terms of the number species and varieties cultivated and sometimes the associated seed system the different ways farmers source seed and planting material 2 Participatory diagnoses of the constraints faced by households producing the relevant species as well as of the socioeconomic situation of the communities and households in the study areas and in some cases the diagnosis included surveys as well 3 Characterization of the uses and consumption of target species as well as studies on their nutritional values 4 Characterization of markets and value chains associated with the relevant species including their constraints in these contexts The intervention phase included many activities associated with different types of interventions aimed at addressing the constraints identified in the previous phase in order to increase the benefits that farmers and communities could derive from the production consumption and marketing of the relevant crop diversity These activities included 1 Improving the seed supply of relevant species particularly through the implementation of seed fairs to sensitize farmers to the crop diversity present and foster exchange and access to additional varieties cleaning planting material mostly from viruses improving the quality of seed production and distribution of better quality seed and clean planting material providing seed of lost native varieties either from other area
429. para el consumo de amaranto en el mbito familiar Talleres para promover el uso de amaranto por sus valores nutricionales Pruebas culinarias de quinua y ca ahua Appendix G p 93 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Acciones dirigidas al mercado Conectar los agricultores con los actores de 1 Evaluaci n participativa de la quinua y la 1 3 Reuni n entre los agricultores y representantes comercializaci n y limitaciones las filieres ca ahua del sector privado de la demanda Capacitaci n talleres locales para los 1 2 Numero de productos de amaranto 1 4 Visitas de los agricultores l deres a miembros de la Comunidad promocionados agroindustrias An lisis de costos y beneficios 1 5 Encuesta para investigar las dificultades Proyectos piloto para apoyar a los encontradas a lo largo de las cadenas de agricultores en la toma de decisiones sobre producci n y
430. pe of intervention or because the intervention consisted in disseminating local practices to a wider local audience Since these are local practices it would be difficult to establish unequivocally that the project contributed to their dissemination because they could have disseminated on their own without any project In the case of completely new interventions establishing the attribution is easier since without the project these interventions are very unlikely to have happened Appendix A p 15 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 A Literature review desk review An Internet search for as many projects as possible that dealt with on farm conservation of the diversity of native crops and livelinood improvement in the high Andes of Bolivia Ecuador and Peru was carried out The following key words were used agrobiodiversity on farm conservation biodiversity and livelihood The main objective of the review was to analyze the indicators used in these projects and understand the links between objectives activities implemented to achieve them and diversity and livelinood outcomes in order to trace a preliminary best practices pathway To do this we carried out an inventory of the types of activities executed and identified the indicators of success used and the associated crop diversity and livelihood outcomes sought and achieved The studied projects were mostly financed by foreign donors that included different types of org
431. projects The model identified three areas that need to be addressed 1 the relevant components and their respective levels of biodiversity maintained in an agricultural system referred to as agricultural biodiversity 2 the private benefits that farmers and their households derive from that agricultural system referred to as livelihood benefits and 3 the public benefits that society derives from the relevant components of biodiversity maintained in an agricultural system referred to as societal benefits The model indicated that in order to assess success of an on farm conservation project three questions need to be answered 1 Do farmers apply the innovations provided by project interventions 2 If so does the application of these interventions lead to farmers maintaining higher levels of native crop diversity than would have been maintained without them 3 Does this higher level of native crop diversity lead to increased well being among farmers who applied the interventions A positive answer to these three questions indicates that a project was successful Based on this an econometric approach was developed to answer these questions in the context of the six projects studied A summary of the model is provided in the factsheet A Conceptual Framework for On Farm Conservation Projects Appendix H b Network analysis Given that projects take place in the context of networks of actors and hence project outputs and outcomes result
432. ptake of ex ante analysis by project coordinators and that appropriate indicators will be used in order to ensure a meaningful impact analysis This report based on the project s findings partially described in the 2011 annual report will address the following questions 1 How can we effectively assess the success of research and development on farm conservation projects in delivering conservation and livelihood outcomes 2 What indicators are most likely to contribute to conduct good ex ante monitoring and evaluation and ex post analysis 3 What data should we collect 4 How do we deal with externalities and data imperfection The following diagram illustrates the impact pathway of this project see overleaf Bioversity International Grant Number 09 1100 2012 OUTPUTS Develop a OUTCOME Donors INPUTS Assess ex conceptual framework e id ano i N practitioners will use the post the impact of on for ex post analysis b sy conceptual and farm conservation gt develop best practices SAONE methodological tools to projects in delivering and guidelines on how assess conservation and to assess the success e the success of their livelihood outcomes of on farm projects conservation projects e lessons learned e their investments SHORT TERM IMPACE On farm conservation projects deliver a J greater impact as a result of better management Ky
433. puede tambi n ser conceptualizado como innovaciones suministradas por un proyecto Algunos de estos productos estar n m s relacionados con la diversidad otros m s con los medios de vida del agricultor pero deben ser complementarios Una vez que intervenciones espec ficas han sido identificadas entonces se debe definir claramente c mo generar el cambio deseable a la situaci n actual esto es la metodolog a a ser usada Una vez que las diferentes intervenciones y m todos han sido definidos existe se debe identificar una red de socios que permitir la implementaci n del proyecto Por tanto es necesario entender que actores e instituciones pueden influenciar o apoyar las intervenciones y c mo cu les son sus metas y relaciones y qu v nculos son necesarios para generar y mejorar la colaboraci n 6 Identificar la v a de impacto Una vez que todos estos componentes han sido definidos se debe desarrollar una v a de impacto esto es una cadena de eventos que vincule conceptualmente de manera l gica y coherente a todos los componentes de un proceso La cadena de eventos identifica la v a por la cual los productos esperados se relacionan con las intervenciones y permite al equipo de trabajo contextualizarlas Se espera entonces que las intervenciones lleven a la aplicaci n y uso de los productos que puede ser diferente de lo planeado dada la contextualizaci n para alcanzar los cambios deseados Esto a su vez deber a llev
434. rant seed systems play a critical role in alleviating poverty and food insecurity in rural communities by improving the productivity and bio diversity of small scale farming Local seed sources are particularly important in areas of extreme poverty in the Andes where farmers live far from commercial markets research and support services For communities in isolated areas the loss of seed can mean food scarcity and periods of starvation In the central highlands of Ecuador local seed systems have become dysfunctional and the vast majority of farmers lack access to the crop varieties they need to ensure their families food security DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Appendix G p 54 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Diagnostic work has been carried out through participative rural analysis of knowledge attitudes and practices related to existing and potential seed systems and socioeconomic studies on seed systems and informal seed markets Removing Obstacles to Direct Private Sector Participation in In situ Biodiversity Conservation Country Bolivia Organization PROMETA Global Environment Facility GEF Budget USS 1 132 800 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The objective of this GEF funded project implemented by PROMETA between 2002 and 2005 is to facilitate the development of private conservation initiatives that will contribute to globally significant biodiversity conservation in high priority eco regions G
435. rasitoides enemigos naturales de las polillas de la papa colectados Estudios Ecol gicos Appendix G p 91 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Project Resultados Esperados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Biodiversidad Transferencia de L nea base y plan de trabajo 1 1 tecnolog a 2 Material did ctico elaborado 3 Capacitadores capacitados 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 Coordinaci n 1 Formaci n del Comit Directivo Equipo de 1 1 Trabajo Operativo Evaluaciones anuales Organizaci n de ferias de semillas Regeneraci n de las accesiones interinstitucional Suministro de material gen tico 1 de las especies objetivo 2 IFAD NUS Bolivia Fase 1 1 Numero de ferias de biodiversidad organizadas Numero de variedades regeneradas y multiplicadas 1 2 Numero de variedades de la colecci n b sica Colecci n b sica Capacitaci n sobre toma de muestras de Conservaci n de germoplasma y de los conocimientos N tradicionales asociados germoplasma 2 1 Cursos universitarios orientados a la 3 Conservaci n ex situ recolecci n de grano
436. re not assigned randomly between treatment and control groups there were no a priori control groups and no baseline available the instrumental variable method had to be used to analyze whether these projects can be deemed successful or not This requires the development of indicators for a adoption of project interventions b crop diversity and c benefits associated with household well being As presented earlier project interventions were many and comprise multiple aims that is a basket of research based and development oriented activities The simplest indicator and the one used here is the number of innovations provided by project interventions adopted applied by a household This indicator also takes into account both the potential indirect effects due to spillovers participation and adoption was greater than expected from records of participation and the evidence that often the innovations associated with interventions were already applied by households which the projects only helped to promote This indicator however also has limitations particularly as it does not allow the assessment of which interventions or types of interventions were more influential than others since the index is only quantitative and does not distinguish by individual intervention or type but it does have the advantage of being simple and easily interpretable The indicator for crop diversity was derived from the number of varieties of target cr
437. re the relationship between crop diversity and evolutionary services can be elucidated On farm conservation can and should play an important role in the pursuit of resilient agricultural and food systems Projects that support it can create a virtuous cycle in which farmers who maintain this diversity benefit from it in turn creating incentives to continue to maintain it in their fields and farms making the processes sustainable and keeping its option value for society This study has shown that there is evidence that this can happen and that maintaining crop diversity can contribute to the generation of positive livelihood outcomes In conclusion the crop biodiversity and the farmers who maintain it in centers of crop diversity are not anachronistic remnants of the past but key contributors to society s capacity to adapt and respond to future and sometimes unpredictable challenges associated with global change but they need to be supported and nurtured On farm conservation projects can play an important role in this process but they need to be assessed and linked to allow learning and sharing of information knowledge and germplasm in order to realize their value References Bellon M R 2004 Conceptualizing interventions to support on farm genetic resource conservation World Development 32 1 159 172 Bellon M R 2009 Do we need crop landraces for the future Realizing the global option value of in situ conservation Pages 5
438. re through centuries However innovation is also necessary in order to improve practices that are sometimes harmful to soil conservation and targeted species and many projects have focused on improving traditional practices Outputs in this area are thus measured by the creation of systems to document and maintain traditional knowledge by innovations that increase the availability of good quality seeds and the improvement of storage and processing facilities and by the extent of conservation both ex situ through germplasm collections and banks and on farm in the number of areas applying conservation principles Seasonality affects crop prices which fall during abundance periods dramatically impacting peasant producers and unexpected bad weather often destroys harvests Some projects analyzed the effects of storage system on the nutritional quality of seeds as storage also concerns the conservation of seeds under viable conditions and with their original genetic characteristics and Basically all the projects studied had a component focused on improving traditional practices or complementing them with modern innovations therefore we are listing those that developed this component incisively Proyecto Integral Candelaria Biodiversity of Andean tubers Lupin Quinoa Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco de
439. recognized by local farmers as distinct units farmer varieties of both quinoa and canahua a measure of richness A factor analysis was performed on the number of varieties of each target crop per household in order to obtain a reliable univariate measure of crop diversity the result the predicted factor was used as the indicator Factor analysis is a statistical variable reduction 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 17 technique that captures most of the available information contained in multiple variables as a linear combination of them As indicators of benefits associated with household well being the total quantity of quinoa and ca ahua consumed and the gross revenues from their sale from household production were used The public benefits associated with crop diversity were taken into consideration by the location of the projects Figure 3 shows how these indicators relate to the framework Table 2 presents information on the indicators of participation and adoption Panel A crop biodiversity Panel B and livelihood benefits Panel C Panel A shows that actual percentage of participation was much higher than expected from the a priori information used to draw the sample of participants from project records ex ante participants The reason was th
440. reservation in the Andean region Specific objective 1 Develop technology for organic production by improving control of biotic and abiotic adverse factors in order to foster sustainability in agro ecosystems of the Andean region Appendix G p 40 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 2 Conduct an investigation of actual and potential markets for organic and conventional Quinoa nationally and internationally Activities 1 Activities to control q hona q hona Study and application of organic fertilizer Organization and training of farmers Creation of associations Analysis of national and international market E E Business Plan preparation RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION There are few doubts that increased trade liberalization has reduced the capacity of countries to promote food production within their own borders In South America this has caused the reduction in the production of quinoa in the past five decades since the increase in imports of subsidized wheat products in North America has shifted to traditional crops and foods produced domestically To address the problems faced by farmers and for a sustainable strategy for organic production of quinoa in the Andes the project worked to develop a technology for organic production to promote use and consumption of quinoa nationally and internationally and to develop market oriented organizations DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION During the inception workshop proj
441. rials on design soil health and breeding concepts seed production forage green manure and soil conservation strategies 5 Participation in coordination meetings to strengthen local initiatives to promote food security 6 Participatory capacity building for women s groups on food use and forage crops women groups training on monitoring the nutritional state of pregnant women and children and addressing malnutrition through strengthening of existing practices RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Northern Potosi is one of the poorest parts of Bolivia The increased use of legume crops offers a set of potential benefits including improved agricultural productivity and sustainability better income and livelihoods and improved nutrition Legumes contribute to soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation and erosion prevention In association with cereal and forage grasses legumes can provide both these benefits in the form of green manure cover crops live barriers managed fallows using forages and greater use of grain legumes in the crop rotation Furthermore legume forages can improve animal productivity and legume grains commonly contain high quality fat and protein for improving human nutrition and health DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Preliminary meetings were held in the communities with the participation of key leaders and community members with the objective of informing and preparing a tentative pledge plan A nut
442. rias provinciales Appendix G p 112 Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinua altiplano sur Green manure and legumes integrating agronomic and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern Potosi Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n ex situ in situ Adaptar rescatar validar y promover uso de tecnolog a adecuada a los contextos de los procesos productivos de la cadena quinua org nica Capacitar a actores locales para identificar opciones para expandir el rol de los abonos verdes forrajes y granos de leguminosas en la rotaci n de los cultivos que impacten positivamente en la salud del suelo y la capacidad productiva de la familia en el Norte de Potos en los Municipios de Sacaca San Pedro de Buenavista y Acasio Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles D medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Difusi n de informaci n a los agricultores las comunidades y escuelas rurales para promover las especies silvestres de quinua y ca ahua Desarrollo de una estrategia adecuada de manejo de suelos Mecanizaci n Fomentar el uso de t cnicas apropiadas de control de plagas Mejoramiento de pr cticas de cosecha y post
443. rientadas a cambiar la forma como ellos acceden gestionan usan perciben consumen y o mercadean la diversidad de cultivo Productos los productos o procesos producidos por un proyecto o intervenci n Resultado el resultado de un proceso complejo En el contexto de un proyecto se refiere al resultado del uso o adaptaci n a los productos del proyecto Incentivo Fomentar sea de forma moral persuasiva o monetaria que motiva a alguien a realizar una acci n Beneficios de medios de vida Los beneficios privados que los agricultores y sus hogares derivan directamente de la diversidad de cultivos mantenida en su sistema agr cola es decir seguridad alimentaria nutrici n ingreso red de seguridad identidad cultural Beneficios sociales los beneficios p blicos que la sociedad deriva de la diversidad de cultivo mantenida en un sistema agr cola es decir servicios ecosist micos procesos evolutivos adaptativos Servicios evolutivos se refiere a todos los usos o servicios que los seres humanos derivan de los procesos evolutivos y que mantienen opciones abiertas para beneficiarse de la biodiversidad El proyecto de la La Fundaci n McKnight titulado Evaluando el xito de los Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca para Suministrar Resultados de Conservaci n y Medios de Vida Identificando Mejores Practicas y Herramientas de Apoyo en la Toma de Decisiones fue coordinado e implementado por Bioversity International El pro
444. riety through the ages has led to the implementation of in situ conservation practices According to the Convention on Biological Diversity in situ conservation means the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and in the case of domesticated or cultivated species in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties The long term goal of in situ conservation is to protect manage and monitor selected species populations in their habitats so that the natural evolutionary processes can be maintained generating new variation in the gene pool that allows the species to adapt to changes in environmental conditions such as global warming changed rainfall patterns or acid rain Heywood and Dulloo 2005 In practice in situ conservation means leaving and protecting the seed inside the specific region area and place where its variety has originated and developed rather than in a gene bank or separate conservation center Bellon 1997 defines it as the continuous cultivation and management of a diverse set of populations by farmers in the agro ecosystems where a crop has evolved The potential of in situ conservation to conserve the process of crops adaptation to their environments and maintain diversity of ecosystems species and genes is linked to its potential for the empowerment of farmers and their access to lo
