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Volume 14 - Issue 3 - Primate Specialist Group

1. bro de 2002 Grupo N Macho adulto F mea adulta hod Juvenil Infante Indeterminado Bambuzal 8 1 3 1 1 2 Vale 8 1 3 1 1 2 Ponte 4 1 1 1 1 Riacho 3 1 2 Total 23 4 9 3 1 1 5 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 129 Um total de 60 registros de alimenta o foi obtido sendo o item folha respons vel por 81 do consumo Brotos frutos e flores foram consumidos em menores propor es respectivamente 10 7 e 2 dos registros Esta dieta principalmente fol vora provavelmente foi observada pelo fato da coleta de dados ter sido realizada apenas durante o per odo de transi o entre a estiagem e a esta o chuvosa poca na qual h uma escassez de frutos e flores comest veis Folhas maduras foram consumidas em maior propor o em rela o a folhas novas respectivamente 51 e 43 do total das folhas consumidas e folhas provenientes de rvores compuseram 64 dos registros As folhas de trepa deiras plantas abundantes na rea de estudo localizada na borda da floresta da ARIE foram respons veis por 26 dos registros de consumo de folhas Sua abund ncia por todo o fragmento associada caracter stica produ o constante de folhas novas das esp cies vegetais de h bito trepador faz das lianas e trepadeiras importantes recursos alimentares para A g clamitans Alves 2004 Os dados aqui apresentados s o preliminares e estudos de longa dura o sobre o padr o d
2. height of about 20 25 m with a thick understory and lush vegetation cover Low reproductive rates long inter birth intervals low population densities restricted habitat and limited geographic range all increase this species vulner ability to extinction from human activities affecting the Pe ruvian Andes Leo Luna 1989 IUCN 2006 Although no accurate census data exist Nowak 1999 cites a popu lation estimate of less than 250 individuals surviving in the wild O flavicauda is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN 2006 and currently featured as one of the 25 most endangered primate taxa Mittermeier et al 2007 The main threat to this species survival is habitat loss from deforestation Macedo Ruiz and Mittermeier 1979 Leo Luna 1980 Butchart et al 1995b DeLuycker 2007 Currently the species is present in several protected areas R o Abiseo National Park Alto Mayo Protected Forest Cor dillera Col n Reserved Zone Cordillera Escalera Regional Conservation Area and the Laguna de los Condores Re served Zone Hunting and logging are still known to occur in all of these reserves e g Parks Watch Peru 2003 Built in the 1980s the Lima Tarapoto highway runs through the departments of San Mart n and Amazonas and brought with it many settlers from coastal and high mountain sierra departments DeLuycker 2007 Overpopulation and en vironmental degradation have caused continued immigra tion giving Sa
3. insights as well as hotly debated controversies about the evolutionary bases of human nature This volume brings together leading proponents of different theoretical and methodological perspectives to provide a balanced look at 12 key questions at the core of the field today In 43 concise accessible chapters followed by an integrative conclusion the contributors present viewpoints informed by human be havioral ecology evolutionary psychology and gene culture coevolutionary approaches Topics include the strengths and limitations of different methodologies metatheoretical issues and debates concerning the evolution of the human brain intellectual abilities culture and sexual behavior Content sample 9 What nonhuman primates can and cant teach us about the evolution of mind C B Stand ford 10 Who lived in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness J B Silk 11 Chimpanzee and human in telligence life history diet and the mind J B Lancaster and H S Kaplan 12 Optimality approaches and evolu tionary psychology a call for synthesis H S Kaplan and S W Gangestad 13 The games people play P DeScioli and R Kurzban 17 The developmental dynamics of ad aptation H Honeycutt and R Lickliter 18 An alterna tive evolutionary Psychology K Sterelny 22 The role of group selection in human psychological evolution D S Wilson 24 On detecting the footprints of multilevel se lection in humans R Ku
4. Protected Areas and International Environmental Law by Alexander Gillespie 2007 Brill 318 pp ISBN 978 9004161580 This volume seeks to provide the reader with a clear understanding to the way that protected areas are created listed and managed in international law In doing so it provides a complete overview of the primary international and regional conventions in this area and the decisions and resolutions that have come from them In doing so it provides a comprehensive examination of inter alia the World Heritage Convention the Man and the Biosphere regime the Ramsar Wetlands Treaty and the Convention on Migratory Species It also deals exten sively with the important regional conventions in this area covering Europe Africa and the Americas The regimes governing international maritime protected areas and Ant arctica are also dealt with In each area the values selec tion considerations management and compliance consid erations are examined in detail and linked into recognizable examples from well known protected sites of international significance Content 1 The History and Scope of Pro tected Areas 2 Definitions 3 Values 4 Obligations and Gaps 5 Management 6 Local Populations 7 Threats 8 Compliance 9 Financial Assistance Communication Constituents and Final Issues 10 Conclusion ARTICLES Arroyo Rodr guez V Mandujano S Benitez Malvido J and Cuende Fanton C 2007 The influence
5. Cambridge University Press Cambridge Ingold T 1987 The Appropriation of Nature Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations University of lowa Press lowa City Jalles Filho E da Cunha R G T and Salm R A 2001 Transport of tools and mental representation Is capuchin monkey tool behaviour a useful model of Plio Pleistocene hominid technology J Hum Evol 40 5 365 377 Kohler W 1925 The Mentality of Apes Routledge and Kegan Paul London Mannu M and Ottoni E B 2005 Sazonalidade na uti liza o de ferramentas ente esta es seca chuvosa em dois grupos livres de macacos prego na caatinga Dados par ciais In XXIII Encontro Anual de Etologia Sociedade Brasileira de Etologia Assis SP Brazil McGrew W C 1992 Chimpanzee Material Culture Im plications for Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge Moura A C de A and Lee PC 2004 Capuchin stone tool use in caatinga dry forest Science 306 1909 Ottoni E B and Mannu M 2001 Semifree ranging tufted capuchin monkeys Cebus apella spontaneously use tools to crack open nuts Int J Primatol 22 347 358 Panger M A 1998 Object use in free ranging white faced capuchins Cebus capucinus in Costa Rica Am J Phys Anthropol 106 311 321 Reynolds P C 1982 The primate constructional system The theory and description of instrumental tool use in humans and chimpanzees In The Analysis of Action M Van Cranach and R Harr e
6. This also applies for other text in references such as PhD thesis accessed see below Please refer to these examples when listing references Journal article Stallings J D and Mittermeier R A 1983 The black tailed mar moset Callithrix argentata melanura recorded from Paraguay Am J Primatol 4 159 163 Chapter in book Brockelman W Y and Ali R 1987 Methods of surveying and sampling forest primate populations In Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest C W Marsh and R A Mittermeier eds pp 23 62 Alan R Liss New York Book Napier P H 1976 Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum Natural History Part 1 Families Callitrichidae and Cebidae British Museum Natural History London Thesis Dissertation Wallace R B 1998 The behavioural ecology of black spider monkeys in north eastern Bolivia Doctoral thesis University of Liverpool Liverpool UK Report Muckenhirn N A Mortensen B K Vessey S Fraser C E O and Singh B 1975 Report on a primate survey in Guyana Unpublished report Pan American Health Organization Washington DC Website UNESCO 2005 UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO Paris Website http www unesco org mab index htm Accessed 25 April 2005 Acessada em 25 de abril de 2005 and Consultado el 25 de abril de 2005 for articles in Port
7. 25 La menor resistencia a la amikacina puede explicarse debido a que por diferencias estructurales este antibi tico no es inactivado por las enzimas intrace lulares comunes que inactivan gentamicina y tobramicina Gonz lez y Spencer 1998 A pesar de esto la resistencia es mayor en las cepas aisladas del mono tit si se le compa ra con los patrones de otros monos de Costa Rica donde dichos antimicrobianos fueron efectivos contra todos los bacilos Gram negativos aislados Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 La resistencia de bacilos Gram negativos aerobios aislados de animales ha sido descrita previamente estudios han demostrado la presencia de cepas de Escherichia coli en mandriles salvajes con niveles de resistencia menores que los presentados por cepas provenientes de humanos con tempor neos pero similares a los de cepas obtenidas en la era previa a los antibi ticos Routman et al 1985 Por otro lado se ha encontrado que bacterias ent ricas aisla das de mandriles en contacto con el ser humano presentan niveles significativamente mayores de resistencia en com paraci n con las cepas de mandriles sin contacto con el hombre Rolland et al 1985 ambos hallazgos favorecen la hip tesis de que el amplio uso de antimicrobianos por parte del ser humano ha promovido la distribuci n de los genes de resistencia entre las bacterias Los cocos Gram positivos aerobios correspondientes todos al g nero Staphylococcus presentaron una
8. Ascen o M R e Lins E A M 1992 Vegetac o da Floresta da Cicuta Estado do Rio de Janeiro Observa es prelimi nares Albertoa 3 11 101 124 Coimbra Filho A F 1990 Sistem tica distribui o geo gr fica e situac o atual dos s mios brasileiros Platyrrhini Primates Rev Brasil Biol 50 4 1063 1079 Di Bitteti M S Placci G Brown D e Rode D I 1994 Conservation and population status of the brown howl ing monkey Alouatta fusca clamitans in Argentina Neotrop Primates 2 4 1 4 1994 Eisenberg J E Muckenhirn N A e Rudran R 1972 The relation between ecology and social structure in Primates Science 176 4037 863 874 Faria M J B 2002 Caracterizac o e estrutura da vegeta c o de um trecho de borda de um fragmento de Mata Atl ntica Floresta da Cicuta no munic pio de Volta Re donda Estado do Rio de Janeiro Monografia de Espe cializa o Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Serop dica IBGE 1992 Manual T cnico da Vegeta o Brasileira Funda o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat stica IBGE Rio de Janeiro Limeira V L A G 1996 Comportamento alimentar padr o de atividades e uso do espa o por Alouatta fusca Primates Platyrrhini em um fragmento degradado de Floresta Atl ntica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro Disserta o de Mestrado Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Mendes S L 1989 Estudo ecol gico de Alouatta fusca
9. December 2007 135 re Capar Biological N A Scale 1 500 000 0 5 10 Kilometers COLOMBA BRASIL Figure 1 The lower Caquet region in Eastern Colombian Amazonia Black square shows the area where censuses were carried out marked with flagging tape every 50 m to facilitate ac curate location of sightings Transects were cut a month before we started the censuses so at the time of the study local fauna were already habituated to the transect paths The shortest transect crossed nearly 2 km of rastrojo 1 1 km of varillal and 1 5 km of primary terra firme ter race forest The second transect crossed hilly primary terra firme forest with sandy soils in the first half of its length and clay soils in the second as well as patches of sabana capotuda Censuses were carried out during 10 days each month between October 2005 and February 2006 Independent observers walked the transects during days without rain at a mean speed of 1 2 km h between 0630 and 1130 hrs Community members previously trained and able to accu rately detect and identify local primate species participated in the surveys Every time we encountered groups of S in ustus we recorded the date time number of individuals perpendicular distance from the transect distance walked height and type of forest After each encounter a maxi mum of 15 minutes were spent to obtain accurate counts of groups Data were analyzed using DISTANC
10. Fig 1 at altitudes ranging from 1 400 to 2 500 m a s l Average temperatures for these areas are approximately 14 15 C with average monthly rainfall between 15 mm in the dry season and 120 mm in the wet season Primary data were collected during forest walks along existing trail systems accompanied by local residents The location of all sites was recorded with GPS as were points of encounter with the species Additional data were also collected on threats to habitat in areas where this species occurs Incidental data were collected on an ad libitum basis Secondary data on species occurrence were collected from local informants and researchers Additional data were collected on hunt ing practices environmental problems and forest resource uses Results Groups of O flavicauda were found in three locations during this study On 13 April 2007 near the village of Santa Rosa 05 40 13 5 S 77 55 08 0 W Amazonas department Fig 1 we encountered a group of eight O flavicauda consisting of five adults and three young accompanied by a female white bellied spider monkey Ateles belzebuth see Shanee et al 2007 The group was found in a fragment of forest adjoining pasture at an altitude of 1 875 m a s l Throughout the encounter the group displayed aggressive behaviours such as branch shaking mooning of the scrotal tuft and the short barking call characteristic of the species Leo Luna 1980 DeLuycker 2007 On 2 May
11. Freese et al 1982 Pook and Pook 1982 Terborgh 1983 Peres 1997 but high compared with those reported for S fuscicollis at some sites in eastern Colombian Amazonia 3 4 16 9 individuals km Palacios et a 2003 Palacios y Peres 2005 Palacios unpublished data In contrast S fuscicollis densities in three other sites in eastern Co lombian Amazonia Ca o Arapa and Ca o Esperanza Pur National Park and Ca o Curare were much higher 21 5 26 5 and 30 3 individuals km respectively Pala cios unpubl data than those found for S inustus at Loma Linda Mean group size is in the range recorded for other species of Amazonian Saguinus for example S fuscicol lis showed a group size range of two to eight individuals Freese 1975 Soini 1981 Janson and Terborgh 1985 During the first month of censuses 7596 of the S inustus sightings were in secondary forest while in the second and third months the situation reversed with 7096 and 62 596 of the sightings in primary terra firme forest During the last month of surveys the proportion of sightings of the species was similar for both types of forest 53 896 pri mary vs 46 2 secondary The preference for secondary forest during the first month of surveys may be a result of higher fruit availability of various species of nga in the rastrojos The sweet arils of Inga have been noted as one of the most consumed resources by the mottled face tamarin Palacios et al 200
12. Primates Cebidae na Esta o Biol gica de Caratinga MG Revista Nordestina de Biologia 6 2 71 104 Mendes S L Coutinho B R e Moreira D O 2003 Efe tividade das unidades de conservac o da Mata Atl ntica para a prote o dos primatas amea ados de extin o Em 130 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 VI Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil Anais de Trabalhos Completos pp 286 287 Editora da UFCE Fortaleza Neville M K Glander K E Braza E e Rylands A B 1988 The howling monkeys genus Alouatta Em Ecolo gy and Behavior of Neotropical Primates Vol 2 R A Mit termeier A B Rylands A E Coimbra Filho e G A B da Fonseca eds pp 349 453 World Wildlife Fund Wa shington DC Queiroz H L 1995 Pregui as e Guaribas Os Mam feros Fol voros Arbor colas do Mamiraud CNPq Bras lia e So ciedade Civil Mamirau Tef Rylands A B e Chiarello A G 2003 Official list of Bra zilian fauna threatened with extinction 2003 Neotrop Primates 11 1 43 49 Silva E C 1981 A preliminary survey of brown howler monkeys Alouatta fusca at the Cantareira Reserve S o Paulo Brazil Rev Bras Biol 41 4 897 909 Souza G R 2002 Flor stica do estrato arbustivo arb reo da Floresta da Cicuta um fragmento de Floresta Atl n tica no munic pio de Volta Redonda Estado do Rio de Janeiro Dissertac o de Mestrado Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Serop dic
13. Research Institute Panam Froehlich J W Thorington Jr R W y Otis J S 1981 The demography of howler monkeys on Barro Colorado Island Panama nt J Primatol 2 207 236 Glander K 1980 Reproduction and population growth in free ranging mantled howling monkeys Am J Phys Anthrop 53 25 36 Heltne P Turner D y Scott N 1976 Comparison of census data on Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica and Panam En Neotropical Primates Field Studies and Con servation Proceedings of a Symposium on the Distribution and Abundance of Neotropical Primates R W Thorington Jr y P G Heltne eds pp 10 19 Committee on Con servation of Nonhuman Primates Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Assembly of Life Sciences National Research Council Washington DC Howe H 1980 Monkey dispersal and waste of a neotro pical fruit Ecology 61 944 959 Milton K 1979 Factors influencing leaf choice by howler monkeys A test of some hypotheses of food selection by generalist herbivores Am Nat 114 362 378 Milton K 1990 Calidad diet tica y regulaci n demogr fi ca de una poblaci n de monos aulladores Alouatta pallia ta En Ecolog a de un Bosque Tropical Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazo E Leigh A Stanley y D Wind sor eds O Londo o trad pp 357 373 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panam Milton K y Mittermeier R 1977 A brief survey of the pri mates of Coiba Island Pa
14. en la piel humana Holt et al 2000 El g nero de anaerobios m s frecuente fue Clostridium ais lado del 3696 de las muestras Dicho g nero tambi n se describi como el anaerobio m s abundante en los monos congo y colorado 4896 Gamboa Coronado er al 2004 aunque en otras especies de mono ardilla se se ala como constituyente de s lo el 0 596 de la flora subgingival Beem et al 1991 A pesar de que en los humanos no se con sideran flora ind gena oral los clostridios son habitantes normales del suelo y todas las especies identificadas C bi fermentans C clostridiiforme C perfringens C sporogenes y C tyrobutyricum se han logrado aislar de suelos de Costa Rica con frecuencias que van del 2196 al 5096 Rodr guez et al 1993 Gamboa et al 2005 lo que explica la posibi lidad de que estas bacterias se ubiquen en la cavidad bucal de los monos a partir de la ingesta de alimentos y agua contaminados con esporas de clostridios Sin embargo su alta frecuencia sugiere que este g nero podr a ser verdadera mente parte de la flora normal de la boca de los monos Resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias aerobias Gran parte de las cepas bacterianas aisladas presentaron resistencia antimicrobiana ante varios agentes quimiotera p uticos donde sobresale la alta resistencia de los bacilos Gram negativos aerobios y de los cocos Gram positivos Para el primer grupo un 9096 de las cepas fue resistente a cefalotina cefalospo
15. investigaci n A Jos Castro por la clasificaci n de cober turas vegetales en la foto Carta 2005 la identificaci n de rboles y su compa a durante los muestreos A Aida Bus tamante por su colaboraci n en la identificaci n de rbo les Al los funcionarios del MINAE en la isla por su ayuda brindada durante el trabajo en el campo A Maria Susana Hermes por la elaboraci n del mapa y su compa a en los muestreos A Jos Carvajal por la clasificaci n de las cober turas en la foto a rea Carta 2005 A Oscar Rangel por su compa a en los muestreos A Liliana Cort s Jorge Erwin L pez y Karenina Morales por las valiosas sugerencias rea lizadas al presente manuscrito Al Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Pedro M ndez y Karenina Morales por facilitarme literatura Marta Marleny Rosales Meda Instituto Internacional en Conservaci n y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Na cional Heredia Costa Rica Campus Omar Dengo Apdo Postal 1350 3000 e mail lt marleny rosales gmail com gt y lt marleny_rm yahoo com mx gt Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 127 Referencias Bola os R y Wattson V 1993 Mapa de Zonas de Vida de Costa Rica Hoja San Jos CR2CM 5 Escala 1 200 000 Centro Cient fico Tropical San Jos Costa Rica Castro J y Carvajal J 2006 Cambio de uso del suelo en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas En L nea Base de los Componentes de Flora y Fauna en el
16. to select appropriate tools in a nut cracking task We also speculate on the possible factors involved in tool selection Materials and Methods Subjects A group of capuchin monkeys Cebus apella sp were housed on a small island within a zoo setting Parque Ecol gico Municipal Eng Cid Almeida Franco Americana Sao Paulo Brazil The alpha male was the experimental sub ject He was an adult wild born and raised in captivity He monopolized almost every new object in the small home island and prevented regular access to them by the other animals leaving us without much choice regarding experi mental subjects It was not possible to remove the alpha male from the island As the other monkeys had only un predictable access to the objects it was not possible to apply the experimental protocol to them in any regular or reliable manner However a juvenile male and an adult female that used tools on some occasions were included for qualita tive comparisons All three monkeys had been observed to spontaneously use tools see below and or took part in other tool use experiments Jalles Filho et al 2001 and were thus proficient in the use of tools Test phase In each trial the subject was offered one of three stones cobbles of quartzite of similar shape but different sizes large 1 565 g medium 915 g small 110 g and one nut Twenty trials were performed per stone 17 for the small stone A trial began when the subject he
17. were most often in close association with adult females as would be expected for a female dispersing species these findings were in contrast to those of Zucker and Clarke 1998 and Kovacovsky 2002 who found A palliata fe males spent more time in close proximity with one another than expected Zucker and Clarke 1998 reported that adult dyads varied in frequency and intensity across years and among individuals and suggested that female bonds were likely influenced by female reproductive status and parity and by changing memberships of adult males within the groups When comparing A pigra with red tailed monkeys Cercopithecus ascanius schmidtii and red colobus mon keys Procolobus badius tephrosceles Treves and Baguma 2002 unexpectedly found that females in the two spe cies with female transfer black howler monkeys and red colobus monkeys were significantly more cohesive than the female red tailed monkeys who are female resi dent Though kinship was not known in our study some individuals could have been related thereby affecting dif ferential proximity Further the data on the maintenance of proximity presented here revealed that females were not more responsible for maintaining proximity with adult males than males were with them Females may derive more benefit from associating with males when in unimale groups as their groups can be more vulnerable to takeovers by extragroup males Crockett and Janson 2000
18. 1982 and is therefore esti mated to have been at least 30 years old during the pres ent study and her daughter DB who was born in 1996 and was the third of three natal females out of 38 natal females that have survived to dispersal age to remain and reproduce in this group Martins and Strier 2004 Strier et al 2006 DB s first infant a son DN was born in early June 2005 On 2 September 2005 DD was first seen traveling with her three month old grandson DN on her back DD was observed carrying DN on subsequent occasions in 2005 From January to July 2006 instantaneous scan samples Altmann 1974 were conducted at 15 minute intervals on all females visible to assess the proportion of time that DD carried her grandson relative to the proportion of time that he was carried by his mother At the onset of each scan sample the females activities e g resting traveling feeding socializing drinking water and undetermined and all individuals within a five meter radius were recorded Strier 1987 DD and DB were the only females observed carrying DN i e both transporting him while active and resting in contact with him We calculated the monthly proportion of scan samples in which either DD or DB was carrying or in contact with DN and in which DB was among her mothers nearest neighbors when DD was car rying or in contact with her grandson We also examined whether the monthly distribution of both females activities
19. 2000 Primate Conservation Biology The University of Chicago Press Chicago Macedo Ruiz H and Mittermeier R A 1979 Redes cubrimiento del primate peruano Lagothrix flavicauda Humboldt 1812 y primeras observaciones sobre su biolog a Rev Cienc Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos 71 79 92 Defler T R Rodriguez M J V and Hernandez Camacho J I 2003 Conservation priorities for Colombian prima tes Primate Conserv 19 10 18 Elgegren J J 2005 La Deforestaci n en el Per Avail able at lt http www conam gob pe documentos TallerAn lisis Ambiental La Deforestacion en elPeru pdf gt Accessed 15 February 2008 Groves C P 2001 Primate Taxonomy Smithsonian Insti tution Press Washington DC Leo Luna M 1984 The effects of hunting selective log ging and clear cutting on the conservation of the yellow tailed woolly monkey Lagothrix flavicauda Master s thesis University of Florida Gainesville Mittermeier R A Ratsimbazafy J Rylands A B Wil liamson L Oates J E Mbora D Ganzhorn J U Ro driguez Luna E Palacios E Heymann E W Kierulf M C M Yongcheng L Supriatna J Roos R Walker S and Aguiar J M 2007 Primates in Peril The World s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006 2008 Primate Con serv 22 1 40 Pacheco V 2002 Mam feros del Per In Diversidad y Con servaci n de los Mam feros Neotropicales G Ceballos and J Simonetti eds pp
20. 8 2008 Edinburg In ternational Conference Center Edinburg Scotland Spon sored by the Primate Society of Great Britain Abstracts for oral and poster presentations must be submitted by 30 November 2007 For information consult the web page lt http www ips2008 co uk index html gt XX International Congress of Zoology August 26 29 Jussieu Grand campus Paris France Held every four years the International Congress of Zoology gives zoologists and professionals from all fields related to zoology the chance to come together to discuss the current status of zoology and to share ideas about future development of all its dis ciplines The International Society of Zoological Sciences ISZS and the Societe Zoologique de France invite you to the XX International Congress of Zoology It will be co hosted by the Universities Pierre et Marie Curie PVD Paris Sud PXI and the Museum National d Histoire Naturelle Registration will open on 1 December 2007 For information about the Congress please visit lt http icz2008 snv jussieu fr gt or lt http www globalzoology org index new 20icz htm gt 6 International Conference on Methods and Techniques In Behavioral Research August 26 29 2008 Maastricht The Netherlands The theme of the 6 international con ference on methods and techniques in behavioral research will be Measuring Behavior This conference is the premier interdisciplinary event for scientists and practitione
21. C B 2000b A model for the interpretation of grooming patterns ap plied to the Belizean black howling monkey Alouatta pigra Primate Report 56 23 32 Brockett R C Horwich R H and Jones C B 2005 Hand holding by Belizean black howler monkeys In tentional communication in a Neotropical primate Folia Primatol 76 227 230 Corewyn L C 2005 Proximity patterns in the Central American black howler Alouatta pigra at Monkey River Belize Masters thesis University of Calgary Alberta Canada Crockett C M and Eisenberg J E 1987 Howlers Varia tions in group size and demography In Primate Societies B B Smuts D L Cheney R M Seyfarth R W Wrang ham and T T Struhsaker eds pp 54 68 University of Chicago Press Chicago and London Crockett C M and Janson C H 2000 Infanticide in red howlers Female group size male member ship and a possible link to folivory In Infanticide by Males and its Implications C P van Schaik and C H Janson eds pp 75 98 Cambridge University Press Cambridge IUCN 2003 Alouatta pigra 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Website lt http www redlist org gt Accessed 26 May 2004 Di Fiore A and Fleischer R C 2005 Social behavior re productive strategies and population genetic structure of Lagothrix poeppigii Int J Primatol 26 1137 1173 Di Fiore A and Campbell C J 2007 The Atelines Variation in ecology behavior and social organiz
22. Clin Neurophysiol 50 457 466 Ford S M 1994 Taxonomy and distribution of the owl monkey In Aotus The Owl Monkey J F Baer R E Weller and I Kakoma eds pp 1 57 Academic Press San Diego Gozalo A and Montoya E 1990 Reproduction of the owl monkey Aotus nancymai in captivity Am J Prima tol 21 61 68 Groves C 2001 Primate Taxonomy Smithsonian Institu tion Press Washington DC Hershkovitz P 1983 Two new species of night monkeys genus Aotus Cebidae Platyrrhini A preliminary report on Aotus taxonomy Am J Primatol 4 209 243 Hirai H Hasegawa Y Kawamoto Y and Tokita E 1998 Tandem duplication of nucleolus organizer region NOR in the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata fuscata Chromo Res 6 191 197 Ma N S F Jones T C Bedard M T Miller A Morgan L and Adams E 1977 The chromosome complement of an Aotus hybrid J Hered 68 409 412 Nagao K Takenaka N Hirai M and Kawamura S 2005 Coupling and decoupling of evolutionary mode between X and Y chromosomal red green opsin genes in owl monkeys Gene 352 82 91 Perachio A A 1971 Sleep in the nocturnal primate Aotus trivirgatus In Proceedings of the Third International Con gress of Primatology Vol 2 J Biegert and W Leutenegger eds pp 54 60 Karger Basel Rappold I and Erkert H G 1994 Re entrainment phase response and range of entrainment of circadian rhythms in owl monkeys Aotus lemur
23. Dayse Campista Ferreira Rua dos Jatob s 142 69085 380 Coroado III Manaus Amazonas Brazil e mail lt dcampista osite com br gt References Hershkovitz P 1977 Living New World Monkeys Platyr rhini with an Introduction to Primates Vol 1 The Uni versity of Chicago Press Chicago Noronha M A 2004 Estado atual de conserva o e dis tribui o geogr fica Mico saterei Silva Jr and Noronha M A 1998 Primates Callitrichidae na Amaz nia Central Brasil Master s thesis Instituto de Florestas Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Van Roosmalen M G M Van Roosmalen T Mitter meier R A and Rylands A B 2000 Two new species of marmoset genus Callithrix Erxleben 1777 Callithichi dae Primates from the Tapaj s Madeira interfluvium South Central Amazonia Brazil Neotrop Primates 8 1 2 18 Vivo M de 1988 Sistem tica de Callithrix Erxleben 1777 Doctoral dissertation Universidade de S o Paulo S o Paulo Vivo M de 1991 Taxonomia de Callithrix Erxleben 1777 Callitrichidae Primates Funda o Biodiversitas Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil SLEEP PARAMETERS IN CAPTIVE FEMALE OWL Monkey Aorus HYBRIDS Sachi Sri Kantha Juri Suzuki Yuriko Hirai Hirohisa Hirai Introduction In the 1970s and 1980s captive breeding of owl monkeys began in countries such as the United States of America Cicmanec and Campbell 1977 Weller et al 1991 Malaga et a
24. Florida and everglades Part III Yellowstone and the best hope of Earth 8 Blind men and elephants 9 Guarding the golden goose Why Conservation is Failing and How It Can Regain Ground by Eric T Freyfogle 2006 Yale University Press 320 pp ISBN 978 0300110401 Critics of environmental laws complain that such rules often burden people unequally restrict individual liberty and undercut private property rights In formulating responses to these criticisms the conservation effort has stumbled badly Freyfogle explores why the conservation movement has responded ineffectu ally to the many cultural and economic criticisms leveled against it He addresses the meaning of good land use describes the many shortcomings of sustainability and outlines six key tasks that the cause must address Among these is the crafting of an overall goal and a vision of re sponsible private ownership The book concludes with a stirring message that situates conservation within America s story of itself and with an extensive annotated bibliography of conservation most valuable voices and texts impor tant information for readers prepared to take conservation more seriously Content 1 The Four Faces of Resistance 2 Five Paths and Their Values 3 The Lure of the Garden 4 Back to Sustainability 5 What is Good Land Use 6 Conservation s Core Tasks A conservation message to the American people Conservations central Readings A bibliographic essay
25. River as part of a larger effort started six years ago to document and monitor the densities of primates and 15 other large vertebrate spe cies in eastern Colombian Amazonia Palacios et al 2003 Palacios and Peres 2005 Peres and Palacios 2007 Methods Study area Censuses were carried out in the interfluvial area between the lower Caquet and Apaporis Rivers Amazonas near Loma Linda indigenous community 01 16 S 69 44 W 101 m a s l Fig 1 C rdoba Indigenous Reserve Prima ry terra firme and v rzea forests represented the majority of the forested matrix in the study site An area of second ary terra firme forest locally called rastrojo located around the indigenous settlement comprised a small proportion of such matrix There were also patches of what is locally known as savanna forest or varillal which corresponds to primary forest with a mean height of 17 18 m and a very sparse understory growing on rocky outcrops and white sands and another savanna type known as sabana capo tuda with a mean canopy height of 8 m deep soil litter and a very dense understory with intermingled vines and lianas Linear transects We used the line transect method Burnham et al 1980 to estimate S inustus densities From a zero point lo cated ca 100 m away from the community secondary forest area two transects 4 6 and 4 9 km long oriented 40 NW and 40 NE respectively were cut they were Neotropical Primates 14 3
26. Southeast Asia Jatna Supriatna and Christian Roos South Asia Sally Walker PSG General Coordinator Website Manager John M Aguiar Layout Kim Meek Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International Arlington VA USA Editorial Assistance John M Aguiar Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International Arlington VA USA IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group logo courtesy of Stephen D Nash 2002 Front cover A bald uakari Cacajao calvus calvus from the Brazilian Amazon Photo by Russell A Mittermeier This issue of Neotropical Primates was kindly sponsored by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation 432 Walker Road Great Falls Virginia 22066 USA and the Los Angeles Zoo Director John R Lewis 5333 Zoo Drive Los Angeles California 90027 USA MARGOT MARSH N Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 103 FLORA BACTERIANA DE LA CAVIDAD ORAL DEL MONO TIT SAIMIRI OERSTEDII Y SU PERFIL DE SENSIBILIDAD A ANTIBI TICOS Carlos E Rodr guez Rodr guez Evelyn Rodr guez Cavallini Mar a del Mar Gamboa Coronado Silvia Jim nez Cuadra Ronald S nchez Porras y Gustavo A Guti rrez Espeleta Laboratorio de Investigaci n en Bacteriolog a Anaerobia y Centro de Investigaci n en Enfermedades Tropicales Facultad de Microbiolog a Universidad de Costa Rica Programa de Investigaciones del Bosque Premontano Sede de Occidente Universidad de Costa Rica 3 Escuela de Biolog a
27. Van Roosmalen T and Mitter meier R A 2002 A taxonomic review of the titi mon keys genus Callicebus Thomas 1903 with the description of two new species Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi from Brazilian Amazonia Neotrop Primates 10 Supp 1 53 140 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 New Occurrence Recorps or Mico ACARIENSIS PRIMATES CALLITRICHIDAE Maur cio de Almeida Noronha Jos de Sousa e Silva J nior Wilson Roberto Spironello Dayse Campista Ferreira The Rio Acari marmoset Mico acariensis was described by van Roosmalen et a 2000 The holotype was originally being kept as a pet by inhabitants of a small settlement near the Rio Acari in Central Amazonia Brazil A specimen was collected and deposited in the vertebrate collection of the National Institute of Amazonian Research INPA 3931 van Roosmalen er al 2000 The new species was clas sified in the Callithrix argentata group sensu Hershkovitz 1977 and Vivo 1988 1991 and was associated with the bare eared marmosets Mico saterei and M melanurus Diagnostic characters include bright orange coloration of the lower back body underparts legs and tail base the rest of the tail is black upper parts are almost all white the white chest contrasts with a partly black muzzle the narrow triangular nose patch and ocular rings are black and dark pigmented ears partially covered with white hairs van Roosmalen et al 20
28. a gorilla Genetic Psychol ogy Monographs 2 1 193 Yerkes R M 1943 Chimpanzees A Laboratory Colony Yale University Press New Haven CT DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE YeLLowW TaiLeD WooLLy MONKEY OREONAX FLAVICAUDA HUMBOLDT 1812 IN AMAZONAS AND SAN MART N PERU Sam Shanee Noga Shanee Angela M Maldonado Introduction The yellow tailed woolly monkey Oreonax flavicauda is one of the largest and rarest Neotropical primates First discovered in 1802 by Alexander von Humboldt Hum boldt and Bonpland 1812 since then only a few field studies have been conducted on this species Leo Luna 1980 1982 Butchart et al 1995a DeLuycker 2007 and it remains one of the least known of all primate species O flavicauda is restricted to a small area of pre montane cloud forest between 1 400 and 2 500 m a s l in the de partments of San Mart n and Amazonas in northern Peru Leo Luna 1980 1982 DeLuycker 2007 The species probably also occurs in small areas of Cajamarca Hua nuco Loreto and La Libertad departments Mittermeier et al 1975 Graves and O Neil 1980 Leo Luna 1980 1982 1989 Parker and Barkley 1981 DeLuycker 2007 Rolando Aquino pers com O flavicauda is endemic to the tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot Myers et al 2000 and its habitat is characterised by rugged terrain of steep mountain sides and deep river gorges with canopy 116 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007
29. animal behaviour As we get to know more about each animal species the evidence of in dividuality also grows For more information visit the web site lt http behavior individuality blogspot com gt 9th Student Conference on Conservation Science March 25 27 2008 Department of Zoology University of Cam bridge United Kingdom The SCCS is aimed at young re searchers working in universities departments conservation organisations or resource managment agencies Approxi mately 170 postgraduate students attend the conference each year from a broad range of disciplines in conserva tion including ecology geography sociology and econom ics The most important part of the three day programme will be poster sessions and 33 fifteen minute talks by stu dents on any aspect of conservation science There will also be workshops presentations by conservation NGOs and agencies and social events designed to give participants the opportunity to make new contacts in their own and related disciplines Prizes are awarded to posters and talks of out standing quality and relevance to conservation For more information and applications go to www sccs cam org American Association of Physical Anthropologists Annual Meeting April 7 13 2008 Columbus Ohio For more information visit the web site lt http www physanth org annmeet gt Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 157 31d International Conference on Primate Genom
30. cal society information and suchlike Submissions Please send all English and Spanish contributions to Erwin Palacios Conservaci n Internacional Colombia Carrera 13 71 41 Bogot D C Colombia Tel 571 345 2852 54 Fax 571 345 2852 54 e mail lt epalacios conservation org gt and all Portuguese contribu tions to J lio C sar Bicca Marques Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia Pontif cia Universidade Cat lica do Rio Grande do Sul Av Ipiranga 6681 Pr dio 12A Porto Alegre RS 90619 900 Brasil Tel 55 51 3320 3545 ext 4742 Fax 55 51 3320 3612 e mail jcbiccagpucrs br Contributions Manuscripts may be in English Spanish or Portuguese and should be double spaced and accompanied by the text on CD for PC com patible text editors MS Word WordPerfect Excel and Access and or e mailed to lt epalacios conservation org gt English Spanish or lt jcbicca pucrs br gt Portuguese Hard copies should be supplied for all figures illustrations and maps and tables The full name and address for each author should be included Please avoid abbreviations and acronyms without the name in full Authors whose first language is not English should please have their English manuscripts carefully reviewed by a native English speaker Articles Each issue of Neotropical Primates will include up to three full articles limited to the following topics Taxonomy Systemat ics Genetics when relevant for s
31. cuales se ha considerado t picamen te este agente como una excelente opci n de tratamiento Lorber 1995 Falagas y Siakavellas 2000 En el presen te estudio se obtuvo un 23 de resistencia a clindamicina 29 en Gram positivos y 10 en Gram negativos inclu yendo una cepa de Bacteroides distasonis y es similar al 28 mostrado por los anaerobios de otros monos de Costa Rica Estos resultados son preocupantes si se consideraba que de los aislamientos cl nicos menos del 10 de los Gram negativos y el 19 6 de los Gram positivos son resistentes Engelkirk ez al 1992 y m s a n si se compara con la ausencia de resistencia obtenida para clindamicina en cepas aisladas de saliva humana Stark ez al 1993 De las cefa losporinas la cefoxitina es probablemente la m s efectiva Murdoch 1998 lo que concuerda con los hallazgos en el mono tit sin embargo hubo una mayor resistencia que la obtenida para las cepas de los monos congo y colorado Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Los informes relaciona dos con el incremento continuo en la resistencia ante estas cefalosporinas por parte de algunos grupos de anaerobios Behra Miellet et al 2003 refuerza la importancia de la b squeda de nuevas estrategias para combatirlos La resistencia de los anaerobios a las penicilinas fue de 19 para la penicilina y 16 para la amoxicilina sin embar go como era de esperar de acuerdo con su mecanismo de acci n fue mayor en Gram negativos 30 peni
32. descrito como uno de los predominantes en la cavidad oral humana Isenberg y D Amato 1995 y que fue tam bi n descrito como el m s abundante en la cavidad bucal de los monos congo y colorado Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Otras enterobacterias encontradas fueron Serratia Klebsiella y Citrobacter con frecuencias de aislamiento entre el 12 y el 18 si bien todas han sido aisladas de la cavidad bucal de los monos congo y colorado Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Serratia no se ha descrito como habitante de la flora oral humana sino que est asociada a superficies de plantas suelo semillas y agua Grimont y Grimont 2005 lo que podr a explicar su presencia en el mono tit El segundo g nero de aerobios m s frecuentemente aislado fue Burkholderia todas las cepas identificadas como B cepa cia no descrito como habitante com n de la boca humana ni encontrado en los monos congo y colorado Esta bacte ria se ha aislado de suelo plantas superficie de animales rizosfera y aguas Coenye y Vandamme 2003 Ramette e al 2005 Aeromonas fue el tercer g nero aerobio en abun dancia y aunque no se asocia a la boca humana s se ha informado en bajas frecuencias en monos congo y colorado Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 y se ha aislado principal mente de fuentes de agua y aguas negras Martin Carnahan y Joseph 2005 Los g neros Pseudomonas y Acinetobacter estuvieron presentes respectivamente en el 12 y 9 de las muestras y han
33. differed when they were carrying versus not carrying DN We present descriptive statistics without analyses because of our small sample sizes Results One or both females were observed in 332 of the 2 162 scan samples conducted during the present study period This resulted in a total of 171 observations of DD median 23 range 6 46 n 7 months and 184 observations of DB median 23 range 7 73 n 7 months The percentage of monthly observations in which DD was seen carrying her grandson ranged from 0 60 896 median 31 196 n 7 months while those in which DB was carrying her son ranged from 4 4 62 5 median 12 5 From April through July DD carried DN proportionately more often than DB Fig 1 DD was rarely in proximity to her daughter during the study period On average DB was among her mothers nearest neighbors in 14 411 896 of the scan samples when DD was carrying her grandson median 18 296 range 0 25 0 n2 6 months and in 9 6 7 7 of the scan samples in which DD was not carrying him median 11 1 range 0 17 696 n 7 months Both females exhibited similar activity patterns whether or not they were carrying or in contact with DN DD was twice as likely to be feeding when not carrying her Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 121 grandson and DB was seven times more likely to be feed ing when not carrying her son Fig 2 Discussion We do not know why DD began carrying her grands
34. different at tempts but always by performing the same general action trying to insert something in the tube which was abso lutely useless in some cases Thus there was some rigid ity in behavioral patterns as well since they kept repeating motor patterns with ineffective tools In another tube task experiment Visalberghi 1993 the same capuchins selected the correct tool out of a group of four The other three tools in this choice experiment were completely ineffective whereas in our experimental phase the comparison was between two equally effective tools with different energetic requirements and an inefficient one that could still be used to accomplish the task In a dif ferent experimental set up Cummins Sebrae and Fragaszy 2005 showed that capuchins chose correctly positioned canes to pull out pieces of food but they also repositioned canes to pull the food and improved at the task with prac tice thus discovering affordances of the tool according to the authors In the vast majority of their pairings the tools did not differ in effectiveness only in the ease to accom plish the task and or the familiarity of the animals with them Also the required change in behavior for reposition ing might be regarded as involving a simpler mental opera tion comprehension of a spatial relation than the creation of whole new motor patterns that would be necessary to make the small stone an effective choice in our case or to und
35. different kinds of objects a stone a piece of wood and a plastic container as hammers to crack open hazelnuts and walnuts More importantly here they reported that the monkey showed a strong preference for the stone followed by the wood with near rejection of the plastic container The authors did not analyze the time or the number of blows required by each tool to fulfil the task They noted qualitatively that the stone was much more effective the piece of wood less so and the plastic container was completely ineffective Thus the monkeys were selecting only for effectiveness not effectiveness and energetic efficiency as in our case Their subject similar to ours showed rejection of a useless tool although he still attempted to use it a few times However we believe that due to its very small weight 40 g this tool was so ineffec tive that no change in behavior would make it valuable in contrast to the small stone in our study Visalberghi and Trinca 1989 have shown that capuchin monkeys were able to solve three conditions of a tube task in which the tools required modification before use but that the monkeys kept performing errors throughout the course of those experiments Note that in order to be effec tive the monkeys had to modify the tools not their motor patterns when using them an approach which was not possible in our test phase since the tool could not be modi fied Behaviorally their monkeys made various
36. el pelaje o piel as como evaluar la condici n general actual de la poblaci n Es tambi n importante monitorear la proporci n relativa de las categor as de sexo edad total de individuos tasas de natalidad mortalidad y sobrevivencia a largo plazo as como m tricas corporales de los individuos Dichos aspec tos deben ser estudiados en ambas pocas del a o utili z ndose los mismos criterios de apreciaci n con respec to al sexo edad y a las caracter sticas particulares de cada individuo Por otro lado la evaluaci n de la abundancia distribuci n calidad del alimento y la capacidad de carga de la isla es esencial para entender aspectos relacionados con la salud de la poblaci n Puesto que en RNVSISL se empieza a promover el turismo se recomienda que esta actividad sea regulada para que tenga un impacto m nimo en los bosques de la isla las condiciones de aislamiento y de posible estr s ambiental de la poblaciones de monos aulladores exige que sean desarrolladas medidas para su manejo y conservaci n Agradecimientos Al Servicio de Intercambio Acad mico Alem n DAAD por la beca de estudios de postgrado en Costa Rica Al Instituto Internacional en Conservaci n y Manejo de Vida Silvestre ICOMVIS de la Universidad Nacional por el financia miento equipo transporte y dem s facilidades brindadas para la realizaci n de la L nea Base de los Componentes de Flora y Fauna en el RNVSISL del cu l form parte esta
37. gica Uni o R J para a conservac o Le o D T Brum M Lamim Guedes V and Antonini Y Ecologia e comportamento de um grupo de Callice bus nigrifrons spix 1823 residentes no parque estadual do Iacolomi Ouro Preto mg Dados preliminares Leopoldo B E Viana L R Viana T L H and Fernandes G W Monitoramento de primatas na floresta nacional Sarac Taq era Par Brasil Lima A K M and Arruda M F Desenvolvimento em Callithrix jacchus no ambiente natural Lisboa O A Porto M Pissinatti A and Fedullo L P L Anatomia do sistema reprodutor feminino de Callithrix jacchus l 1758 e Callithrix aurita Humboldt 1812 Callitrichidae primates Lokschin L X Teixeira E Z Buss G Cabral J N H Printes R C Rossato R S Setubal R B Lopes M S Nascimento L S and Romanowski H P Programa Macacos Urbanos Ocorr ncia e distribui o do bugio ruivo Alouatta clamitans Cabrera 1940 em Porto Alegre Etapa 2 zona centro sul Lousa T C Portilho K A Grande T O Cardoso R M and Mendes F D C Comportamento alimentar de um grupo semi livre de Cebus libidinosus em um experimen tac o em contexto natural Ludwig G Aguiar L M and Passos E C rea de vida de Alouatta caraya Primates Atelidae Humboldt 1812 em ilha e continente do Alto Rio Paran Maia R T F varo L B Moreira L S and Dias L G rea de vida de um grupo de muriqui do norte Brachyte
38. group mean variation in behavioral sleep parameters for owl monkey non trisomic hybrids and purebreds Owl Monkeys Parameter t test p Non trisomic Hybrids Purebreds n 3 3 age range yr 11 16 6 16 TST 24 h min 727 150 591182 0 01 df 70 SEL 12 h light phase min 27x13 51 36 0 01 d 70 2 Mean SD All monkeys are females between the two groups with the hybrid individuals regis References tering a higher TST 24 h and a shorter SEL compared to the pure breds Discussion One of the females in our study ID number 40 carries an X chromosome trisomy detected from karyotype analysis In the absence of published information on the sleep pro files of Aotus hybrids or trisomic Aotus the marked varia tion in SEL obtained for the trisomic Aotus hybrid monkey is a novel finding Studies on trisomy among nonhuman primates have been understandably meager partly due to a very low survival rate of individuals with chromosomal anomalies Ruppenthal et al 2004 Nevertheless the prevalence of significant sleep disturbances among humans suffering from autosomal trisomic conditions Ellingson and Peters 1980 Shaffer er al 1996 Ruppenthal et al 2004 Segel et al 2006 provide some clue to the unusual ly varied behavioral sleep profile recorded for this trisomic Aotus hybrid monkey To conclude we report significant differences in the TST and SEL parameters between the purebred owl monk
39. insightful comments to the manuscript Euphly Jalles Filho Rua Thomas Nogueira Gaia 83 Jd S o Luiz Ribeir o Preto 14020 290 SP Brazil e mail lt ejalles inbio com br gt Rog rio Grassetto Teixeira da Cunha e mail rogcunhaghotmail com and Rodolfo Aureliano Salm e mail lt rodolfosalm terra com br gt References Anderson J R 1996 Chimpanzees and capuchin mon keys Comparative cognition In Reaching into Thought The Minds of the Great Apes A E Russon K A Bard Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 115 and S T Parker eds pp 23 56 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Antinucci E and Visalberghi E 1986 Tool use in Cebus apella A case study Int J Primatol 7 4 351 363 Boesch C 1992 Aspects of transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees In Tools Language and Cogni tion in Human Evolution K R Gibson and T Ingold eds pp 171 183 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Cummins Sebree S E and Fragaszy D M 2005 Choos ing and using tools Capuchins Cebus apella use a dif ferent metric than tamarins Saguinus oedipus J Comp Psychol 119 2 210 219 Fragaszy D M Izar P Visalberghi E Ottoni E B and Gomes de Oliveira M 2004a Wild capuchin monkeys Cebus libidinosus use anvils and stone pounding tools Am J Primatol 64 359 366 Fragaszy D Visalberghi E and Fedigan L 2004b The Complete Capuchin The Biology of the Genus Cebus
40. interfluvium and will provide more data to help determine their forest type preferences how they cope with habitat transformation and the conservation strategies that need to be implemented with local communities to preserve this interesting primate Acknowledgements Thanks to Conservation International Colombia and the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation for funding the field work We also thank Angel Yucuna chief of Loma Linda indigenous community for facilitating logistical sup port Nolberto Neira Oscar Yucuna Turf Jos Angel Rodr guez Macuna Jarviz Rodr guez Elisban Rodr guez Benedicto Neira and Enesilda Yucuna helped in conduct ing the censuses Claudia Idaly Castillo Ayala Conservation International Colombia Cra 13 No 71 41 Bogot Colombia e mail clauscas hotmail com and Erwin Palacios Conservation International Colombia and Estaci n Biol gica Capar e mail lt epalacios conservation org gt References Barnett A Borges S Castilho C Neri E and Shapley R 2002 Primates of the Ja National Park Amazonas Brazil Neotrop Primates 10 2 65 70 Cardoso da Silva J M and Conway D 1996 Application of parsimony analysis of endemicity in Amazonian bio geography An example with primates Biol J Linnaean Soc 59 427 437 CITES 2001 Lista de especies Una referencia a los Ap n dices de la Convenci n sobre el Comercio Internacio nal de Especies Amenazadas de Faun
41. juveniles were only present in one group Chi square tests were used due to the small sample sizes and the categorical nature of the data Siegel and Castellan Jr 1988 Maintenance of proximity was calculated using Hinde s index Hinde and Atkinson 1970 for each of the prox imity dyads using the frequency of approaches when one individual approached and settled within one meter of another and leaves when one animal moved away from another with whom it had been in one meter proximity from the focal animal data APP LEA x100 APP APP LEA LEA Where APP was the number of approaches by age sex class a towards age sex class b APP was the number of ap proaches by age sex class 6 towards age sex class a LEA was the number of leaves by age sex class a from age sex class b and LEA was the number of leaves by age sex class 6 from age sex class a If the percentage was positive then age sex class a was more responsible than 6 for main taining proximity and vice versa if the percentage was neg ative Low values of Hinde s index indicated a tendency for individuals in those dyads to be equally responsible for maintenance of proximity Results Confirming the cohesive nature of Central American black howler monkeys in 70 696 of the 960 proximity scans divided into 347 247 and 366 total scans for each group respectively the focal animal had another individ ual within 2 m significantly more often than not 29
42. les hypoxanthus em um fragmento florestal do Parque Es tadual da Serra do Brigadeiro MG Makyama S T Marques K L S and Galv o O E Dis crimina es de cores em Cebus apella Mannu M Ottoni E B Plasticidade e diversidade no uso de ferramentas em dois grupos selvagens de maca cos prego Cebus libidinosus na caatinga uso seq encial m ltiplo e produ o de ferramentas Matias C A R and Bruno S E Novas observa es sobre a presenga de Leontopithecus chrysomelas Callitrichidae primates fora de sua rea biogeogr fica Melo D S V Dell porto A and Teixeira D S Ocorr n cia de ovos do g nero Conspicuum Trematoda Dicrocoe liidae em fezes de mico estrela Callithrix penicillata Mendes C L S Dias L G and Melo E R rea de uso e prefer ncia de habitat do muriqui do norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus na Mata do Sossego Simon sia mg Messias M R Oliveira M A and Ferronato M L Supe rexplora ao de frutos de cacau por primatas na esta o experimental da ceplac de ouro preto do oeste ro uma tentativa de resolu o de conflitos atrav s do manejo de fauna Miranda J M D Silva Pereira J E Mellek D M and Passos E C Nota sobre o h bito de beber gua e o con sumo de macr fitas aqu ticas em Alouatta caraya hum boldt 1812 na ilha mutum alto rio Paran Brasil Morales M vil J E Dom nguez Dom nguez L Hern n dez Salazar L T and Serio Silva J C El
43. list of threatened Species International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN Website lt http www redlist org gt Accessed 1 August 2007 Leo Luna M 1980 First field study of the yellow tailed woolly monkey Oryx 15 386 389 Leo Luna M 1982 Estudio preliminar sobre la biologia y ecol gica del mono choro de cola amarilla Lagothrix fla vicauda Humboldt 1812 T sis Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Leo Luna M 1987 Primate conservation in Peru A case study of the yellow tailed woolly monkey Primate Con serv 8 122 123 Leo Luna M 1989 Biolog a y conservaci n del mono choro de cola amarilla Lagothrix flavicauda especie en peligro de extinci n In La Primatolog a en Latinoam rica C J Saavedra R A Mittermeier and I B Santos eds pp 23 30 World Wildlife Fund US Washing ton DC Macedo Ruiz H de and Mittermeier R A 1979 Redes cubrimiento de primate peruano Lagothrix flavicauda Humboldt 1812 y primeras observaciones sobre su biolog a Rev Cienc Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos 71 78 92 Mittermeier R A Macedo Ruiz H de and Luscombe A 1975 A woolly monkey rediscovered in Peru Oryx 13 41 46 Mittermeier R A Ratsimbazafy J Rylands A B Wil liamson E Oates J E Mbora D Ganzhorn J U Rodr guez Luna E Palacios E Heymann E W Kierulff M C M Long Yongcheng Supriatna J Roos C Walker S and Aguiar J M 2007
44. males and juveniles 49 796 Maintenance of proximity was calculated to determine which age sex class was responsible for maintaining the relationship within each dyad Table 1 Between adult females and adult males females were slightly more respon sible for maintaining proximity 5 596 although the low score suggested fairly even responsibility Juveniles were 15 396 more responsible for maintaining the spatial rela tionship with adult females however adult males and juve niles appeared to be equally responsible Discussion Despite low levels of conspicuous social interaction and undifferentiated social relationships in 4 pigra the prox imity data presented here support the overall impression that the groups were nonetheless very cohesive If spatial proximity is taken as an indication of social affinity as has been suggested Kummer 1971 Altmann 1980 White and Chapman 1994 the spacing patterns reported here further revealed variation among age sex classes in strength of social bonds Juveniles exhibited a higher degree of affili ation than adults and females exhibited a higher degree of affiliation than males Being smaller in size and less experi enced than adults young monkeys may be more vulnerable to predation and might spend more time near other indi viduals particularly their mothers as a result Proximity patterns and vigilance rates a measure of predation risk through scanning behavior have been found
45. of large tree density on howler Alouatta palliata mexicana pres ence in very small rain forest fragments Biotropica 39 6 760 766 Baumgarten A and Williamson G B 2007 The distribu tions of howling monkeys Alouatta pigra and A palliata Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 149 in southeastern Mexico and Central America Primates 48 4 310 315 Bloch J I and Boyer D M 2007 New skeletons of Pa leocene Eocene Plesiadapiformes a diversity of arboreal positional behaviors in early primates Primate Origins Adaptations and Evolution Ravosa M J and Dagosto M Editors New York Springer 2007 pp 535 581 Camargo C C and Ferrari S F 2007 Observations of daytime births in two groups of red handed howlers Alouatta belzebul on an island in the Tucurui Reser voir in eastern Brazilian Amazonia Am J Prim 69 10 1075 1079 Check E and Hayden T 2007 Strike threat over jailed primatologist Nature 448 7154 634 Conroy G C 2007 Creating displaying and querying interactive paleoanthropological maps using GIS an ex ample from the Uinta Basin Utah Am J Phys Anthro pol Suppl 44 89 Corte A C Svoboda W K Navarro I T Freire R L Malanski L S Shiozawa M M Ludwig G Aguiar L M Passos F C Maron A Camargo Z P Itano E N and Ono M A 2007 Paracoccidioidomycosis in wild monkeys from Parana State Brazil Mycopathologia 164 5 225 228 Cri
46. online publication online 1 13 Lapenta M J Procopio de Oliveira P and Nogueira Neto P 2007 Daily activity period home range and sleep ing sites of golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia translocated to the Uniao Biological Reserve RJ Brazil Mammalia 71 3 131 137 150 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Lisboa C V Pinho A P Monteiro R V and Jansen A M 2007 Trypanosoma cruzi Kinetoplastida Trypano somatidae Biological heterogeneity in the isolates de rived from wild hosts Exp Parasitol 116 2 150 155 Loettker P Huck M Zinner D P and Heymann E W 2007 Grooming relationships between breeding females and adult group members in cooperatively breeding moustached tamarins Saguinus mystax Am Prim 69 10 1159 1172 Mallapur A Sinha A and Waran N 2007 A world survey of husbandry practices for lion tailed macaques Macaca silenus in captivity Int Zoo Yearbook 41 166 175 Martinez Mota R Valdespino C Sanchez Ramos M A and Serio Silva J C 2007 Effects of forest fragmenta tion on the physiological stress response of black howler monkeys Anim Cons 10 3 374 379 Martins W P de Oliveira Guimaraes V and Strier K B 2007 A case of infant swapping by wild northern muriqu is Brachyteles hypoxanthus Primates 48 4 324 326 Martin R D Soligo C and Tavare S 2007 Primate origins implications of a cretaceous ancestry Fol