445. ritional diagnosis was also carried out in the communities through the execution of the baseline in the areas of San Pedro Toracari Sakani Kisivillque and Chirog asa between October and November 2005 collecting data of 50 communities 25 intervention communities and 25 witness communities at five different altitude levels employing anthropometrical food frequency and 24 hour recollection instruments Cover agriculture a farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGRI Country Ecuador Organization PROINPA McKnight Foundation Budget N A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project financed by McKnight Foundation has been executed by the Network for Community Management of Natural Resources MACRENA the Consulting Committee World Neighbors Andean Region CIDICCO Honduras and the Pontifica Universidad Cat lica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra and the cooperating agencies AGRECO UNORCAC and CUC The project aimed at increasing food security through appropriate and sustainable approaches to improve soil fertility identify and characterize existing knowledge and practices evaluate most effective and sustainable approaches to cover agriculture and dissemination MACRENA 2006 The area of intervention is the Chota Valley in Imbabura province Specific objectives Appendix G p 47 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 1 To enable rural families in t
446. rketing Interventions related to agronomic practices improving marketing and better management for pests and diseases were the fourth most common sets of interventions There were interventions that were project specific such as the kamayog a type of local extension agent that provided technical advice to farmers or interventions related to improving soil fertility irrigation processing or storage The lesson to be learned from this analysis of the number and types of interventions is that projects typically present a basket of interventions that provide farmers with different types of innovations with different aims providing practitioners with the opportunity to choose from them those innovations that best fit the needs of their own situations Table 7 Number of interventions participants and adopters grouped by theme of the intervention Ecuador Peru Bolivia Theme INIAP UNORCAC CRIBA ITDG Bioversity SINARGEAA Total Number of interventions diversity 4 5 2 4 4 19 agronomy 1 1 2 5 9 pests amp diseases 1 4 2 7 fertility 3 3 irrigation 2 1 3 kamayoq 2 2 consumption 2 1 3 storage 1 1 processing 1 1 2 4 marketing 1 1 1 2 2 7 training 4 2 6 5 17 organization 3 3 1 1 8 dissemination 1 1 2 agritourism 4 3 7 Grand Total 13 22 13 15 16 13 92 Appendix A p 33 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The theme training comprises training in different aspects that correspond to some of the other identified themes agronomy
447. rldwide e Prevalence of smallholdings e Low capitalization of the production units and low productivity e Lack of policies that address the weak organization and business management of farmers e Low agricultural competitiveness and profitability e Falling real agricultural prices and limited access to markets e Inadequate management and use of natural resources e Soil degradation deforestation and pollution Currently in situ conservation in the Andes is mainly carried out by marginal and indigenous communities with small and scattered efforts by other actors The capacity of farmers and organizations needs thus to be strengthened to increase the conservation of farm genetic resources Moreover the agricultural sector in the region is divided in commercial and peasant Commercial agriculture is heavily dependent on new genetic material including hybrid seeds high levels of agrochemical inputs and mechanization Pomareda 2010 Peasant agriculture on the other side strongly depends on local seeds The Andean culture is characterized by a strong culture of the seed meaning that the native seeds are embedded in the diversity of indigenous agriculture as opposed to commercial seed mainly of western origin Tirso 2000 Rural areas in the region are also rich in undomesticated biodiversity which is often exploited on a small scale by native communities for food and medical purposes However without proper recognition of communal rights and in a
448. rma funcional que relaciona estos dos resultados pero a modo de argumento suponemos una forma sigmoide Figure 1b Heneficios P blicos Diversidad de cultivos Por debajo de un umbral m nimo de diversidad puede que no existan beneficios relevantes para los humanos Sin embargo una vez que se pasa este umbral la diversidad adicional contribuye positivamente a los servicios evolutivos generados por la diversidad de cultivo pero probablemente a una tasa decreciente hasta el punto donde no se producen beneficios adicionales y se llega a un nivel de estancamiento Suponiendo escalas compatibles en la m trica de diversidad de cultivos en ambas figuras la figura la puede ser invertida en 90 grados a la izquierda para alinear el eje de la diversidad de cultivos con la de la figura 1b resultando en la figura 2a que conecta las 3 reas relevantes para la conservaci n en finca Figure 2a Diversidad de cultivos o I I I o gt ho Beneficios P blicos Figure 2b ee ee eee ee 4 Beneficios Privados Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Se puede definir entonces la posici n de una comunidad con respecto a los beneficios de los privados derivados de la diversidad de cultivo y de los beneficios p blicos para la sociedad resultado de mantener esta diversidad La figura 2a define el equilibrio descrito arriba don
449. ro de cursos talleres para la elaboraci n de mermeladas N mero de recetas formuladas Numero de campa as educativas para el uso de tub rculos andinos como alimentaci n complementaria Numero de talleres participativos de autodiagn stico y priorizaci n Appendix G p 84 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Determinaci n de flujos de Producci n de semilla de calidad de 1 Cuantidad de semilla limpiada devuelta a semilla de RTAs en la zona tub rculos andinos en el altiplano boliviano su zona de origen circunlacustre del Lago Titicaca Determinaci n de un microcentro de 2 Cuantidad de semilla multiplicada y Copacabana Escoma Bolivia conservaci n producida a mayor escala Inventario de la variabilidad en la zona ferias familias productoras Conservation and use of RTAs in Consolidaci n de los flujos de semilla bajo 1 Numero de variedades limpias d
450. robably not even desirable to establish exactly which interventions may have been more influential than others since the value of a basket of interventions is to provide diverse choices some of which maybe more meaningful to some farmers than others depending on their specific contexts and circumstances This has important implications for scaling up since by definition on farm conservation relies on maintaining and addressing diversity So scaling up cannot be done by homogenization i e trying to apply the same interventions and associated innovations over large areas or groups of farmers but rather by a process of systematic contextualization in which diverse options are assembled and targeted to fit different contexts letting users choose which one fits best under their circumstances A problem faced by on farm conservation efforts both in terms of studying de facto conservation as well as implementing projects to support it is that they are usually fragmented done in isolation with limited capacity to learn and share information beyond their sphere of influence both in terms of what works similarities and differences as well as about the genetic variation that is maintained by farmers involved and its evolution For on farm conservation to become more globally valuable a more concerted effort should take place that addresses these problems This may entail the development of some sort of global learning and information system that monitors
451. roject The first half of the diagram illustrates the reasoning process for determining the need for an on farm conservation project The second half illustrates how the project design by uniting the overall project goal with the necessary outputs and outcomes will result in the desired impact This fact sheet was produced by Mauricio Bellon Elisabetta Gotor and Francesco Caracciolo For further information please contact Dr Mauricio Bellon Bioversity International Principal Scientist at m bellon cgiar org This work by Bioversity International is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License November 2012 Communicate with team Are there at least one to learn and share lessons area monitored 150d XJ ad O a 2 UM a FF nm 31U Y XJ aunou Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 lethere globally significant crop diversity lenore Are there other similar areas Are there local Incentives to mantain diversity Are there on fam conservation activities projects in those areas Monitor de facto conservation Does incentive continue over time PuBuc Goon PRIVATE GOOD potential interventions to enhance Ce gt incentives Are these interventions Are these interventions driven by endogenous or driven by ex of enous or non Policies PACS markets consumption Do these interventions have
452. roject informants The survey was submitted to project leaders in order to validate and complement the information on the actors involved We asked respondents to add other actors relevant to the project in case they were missing The survey asked whether the relationship between the implementing institution and the other actors was direct or indirect what services were provided to and received from these institutions money research training etc and the intensity of the relationship with each institution involved in the project The information obtained from key informants was cross checked with secondary data from reports and updated in order to obtain a final matrix of actor by actor relationships that accounted for the direction the type and the intensity of the relationships Betweenness is the degree to which an actor is an intermediary between two other actors inside a group It is a concept based on local dependency a point depends on another if the paths that connect it to other points pass through this specific point Closeness centrality represents global centrality or the centrality of an actor as being as close to any other point in the graph A point is globally central if it lies at short paths or distances from many other points Appendix A p 27 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Network Analysis Results From the network analysis we gathered some interesting insights into the type of partnerships and acto
453. rred within the ethno development of the region therefore the community rural management and conservation of species is the only form of agricultural practices found in the area La Paz department presents a great variety of roots especially Arracacha Yacon and Mauka POTOSI Sustainable production of quinoa a neglected food crop in the Andean region e Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinoa altiplano sur e Green manure and legumes integrating agronomic and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern Potosi e Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA The Salar de Uyuni which covers 61 of Potosi Department and the entire Altiplano zone of Potosi are among the most important ecotourism destinations in Bolivia due to their beautiful landscapes The mountainous areas of the Salar prevent rainfall from reaching the Altiplano thus producing an arid to semi arid climate In the areas where rivers and lakes exist there is a rich avifauna and vegetation cover The activities that employ most of the economically active population in the basin are quinoa agriculture and camelid livestock Even though 1 of the total area is suitable for agriculture quinoa harvesting is the main source of income and food security for local people CHUQUISACA e IFAD NUS Bolivia Located in centre south of Bolivia Chuquisaca Department is tra
454. rs involved in the six on farm conservation projects we analyzed in the Andean region Table 4 Table 4 Types of Partnerships and Network Structures Y Degree Betwenness a id Centrality Centrality R hf Research BIOVERSITY NUS Ree Nigh Medium Development Exchange of information Research SINARGEAA ano Ngisi Medium Development Exchange of information Research Research for ive LUPIN QUINOA Medium High Training 29 Development Exchange of information Total Number of number influential Of actors 37 31 COMPLEMENTARY Rural ia Mediun Tami CONSERVATION Development E Rural Training NATIVE POTATO Medium High Development Exchange of information R hf Training ANDEAN TUBERS High High 5 21 Development Exchange of information Low degree centrality O to 33 3 Medium degree centrality 33 3 to 66 6 High degree centrality 66 6 to 100 7 17 l ow betweenness centrality O to 33 3 Medium degree centrality 33 3 to 66 6 High degree centrality 66 6 to 100 Network centrality differs from project to project however it is rather high both in degree and betweenness Most project activities are developed by the implementing institution with few main partners usually in a centralized network with one or two focal points The type of link prevailing in the network is exchange of information dissemination activities were in fact carried out by all projects and include both sharing inform
455. rs with the superscript refer to the different scenarios and are used to identify changes in the points from the right part of the figure into the left one Scenario 1 is the same as depicted in Figure 3 3 i e the process of change with a negative trend without any interventions i e the counterfactual to the interventions Scenario 2 presents the situation where while there is still a negative trend in the relationship between the crop diversity maintained by a household or a community interventions are implemented to shift the trend upward leading to a much reduced loss of crop diversity and hence of the associated public benefits compared to Scenario 1 particularly since the relationship between crop diversity and public benefits is non linear This indicates that if there is a plateau in the functional link between crop diversity and the evolutionary services it provides it is possible to reduce crop diversity at little or no cost in public benefits and hence not all loss of crop diversity is necessarily socially unacceptable Scenario 3 presents a situation that many may consider ideal where crop biodiversity is maintained at is original level delivering all associated public benefits of crop diversity together with a major improvement in the private benefits captured by a community Finally Scenario 4 presents a worst case showing a trend in which both crop diversity and associated public benefits and private benefits of a community are r
456. rseus Books Group New York Barahona C 2010 Randomised control trials for the impact evaluation of development initiatives A statistician s point of view ILAC Working Paper 13 Bellon M R J Berthaud M Smale J A Aguirre S Taba F Arag n J D az and H Castro 2003 Participatory landrace selection for on farm conservation An example from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca Mexico Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50 4 401 416 Bellon M R J L Pham and M T Jackson 1997 Genetic conservation A role for rice farmers In N Maxted B V Ford Lloyd and J G Hawkes eds Plant Conservation the In situ Approach Chapman and Hall London Pp 263 289 Bellon M R 2004 Conceptualizing Interventions to Support On Farm Genetic Resource Conservation World Development 32 1 159 172 Borgatti S P 2005 Centrality and network flow Social Networks 27 1 55 71 Bound J D A Jaeger and R M Baker 1995 Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogeneous explanatory variable is weak Journal of the American statistical association 1995 p 443 450 Bretting P K and D N Duvick 1997 Dynamic conservation of plant genetic resources Advances in Agronomy 61 1 51 Brush S B 2000 Genes in the field On Farm Conservation of Crop Diversity IDRC IPGRI Lewis Publishers Ottawa Brush S B 2004 Farmers Bounty Locating Crop Diversity in
457. rsity Benefits SUCCESS Figure 3 6 Sustainability of on farm conservation project Societal Benefits Project Agricultural Livelihood Interventions Adoption Biodiversity Benefits delay SUSTAINABILITY Appendix A p 58 Figure 4 Potential Andean crop richness Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Potential Andean crop richness above 3000 m a s A 0 500 oe Kilometers Appendix A p 59 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 5 Observed Andean crop richness Observed Andean crop richness above 3000 m a s Li A Above 3000 m a s l 0 500 oe Kilometers ae Appendix A p 60 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Figure 6 Social Network of the IFAD NUS Project Figure 4 Social Network of the IFAD NUS Project O MOIVIADO O ind Sap e oda ri O Mrops de Le O O Mrapi Moe iore i orao PA gt a Qc Doversty 1 g Orcs Canto Antro S A O woss hate ind Coronda Los wer Actor M Corres Murscipsiies O international Org O NGOs Foundations GB Private Sector GB Pubic sector Gov O Urever sities Research Inst Dn Ce QC moaxen sedep y Alias Int artes 5 O 5 O Derer reg d Carora O bene arth Promoting Comettes O Muricositad Totus Link O Mrcpadad Parar O Mero ebied huara od Bet ads Money Training O nformati Research Figure 7 Social Network of the SINARGEAA Project Figure 5 Social Network of the SINARG
458. rvices has gained recognition and value as a way to conceptualize how nature contributes to human well being Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 with an emerging consensus about the functional relationship that links biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and underlines the importance of evolutionary processes for the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss Cardinale et al 2012 There is increasing recognition that crop diversity on farm can deliver multiple ecosystem services Hajjar et al 2008 Jackson et al 2012 but it is only recently that the idea of evolutionary services is beginning to be explicitly recognized as a category on its own Evolutionary services have been defined as all of the uses or services to humans that are produced from the evolutionary process Faith et al 2010 4 contributing to keeping our options open to benefit from biodiversity in unanticipated ways Since conditions and environments change and some of those that are rare today can become common tomorrow and vice versa by maintaining crop evolution on farm conservation contributes to the 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 7 generation of a diversity of winning adaptive combinations of genes and traits that are constantly being updated in response to multiple and
459. s a those that build on farmers preferences and actions related to improving production consumption and marketing and b those driven by external actions such as payments for agro biodiversity services PACS or regional or national policies e g eliminating subsidies promoting purchase programs etc 4 Identify interventions to implement Once the areas and general types of interventions have been identified these must be narrowed down to specific activities that need to be undertaken to enhance the incentives that farmers have to use and maintain crop diversity These activities are the core project interventions aimed at changing the way native crop diversity is managed used consumed and marketed to increase the benefits farmers and their households derive livelihoods and hence to create the incentives for farmers to continue to maintain this diversity on farm conservation It is likely that several areas of intervention may have to be addressed and therefore there may be a basket of interventions in a project These interventions need to have a clear theory of change see the figure on p 4 which is a narrative describing why an intervention is needed what is expected to be changed due to the intervention and how the change s is are supposed to have an effect on crop diversity and well being 5 Define expected outputs methodology and partnerships Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100
460. s During the latter understanding the network s structure depicting the degree of the actors interaction their roles in influencing and determining the final results and assessing any transfer of influence from the project implementers to project beneficiaries are crucial exercises for determining the real impact of a project Therefore such an analysis should be embedded in a project from its inception including the required budget An excellent methodological tool for a network analysis of partnerships in the implementation of a project is Social Network Analysis SNA which constructs a map of the linkages among different actors their relationships and information flows between them using easy to understand and verify matrices and diagrams Thus the focus of an SNA are the relationships and knowledge flows among interacting agents Central issues include the interdependency of actors and the channelling of material and non material resources between actors through relational ties or linkages The unit of analysis is therefore the relationship not the organization itself In the context of the McKnight Foundation funded project entitled Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes Identifying Best Practices and Decision Support Tools coordinated and implemented by Bioversity International and carried out between March 2010 and May 2012 in the High A
461. s One measure of project success is in fact the decision by farmers to apply these practices to other commercial varieties after obtaining good results from targetd crops economic improvement from the sale of high quality seed is obviously among the main incentives to apply improved practices Most of the projects achieved to know and value existing biodiversity through studies inventories and research that also represent an opportunity for communities to know and promote the richness of their areas Local Agricultural Research Committees and Farmer Field Schools are methodologies often applied for mutual learning by doing and are thought to contribute both to conservation and livelihoods when participants are adequately motivated Strengthened local organizations and rural networks also acquire better knowledge and management capacity and their ability to engage the communities is greater Institutions such as schools and universities seem interested in biodiversity conservation projects and have enhanced and contributed to project activities creating networks and capacity building On the side of training demonstration and trial plots emerge as a widely used tool of training and to input strategies before developing them at a broader level Workshops field days and visits to other successful experiences complement training activities in a way that engages participants and favors the exchange of experiences also increasing relations between r