47. rea de prote o ambiental Serra Dona Francisca Joinville SC Fal tico T and Ottoni E B Transporte de ferramentas de pedra por macacos prego Cebus apella Fasano D M Kugelmeier T Lopes C A A Cysne L B Cunha D H S and Andrade M C R Cuidados neonatais com primatas n o humanos cativos Fernandes R Silva ER and Verona C E Comporta mento alimentar de macaco prego Cebus sp noParque Nacional da Tijuca RJ Ferraz D S Nogueira D F and Melo ER Par metros populacionais das esp cies de primatas no entorno do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca Minas Gerais Ferreira E B Burity C H E and Pissinatti A Histologia do tegumento em Cebus robusuts silva jr 2001 e Cebus xanthosternos wied neuwied 1826 cativos Cebidae primates Franco E S Soares G C N Young R J and Casar C Varia es na composi o da dieta nas diferentes faixas et rias de Callicebus nigrifrons Spix 1823 na natureza Fr es A P Torquetti C G Lino D Young R J and Talamoni S A Fatores que influenciam a distribui o de Callithrix penicillata mico estrela em Parques Urbanos de Belo Horizonte MG Galv o Coelho N L and Sousa M B C Influencia da domin ncia social na resposta ao estresse psicossocial em f meas de sagui Gomes D E and Bicca Marques J C Cognitive ecology and social foraging in black horned capuchin monkeys Cebus nigritus Goldfuss 1809 Guedes D Young R J and Strier K
48. rhini with an Introduction to Primates Vol 1 The Uni versity of Chicago Press Chicago Heymann E W Encarnaci n E and Canaquin J E 2002 Primates of the R o Curaray northern Peruvian Amazon Int J Primatol 23 1 191 201 Janson C H and Terborgh J W 1985 Censando primates en el bosque lluvioso con referencia a la Estaci n Biol gi ca de Cocha Cashu Parque Nacional del Man Per In Reporte Mant M A Rios ed Centro de Datos para la Conservaci n Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Mittermeier R A Goettsch C Robles P Pilgrim J Fonseca G A B da Brooks T and Konstant W R 2002 reas Silvestres Las ltimas Regiones V rgenes del Mundo Conservation International y Agrupaci n Sierra Madre M xico D E NRC National Research Council 1981 Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology National Acad emy Press Washington DC Palacios E Alarc n G and Rodr guez A 2003 Densida des de Vertebrados y Patrones de Cacer a en el Suroriente de la Amazonia Colombiana Informe final a la Funda ci n para la Promoci n de la Investigaci n y la Tecnolo g a del Banco de la Rep blica Bogot D C Palacios E Rodr guez A and Castillo C 2004 Prelimi nary observations on the mottled face tamarin Saguinus inustus on the lower R o Caquet Colombian Amazo nia Neotrop Primates 12 3 123 126 Palacios E and Peres C A 2005 Primate population den
49. to be related in A pigra with vigilance decreasing as the number of close neighbors increases Treves et al 2001 Moreover juve niles spend more time in social play than adults increasing the amount of time in close proximity Individual adult female proximity scores were higher than those of adult males as expected given the likely association between adult females and their own juvenile offspring However the analysis of the strength of different dyadic combinations revealed a surprising affiliation between adult females In this study adult females had equal op portunity to interact with another female or with the adult male Adult males conversely could only associate with adult females Thus the finding that the male female and female female dyads occurred equally was surprising with female female dyads occurring more than would be expected given availability of congeners and certainly given the bisexual dispersal pattern and unimale groups which would predict weaker female female associations than male female associations Further evidence of seasonal mating appeared to be absent as copulations were not observed This result has been found in other howler monkey studies suggesting that the dispersal patterns of female primates may not be a con sistent predictor of social bonds at least as measured by proximity patterns Wang and Milton 2003 reported that adult male howlers A palliata at Barro Colorado Island
50. un mayor tama o corporal de los monos adultos en uno de los remanentes m s antiguos tropa No 6 y de individuos con menor tama o corporal en remanentes de bosque m s re cientes tropas No 4 y 9 lo cual podr a apoyar la hip tesis de que los aulladores alcanzan mayor tama o y peso corpo ral en lugares donde tienen acceso a bosque m s maduro y diverso Froehlich y Thorington 1990 Esto fue descrito anteriormente para la IBC y la isla aleda a Orqu dea la cual posee un rea menor 16 ha y cuenta con recursos alimenticios limitados ya que su tiempo de regeneraci n vegetal es menor al de la IBC Froehlich y Thorington 1982 1990 No obstante para verificar si esta tendencia se presenta en el RSVSISL es necesario realizar estudios que proporcionen informaci n sobre mediciones corporales de los individuos y su relaci n con la abundancia y diversidad de alimento taci n en el pelaje de la cola y de la pata derecha Foto por M M Rosales Meda Tabla 2 Descripci n de las manchas de color blanco en piel o pelaje observadas en individuos de las tropas de monos aulladores que habitan en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas Costa Rica No Tropa Observaciones 3 Un macho adulto con manchas de color blanco en el pelo de ambas patas traseras y en la parte inferior de la cola en forma de anillo Un juvenil con manchas de color blanco en la parte inferior de la cola en forma de anillo 4 U
51. un 6796 de los monos congo y colorado Gam boa Coronado et al 2004 En este estudio sin embargo se aislaron s lo tres cepas de cocos Gram positivos perte necientes todas al g nero Staphylococcus los estreptococos no pudieron ser detectados probablemente debido a que son un g nero nutricional y fisiol gicamente m s exigen te Adicionalmente se aislaron tres cepas de Bacillus sp g nero que constituye hasta el 1296 de la flora subgingival de otros monos ardilla Beem er al 1991 Otros g neros menos frecuentes en estos monos y no des critos como pertenecientes a la cavidad oral humana fueron Brevundimonas Morganella Pantoea Ralstonia y Flavimo nas 696 cada uno y Agrobacterium Alcaligenes Chromo bacterium Kluyvera Leclercia Ochrobacter Pasteurella y Stenotrophomonas 3 cada uno De stos s lo Chromo bacterium fue aislado previamente de los monos congo y colorado tambi n con baja frecuencia Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Brevundimonas Pantoea Ralstonia Flavimo nas Agrobacterium Alcaligenes Chromobacterium Kluyve ra Leclercia y Stenotrophomonas se encuentran ampliamen te distribuidos en el ambiente en suelos y aguas lo que podr a explicar su aparici n en el mono tit mientras que Morganella Flavimonas Alcaligenes y Pasteurella son consi derados comensales de mam feros entre otros vertebrados 108 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Busse y Auling 2005 Janda y Abbott
52. y a 7 km al este de la provincia de Puntarenas Costa Rica MINAE 2005 Para el a o 2006 la isla contaba con 366 ha de bosque caducifolio en suce si n 46 89 ha de bosque siempre verde 6 9 ha de manglar y 6 8 ha de pastos arbolados Castro y Carvajal 2006 En 1873 el gobierno de Costa Rica declar la creaci n de un centro penitencial en la Isla San Lucas con lo cual se da la introducci n de especies ex ticas de fauna y flora al rea as como la degradaci n de la vegetaci n existente a causa de actividades ganadera y agr cola En 1967 se introdujeron en la isla algunas especies de fauna silvestre entre ellas los monos aulladores pero se carece de informaci n acerca de la cantidad de individuos y su origen En 1991 se clausur el centro penitencial y empez un proceso de regeneraci n vegetal principalmente del bosque caducifolio ya que hasta entonces predominaban las reas de pasturas En 2001 la isla fue declarada Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energ a y desde entonces ha sufrido poca intervenci n humana En la actualidad es visi tada por pobladores de reas aleda as con fines recreativos principalmente en las playas pero tambi n se han regis trado pesca y cacer a furtiva Costa Rica MINAE 2005 obs pers Caracterizaci n del mono aullador El registro de la poblaci n de monos aulladores existente en el RNVSISL se realiz mediante recorridos en la ma ana 05 00 10 0
53. 0 hr y tarde 15 00 17 30 hr durante 10 d as en poca seca 18 al 27 de abril de 2006 Se visitaron al menos dos veces todos los remanentes de bosque siempre verde donde pod an habitar los monos y tambi n se reali zaron recorridos en los otros tipos de cobertura vegetal Los monos fueron observados con binoculares por un m nimo de 40 minutos con el fin de determinar el sexo macho o hembra mediante la presencia o ausencia de escroto de color blanco a partir de la etapa sub adulta Neville ez al 1988 y edad de los integrantes de la tropa La edad se di ferenci en adulto individuo grande e independiente ju venil individuo que se mueve independientemente de su madre de tamafio medio muy activo infante individuo pequefio que se agarra del pelaje dorsal de la madre de pende de ella pero se separa frecuentemente para jugar o explorar por poco tiempo y cr a individuo pequefio que se agarra del pelaje dorsal o ventral de la madre es totalmente dependiente de ella y se separa espor dicamente para ex plorar Se identificaron caracter sticas particulares de cada individuo cicatrices y coloraci n del pelaje y algunas espe cies de rboles utilizadas para alimento y descanso durante el tiempo de observaci n La ubicaci n de las tropas fue registrada en un mapa con la ayuda de un GPS Se uti liz estad stica descriptiva para el an lisis de la composi ci n de tropas existentes y su organizaci n social machos a
54. 00 According to van Roosmalen et a 2000 the type locality is a small settlement on the right bank of the lower Rio Acari 05 07 08 S 60 01 14 W close to the confluence of the Rios Canum and Sucundur in the state of Amazonas Brazil Based on distribution pat terns of marmosets in the Amazon region these authors predicted that the species would occupy the entire Acari Sucundur interfluvium probably extending to somewhere between the Rios Aripuan and Juruena forming a contact zone with Mico melanurus During a recent field expedition Noronha 2004 to the lower Madeira Tapaj s interfluvium marmosets with the same diagnostic characters were observed at three locations along the left bank of the Rio Sucundur Four groups were observed at the Vila de Sucundur 06 48 S 59 04 W and three specimens were obtained from local inhabitants and deposited in the collection of Museu Paraense Em lio Goeldi MPEG 36085 36086 36087 Other troops were also recorded close to the Igarap Surubim 06 54 S 59 03 W and the Igarap do Liso 07 17 S 58 50 W These new records partially confirm the range proposed by van Roosmalen and colleagues Fig 1 Information Occurrence records of Mico acariensis o This study e Roosmalen ef al 2000 so 4 Figure 1 The range of Mico acariensis based on van Roosmalen et al 2000 and records from this study 1 Type locality 2 Vila de Suc
55. 2005 Mutters et al 2005 Palleroni 2005 Flora anaerobia Las bacterias anaerobias m s usuales en la cavidad oral del hombre son Actinomyces Bacteroides Eubacterium Fuso bacterium Peptostreptococcus Prevotella y Veillonella Isen berg y D Amato 1995 De ellos Fusobacterium fue el m s frecuentemente aislado en el mono tit 12 de las mues tras seguido por Bacteroides Peptostreptococcus Prevotella y Veillonella 6 cada uno Estudios anteriores en monos informan de frecuencias que van desde el 4 al 50 para estos organismos Clark et al 1988 Beem er al 1991 Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 B gingivalis y B inter medius han sido encontrados como posibles pat genos de enfermedad periodontal lo que podr a correlacionar con el aislamiento de Bacteroides en S oerstedii Clark et al 1988 Debido a que no se encontraron Actinomyces ni Eubacterium siguiendo el mismo protocolo de muestreo es posible que no est n presentes en S oerstedii aunque s se han aislado de otros monos de Costa Rica Con respecto a Gemella su h bitat natural no ha sido completamente establecido sin embargo su aparici n en un 6 de las muestras as como en la cavidad oral de otros monos Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 podr a sugerir que constituye parte de la flora normal del tracto respiratorio superior de estos animales Con una frecuencia menor se aisl Propionibacterium 3 g nero encontrado principalmente en derivados l cteos y
56. 2007 near the vil lage of Shipasbamba 05 54 35 3 S 77 58 50 3 W Amazonas department Fig 1 we encountered a group of nine O flavicauda consisting of two adult males three adult females one sub adult and three juveniles This group was found in an area of regenerating second ary forest within a larger forest fragment at an altitude of 2 305 m a s l and again this group was detected aurally We were able to approach the group and stand directly beneath them Initial aggressive behaviours quickly gave way to more relaxed foraging On 27 April 2007 near the village of Paitoja 06 21 42 0 S 77 04 52 1 W San Martin department Fig 1 we heard the calls of two groups but were unable to locate them This encounter took place in an area of contiguous pri mary forest at an approximate altitude of 1 787 m a s l During this study we also found evidence of the presence of O flavicauda in two additional sites the private reserve of the Peruvian NGO Associaci n de Ecosistemas Andinas ECOAN Abra Patricia 05 41 52 3 S 77 48 38 6 W in Amazonas department on the border with San Mart n and near the Gocta waterfalls 06 01 18 4 S 77 53 12 4 W also in Amazonas department Fig 1 Abra Patricia covers an area of mixed primary and regenerating secondary forest adjoining the Alto Mayo Protected Forest which is known to contain this species DeLuycker 2007 At the Gocta waterfall we found half eaten fruit Ficus spp showi
57. 4 S inustus may show resource use patterns similar to other species of Saguinus for example S fuscicollis usually forages on one or a few species of plants during consecutive days until no more fruits are available Defler 20033 This may be the case with nga fruits other primates such as red howlers also concentrate their forag ing efforts in particular Inga fruit patches until crops are depleted Palacios unpublished data Based on occasional observations Defler 20032 suggest ed the possibility that S inustus could be more abundant in secondary forests near indigenous settlements than in primary forests Snowdon and Soini 1988 reported that some species of Saguinus among them S nigricollis attain higher densities in secondary forests Palacios et al 2004 observed the presence of S inustus in both types of forests Defler 20032 believes that S geoffroyi may have the same habitat preferences and that S fuscicollis seems to be the spe cies of Saguinus with the more diverse habitat use as this species uses primary forests as well as highly disturbed ones S inustus at the Caquet Apaporis interfluvium used an approximately equal proportion of primary and secondary forest 51 16 and 48 8 respectively Fourteen percent of the sightings of S inustus in primary forest corresponded to sabana capotuda habitat with characteristics that this species usually prefers in a different study related to the ecology of the sp
58. 4 3 December 2007 120 GRANDMATERNAL NFANT CARRYING IN Witp NORTHERN MURIQUIS BRACHYTELES HYPOXANTHUS Matra de Louren o Assun o S rgio L Mendes Karen B Strier Introduction Opportunities for grandmothers and other older matrilin eal kin to invest in their grandchildren or younger mater nal relatives are affected by whether females remain and reproduce in their natal groups They may also be mediated by the trade offs between investing in their own offspring versus those of their relatives Indeed the evolution of post reproductive life spans in human females has been attribut ed to the fitness benefits that older matrilineal kin may gain by investing in their relatives offspring instead of their own Hrdy 1981 Hawkes er al 1998 Some types of alloma ternal investment such as agonistic support or babysitting can be provided irrespective of the females own reproduc tive condition while other types such as infant carrying during travel or feeding may be more limited if the female is already carrying an infant of her own Paul 2005 In Hanuman langurs Semnopithecus entellus experienced females with weaning infants or no infants accounted for roughly 10 of all allomothering attempts Hrdy 1977 210 and in Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata the sur vivorship of infants to 12 months was significantly higher if their post reproductive grandmothers were present than if their grandmothers were still reprodu
59. 496 or 284 scans with no individual within 2 m y 611 2 df 2 p 0 001 Proximity scores were highest for juve niles 8096 followed by adult females 72 596 and then males 65 8 Fig 1 shows the overall proximity scores within and across each age sex class for each group Adult females were in close proximity to other adult females as often as they were to adult males However analysis of the strength of the adult dyads revealed that females as sociated with one another more than expected given the availability of congeners in each group y 6 24 df 1 p 0 01 It is possible that the percentage of time adult males spent in close proximity to adult females in each Proximity score Group A Group D Bo r E AF AF AF JV AM JV JV JV Group Q Figure 1 Proximity score by age sex dyad for each group AM adult male AF adult female JV juvenile 132 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 group was artificially low given that males could have had both group females in close proximity at once however only dyadic interactions were analyzed as part of this study In the only group with juveniles group Q the proximity score for adult females with juveniles was 65 3 and juve niles were in close proximity to other juveniles in 56 996 of their proximity scans The least commonly occurring dyad in this group was adult
60. 5 0 1 11 2 Bella Vista 4 4 3 3 0 1 11 1 Administraci n 5 3 6 1 1 2 13 1 El Ingl s 6 7 6 5 1 3 22 0 Limoncito 7 6 8 3 2 4 23 4 Cirialito 8 3 2 1 2 1 9 0 El Coco 9 1 1 1 0 0 3 1 Tumbabote Total tropas 31 38 21 6 15 111 9 Mediana 3 4 2 0 1 11 Media 3 44 4 22 2 33 0 67 1 67 12 33 Desv Est 2 07 2 22 1 80 0 87 1 22 6 50 Ind solos 1 1 1 Central Total general 32 112 10 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 125 particulares de las manchas de cada individuo por tropa se especifican en la Tabla 2 Discusi n El intervalo del tama o de tropas detectado en el presente estudio se encuentra entre el rango reportado para la Isla de Barro Colorado IBC 3 45 individuos Milton 1990 y la isla Coiba 2 9 individuos Milton y Mittermeier 1977 en Panam as como para el bosque seco estacional del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa PNSR 3 40 Fedigan et al 1985 y la finca La Toboga 3 39 Heltne et al 1975 en Costa Rica El tama o medio de tropas observado en el RNVSISL es similar al reportado para la finca La Pac fica en Guanacaste 11 9 individuos Heltne et al 1975 17 individuos Glander 1980 y m s alto que el reportado en la isla Coiba 5 individuos Milton y Mittermeier 1977 Si se excluye del an lisis a la tropa incipiente No 9 el tama o medio de tropas 13 50 5 86 es un valor cercano al reportado para el bosque seco estacional 14 individuos Fedigan 1986 pero m s baj
61. 503 550 CONABIO UNAM M xico D E NEOTROPICAL PRIMATE CONSERVATION We are pleased to announce the creation of a new charita ble organisation dedicated to the conservation of primates from the neotropics Neotropical Primate Conservation NPC aims to work through a combination of scientific research sustainable development habitat protection and restoration creation of public awareness environmental education and facilitation of the commercialisation of sustainable ecological products on behalf of local people NPC s first project is an integrated conservation project for the yellow tailed woolly monkey in Peru We are also work ing to end the bush meat and illegal wildlife trade through local and international ad campaigns To find out more please visit us at lt http www neoprimate org gt WILDLIFE Brorocy IN PRACTICE Jos V tor Vingada Editor in Chief Wildlife Biology in Practice is an Open Access Interna tional Journal edited by the Portuguese Wildlife Society and it is dedicated to wildlife research The journal publish es research papers review papers discussion papers meth odological papers technical notes clinical case reports and short communications with topics ranging from all aspects of wildlife care to administration fundraising education programs case studies environmental issues legalities ethics and more The journal seeks papers that are novel integrative and written in a way that i
62. 7 to become a director of the Hydrobiologische Anstalt in Pl n which was later renamed as Max Planck Institute for Limnological Research one of the mayor nuclei for tropical ecology research in Germany Sioli continued to do research in Amazonia as a director of this institute and much of today s research in Brazilian Amazonia is based on his pioneering work Apart from numerous scientific publications Sioli also has written lifetime memories in a total of eight volumes This book summarizes the essentials of Sioli s years in Amazonia Its main title does note easily translate into English the literal translation is Lived be loved Amazonia with lived having the sense of having intensively experienced This is a wonderful and fascinating book Each page tran spires the commitment of the author to scientific research in Amazonia and his strong affection for this part of the world and to the people living there A sentence in the second chapter of the book nicely illustrates this I have not only performed scientific research in Amazonia I also have lived this country as it was by that time p 20 The book describes both the research and personal experiences Sioli made during his expeditions into the Brazilian rain forest between 1940 and 1962 He was fortunate to live and work in Amazonia by a time when rainforest destruc tion was not yet a major issue but it must also have been a terrible experience for him
63. 81 Strier K B Boubli J P Possamai C B and Mendes S L 2006 Population demography of Northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus at the Esta o Biol gica de Caratinga Reserva Particular do Patrim nio Natural Feliciano Miguel Abdala Minas Gerais Brazil Am Phys Anthropol 130 227 237 CARACTERIZACI N DE LA POBLACI N DEL MONO AULLADOR ALOUATTA PALLIATA PALLIATA EN EL REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE IsLa SAN Lucas Costa RICA Marta Marleny Rosales Meda Introducci n Los estudios realizados con monos aulladores en sitos con aislamiento geogr fico se han desarrollado principalmente en las islas de Barro Colorado Milton 1990 Orqu dea Froehlich y Thorington 1982 1992 y Coiba Milton y Mittermeier 1977 en Panam donde predomina la ve getaci n de bosque tropical Dichos estudios han sido de utilidad para conocer la ecolog a y comportamiento de los aulladores en estos h bitats Hasta la fecha no existe infor maci n acerca del estado de estos primates en ambientes aislados geogr ficamente estacionales y reducidos Este es el caso del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas RNVSISL en Costa Rica en donde habita una poblaci n introducida de monos aulladores Alouatta palliata palliata desde hace 40 a os Costa Rica MINAE 2005 Se ha re portado que dicha especie juega un papel determinante en la regeneraci n y restauraci n de h bitats principalmente Neotropical Primat
64. 994 This lack of knowledge within scientific circles is matched by a low degree of public awareness of local primates even when they inhabit forests surrounding human settlements Surveys conducted in towns within the distribution of Peru s endemic primates showed that if local people are aware of the presence of primates they usually know them as chimpanzees gorillas or just monkeys Shanee unpubl data There is an urgent need to save the endemic primates of Peru and their habitats due to the great extinction risk they face Cities and communities within the habitat of many of Peru s endemic and endangered species are also the areas where poverty deforestation unsustainable land use and immigration are highest Elgegren 2005 which is the main reasons for the rapid decline of primate populations in these areas Leo Luna 1984 At present the main cause of the present conservation problem is the lack of educa tion for creating conservation awareness Pacheco 2002 As a response to this problem the Peruvian based NGO Yunkawasi together with the support of Neotropical Pri mate Conservation the Peruvian National Institute of Natural Resources INRENA and the Ministry of Educa tion of Peru has started the program Environmental Edu cation for the Conservation of Peruvian Primates using the Critically Endangered yellow tailed woolly monkey Oreonax flavicauda as the flagship species O flavicauda
65. B Ecologia da re produc o em f meas muriquis Guidorizzi C E Canale G R Kierulff M C M and Gatto C A E R Uso de pedras como ferramentas por popula es selvagens de Cebus xanthosternos e Cebus li bidinosus nos estados da Bahia Alagoas e Minas Gerais Hern ndez Salazar L T Espinosa G mez E C Morales Mavil J E and Serio Silva J C Estrat gias digestivas del Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 153 mono aullador de manto Alouatta paliatta hacia una dieta silvestre baja en energ a Iurck M Fand Costa L C M Estudo comportamen tal em muriquis do sul Brachyteles arachnoides e Geof froy 1806 no cativeiro do passeio p blico de curitiba paran brasil Jardim M M A and Setz E Z F An lise temporal dos nascimentos de bugio ruivos Alouatta clamitans em fragmentos florestais no sul do Brasil Jerusalinsky L An lise de viabilidade populacional como fer ramenta para a conserva o do guig Callicebus coimbrai Koch E and Bicca Marques J C Comportamento social de um grupo de bugios ruivos Alouatta guariba clamitans Lacerda E N and Resende B D Microgen tica da quebra de cocos por macacos prego Cebus ssp compara o entre adultos em diferentes est gios de profici ncia por meio de seq ncias comportamentais Lapenta M J and Proc pio de Oliveira P Import n cia da dispers o de sementes por micos le es dourados Leontopithecus rosalia na reserva biol
66. Caballero O M and Ramirez C 1977 Genus Aotus Q and G band karyotypes and natural hybrids Folia Primatol 27 165 177 FURTHER INFORMATION ON NEOTROPICAL Monkeys REPORTED IN THE XVI CENTURY PART 2 Bernardo Urbani This article presents new evidence on the manner in which Neotropical primates were perceived in the 16 century after Urbani 1999 2004 It includes several aesthetic and artistic views of New World primates from the early Con tact period The Florentine Codex contains the first illus tration of human non human primate interactions from the New World Between 1540 and 1585 Friar Bernardino de Sahag n wrote a compendium of 12 books in Nahuatl Latin and Spanish and illustrated these volumes with the cooperation of local assistants of Aztec descent This work was the result of interviews with people of Tlatecolco Tenochtitl n and Texcoco today the greater Mexico City metropolitan area This text is considered one of the major illustrated treatises of the contact period in the New World A drawing in Book 11 depicts a scene entitled Captura de monos capturing monkeys see Fig 1 It is a represen tation of monkeys being lured and captured Sahag n 1963 The physical appearance of the primates illustrated suggests they might be spider monkeys Ateles geoffroyi As described in a previous report Urbani 1999 Sahag n in dicated in 1555 that the Mexican Amerindians would use monkeys hands as omens fo
67. E aerogenes E cloacae y E sakazakii En frecuencia le siguieron los g neros Burkholderia 19 cepas y Aeromonas 10 cepas los cuales se aislaron del 27 de las muestras Se identificaron cepas de otros 20 g neros de ba cilos Gram negativos Tabla 1 Las seis cepas de bacterias Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 105 aerobias Gram positivas fueron de los g neros Staphylococ cus tres cepas S sciuri S xylosus y S auricularis y Bacillus sp tres cepas En las 31 bacterias anaerobias Tabla 2 se identificaron 17 bacilos Gram positivos g neros Clos tridium y Propionibacterium ocho bacilos Gram negativos g neros Fusobacterium Bacteroides y Prevotella cuatro cocos Gram positivos g neros Gemella y Peptostreptococcus y dos cocos Gram negativos g nero Veillonella El g nero Tabla 1 Bacilos Gram negativos aerobios aislados de la cavidad oral de 33 monos tit Saimiri oerstedii de Costa Rica G nero Toe espa Mer n 100 n 33 Enterobacter 20 42 Burkholderia 19 27 Aeromonas 10 27 Serratia 8 18 Klebsiella 6 15 Citrobacter 6 12 Pseudomonas 4 12 Acinetobacter 3 9 Chryseomonas 3 9 Vibrio 3 9 Brevundimonas 2 6 Morganella 2 6 Pantoea 2 6 Ralstonia 2 6 Flavimonas 2 3 Agrobacter 1 3 Alcaligenes 1 3 Chromobacterium 1 3 Kluyvera 1 3 Leclercia 1 3 Ochrobacter 1 3 Pasteurella 1 3 Stenotrophomonas 1 3 Tabla 2 Bacterias anae
68. E 5 0 Beta 5 software Thomas et al 2005 Results and Discussion A total census effort of 380 km was achieved during which groups of S inustus were sighted 33 times Six ad ditional primate species are sympatric with S inustus in the lower Caquet and Apaporis interfluvial area Alouatta seniculus Aotus cf vociferans Callicebus torquatus Cebus albifrons Cebus apella and Saimiri sciureus Although the study site is included in the distribution range of Lago thrix lagothricha this species was not recorded during the survey period People from Loma Linda said they have never seen woolly monkeys in that area and this is likely to be a consequence of a long history of human settlement and subsistence hunting in the region Z lagothricha has not been recorded recently in the lower interfluvium of the Caquet and Apaporis Rivers east of the mouth of the Mirit River Palacios pers obs and the species is likely to be locally extinct We estimated a S inustus density of 3 8 groups km and 19 6 individuals km Mean group size was 5 2 in dividuals sd 1 87 The mottled face tamarin was one of the primate species most frequently encountered after C torquatus and S sciureus Castillo Ayala in prep 136 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Mottled faced tamarin density at Loma Linda is in the range of that reported for other Saguinus species in nine different localities in western Amazonia Soini 1981
69. E V and Dominguez C A 2007 Seed disper sal ecology of non restricted frugivores capuchin mon keys in three neotropical forests Tropical Ecol 23 5 519 528 Westgate J W Cope D A and Beard K C 2007 A new Uintan genus of omomyine primate from the Casa Blanca community Laredo Texas Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 44 247 Williams S H Vinyard C J Glander K E Teaford M E Deffenbaugh M and Thompson CL 2007 A telemetry system for studying jaw muscle activity in free ranging primates pilot data from howling monkeys Alouatta palliata at La Pacifica Costa Rica Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 44 250 Wrangham R Crofoot M Lundy R and Gilby I 2007 Use of overlap zones among group living primates a test of the risk hypothesis Behaviour 144 12 1599 1619 Young H Fedigan L M and Addicott J E 2007 Look before leaping foraging selectivity of capuchin monkeys on acacia trees in Costa Rica Oecologia Advance online publication online 1 8 Zunino G E Kowalewski M M Oklander L I and Gonzalez V 2007 Habitat fragmentation and popula tion size of the black and gold howler monkey Alouatta caraya in a semideciduous forest in northern Argentina Am J Primatol 69 9 966 975 ABSTRACTS Alguns Resumenes do XII Congresso Brasileiro de Prima tologia Belo Horizonte PUC Minas 22 a 27 de Julho de 2007 lt www carangola br primatologia index html gt Abreu C T Ta
70. En el caso de las bacterias anaerobias la resistencia m ltiple fue menor pues el 35 fue resistente s lo a uno dos antimi crobianos el 10 present resistencia a 3 4 y el 16 a 5 7 antibi ticos mientras que el 39 fue sensible a todos los antibi ticos evaluados Discusi n Actualmente es escaso el conocimiento disponible sobre la flora bacteriana oral de monos y en particular de la Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Figura 1 Resistencia antimicrobiana de 100 bacilos Gram negativos aerobios aislados de la cavidad oral de 33 monos titi Saimiri oerstedii de Costa Rica 100 106 Figura 2 Resistencia antimicrobiana de 31 bacterias anaerobias aisladas de la cavidad oral de 33 monos tit Saimiri oerstedii de Costa Rica 40 0 10 0 3 30 1 90 80 70 60 50 40 3 20 10 0 95 vr UIISISIY 9 BIDUIISISIA Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 107 especie Saimiri oerstedii Investigaciones previas en Costa Rica fueron realizadas en Alouatta palliata mono congo y Ateles geoffroyi mono colorado Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 por lo que el presente estudio permite realizar comparaciones entre la flora oral de diferentes especies de monos as como comparaciones con la flora humana Se logr aislar un promedio de 4 1 cepas por muestra sin embargo se encontr mayor cantidad de aerobios 3 2 por muestra que de anaerobios 0 9 por m
71. Eucalyptus sp e pastagens O clima mesot rmico Cwa K ppen apresentando duas esta es bem definidas esta o seca maio setembro per odo com pouca precipita o e temperaturas mais baixas e es ta o chuvosa outubro abril com elevadas temperaturas e concentra o das precipita es As temperaturas m dias anuais variam entre 17 julho e 24 C fevereiro e as precipita es entre 1 000 e 1 600 mm ano Carauta et al 1992 As fam lias com a maior riqueza de esp cies na rea s o em ordem decrescente Myrtaceae Leguminosae Ru biaceae Lauraceae e Euphorbiaceae Faria 2002 Souza 2002 Al m de A g clamitans a ARIE Floresta da Cicuta tamb m possui uma populac o introduzida de Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus 1758 A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma rea de 20 ha aproximadamente 1596 da rea total na parte nordeste da ARIE cuja seleg o levou em consid erac o caracter sticas favor veis s observac es tais como f cil acesso presenga de uma trilha principal 2 km e di versas picadas al m de abranger o limite borda entre a rea florestada e a rea coberta por pastagens Metodologia Entre abril e dezembro de 2002 cerca de tr s dias mensais foram dedicados coleta de dados populacionais por um nico observador O m todo consistiu em procurar grupos de A g clamitans ao longo da trilha principal 2 km no per odo das 06 00 s 18 00 h Sempre que poss vel cada grupo lo
72. Hygiene 101 10 1039 1041 Di Fiore A Fernandez Duque E and Hurst D 2007 Adult male replacement in socially monogamous equa torial saki monkeys Pithecia aequatorialis Folia Prim 78 2 88 98 Di Fiore A and Suarez S A 2007 Route based travel and shared routes in sympatric spider and woolly monkeys cognitive and evolutionary implications Anim Cogni tion 10 3 317 329 Engels C A and Jacobson S K 2007 Evaluating long term effects of the golden lion tamarin environmental ed ucation program in Brazil Environ Educ 38 3 3 14 Field M Y 2007 If you give a monkey an onion an in troduction to fur rubbing in human commensal white fronted capuchin monkeys Cebus albifrons Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 44 108 Ford S M and Boinski S 2007 Primate predation by Harpy eagles in the Central Suriname Nature Reserve Am J Phys Anthropol Supp 44 109 Grassi N E Berman C M Lessnau R G Gould L and Blumfeld Jones K 2007 Variations in ring tailed lemur Lemur catta male inter group transfer patterns in three populations Am J Prim 69 Suppl 1 106 107 Hankerson S J Franklin S P and Dietz J M 2007 Tree and forest characteristics influence sleeping site choice by golden lion tamarins Am J Prim 69 9 976 988 Haugaasen T and Peres C A 2007 Vertebrate responses to fruit production in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests Biodiver Cons 16 14 4165 4190 H
73. ISSN 1413 4703 NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Volume l4 Number 3 December 2007 Editors Erwin Palacios Liliana Cort s Ortiz J lio C sar Bicca Marques Eckhard Heymann Jessica Lynch Alfaro Liza Veiga News and Book Reviews Brenda Sol rzano Ernesto Rodr guez Luna PSG Chairman dms Russell A Mittermeier k CONSERVACI N PSG Deputy Chairman SPECIES SURVIVAL INTERNACIONAL COMMISSION Anthony B Rylands COLOMBIA Neotropical Primates A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA PRIMATE Specialist Group ISSN 1413 4703 Abbreviation Neotrop Primates Editors Erwin Palacios Conservaci n Internacional Colombia Liliana Cort s Ortiz Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA J lio C sar Bicca Marques Pontif cia Universidad Cat lica do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brasil Eckhard Heymann Deutsches Primatenzentrum G ttingen Germany Jessica Lynch Alfaro Washington State University Pullman WA USA Liza Veiga Museu Paraense Em lio Goeldi Bel m Brazil News and Books Reviews Brenda Sol rzano Instituto de Neuroetolog a Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa M xico Ernesto Rodr guez Luna Instituto de Neuroetolog a Unive
74. L Nascimento M D Santos K B and Pissinatti A Alguns valores bioqu micos s ri cos em Saguinus bicolor spix 1823 e Saguinus niger e geoffroyi 1883 Callitrichidae primates Zago L Regolin A L Juk L and Santos C V Resul tados preliminares de estimativa populacional e ecologia de Callithrix penicillata no parque ecol gico do C rrego Grande florian polis sc Book REVIEWS AMAZONIA THROUGH THE Eyes Hanar SioLI A PIONEER OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY RESEARCH Review of Gelebtes geliebtes Amazonien Forschungsreis en im brasilianischen Regenwald zwischen 1940 und 1962 by Harald Sioli edited by Gerd Kohlhepp 2007 M nchen Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil ISBN 978 3 89937 071 3 228 pages 2 colour figures 61 b w figures 1 expedition map Price 38 00 EURO http www pfeil verlag de df1 html Eckhard W Heymann Ecological research in Amazonia is inseparably linked to the name of Harald Sioli He is one of the pioneers if not the pioneer of the systematic study of Amazonian ecosystems in the 20 century Trained as a zoologist botanist and limnologist at the University of Kiel in Germany he first participated in an expedition to Brazil in 1934 35 When he returned to Brazil in 1938 he became stuck there by the outbreak of World War II and could not return to Germa ny Starting in 1940 he spent the next 16 years with eco logical research in Amazonia Sioli returned to Germany in 195
75. Lucas Hombolte 1494 1544 painted a portrait of Catarina de Arag n y Castilla 1509 1533 of Spain with a capuchin monkey Fig 2c Zuckerman 1998 Fragaszy et al 2004 It is neither a tufted capuchin nor a white faced capuchin but may be either Cebus albifrons or Cebus olivaceus Venezuela was the first Spanish territory to be Figure 2 a Prince Edward of Wales with a marmoset b The Infanta Isabela Clara Eugenia and a common marmoset c Catalina de Arag n y Castilla with a capuchin monkey Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 145 explored between 1500 and 1535 and so this brown un tufted capuchin monkey species is most likely C olivaceus Finally it is interesting to note that Catalina de Arag n y Castilla was married to Prince Arthur of Wales therefore it is feasible to suggest that among the members of the Tudor dynasty of England there was particular interest in primates as pets Acknowledgements Thanks to Paul Garber for his suggestions The author is supported by a UIUC Assistantship and I would appreciate any comments and references for future updates Bernardo Urbani Department of Anthropology Univer sity of Illinois 109 Davenport Hall 607 S Mathews Ave Urbana Illinois 61801 USA and Centro de Antropolog a Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient ficas Cara cas Venezuela e mail lt burbani uiuc edu gt References Fragaszy D Fedigan L and Visalberg
76. Morganella En Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg and J T Staley eds pp 707 709 Springer New York Juni E 2005 Genus II Acinetobacter En Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg y J T Staley eds pp 425 437 Springer New York Kiimmerer K 2004 Resistance in the environment J An timicrob Chemother 54 311 320 K mmerer K 2003 Significance of antibiotics in the envi ronment J Antimicrob Chemother 52 5 7 Kiimmerer K 2001 Drugs in the environment emission of drugs diagnostic aids and disinfectants into wastewa ter by hospitals in relation to other sources a review Chemosphere 45 957 69 Levy S B y Marshall B 2004 Antibacterial resistance worldwide Causes challenges and responses Nat Med Suppl 10 122 129 Lorber B 1995 Bacteroides Prevotella and Fusobacte rium species and other medically important anaero bic gram negative bacilli En Mandell Douglas and Bennetts Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 4 Edici n G L Mandell J E Bennett y R Dolin eds pp 2195 2204 Churchill Livingston New York Martin Carnahan A y Joseph S W 2005 Genus I Aero monas In Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 22 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg y J T Staley eds pp 557 578 Springer New York Murdoch D A 1998 Gram positive ana
77. Not sur prisingly juveniles were more responsible for maintaining Table 1 Number of approaches and leaves attributed to each age sex class AM adult male AF adult female JV juvenile N App number of approaches over study period N Lea number of leaves over study period H Index Hinde s index 96 Age sex class to Received AM Received AF Received JV which action was N N H N N H N N attributed App Lea Index App Lea Index App Lea pora AM 88 93 5 5 35 36 2 6 AF 98 83 5 5 69 112 15 3 JV 83 97 2 6 196 159 15 3 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 133 proximity to adult females as they may derive more benefit from close associations with females for predator protec tion and to gain social survival and maternal skills Though infants were not sampled they were present in each of the three groups at various times through the study period and could conceivably have affected proxim ity results particularly among lactating and non lactating females see Corewyn 2005 We caution against broad generalizations given the small sample size in the number of groups particularly with regard to juvenile proximity since these data were only representative of one group We are unable to comment on male male social relationships in A pigra and look to future research to address these limitations Acknowledgements We would like to thank the people of Monkey R
78. Primates in Peril The World s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006 2008 Unpublished report IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group PSG International Primatological Society IPS and Conservation International CI Ar lington VA Myers N Mittermeier R A Mittermeier C G Fonseca G A B da and Kent J 2000 Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities Nature 403 853 858 Nowak R M 1999 Walkers Mammals of the World 6 Ed The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Parker T A and Barkley L J 1981 New locality for the yellow tailed woolly monkey Oryx 26 71 72 Parks Watch Peru 2003 Perfil rea Protegida Per Bosque de Protecci n Alto Mayo Website http www parkswatch org gt Accessed 1 August 2007 Purvis A Gittleman J L Cowlishaw G and Mace G M 2000 Predicting extinction risk in declining spe cies Proc R Soc Lond 267 1947 1952 R os M and Ponce del Prado C F 1989 El status de las reas de conservaci n propuestas para choro de cola ama rilla Lagothrix flavicauda Una investigaci n sobre la planificaci n regional de reas naturales protegidas En La Primatolog a en Latinoam rica C J Saavedra R A Mittermeier and I B Santos eds pp 31 65 World Wildlife Fund US Washington DC Shanee N Shanee S and Maldonado A M 2007 Inter specific association between Oreonax and Ateles Amazo nas Peru Neotrop Primates 14 1 34 35 Neotropical Primates 1
79. Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas Costa Rica Promoci n XVII 2006 pp 9 22 ICOMVIS UNA Heredia Costa Rica Chapman C 1988 Patterns of foraging and range use by three species of Neotropical primates Primates 29 177 194 Crist bal Azkarate J 2003 Determinaci n de la capaci dad de carga de un h bitat y evaluaci n de la capacidad de adaptaci n conductual y social de los monos aulla dores Alouatta palliata mexicana Tesis de Doctorado Universidad de Barcelona Espa a Fedigan L 1986 Demographic trends in the Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus populations of Santa Rosa National Park Costa Rica In Primate Ecology and Con servation J Else y P Lee eds pp 285 293 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Fedigan L Fedigan L y Chapman C 1985 A census of Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus monkeys in Santa Rosa National Park Costa Rica Brenesia 23 309 322 Froehlich J W y Thorington Jr R W 1982 Food limi tation on a small island and the regulation of population size in mantled howling monkeys Alouatta palliata Am J Phys Anthrop 57 190 Froehlich J W y Thorington Jr R W 1990 Estructura gen tica y socioecolog a de los monos aulladores Alou atta palliata de la isla de Barro Colorado En Ecolog a de un Bosque Tropical Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazo E Leigh A Stanley y D Windsor eds O Londo o trad pp 375 389 Smithsonian Tropical
80. S 59 08 W Floresta Estadual do Sucundur 23 right bank of the Rio Bararati 08 21 S 58 37 W Parque Estadual do Sucundur and 24 right bank of the Rio Juma 06 42 S 59 35 W Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 139 these surveys we identified the ashy black titi monkey using both the diagnostic characters defined by Hershkovitz 1990 and material from the collection at the National In stitute of Amazonian Research INPA 4085 Results and Discussion During both trips we observed C cinerascens repeatedly along the banks of the Rios Sucundur and Abacaxis close to the left bank of the Rio Tapaj s and the right bank ofthe Rio Bararat Fig 1 All observations were in made in terra firme campinarana or secondary forests Individuals were frequently observed in relatively open areas of young sec ondary growth which may indicate a degree of flexibility in habitat use by this species These new occurrence records extend the eastern limit of C cinerascens range beyond that proposed by van Roosmalen and colleagues 2002 We now predict that this species range should extend north to the Rio Paran do Urari east to the left bank of the Rio Abacaxis and the left bank of the upper Rio Tapaj s west as far as the right bank of the Rio Madeira and south to the corridor formed between the Rios Aripuan Roosevelt and Tapaj s Juruena in the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso The most southerly record
81. SE EcoL GICO FLORESTA DA CICUTA RIO DE JANEIRO BRASIL Sandro Leonardo Alves Andr Scarambone Za Introdu o O Brasil considerado o detentor da maior diversidade de esp cies de primatas do mundo Somente na Floresta Atl n tica ocorrem 24 esp cies sendo 17 end micas Mendes et al 2003 entre elas Alouatta guariba A fusca A subes p cie Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera 1940 ocorre nos Estados de Minas Gerais Esp rito Santo Rio de Janeiro S o Paulo Paran Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul no Brasil Coimbra Filho 1990 e no norte da Argentina Di Bitteti et al 1994 Ocupando originalmente cerca de 12 do territ rio brasileiro atualmente a Floresta Atl ntica se en contra altamente fragmentada e seus maiores remanescentes est o localizados principalmente nos Estados do Paran 128 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 S o Paulo Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro Esp rito Santo e na regi o sul da Bahia Za 1998 Os primatas do g nero Alouatta Lac p de 1799 fam lia Atelidae s o considerados os mais folivoros entre as esp cies neotropicais por m in cluem quando dispon veis quantidades vari veis de frutos e flores dieta Neville ez al 1988 Queiroz 1995 Estu dos t m demonstrado que as diversas esp cies do g nero ocupam reas de vida pequenas geralmente menores que 60 ha Neville et al 1988 Bicca Marques 2003 Alouatta guariba clamitans encontra se en
82. Universidad de Costa Rica Resumen Se estudi la flora bacteriana y su patr n de sensibilidad antimicrobiana en la cavidad oral de 33 monos Saimiri oerstedii 31 silvestres y 2 en cautiverio Con torunda est ril se rasparon los dientes y la cavidad bucal de cada mono y se resuspendi en 2 mL de soluci n salina est ril 0 85 se prepararon tubos de transporte para cultivos aerobios y anaerobios y una vez en el laboratorio se inocularon placas de agar sangre que se incubaron en aerobiosis y anaerobiosis Los aislamientos se iden tificaron con sistemas miniaturizados API 20NE Staph y 20A las determinaciones de la sensibilidad a los antibi ticos se realizaron con galer as ATB9 G5 Staph y ANA Se aislaron 137 cepas bacterianas 106 aerobias 77 4 y 31 anaerobias 22 6 El predominio fue de bacilos Gram negativos aerobios 100 cepas siendo Enterobacter el g nero m s frecuente 42 seguido de Burkholderia y Aeromonas 27 clu los anaerobios m s comunes fueron Clostridium 3696 y Fuso bacterium 12 Estos resultados revelan semejanzas y diferencias con respecto a la flora oral humana y la de otros monos costarricenses la alta frecuencia de algunos g neros sugiere que son parte de la flora oral de monos y no contaminaci n secundaria de bacterias del suelo El 90 de los bacilos Gram negativos aerobios fue resistente a cefalotina y el 89 a cefoxi tina altas tasas de resistencia se presentaron tambi n ante otras drogas solam
83. a Steinmetz S 2001 Densidade e conserva o do bugio Alouatta fusca no Parque Estadual Intervales Neotrop Primates 9 2 69 73 Za A S 1998 Fragmenta o da Mata Atl ntica Aspec tos te ricos Floresta e Ambiente 5 1 160 170 A PRELIMINARY STuDY OF PROXIMITY PaTTERNS AMONG AGE SEX CLASSES IN A POPULATION OF CENTRAL AMERICAN BLACK How ters ALOUATTA PIGRA Lisa C Corewyn M S M Pavelka Introduction Afhliative interactions reflect the nature of social bonds within primate social groups which in turn can reflect the pattern of dispersal In female resident societies re lated females tend to affiliate more closely with one an other and the reverse is reported for male resident groups Strier 1994 Strier et al 2002 Bisexual or female dis persal may be associated with stronger bonds between adult males and females Printes and Strier 1999 Di Fiore and Fleischer 2005 and weaker bonds between females Strier 1999 Central American black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra recently upgraded to Endangered by the IUCN IUCN 2003 are folivore frugivores Silver et al 1998 Pavelka and Knopff 2004 that live in small groups of 2 10 indi viduals Groups are usually comprised of one or more adult males plus one or more adult females and juveniles Hor wich et al 2001 Ostro et al 2001 Preliminary reports indicate bisexual dispersal Brockett er al 2000a Pavelka unpub data as seen in oth
84. a Coiba s lo un macho adulto solitario Milton y Mitter meier 1977 y la IBC cero individuos solitarios Froehlich et al 1981 Milton 1990 Con respecto a la despigmentaci n en el pelaje piel ob servada en algunos individuos no existe hasta la fecha in formaci n documentada acerca de las causas de ello Esta despigmentaci n ha sido tambi n observada en individuos de A palliata palliata en otras reas no insulares del pa s como el Pac fico Central Rosales Meda 2007 en Piro Pen nsula de Osa Bustamante com pers y en individuos de A palliata mexicana en M xico Crist bal Azkarate 2003 Cort s Ortiz com pers Las posibles causas de la despigmentaci n pueden obedecer a alguna o el conjunto de las siguientes hip tesis a Endogamia y herencia ya que la migraci n de aulladores queda restringida a la isla es factible que exista una alta tasa de endogamia en la pobla ci n y que la proporci n de loci heterozig ticos sea extre madamente baja Como consecuencia de ello es posible que la coloraci n blanca se deba a a alelos recesivos que est n siendo expresados fenot picamente en algunos indi viduos y se puedan estar transmitiendo de generaci n en generaci n en la IBC Froehlich y Thorington 1990 re portaron que existe una proporci n de loci heterocig ticos por individuo muy inferior a lo que se considera normal y dicho fen meno es mayor en la isla Orqu dea b caren cia de alg n requerimien
85. a Naturaleza APECO We recommend urgent conservation efforts throughout the distribution of O flavicauda concentrating on habitat protection To best achieve this we feel that work should take place on four different levels 1 increased protection and connectivity between protected areas 2 better en forcement of conservation laws 3 coordinated local and regional scale education and public awareness programs and 4 investment in development of alternative income sources for rural populations Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 119 Acknowledgements For the funding we thank Aap International Primate Pro tection League and the Monkey Sanctuary Trust Thanks to our amazing field assistant Fernando Guerra and to Carlos and Helen Palomino of IKAMA Peru Karen Bendez Aguilar Rolando Aquino Anneke DeLuycker Mariella Leo and APECO Willy Palomino and ECOAN Fanny Cornejo Jan Vermeer Hans Dignum Liz Cooke Liz Tyson Noam Shany Lily Rodriguez Arnon Datner Thomas R Defler and Mika R Peck for their contribu tions to this work We also thank the Gobierno Regional de San Mart n Ministerio de Agricultura PROCRELL PETT IIAP and INRENA Finally we thank the villages of Colca Pitoja Shimbayacu San Pedro La Esperanza Perla de Limasa Santa Rosa Shipasbamba and Yambrasbamba and of course the yellow tailed woolly monkeys Sam Shanee Noga Shanee Neotropical Primate Con servation 36D Brondesbury Villas L
86. a que 39 de las cepas fueron sensibles a las 16 concentraciones de antimicrobianos el 35 fue resisten te a uno dos mientras que s lo el 26 mostr resistencia desde tres hasta siete agentes sin embargo dicho hallazgo no deja de ser alarmante pues tradicionalmente se ha cre do que la resistencia m ltiple no es un problema com n en anaerobios Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Las sustancias antimicrobianas pueden estar presentes de manera natural en suelos ya que constituyen un mecanismo utilizado por los microorganismos en sus h bitat naturales la resistencia contra estos agentes juega un papel importante en la din mica poblacional de estos ambientes Kiimmerer 2004 Por otro lado existe la resistencia intr nseca hacia ciertos agentes debido a la fisiolog a natural de algunos microor ganismos K mmerer 2004 Estos factores permiten con cluir que no es de extra ar la presencia de ciertos niveles de resistencia en los organismos aislados de la cavidad oral de S oerstedii sin embargo estos niveles son altos y similares 110 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 a los encontrados en poblaciones humanas lo que sugiere la influencia de una presi n selectiva generada por el uso excesivo de antibi ticos Millones de kilogramos de agentes antimicrobianos son usados cada afio en la profilaxis y trata miento de personas animales y en agricultura favoreciendo la generaci n de resistencia al eliminar cepas sus
87. a y Flora Silvestres Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 137 Secretar a de la CITES PNUMA Centro de Monitoreo de la Conservaci n Mundial Unwin Brothers Martins Printing Group Old Woking Surrey APENDICES I II y III adoptados en la 11a Conferencia de las Partes y vigentes a partir del 18 de septiembre de 1997 versi n corregida agosto de 2002 De Souza L Queiroz H L and Ayres J M 2004 The mottled face tamarin Saguinus inustus in the Aman Sustainable Development Reserve Amazonas Brazil Neotrop Primates 12 3 121 122 Defler T R 2003a Primates de Colombia Serie de Gu as Tropicales de Campo Conservaci n Internacional Co lombia Bogot Defler T R 2003b Densidad de especies y organizaci n es pacial de una comunidad de primates Estaci n Biol gica Capar Departamento del Vaup s Colombia In Prima tolog a del Nuevo Mundo V Pereira E Nassar and A Savage eds pp 21 37 Fundaci n Araguatos Bogot D C Freese C 1975 A census of non human primates in Peru In Primate Censusing Studies in Peru and Colombia Report to the National Academy of Sciences on Project Amro 0719 Pan American Health Organization Wash ington DC Freese C H Heltne P G Castro R N and Whitesides H 1982 Patterns and determinants of monkey densities in Peru and Bolivia with notes on distributions Int J Primatol 3 53 90 Hershkovitz P 1977 Living New World Monkeys Platyr
88. anthus Behaviour 139 315 342 Treves A and Baguma P 2002 Interindividual proxim ity and surveillance of associates in comparative perspec tive In The Guenons Diversity and Adaptation in African Monkeys M E Glenn and M Cords eds pp 161 172 Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers New York Treves A Drescher A and Ingrisano N 2001 Vigi lance and aggregation in black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra Behav Ecol Sociobiol 50 90 95 Wang E and Milton K 2003 Intragroup social relation ships of male Alouatta palliata on Barro Colorado Island Republic of Panama nt J Primatol 24 1227 1243 White F J and Chapman C A 1994 Contrasting chim panzees and bonobos Nearest neighbor distances and choices Folia Primatol 63 181 191 Zucker E L and Clarke M R 1998 Agonistic and affili ative relationships of adult female howlers Alouatta pal liata in Costa Rica over a 4 year period Int J Primatol 19 433 449 DENSITY OF SAGUINUS INUSTUS SCHWARTZ 1951 IN THE INTERFLUVIUM OF THE CAQUET APAPORIS RIVERS COLOMBIAN MAZONIA Claudia Idaly Castillo Ayala Erwin Palacios Introduction The Amazon bioregion is considered one of the highest bio diversity areas in the world Primates are important com ponents of this biodiversity and with 15 genera 81 species and 134 taxa they are the most emblematic faunal group of Amazonia Mittermeier er al 2002 Saguinus is per haps the most div
89. aph and ANA A total of 137 strains were isolated 106 aerobes 77 4 and 31 anaerobes 22 696 Gram negative bacilli were predominant with Enterobacter the most frequent genus 42 followed by Burkholderia and Aeromonas 27 each The most frequent anaerobes were Clostridium 36 and Fusobacterium 12 These results show similarities and differences with the bacteria of the oral cavity of humans and of other Costa Rican monkeys The high frequency of some genera suggests that they are part of the oral flora of the monkeys and not contaminants from the soil Ninety percent of the Gram negative aerobe bacilli were resistant to cephalotin and 89 to cefoxitine High resistance rates were obtained with other agents only two strains were sensitive to every antibiotic tested In anaerobes the higher antibiotic resistance was observed with metronidazole 26 35 cefotetan 20 and clindamicyn 23 39 of the strains were sensitive to every antibiotic tested multiple resistance was lower in the anaerobes 26 than in the aerobes 77 This study contributes to the knowledge and preservation of the squirrel monkey a threatened species and demonstrates that there are few barriers to the spread of resistant genes in bacteria even in wild animals Key Words Saimiri oerstedii Costa Rica antimicrobial resistance oral bacterial flora 104 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Introducci n El mono tit Saimiri oerstedii habita
90. as scored as carrying him Extended allomaternal care by northern muriquis has pre viously been observed on only one other occasion during our long term monitoring of this group and curiously the same female DD was also involved On that occasion DD carried her own and another female s similarly aged infant for 114 days before relinquishing one of the infants to the other mother In the process however the infants were exchanged and both mothers successfully weaned and reared their adopted infants Martins er al 2007 In the present case however DD focused her attention exclusive ly on her maternal grandson despite the presence of other infants in the group at the time Moreover none of the other adult females including those that were not carrying infants of their own were observed carrying or attempting to carry DN Although we cannot yet assess whether DD s care of her grandson will have any direct or indirect fit ness benefits our observations of persistent investment by a grandmother in her maternal grandson indicate that grand maternal care can occur within a patrilocal society when a daughter atypically reproduces in her natal group and the grandmother is not carrying an infant of her own Acknowledgements We thank CNPq and the Abdalla family for permission to conduct this field research J Gomes C B Possamai and E P Tabacow for their help during this field study and E P Tabacow for calling our attention to
91. ation In Primates in Perspective C J Campbell A Fuentes K C MacKinnon M Panger and S K Bearder eds pp 155 185 Oxford University Press New York Hinde R A and Atkinson S 1970 Assessing the roles of social partners in maintaining mutual proximity as ex emplified by mother infant relations in rhesus monkeys Anim Behav 18 169 176 Horwich R H Brockett R C James R A and Jones C B 2001 Population structure and group productivity of the Belizean black howling monkey Alouatta pigra Implications for female socioecology Primate Report 61 47 65 Kovacovsky S 2002 Proximity patterns of adult female mantled howler monkeys Alouatta palliata Evidence for female bonding Am J Primatol 57 S1 24 25 Kummer H 1971 Spacing mechanisms in social behav ior In Man and Beast Comparative Social Behavior J E Eisenberg and W S Dillon eds pp 220 234 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington DC Matsumura S and Okamoto K 1997 Factors affecting proximity among members of a wild group of moor ma caques during feeding moving and resting Int J Prima tol 18 929 940 Ostro L E T Silver S C Koontz E W Horwich R H and Brockett R 2001 Shifts in social structure of black howler Alouatta pigra groups associated with natural and experimental variation in population density Int J Primatol 22 733 748 Pavelka M S M and Knopff K H 2004 Diet and activ ity in black
92. calizado era acompanhado at a determina o confi vel de seu tamanho e composic o et rio sexual Uti lizou se a classifica o et ria proposta por Mendes 1989 O estudo da dieta foi realizado entre os meses de junho e novembro de 2003 excec o de Agosto durante tr s dias por m s totalizando cerca de 165 h de esfor o amostral Cada evento individual de alimenta o foi registrado in cluindo o item consumido folha madura folha nova folha em est gio de maturac o indeterminado flor fruto e broto conforme Mendes 1989 e o h bito rvore trepadeira ou indeterminada da fonte alimentar Resultados e Discuss o Foram encontrados quatro grupos Tabela 1 e um macho adulto solit rio totalizando 24 animais Cada grupo foi de nominado de acordo com alguma caracter stica ambiental de sua rea de uso Todos os grupos apresentaram uma es trutura social uni macho Eisenberg er al 1972 semel han a do observado por Mendes 1989 84 dos grupos em Minas Gerais Steinmetz 2001 8396 em S o Paulo e Limeira 1996 10096 no Rio de Janeiro O tamanho m dio dos grupos foi de 5 8 indiv duos mesmo valor observado por Silva 1981 e Steinmetz 2001 Devido ao pequeno tamanho amostral n o prudente estimar a densidade pop ulacional de A g clamitans na ARIE Floresta da Cicuta Tabela 1 Composi o dos grupos de Alouatta guariba clamitans encontrados na ARIE Floresta da Cicuta RJ Brasil entre abril e dezem
93. cauda Humboldt 1812 in Amazonas and San Mart n Peru Sapos pane Noga han adn a HI OT d Det tette ceu ee Grandmaternal Infant Carrying in Wild Northern Muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus Manara Dourentor ASUNGA O STAO JU ANALES ANA KUNN ML GTP maar qua stra apa A SER ENE NN Caracterizaci n de la Poblaci n del Mono Aullador Alouatta palliata palliata en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas Costa Rica Marta Marleny Rosales IM ed ode ia Aspectos Ecol gicos de Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera 1940 na rea de Relevante Interesse Ecol gico Floresta da Cicuta Rio de Janeiro Brasil Sandro Leonardo Alue ec AnS EA ON A Preliminary Study of Proximity Patterns Among Age Sex Classes in a Population of Central American Black Howlers Alouatta pigra JE AG Corey aed VIG S Mi anel even can TATTOO MT Density of Saguinus inustus Schwartz 1951 in the Interfluvium of the Caquet Apaporis Rivers Colombian Amazonia Claudia ddal East o Ayala and dE Ia NS IIS SINO New Occurrence Records and Eastern Extension to the Range of Callicebus cinerascens Primates Pitheciidae Maur cio de Almeida Noronha Wilson Roberto Spironello and Dayse Campista Ferreira eee New Occurrence Records of Mico acariensis Primates Callitrichidae Maur cio de Almeida Noronha Jos de Sousa e Silva J nior Wilson Roberto Spironello and Dayse Campista Ferreira Sleep Parameters in Captive Female Owl Monkey Aotus Hyb