462. s a need to develop an impact pathway which is a logical and coherent conceptual chain of events that link all components into a process The chain of events maps the pathway by which planned outputs are related to interventions and allows the project team to contextualize them Interventions then are expected to lead to the application and use of the outputs that may differ from the planned ones due to contextualization to achieve the desired changes These in turn should eventually lead to the desired livelihood and diversity outcomes associated with successful on farm conservation It is anticipated that by explicitly planning the impact pathway researchers and partners will be better able to fine tune the research Appendix A p 48 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 design establish the most effective partnerships and determine the appropriate communications activities for achieving the intended outcomes more effectively 7 Make planning and implementation activities participatory It is highly recommended that all the processes described here be made participatory engaging the research team partners and clients as a way to develop a more realistic and shared vision of the project programme and to facilitate feedback learning and adaptive management Identifying and engaging key partners and describing intended impact pathways will help to focus monitoring evaluation and impact assessment activities 8 Collect baseline dat
463. s and crops grown In addition for each one the researchers noted the number of farmer varieties that were sown and seed sources objectives of production for each crop quantity produced in the previous growing season quantities consumed and sold as well as price received if available and standard socioeconomic information on family demographics education landholdings sources of income migration participation in local organizations and government programs Testing the three hypotheses associated with project success is complex because they are nested and in the context of this study the relevant comparisons or counterfactuals have to be derived from data with a high likelihood of selection bias Since the assignment of households to the treatment and control groups is not random several confounding factors that could influence the results and that if ignored could mask or exaggerate them To address these issues we adopted a standard econometric approach of non experimental program evaluation studies Heckman and Vytlacil 2005 A simultaneous estimation of a linear system of three equations was performed via three stage least squares Zellner and Theil 1962 each one corresponding to one of the hypotheses identified above The model allows us to test simultaneously the three hypotheses involving a chain of hierarchical causal relationships and to control for reverse causality and other possible sources of endogeneity Heckman and Vytlac
464. s and lessons Network analysis A very important lesson from our study is related to partnerships During our work we decided to add to the original grant a network analysis to understand the role of partnerships in the six case studies This exercise was important to determine whether understanding network structure depicting the degree of actors interactions their role in influencing and determining the final results and assessing any transfer of knowledge and capacity from the implementers to the local community is a crucial exercise for determining the real impact of any research for development project Moreover network analysis is usually carried out ex ante to understand potential bottlenecks or collaborative links but we conceived a new way of using network analysis for ex post evaluation to understand what worked what didn t and why To this end we developed a small set of questions that the projects should address in order to develop a good ex ante and ex post network analysis Interventions participation assessment and application One of the main lessons learned from our study concerns the lack of systematic assessment and definition of interventions in the context of a specific project There are in fact some fundamental questions that implementers should address in designing their intervention which seem to be generally overlooked These questions include e What is an intervention i e what are the activities to be carried
465. s andinos 4 Caracterizaci n 3 1 Instalaciones del banco de germoplasma 5 Selecci n participativa de variedades nacional mejoradas 6 Inventario de la diversidad 4 1 Variedades y variabilidad gen tica 7 Desarrollo de listas de descriptores caracterizadas 8 Distribuci n de semilla mejorada 5 1 Estudio sobre quinua ca ahua y amaranto 5 2 Tipos de granos andinos seleccionados y evaluados con los agricultores 6 1 Estudio de microcentros de diversidad gen tica para ca ahua Lista de descriptores Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Bienestar Estudio sobre plagas en campo da o e incidencia de la polilla nivel de conocimiento sobre la plaga Unidades de capacitaci n sobre manejo integrado de las polillas de la papa Plan de capacitaci n diferenciado por edad Numero de grupos diferenciados por edad capacitados en la comunidad Guntuz Numero de productores de la comunidad El Toldo capacitados Reuniones de trabajo Appendix G p 92 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la interven
466. s de conservaci n en finca qu punto estos proyectos han producido realmente los resultados esperados en t rminos de mantener o incrementar la diversidad de cultivo en finca incluyendo los conocimientos y pr cticas que la sustenten as como tambi n en los medios de vida de los agricultores creando as beneficios para ellos Los factores e interrelaciones involucradas en la conservaci n en finca son complejos por lo que un esquema conceptual que los re na de una forma simple pero coherente puede ser extremadamente til para cient ficos donantes formuladores de pol ticas y profesionales involucrados en este tipo de proyectos con el objeto de dise ar y evaluar el xito de sus proyectos de una forma m s sistem tica Diversidad de cultivo El numero de distintas poblaciones de una especie cultivada reconocida y gestionada por un hogar agr cola o una comunidad para abandonar esta diversidad Debido a esto existe la necesidad de intervenciones para apoyarlos a mantener esta diversidad En los ltimos 20 a os muchos proyectos para apoyar la conservaci n en finca han sido implementados a nivel mundial Sin embargo ha habido muy poca evaluaci n sistem tica de hasta Intervenci n del proyecto actividades llevadas a cabo por un proyecto que suministran a los agricultores involucrados innovaciones como nuevas tecnolog as desarrollo de capacidades y habilidades o nuevas formas de organizaci n o
467. s de la comunidad a trav s del intercambio de experiencias capacitaci n y otras intervenciones una mayor autoestima de los asociados una mayor cooperaci n entre los pa ses e instituciones involucradas Folletos y publicaciones diversas que subrayan los m ltiples valores de los NUS y sus estrechas conexiones con las culturas locales y la identidad de la gente Mayor disponibilidad de germoplasma y conocimientos ind genas de las especies objetivo para medidas provisorias Mayor conocimiento de las caracter sticas de alta calidad en las especies objetivo y selecci n de las mejores variedades Sistemas de producci n de semilla fortalecidos establecidos para las especies objetivo garantizando la calidad una oferta regular y el mantenimiento de la diversidad gen tica y cultural de los NUS en los sistemas de producci n y de mercado Base de recursos de determinadas especies y conocimientos ind genas relacionados mantenidos a trav s de m todos in situ y ex situ Documento sobre los conocimientos 2 3 tradicionales en Santiago de Okola y Coromata Media 3 4 Inventario de la agrobiodiversidad en Las Comunidades de Coromata Media y 4 1 Rosapata Microcentros de diversidad reconocidos 4 2 Caracter sticas de calidad identificadas Accesiones de amaranto evaluadas Cuantidad de semilla de quinua ca ahua y amaranto producida Cuantidad de semilla de calidad de germoplasma de amaranto Museo de la Agrobiodiversidad
468. s in the southern high Andean region of Peru The McKnight Foundation 2007 The project focuses on improving the production and marketing of native potato varieties by facilitating farmers to experiment and validate potato production methods combining ancestral indigenous knowledge and modern Appendix G p 31 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 techniques Special emphasis is placed on the use of virus free quality seeds the ecological management of soil integrated pest and disease management ITDG 2007 Specific objectives 1 To determine and disseminate the most appropriate agronomic technologies that will allow increasing the quality and productivity of native potato varieties and ecotypes identified in 12 Quechua communities in the highlands of the Province of Canchis Cusco 2 To establish local sustainable systems for the provision of seed and technical assistance that will allow increasing the quality and yield of native potato crops for the small scale producers of 12 highland Quechua communities in the Province of Canchis Cusco 3 To lay the foundations for the native potato market growth in the country identifying market opportunities testing models that will allow an adequate commercialization and disseminate the results obtained Activities 1 Exchange of seeds through agreements within farmers Virus cleaning and delivering virus free native potato varieties from CIP s Germ plasm Bank Distribution of healthy nati
469. s or from gene banks 2 Implementation of seed fairs to sensitize farmers to the crop diversity present and foster exchange and access to additional varieties improve processing either at the household and community levels or at the agro industrial level including post harvest management and storage which in turn should improve either the direct consumption or the marketing of the species 3 Improvement in value chains by connecting small producers to markets associated with better processing new uses as well as promotion of the species in markets to increase farmers income 4 Improved information about the nutritional value of the species promotion of their consumption as a way of improving diets and nutrition which also included activities to educate farmers and consumers about the potential nutritional benefits of consuming the species Appendix A p 17 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 5 Yield improvement through better agronomic practices identifying appropriate varieties through participatory varietal selection and providing access to them through seed distribution schemes to improve food security or income from agriculture 6 Implementation of integrated pest management including characterization of the pests and diseases and management interventions to control them to reduce losses and improve food security 7 Use of leguminous species to improve soil fertility and health and enhance crop productivity
470. s pesticides and fertilizers coca processing which discharges acids diesel and other chemicals and municipal and industrial solid and liquid wastes Overharvesting of selected species illegal harvesting and unsustainable management plans Exotic invasive species some European and other external species imported to Bolivia are threatening native species in the competition for resources or affecting native vegetation not adapted to their herbivory and feed characteristics In 1993 Bolivia embraced the concept of sustainable development brought about by the World Summit that integrates economic social and environmental issues adding social participation in decision making aspects efficient management and transparent institutions UNDP 2005 Since then sustainable development attempts were promoted through the General Plan for Economic and Social Development PGDES Change for All 1994 the Bolivia XXI Pa s Socialmente Solidario 1998 several local Development Plans The Dialogue Act 2001 and more recently the Productive Dialogue Act 2004 COCHABAMBA e Proyecto Integral Candelaria e Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi e Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Located in the inter Andean valleys ecoregion Cochabamba has a high level of species diversity However the region suffers
471. s possible to reduce crop diversity at little or no cost in public benefits and hence not all loss of crop diversity may be socially unacceptable Scenario 3 presents a situation that many may consider ideal where crop biodiversity is maintained at its original level delivering all associated public benefits of crop diversity together with a major improvement in the private benefits captured by a community Finally Scenario 4 presents a worst case with a trend in which both crop diversity and associated public benefits and private benefits of a community are reduced This case may correspond to changes in the economic and social environment that lead to the abandonment of crop diversity but without any associated private benefits to the communities For example the introduction of a new crop leading to the total abandonment of the traditional crop in the hope of increasing income followed by a collapse in the price or market of the former due to competition changes in consumer tastes or failure to produce due to the appearance of a non controllable pest or disease The processes and outcomes associated with on farm conservation of landraces in centers of crop diversity are complex causality is neither Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 clear nor obvious The framework presented here clearly is a major simplification of these issues and their relationships yet is nevertheless valuable because it provides a
472. s preguntas relevantes que una evaluaci n de impacto ex ante y ex post deben responder son Cu les son los cambios a nivel local nacional y de pol ticas que ocurrieron gracias a la implementaci n del proyecto C mo afectaron la diversidad de cultivos y los medios de vida de los agricultores involucrados Conclusiones El prop sito de implementar una canasta de intervenciones con diferentes objetivos es proveer una diversidad de opciones relevantes a los agricultores generalmente marginales que mantienen la diversidad de cultivos en sus fincas contribuyendo a aumentar el valor de lo que ya tienen Con respecto a esto es crucial identificar desarrollar y ofrecer nuevas maneras de cultivar consumir procesar y comercializar la diversidad de cultivos que ellos tienen como una forma de mejorar sus opciones y su bienestar lo cual requiere mejorar sus capacidades e influir sobre el ambiente institucional en que operan Los proyectos de conservaci n en finca pueden ser implementados en reas con altos niveles de diversidad de valor global con agricultores que cuenten con estrategias de medios de vida diversificadas un alto uso de agro biodiversidad y una alta diversidad cultural Si son bien dise ados y exitosos estos proyectos deben producir un ciclo positivo de creciente de diversidad y de mejoramiento en el bienestar de los involucrados Mientras que el objetivo final es el mismo para todos los proyectos de conserv
473. s that effect local seed systems This includes improvement of local species management of genetic resources and informal seed exchange systems 2 To improve the ability to access quality seeds from different plant varieties through the design and strategic intervention testing for ecological literature focused on botany seed multiplication local plant improvement communication systems and seed exchange 3 To document disseminate and promote applications from the lessons learned among rural development actors farmers organizations development agencies research institutions and politicians and to present promising methodologies to facilitate the promotion of interest in food security through better managed informal seed systems Activities 1 Meetings and workshops to update the annual workplan and define participatory rural appraisal methodologies with local organizations socioeconomic research on informal seed systems and farmers participative appraisal of informal seed markets 2 Establishment of Seed Guardian groups by local organizations capacity building for Seed Guardian group members on seed improvement techniques 3 Training in management of seed systems and community improvement also through farmer led experiments replication of learning activities discovered at the grassroots 4 Develop methodological guidelines to improve seed management and production systems for the communities RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Vib
474. s the degree of cooperation and its efficiency increased among actors Conducting network analysis ex ante and ex post is an exercise that should be embedded into projects since their inception and the required budget should also be included The participatory nature of the exercise is fundamental since a network s linkages its dynamics and any given change in within it over time should be assessed by all actors involved during ad hoc workshops In our case studies we analyzed the networks of six projects only ex post since ex ante data and information were not collected The scope of our work which could not be conducted in a participatory way given the time elapsed since the projects ended and the lack of funding focuses only on interviews conducted electronically with the project grant managers and project reports made available to us Therefore we are missing an important amount of information that could have been provided to us by the rest of the actors involved in the projects However we believe that our analysis can still provide interesting insights that increase our understanding of the structure of the networks established by each project the predominant link upon which the network is based and the degree to which actors influence the achievement of project outputs and outcomes The measures of interest for our study regard the concept of network centrality meaning the position of an actor inside its network given its reciprocal
475. s the leading institution of the Subsistema de Granos Altoandinos and has among its responsibilities the management and conservation of the National Germplasm Bank of High Andean Grain Appendix G p 39 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 BNGA Work Collections are in charge of the Universidad Mayor de San Andr s UMSA the Technical University of Oruro UTO and the Center for Community Based Research and Production Irpani CIPROCOM Objective of the project was to ensure the conservation of High Andean Grain germplasm and increase its usability through a coordinated effort between the Active Germplasm Bank of the Subsystem the Work Collections and other strategic alliances Specific Objectives 1 National Germplasm Bank of High Andean Grain adequately manage and conserve germplasm collections preserved in the National High Andean Grain Bank study the germplasm collections using molecular techniques increase the use of genetic resources of Andean grains under the SINARGEAA strategy promote the genetic diversity of Andean grains and strengthen the capabilities of the Subsystem 2 Relationship with the conservation in situ to strengthen research and monitor in situ conservation of the genetic resources of Andean grains in microcentres of diversity 3 Work Collections promote the local use and conservation of genetic resources of Andean grains through participatory assessments Activities 1 Characterization and evaluation
476. s the specific sampling used in each project including the sample size and the number of villages where the studies took place In five of the six cases the sample was drawn randomly from two populations participants and non participants in the projects in the sites where they took place In one case the sample was drawn randomly from the population in the area where the project took place without a priori distinction between participants and non participants The samples are representative of the population for the project sites though the scale varied by project but they vary in size proportion of sample relative to the population and proportion of participant and non participant households d Statistical analyses The statistical analysis comprised two components One was a descriptive analysis based on the surveys characterizing the households in the sample in socio economic terms by reporting frequencies means and standard deviations of key relevant variables This analysis also paid particular attention to the interventions undertaken by each of the projects the rates of participation adoption and how interventions were evaluated by farmers Also through interviews with project leaders it was established whether or not each intervention could be attributed to the projects either because other projects in the area promoted the same type of intervention or because the intervention consisted of disseminating existing local practices to a wi
477. s y formuladores de pol ticas medir el xito del proyecto en t rminos del grado en que estos proyectos han producido realmente los resultados deseados El proyecto financiado por la Fundaci n McKnight titulado Evaluando el xito de los Proyectos de Conservaci n en Finca para Suministrar Resultados de Conservaci n y Medios de Vida Identificando Mejores Practicas y Herramientas de Apoyo en la Toma de Decisiones coordinado e implementado por Bioversity International entre Marzo de 2010 y Mayo de 2012 desarroll un marco conceptual y metodol gico basado en una revisi n cr tica de literatura te rica y emp rica con el objetivo de proveer a donantes profesionales y formuladores de pol ticas con herramientas metodol gicas para mejorar la evaluaci n de los proyectos de conservaci n en finca 1 Definir los resultados esperados de conservaci n y sobre los medios de vida de los agricultores que las intervenciones del proyecto esperaban alcanzar 2 Desarrollar indicadores medibles de estos resultados 3 Comparar los resultados de aplicar las innovaciones suministradas por las intervenciones del proyecto contra lo que habr a pasado sin aplicarlas Intervenci n del proyecto actividades llevadas a cabo por un proyecto que suministran a los agricultores involucrados innovaciones como nuevas tecnolog as conocimiento desarrollo de capacidades y habilidades o nuevas formas de organizaci n orientadas a cambiar la for