94. ceptibles y seleccionar las resistentes Levy y Marshall 2004 Los ambientes naturales no est n libres de contaminaci n con antibi ticos se han encontrado en efluentes de centros m dicos aguas municipales tanques de aireaci n tanques de digesti n anaerobia aguas superficiales sedimentos y suelo K mmerer 2003 2004 Muchos de los compuestos utilizados en medicina son s lo parcialmente metabolizados por los pacientes y son descargados en los efluentes hospita larios o en las aguas de desecho municipales si se utilizan en casa K mmerer 2004 mismo destino que tienen muchos de los antibi ticos descartados por vencimiento Hartmann et al 1999 K mmerer 2003 As estos compuestos ter minan en el ambiente principalmente en el compartimen to acuoso donde se encuentran cada vez con mayor fre cuencia Levy y Marshall 2004 y eventualmente podr an ingresar en la cadena alimentaria Los antimicrobianos son tambi n utilizados para el tratamiento de enfermedades en criaderos de peces donde son adicionados directamente al agua K mmerer 2004 mientras que otros son utilizados con fines veterinarios o como promotores de crecimiento por lo que al ser excretados terminan siendo redistribuidos como abono K mmerer 2003 En Costa Rica actualmente los hospitales no cuentan con sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y el pa s carece de la legislaci n adecuada para la regulaci n del uso de an tibi ticos en agric
95. cilina 20 amoxicilina que en Gram positivos 14 para ambos an tibi ticos La resistencia informada para las cepas de otros monos de Costa Rica es mayor para penicilina 31 y menor para amoxicilina 10 Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Numerosos estudios revelan un aumento creciente en la resistencia a penicilina por parte de varios grupos de anaerobios Clostridium Engelkirk et al 1992 Bacteroides Engelkirk et al 1992 y Prevotella Hecht 1999 mien tras que otros como Propionibacterium Peptostreptococcus y Gemella tienden a ser susceptibles Murdoch 1998 Hecht 1999 En el caso de la ticarcilina se obtuvo una resistencia del 10 mayor que la descrita para los monos congo y colorado 2 Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 sin embar go la susceptibilidad aument hasta el 100 al probar este antibi tico conjuntamente con cido clavul nico como in hibidor de beta lactamasas Multirresistencia Dentro de todos los grupos bacterianos estudiados se pre sent multirresistencia principalmente en los bacilos Gram negativos aerobios y en los estafilococos y en menor medida en los anaerobios Sobresale el hecho de que un 696 de los bacilos Gram negativos aerobios fueron resistentes a 13 o m s de las 24 concentraciones de antibi ticos evaluadas mientras que las tres cepas de Staphylococcus fueron re sistentes a 10 o hasta 12 de los 16 agentes probados En los anaerobios la resistencia m ltiple es apreciablemen te menor y
96. cing or no longer alive Pavelka ez al 2002 In captive vervet monkeys Chlorocebus aethiops grandmothers without infants had significantly higher rates of caring for grandchildren than grandmothers with infants Fairbanks 1988 437 Northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus live in patri focal societies in which allomaternal care of any type is rare Odalia R moli 1998 Guimar es and Strier 2001 Mar tins et al 2007 Grandmothers rarely have opportunities to interact with maternal grandchildren because daughters typically disperse from their natal groups prior to the onset of puberty Printes and Strier 1999 Strier and Ziegler 2000 The only previous known muriqui grandmother of two daughters that reproduced in their natal group was caring for her own infants when her grandchildren were born and was never observed to carry them In this paper we present data on infant carrying by a second grandmoth er that did not have her own infant at the time Methods The study was conducted at the Reserva Particular do Patrim nio Natural Feliciano Miguel Abdala RPPN EMA in Caratinga Minas Gerais Brazil The 957 ha forest supports four groups of northern muriquis and has been described in detail elsewhere Strier ez al 2006 We focus on two adult females in the Mat o group which had 81 members during this study period DD a grandmother who was carrying an infant when long term monitoring on this group was initiated in
97. como bacterias anaerobias aquellas cuyo crecimiento fue exclusivo o mejor en condiciones de anaerobiosis A las cepas bacterianas aerobias se les realizaron pruebas de Gram oxidasa y catalasa con el objetivo de agrupar las bac terias como enterobacterias bacilos Gram negativos no en terobacterias estafilococos y estreptococos Con base en los resultados se seleccion la galer a miniaturizada de pruebas bioqu micas apropiada para la identificaci n se emplearon los sistemas API 20E API 20NE y API Staph mientras que para las bacterias anaerobias se utilizaron las galer as API 20A Las identificaciones se realizaron con el programa API Plus Para determinar la sensibilidad a los antibi ticos se emplearon galer as comerciales ATB9 de acuerdo con el tipo de bacteria aerobia ATB G5 y ATB Staph en el caso de las bacterias anaerobias se utiliz el sistema ATB ANA Todas las galer as se incubaron y leyeron de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la casa fabricante bioM rieux Resultados A partir de 33 muestras de la cavidad oral de los monos tit se aislaron 137 cepas 106 de bacterias aerobias 77 4 y 31 de anaerobias 22 6 lo que equivale a un promedio de 3 2 aerobios y 0 9 anaerobios por muestra En las bacterias aerobias predominaron los bacilos Gram negativos 100 de 106 cepas aerobias donde el g nero m s frecuente fue En terobacter 20 cepas que se aisl del 42 de las muestras e incluy las especies
98. count ofthe monkeys of the genus Callicebus Cebidae of Amazo nas and Orinoco river basins Mammalia 27 1 1 79 Hershkovitz P 1988 Origin speciation and distribu tion of South American titi monkeys genus Callicebus Family Cebidae Platyrrhini Proc Acad Natl Sci Philad 140 1 240 272 Hershkovitz P 1990 Titis New World monkeys of the genus Callicebus Cebidae Platyrrhini A preliminary taxonomic review Fieldiana Zoology New Series 55 1 109 Noronha M A 2004 Estado atual de conservac o e distribui o geogr fica Mico saterei Silva Jr e Noronha M A 1998 Primates Callitrichidae na Amaz nia Central Brasil Dis sertac o de Mestrado Instituto de Florestas Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rylands A B 1982 The behaviour and ecology of three species of marmosets and tamarins Callitrichidae Pri mates in Brazil Doctoral thesis University of Cam bridge Cambridge Silva J nior J de S and Noronha M A 2000 Resulta do de uma pequena expedic o primatol gica Amaz nia Central Primates Platyrrhini In A Primatologia no Brasil 7 C Alonso and A Langguth eds Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia Jo amp o Pessoa Spix J 1823 Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium Species Novae ou Histoire Naturelle des Especes Nouvelles Pendant le Voyage dans l Interieur du Bresil Typis Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni Monachii Van Roosmalen M G M
99. dade temas estrat gicos para o Pa s que visam a conserva o da biodiversidade da gua do clima e dos recursos energ ticos com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustent vel levando em considera o que poss vel sim crescer sem degradar a natureza Quem quiser enviar textos para compor a Comiss o Nacional pode envi los at dia 15 de dezembro para lt arletegenrich yahoo com br gt In forma es sobre a Confer ncia Nacional em www mma gov br conferencianacional gt ou pelo e mail lt cnma mma gov br gt 5th Annual Assesment and Treatment of the Pain and Distress in Animals ATOP V February 8 2008 Will be held at the Massachussetts Medical Society Conference Center at Waltham Woods Corporate Center What are the consequences for your science if human endpoints are not taken into consideration in the experimental design The conference will examine this question in detail For more information go to lt www theawengroup com ATOPV_ info html gt Behaviour and Individuality in Primates and other Mam mals March 17 18 2008 Lisbon Portugal The confer ence Behaviour and Individuality in Primates and other Mammals is held as part of the celebrations of the 6 an niversary of BioCEL and will take place at the Auditorium Agostinho da Silva at Lus fona University The conference aims to launch a creative debate and brainstorm for future research on a rather new topic of research the study of inter individual variation in
100. ds pp 243 385 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Ritchie B G and Fragaszy D M 1988 Capuchin monkey Cebus apella grooms her infants wound with tools Am J Primatol 16 345 348 Rowe N 1996 The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates Pogonias Press Charlestown Rhode Island Tomasello M and Call J 1997 Primate Cognition Oxford University Press Oxford Visalberghi E 1987 Acquisition of nut cracking behav iour by two capuchin monkeys Cebus apella Folia Pri matol 49 168 181 Visalberghi E 1990 Tool use in Cebus Folia Primatol 54 154 64 Visalberghi E 1993 Tool use in a South American monkey species An overview of the characteristics and limits of tool use in Cebus apella In The Use of Tools by Human and Non human Primates A Berthelet and J Chavaillon eds pp 118 131 Oxford University Press New York Visalberghi E and Limongelli L 1996 Acting and un derstanding Tool uses revisited through the minds of capuchin monkeys In Reaching into Thought The Minds of the Great Apes A E Russon K A Bard and S T Parker eds pp 57 79 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Visalberghi E and Trinca L 1989 Tool use in capuchin monkeys Distinguishing between performing and un derstanding Primates 30 511 521 Westergaard G C and Suomi S J 1994 Stone tool bone surface modification by monkeys Current Anthropology 35 468 470 Yerkes R M 1927 The mind of
101. dultos hembras adultas y hembras inmaduros Resultados Durante 75 h de esfuerzo de b squeda y observaci n se detect un total de 112 individuos distribuidos en nueve tropas y un macho adulto solitario Las tropas estuvieron compuestas por 31 machos adultos 28 38 hembras adultas 34 21 juveniles 19 seis infantes 5 y 15 cr as 14 Tabla 1 La media del tama o de tropas fue de 12 33 6 5 y la mediana fue de 11 con un intervalo de 3 a 23 individuos La tasa sexual promedio en adultos fue de 1 48 1 03 hembras por macho mientras que las proporciones de inmaduros infantes cr as por hembra y de cr as por hembra fueron de 0 53 0 43 y 0 36 0 17 respectivamente Todos los individuos fueron detectados en remanentes de bosque siempre verde Fig 1 en rboles de 20 m o m s de altura La densidad estimada de monos au lladores en el RNVSISL fue de 0 24 ind ha y en el bosque siempre verde en poca seca fue de 2 29 ind ha Los rboles utilizados como alimento fueron Mangifera indica y Spon dias purpurea fruto Cassia grandis Bursera simarouba Ficus benjamina Anacardium excelsum Pseudobombax sep tenatum Albizia saman Tamarindus indica Acacia centralis Desmopsis bibracteata Melicoccus bijugatus y Maytenus sego viarum hojas Frecuentemente se les observ descansan do en rboles de Bombacopsis quinata Sideroxylon capiri Enterolobium cyclocarpum Callycophyllum candidissimun y Lonchocarpus spp Nueve por ci
102. e and habitat degradation and contrary to recent reports EDGE 2007 hunting by both indigenous and immigrant communities for subsis tence and trade is also a major threat to the survival of the species Trade in O flavicauda seems to be of a very local nature but even such small levels of trade in a species as endangered as this could be disastrous Leo Luna 1987 estimates that 600 individuals were killed by opportunis tic hunters over a 10 year period and our experience leads us to believe that similar numbers are being hunted today During this study at least three infants were removed from the population and presumably their mothers were killed in the process Previous recommendations for the conservation of this species have concentrated on habitat protection and public awareness to reduce hunting pres sure Mittermeier et al 1975 Graves and O Neil 1980 Leo Luna 1980 1982 Parker and Barkley 1981 R os and Ponce del Prado 1989 DeLuycker 2007 Much has been achieved in recent years and currently there are sev eral projects in place for the conservation of this and other endemic species in the area for example the communi ty based conservation project in the Los Chilchos valley supported by Apenheul Primate Conservation Trust IUCN Netherlands and the RABO Foundation and also the ecosystem protection initiatives of Asociaci n Eco sistemas Andinos ECOAN and the Asociaci n Peruana para la Conservaci n de l
103. e atividades uso do espa o e dieta quantidade e esp cies consumidas s o necess rios para o entendimento das rela es entre a popula o de A g clamitans e o fragmento florestal em que habita Estu dos relatados por Bicca Marques 2003 demonstram a ca pacidade de sobreviv ncia das esp cies do g nero Alouatta em h bitats perturbados de variados tamanhos Por m apesar da exist ncia de A g clamitans nos fragmentos de menor tamanho ao redor da ARIE Floresta da Cicuta se gundo informac es fornecidas por guardas que executam o patrulhamento da rea n o se observa nenhum tipo de conectividade entre essas ilhas de floresta e a unidade de conservac o o que pode reduzir ou eliminar o fluxo de in div duos geneticamente diferentes e a possibilidade de re coloniza o de novas reas Devido ao processo de ocupa c o humana ocorrido na regi o do M dio Vale do Para ba do Sul os principais remanescentes de Floresta Atl ntica se encontram em propriedades particulares sujeitos dev asta o Com o acelerado processo de fragmenta o nesta regi o a es planejadas para a conserva o de A g clami tans devem ser realizadas para evitar que as ltimas popu lac es fiquem aqu m do limite de sustentag o gen tica e ecol gica Sugere se que reas privadas que ainda preservam populac es desta subesp cie e outras esp cies de primatas sejam mantidas e protegidas se poss vel convertendo as em unidades de con
104. e day might have simi lar impacts as diseases spread from hunted and butchered monkeys and apes to humans in Africa I recommend this book to everybody interested in Ama zonian ecology and in the history of research in Amazonia who is capable of reading and understanding at least a bit 156 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 of German Hopefully this book will be translated into English or into Brazilian Portuguese to make it accessible for a wider audience Eckhard W Heymann Abt Verhaltens kologie amp Sozi obiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum Kellnerweg 4 D 37077 G ttingen e mail lt eheyman gwdg de gt MEETINGS 2007 Animal Training amp Behavior Through Positive Reinforce ment Further Challenging and Advanced Issues De cember 7 9 2007 Munich Germany This seminar will be imparted by Ken Ramirez vice president for animal col lections and animal training he develops and supervises animal care programs staff training and development as well as public presentation programs for the animal col lection at Shedd Aquarium The Seminar will include themes related to operant conditioning training situa tions and problem solving with positive reinforcement For more information visit lt http www clickerreiter de KenRamirezl htm gt 6 G ttinger Freilandtage Primate Behavior and Human Universals December 11 14 G ttingen Germany This conference aims to bring together primatolog
105. e la CITES lt http www cites org esp resources species html gt Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2007 Clark W B Magnusson I Abee C Collins B Beem J E y McArthur W P 1988 Natural occurrence of black pigmented Bacteroides species in the gingival crevice of the squirrel monkey nfect Immun 56 2392 2399 Coenye T y Vandamme P 2003 Diversity and signifi cance of Burkholderia species occupying diverse ecologi cal niches Environ Microbiol 5 719 729 Diniz C G Santos S G Pestana A C N R Farias L M y Carvalho M A R 2000 Chromosomal breakage in the B fragilis group induced by metronidazole treat ment Anaerobe 6 149 153 Engelkirk P G Engelkirk J D y Dowell V R 1992 Principles and Practice of Clinical Anaerobic Bacteriology Susceptibility Testing Star Publishing Co Belmont Falagas M E y Siakavellas E 2000 Bacteroides Prevotella and Porphyromonas species A review of antibiotic resis tance and therapeutic options Int J Antimicrob Agents 15 1 9 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 111 Gamboa Coronado M M Rodr guez Cavallini E Ro jas Contreras G S nchez Porras R y Guti rrez Espele ta G 2004 Flora bacterial oral y su perfil de sensibilidad aantibi ticos en monos de Costa Rica Alouatta palliata y Ateles geoffroyi Neotrop Primates 12 1 24 30 Gamboa M M Rodr guez E y Vargas P 2005 Diversity of mesophilic clostrid
106. e to its trisomic condition for X chromosomes the Aotus hybrid 40 monkey s activity behavioral sleep pa rameters are of some interest We recorded the lowest daily activity amount in this trisomic monkey 103 34 AU and the shortest SEL 12 h light phase 13 5 min com pared to the other three non trisomic hybrid monkeys in dicating that it may be partially suffering from lethargy and discontinuous sleep phases The mean SEL of the trisomic hybrid monkey significantly differs from the mean SEL 27 13 min of non trisomic hybrid monkeys p 0 01 Table 2 provides a statistical comparison of group mean variation in behavioral sleep parameters for non trisomic hybrid and purebred monkeys Both the TST 24 h and SEL 12 h light phase differed significantly p 0 01 Table 1 Measured behavioral sleep activity parameters in the hybrid owl monkey subjects Owl Monkey Behavioral Sleep Activity A F 3 m TB ead TST 24 h SEL 12 h light phase Mean Acii Counts min min arbitrary units Non trisomic 379 618 187 2318 159 108 399 829 92 40 12 133 49 419 734 64 1845 121449 Trisomic 409 7304196 1345 103 34 Owl monkeys 37 39 40 and 41 are siblings born to wild born parents of the founder colony 2 Total Sleep Time based on 12 consecutive days of data acquisition 3 Sleep Episode Length determined during the monkeys quiescent light phase Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Table 2 Comparison of
107. eard S B and Cox G H 2007 The shapes of phyloge netic trees of clades faunas and local assemblages ex ploring spatial pattern in differential diversification Am Nat 169 5 E107 E118 Holroyd P A and Strait S G 2007 New data on Loveina Primates Omomyidae from the early Eocene Wasatch Formation and implications for Washakiin relationships Elwyn Simons A Search for Origins Fleagle J G Gilbert C C Editors New York Springer pp 243 257 Hopkins M E and Nunn C L 2007 A global gap analy sis of infectious agents in wild primates Diversity Distri butions 13 5 561 572 Horvath J Croswell M O Malley R C and McGrew W 2007 Plant species with potential as food nesting material or tools at a chimpanzee refuge site in Caddo Parish Louisiana Int J Prim 28 1 135 158 Jones C B and Jost C A 2007 Update on studies of Be lizean primates emphasizing patterns of species distribu tion Lab Prim News 46 3 1 5 Kay R E Fleagle J G Mitchell T R T Colbert M Bown T and Powers D W 2007 The anatomy of Dolichocebus gaimanensis a stem platyrrhine monkey from Argentina J Human Evol Advance online publi cation online 1 60 Klopchin J L Stewart J R Webster L E and Sandifer PA 2007 Assessment of environmental impacts of a colony of free ranging rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta on Morgan Island South Carolina Environ Monitoring Assess Advance
108. eas and the primates that occur in them Text should be typewritten double spaced with no less than 12 cpi preferably Times New Roman font and 3 cm margins throughout and should not exceed 12 pages in length including references Figures and maps Articles may include small black and white photographs high quality figures and high quality maps Resolution 300 dpi Column widths one column 8 cm wide two columns 17 cm wide Please keep these to a minimum We stress the importance of providing maps that are publishable Tables Tables should be double spaced using font size 10 and prepared with MS Word Each table should have a brief title News items Please send us information on projects field sites courses Thesis or Dissertations recently defended recent publica tions awards events activities of Primate Societies etc References Examples of house style may be found throughout this journal In text citations should be first ordered chronologi cally and then in alphabetical order For example Fritz 1970 Albert 1980 2004 Oates 1981 Roberts 2000 Smith 2000 Albert et al 2001 In the list of references the title of the article name of the journal and editorial should be written in the same language as they were published All conjunctions and prepositions i e and In should be written in the same language as rest of the manuscript i e y or e En or Em
109. ecies S inustus regularly used portions of forest with dense understory Castillo Ayala unpublished data Fur thermore 85 796 of the encounters with groups of S inustus in secondary forest corresponded to rastrojo alto with a very dense understory These preferences have been reported for other species of Saguinus for example Emmons and Feer 1999 mention that S fuscicollis S nigricollis and S bicolor often can be seen in habitats with high densities of lianas This first density estimate of S inustus provides important data but supplemental information from other areas of the Caquet Apaporis interfluvium will be necessary in order to assess the conservation status of the species in this region The forests around the community of Loma Linda still offer appropriate habitats for the conservation of the species including secondary forests at different succes sional stages and a large proportion of primary forest The forest matrix in the lower Caquet and Apaporis interflu vium corresponds mainly to indigenous reserves Palacios et al 2004 which support a large indigenous population that is increasing due to high birth and immigration rates As a consequence the need for new housing and croplands will continue to increase transforming significant areas of primary forest New surveys and ongoing studies on the ecology of the mottled face tamarin will contribute to a better knowledge of its density in the Caquet Apaporis
110. en los bosques de Costa Rica y Panam Wong 1990 y es considerada una especie amenazada IUCN 2007 Otras especies del g nero se encuentran en Am rica del Sur en un rea limi tada por Colombia al oeste y la cuenca del Amazonas y las Guyanas al este Wong 1990 En Costa Rica existen dos subespecies de este g nero S oerstedii oerstedii y S oerste dii citrinellus ambas se consideran en peligro de extinci n principalmente por la p rdida de su h bitat el desarrollo de infraestructura hotelera y por su captura y venta como mascotas Carrillo ez a 2000 S oerstedii es el mono de menor tamafio de Costa Rica y se encuentra en bosques primarios secundarios y en reas cultivadas los Parques Nacionales Manuel Antonio y Corcovado son los reservo rios m s importantes Es de conducta arbor cola y diurna y se alimenta durante las primeras horas de la mafiana principalmente de insectos 75 80 de la dieta y frutas Campbell ez al 2003 La cavidad oral de los animales al igual que la de los hu manos es uno de los h bitats microbiol gicos m s com plejos y heterog neos La flora bacteriana incluye tanto anaerobios estrictos como Bacteroides sp Fusobacterium sp Actinomyces sp y aerobios facultativos como Coryne bacterium sp Haemophilus sp Moraxella sp y Neisseria sp Sorum y Sunde 2001 Dicha flora ind gena contiene genes de resistencia a antibi ticos incluso en individuos sin historia de exposici n a an
111. ente ceftriaxone y pefloxacina fueron efectivos contra todas las cepas analizadas s lo dos cepas fueron sensibles a todos los antibi ticos evaluados El mayor porcentaje de resistencia en anaerobios ocurri ante el metronidazole 26 a 35 seguido por cefotet n 26 y clindamicina 23 el 39 de los aislamientos fue sensible a todos los antibi ticos evaluados La resistencia m ltiple fue menor en los anaerobios 26 que en los aerobios 77 Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento y a la preservaci n del mono tit especie ame nazada y muestra que pocas barreras son capaces de contener los genes de resistencia y sus hospederos bacterianos aun en animales silvestres Palabras Clave Saimiri oerstedii Costa Rica flora bacteriana oral resistencia antimicrobiana Abstract The bacterial microflora present in the oral cavity of 33 squirrel monkeys Saimiri oerstedii 31 wild and 2 captive and its an timicrobial sensibility was studied A sterile swab was used to scratch the teeth and oral cavity of every monkey each sample was resuspended in 2 mL sterile saline solution 0 8596 Transport tubes for aerobic and anaerobic cultures inoculated with these samples were sent to the laboratory Each sample was inoculated in blood agar plates that were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions Isolates obtained were identified with API galleries 20NE Staph and 20A and the sensibility determinations were done using ATB galleries G5 St
112. ento n 10 de los individuos observados presentaron una despigmentaci n mancha blanca en el pelaje la cual variaba en tama o y forma entre los dife rentes individuos pudiendo ser cont nua o discontinua y se observ principalmente en las extremidades y cola de adultos y juveniles Tabla 1 y Fig 2 Las observaciones 124 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 435500 436000 436500 437000 437500 438000 438500 215000 214500 214000 000r Lc O Tropas de A palliata Bosque siempreverde c Manglar 213500 DO lt I Bosque caducifolio en sucesi n Proyecci n c nica conforme Lambert Norte c 213000 000 1 Datum Ocotepeque Costa Rica Fuente Fotograf a CARTA 2005 Intepretaci n J Castro y J Carvajal 435500 436000 436500 437000 437500 438000 438500 0 0 5 1 Kil metros Figura 1 Distribuci n geogr fica de las tropas n 2 9 y de un macho adulto solitario IS de Alouatta palliata palliata en el Refugio Na cional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas Costa Rica Tabla 1 Composici n de las tropas del mono aullador Alouatta palliata palliata en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas Costa Rica MA macho adulto HA hembra adulta J juvenil I infante C cr a No Tropa MA HA J I C Total Individuos con manchas Lugar 1 1 4 0 0 2 7 0 Administraci n 2 4 5 2 0 1 12 0 Hacienda Vieja 3 2 3
113. er Res 32 3 4 Stark C A Edlund C Sjostedt S Kristensen G y Nord C E 1993 Antimicrobial resistance in human oral and intestinal anaerobic microfloras Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1665 1669 Tzoc E Arias M L y Valiente C 2004 Efecto de las aguas residuales hospitalarias sobre los patrones de resist encia a antibi ticos de Escherichia coli y Aeromonas sp Rev Biomed 15 165 172 Wong G 1990 Uso del h bitat estimaci n de la composi ci n y densidad poblacional del mono titi Saimiri oerstedi citrinellus en la zona de Manuel Antonio Quepos Costa Rica Tesis de Maestr a Universidad Nacional Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoam rica y el Caribe 112 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 SHORT RTICLES BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY AND TOOL SELECTION IN A TUFTED CAPUCHIN Monkey CEBUS APELLA Euphly Jalles Filho Rog rio Grassetto Teixeira da Cunha Rodolfo Aureliano Salm Introduction Capuchin monkeys use a variety of tools in many differ ent contexts in captivity Visalberghi 1987 1990 1993 Ritchie and Fragaszy 1988 Westergaard and Suomi 1994 Tomasello and Call 1997 Fragaszy et al 2004b in semi free ranging conditions Ottoni and Mannu 2001 and in the wild Fragaszy et al 2004a Moura and Lee 2004 Mannu and Ottoni 2005 but see Panger 1998 In terms of tool variety and the multiple contexts in which tools are used capuchins are simi
114. er howler monkey species Crockett and Eisenberg 1997 Di Fiore and Campbell 2007 but long term data on known individuals is not yet available Despite the highly cohesive nature of howler monkey social groups Bernstein 1964 Stevenson et al 1998 overt social interactions are few In black howler monkeys less than 4 of time is typically spent in social interactions such as grooming and hand holding among adults Silver et al 1998 Brockett et al 2000b Pavelka and Knopff 2004 Brockett er al 2005 Spacing patterns are important indicators of the underlying social relationships that aid in establishing affiliative con tacts and in avoiding agonistic interactions and predation Altmann 1980 White and Chapman 1994 Kummer 1971 221 argued that social affinity and spatial proxim ity are so highly correlated that the distribution of animals in space can be used as a first reading of their social struc ture Female social relationships in black howler monkeys appear to be like those of other howler monkeys undif ferentiated and egalitarian Pavelka unpub data Crock ett and Eisenberg 1987 have suggested that measures of inter individual proximity may be one of the few ways to quantify afhliative social relationships within howler monkey groups In this paper we describe the results of a preliminary study of proximity patterns to help elucidate the nature of within group social bonds in A pigra Methods This s
115. erimental data Please note that in our analyses there is an assumption of a dif ference in energetic expenditure between the medium and large stones and an assumption that energetic efficiency not time efficiency is what the monkey should maximize These assumptions are based on the conditions of the ex periment with a large weight difference between the stones and the captive setting where animals are usually freed from time constraints However until detailed measures of energetic expenditure under different conditions are car ried out our first assumption remains speculative If there is no significant difference in energetic expenditure and or if time is the variable being minimized then one should expect the observed lack of preference between the medium and large stones as tools Bearing the above caveat in mind the choices made by the subject exclusion of the small stone could be credited to an interaction between persistence of behavioral patterns and physical features of the tool During the test phase the individual repeatedly picked up the small stone bimanually like he did with the other stones a cumbersome tech nique that proved very ineffective The small stones per formance as a tool was about five to six times worse than the other tools even though it was eight and 14 times smaller than the medium and large stones respectively One might expect that the subject would adapt his manual behaviour to best fit t
116. erobic cocci Clin Microbiol Rev 11 81 120 Mutters R Christensen H y Bisgaard M 2005 Genus I Pasteurella En Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteri ology 2 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg y J T Staley eds pp 857 866 Springer New York Nodarse R 2001 Estafilococos multirresistentes uso del disco de oxacill n como marcador de resistencia a anti bi ticos Rev Cub Med Mil 30 7 10 Palleroni N 2005 Genus I Pseudomonas En Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg y J T Staley eds pp 323 379 Springer New York Ramette A LiPuma J J y Tiedje J M 2005 Species abundance and diversity of Burkholderia cepacia com plex in the environment Appl Environ Microbiol 71 1193 1201 Rodr guez E Gamboa M M y Fern ndez B 1993 Clostridios mes filos en suelos de la Meseta Central de Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 41 365 369 Rolland R Hausfater G Marshall B y Levy S B 1985 Antibiotic resistant bacteria in wild primates Increasing prevalence in baboons feeding on human refuse Appl Environ Microbiol 49 791 794 Routman E Miller R D Phillips Conroy J y Hartl D L 1985 Antibiotic resistance and population struc ture in Escherichia coli from free ranging African yellow baboons Appl Environ Microbiol 50 749 754 Sorum H y Sunde M 2001 Resistance to antibiotics in the normal flora of animals V
117. erse of Neotropical primate genera with 13 15 species and 33 recognized forms Hershkovitz 1977 Rylands ez al 2000 Defler 2003a recognizes the presence of six species of Saguinus in Colombia 40 46 of the total species in the genus three of them exclusively distributed in the Colombian Amazon S fuscicollis Spix 1823 S nigricollis Spix 1823 and S inustus Schwartz 1951 Saguinus inustus the mottled face tamarin is dis tributed in southeastern Colombia west of the Andes between the Guayabero Guaviare rivers and the Caquet River and between the Mesay River and the border with Brazil however accurate eastern and western boundar ies of its geographical range within the country are still unknown Defler 20032 The species is also present in western Brazil between the Rio Negro and the Colombian border Saguinus inustus is one of the least studied species of Neotropical primates preliminary information on its ecol ogy ranging and diet comes from only two short studies carried out near La Pedrera at Comeyaf Indigenous Re serve an interfluvial area between the Caquet and Apapo ris rivers Palacios et al 2004 Defler unpublished data and from occasional observations of foraging groups in the Aman Sustainable Development Reserve in Brazil de Souza et al 2004 Here we present the first data on the density of S inustus We collected this information during a primate survey in the lower Caquet
118. erstand that splinter and tapes cannot be used to push food out of a tube as in the case of Visalberghi and Trinca 1989 Although very preliminary our results may suggest cru cial differences between the tool using behavior displayed by chimpanzees or other great ape species and capuchin monkeys at least regarding behavioral flexibility involving stone tools this agrees with a growing body of literature expressing similar doubts The possibility that capuchins are limited in their capacity to select appropriate tools and show much less flexibility in behavior than the great apes should at least be regarded as a working hypothesis testable both with similar experiments but a larger sample size and also with different experimental paradigms ideally contrasting the aspects which varied between and within studies e g effective vs ineffective tool more vs less efh cient tool requiring tool modification vs requiring behav ioral modification Only through more experimentation we will be able to fully comprehend capuchins range of cognitive capacities their physical knowledge of the world and the relation of both to their ecology Acknowledgements We thank the staff and director of the Parque Ecol gico Municipal de Americana Eng Cid Almeida Franco for their logistical support and general cooperation during our work at the zoo R G T C received a mastership grant CNPq 139649 96 4 Five anonymous reviewers provided
119. es 14 3 December 2007 123 en bosques secos del pa s Howe 1980 Morera 1996 lo cual podr a ser el caso del RNVSISL donde en los ltimos 30 afios la cobertura del bosque caducifolio ha aumentado en un 55 Castro y Carvajal 2006 Por otro lado en la actualidad las poblaciones de monos aulladores est n con sideradas en peligro de extinci n para Costa Rica UICN ORMA WWE 1999 y su estudio en ambientes aislados geogr ficamente es importante para formular e implemen tar acciones de manejo que puedan mejorar la viabilidad de dicha especie La presente investigaci n constituye el primer aporte para conocer el estado de los monos aullado res en el RNVSISL y tuvo como objetivos 1 caracterizar la poblaci n existente composici n por sexo edad y carac ter sticas particulares y 2 identificar algunos de los rboles utilizados como alimento y descanso en poca seca M todos rea de estudio El RNVSISL se ubica en el golfo de Nicoya al occi dente de Costa Rica entre las coordenadas 09 57 N y 84 54 0 Su extensi n es de 462 ha y la altitud var a entre los 0 y 220 m s n m Seg n Bola os y Wattson 1993 la isla se encuentra dentro de la zona de vida Bosque Seco Tropical y presenta dos estaciones definidas lluviosa mayo noviembre y seca diciembre abril La precipita ci n media anual es de 1 600 mm y la temperatura media es de 27 C La isla se encuentra a 800 metros al oeste de la pen nsula de Nicoya
120. esenvolvimento Sustent vel do Juma 589 611 ha the Parque dos Campos Amaz nicos 873 570 ha the Flores ta Estadual de Manicor 83 381 ha and the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustent vel Aripuan 224 291 ha In Mato Grosso it is expected to occur in the Reserva Extrati vista Guariba Roosevelt 57 630 ha the Estac o Ecol gica do Rio Roosevelt 27 860 ha and the Parque Estadual Iga rap s do Juruena 227 800 ha Acknowledgements We thank the Funda o O Botic rio de Prote o Natur eza for supporting the fieldwork undertaken in the lower Madeira Tapaj s interfluve The Juruena Apu Expedition sponsors World Wildlife Fund Brazil the Instituto Bra sileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renov veis and the Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Desen volvimento Sustent vel do Amazonas supported fieldwork in the upper Aripuana Juruena interfluve Maur cio de Almeida Noronha Rua dos Jatob s 142 Co roado III Manaus Amazonas 69085 380 Brasil e mail lt mnoronha osite com br gt Wilson Roberto Spironello Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz nia INPA Co ordenac o de Pesquisas em Silvicultura Tropical CP 478 Manaus Amazonas 69060 001 Brasil e mail wilson inpa gov br gt and Dayse Campista Ferreira Rua dos Ja tob s 142 Coroado III Manaus Amazonas 69085 380 Brasil e mail lt dcampista osite com br gt References Hershkovitz P 1963 A systematic and zoogeographic ac
121. eys and the non trisomic hybrid owl monkeys In addition similar to trisomic humans who suffer from sleep irregularities the SEL and activity data obtained in a trisomic hybrid owl monkey provide indi rect evidence to its behavioral irregularity in comparison to non trisomic hybrid owl monkeys Acknowledgements We acknowledge the technical assistance provided by Nobuko Matsubayashi and Norihiko Maeda of the Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research Primate Re search Institute Kyoto University Sachi Sri Kantha Section of Pharmaceutical English Gifu Pharmaceutical University 5 6 1 Mitahora higashi Gifu 502 8585 Japan e mail lt srikantha gifu pu ac jp gt Juri Suzuki Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research Kyoto University Primate Research Institute Inuyama City 484 8506 Japan and Yuriko Hirai and Hirohisa Hirai Molecular Biology Section Dept of Cellular and Molecu lar Biology Kyoto University Primate Research Institute Inuyama City 484 8506 Japan Campbell S S and Tobler I 1984 Animal sleep A review of sleep duration across phylogeny Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8 269 300 Cicmanec J C and Campbell A K 1977 Breeding the owl monkey Aotus trivirgatus in a laboratory environ ment Lab Anim Sci 27 512 517 Ellingson R J and Peters J F 1980 Development of EEG and daytime sleep patterns in trisomy 21 infants during the first year of life longitudinal observations Electroen ceph
122. he tool in question e g by picking it up with only one hand but this did not happen We speculate that if the subject had changed his behavior the small stone could have been a reasonable choice in terms of energetic expenditure It is relevant that he did not change his behaviour even once over the course of 17 test trials nor try to explore the small stone further as a potential tool over the 50 experimental trials The two comparative subjects were also resistant to any change of established patterns of manipulative behaviour The juvenile male engaged in a similar sequence of movements to the alpha male and when presented with the small stone persisted in this behavioral pattern incurring the same difficulties as the experimental subject The adult female employed a different technique to break the nuts However like the others she never varied her movement pattern regardless of the conditions of the task Her behavioural pattern which was already less ef ficient when compared to the one exhibited by the males made the technique absolutely ineffective with the small stone because of the reduced magnitude of the load These findings suggest that the choices made by the ca puchins do not spring from a more detailed means end analysis but seemingly from gross physical limitations or restrictions only in a context of behavioral persistence That is the experimental subject only rejected the very inefficient tool but did not choo
123. her observation of DD carrying DN the first time and for her comments on an earlier version of this manuscript The research re ported here was financed with grants to KBS from the National Geographic Society the Margot Marsh Biodi versity Foundation the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg 122 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Foundation and the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin Madison The Sociedade para a Preserva o do Muriqui and CI Brasil provided additional support We thank E M Veado J Gomes F Mendes J R moli A O R moli E Neri P Coutinho A Carvalho L Oliveira C Nogueira S Neto W Teixeira R Printes M Maciel C Costa A Oliva L Dib D Carvalho N Bejar L G Dias W P Martins V O Guimar es J C da Silva C B Possamai R C Romanini E P Paim M F Iurck K To lentino V Souza J Fidelis D Guedes and E P Tabacow for their contributions to the long term demographic data on the Mat o group We also thank Sarah Hrdy and Paul Garber for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript Ma ra de Louren o Assun o Pontif cia Universidade Cat lica de Minas Gerais Betim R do Ros rio 1 081 Bairro Angola Betim MG Brazil e mail lt mairabio80 hotmail com gt S rgio L Mendes Departamento de Ci ncias Biol gicas Universidade Federal do Esp rito Santo Av Mal Campos 1468 Vit ria ES Brazil e mail lt monomuriqui gmail co
124. hi E 2004 The Complete Capuchin The Biology of the Genus Cebus Cambridge University Press New York Ribeiro D and Araujo Moreira Neto C de 1992 La Fundaci n de Brasil Testimonios 1500 1700 Biblioteca Ayacucho Caracas Sahag n B de 1963 The Florentine Codex A General His tory of the Things of New Spain Book 11 Translation by A Anderson and Ch Dibble University of Utah Press Santa Fe Urbani B 1999 Nuevo mundo nuevos monos Sobre primates neotropicales en los siglos XV y XVI Neotrop Primates 7 4 121 125 Urbani B 2004 Further information on Neotropical monkeys reported in the XVI century Neotrop Primates 12 3 146 147 Zuckerman S 1998 The Ape in Myth and Art Verdigris Press The Knowes Scotland News ConservatioN Errorts FOR PERUVIAN Primates Fanny M Cornejo Fanny Fernandez Noga Shanee Sam Shanee Peru is amongst the countries with the highest biodiversity of primates in the world Cowlishaw and Dumbar 2001 While the exact number of species is still uncertain at least 36 species are recognized now with at least three endemic species V Pacheco pers comm The number of primate species is likely to increase further as new species are rec ognized and described or with changes in taxonomic ar rangements However the exact geographic distribution and aspects of the biology of most Peruvian primates re mains poorly known or even unknown Aquino and En carnaci n 1
125. howler monkeys Alouatta pigra in southern Belize Does degree of frugivory influence activity level Primates 45 105 111 Printes R C and Strier K B 1999 Behavioral correlates of dispersal in female muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides Int J Primatol 20 941 960 134 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Schneider E C Hunter L F and Horwich R H 1999 Adoption of a young juvenile in black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra Neotrop Primates 7 47 51 Siegel S and Castellan Jr N J 1988 Nonparametric Sta tistics for the Behavioral Sciences McGraw Hill Boston Silver S C Ostro L E T Yeager C P and Horwich R 1998 Feeding ecology of the black howler monkey Alouatta pigra in northern Belize Am J Primatol 45 263 279 Stevenson P R Quinones M J and Ahumada J A 1998 Effects of fruit patch availability on feeding sub group size and spacing patterns in four primate species at Tinigua National Park Colombia nt J Primatol 19 313 324 Strier K B 1994 Brotherhoods among Atelins Kinship affiliation and competition Behaviour 130 151 167 Strier K B 1999 Why is female kin bonding so rare Comparative sociality of neotropical primates In Com parative Primate Socioecology P C Lee ed pp 300 319 Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK Strier K B Dib L T and Figueira J E C 2002 Social dynamics of male muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hy pox
126. ia Prim 78 5 6 277 296 McCabe G M and Fedigan L M 2007 Effects of re productive status on energy intake ingestion rates and dietary composition of female Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa Costa Rica nt J Prim 28 4 837 851 Mena J L Dosantos A Gil J G Escobedo M Aquino R and Peres J 2007 First record of Saguinus fuscicollis melanoleucus Miranda Ribeiro 1912 in the Peruvian Amazon Rev Peruana Biol 14 1 39 42 Mendes Pontes A R Chivers D J and Lee P C 2007 Effect of biomass on assemblages of large mammals in a seasonally dry forest in the Brazilian Amazonia J Zool 271 3 278 287 Monteiro R V Dietz J M Raboy B Beck B Vlee schower K D Baker A Martins A and Jansen A M 2007 Parasite community interactions Trypanosoma cruzi and intestinal helminths infecting wild golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia and golden headed lion tamarins L chrysomelas Callitrichidae L 1766 Para sitol Research 101 6 1689 1699 Moura A C A 2007 Primate group size and abundance in the Caatinga dry forest northeastern Brazil nt J Prim 68 6 1279 1297 Nascimento EE Bonvicino C R and Seuanez H N 2007 Population genetic studies of Alouatta caraya Al ouattinae Primates inferences on geographic distribu tion and ecology Am J Prim 69 10 1093 1104 Notarnicola J Jimenez EA and Gardner S L 2007 A new species of Dipetalonema Filarioidea
127. ia in Costa Rican soils Anaerobe 11 322 326 Gomis M Barber n J Ferr ndez A y S nchez B 1998 Cefepima en el paciente neutrop nico febril Rev Esp Quimioterap 11 12 16 Gonz lez L S y Spencer J P 1998 Aminoglycosides a practical review Am Fam Physician 58 1811 1820 Grimont E y Grimont P A D 2005 Genus XXXIV Ser ratia En Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg y J T Staley eds pp 799 811 Springer New York Hartmann A Golet E M y Gartiser S 1999 Primary DNA damage but not mutagenicity correlates with cip rofloxacin concentrations in German hospitals waste waters Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36 115 119 Hecht D W 1999 Susceptibility testing of anaerobic bac teria En Manual of Clinical Microbiology 7 Edici n BR Murray ed pp 1555 1565 ASM Press Washing ton DC Holt J G Krieg N R Sneath P H A Staley J T y Williams S T 2000 Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 9 Edici n Williams amp Wilkins Baltimore Maryland Isenberg H D y D Amato R F 1995 Indigenous and pathogenic microorganisms of humans En Manual of Clinical Microbiology 6 Edici n P R Murray ed pp 5 18 ASM Press Washington DC IUCN 2007 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lt http www iucnredlist org gt Consultado el 20 de octu bre de 2007 Janda J M y Abbott S L 2005 Genus XXI
128. ics Pri mate Genomics and Human Disease April 13 16 2008 University of Washington Seattle The conference includes a focus on genomic and proteomic resource development advances in computational biology and bioinformatics and new developments in comparative genomics and evo lutionary biology The 2008 conference also highlights re search activities in which genomics and nonhuman primate models are being used to better understand human disease Recent advances in the field including the sequencing of the rhesus macaque genome the development of macaque specific DNA microarrays and new opportunities for non human primate proteomics make this conference particu larly timely significant and exciting For more information go to www seattleprimategenomics com IV Simp sio de reas Protegidas 19 23 de maio 2008 O SAP uma oportunidade de colocar juntas as pessoas que viabilizam a conserva o no campo com aqueles pensam seus conceitos com aqueles que lutam nas frentes de batalha jur dica e pol tica com aqueles que est o dando os primeiros passos na protec o de reas dentro das uni versidades Nesta ocasi o o SAP ser realizado na atraente cidade de Canela localizada na Serra Ga cha Para mais informa es contatar lt sap officemarketing com br gt ou visite o site lt http sap ucpel tche br news gt 31 t Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists June 18 21 2008 West Palm Beach Florida F
129. inus of different age Biol Rhythm Res 25 133 152 Reumer J W E and de Boer L E M 1980 Standardization of Aotus chromosome nomenclature with descriptions 144 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 of the 2n 49 50 karyotype and that of a new hybrid J Human Evol 9 461 482 Ruppenthal G C Moore C M Best R G Walker Ge latt C G Delio P J and Sackett G P 2004 Trisomy 16 in a pigtailed macaque M nemestrina with multiple anomalies and developmental delays Am J Ment Retar dation 109 9 20 Segel R Peter I Demmer L A Cowan J M Hoff man J D and Bianchi D W 2006 The natural history of trisomy 12p Am J Med Genet 140A 695 703 Shaffer L G McCaskill C Hersh J H Greenberg F and Lupski J 1996 A clinical and molecular study of mosaicism for trisomy 17 Hum Genet 97 69 72 Simpson J S and Jones A C 1982 Hybrid production in owl monkeys Aotus trivirgatus Lab Anim 16 71 72 Sri Kantha S and Suzuki J 2006 Sleep profile and lon gevity in three generations of a family of captive Bolivian Aotus Int J Primatol 27 779 790 Suzuki J and Sri Kantha S 2006 Quantitation of sleep and spinal curvature in an unusually longevous owl monkey Aotus azarae J Med Primatol 35 321 330 Weller R E Wierma E L Malaga C E Baer J E and LeMieux T P 1991 Battelle Primate Facility J Med Primatol 20 133 137 Yunis E
130. ironello W R and D Affons ca Neto J A Estudo comportamental de um grupo de parauac Pithecia pithecia Platyrrhini Cebidae em um fragmento florestal urbano Manaus Amazonas Dias P A D Coyohua A and Canales Espinosa D Effects of habitat disturbance on the diet and activity patterns of black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra in Campeche Mexico Emile N Nunes D M Gon alves I and Barros M Introdug o de goma ar bica na dieta de micos estrela cativos Callithrix penicillata an lise em curto prazo da palatabilidade prefer ncia de hor rio e fator novidade habitua o Erbesdobler E D Ajuz R C A Gelinski C S and Mello R S R Relato de caso associa o entre tr s es p cies de primatas Callimico goeldii Callicebus cupreus e Callithrix jacchus em cativeiro Esperanga E M Bezerra B M Souto A S Chichero C and Schiel N Efeito da preda o no comportamento do sag i comum Callithrix jacchus em fragmento de mata atl ntica Espinosa G mez E C Hern ndez Salazar L T Morales M vil J and Serio Silva J C Tiempo de retenci n de la digesta en dos grupos de monos aulladores negros Alouatta pigra Estrela A R Nogueira E M S and Porf rio S Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz 1990 primates pithecii dae de lamar o ba resultados preliminares Evaristo G H Sangiao G M and Dornelles S S Censo e an lise da situa o dos primatas encontrados na
131. is endemic to the northeastern Peruvian tropical Andes Mit termeier et al 1975 Macedo et al 1979 Groves 2001 and is recognized as one of the World s 25 Most Endan gered Primates Mittermeier et al 2007 This program aims to increase people s awareness of conservation issues to promote knowledge and understanding of the primates of Peru with emphasis on the endemic primate species and the threats they face It has already been launched in Lima Peru s capital and in the next months it will be implement ed in cities within the ranges of many Peruvian primates Since education campaigns are fundamental in any conser vation effort Defler et al 2003 this environmental educa tion program is also complementary to the ongoing project La Esperanza Community Conservation and Research for the Yellow Tailed Woolly Monkey Oreonax flavicauda carried out by Neotropical Primate Conservation and the Museo de Historia Natural of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos This program aims at establishing a community run reserve connecting two existing protected areas to create a biological corridor for both O flavicauda and another endemic the night monkey Aotus miconax Even though both of these conservation efforts are neces sary and timely for helping to change the situation faced by many Peruvian primates they are not enough and many 146 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 more programs like this are
132. is Otoho on the right bank of the Rio Roosevelt in Mato Grosso Fig 1 During this study we found no overlap between the range of C cinerascens range and that of any other species of Callicebus suggesting that this species is parapatric with its sister taxa C hoffmannsi C baptista and C bernhardi While interviewing a resident of a community on the left bank of the Rio Tapaj s 06 34 S 58 28 W near the Rio Palmares in the municipality of Mau s Amazonas State we discovered that a gray titi monkey with light spots on its throat occurs in the area It is possible that this is C hoffmannsi van Roosmalen etal 2002 and that the Rio Palmares represents the eastern limit for C cinerascens and serves as a point of contact between the two species In ad dition to improving the precision of C cinerascens range this study also enabled us to determine in which protected areas it occurs In the state of Amazonas C cinerascens is present in the Floresta Nacional do Jatuarana 837 100 ha the Parque Nacional do Juruena 2 002 565 ha the Flo resta Estadual do Sucundur 492 905 ha and the Parque Estadual do Sucundur 808 312 ha Its range also en compasses the Floresta Estadual de Apu 185 946 ha the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustent vel Bararat 113 606 ha the Parque Estadual do Guariba 72 296 ha the Reserva Extrativista do Guariba 150 465 ha the Flo resta Estadual do Aripuan 336 040 ha the Reserva de D
133. ists evolu tionary anthropologists and psychologists to summarise our current state of knowledge concerning behavioural variation and its determinants within the order Primates including humans Specifically it will focus on three as pects 1 comparative studies of behavioural adaptations across human and non human primates that examine evolutionary principles 2 the ability and failures of evo lutionary theory to explain human behavioural traits that affect survival and reproduction and 3 to identify and ex plain human behavioural universals For additional details contac Prof Dr Peter Kappeler e mail lt gft gwdg de gt or visit the weg page lt http www soziobio uni goettingen de welcome html gt 2008 III Confer ncia Nacional do Meio Ambiente Em maio de 2008 ser realizada a III Confer ncia Nacional do Meio Ambiente cujo objetivo ser construir um espago de converg ncia social para a formula o de uma agenda na cional do meio ambiente por interm dio da mobiliza o educa o e amplia o da participa o popular com vistas ao estabelecimento de uma pol tica de desenvolvimen to sustent vel para o Pa s Afinal a defini o de pol ticas p blicas para um Brasil sustent vel depende de mudan as na forma de atua o das esferas governamentais do setor produtivo das organiza es da sociedade chegando ao cotidiano de cada cidad o Em suas edi es a confer ncia coloca para a socie
134. iver and Placencia for their help and support For his help with statistical analyses we gratefully acknowledge Dr Tak S Fung of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Calgary We are grateful to Travis Steffens Keriann McGoogan Alison Behie Grainne McCabe and Allison Maclean for their help with data collection and to Tracy Wyman for technical assistance Support for this project was provided by the Calgary Zoo Conservation Fund Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Coun cil of Canada Province of Alberta Graduate Scholarship National Geographic Society Calgary Institute for the Humanities Department of Anthropology and the Facul ties of Social Sciences and Graduate Studies at the Univer sity of Calgary Lisa C Corewyn Department of Anthropology University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 0649 USA e mail lt monkeythesisoyahoo ca gt and M S M Pavelka Department of Anthropology Uni versity of Calgary 2500 University Drive N W Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada References Altmann J 1980 Baboon Mothers and Infants Harvard University Press Cambridge Massachusetts Bernstein I S 1964 A field study of the activities of howler monkeys Anim Behav 12 92 97 Brockett R C Horwich R H and Jones C B 2000a Female dispersal in the Belizean black howling monkey Alouatta pigra Neotrop Primates 8 32 34 Brockett R C Horwich R H and Jones
135. jo sp dados preliminares Bezerra B M Souto A S Oliveira M A B and Halsey L G Social and ontogenetic influences on the vocalisa tions of wild common marmosets Bortolini T S and Bicca Marques J C Captive enrich ment elicits tool use in capuchin monkeys Boubli J P Souza L G D Mourth I M C and Strier K B Padr es de utiliza o do espa o por um grupo de Muriquis Do Norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus ATELIDAE na estac o biol gica de Caratinga mg Brasil Bueno R S and Galetti M Diagn stico da comunidade de primatas no parque estadual Carlos Botelho Sp Brasil Burity C H E Da Silva M R De Souza A M Lancetta C F E Medeiros M F and Pissinatti A O estudo da ul traestrutura mev do dorso da l ngua de Leontopithecus chrysomelas cativos Callithrichidae primates Buti T E M Kugelmeier T Viau P Neves D V D A Van Tol E M and Oliveira C A M todos n o inva sivos de avalia o dos n veis de estresse em primatas n o humanos uma ferramenta para a conserva o Cabral J N H Rossato R S Gomes M J T M and Ara jo E A P Programa Macacos Urbanos rela o entre fragmenta o e parasitismo em popula es silvestres de bugios ruivos Alouatta clamitans Cabrera 1940 em Porto Alegre Camargo C C Lima E M Kierulff M C M and Silva J nior J S Dados preliminares sobre diversidade de pri matas diurnos em rea de explorac o madeirei
136. l 1997 Peru Gozalo and Montoya 1990 and Ger many Rappold and Erkert 1994 In 1977 a compara tively smaller owl monkey colony was established in Japan at the Primate Research Institute facility of Kyoto Uni versity with founding members originating from Bolivia Unfortunately at that time the production of hybrids oc curred due to inadvertent pairing of different owl monkey species before the existence of multiple Aotus species had been determined Hershkovitz 1983 Ford 1994 Groves 2001 Extreme chromosomal diversity with diploid counts ranging from 46 to 56 is one distinguishing feature of owl monkeys apart from their nocturnality Ma et al 1977 Yunis et al 1977 Reumer and de Boer 1980 Simpson and Jones 1982 Previous studies on owl monkey hybrids suggest that while the adult female hybrid monkeys may sometimes conceive although at lower rates compared to normal individuals adult male hybrid owl monkeys are most probably sterile Ma et al 1977 Yunis et al 1977 Reumer and de Boer 1980 Simpson and Jones 1982 Rigorous sleep quantification data exist for less than 1096 of extant primate species Campbell and Tobler 1984 Since owl monkeys 1 are unique among platyrrhines for their nocturnal behavior 2 are notable for their strictly ar boreal habitat and 3 use holes and platforms in lodge trees as their sleep sites sleep quantification in the wild has remained a virtually impossible challe
137. lar to great apes in tool using behavior Anderson 1996 Some argue that the abil ity to use tools requires the cognitive ability to establish a relationship between the object and the environment in order to implement anticipated external effects Reynolds 1982 Ingold 1987 Research on tool using behavior in non human primates has often described tool use perform ance without analyses of the underlying cognitive processes Visalberghi and Limongelli 1996 although noteworthy exceptions are found in the classic works of K hler 1925 and Yerkes 1927 1943 In terms of the relationship of cognition and intelligence to tool use there may be little similarity between capuchins and the great apes There is growing evidence that apes understand what they are doing when using tools e g Boesch 1992 McGrew 1992 but this has not been shown for capuchins To compare in a context of tool use the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees or other primate species and those of capuchin monkeys we must look for the underlying mental program that both guides and is expressed in tool using behavior In this study we do not assume a priori that capuchins are less more or equally intelligent than other primate spe cies Capuchins just like chimpanzees humans whales or any other species possess a particular and limited suite of cognitive capacities Here we describe the results of an ex periment that evaluated the ability of a capuchin monkey
138. ld the stone in his hands to give the first blow and ended when the nut was broken The time and the number of blows required to complete the task were recorded Here nut actually refers to the fruits of Terminalia spp Combretaceae a species that is found in the zoo Monkeys were observed to crack these fruits spontaneously with the assistance of stones naturally available on the island This fruit has a soft external layer and underneath it a second fibrous and hard layer which has to be broken in order to reach the edible seed something the monkeys could do only with the as sistance of tools We draw attention to the fact that the test phase was not designed to give the subjects experience with the different stones Instead it was conceived to guide us in evaluating the magnitude of the effect of stone size on the efficiency of accomplishing the task Experimental phase The same three stones of different sizes were simultaneously presented to the subject and a single nut was offered Cri teria for the starting and ending of the trials were the same as in the test phase unless the nut was left undisturbed for three minutes in which case the trial ended In each trial the order of lateral placement of the stones was al tered A total of 50 trials were performed Both phases were videotaped for subsequent analysis Qualitative analysis The two comparison subjects were videotaped in situations of tool use identical to tho
139. lewski M M Ellersieck M R Zunino G E Stacewicz Sapuntzakis M Chen T C and Holick M F 2007 Serum nutritional profiles of free ranging Alouatta caraya in northern Argentina Lipo proteins amino acids vitamins A D and E carotenoids and minerals nt J Prim 28 5 1093 1107 Seiffert E R 2007 Evolution and extinction of Afro Arabian primates near the Eocene Oligocene boundary Folia Prim 78 5 6 314 327 Silcox M T 2007 The biogeographic origins of Primates and Euprimates east west north or south of Eden Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 44 218 Slater K Y Schaffner C M and Aureli E 2007 Embrac es for infant handling in spider monkeys evidence for a biological market Anim Behaviour 74 3 455 461 Smith A C Knogge C Huck M Lottker P Buchan an Smith H M and Heymann E W 2007 Long term patterns of sleeping site use in wild saddleback Saguinus fuscicollis and mustached tamarins S mystax effects of foraging thermoregulation predation and resource defense constraints Am J Phys Anthropol 134 3 340 353 Soligo C 2007 Invading Europe did climate or geogra phy trigger early Eocene primate dispersals Folia Prim 78 5 6 297 313 Souto A Bezerra B M Schiel N and Huber L 2007 Saltatory search in free living Callithrix jacchus environ mental and age influences Int J Prim 28 4 881 893 Spathelf M and Waite T A 2007 Will hotspots con