478. selected from the intervention sites the latter to serve as controls We are keenly aware of the limitations of this approach potential lack of comparability between participants and non participants and hence biases in the results however given the limitations of the studies this was the most feasible approach available and as will be shown below we tried to correct for biases through the use of econometric techniques The questionnaire included information on several socioeconomic locational and environmental confounding factors that were used to correct for observed differences among the two groups This is further discussed in the section on econometric methodology p 36 The questionnaire elicited information on 1 family demographics education occupations and migration 2 land tenure landholdings and plot quality 3 gender 4 animal holdings and ownership of agricultural assets 5 access to information and social networks 6 participation in government and non governmental programs and 7 housing and access to public infrastructure For each project the specific interventions were previously identified and a module was used to compile information on participation in the projects and to rate their usefulness and determine whether or not they have been applied In addition and depending on the nature of the project there were specific modules on crop diversity crop consumption crop management and perceptions of
479. sessment and application An important challenge was to conceptualize what an intervention means in a way that can be made operational and analyzed At the beginning we were using the idea of intervention ambiguously conflating activities and outputs leading to confusion in the analysis Conceptually we defined interventions as activities carried out by a project that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity This definition improved our capacity to articulate and analyze our hypotheses about project success Statistical analysis Unfortunately no baseline or end line data were available for the studies nor were there any control sites similar sites to the intervention sites but where no project activities were carried out except for baseline and end line surveys Participants and non participants were randomly selected from the interventions sites the latter to serve as controls We are keenly aware of the limitations of this approach potential lack of comparability between participants and non participants and hence biases in the results however given the limitations of the studies this was the most feasible approach available and we tried to correct for biases through the use of econometric techniques This is a limitation of our approach since the
480. sevcussserecnsvarecasvarsanasesauaavanauovecsae 38 Manejo Conservacion y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del INAR GE SA ral 39 Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per occccconcnnncnncnnncnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnonncnnnnanonnnoncrnnnnnononos 40 Sustainable production of quinoa a neglected food crop in the Andean region cccocccccnccncnnccnononnnns 41 Lupin quinoa sustainable production systems to guarantee food security in impoverished communities in the province of Cotopaxi Ecuador ooccccccoccncncncnnnnoncnnnonanonnnnanonnnnnconnnoncononnnacnnonanononnnns 42 Conservaci n complementaria ex situ in situ de especies silvestres de quinoa y ca ihua en Bolivia 43 Programa de apoyo a la cadena quinoa altiplano SUP ooocccccoconnncnonnnnonnnnnnnanonnnnnncnnncnnonnnnnnnnncnancnnnos 44 ANAE ECR UIC Sanit 45 Green manure and legumes integrating agronomic and health research for improving the production of food and diets in marginal areas of Northern POtOSi ccccceccccesccccesceceeeceesceeeseceeeceeeceseneeeegeceten 46 Cover agriculture a farmer led research initiative on the application of cover agriculture principles in the Andean highlands COBERAGR cccccssseccccsesecceesececsenececeuseceseusceeeeeeceeeeueeeseeeseseuseesseseeeseetees 47 Appendix G p 2 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 AY STAM Ve AA A O RAT AU A 48 In Situ Conservation o
481. shing a proper comparison for project interventions against what would have happened without them counterfactual 4 identifying and correcting for confounding factors in the final assessment of the impact i e factors that are independent of the project interventions but that can affect the outcomes either masking or exaggerating their impacts Hence the project has addressed the following major questions a Is there a definition of the conservation and livelihood outcomes that project interventions are ex ante or were ex post expected to achieve b Do measurable indicators of those outcomes exist c Can we compare project interventions against what would have happened without them counterfactual d Can we identify and correct for confounding factors in the final assessment of the impact i e factors that are independent of the project interventions but that can affect the outcomes either masking or exaggerating their impacts Definition Project Intervention Activities carried out by a project that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity The project has therefore developed a framework based on a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature that addressed the four challenges identified above This framework is more full
482. shwa Andean tubers oca ulluco mashwa Andean roots Arracacha Andean tubers Andean tubers oca ulluco potato Andean tubers papa Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Table 1 List of projects directly aimed at on farm conservation Implementing Organization Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Departamento Nacional de Recursos Fitogen ticos y Biotecnolog a DENAREF CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA Asociaci n de Productores de Tub rculos Andinos de Candelaria APROTAC Programa de Alimentos y Productos Naturales PAPN UMSS San Simon University Proyecto de Mercadeo y Comercializaci n de los Tub rculos Andinos PROMETAS UMSS CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIAP Promoci n e Investigaci n de Productos Andinos PROINPA CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa CONDESAN IESE UMSS Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Econ micos de la Universidad Mayor de San Sim n Bolivia INIAP Intituto Nacional de Investigaci n Agropecuaria ESCAES Escuela Campesina de Educaci n y Salud UNC Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca Peru CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Intermediate Technology Development Group ITDG Peru Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria INIA Peru Central de Autodefensa de Pataccalasaya CAP P
483. situ conservation of agro biodiversity The project aims to give sustainability to the conservation and management of agricultural biodiversity as well as finding new alternative uses contribute to food security raise awareness among both adults and children through education in the value of these genetic resources and seek new revenues through agritourism while retaining the cultural identity of indigenous communities The first phase 2002 2005 gathered information on traditional crops while in the second phase 2006 2008 the project was implemented Activities 1 Conservation of local diversity complementary conservation of native cultivars activities aimed to rescue and conserve species ex situ 2 Sustainable use of local diversity consumption agro industry and marketing activities aimed at promoting the agro industry with innovative and quality processes to enable competition in national and international markets encouraging farmers to conserve the diversity of native crops in their fields and increasing financial and food resources Appendix G p 50 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 3 Education on agro biodiversity the activity was conducted with the objective of designing and implementing an environmental education program aimed at promoting agro biodiversity conservation in the communities of the canton Cotacachi UNORCAC 4 Agro ecotourism implementation of gardens of native crops in selected shelters and revi
484. sset of the rural processes that generate new potentially useful poor in developing countries that depend on agriculture for their livelihoods and well being Jarvis et al 2008 The loss of crop and livestock diversity has been recognized for many the crop evolved or in secondary centers of diversity genetic variation in crops This involves farmers continued cultivation and management of a diverse set of crop populations in the agro ecosystems where decades as a major problem Harlan It depends on the active participation of farmers and 1992 Hawkes 1983 particularly in the existence of incentives for them to do so centers of domestication and diversity such as the Andean region Ortega 1997 Efforts to conserve crop diversity have led to the collection and conservation of seeds in genebanks i e ex situ conservation Plucknett et al 1987 In the last two decades there has been a growing interest in the use and management of agricultural diversity in farmers fields and in the wild i e on farm and in situ conservation as a complementary strategy to ex situ conservation Brush 2004 Bretting and Duvick 1997 On farm conservation involves farmers continued cultivation and management of a diverse set of crop populations in the agroecosystem where the crop evolved or in secondary centers of diversity and depends on farmers active participation based on farmers reasons and incentives for maintaining diversity Bellon et a
485. t more than half speak indigenous languages associated with local ethnic groups which suggests a cultural link to native crops and associated traditional knowledge Even among primary Spanish speakers these links may still persist Most households are male headed but in some projects female headed households make up a sizable proportion of the total households In general these are middle aged farmers but average family ages indicate that there are still young people living in Appendix A p 35 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 them although in Bolivia households seem much older than elsewhere Average family size is quite homogenous across projects and although there is temporary migration this still relatively low Landholdings are obviously central for agricultural populations and the basis of their ability to provide themselves with food and income The data show however that these landholdings are quite small particularly in the cases of UNORCAC and SINARGEA projects and while landholdings are larger in Peru based projects in all cases land seems to be quite limited suggesting constraining agricultural conditions Farmers in these environments face many risks and have limited access to financial services for saving investments and risk management hence domesticated animal holdings are an important means for addressing these shortcomings particularly when different species are owned Data show that farmers own on average bet
486. t Number 09 1100 Conclusions The scope of implementing a basket of interventions with different aims is to provide diverse and relevant options to the farmers that enhance the value of what they already have In this regard it is crucial to identify develop and offer new ways of cultivating consuming processing and marketing the diversity of crops and animal breeds they have as a way of enhancing farmers choices and well being by improving their Capacities and influencing the institutional environment by providing interventions that enable choice On farm conservation projects can be implemented around the world where there are areas of high levels of diversity of global significance diversified livelihood strategies intensive use of agro biodiversity and high cultural diversity These on farm conservation projects if well designed and successful should produce a positive cycle of increased diversity and improved well being resulting in the maintenance of or increase in crop diversity While the final goal is the same for all on farm conservation projects to conserve crop diversity and achieve societal benefits through incentives to farmers in the form of direct private benefits that translate into improved livelihoods the specific interventions of these projects will vary according to the specific outputs and outcomes desired The following diagram outlines how the decision making process results in a successful p
487. t in the private benefits captured by a community Finally 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 13 Scenario 4 presents a worst case showing a trend in which both crop diversity and associated public benefits and private benefits of a community are reduced This case may correspond to changes in the economic and social environment that lead to the abandonment of crop diversity but without any associated private benefits to the communities For example the introduction of a new crop leading to the total abandonment of the traditional crop in the hope of increasing income followed by a collapse in the price or market of the former due to competition changes in consumer tastes or failure to produce due to the appearance of a non controllable pest or disease In the context of this simple schema an on farm conservation project can be seen as a set of interrelated interventions that provide innovations to farmers aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive consume and or market crop diversity In a successful project these innovations are adopted by farmers and in turn translate into private livelihood benefits for them and their households in terms of enhanced income food consumption and security productivity stability and or reduced vulnerab
488. t increase crop yield the soil s capacity of regeneration access to and availability of highly nutritious quality foods Specific objectives 1 To train local participants in identifying opportunities of green manure forage and legume grains in crop rotation to obtain a positive impact on soil health and the families productive capacity 2 To build local capacity of agricultural innovation that enhances soil health and contributes to more sustainable and productive food systems through strengthening of community based organizations 3 To improve maternal and child nutrition with activities that build on gains in crop productivity from participatory research on legumes in crop rotation Activities Appendix G p 46 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 1 Participatory analysis of cultivation systems in three areas of varying elevation to define the candidate germ plasm for community trials the basis for community sustainability and the type of evaluations to be adopted 2 Participatory trials with legumes lima beans common beans peas and lupin forage and green manures live barriers trials in plant pots and greenhouses with promising species to determine their impact on soil health 3 Analysis of the sustainability of existing and new practices through a budget and an economic analysis of the soil s nutrients 4 Three community and organizational exchanges each year training through work shops and participatory field t
489. tablishment of the baseline and work plan preparation of didactic material training of trainers RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The potato is central to the culture and diet of Andean people and is fourth among the world s principle food crops Andean potato production is threatened by an emerging pest known as the Guatemalan potato moth Tecia solanivora Lepidoptera Gelechiidae whose larvae destroy potato tubers T solanivora is the most serious pest of potato in Central America where the insect originated and it has moved to South America through the potato trade It has become one of the gravest problems facing potato producers in Ecuador and it also poses a serious threat to potato producers in other countries in the region DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION The project studied the population dynamics of T solanivora Symmetrichema tangolias and Phthorimaea operculell pests mapped their distribution in Carchi Chimborazo and other provinces and tried to identify natural enemies predators and parasitoids of potential importance ANDEAN GRAINS Appendix G p 36 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Andean grains are important for their high nutritional content which is quality proteins and rich micronutrient profile but also for their hardiness in different agro ecological zones their good adaptability to environmental stresses and versatility in use They are also strongly connected to the food culture and tra
490. taci n de un programa de Lorocachi gesti n Fortalecimiento de Capacidades en Medio Mapa de uso actual de la tierra en las Estudios Socioecon micos en las 3 Conservation of Conservar y alcanzar la gesti n Biodiversity in in situ de los ecosistemas y la Pastaza biodiversidad de la selva Ambiente y Recursos Naturales reas de estudio Modelo Digital del Terreno Mapa de los Ecosistemas Inventarios de flora y fauna en las 3 comunidades N mero de especies amenazadas y especies medicinales de la selva amaz nica bajo manejo en jardines fitogen ticos ubicados en las comunidades de Yana Yacu Nina y Amarun Lorocachi comunidades Estaci n de investigaci n construida y equipada en Yana Yacu Base de datos dise ada y estructurada con informaci n socio ambientales y geogr ficas Sistema de Informaci n Geogr fica aplicado a la planificaci n ambiental gesti n seguimiento y evaluaci n de los territorios ind genas de Pastaza Programa de capacitaci n dise ado para t cnicos locales y comunitarios especializados en Gesti n Ambiental Numero de t cnicos de las comunidades capacitados en la gesti n ambiental y en el proceso de formulaci n Especialistas de la red formados a un nivel superior en temas relacionados con las actividades del proyecto Numero de l deres comunitarios capacitados en la gesti n ambiental para finalizar el proyecto Miembros capacitados de las 3 comunidades seleccionadas que aplican planes de
491. tainable agriculture Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 31 2 53 82 Milpa Project 1999 Conservation of Genetic Diversity and Improvement of Crop Production in Mexico A Farmer Based Approach 1999 Annual Report http www grcp ucdavis edu milpa Ortega R 1997 Peruvian in situ conservation of Andean crops In N Maxted B V Ford Lloyd and J G Hawkes eds Plant Conservation the In Situ Approach Chapman and Hall London Pp 302 314 Plucknett D L Smith N H J Williams J T amp Anishetty N M 1987 Gene Banks and the World s Food Princeton Princeton University Press Provan K G Veazie M A Staten L K amp Teufel Shone N I 2005 The Use of Network Analysis to Strengthen Community Partnerships Public Administration Review 65 603 613 Rubin D 1974 Estimating causal effects to treatments in randomised and nonrandomsed studies Journal of Educational Psychology 66 pp 688 701 Smale M M R Bellon A Aguirre Manuel J Mendoza A M Solano R Mart nez and A Ram rez 2003 The economic costs and benefits of a participatory project to conserve maize landraces on farms in Oaxaca Mexico Agricultural Economics 29 3 265 276 Stern R R Coe E Allan I Dale Eds 2004 Good statistical practice for natural resources research CABI publishing Wallingford UK ISBN 0851997228 UNORCAC 2008 Desarrollo con identidad Informativo Institucional No 2 Cotacachi Appendix A p 53
492. tanding which activities achieved the most significant outcomes Key informants included project leaders and others directly involved in the projects judged to have specialized and in depth knowledge about the project At the initial workshop in Cali it had been decided to examine three case studies in depth one from each country Following conversations with key informants in Peru and Bolivia three additional projects beyond the three discussed in Cali were identified and deemed extremely interesting Project leaders were contacted and were keen to discuss with us their projects therefore the projects were included in the analysis The final list of six case study projects studied is detailed in Table 2 Appendix A p 20 Country Project Title Main Implementing General Objective Target crops Peru Ecuador Bolivia Peru Peru Ecuador Donor Institutions Biodiversity of Andean McKnight University of To strengthen the tubers strengthening the Foundation Cusco CRIBA dynamics of in situ on farm conservation and conservation of Andean food security of Andean tubers native potatoes tubers in the fragile oca and mashua olluco ulluco ecosystems of the southern and improve food security Peruvian highlands and income of the high Andean communities of the Cusco Region oca potato Complementary Instituto To promote rural Neglected conservation and Nacional de development through the and sustainable use of Inves
493. te la implementaci n del proyecto y que pueden influir en el resultado M todos cualitativos e Revision de la literatura relevante Entrevistas con informantes clave An lisis de redes sociales Discusiones en grupos focales M todos cuantitativos Muestreo aleatorio Andlisis estad sticos Encuestas socioecon micas descriptivas de hogares Andlisis econom tricos Revisi n de la literatura Se llevo a cabo una revisi n de escritorio y utilizando el internet de 26 proyectos relevantes con el objeto de entender las relaciones entre sus objetivos actividades implementadas y resultados sobre la diversidad de cultivos y los medios de vida los agricultores involucrados Se examin cada proyecto para entender la cadena l gica que relaciona los objetivos actividades y resultados con el objecto de dilucidar lecciones con amplia aplicabilidad Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras clave en la busqueda de literatura diversidad de cultivos conservacion en finca biodoversidad y medios de vida Los documentos del proyecto fueron analizados para identificar los proyectos que se analizaron posteriormente en detalle Para cada proyecto la revisi n se enfoc en los siguientes aspectos e Ubicaci n espec fica e Cultivos objetivo e Principales donantes y financiamiento e Organizaci n ejecutiva e Actividades llevadas a cabo e Intervenciones especificas implementadas e Productos generados nivel de e Resultados de d
494. ted in Bolivia Ecuador and Peru in 1993 with the aim to improve the quality of life of rural Andean families through competitive production of roots and tubers and conservation of biodiversity Participating institutions worked on marketing constraints and diversification of the uses of RTAs focusing on seven crops ulluco oca mashwa papa ulluco arracacha and mauka Project activities were developed around a common framework To synthesize and generate a methodology for developing valid traditional agro industries in the Andes To identify pilot areas where promising traditional activities could be strengthened To strengthen the institutional capacities of partners at the Andean countries in technical and social aspects related to agribusiness development rca 1 PROYECTO INTEGRAL LAS MUACONAS A A Country Ecuador Organization INIAP DENAREF CIP SDC Budget Total cost of the Collaborative Programme USS 9 6 million in 10 years DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project s objective is to conserve Andean tuber morphotypes in Las Huaconas and restore accessions which have undergone a process of genetic erosion Specific objectives 1 In situ management of RTAs and preservation of natural resources 2 Production and distribution of quality seed 3 Agro industrial application and artisanal production of processed RTAs 4 Market research and promotion of consumption of RTAs 5 Technology transfer and training on RTAs Activities
495. tegory includes all the links based on simple interaction between two actors who exchange relevant information related to the project or who participate in the same workshops conferences seminars To define influence of an actor in the network we asked the key informant from the implementing institution to gauge the intensity of the relationship with each actor involved in the network on a 1 to 4 scale In this way we understand which actors have contributed more to the achievement of relevant project outputs and outcomes In order to address the three issues above structure links and influence we collected data from key informants of the implementing institution of each project and from the available project reports Typically data should be collected from every network member through participatory activities or through questionnaires However due to the extent of the research and the lack of funding to carry out such concerted efforts we had to rely on the information provided by the grant manager of each project Therefore we used two sources of data e Secondary data from project reports Through these data we mapped out all the actors involved in each project and their direct or indirect linkages to other actors in the network From this analysis of secondary data an overview of the relationships between different actors involved in each project and of the eventual interactions between different projects was developed e A survey of key p
496. tema Evaluaciones participativas con germoplasma de quinua N mero de bancos comunales de quinua implementados Selecci n y distribuci n de semillas de variedades y accesiones de quinua y ca ahua a agricultores Sitios piloto para la conservaci n in situ identificados Identificaci n de la agrobiodiversidad 4 1 Conocimiento tradicional asociado a la conservaci n de la agrobiodiversidad caracterizado conservada en las comunidades 5 1 Numero de concursos Variedades de los cultivos andinos 6 1 Microcentros de diversidad reconocidos caracterizadas 7 1 N mero de encuentros con los agricultores Appendix G p 107 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Project Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n 5 Concursos de agrobiodiversidad 6 Reconocimiento a microcentros de diversidad 7 Intercambio de experiencias y conocimientos tradicionales 1 1 Cuantidad de material gen tico 4 1 Recetas
497. tenidos a trav s de m todos in situ y ex Indicadores de producto Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Actividades de conservaci n en finca y actividades de evaluaci n genotipo quinua y ca ahua Caracterizaci n agro morfol gica de germoplasma representativo de amaranto L neas de quinua potencialmente interesantes evaluadas en ensayos con los agricultores Sistema de producci n de amaranto germoplasma de amaranto refrescado en el banco de genes de Cusco accesiones evaluadas junto con los agricultores y material promisorio seleccionado 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 Bienestar Visitas para evaluar los posibles sitios para el trabajo de agroturismo Actividad para promover granos andinos a trav s del turismo Acuerdo de Colaboraci n con la Municipalidad de Mollepata sobre la inclusi n de algunos lugares de inter s de amaranto diversidad gen tica y cultural a lo largo del camino con el objetivo de popularizar el uso del amaranto y su aporte nutricional Desarrollo de una peque a gu a con la diversidad de amaranto y sus m ltiples usos en el distrito de Mollepata Appendix G p 104 Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y mediano
498. that are timely and appropriate Appendix G p 58 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The SLA ultimately puts strong relevance on the observable outcome indicator of the project that is most relevant to the intervention logic The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach measures changes in factors that affect livelihoods such as capital assets institutional structures or processes the resilience or vulnerability of households and livelihood strategies SLA also provides a checklist to design indicators and understand the links between them When selecting performance indicators six elements should be kept in mind 1 Validity Does it measure the result 2 Reliability Is it a consistent measure over time 3 Sensitivity When the result changes will it be sensitive to those changes 4 Simplicity Will it be easy to collect and analyze the information 5 Utility Will the information be useful for decision making and learning 6 Affordability Can the program project afford to collect the information Indicators need to be chosen to be specific and relevant to the issue in hand Bollom 1998 Quests for universal sets of indicators can be constraining because the choice of indicator depends on the objectives of the policy program or project being assessed and the conditions under which the indicators are used A criterion for selecting indicators is the SMART criterion or that indicators must be Specific Measurable Attaina
499. the Contemporary World New Haven Yale University Press Caliendo M and R Hujer 2006 The microeconometric estimation of treatment effects An overview Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv Advances in Statistical Analysis Springer vol 90 1 pages 199 215 Conservation International 2007 Tropical Andes www biodiversityhotspots org Deaton A 2010 Instruments randomization and learning about development Journal of Economic Literature 48 424 455 Fowler C and T Hodgkin 2004 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Assessing global availability Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 143 179 Hajjar R D Javis and G Gemmill Herren 2008 The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services Agriculture Ecosystems Environment 123 4 261 270 Harlan J R 1992 Crops and Man 2 ed Madison WI American Society of Agronomy Hawkes J R 1983 The Diversity of Crop Plants Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Heckman J 2000 Micro data heterogeneity and the evaluation of public policy Nobel lecture Journal of Political Economy 109 673 748 Heckman J 1997 Instrumental Variables A Study of Implicit Behavioral Assumptions Used in Making Program Evaluations Journal of Human Resources pp 441 62 IFAD 2010 La pobreza rural en Bolivia Ecuador Peru www ruralpovertyportal org Appendix A p 52 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 INIEA 2
500. the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands Progress Report 2001 2002 2005 2006 Appendix G p 76 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The McKnight Foundation 2007 Collaborative Crop Research Program Improved production of native potatoes in the Andean highlands of Peru Annual report 2006 2007 The Nature Conservancy TNC Fundacion Conservacion International Cl and World Wild Fund WWF 2007 Areas Naturales Protegidas Peru Lima The World Bank 2004 Poverty Monitoring Guidance Note 1 Selecting Indicators Note prepared by Francesca Bastagli Aline Coudouel and Giovanna Prennushi Poverty Reduction Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network Tirso A Gonzales 2000 The Cultures of the Seed in the Peruvian Andes in Stephen B Brush 2000 Genes in the field On Farm Conservation of Crop Diversity IDRC IPGRI Lewis Publishers Ottawa UNDP 2000 Uso manejo y consevaci n in situ de variedades locales de papa en el Austro Ecuatoriano Ficha tecnica del proyecto Ecuador UNDP Signposts of Development RBM in UNDP Selecting Indicators UNDP 2005 Evaluaci n de Resultados del Area de Medio Ambiente Informe final Bolivia UNDP Bolivia UNDP 2008 Oficina de UNDP Ecuador Evaluacion de impacto de los proyectos dirigidos a la conservacion y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad T rminos de referencia Consultor a Evaluaci n d
501. the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands in urban marginal neighborhoods of Cusco the most important characteristic of ulluco is its nutritive value and its low price by contrast in the richest neighborhoods the most important quality of the ulluco is that is perceived as a healthy product Appendix A p 18 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 identification of these species as food of the poor or having low social status Cultural notions and taboos can also limit the adoption of improved management practices Overall projects do not apply clear measurable indicators of outputs and outcomes Often indicators have to be inferred by the researcher as they are not clearly defined or explained and the links between outputs and outcomes are sometimes weak or questionable It was difficult to understand what a relevant indicator is because some project reports did not provide this information and we had to infer it according to the logic of interventions The definitions of outcome and output as well as indicator itself is confusing and never made explicit despite the fact that their definition has been widely disseminated by different international actors The terminology used in the reports is rather that of result which we have understood as a synonym of outcome and in some cases of output Greater clarity would be benefi
502. the Province of f ae uinoa impoverished communities Legumes and Cotopaxi through the q Institute PRONALEG GA of INIAP Bolivia Manejo Conservaci n y PROINPA To ensure the Andean conservation of High grains Andean grain germplasm and increase its usability through a coordinated Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA effort between the Active Germplasm Bank of the Subsystem the Work Collections and other strategic alliances A seventh project on the sustainable development of organic quinoa in Peru was eliminated from the final selection of case studies due to the inaccessibility of information on the main actors in the project Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Immediately after the phone interviews fourteen internet Survey Monkey questionnaires were developed and sent to the key informants The survey was submitted to each of the project leaders in addition to other people who were directly involved in the interventions Not all of the key informants interviewed by phone answered the survey As the survey was fundamental to the scope of the study one of the seven projects Proyecto Integral Candelaria was eliminated from the analysis although relevant information gathered in the phone interview was used in the discussion The questionnaire elicited information on budgets donors start and end dates and project objectives A list of project acti
503. the face of strong incentives to abandon this diversity For this reason there is a need for projects to support farmers in maintaining this diversity The success of any on farm conservation project depends on a good design that brings together four aspects 1 crop diversity 2 the private benefits associated population Livelihood benefits The private benefits that farmers and their households derive from that agricultural system e g food security nutrition income safety net cultural identity Societal benefits The public benefits that society derives from the relevant components of biodiversity maintained in an agricultural system e g ecosystem services Project interventions Activities carried out by a project that provide farmers with innovations such as new technologies development of capacities and skills or new forms of organization aimed at changing the way they access manage use perceive adaptive processes consume and or market crop diversity with its use 3 the societal public benefits associated with its maintenance 4 the interventions innovations needed to link these three areas in a positive and coherent way In order to do this we propose a set of guidelines for project design based on the results of the McKnight Foundation funded project entitled Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes Identifying Best Practices an
504. the indirect connections the actor may have Betweenness is the degree to which an actor is an intermediary between two other actors inside a group It is a concept based on local dependency an actor depends on another if the paths that connect it to other actors pass through this specific actor Closeness centrality represents the centrality of an actor as being as close to any other one in the graph An actor is globally central if lies at short paths or distances from many other actors The relevant links in the network were defined according to four categories e Money these include the links based on one actor providing financing to another e g from the donor to the project managing institution or from the latter to the institution that carries out activities in the field e Research links based on one actor providing research activities to another e g a university carrying out laboratory analysis for the implementing institution e Training links based on capacity building activities e g training in food preparation given by the implementing institution to a community e Exchange of information this category includes all the links based on simple interaction between two actors who exchange relevant information related to the project or who participate in the same workshops conferences seminars To address the structure links and influence of network actors the study collected data from key informants of the i
505. the projects gender issues and women s empowerment generally did not receive sufficient attention Only eight projects had a specific component to address gender empowerment an area that merits further action in the future Another aspect not directly tackled in the assessment of projects results is their impacts on traditional inequality between classes or ethnicities particularly relevant issues especially in those projects aimed at the empowerment of indigenous communities through natural resource conservation In spite of these common problems several good practices also emerged from the analysis of these projects A common feature of most projects was their use of participatory approaches that engaged project implementers with farmers and communities in a dialogue that gave voice to their objectives concerns and priorities in project implementation This type of approach also provides strong recognition to local culture and knowledge which is central among the millenary cultures of the Andes Participatory approaches were particularly useful in characterizing the diversity of native species and varieties their uses selection criteria that determine their acceptability and their associated seed systems as well as in characterizing the socioeconomic conditions of households The use of these approaches allows the identification of knowledge gaps among farmers and technicians and suggests the appropriate learning tools to develop 4 For
506. there were no a priori control groups and no baseline available and therefore there was a high likelihood of selection bias which would have obscured the true relationship between adoption of innovations and conservation and livelihood outcomes An econometric approach the instrumental variable method corrects for this bias and had to be used to analyze whether these projects can be deemed successful or not In order to carry out the econometric analysis a set of indicators were developed for three different outcomes a Adoption of innovations provided by project interventions b Crop diversity c Benefits associated with household well being To address the complexity of assessing three different outcomes a simultaneous equations system was estimated including other determinants of participation and outcomes of interest These variables include several socio economic characteristics of the sample the environment and the location of households the confounding factors The variables can be considered fully exogenous in other words not being affected by participation Since project interventions were many and comprise multiple aims that is a basket of interventions the indicator used is the number of innovations provided by interventions adopted applied by a household For crop diversity the indicator was derived from the number of farmer varieties of target crops planted by households in each project
507. tical analyses Descriptive socioeconomic household surveys Econometric analyses Literature review A desk and internet review of 26 relevant projects focused on understanding the links between objectives activities implemented to achieve them and diversity and livelihood outcomes Each project was examined to understand the logical pathway that relate objectives activities and results in order to identify commonalities from which best practices with wide applicability could be derived Key words used in the literature search were crop diversity on farm conservation biodiversity and livelihood Project documents were analyzed and used to identify further projects for scrutiny For each project the review focused on identifying e Specific location e Target crops e Main donors and level of funding e Executing organization e Activities carried out e Specific interventions implemented e Outputs generated e Crop diversity and livelihood outcomes that the project aimed to influence e Associated indicators These qualitative data were analyzed and synthesized to select six projects for a more in depth examination which resulted in the distillation of a set of key lessons The criteria used to select the six case studies were 1 directly or indirectly targeting on farm conservation 2 funded by the McKnight Foundation or by other donors 3 a focus on the Andean region 4 sufficiently documented projects encomp
508. ticipants was also quite high for all projects particularly for UNORCAC where this is higher than total participation by 50 and indicates large spillovers to non participating households although this is the only case of spillovers The mean number of innovations adopted is also high about half of the number of interventions where farmers participated Finally all of the innovations adopted were rated at least as useful rate 4 by 50 percent of the adopting households Given the levels of participation adoption and ratings of usefulness and particularly if adoption as an outcome is considered a criterion of success one can conclude that all projects studied were very successful This point is illustrated in the graph in Figure 12 in Annex A Appendix A p 31 PROJECT No interventions project Sample size Ex ante participants Ex ante non participants Ex ante rate of participation Observed non participants Observed participants Rate of participation Mean number of interventions participated Observed adopters Rate of adoption participation No non participants that adopted Mean number of interventions adopted Median rating of usefulness of intervention na Na 48 52 0 52 5 7 46 0 88 4 2 4 9 UNORC AC 22 176 96 80 0 55 60 116 0 66 58 5 4 4 3 CRIB 13 120 44 76 0 37 15 105 0 88 7 7 95 0 90 4 9 4 1 ITD 15 129 40 89 0 3 127
509. tigaciones complementary underutilized underutilized crops in Agropecuarias conservation and the species Ecuador Conservaci n INIAP and sustainable use of plant complementaria y uso Union de genetic resources of sostenible de cultivos Organizaciones underutilized native crops subutilizados en Ecuador Campesinas de of the inter Andean Cotacachi valleys of Ecuador UNORCAC through the collaboration between rural communities of Cotacachi researchers and national and international agencies tomato cucurbitaceas sambo and banana squash zapallo banana passionfruit granadilla chili peppers Enhancing the Contribution Bioversity To contribute to raising Andean of Neglected and International the incomes and grains Underutilized Crops to Food strengthening the food Security and to Incomes of security of small farmers the Rural Poor Bioversity and rural communities ca ihua NUS around the world through securing and exploiting the full potential of the genetic diversity contained in neglected and underutilized species quinoa amaranth Improved Production of McKnight Intermediate Andean Native Potatoes in High Foundation Technology tubers Altitude Areas of the Development Peruvian Andes Group ITDG Lupin Quinoa Sustainable McKnight National To alleviate the levels of Andean production systems to Foundation Program for poverty and malnutrition grains guarantee food security in Andean in
510. tion because they help to achieve better understanding of what communities demand improving the implementation of interventions and the dissemination of results in a way that maximizes benefits to the communities Participatory approaches allowed farmers to become acquainted with project objectives and logical frameworks to strengthen their cooperation with practitioners to share opinions on priorities limits and opportunities and finally to own the project Another relevant finding stressed by key informants was the need to understand that farmers have been guardians and conservationists of the diversity of native crops local agricultural biodiversity for centuries and that the success of interventions is based on their active involvement and ownership of project objectives and results It also emerged that projects that strengthen the cultural connection with native crops were the ones that reach the best outcomes in terms of acceptability and adoption By studying markets developing recipes improving culinary and production practices and revitalizing indigenous knowledge and traditions associated with local agro biodiversity these projects aimed at recognizing and strengthening the ethnic cultural and social value of native cultures However solid findings regarding impact and adoption are seldom available Key informants stressed that an evaluation and systematization of results in terms of conservation and livelihoods is necessary t