140. ley S L Pollard J H Bishop J R B and Marques T A 2005 Distance 5 0 Release x Re search Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment Univer sity of St Andrews UK New OCCURRENCE RECORDS AND EASTERN EXTENSION TO THE RANGE OF CALLICEBUS CINERASCENS PRIMATES PITHECIIDAE Maur cio de Almeida Noronha Wilson Roberto Spironello Dayse Campista Ferreira Introduction Spix 1823 first described the ashy black titi monkey Callicebus cinerascens from a male specimen assumed to have been collected along the Rio Iga near the border with Peru in the state of Amazonas Brazil Van Roosmalen and colleagues 2002 questioned the origin of this speci men maintaining that as all subsequent records were for the right bank of the Rio Madeira Rylands 1982 Her shkovitz 1990 van Roosmalen et al 2002 the type lo cality must be incorrect During his taxonomic revision of the genus Callicebus Hershkovitz 1990 added three valid localities for C cinerascens one on the right bank of the Rio Aripuan and two on the right bank of the Rio Roosevelt Rylands 1982 observed the species along the 138 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 right bank of the Rio Aripuan and van Roosmalen et al 2002 included new records from the right banks of the Rios Aripuan and Madeira and the left banks of the Rios Arara and Canum In their taxonomic revision of the genus Callicebus van Roosmalen et al 2002 predic
141. liveira C A and Guimar es M A B V Estudo end crino e comportamental do cuidado parental de indiv duos da esp cie sag i de tufo preto Callithrix penicillta em cativeiro Silva P H N Young R J and C sar C Incentivo mi gra o de macho sub adulto de Callicebus nigrifrons no s tio de dormida Soares G C N Franco E S and C sar C Desenvol vimento do filhote de parauacu Pithecia irrorata gray 1842 e suas intera es sociais em cativeiro Souza M B and Ruiz Miranda C R An lises ac sticas das vocaliza es de longa dist ncia de sag is Callithrix spp introduzidos em um fragmento de mata atl ntica no Rio de Janeiro Summa M E L Neves D V D A Rossi F W Bauab A R Joppert A M Florio A M S Peres N F S L R M Almeida M E Gifalli Iughetti C and Corr a C M Manejo e conserva o de bugios Alouatta guariba clamitans cabrera 1940 primates Atelidae progra ma de reintrodu o protocolo sanit rio Suscke P G Kierulff M C M Canale G R and Santos G R rea de uso de um grupo de macacos prego do peito amarelo Cebus xanthosternos na reserva biol gica de una bahia Tabacow E P Mendes S L and Strier K B Observa es sobre comportamento de infante rf o de muriqui do norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus Teixeira D S Proenca L and Pratesi R Caso fatal de distocia de parto em Callithrix penicillata afetada por os teomal cia
142. m gt and Karen B Strier Depart ment of Anthropology University of Wisconsin Madison 1180 Observatory Drive Madison WI 53706 USA e mail lt kbstrier wisc edu gt References Altmann J 1974 Observational study of behavior Sam pling methods Behaviour 49 227 267 Fairbanks L A 1988 Vervet monkey grandmothers In teractions with infant grandoffspring Int J Primatol 9 425 441 Guimar es V O and Strier K B 2001 Adult male infant interactions in wild muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hy poxanthus Primates 42 395 399 Hawkes K O Connell J E Blurton Jones N G Alvar ez H and Charnov E L 1998 Grandmothering meno pause and the evolution of human life histories Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 1336 1339 Hrdy S B 1977 The Langurs of Abu Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction Harvard University Press Cambridge MA Hrdy S B 1981 The Woman That Never Evolved Harvard University Press Cambridge MA Martins W P and Strier K B 2004 Age at first reproduc tion in philopatric female muriquis Brachyteles arach noides hypoxanthus Primates 45 63 67 Martins W B Guimar es V O and Strier K B 2007 Infant swapping in northern muriquis Brachyteles hypo xanthus Primates 48 4 324 326 Odalia R moli A 1998 Desenvolvimento comporta mental do muriqui Brachyteles arachnoides na Esta o Biol gica de Caratinga Minas Gerais Tese de Doutora mento Univer
143. mono ara a Ateles geoffroyi y la iguana verde Iguana iguana como facilitadores de la germinaci n de semillas de ficus Nagy M B R Nascimento A M and Resende B D Estudo preliminar da biomec nica da quebra de cocos por macacos prego Cebus ssp Nakai E S and Izar P Or amento de atividades e dieta de Cebus nigritus na mata atl ntica Nascimento A T A Schmidlin L A J and Valladares P dua C B Rela o entre h bitat e uso do espa o pelo mico le o da cara preta Leontopithecus caissara lorini e persson 1990 Callitrichidae primates Nery M S Ferraz D S Souza S L E Rodes E R and Melo E R Invent rio de primatas do m dio rio pardo Bahia Neves L G Kierulff M C M Santos G R J Alvarez M Marques A and Raboy B E Resultados prelimin ares sobre a rea de ocorr ncia de Callithrix kublii pri mates Callitrichidae Nogueira D E Ferraz D S Oliveira A E Tabacow E P Souza S M and Melo E R Par metros populacionais de um grupo de muriqui do norte Brachyteles hypoxan thus no entorno do parque estadual do Ibitipoca Ginas gerais Nunes A M Santos C V and Bicca Marques J C Eco logia cognitiva e forrageio social em h bridos de Callithrix penicillata x Callithrix jacchus primates Cebidae Cal litrichinae introduzidos na ilha de Santa Catarina Oklander L I Jerusalinsky L and Bonatto S L Aplicabilidade de microssat lites heter logos em Alo
144. multirresistencia importante ante los antibi ticos evaluados Las tres cepas fueron resistentes a nueve de las 15 concentraciones de antimicrobianos probadas 60 penicilina cefalotina ampicilina sulbactam eritromicina clindamicina nitro furanto na rifampicina vancomicina y teicoplanina Sola mente la pefloxacina ciprofloxacina y tetraciclina fueron efectivas contra todos los aislamientos Estos resultados Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 109 son alarmantes si se comparan con los obtenidos para los monos congo y colorado de Costa Rica donde el 6796 de los antibi ticos fueron efectivos contra las 21 cepas de cocos Gram positivos aislados Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 La resistencia creciente a antibi ticos por parte de los estafilococos se conoce desde hace varios a os La vanco micina todav a se considera como el mejor antimicrobiano disponible para el tratamiento de infecciones por estafilo cocos resistentes a las penicilinas que no son inhibidas por las penicilinasas sin embargo ya se reporta una resistencia incipiente a este f rmaco por parte de los estafilococos No darse 2001 como se observa en este estudio todas las cepas resistentes y en caso de aumentar representar a una verdadera cat strofe en la quimioterapia Resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias anaerobias La resistencia antibacteriana que presentaron las bacterias anaerobias fue considerablemente menor con respecto a la de la
145. n Mart n and Amazonas some of the high est immigration levels in Peru INEI 2006 As a result since the last field survey of O flavicauda Leo Luna 1980 the area has undergone high levels of deforestation and many populations of the species now exist in isolated forest fragments Hunting is also a major threat to the survival of the species Macedo Ruiz and Mittermeier 1979 Leo Luna 1980 1989 Butchart et al 19952 In this study we aimed to gather up to date information on the status of O flavicauda and to evaluate the current threat levels facing it this also serves as a preliminary study for the implemen tation of a larger conservation study Methods Between March and June 2007 we conducted a prelimi nary survey of O flavicauda at 11 sites in Amazonas and San Mart n departments We also collected secondary data on a further six sites in Amazonas Huanuco La Libertad Loreto and San Mart n departments Sites listed in previ ous studies Mittermeier et al 1975 Graves and O Neil 1980 Leo Luna 1980 1982 1989 Parker and Barkley 1981 DeLuycker 2007 as areas of this species occurrence were surveyed for the continued presence of O flavicauda Other areas where habitat and climatic requirements could be met were also surveyed All areas covered in this inves tigation were in the pre montane cloud forest belt in the two eastern branches of the Andean Cordillera between 05 34 and 06 13 S and 77 01 and 76 31 W
146. n macho adulto con parte inferior de la cola de color blanco 5 Un macho adulto con la punta de la cola de color blanco 7 Un macho adulto y un juvenil con manchas de color blanco en parte del pelo y piel de la pata trasera izquierda Un macho adulto con manchas de color blanco en la piel de la pata delantera izquierda Un juvenil con manchas de color blanco en el pelo de ambas patas traseras 9 Una hembra adulta con pelo y piel de la pata trasera izquierda y parte inferior de la cola s lo de un lado de color blanco La coloraci n blanca de la piel de la pata es discontinua Ind solo Macho adulto con parte del pelo y piel de la pata trasera derecha y parte de la cola en forma de anillo de color blanco La coloraci n blanca del pelo de la pata es discontinua 126 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 La densidad de aulladores en el RNVSISL concentrada principalmente en la reducida cobertura de bosque siem pre verde y la proporci n media de inmaduros por hembra indican que la poblaci n podr a tener un crecimiento por natalidad constante El n mero mayor de juveniles que de infantes y cr as parece indicar que la supervivencia de los inmaduros es alta aunque se deben realizar estudios de monitoreo de la poblaci n a lo largo del a o para verificar dicha informaci n La baja cantidad de individuos solita rios encontrados en el RNVSISL es similar a lo reportado en otros ambientes aislados geogr ficamente como la isl
147. nama Primates 18 931 936 Costa Rica MINAE 2005 Plan Estrat gico para el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla San Lucas Ministerio de Ambiente y Energ a Costa Rica Morera R 1996 Uso de h bitats y plantas importantes en la alimentaci n de los monos aulladores Alouatta pallia ta y carablancas Cebus capucinus en el bosque tropical seco Costa Rica Tesis de Maestr a Universidad Nacio nal Costa Rica Neville M Glander K Braza E y Rylands A 1988 The howling monkeys genus Alouatta En Ecology and Beha viour of Neotropical Primates Vol 2 R A Mittermeier A Rylands A Coimbra Filho y G A B da Fonseca eds pp 349 454 World Wildlife Fund Washington DC Rosales Meda M 2007 Uso de tipos de coberturas por tropas de monos aulladores Alouatta palliata palliata y carablancas Cebus capucinus en un agro paisaje conoci miento y percepci n de habitantes locales con respecto a los primates y propuesta base consensuada de manejo y conservaci n para stas especies en el Pac fico Central Costa Rica Tesis de Maestr a Universidad Nacional Costa Rica UICN ORMA WWE eds 1999 Listas de fauna de im portancia para la conservaci n en Centroam rica y M xico listas rojas listas oficiales y especies en Ap ndice CITES Sistema de integraci n centroamericana Direcci n Am biental Costa Rica ASPECTOS ECOL GICOS DE ALOUATTA GUARIBA CLAMITANS CABRERA 1940 NA REA DE RELEVANTE INTERES
148. nd Jardim M M A Intera es l dicas extra grupo entre indiv duos de Alouattta clami tans no sul do Brasil Pinha P S Coelho L A Santos L L S Cho D E Almeida M R and Macedo R H E Transfer ncia de comida entre macacos prego Cebus libidinosus de difer entes classes et rias Pontual EB A paradigm shift for the Atlantic forest Brazil Participatory conservation using agroecological principles to foster rural development and recuperation of degraded areas in Caratinga MG Prates H M and Bicca Marques J C Vivendo no limite dieta de um grupo de bugios pretos Alouatta caraya humboldt 1812 habitante de um pomar Presotto A and Izar P Padr es de movimento de Cebus nigritus no parque estadual Carlos Botelho Printes R C Lokshin L Teixeira E Z Godoy J C F Cabral J H Suertegaray R Lopes M and Buss G Programa Macacos Urbanos Pontes de corda para traves sia de bugios ruivos Alouatta clamitans Cabrera 1940 em Porto Alegre RS Queiroz H L and Valsecchi J Avalia o preliminar dos impactos das mudan as clim ticas e da redu o de n me ros sobre popula es de Cacajao melanocephalus e Cacajao calvus calvus na amaz nia ocidental brasileira Quintana Morales P C Morales M vil J E and Escobar Aliaga M Estimaci n del mbito hogare o de Alouatta palliata una propuesta metodol gica Rangel Negr n A Dias PA D Canales Espinosa D and Vea J J A descrip
149. nd according to the Primate Research Institutes Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Primates Quantification of the monkeys sleep behavior activity was carried out by actigraphy Actiwatch AW 64 Mini Mitter Co Bend Oregon USA for 12 consecutive days as de scribed previously Sri Kantha and Suzuki 2006 Suzuki and Sri Kantha 2006 In brief the following definitions were applied as per the Actiwatch manufacturers instruc tions 1 Activity count an instrument specific arbitrary unit AU quantifying primate activity computed from any omni directional motion made by the caged monkey Though this count is not suitable for determining the abso lute activity of the monkey in concrete terms it is helpful in evaluating comparative activity patterns among the mon keys wearing the Actiwatches from the same commercial supplier 2 Total sleep time TST the cumulative count of time as measured in minutes in a continuous 24 hour circadian cycle that was recorded as sleep As per the al gorithm used in the instrument based on a one minute sampling epoch activity counts of 0 40 were recorded as a wake epoch and activity counts below this threshold were recorded as a sleep epoch 3 Sleep episode length SEL the mean length of blocks of continuous sleep measured in minutes falling between two waking bouts in a 12 h light phase of the 24 h circadian cycle The weight of the Actiwatch was only 17 g approximately one si
150. needed For more information visit lt http www neoprimate org gt Acknowledgments The project Conservation of the Yellow Tailed Woolly Monkey is generously funded by Apenheul Primate Con servation Trust Born Free Foundation IdeaWild Inter national Primate Protection League IPPL La Vallee des Singes Primate Conservation Inc Primate Society of Great Britain Restore UK and The Monkey Sanctuary Trust and the program Environmental Education for the Conserva tion of Peruvian Primates is funded by The Monkey Sanc tuary Trust We wish to thank the important support from the Environmental and Community Education Direction of the Ministry of Education of Peru Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales INRENA Asociaci n Peruana para la Conservaci n de la Naturaleza APECO Sociedad Pe ruana de Derecho Ambiental SPDA Instituto de Inves tigaci n de la Amazonia Peruana IIAP the Campesino Community of Yambrasbamba Mariella Leo Luna V ctor Pacheco Eckhard W Heymann Stephen D Nash Carlos Tello and Stella de la Torre Fanny M Cornejo Museo de Historia Natural Univer sidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Av Arenales 1256 Lima 11 Peru e mail fannyl9mQyahoo com Fanny Fernandez Yunkawasi Lima Peru Noga Shanee and Sam Shanee Neotropical Primate Conservation London England References Aquino R and Encarnaci n F 1994 Primates of Peru Primate Rep 40 1 127 Cowlishaw G and Dunbar R
151. ng bite marks of a large bodied primate and the presence of O flavicauda was confirmed by local residents who told us of the species occurrence in the small patch of forest sur rounding the waterfall Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 117 We were unable to directly observe O flavicauda in any of the other six sites visited in this study However through informal interviews with local informants and the use of photographic depictions and verbal descriptions of O flavicauda we were able to gather additional information CN Zona Resejfath Cordillera Colan Bosque de La P rla de E Limasay Alto Mayo p E Abra Patricia Santa Rosa E A M Yambrasbamba t a a Shipagbamba Pedro Ruiz on these sites Results from these interviews confirmed the presence of O flavicauda at Colca 05 53 40 9 S 77 23 15 2 W and Nuevo Mendoza 06 27 06 7 S 77 05 46 3 W in San Mart n department and La Perla de Limasa 05 34 20 1 S 77 58 53 7 W in Amazonas A Moyobamba hachapoyas Zona Rese S Gira Sisa Amazonas pala AS diio DELS aq y S wm 3 ES Zona Reservada Jagina de los C ndores LI lt 4 gt Un Rio Abiseo La Libertad City Town A O flavicauda absent E O flavicauda present zu River NYO Refered to by other researcher Protected area Regional boundary Road High
152. nge Under cap tive conditions owl monkey sleep has been recorded previ ously for A trivirgatus Perachio 1971 and A azarae Sri Kantha and Suzuki 2006 Suzuki and Sri Kantha 2006 The objective of this study was to quantify the parameters for sleeping behavior activity among captive born owl monkey hybrids Methods Four female owl monkey hybrid siblings age range 11 16 yrs weight range 1 016 1 163 kg and three female owl monkey purebreds including a mother and two of her progeny age range 6 16 years weight range 1 050 1 079 kg reared at Kyoto Universitys Primate Research Institute PRI were the subjects of this study Ihe founding members of the owl monkey colony born in the mid 1970s originated from Bolivia These seven 142 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 monkeys were housed in individual stainless steel cages 100x 70 x 60 cm The Aotus colony room was maintained on a shifted alternating 12 hr light 2300 1100 hrs 200 lux 12 hr dark 1100 2300 hrs 0 01 0 5 lux cycle Lighting conditions of the room were routinely checked by an illuminance meter TopCon IM 5 Tokyo Food and water were available to the monkeys ad libitum and the commercial pellet diet for New World monkeys 25 1 g protein and 10 6 g lipid 100 g diet was supplemented daily with fresh fruits and twice weekly with mealworms All experiments were carried out with approval from the Re search Committee of the Institute a
153. no centro de primatologia da universidade de Bras lia Veracini C and Masseti M Early appearance of south american monkeys in catholic italy the second rediscov ery of the marcgravess capuchin monkey Cebus flavius schreber 1774 Verona C E Brand o M Chame M Sianto L Ruiz Miranda C Dietz J M and Beck B Exame copro l gico de mico le o dourado Leontopithecus rosalia e sag i de tufo branco Callithrix jacchus como m todo Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 155 auxiliar de avalia o de popula es selvagens e fragmen tos de floresta atl ntica do rio de janeiro Vieira P R Tavares M C H and Tomaz C A B Mem ria espacial em macacos prego Cebus spp e humanos Vilela A A Del Claro K Caracteriza o das popula es e uso de habitat por Callithrix penicillata em uma reserva de Cerrado no Tri ngulo Mineiro Villar D N A Costa T C and Mendes F D C Censo populacional de Cebus libidinosus no parque estadual Altamiro de Moura Pacheco no dom nio do bioma cer rado goi nia go Waga I C Pinha P S Sabbatini G Stammati M and Tavares M C H Predac o e ingest o de vertebrados por macacos prego Cebus libidinosus no parque nacional de Bras lia Wruck E C Hirano Z M B and Ferreira Dos Santos W Caracter sticas bioqu micas da colora o do p lo por secre o epid rmica de Alouatta guariba clamitans Xavier M S Pissinatti
154. o que el reportado para la IBC 19 individuos Milton 1990 Se desconoce el tiempo de formaci n de cada tropa en el RNVSISL No obstante el mismo podr a afectar su tama o y es posible que las tropas m s antiguas sean las mayores La cantidad media de machos hembras e inmaduros es congruente con lo reportado para la especie Neville et al 1988 cercana a los valores reportados para el bosque seco en el PNSR Fedigan et al 1985 La Pac fica y La Toboga Neville e al 1988 y relativamente menor a los reportados en el bosque tropical de la IBC en 1980 Milton 1990 As el tama o composici n y patr n de distribuci n de las tropas observado en los bosques siempre verdes del RNV SISL no difiere de los valores reportados en otros h bitats y probablemente s lo depende de la abundancia calidad y disponibilidad de recursos Milton 1990 Como se espe raba se observ que las tropas m s grandes de 22 y 23 in dividuos habitaban en los remanentes de bosque m s gran des y antiguos 7 5 y 5 85 ha respectivamente mientras que la tropa m s peque a tres individuos se observ en uno de los remanentes m s peque os y j venes 3 16 ha Es posi ble que esto refleje una mejor adaptaci n de los aulladores en el RNVSISL debido a la disponibilidad de alimento de mejor calidad y con menor cantidad de compuestos secundarios vegetales t xicos Milton 1979 Durante el muestreo se observ cualitativamente una tendencia a
155. on in the first place or why her care of DN increased during the last four months of the study period However neither of the other two females maternal sisters that have repro duced in their natal group received any help with carry ing from their mother who unlike DD was caring for her own infants when her grandchildren were born DD s interest in or ability to carry her grandson may have been possible because she was not encumbered with an infant of her own Based on her reproductive history and the aver age three year birth interval Strier er al 2006 DD was expected to have conceived during the 2005 06 mating season Although her last observed copulation was on 2 De cember 2005 she did not subsequently give birth Muriqu is do not exhibit visible signs of early pregnancy and the cessation of cycling and mating during the mating season is usually indicative of conception Strier and Ziegler 1997 2005 We do not know however whether DD s pregnan cy failed or whether she failed to conceive at all this year Seven years earlier during the 1998 1999 mating season Percent of Observations Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month Figure 1 Grandmaternal versus maternal infant carrying and contact Percentages are based on scan samples in which DD and DB were carrying or in contact with DN 80 E Rest Travel E Feed Percent of Observations DD with DD w o DB with DB w o Female with and with
156. onchocerci dae from Ateles chamek from the Beni of Bolivia Para sitol 93 3 661 667 Ohl Schacherer J Shepard G H Jr Kaplan H Peres C A Levi T and Yu D W 2007 The sustainability of subsistence hunting by Matsigenka native communities in Manu National Park Peru Cons Biol 21 5 1174 1185 Ortiz Martinez T and Rico Gray V 2007 Spider mon keys Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus in a tropical deciduous forest in Tehuantepec Oaxaca Mexico Southwest Natu ralist 52 3 393 399 Parga J A and Lessnau R G 2007 Male dispersal as a mating strategy in the ringtailed lemur Lemur catta Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 44 Pavelka M S M McGoogan K C and Steffens T S 2007 Population size and characteristics of Alouatta pigra before and after a major hurricane Int J Prim 28 4 919 929 Peres C A and Palacios E 2007 Basin wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities in Ama zonian forests Implications for animal mediated seed dispersal Biotropica 39 3 304 315 Porter L M Sterr S M and Garber P A 2007 Habitat use and ranging behavior of Callimico goeldii Int J Prim 28 5 1035 1058 Rasmussen D T 2007 Fossil record of the Primates from the Paleocene to the Oligocene Handbook of Paleoan thropology Volume 2 Primate Evolution and Human Or igins Henke W and Tattersall I Editors New York Springer Verlag 889 920 Schmidt D A Kowa
157. ondon UK e mail samshaneeggmail com and Angela M Maldonado Fundaci n Entropika Leticia Colombia and School of Social Sciences and Law Department of Anthropology Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK References Butchart S H M Barnes R Davies C W N Fernan dez M and Seddon N 1995a Observations of two threatened primates in the Peruvian Andes Primate Con serv 16 15 19 Butchart S H M Barnes R Davies C W N Fernan dez M and Seddon N 1995b Threatened mammals of the Cordillera de Col n Peru Oryx 29 275 281 DeLuycker A 2007 Notes on the yellow tailed woolly monkey Oreonax flavicauda and its status in the pro tected forest of Alto Mayo northern Peru Primate Con serv 22 41 47 EDGE 2007 Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally En dangered EDGE London Website lt http www edgeofexistence org species species_info asp id 79 gt Ac cessed 1 August 2007 Graves G R and O Neill J P 1980 Notes on the yel low tailed woolly monkey Lagothrix flavicauda of Peru J Mammal 61 345 347 Humboldt A and Bonpland A 1812 Recueil d Obser vations de Zoologie et d Anatomie Compar e faites dans l Oc an Atlantiques dans l Int rieur du Nouveau Continent et dans la Mer du Sud 1 E Schoell and G Dufour and Co Paris Instituto Nacional de Estad stica e Inform tica INED 2006 Website lt http www inei gob pe gt Accessed 1 August 2007 IUCN 2006 Red
158. onkey species such as A palliata Zucker and Clarke 1998 and A seniculus Stevenson e al 1998 Each group was followed from Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 131 dawn to dusk once per week over the wet season study period of July 2003 to January 2004 From the 960 proximity scans we calculated proximity scores for dyads using a formula adapted from Matsumura and Okamoto 1997 f B A f A x 100 b F A E B pay 9 Where a F A was the total number of proximity scans for a given age sex class A F B was the total number of prox imity scans for a given age sex class B f B was the total number of proximity scans in which B was found within 2 m of A when A was scanned and f A was the total number of proximity scans in which A was found within 2 m of B when B was scanned Although this formula was originally intended for individual dyad analyses we have adapted it for age sex classes Given that there were differ ent numbers of individuals and different numbers of sam ples for each age sex class for dyads with the same age sex class we b divided the number of near proximity scans for that dyad by the total number of proximity scans for that focal age sex class Dyads with an unknown age sex class were dropped from this part of the analysis Proxim ity data from the three groups were pooled with the ex ception of dyads involving juveniles which were calculat ed by group as
159. or more in formation visit the web site http www asp org asp2008 index htm or contact Matthew Novak e mail lt novakm mail nih gov gt II Congreso Colombiano de Primatologia Junio 26 28 de 2008 Bogota D C Organizado por la Aso ciaci n Colombiana de Primatolog a ACP Se reali zar n presentaciones a manera de conferencias magis trales ponencias presentaci n de carteles mesas de discusi n talleres y cursos en torno a dos grandes tem ticas conservaci n in situ y ex situ Para mayor informa ci n contactar lt congreso2008 primatologiacolombia org presidenciagprimatologiacolombia org o visite el sitio http www primatologia org 22 4 Annual Meeting of The Society of Conservation Bi ology July 13 17 2008 Chattanooga Tennessee USA The chair of the meeting will be Dr David A Aborn from the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Tennessee at Chattanooga As evidenced by several previous meeting themes there are connections among many aspects of the environment and its conser vation and recognizing those connections is critical for achieving the goals of conservation biology To that end the theme for the 2008 SCB annual meeting From the mountains to the sea will examine several major ecosystems both as separate components and as a connected entity For more information and submission dates go to www conbio org 2008 gt XXII IPS Congress August 3
160. out w o DN Figure 2 Distribution of DD s and DB s main activities relative to their contact with or without DN Resting with DN involved physical contact traveling and feeding with DN involved carry ing him DD also cycled and copulated but did not subsequently give birth Her much lower cyding estradiol levels and higher corresponding androgen levels relative to other fe males that conceived that year were hypothesized to have contributed to her reproductive failure Strier and Ziegler 2005 Although she has reproduced in the intervening years it is possible that during the present study she ex perienced similar conception difficulties to those when she was seven years younger Although DD and DB were rarely in close proximity DB was more likely to be among DD s nearest neighbors when DD was carrying her grandson than when she was not We do not know whether DD initiated proximity with DB to gain access to her grandson or whether DB initiated prox imity with DD to solicit her help or to monitor her while she was carrying DN Both DD and DB were less likely to feed when they were carrying DN than when they were not It is tempting to infer that by carrying her grandson DD liberated her daughter to feed unencumbered but muriqui mothers often park their infants in the canopies of the trees in which they are feeding Strier 1999 p 84 IFDN was parked nearby when either his mother or grandmother were feeding neither w
161. quadrada como Quase Amea ada na revis o da Lista Oficial de Esp cies da Fauna Brasileira Amea ada de Extin o Rylands e Chiarello 2003 e Presumivelmente Amea ada na Lista da Fauna Amea ada de Extin o do Estado do Rio de Ja neiro Bergallo et al 2000 Atualmente pouco se conhece sobre a ecologia e demografia de 4 g clamitans nos frag mentos de Floresta Atl ntica do Rio de Janeiro Na regi o do M dio Vale do Para ba do Sul regi o sul do Estado inexistem informa es acerca da situa o atual desta sub esp cie Este trabalho apresenta dados sobre a composi o s cio et ria e a dieta de A g clamitans na rea de Relevante Interesse Ecol gico Floresta da Cicuta unidade de conser vac o federal no Estado do Rio de Janeiro Material e M todos rea de estudo Abrangendo parte dos munic pios de Barra Mansa e Volta Redonda na regi o do M dio Vale do Para ba do Sul Estado do Rio de Janeiro a rea de Relevante Interesse Ecol gico ARIE Floresta da Cicuta 22 24 22 38 S 44 09 44 20 W 300 500 m a n m 131 ha admin istrada pelo Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renov veis IBAMA e pela Compan hia Sider rgica Nacional CSN Sua vegeta o caracter izada como Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Submontana IBGE 1992 enquanto as reas adjacentes s o compostas por matas em est gio inicial e intermedi rio de sucess o antigos plantios de
162. quino pers com Key informant questionnaires and ad libitum data collec tion showed that most people in these areas are depen dent on income from timber extraction Many people also showed concern about the level of deforestation and its implications for the future Almost all informants said that they had noticed environmental problems affecting their lives and pointed to deforestation as the main cause of problems such as landslides soil erosion changes in the local climate and the disappearance of wildlife The migrant populations in the area do not generally consume primate meat but opportunely hunt O flavicauda with the inten tion of selling young animals as pets in fact 896 of inter viewees targeted primates whilst hunting but only in the indigenous community of Shimbayacu did respondents say that primates were hunted for meat Unfortunately no pre cise data could be collected on the percentage of primate off take rates represented by O flavicauda as hunting was opportunistic and hunters indiscriminate in their choice of species During the period of this study we collected in cidental data on illegal trade in O flavicauda We found two recently caught O flavicauda for sale and heard reports of several more Prices ranged from 30 250 soles about 10 70 US dollars Discussion Determining population sizes and distributions for a species such as the yellow tailed woolly monkey is made harder by its fragmented distrib