511. tion plots in areas with a potential for the use of potato seeds Marketing transformed products were marketed under the name Es Vida It s Life RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The provinces of Azuay El Oro and Loja are rich in biodiversity but face serious problems of deterioration and diversity loss Loja and Azuay are respectively the fourth and fifth province of the country by number of endemic species of plants which are little know These provinces are also affected by severe desertification processes and face a critical social situation because of the incidence of poverty and migration to other wealthier regions DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION The background for this project is a 7 year research process on native potato varieties followed by a phase of seed multiplication to deliver material to local populations Uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de ra ces andinas en el sub tr pico del municipio de Colomi provincia Chapare Cochabamba Country Bolivia Organization PROINPA Foundation Fundaci n PUMA Iniciativa para las Am ricas EIA Budget USS 86 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION The project falls within the framework of the plan for the sustainable use of biodiversity of Andean roots in the subtropics of Cochabamba and is operated by members of the community of Colomi which include women and youth who were trained in various stages of the process and supported by a group of entities GPA 2005 Ob
512. tivo y encuestas predefinidas Lotes demostrativos de quinua y chocho en comunidades nuevas para el proyecto Appendix G p 110 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Productos Generados Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Resultados Esperados Los resultados son los efectos probables o logrados a corto y Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad Bienestar mediano plazo o los cambios producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Cotopaxi Ecuador Sistemas de producci n sostenibles para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en comunidades Evaluar y seleccionar variedades de quinua y chocho que se adapten a las condiciones edafoclim ticas y de acuerdo a los criterios y preferencias de pobres de la los agricultores as de las provincia de comunidades Nin n Cachipata Cotopaxi Chaluapamba Chilla Chico y Ecuador Canchagua quinua y chocho Desarrollo de l neas de quinua y chocho en invernadero Estaci n Experimental y campo abierto Latacunga Evaluaci n participativa de l neas promisorias de quinua y chocho Desarrollar un sistema infor
513. tivos de almacenaje de la producci n agr cola Capacitaci n y seguimiento en manipulaci n selecci n clasificaci n y embalaje de los productos priorizados Transformaci n de productos agr colas Organizaci n de productores Capacitaci n en temas de agroindustria y producci n casera Estudio de mercado para productos no transformados Estudios de mercado productos frescos Plan de Negocios Grupos de productores por cultivo formados Grupos organizados capacitados en seguridad e Appendix G p 118 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Educacion en agrobiodiversdiad Agro ecoturismo Formaci n de t cnicos y promotores de la UNORCAC Participaci n en experiencias de conservaci n de agrobiodiversidad y educaci n ambiental Validaci n de m dulos en escuelas y en comunidades Desarrollo de la Gu a de Educaci n en Agrobiodiversidad Realiza
514. to make them more productive and improve product quality while access to services are limited and prices inadequate for producers Given the lack of bargaining power and the lack of organization of producers in the markets intermediaries and processing plants do not pay more for a quality product To compete in the market they seek to minimize their costs to the detriment of producers These dynamics also occur with those who produce for export such as with organic quinoa because of unfavorable partnership conditions with other businesses Agualtiplano 2003 The situation discourages indigenous communities to improve quality creating a vicious circle that constrains the opportunities of income improvement Also the availability of specialized human capital is limited and the conditions for developing technological innovations necessary to improve quality in various phases of the cycle cultivation processing marketing etc must be strengthened to comply with volume and quality demands Appendix G p 10 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The projects In order to understand the overall context of conservation activities in the Andes we have carried out an extensive desk and internet based research of in situ projects in the region Although Bolivia Ecuador and Peru are characterized by the presence of thousands of agricultural institutions working in different areas from livestock and plants conservation to technology promotion the
515. tradicionales documentadas Fortalecimiento del uso mejorado 4 2 Hornos artesanales de barro construidos 2 1 Numero de accesiones de variedades 5 1 Numero de variedades registradas 1 Mejoramiento gen tico distribuidas a las comunidades y a las 5 2 V nculos entre agricultores que producen y instituciones conservan quinua 2 Distribuci n de semillas 3 1 Numero de accesiones seleccionadas 6 1 Organizaciones fortalecidas 3 Accesiones de ca ahua con potencial forrajero 4 Cursos de usos diversificados 5 Registro de variedades de ca ahua 6 Vinculo con el mercado 1 1 Conferencias 1 Promoci n y difusi n de informaci n 1 2 Ferias 1 3 Peri dicos 1 4 Programas radiales y televisivos 1 5 Publicaciones 1 1 Capacitaci n impartida por el personal del Capacitaci n a actores del Subsistema Subsistema 1 2 Capacitaci n recibida por el personal del Subsistema 1 3 Capacitaci n a agricultores 1 1 Colecci n de Trabajo de la UTO Colecciones de Trabajo 1 2 Colecci n de Trabajo de la UMSA 1 3 Colecci n de Trabajo del CIPROCOM Appendix G p 108 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles serv
516. tries crops social and biophysical environments Appendix A p 16 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The review of project documentation focused on identifying for each project 1 specific location 2 target crops 3 the main donor and level of funding 4 the executing organization 5 the activities carried out 6 the specific interventions implemented 7 the outputs generated 8 the crop diversity and livelinood outcomes that the project aimed to influence and 9 the associated indicators The 26 projects had a focus on the following target crops Andean roots and tubers 10 projects Andean grains 7 projects and legumes 2 projects local neglected and underutilized species 2 projects native cultivars and their wild relatives 1 project forest management and forest products 2 projects seed systems of Andean crops 1 project One project aimed at removing obstacles to direct private sector participation in in situ conservation The projects have very similar types of activities even though they were implemented by different organizations and funded by diverse donors These activities usually included a characterization and diagnosis phase and an intervention phase The characterization and diagnosis phase covers the following activities 1 The identification of areas with high crop diversity usually referred to as micro centers of diversity and within these areas a characterization of the relevant cro
517. ts animal species are seriously threatened UNDP 2008 The loss of agro biodiversity has been rapid it is estimated for example that loss of genetic diversity in Chimborazo Tungurahua and Canar ranges from 12 to 40 The main causes for the reduction of the base of natural resources and environmental degradation relate to the inequality in access use and management of natural resources high dependence on natural resources by the economy and unsustainable production and consumption practices Agricultural activities still occupy about 30 of the population economically active generating about 90 of food for domestic consumption and raw materials for processing The country s population about 13 5 million consists of four broad groups Mestizo 65 Amerindian 25 Spanish 7 and Afro Ecuadorian 3 Amerindian groups play a particularly important role in the conservation of Ecuador s biodiversity and tropical forests since many of them control large areas of forested land Each of these groups has a distinct culture Many conflicts arise among the different groups and with indigenous people divided geographically socially and politically This social and political unrest reflects badly on environmental protection strategies also blocking environmental and biodiversity legislation Kernan and Stern 2006 In spite of this some efforts have been made to avoid degradation of nature including environmental legislation such as a Special
518. ttributed to project interventions Establishing the counterfactual implies that we account for both observed and unobserved intervening factors and for so called contemporaneous events These are events that occur during the implementation of the project and that influence the outcome Theoretically the problem is presented following the framework of Rubin 1974 an individual may occupy two potential states only one of which is realized for any person Y being the outcome of the project when that individual received treatment and Y the outcome if the individual did not receive the treatment did not participate in the project for the generic th individual the project benefits result from 1 A Yin Vio In practice A cannot be explicitly evaluated because the th individual cannot be involved in both states participation and non participation By comparing participants of the project to non participants we do not avoid this problem because there may have been differences between both groups at the outset of the project that explain at least partially the outcome This is known as selection bias Selection bias can be avoided by randomly assigning groups of individuals to different conditions of project interventions e g villages including no intervention i e a control group and using group statistics such as the mean instead of data on single individuals Heckman 1997 This should guarantee that the interve
519. ty for food preparation and medicinal purposes Considering the strong interlinks with livelihood benefits these indicators are similar and connected to livelihood indicators in terms of enhanced capacities and knowledge of different stakeholders and nutritional awareness Projects which had specific activities in this focal area are Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Conservation of Biodiversity in Pastaza Conservaci n y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad en la cordillera de El C ndor Proyecto Integral Las Huaconas Proyecto Integral Candelaria Proyecto Integral Altiplano Lupin Quinoa Green manure and legumes In Situ Appendix G p 63 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Peru Conservaci n complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Desarrollo Sostenible de Quinua Org nica en el Per 5 STATUS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE INNOVATIONS AND PRACTICES Indigenous and local communities play a fundamental role in the conservation of biodiversity through their traditional and close dependence on biological resources The preservation of ancient practices and values linked to local diversity and handed down knowledge and traditions can help achieve conservation objectives and sustainable use of natural resources respectful of the relationship that indigenous communities developed with natu
520. ty is unequally distributed around the world and is concentrated in centers of diversity which often coincide with centers of crop domestication Gepts 2006 In these locations besides the presence of a large genetic diversity expressed in a multiplicity of phenotypes with different traits there is a long history of co evolution between humans and crops as is reflected in agricultural systems characterized by 1 the cultivation of a diverse set of landraces with an associated knowledge base 11 the existence of multiple uses and preparations usually linked with particular cultural preferences 111 specific management practices such intercropping or rotations as well as seed selection and sharing iv matching specific landraces to particular environmental niches for optimizing production and managing risk and v social norms and organization that underpin all of these aspects Bellon 1996 Brush 2004 Perales et al 2003 Zimmerer 2010 The structure and dynamics of these landraces are the result of environmental and human selection pressures and depend crucially on farmers seed systems the interrelated set of actors rules interactions and infrastructure by which farmers obtain seed or planting material through time and space Seed systems usually involve selecting saving and sharing seed among farmers This enables alleles and genotypes to pass from one generation to the next contributing to shaping the traits that are under huma
521. ty on farm and obtain new products for both household consumption and marketing through farmers training Specific Objective 1 Recover part of forest biodiversity through sustainable management of livestock farms in the communities of Nuevo Mundo and Ganaderos Orenses Activities 2 Increasing biodiversity Application of Analog Forestry techniques designed to also increase sources of income for farmers 3 Marketing creation of a community store to market products produced on farm 4 Research creation of a Database with information on 50 species with the potential for analog forestry 5 Training training aimed at strengthening local forest management skills The communities involved produce all their products collectively distributing gains collectively The project has formed three productive groups producers of nursery plants and orchis producers of bamboo and straw handicrafts producers of dairy products Appendix G p 52 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION In the northwest area of Pichincha colonization has produced an accelerated process of deforestation because of expanding agricultural frontiers grassland areas and timber extraction Agricultural production is very low and mainly used for self consumption DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION N A Conservation of Biodiversity in Pastaza Country Ecuador Organization INSTITUTO QUICHUA DE BIOTECNOLOG A SACHA SUPAI GEF Gl
522. ty to pests and diseases and the difficulty of storing its roots Leafcup Yacon the very low consumption of leafcup yac n in urban areas has led to an absence of intensive production techniques resulting in the marginalization of the crop However its commercialization is especially wide in the northern areas of La Paz department The pleasant tasting sweet roots are sun dried eaten and eaten raw The root is high in fructoligosaccharids FOS which are polymers of fructose that can not be hydrolyzed by the human body and pass through the digestive tract without being metabolized providing lower calorie sucrose This product is therefore easy to digest and great for low calorie and diabetic diets Cattle and pigs also eat the roots together Smallathus Sonchifollius with the foliage However Leafcup provides little in the way of human nutrition It is consumed for flavor and variety rather than for sustenance Outside its native region yacon is little known either in agriculture or as food In spite of this the leafcup could acquire importance as a perennial fodder and cover crop in arid conditions as a component of multiple complementary crops A ast Maca this Andean root can be found only in the central sierra of Peru in the k Ruu pait Te a ae ah Y is Eta departments of Jun n and Pasco in the puna agro ecological zone above 4000 m where A Veta low temperatures and strong winds limit other crops Its su
523. u Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Peru e Biodiversity and soil conservation the motor for development of Chopcca communities in Huancavelica Peru Huancavelica is one of the poorest regions of Peru with 86 of the 400 000 population living in poverty and 45 of children malnourished However it is also one of the most diverse regions of Peru in terms of ecosystems species and varieties Climate varies from hot and dry in the west part to temperate and humid in the east and to cold and humid in the forests paramos and tundra The most common cultivars are the potato papa with more than 800 kinds followed by other tubers and roots such as oca ulluco and arracacha The percentage of population employed in agriculture varies between 60 and 86 Farmers are smallholders with low technology use no access to credit or to markets Historically agriculture and mining are the main sources of income in the region CAJAMARCA o In Situ Conservation of Native Cultivars and Their Wild Relatives Peru Promoci n de Cultivos Andinos Desarrollo de Agroindustrias y Mercados para la Arracacha Cajamarca is characterized by different ecosystems with a predominance of forest Climate is varied cold in the Andean highlands temperate in the valleys and warm in the surroundings of the Mara n River Temperatures are high during daytime and low at night often falling to 0 C above 3000 m Rainfall is abundant in t
524. uadro El an lisis de las relaciones entre los socios de las redes la manera como interactuaron y como se vincularon se hizo con base en sus diferencias y similitudes en t rminos de tipo enfoque y alcance El tipo de relaci n fue caracterizado como investigaci n capacitaci n e intercambio de informaci n El tipo mas com n de relaci n fue el intercambio de informaci n seguido por la capacitaci n Los v nculos en investigaci n se dieron s lo en la mitad de los proyectos En t rminos de enfoque dado en gran medida por la fortaleza de una instituci n dentro de la red algunos proyectos se concentraron en actividades de investigaci n con universidades e instituciones privadas mientras que otros dirigieron el enfoque al desarrollo rural con actividades de capacitaci n y de diseminaci n de informaci n Como era de esperar proyectos con un fuerte enfoque en investigaci n incluyeron entre sus socios a universidades e institutos nacionales de investigaci n que a su vez estaban vinculados tambi n a otros tipos similares de organizaciones Tabla 1 Par metros Clave en la Estructura de la Red Estructura de la Red Centralidad de Grado Bajo 1 Medio 2 Alto 3 Centralidad de Intermediaci n N mero de proyectos Bajo Medio Alto Tipo de v nculos predominantes no mutuamente excluyente Investigaci n Capacitaci n 4 Intercambio de Informaci n 5 Influencia de actores N mero de actores
525. ueden ayudar o impedir el desarrollo exitoso de un proyecto as como los canales para maximizar la divulgaci n de sus resultados Por ltimo el an lisis Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 de redes proporciona una mayor comprensi n del tipo e intensidad de las interacciones creadas en un proyecto si los v nculos entre los actores relevantes fueron exitosos y hicieron de m s efectiva la implementaci n del proyecto En ltima instancia el an lisis de la redes puede utilizarse simplemente como una herramienta ex post para la evaluaci n de impacto Este es un tema que amerita mayor investigaci n y aplicaci n Para futura informaci n contactar a Dra Elisabetta Gotor Cient fico en Evaluaci n de Impacto de Bioversity International en e qgotor cqgiar org O This work by Bioversity International is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License Noviembre 2012 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 1 Conserving landraces Improving Livelihoods A Framework for Assessing the Success of On Farm Conservation Projects Mauricio R Bellon Elisabetta Gotor and Francesco Caracciolo Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472 a 00057 Maccarese RM Italy University of Naples Federico II Via Universita 96 80055 Portici Na Italy Running title A
526. ul for dealing with complex processes in terms of understanding and assessing particular aspects of the issues involved A major contribution of this study is the mixed methods approach which when applied captures the complexity of research based and development oriented interventions that promote the use and conservation of native crop diversity to improve farmers well being The results while assessing the success of six projects in the Andean region after their implementation ex post also emphasize the importance of an analysis of the expected outcomes to be delivered by a project before implementation ex ante to ensure that their achievement can be well documented afterwards Specific findings included e In all cases ex ante participation was associated positively with the adoption of innovations provided by project interventions e In five of the six cases studied greater adoption of innovations provided by project interventions was associated with growing more native crop diversity e In three cases growing more native crop diversity was associated positively with more benefits The conclusions drawn from the study thus show that a careful use of appropriate methods and analytical techniques can draw information from collected data that confirm that well designed interventions and their adoption in the field can result in increased conservation of crop diversity as well as the improvement of livelihoods and well
527. uld still motivate project designers and implementers to take a more systematic approach to planning analyzing and understanding the network of partnerships in the projects they intend to implement ex ante or have implemented ex post For the former network analysis serves for mapping out information flow power structure and bottlenecks in a network and for understanding which actors can aid or impede the successful development of the project as well as the channels that would lead to greatest dissemination For the latter network analysis provides an understanding of the type and intensity of interactions created in a project whether they were successful in linking relevant actors and in effecting dissemination and then relating these insights to the project outcome Alternatively network analysis could simply be used as a tool for ex post analysis or impact assessment This is an area that merits further research and application For further information contact Dr Elisabetta Gotor Bioversity International Impact Assessment Scientist at e gotor cqgiar org O This work by Bioversity International is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License November 2012 Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 An lisis de Redes para Evaluar Bioversity International Proyectos de Conservaci n en Fincas FOUNDATION Los proyectos de conservaci n e
528. urces are the potato species In fact the region of Lake Titicaca is recognized as the potato s place of origin making the Andean highlands of Bolivia and Peru the most potato diverse region in the world FAO 2008 There are over 5 000 varieties with different shapes sizes colors skins textures and flavors After 8 000 years the potato is still the staple food of the people of the Highlands and their main crop in terms of calories and income COSUDE 2010 Potato species represent promising cultivars for small farmers although they suffer from diseases parasites and climatic factors such as drought heavy rains frost and hail Rotations and associations with other crops like faba beans and lupin help reduce pests But the seeds themselves are high risk factors and can carry diseases viruses fungi bacteria and contaminate fields and markets For that reason it is essential to use healthy seeds of good quality Potato biodiversity is under threat as ancient varieties cultivated for millennia by Andean peoples have been lost to diseases climate change and social upheaval Most Andean tubers face serious storage problems mainly due to seasonality In some periods of the year there is overproduction and in others usually longer scarcity of supply Consequently the economic losses due to bad storage and harvested product processing are substantial CIP 2001 Andean roots and tubers RTAs play an important role in the nutrition and health
529. urismo desarrollados y difundidos por las comunidades locales con un enfoque en la conservaci n de la identidad cultural y la diversidad gen tica y la mejora de los medios de vida a trav s de NUS Productos tangibles incluyen metodolog as para minimizar riesgos y maximizar los beneficios asociados manuales para los Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Indicadores de producto Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo Biodiversidad 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 5 1 6 1 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 Bienestar N mero de agricultores y t cnicos formados Estudio de utilidad de las m quinas de proceso Machinas trilladoras eliminadoras de saponina para la quinua N mero de agricultores capacitados en el mbito de la alimentaci n de granos andinos Cursos para los agentes de extensi n Tecnolog a de desaponificaci n de quinua Recetas de cocina pr ctica y atractiva defundidas a trav s de talleres M dulos pr cticos para la producci n de productos transformados a base de granos andinos Estudio sobre el diagn stico del cultivo y la comercializaci n de amaranto Asociaci n local de productores y otros actores de la cadena de valor de ca ihua Asociaci n de agricultores Estudio del proces
530. users design and implement better projects that maintain crop diversity more effectively and deliver higher levels of well being to the farmers who maintain it This fact sheet was produced by Mauricio Bellon Elisabetta Gotor and Francesco Caracciolo For further information please contact Dr Mauricio Bellon Bioversity International Principal Scientist at m bellon cgiar org This work by Bioversity International is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3 0 Unported License November 2012 Appendix H Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Un marco conceptual para a Bioversity International La conservaci n en finca de la diversidad de cultivos se refiere al mantenimiento de la evoluci n de un cultivo en los campos fincas y paisajes manejados por agricultores que genera nueva variaci n gen tica potencialmente til contribuyendo as a mantener la capacidad de adaptaci n de los sistemas agr colas y de alimentaci n al cambio Esto depende de la participaci n activa de los agricultores y la existencia de incentivos para hacerlo Muchos peque os agricultores en pa ses en desarrollo contin an manteniendo una gran diversidad de cultivos y procesos evolutivos asociados en sus centros de diversidad y domesticaci n Sin embargo mantener la diversidad de cultivos en finca puede entra ar costos a los agricultores ya que a menudo existen fuertes incentivos proyecto
531. utilization of cada comunidad rural y obtener informaci n 1 2 Numero de morfotipos homologados 4 2 Numero de experimentos para el mejoramento On farm oca ulluco mashua and sobre su distribuci n geogr fica con la colecci n de campo gestionada de los sistemas de almacenamiento Conservation and Andean potatoes without Determinacion del flujo de tub rculos de por el Centro Internacional de la Papa tradicionales Food Security of damaging environment semilla en la ecorregi n CIP en Huancayo 4 3 Numero de almacenes nuevas construidas Andean Tubers in Documentacion de los conocimientos de los 2 3 Estudio sobre el flujo de semillas de los 4 4 Numero de pozos para absorber los tub rculos the Fragile agricultores sobre el manejo del complejo de tub rculos dentro y entre los pueblos Andinos mejorados Ecosystems of the los tub rculos andinos 5 1 Numero de variedades de papa andina Southern Peruvian Mejoramento de las tecnolog as de post identificadas como generadores de ingresos Highlands cosecha y de almacenamiento 5 2 Analisis de los precios reales de mercado Identificaci n de los obst culos a la 5 3 Analisis de las barreras de mercado oferta comercializaci n demanda Inventario de la variabilidad gen tica 6 1 Analisis molecular en laboratorio de las mediante marcadores moleculares accesiones de papa y oca Determinaci n de glucosinolatos en mashua 7 1 Numero de glucosinolatos identificados y cuantificados en cultivos y accesiones silvestres App
532. ution and the other actors was direct or indirect what services were provided to and received from these institutions money research training etc and the intensity of the relationship with each institution involved in the project The information obtained from key informants was cross checked with secondary data from reports and updated in order to obtain a final matrix of actor by actor relationships that accounted for the direction the type and the intensity of the relationships Network Analysis Results From the network analysis researchers gathered some interesting insights into the network characteristics and links involved in the six on farm conservation projects we analyzed Table 1 Variation was noted in the network parameters among projects both in terms of degree centrality and between centrality with half of them having high levels on both parameters as is shown in the table The relationships between network partners the ways in which they interacted and were linked were based on differences and similarities in terms of type focus and scope The type of relationship was characterized as research training or exchange of information The most common type of link was exchange of information followed by training Research links were only present in half of the projects In terms of focus which to a large degree determined the strength of an institution within the network some projects concentrated on
533. utritious and hardy crops well adapted to the harsh conditions of the high Andes Rojas et al 2010 Vargas et al 2010 The region around Lake Titicaca shows high levels of genetic diversity and large assortment of phenotypes for both crops del Castillo et al 2007 Rojas et al 2010 Vargas et al 2010 For the assessment of this project we used both qualitative and quantitative methods based on interactions with scientists farmers and other stakeholders Based on the framework and the results of the qualitative research a survey was designed and carried out with a random sample of 162 farming households in two communities where the project was implemented A questionnaire elicited information on indicators of project participation and application of the innovations provided by project interventions adoption relevant crop diversity and associated management benefits associated with household wellbeing and socioeconomic 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 16 variables The sample was drawn randomly from two populations those who participated in the projects drawn from project records and those who did not participate drawn from the community at large resulting in a stratified random sample based on participation with the non participants serving
534. val of customs and knowledge associated with them RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The area of Cotacachi is characterized by unequal distribution of land and unemployment Small farms lack irrigation systems while the production is not enough to be commercialized Water contamination pesticides and chemical fertilizer contribute to low fertility of soils Moreover young people and household heads migrate to work in construction or small businesses slowly abandoning agriculture The project has been designed to contribute to the sustainable development of a pilot area of the inter Andean region of Ecuador were malnutrition affects about 40 percent of the population The farmers in the area have received economic and technological formal support from various initiatives and institutions but it is still insufficient to improve their productivity or to meet the demands of local and foreign markets DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION The Cotacachi high zone was identified as a micro center of biodiversity through studies on genetic variability and morphological characterizations Six farms representing settlers and indigenous people in three sectors of the Andean Region north center and south have been selected to study production systems and seed systems models At community level an inventory of most representative crops was completed in order to know the genetic richness and define a micro center of diversity Conservaci n y manejo de
535. varieties the seed flow and its relationship with the market fairs and the implementation of participatory workshops on conservation Promoting consumption of Andean tubers and other local products to improve the nutrition of children mainly 0 2 years who are the most vulnerable in these areas Activities 1 Identification of the dynamics of conservation of Andean tubers through research on crops and fairs 2 Production of high quality seed of Andean tubers return and control in their areas of origin through selection techniques and marketing of high quality seeds 3 Conservation and use of Andean roots and tubers in the region through studies training and improved uses RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The project was carried out within the Peruvian Bolivian Altiplano in the plateau area around Lake Titicaca 8 200 km2 In both countries Andean genetic resources are preserved and used almost exclusively by peasant families Informal relationships help protect maintain and use agro biodiversity Quechua and Aymara indigenous people reside in the area sharing a common past and similar production systems DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Before the intervention an inventory of agrobiodiversity in the area was undertaken In both countries the potato is the main crop and occupies the largest area of planting followed in order of importance by barley quinoa Andean tubers and beans Native species have high genetic variability p
536. vation may influence additional benefits obtain by a household only through the use of crop diversity The variable used as indicator of the application of innovations was the number of innovations applied by a household The indicator of crop diversity was the result of a factor analysis performed on the number of farmer varieties of all target crops planted by a household The indicator for the benefits to a household was the quantity of produced target crops consumed and marketed In one project however the indicator was a life satisfaction index derived from a series of ratings on the level of satisfaction experience by the household with respect to different variables such as housing access to education economic activities social life and contacts as well as nutrition and food security The data from the two projects from Bolivia were merged to increase the sample size and statistical power given that both projects were implemented by the same institution in the same general geographic area and involved almost the same interventions Results Households in projects sites have very small landholdings are typically composed of speakers of indigenous languages either Quechua or Aymara and are headed mostly by middle aged men with low levels of formal education low levels of migration and few sources of income outside their own agriculture When there are other sources of income they are frequently non farm labor and very few households re
537. ve According to the material collected in Gualaquiza fruits medicinal plants and Amazonian tropical roots the area has a rich in agrobiodiversity 2 Study of the use of agro biodiversity on farm and development of a conceptual model socio economic and agronomic studies of 50 representative farms were carried out in order understand the components and interactions to generate a farm system model for each of the ecosystems identified and recommen appropriate changes in on farm management in the area Appendix G p 51 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 3 Acommunal gene bank has been installed in Gualaquiza to facilitate the delivery of products such as production of neglected and underutilized species and medicinal plants in danger of extinction investigation on regeneration cycles and production conditions establishment of community seed banks training and workshop on management and conservation of agricultural biodiversity and establishment of priority species documentation and development of a concept of communal management of seeds A conservation garden with the collections collected has been implemented RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION The Cordillera del Condor is in the southeast of Ecuador between 200 and 2800 m covering three different types of climate and vegetation and identified as an area of high biodiversity and endemism The area is inhabited by approximately 44 000 people who live mainly from agriculture The pr
538. ve 4 gt A Farmer Field School is a participatory training methodology based on the concept of learning by discovery and fostering technology adoption and empowerment at the community and personal levels Committees are instead aimed at professionals of national and international organizations and to farmers carrying out research Both are based on participatory processes to improve knowledge practices and cooperation They often foster production and distribution of good quality seed for dissemination of specific varieties Appendix A p 23 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Utilization and consumption of these species Survey results show that all projects included market studies of the target crops which is understandable given that demand and supply constraints represent one of the greatest obstacles to a sustainable use and consumption of native species Interventions aimed at improving marketability and supply chains associated with local diversity seemed to achieve the best results when appropriate studies of supply and demand are carried out Half of the projects included interventions aimed at improving processing and post harvesting practices both particularly highly rated and the development of new products in order to market higher quality products improve profit margins and increase quantities of products to sell Activities associated with the study of nutritional values of target species and their use and consumption
539. ve potato seeds to families for sowing and multiplying Participatory studies on traditional knowledge and uses Training events such as Farmers Field School workshops Community workshops and field trips oh ae A ee A Promotion of native potatoes through media diffusion RATIONALE OF THE INTERVENTION Environmental conditions are extremely hostile in the high Andes and farmers are subjected to periodic droughts cold spells and floods In Peru the 170 000 families living in the high Andes are the most poverty stricken people in the country Native potatoes have a number of advantages over commercial varieties including excellent culinary qualities good flavor a low water and sugar content and high content of dry matter proteins and minerals Native potato varieties that are adapted to these conditions are currently in danger of being lost DIAGNOSTIC WORK LEADING TO THE INTERVENTION Technical development and scientific research on native potatoes are surprisingly underdeveloped in the Andean region even though the cultivation of potatoes originated there over 10 000 years ago Native potatoes have a number of advantages over commercial varieties including excellent culinary qualities good flavor a low water and sugar content and high content of dry matter proteins and minerals They are easy to cook fry and process and people are willing to pay higher prices for them But yields are low as a result of some problems that need t
540. ven Cardinale B J J E Duffy A Gonzalez D U Hooper C Perrings et al 2012 Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity Nature 486 59 67 Castillo R O 1995 Plant genetic resources in the Andes Impact conservation and management Crop Science 35 355 360 Del Castillo C T Winkel G Mahy and J P Bizoux 2007 Genetic structure of quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54 897 905 Faith D P S Magallon A P Hendry E Conti T Yahara and M J Donoghue 2010 Evosystem services an evolutionary perspective on the links between biodiversity and human well being Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2 1 9 Gepts P 2006 Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization The accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy Crop Science 46 2278 2292 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 Appendix Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 22 Hajjar R D Javis and G Gemmill Herren 2008 The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services Agriculture Ecosystems amp Environment 123 4 261 270 Heal G B Walker S Levin K Arrow P Dasgupta et al 2004 Genetic diversity and interdependent crop choices in agriculture Resources and Energy Economics 26 175 184 Jackson L E M M Pulleman L Brussaard
541. vention bring about this change or effect how will the intervention and associated innovation generate the envisage change This problem has a dual nature on one side it concerns defining what is the intervention and why one wants to implement it on the other it involves defining the expectations that one has on the effects that participating in the intervention will have for the beneficiaries While these issues may seem obvious and implementers likely somehow may have them in their minds when designing a project the issue is that they may be implicit and not examined systematically but to increase the chance of success and a better assessment of a project they need to be made explicit and be analyzed systematically This exercise should be undertaken thoroughly at the beginning of any project because defining what one expects from an intervention automatically involves defining the instruments through which one can achieve this expectation and the indicators of change progress through which one measures the success of an intervention Moreover there is a strong problem of attribution it is difficult to understand what the effects of the intervention itself are and what would have happened anyway because of an existing trend The relevant overall questions are e What would would not happen without the intervention e Are we introducing something completely new with the intervention or are we creating new ways of disseminating or using existing
542. versed by the main Andean cordillera partly lies within the Amazon River basin The topography of most of the Department is characterized by a series of steep parallel ridges that run north south separated by flat bottomed valleys The colonization pressure in the valleys along rivers and roads has left few large areas of forest remaining The native inhabitants were the Charcas who were dispersed along riverbanks and lowlands Along with Potosi Chuquisaca Department has the highest levels of chronic poverty in Bolivia concentrated in rural areas e Manejo Conservaci n y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Gen ticos de Granos Altoandinos en el marco del SINARGEAA Appendix G p 14 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The region is constituted by a lower Puna 3400 3800 m and a high Puna 3800 to 4200 m characterized by the presence of mountains and high plains The dominant vegetation is grassland with cultivated areas mainly with native potato The population keeps original forms of organization as Ayllus councils made up of farmers and communities that manage the potato based food systems The region s economy is based on mining and farming The rural population consists exclusively of small farmers that cultivate land in small fragmented parcels Rural families also conduct secondary cultural and economic activities such as artisanal crafts mining and occasionally temporary migration to urban centers ECUADOR 1 PROJECT 1 PROJ
543. versity Project D amp E Ex ante participation Adoption Native Crop Diversity Note significant at the 05 01 001 level respectively The two projects in Bolivia D amp E were merged because they included very similar interventions were implemented by the same institution PROINPA The dummy variables referring to the regions capture the differences between both projects Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 13 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Table S1 Projects studied Project name Promotion of Andean Crops for Rural Development in Ecuador Biodiversity of Andean Tubers strengthening the On farm Conservation and Food Security of Andean Tubers in the Fragile Ecosystems of the Southern Peruvian Highlands Improved production of native potatoes in the Andean Highlands of Peru Enhancing the Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Food Security and to Incomes of the Rural Poor National Genetic Resources System for Food and Agriculture Andean Grains Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 Target species Multiple species Oca Oxalis tuberosa Mol Ulluco Ullucus tuberosus Caldas Maswa Tropaeolum tuberosum R 8 P Potatoes Solanum tuberosum Linn Potatoes Solanum tuberosum Linn Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd Ca ahua Chenopodium pallidicaule Allen Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd Canahua Chenopodium pallidicaul