163. r deciding when to sell their merchandise The other representations include early European paintings in which monkeys occupy a principal position posing with nobles These suggest that Neotropical primates played an interesting role as preferred and exotic pets even during the early Contact period The earliest painting is of Prince Edward of Wales with a marmoset possibly Callithrix jac chus Fig 2a Zuckerman 1998 It was painted by the German Renaissance artist Hans Holbein 1497 1543 living at that time in Basel Switzerland The monkey might have been obtained by some of the English travelers that visited the northeastern part of South America during the 16 century see Ribeiro and Araujo Moreira Neto 1992 In Fig 2b the painting depicts the Infanta Isabela Clara Eugenia 1566 1633 daughter of Felipe II and Isabel de Valois with a common marmoset Callithrix jacchus Zuckerman 1998 This painting by the Spanish Renais sance painter Alonso S nchez Coello 1531 1588 is the most realistic pictorial representation of any Neotropical primate during the 16 century see other figures in Urbani 1999 2004 this study These early European paintings Figs 2a and 2b suggest the existence of an early interna tional network of primate trade the geographical distribu tion of these marmosets was a Portuguese territory in the New World today northeastern Brazil out of the colonial range of Spain and England Finally
164. ra Parago minas Par Cardoso N A Le Pendu Y Lapenta M J and Raboy B E Frugivoria De Mico Le o Da Cara Dourada Leontopithecus chrysomelas Na Reserva Biol gica De Una Bahia Carminatti M O F and Izar P Interac es iniciais de filho tes de macacos prego Cebus apella Castelo Branco R Lopes E A An lise da motiva o na resoluc o de tarefas pelo sag i comum Callithrix jacchus 152 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Castro C S S Silva D M R Costa J nior E A Angei ras P H G Souza M E Torres R A M Alves W F and Souza PG Censo populacional do sag i Callithrix jacchus em remanescente de Mata Atl ntica Coelho A S Ruiz Miranda C R Martins A and Beck B B Efeito de corredores florestais nos padr es sociais de micos le es dourados Leontopithecus rosalia Condessa S S Barbosa L P Souza M P Morais D B Neves M M Coelho C D P and Ribeiro A L Estra t gia social de enriquecimento ambiental no comporta mento de macaco prego Cebus apella em cativeiro Cordeiro A M Tavares G S Medeiros M C and Dias L G Dispers o de sementes de Chrysophyllum imperi ale pelo muriqui do norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce MG Correa C M and Neves D V D A Tratamento de canal convencional em Alouatta guariba clamitans primates Atelidae Correa I C Hirano Z M B Oliveira D A G and Q
165. re 1 Geographic range of Callicebus cinerascens based on Hershkovitz 1990 Rylands 1982 van Roosmalen er al 2002 and this study 1 Prainha right bank of the Rio Aripuan Amazonas 2 S o Jo o and 3 Otoho right bank of the Rio Roosevelt Mato Grosso records for the species from the following locations on the right bank of the Rio Aripuan Amazonas 4 Cipotuba 05 48 23 S 60 12 76 W east bank of Lago Cipotuba 5 Prainha 05 45 S 60 12 W Igarap Prainha 6 S o Jo o 05 28 S 60 22 W Igarap Terra Preta and along the right bank of the Rio Madeira Amazonas 7 around the town of Novo Aripuan 05 07 08 S 60 22 45 W 8 left bank of the Rio Arara 05 12 S 60 04 W 40 km east of Novo Aripuan 9 around the town of Borba 04 22 S 59 35 W 10 left bank of the Rio Canuma 11 Humboldt Pioneer Nucleus 10 10 S 59 27 W on the right bank of the Rio Aripuan Mato Grosso right bank of the Rio Sucundur Amazonas 12 BR230 06 46 S 59 00 W 13 Vila de Sucundur 06 48 S 59 04 W 14 06 42 S 59 03 W 15 05 44 S 59 22 W 16 05 30 S 59 28 W 17 05 25 S 59 41 W 18 source of Igarap Surubim 06 53 S 59 03 W left bank of the Rio Sucundur Amazonas 19 left bank of the Rio Tapaj s 06 34 S 58 24 W 20 left bank of the Rio Tapaj s 06 34 S 58 35 W 21 Vicinal do Coruja 07 38 S 59 49 W Floresta Nacional do Jatuarana 22 Serra do Sucundur 08 50
166. rids Sachi Sri Kanha Jur Suzuki YO AA COG Vo Pl REL AA AAA AAA AAA Paene Ea eee AEA e EE EEE Further Information on Neotropical Monkeys Reported in the XVI Century Part 2 Bernardo Orbant s cate A M E AIEO TS TS TRENTINO AE IDEEN SIN EP URS CT eee IUCN SSC PRIMATE Specialist Group
167. rina de primera generaci n mientras que un 89 a cefoxitina y un 69 a cefuroxima cefalos porinas de segunda generaci n Este resultado es similar al obtenido para las cepas aisladas de otros monos de Costa Rica donde la mayor resistencia dentro de las cefalospori nas se present para la cefalotina aunque en menor porcen taje 6396 Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 La menor re sistencia a la cefepima 12 796 era de esperar debido a que es una cefalosporina de cuarta generaci n con el mayor espectro de actividad de las cefalosporinas disponibles ac tualmente Gomis et al 1998 La cefepima es m s estable y menos af n ante las beta lactamasas por lo que el hallazgo de bacterias de la flora normal de los monos particular mente cepas de Enterobacter t picamente sensibles Gomis et al 1998 resistentes a esta droga es preocupante dado que su uso es muy limitado al ambiente hospitalario Por su parte el 65 de las cepas de bacilos Gram negativos present resistencia a amoxicilina similar a las cepas de los monos congo y colorado 71 Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Dicho resultado correlaciona con el hecho de que la amoxicilina es uno de los antibi ticos m s empleados en el sistema de salud del pa s debido a su bajo precio y su amplio espectro Los resultados muestran una importante resistencia de los bacilos Gram negativos ante los aminoglic sidos to bramicina 52 gentamicina 32 netilmicina 28 y amikacina
168. robias aisladas de la cavidad oral de 33 monos tit Saimiri oerstedii de Costa Rica Total de cepas Ee non G nero aislamiento 96 n 31 n 33 Clostridium 16 36 Fusobacterium 4 12 Bacteroides 2 6 Gemella 2 6 Peptostreptococcus 2 6 Prevotella 2 6 Veillonella 2 6 Propionibacterium 1 3 anaerobio m s com nmente aislado fue Clostridium 16 cepas a partir del 36 de las muestras con representantes de las especies C bifermentans C clostridioforme C per fringens C sporogenes y C tyrobutyricum En las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antibi ticos Fig 1 el 9096 de los bacilos Gram negativos fue resistente a la cefa lotina y el 8996 a la cefoxitina cefalosporinas de primera y segunda generaci n respectivamente Otras cefalosporinas presentaron menores porcentajes de resistencia microbia na cefuroxima 69 2 generaci n ceftazidima 1 mg L 61 3 generaci n cefepima 10 4 generaci n y ce fotaxima ceftazidima 8 16 mg L y ceftriaxone todas de tercera generaci n con porcentajes inferiores al 10 Altas tasas de resistencia se presentaron tambi n ante amoxicili na tobramicina y amoxicilina cido clavul nico Fig 1 Ocho de los antimicrobianos demostraron porcentajes de resistencia de 10 40 mientras que nueve estuvieron por debajo del 10 dentro de los cuales solamente ceftriaxone y pefloxacina fueron efectivos contra todas las cepas anali zadas Por su parte las
169. rom the IPS will be awarded the winners in the professional category The deadline for re ceiving entries is January 31 2008 For further informa tion see the Congress website lt http www ips2008 co uk FilmCompetition html gt or contact Charles Weisbard at lt cw2359 columbia edu gt HorwicH Earns First WNPRC JACOBSEN CONSERVATION AWARD Jordana Lenon Robert Horwich Director of Community Conservation a nonprofit primate conservation organization is the first recipient of the Lawrence Jacobsen Conservation Research Award This award from the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center supports studies in applied conservation biology that protect non human primate species and their habitats The award will benefit Dr Horwich s ongoing work to conserve the golden langur Trachypithecus geei in India The Golden Langur Conservation Project is a holistic proj ect that blends conservation research education economic development and community development Horwich will use the award to step up conservation and evaluation ef forts at one focal area the Kakoijana Reserve Forest He and project participants including national forest members and villagers from adjacent communities plan to measure changes in reforestation the increase in golden langurs and changes in economic development within 10 communities surrounding Kakoijana Thus through this project we will use Kakoijana as a model to determine the effectiveness of the con
170. rs con cerned with the study of human or animal behavior This unique conference focuses on methods techniques and tools in behavioral research in the widest sense from be havioral ecology to neuroscience and from physiology to ergonomics In doing so Measuring Behavior responds to a growing need to cross disciplines and create bridges be tween them For more details go to lt www noldus webaxxs net mb2008 gt 2009 Neotropical Primate Husbandry Research and Conser vation Conference October 13 15 2009 Brookfield Zoo is pleased to announce that it will host a Neotropical Pri mate Husbandry Research and Conservation Conference This conference will focus on a variety of topics pertaining to neotropical primates like husbandry conservation and emergent issues pertaining to captive and wild populations The workshop will include three days of presentations a poster session as well an icebreaker silent auction and banquet Additional information regarding registration fees travel information and submission of abstracts will be made available in late 2008 For questions please contact lt vince sodaro czs org gt Notes to Contributors Scope The journal newsletter aims to provide a basis for conservation information relating to the primates of the Neotropics We welcome texts on any aspect of primate conservation including articles thesis abstracts news items recent events recent publications primatologi
171. rsidad Veracruzana Xalapa M xico Founding Editors Anthony B Rylands Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International Arlington VA USA Ernesto Rodr guez Luna Instituto de Neuroetolog a Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa M xico Editorial Board Hannah M Buchanan Smith University of Stirling Stirling Scotland UK Adelmar E Coimbra Filho Academia Brasileira de Ci ncias Rio de Janeiro Brazil Carolyn M Crockett Regional Primate Research Center University of Washington Seattle WA USA Stephen F Ferrari Universidade Federal do Par Bel m Brazil Russell A Mittermeier Conservation International Arlington VA USA Marta D Mudry Universidad de Buenos Aires Argentina Hor cio Schneider Universidade Federal do Par Bel m Brazil Karen B Strier University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA Maria Em lia Yamamoto Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil Primate Specialist Group Chairman Russell A Mittermeier Deputy Chair Anthony B Rylands Coordinator Special Section on Great Apes Liz Williamson Regional Coordinators Neotropics Mesoamerica Ernesto Rodriguez Luna Andean Countries Erwin Palacios and Eckhard W Heymann Brazil and the Guianas M Cec lia M Kierulff Regional Coordinators Africa West Africa John E Oates East Africa David Mbora Regional Coordinator Madagascar J rg U Ganzhorn Regional Coordinators Asia China Long Yongcheng
172. rzban and C A Aktipis 25 The hominid entry into the cognitive niche H C Barrett L Cosmides and J Tooby 41 The evolutions of human mating strategies consequences for conflict and coopera tion D M Buss 42 Social structural origins of sex dif ferences in human mating W Wood and A H Eagly 43 The evolutions of women s estrus extended sexuality and concealed ovulation and their implications for human sexuality research R Thornhill The Future of the Wild Radical Conservation for a Crowded World by Jonathan S Adams 2007 Beacon Press 267 pp ISBN 978 0807085370 With appropriate urgency and a thorough understanding of history and the issues Jonathan Adams offers a sound conservation strategy in The Future of the Wild using the latest in conservation science as well as the desires of local communities to protect the places where people live and work With modern examples Adams shows how each small success moves conservationists closer to creating protected landscapes large enough to support animals like bison and wolves Only with freedom to roam through and between these huge lands using wilderness corridors can such large animals flourish Content Part I Thinking Big 1 A Parliament of owls 2 Do big things run the world 3 Save some of everything Part II Science and Community 4 Conservation in exurbia Florida and California 5 Appointment in Sonora 6 The native home of hope 7 Save enough to last
173. s accessible to a wide audience that includes an array of disciplines from the nat ural sciences social sciences and the humanities concerned with Wildlife Biology REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT CONFERENCES IPS 2008 Pre TRAINING WORKSHOP The topic of the workshop is improving captive primates welfare through good husbandry This workshop aims to proactively promote the welfare of captive primates by providing employees from habitat country zoos and or sanctuaries with the knowledge skills motivation and management skills to implement BH in their home in stitutions It wil be held from July 30 to August 3 at Edinburg Zoo For more details go to http www reec info IPS2008 htm gt Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 147 PRIMATOLOGY FILM COMPETITION A Primatology Film Competition is to be held to judge the best films videos made in the area of primatology produced from 1997 up to present The winning productions will be screened at the Congress of the International Primatological Society in Edinburgh Scotland August 3 8 2008 There will be two categories 1 professionally made with budget above 30 000 and 2 independent productions that cost less than 30 000 There will be preliminary screenings and judging and the five best entries in each category will be screened in Edinburgh Monetary prizes will be awarded to the top entries in the non professional category and appropriate certificates f
174. s on uakaris Ua karis are traditionally associated with flooded forests on the margins of lowland rivers but Cacajao ayresii turned up in a mountainous area of the Pico de Neblina region on the border between Brazil and Venezuela a long way from its relatives of the Cacajao genre The new species has a very re stricted distribution and since it lives outside any protected area and is hunted by local people it should immediately be considered endangered The complete article has been published in the National Geographic News at lt http news nationalgeographic com news 2008 02 080204 new monkey html gt CONSERVATION ENDOWMENT FUND REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS The Conservation Endowment Fund CEF supports the cooperative conservation related scientific and education al initiatives of AZA and its member institutions Every major type of conservation and animal care initiative is rep resented research field conservation education animal welfare animal health and captive breeding The 2008 ap plication is now available on the AZA website at aza org ConScience WhatIsCEF gt Proposals are due on April 2008 RECENT PUBLICATIONS Books The Evolution of Mind Fundamental Questions and Contro versies by Steven W Gangestad 2007 The Guilford Press 448 pp ISBN 978 1593854089 In the past two decades an explosion of research has generated many compelling 148 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007
175. s otras bacterias El mayor porcentaje de resistencia se present ante metronidazole 35 al igual que ocu rri en otros monos del pa s 49 Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 Adem s de presentar excelente actividad ante Bacteroides fragilis Fusobacterium sp y Clostridium perfrin gens Chow 2000 este agente es utilizado tambi n para el tratamiento de infecciones por protozoarios por lo que su difundida aplicaci n ha favorecido la aparici n de cepas resistentes aisladas de animales y del ser humano Diniz et al 2000 La resistencia se present en el 52 4 de los anaerobios Gram positivos y abarc todos los g neros mientras que la droga fue efectiva contra todos los Gram negativos Este hallazgo es similar al 3 de resistencia en Gram negativos y el 53 6 en Gram positivos encontrado por Boyanova y colaboradores 2000 en aislamientos de muestras cl nicas pero contrasta con el 44 de resistencia presentado por Gram negativos en el caso de los monos congo y colorado Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 La clindamicina es un antibi tico muy til para el trata miento de anaerobios y su amplio uso favorece la aparici n de cepas resistentes principalmente por la alteraci n no enzim tica del sitio de acci n Falagas y Siakavellas 2000 As por ejemplo se han observado recientemente porcen tajes de resistencia entre 5 y 15 para Bacteroides fragilis y entre 15 y 30 para otros miembros del grupo B fragilis organismos para los
176. s que permanec an en cautiverio desde hace dos a os en un zoo l gico Con una torunda est ril se rasparon los dientes y la cavidad bucal de cada uno de los monos previamente sedados y se resuspendi la muestra en un tubo con 2 mL de soluci n salina est ril SSE As pticamente y con jerin ga est ril se inocul 0 5 mL de la suspensi n en un tubo con medio carne cocida CC prerreducido Durante el transporte hasta el laboratorio los tubos con la suspensi n en SSE se mantuvieron en fr o mientras que los de CC se mantuvieron a temperatura ambiente A cada uno de los tubos con SSE se les agreg 2 mL de caldo tripticasa soya CTS y se incubaron a 35 C por 24 horas los tubos con CC prerreducidos se incubaron a 35 C por 48 horas A partir de cada tubo con CTS se ray una placa de agar sangre AS y se incub a 35 C por 24 horas para el aisla miento de bacterias aerobias A partir de cada tubo con CC prerreducido se ray una placa de AS y se incub a 35 C por 48 horas en jarra de anaerobiosis para el aislamiento de bacterias anaerobias Se seleccionaron los diferentes mor fotipos coloniales de cada placa se les realiz tinci n de Gram y se subcultivaron en placas de AS para obtener cul tivos puros Se determin la tolerancia al ox geno de cada cepa aislada a trav s de la inoculaci n de dos placas de AS una incubada en atm sfera incrementada de CO y otra en jarra de anaerobiosis 35 C por 48 horas Se seleccionaron
177. se performed by the experimen tal subject Results During the test phase there was a significant effect of stone size on the number of blows required to complete the task Kruskal Wallis ANOVA x 17 2 36 95 p lt 0 0001 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 113 Table 1 Summary of tool using activities in the test phase Trials LS and MS n 20 SS n 17 LS large stone MS medium stone SS small stone Typeof Number Mem Mean fblows PE trial Time s per trial stone o x SE AS m 67 335 0 43 135 52 6 78 1 12 s 82 412034 15791 79 09 dem 381 2241219 739 04 43 47 6 44 Monte Carlo method see Table 1 Post hoc tests re vealed that use of the small stones required significantly more blows than the medium or large stones Nemenyi Dunn multiple comparisons test for samples of unequal size p 0 0001 However there was no significant differ ence in number of blows required between the large and medium stones Mann Whitney Test U 144 0 p 20 134 exact test two tailed Since the assumption of spheric ity required for a repeated measures ANOVA was violated Mauchly s sphericity test w 26 72 p 0 0001 we com pared the duration data across conditions with a repeated measures MANOVA which showed a significant differ ence across the different stone sizes R 2 15 18 62 p 0 0001 The values associated with the small stone were again respon
178. se the most energeti cally efficient of the other two Furthermore the rejection seems to result from behavioural inflexibility which made the small stone a very inefficient implement although it seemed to have the potential to be the opposite This re inforces previous doubts of capuchin behavioral flexibility 114 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 and other cognitive capacities as shown in Jalles Filho ez al 2001 We observed the continuous reactivation of previous manipulative action patterns with the monkeys always applying one and the same set of movements ap parently blind to the changes in the external conditions even when a change was needed In terms of the concept of tool mentioned above we suggest that the mental pro gram used by the individual to implement the operations over the environment was lacking in complexity from the outset A sufficiently complex program would permit new elements to be incorporated and also the selection and combination of previous elements producing completely new arrangements of whole motor patterns Previous studies of tool selection or modification partly re viewed in Fragaszy et al 2004b have yielded mixed results when compared the present study In all cases there are dif ferences in experimental design some of them subtle which may explain the discrepancies For example Antinucci and Visalberghi 1986 have shown that a capuchin monkey was able to use three
179. serva o particulares RPPNs Agradecimentos Agradecemos Funda o CSN pela autoriza o de pes quisa e aux lio financeiro Ao Prof Dr Len cio Gon alves e ao Prof Dr H lio Ricardo da Silva Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro UFRRJ pelas cr ticas e sugest es a este trabalho Sandro Leonardo Alves Reserva Biol gica do Guapor Av Limoeiro s n Centro Costa Marques 27320 690 Rond nia Brasil e mail lt atelidae yahoo com br gt e Andr Scarambone Za Laborat rio de Ecologia Flor estal Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UNIRIO Av Pasteur 458 Sala 503 Urca Rio de Janei ro 22290 240 Rio de Janeiro Brasil e mail lt andrezau unirio br gt Refer ncias Alves S L 2004 Aspectos ecol gicos e conserva o de Alouatta guariba clamitans Primates Atelidae na rea de Relevante Interesse Ecol gico Floresta da Cicuta Regi o do M dio Vale do Para ba do Sul RJ Monografia de Bacharelado Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Serop dica Bergallo H G Rocha C F D Alves M A S e Sluys M van 2000 A Fauna Amea ada de Extin o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Editora da UERJ Rio de Janeiro Bicca Marques J C 2003 How do howler monkeys cope with habitat fragmentation Em Primates in Frag ments Ecology and Conservation L K Marsh ed pp 283 303 Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers New York Carauta J P P Lima D F Vianna M C
180. servation effort Horwich said THE WorLD s 25 Most ENDANGERED PRIMATES Humankind s closest living relatives the world s apes monkeys lemurs and other primates are under unprec edented threat with 29 percent of all species in danger of going extinct according to a new report by the Primate Specialist Group of IUCN and the International Primato logical Society IPS in collaboration with Conservation International The World s 25 Most Endangered Primates list compiled at the 21 Congress of the International Primatological Society in Entebbe Uganda shows that eight of the primates on the latest list including the Suma tran orangutan of Indonesia and the Cross River gorilla of Cameroon and Nigeria also appeared on the previous three lists 2000 2002 2004 Six other species are on the list for the first time including a recently discovered Indonesian tarsier that has yet to be formally named By region the list includes 11 species from Asia seven from Africa four from Madagascar and three from South America show ing that non human primates are threatened wherever they live The full report is published in Primate Conservation 22 available at http www primate sg org pc htm New CACAJAO SPECIES A uakari monkey living in north western Amazonia it be longs to a species unknown to science until recently but is now named Cacajao ayresii in honour of Brazilian biologist Marcio Ayres who pioneered field studie
181. serve extra primate and carnivore evolutionary history Diver sity Distributions 13 6 746 751 Stone A T 2007 Ecological risk aversion and foraging be haviors of juvenile squirrel monkeys Saimiri sciureus Ethology 113 8 782 792 Trejo Macias G Estrada A and Mosqueda Cabrera M A 2007 Survey of helminth parasites in populations of Alouatta palliata mexicana and A pigra in continuous and in fragmented habitat in southern Mexico Int J Prim 28 4 931 945 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 151 Veiga L M and Ferrari S E 2007 Geophagy at termitaria by bearded sakis Chiropotes satanas in southeastern Bra zilian Amazonia Am J Prim 69 7 816 820 Vilela S L 2007 Sympatry and diet of Callithrix penicil lata Hershkovitz Callitrichidae and Cebus libidinosus Spix Cebidae in gallery forests from Distrito Federal Brasil Rev Brasil Zool 24 3 601 607 Vitazkova S K and Wade S E 2007 Effects of ecology on the gastrointestinal parasites of Alouatta pigra Int J Prim 28 6 1327 1343 Vogel E R Munch S B and Janson C H 2007 Under standing escalated aggression over food resources in white faced capuchin monkeys Anim Behav 74 1 71 80 Wang Y H Tu X M Humphrey C McClure H Jiang X Qin C Glass R I and Jiang B M 2007 Detection of viral agents in fecal specimens of monkeys with diar thea J Med Prim 36 2 101 107 Wehncke
182. sible for the difference Spjetvoll Stoline test for unequal sample sizes p 0 001 The large and medium stones did not differ significantly in time to task comple tion Students 7 test for independent samples t 1 54 p gt 0 05 two tailed In the analysis of the experimental phase the subject excluded the small stone as an opera tive tool but did not differentiate between the other two using the large stone during 28 trials and the medium one during the other 22 trials two tailed binomial test n 50 p gt 0 5 Discussion When given the choice between three different stone sizes the experimental subject rejected the small stone as a useful tool but did not differentiate between the other two The subjects use of the large and medium stones did not differ with regard to the number of blows or in relation to the time necessary to complete the task and the movements executed by the subject were exactly the same in both cases Thus the only differential factor in terms of metabolic ex penditure and muscular cost involved was the magnitude of the load Note that a weight difference of 650 g between the medium and large stones is probably a quite consider able one given the range of adult male weights for the spe cies 4 0 4 5 kg Rowe 1996 If the subject was choosing tools in order to minimize energetic costs a preference for the medium category should be expected but this predic tion was not confirmed by the exp
183. sidade de S o Paulo S o Paulo Brasil Paul A 2005 Primate predispositions for human grandma ternal behavior In Grandmotherhood The Evolutionary Significance of the Second Half of Female Life E Voland A Chasiotis and W Schiefenh vel eds pp 21 37 Rut gers University Press New Brunswick New Jersey Pavelka M S M Fedigan L M and Zohar S 2002 Availability and adaptive value of reproductive and postreproductive Japanese macaque mothers and grand mothers Anim Behav 64 407 414 Printes R C and Strier K B 1999 Behavioral correlates of dispersal in female muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides Int J Primatol 20 941 960 Strier K B 1987 Activity budgets of woolly spider mon keys or muriquis Am J Primatol 13 385 395 Strier K B 1999 Faces in the Forest The Endangered Muriqui Monkeys of Brazil Harvard University Press Cambridge MA Strier K B and Ziegler T E 1997 Behavioral and en docrine characteristics of the reproductive cycle in wild muriqui monkeys Brachyteles arachnoides Am J Prima tol 42 299 310 Strier K B and Ziegler T E 2000 Lack of pubertal influ ences on female dispersal in muriqui monkeys Brachyte les arachnoides Anim Behav 59 849 860 Strier K B and Ziegler T E 2005 Variation in the re sumption of cycling and conception by fecal andro gen and estradiol levels in female northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus Am J Primatol 67 69
184. sido aislados de otros monos Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 pero no se consideran flora normal de la cavidad oral humana Ambos incluyen muchas espe cies ubicuas aisladas de suelos r os plantas y animales entre otros Juni 2005 Palleroni 2005 Chryseomonas fue aislado en un 996 de las muestras y aunque su presencia en el ambiente es dudosa este g nero es aparentemente sapr fito o comensal de humanos y algu nos animales de sangre caliente Palleroni 2005 Con igual frecuencia se aisl Vibrio siendo todas las cepas identifica das como V parahaemolyticus esta especie se encuentra en ambientes acu ticos pero parece estar limitada a estuarios o reas costeras debido a su requerimiento de 1 8 de NaCl Se asocia a animales marinos Carnahan y Andrews 2000 por lo que su aparici n en el mono podr a estar asociada a h bitos alimenticios o de consumo de agua tomando en cuenta que los sitios de muestreo est n localizados cerca de zonas mar timas Este g nero ha sido descrito como parte de la microbiota subgingival de la especie Saimiri sciureus Beem et al 1991 En cuanto a los cocos Gram positivos aerobios los g neros Staphylococcus y Streptococcus son los m s frecuentes en la cavidad oral humana Isenberg y D Amato 1995 y se han descrito en el 696 y el 296 respectivamente de la micro biota subgingival de otras especies de monos ardilla Beem et al 1991 adem s de que Staphylococecus se ha aislado hasta en
185. sities in three nutrient poor Amazonian terra firme forests of Southeastern Colombia Folia Primatol 76 135 145 Peres C A 1997 Primate community structure at twenty western Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests J Trop Ecol 13 381 405 Peres C A 1999 General guidelines for standardizing line transect surveys of tropical forest primates Neotrop Primates 7 1 11 16 Pook A G and Pook G 1982 Polyspecific association between Saguinus fuscicollis Saguinus labiatus Callimico goeldii and other primates in north western Bolivia Folia Primatol 38 196 216 Rylands A B Schneider H Langguth A Mittermeier R A Groves C P and Rodr guez Luna E 2000 An as sessment of the diversity of New World primates Neotrop Primates 8 2 61 93 Soini P 1981 Informe de Pacaya no 4 Ecolog a y din mi ca poblacional del pichico Saguinus fuscicollis Primates Callitrichidae Unpublished report Snowdon C T and Soini P 1988 The tamarins genus Sa guinus In Ecology and Behaviour of Neotropical Primates Vol 2 R A Mittermeier A B Rylands A Coimbra Filho and G A B da Fonseca eds pp 223 298 World Wildlife Fund US Washington DC Terborgh J 1983 Five New World Primates A Study in Comparative Ecology Princeton University Press Princ eton New Jersey Thomas L Laake J L Strindberg S Marques E E C Buckland S T Borchers D L Anderson D R Burn ham K P Hed
186. stobal Azkarate J and Arroyo Rodriguez V 2007 Diet and activity pattern of howler monkeys Alouatta palliata in Los Tuxtlas Mexico effects of habitat fragmentation and implications for conservation Am J Prim 69 9 1013 1029 Crofoot M C 2007 Mating and feeding competition in white faced capuchins Cebus capucinus the importance of short and long term strategies Behaviour 144 12 1473 1495 da Cunha R G T and Jalles Filho E 2007 The roaring of southern brown howler monkeys Alouatta guariba clami tans as a mechanism of active defence of borders Folia Prim 78 4 259 271 Defler T R and Bueno M L 2007 Aotus diversity and the species problem Primate Cons 22 online 1 16 DeLuycker A M 2007 Notes on yellow tailed woolly monkey Oreonax flavicauda and its status in the pro tected forest of Alto Mayo Northern Peru Primate Cons 22 online 1 7 de Lyra Neves R M Oliveira M A B Telino Junior W R and dos Santos E M 2007 Interspecific behaviour between Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus Callitrichidae Pri mates and some birds of the Atlantic Forest Pernam buco State Brazil Rev Brase Zool 24 3 709 716 Diaz L A del Pilar Diaz M Almiron W R and Con tigiani M S 2007 Infection by UNA virus Alphavi rus Togaviridae and risk factor analysis in black howler monkeys Alouatta caraya from Paraguay and Argentina Transactions Of The Royal Society Of Tropical Medicine And
187. ted that C cinerascens would only extend as far east as the left bank of the Rio Sucun dur They indicated that possibly C hoffmannsi or anoth er yet to be described species of titi monkey would occupy the Rio Canum interfluve delineated by its tributaries the Rios Sucundur and Abacaxis Hershkovitz 1963 1988 1990 in Silva Jr and Noronha 2000 suggested that C hoffmannsi extends south of the Rio Paran do Urari and along the right bank of the Rio Canuma These range predictions have yet to be tested and the exact range of