544. vities identified from the literature review and interviews was compiled for each project and interviewees were asked to rate those activities in a scale of usefulness from 1 not useful to 5 very useful They were also asked about the specific duration of activities and whether project outputs were achieved and related documents produced After the compiled questionnaires were collected the case studies were analyzed using project reports and other documents provided by key informants in order to understand the implementation pathway and what activities were carried out in order to achieve the claimed outcomes Interviews with case study leaders Interviews and a survey questionnaire with selected case study leaders and other selected project participants yielded specific information on the activities carried out in these projects Identified project activities were grouped into four thematic areas 1 status and trends of the diversity of target native species 2 utilization and consumption of these species 3 capacity building among participating farmers and organizations 4 dissemination and promotion to foster the improved use conservation and management of target species There were 27 types of activities carried out in at least half of the projects and all of them were considered useful to medium useful average ratings above 3 Status and trends of the diversity of target native species The most common activity carried out by
545. volution of Andean people and the native art of manipulating biodiversity linked to the family and the creation of life which represents a live dynamic evolving characteristic of Andean farms families and communities Figure 2 Also the social and communal management of the soil in many high Andean communities is the main tool of conservation of Andean genetic resources Many decisions particularly in the highlands are taken at community level rather than in the families and regard which crops are to be cultivated if and how they will be associated how they will be distributed and even the number of years of soil rest This strong connection with Andean identity makes it difficult to measure outcomes on the basis of scientific methods and requires an analysis of the cultural world surrounding the management of biodiversity in the area Figure 2 Traditional Andean agriculture is guided by indigenous technical knowledge Ancestral conservation f f f system in the Andes which has developed production and conservation practices such as climate prediction by astronomical and biological indicators use of various crop associations mixtures and rotations different preparation and management of soil in dry or wet years complementary techniques of crop and livestock management and varied and effective community organization Agualtiplano 2003 However production processes lack support in technical assistance credit and marketing
546. w unique and globally relevant the crop diversity is and the extent to which there are other projects already addressing these benefits in the area to avoid duplication and waste of resources but also to be able to learn from those other projects 2 Collect diagnostic data The next step is to assess whether farmers in the target area are deriving private benefits from crop diversity which farmers are doing so and what the trends are in the provision of these benefits are they continuing decreasing increasing In many locations farmers already continue to maintain crop diversity without any outside intervention known as de facto conservation However there is no assurance that this may continue in the future and hence there may be a need for outside interventions For this it is necessary to have a good diagnosis of the incentives for farmers to use and maintain crop diversity This requires collecting diagnostic data on the level and management of native species diversity in situ and ex situ as well as on socio economic issues focusing on the use of target species in the research area Diagnostic data therefore include a literature review or Appendix A p 47 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 empirical studies of local diversity status and use socio economic surveys and key informant interviews 3 Assess the potential for success If the evidence from diagnostic data indicates that an involvement is desirable then th
547. ween three and four different species of animals This number can be a good indicator of farmers wealth akin to a diversified portfolio of shares and bonds Another increasingly important factor in rural livelihoods is the role of endogenous and exogenous organizations as a way of gaining access to private and public goods and services The mean number of organizations known to a household is a good indicator of social capital and initiative to participate in collective endeavors the data show that except for the case of UNORCAC many households do not know about organizations suggesting a limited amount of social capital among them Sources of income outside a farmers own agricultural efforts are increasingly important and relevant for rural livelihoods A majority of these households obtain income from diversified sources mostly from non farm labor although remittances both national and international are limited among them These data together with that on crop diversity suggest quite diversified livelinoods among the studied households in terms of crops animals and sources of income The socioeconomic indicators described here are included in the econometric section as confounding variables to correct for possible biases in the results Appendix A p 36 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Table 9 Key socioeconomic characteristics of studied farmers and households INIA UNORCA CRIB ITD Bioversit SINARGEE Indicator by house
548. well being These modules were adjusted according to the diversity and livelihood outcomes that each project aimed to achieve Clearly we are not able to control for unobserved difference and this is a limitation of this study Appendix A p 30 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Interventions participation assessment and application Table 6 presents the results of participation in project interventions and adoption of associated innovations among the six projects studied Each project implemented between 13 and 22 interventions and the results show that when designing the study the a priori information on the rate of participation was widely underestimated The reason was that most interventions were open to everyone who wanted to participate and records of this type of participation were not kept The observed rate of participation hence was much higher than originally expected for all projects Particularly for projects in Peru almost all households sampled participated in at least one intervention while in the other projects it varied between 45 and 66 As it will be discussed later this has implications for assessing the links between project participation and perceived benefits in the Peru projects Participation was not only higher than expected but on average households participated in more than five interventions The rate of adopters number of households that apply an innovation provided by an intervention number of par
549. x ticas Numero de promotoras campesinas formadas en nutrici n Pasantias para visistar otras experiencas exitosas 1 3 Numero de promotores campesinos formados en gesti n comunal 1 4 Reuniones de planificaci n y evaluaci n entre instituciones y organizaciones participantes en el proyecto Appendix G p 90 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Facilitar el Intercambio de Intercambio de experiencias 1 1 N mero de participantes a eventos de experiencias apoyo mutuo y capacitaci n aprendizaje colectivo en la 1 2 Visita a experiencias exitosas en agricultura Regi n Andina y Comunidades alternativa de los Andes del Per 1 3 Participaci n en el congreso de cultivos Andinos Potato moth Desarrollo 1 Recolecci n de material biol gico 1 1 Lista de aislamientos virales biopesticide del b
550. x B Publications Summary amp Training and Outreach Summary Appendix C Theory of Change information included within Appendix A p 6 Appendix D Monitoring and Evaluation Plan information included within Appendix A Appendix E Research Questions and Protocols information included within Appendix A pp 4 6 Appendix F Data and Document Store and Data Sharing Plans All documents and data are available in electronic form and have been indexed The documents are in WORD and the data are in Excel and STATA formats The plan is to make the data publicly available in two years so that it can be analyzed further by the team to produce additional publications Appendix G Full report from the literature review Appendix H Four factsheets with key methods and results from the project in English and Spanish Appendix l Conserving landraces improving livelihoods A framework for assessing the success of on farm conservation projects scientific paper under submission separate file Appendix J Assessing the contribution of on farm conservation projects of crop biodiversity to resilient agricultural and food systems Evidence from the High Andes of South America draft scientific paper separate file 14 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Assessing the success of on farm conservation projects in 3 f N delivering conservation and Bi p it livelihood outcomes Identifying UR SI y best practices and decision support t
551. x G p 94 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n 2 8 Art culos sobre los valores nutricionales de los granos andinos IFAD NUS Bolivia 1 Datos s lidos sobre la econom a de los NUS y 1 1 Documento sobre oferta y demanda de Fase Il Evaluaci n y mejora de la los beneficios y costos asociados con su amaranto generaci n de ingresos basados cultivo y comercializaci n recogidos 1 2 An lisis de los costes de producci n de en los NUS 2 Competitividad de NUS productos en sitios amaranto piloto lograda junto con una imagen 2 1 Estrategia de manejo integrado de mejorada una mayor demanda y mercados plagas m s eficientes 3 1 Diagnostico de plagas y fertilizaci n 3 Mejores conocimiento de las necesidades 3 2 Validaci n y difusi n de la fertilizaci n agron micas y pr cticas sostenibles de de amaranto producci n agr cola Evaluaci n de los valores 1 Los val
552. y International The project was carried out between March 2010 and May 2012 to develop and test the conceptual and methodological tools that are necessary for the effective assessment of project success One of the results of this project is a conceptual framework for analyzing and measuring the extent to which interventions by projects aimed at supporting on farm conservation deliver relevant conservation and livelihood outcomes This model outlines the way in which outputs from projects can lead to impact and can then be adapted to a range of different projects This conceptual tool should allow scientists donors policy makers and practitioners involved in on farm conservation projects to design more effective projects and to reflect systematically on the lessons learned Any project aimed at the on farm conservation of crop diversity intends to influence outcomes in three areas 1 the crop diversity maintained in an agricultural system 2 the private benefits that farmers and their households derive from that agricultural system food security nutrition income safety net cultural identity and 3 the public benefits that society derives from the crop diversity maintained in an agricultural system option values derived from crop evolution For any farming household or community in theory we could map its position in the three outcomes Figure la maps the position of a farming community with respect to the crop divers
553. y explained in the section below on theory of change The trajectory from implementation of project activities to project impact are summarized in an impact pathway diagram in Figure 1 Annex A Theory of change for the project The expected outcome through the identification of successful approaches and methodologies and the production and dissemination of guidelines will be an increase in the ability of donors policy makers and practitioners to make decisions regarding the selection and evaluation of interventions and to translate these decisions through project outcomes into impact The theory of change to which we refer is represented in Figure 2 Annex A and is made up of a double cycle of change Donors and policy makers have funded and provided assistance to projects developed by practitioners that affected farmer s management and use of biodiversity which in turn contributed to changes in diversity and livelihoods Through this research we aim to study this process in order to derive relevant outputs that would change donors policy makers and ultimately practitioners management awareness of on farm conservation projects The main output of this research is in fact Appendix A p 6 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 the identification of a set of best practices and guidelines which will constitute valuable public goods and serve as a series of learning tools for practitioners and donors The delivery of these outputs wil
554. y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n de la quinua y ca ahua 2 6 Feria Festiquinua 2003 y Feria de Huancaro IFAD NUS Peru 1 Datos s lidos sobre la econom a de los NUS y 1 1 Estudio sobre los beneficios 2 1 Talleres para difundir mejores pr cticas de Fase Il Evaluaci n y mejora de la los beneficios y costos asociados con su 3 1 L neas promisorias de amaranto cultivo generaci n de ingresos basados cultivo y comercializaci n recogidos planteadas 2 2 Campa as de promoci n entre los agricultores en los NUS 2 Competitividad de NUS productos en sitios 3 2 Cuantidad de variedad de quinua Negra y las asociaciones y cursos de extensi n sobre piloto lograda junto con una imagen Collana distribuida las mejores pr cticas mejorada una mayor demanda y mercados 3 3 Soluciones tecnol gicas innovadoras m s eficientes para las operaciones de trilla 3 Mejores conocimiento de las necesidades 3 4 Ensayos de fertilizaci n org nica de la agron micas y pr cticas sostenibles de quinua producci n agr cola 3 5 Genotipos de quinua evaluados Evaluaci n de los valores 1 Los valores nutricionales de los NUS objetivo 1 1 Genotipos de quinua evaluados en nutri
555. y Medios de Vida Identificando las Mejores Pr cticas y Herramientas de Apoyo coordinado por Bioversity International y llevado a cabo entre marzo del 2010 y mayo del 2012 en los altos Andes de Ecuador Bolivia y Per se utilizo el ARS para examinar seis proyectos que apoyaron el manejo de la diversidad de los cultivos nativos en finca con el objeto de incrementar los beneficios asociados con los medios de vida de agricultores que mantienen esta diversidad Este an lisis fue hecho s lo ex post ya que no hubo datos ex antes disponibles Estructura de la Red Los indicadores de inter s para este estudio se centran en el concepto de centralidad de la red que se refiere a la posici n de un actor en la red con respecto a los otros Las relaciones entre un par de actores pueden ser rec procas bidireccional o univocas s lo de ida El presente an lisis se centra en las relaciones entre las diferentes organizaciones e instituciones y no entre personas en particular Hay tres par metros importantes asociados al concepto de centralidad de la red el grado de centralidad la centralidad de cercan a y la centralidad de intermediaci n El estudio se enfoc solo en dos de estos par metros ya que no aplic la medida de centralidad de cercan a debido falta de suficiente informaci n sobre la relaci n entre todos los actores de la red s lo se tuvo acceso a informaci n desde el punto de vista de la instituci n ejecutora
556. y mentioned these are of great economic and nutritional importance to subsistence Andean farmers and are often used as a substitute for expensive fruits and vegetables in the diet Roots and tubers are especially threatened with extinction by the changing social conditions and by pressure on the environment Conservacion complementaria y uso sostenible de cultivos subutilizados en Ecuador Rescate promocion y uso de recursos fitogeneticos interandinos del Ecuador Country Ecuador Organization INIAP UNORCAC Budget USS 1 000 000 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION This project has been developed by UNORCAC in coordination with INIAP USDA Formenos and CORPEI to conduct participatory research and strengthen existing on farm conservation initiatives in combination with ex situ efforts in order to increase the use of native crops in local national and international markets The project focuses on the inter Andean valleys which show great potential to better meet local production needs and generate income for producers in domestic and international markets An interdisciplinary team of professionals from various institutions has been formed including agronomists growers ethnobotanicals economists agroindustrial engineers marketing specialists and teachers among others The team works closely with communities located in the Cotacachi canton province of Imbabura conducting participatory research to strengthen local initiatives on in situ ex
557. y services that would not have occurred otherwise Testing the first three hypotheses is empirically possible under certain conditions generally encountered in social policy studies The fourth however remains a major challenge since the functional relationship between levels of crop diversity and the generation of evolutionary services is little understood to date This paper analyzes the success of five on farm conservation projects for six native crops in the High Andes by testing the first three hypotheses identified above The crops involved are quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd ca ahua Chenopodium pallidicaule Allen potatoes Solanum tuberosum Linn oca Oxalis tuberose Mol ulluco Ullucus tuberosus Caldas and maswa Tropaeolum tuberosum R amp P This region is an important center of domestication and diversity for these crops Harlan 1992 Castillo 1995 Smallholder farmers there continue to be important custodians of the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of these crops Castillo 1995 Zimmerer 1997 Many on farm conservation projects have been implemented in the region by a variety of institutions from NGOs to universities and national research organizations and are supported by Appendix J Final Technical Report Grant Number 09 1100 3 different donors from national government to foundations and international agencies The five projects analyzed here were implemented in Ecuador Peru and Bolivia and present a range of imp
558. yecto fue llevado a cabo entre marzo de 2010 y Mayo de 2012 para desarrollar y probar herramientas conceptuales y metodol gicas tiles para la evaluaci n efectiva del xito de este tipo de proyectos Uno de los resultados de este proyecto es un marco conceptual para analizar y medir el grado en que las intervenciones de proyectos orientadas a apoyar la conservaci n en finca ofrecen resultados relevantes en conservaci n y medios de vida Este modelo representa la forma en que los productos de los proyectos pueden generar impacto El modelo que puede ser adaptado a una variedad de proyectos distintos Esta herramienta conceptual debe permitir a los cient ficos donantes formuladores de pol ticas y profesionales involucrados en este tipo de proyectos mejorar su dise o y poder reflexionar sistem ticamente sobre las lecciones aprendidas Cualquier proyecto orientado a la conservaci n en finca de la diversidad de cultivo tiene la intenci n de influenciar resultados en 3 reas 1 la diversidad de cultivo mantenida en un sistema agr cola 2 los beneficios privados que los agricultores y sus hogares derivan del sistema agr cola seguridad alimentaria nutrici n ingreso red de seguridad identidad cultural y 3 los beneficios p blicos que la sociedad deriva de la diversidad de los cultivo mantenidas en un sistema agr cola valores de opci n derivados de la evoluci n del cultivos Para cualquier hogar agr cola o comuni
559. yen o impiden el desarrollo de 3 2 Numero de informes y materiales de difusi n Andean highlands desarrollo de agricultura de agricultura de cobertura apropiada para la 4 1 Numero de reuniones con los agricultores COBERAGRI cobertura apropiada para la conservaci n y mejoramiento de suelos experimentadores para planear los temas de conservaci n y mejoramiento 4 Prioridades estrat gicas identificadas por investigaci n participativa y cient fica de suelos agricultores para dirigir investigaci n y actividades del proyecto Appendix G p 114 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 Project Resultados Esperados Productos Generados Indicadores de producto Los resultados son los efectos Las salidas son los productos bienes de capital y Los indicadores de producto miden y verifican la producci n de los productos es decir los bienes y probables o logrados a corto y servicios que representan los resultados tangibles servicios que son producidos por las entradas Tienen atributos de cantidad calidad y de tiempo mediano plazo o los cambios medibles e inmediatos de la intervenci n Biodiversidad Bienestar producidos por los productos de una intervenci n Dise ar y probar Grupos de agricultores experimentadores 1 1 Numero de talleres de motivaci n en la parte sistem ticamente innovaciones establecidos y aliados con cient ficos y alta para integraci n de nuevos agricultores tecnol gicas que ap
560. zation short term increased resources long term better farming knowledge THE IMPACT PATHWAY Appendix G p 56 Bioversity International Grant No 09 1100 The impact pathway is a conceptualization of a project program or organization s envisioned pathway towards achieving impact La Rovere and Dixon 2007 It includes inputs outputs direct and intermediate outcomes and impact e g on livelihoods diversity Thus impact evaluation must be done through the analysis of program objectives activities developed to achieve them immediate outputs intermediate and final outcomes also called impacts This represents the logical framework of an intervention or the management tool used to improve the design of interventions most often at the project level OECD DAC Glossary It involves identifying strategic elements inputs outputs outcomes impact and their causal relationships indicators and the assumptions or risks that may influence success and failure It thus facilitates planning execution and evaluation of a development intervention OECD DAC Glossary Figure 6 shows the chain of events and outcomes that links outputs to goals and represents the impact pathway Figure 6 Impact pathway Output Research Objectives eM CO DL QA QA DA O LD LE LA DL O E O HO O OA QA 0 LL E ML LD LD e Outcome Impact TA CGIAR 2009 To better understand the concepts of outputs outcomes and impact we have rev

pdf, 7.78 MB - Collaborative Crop Research Program

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents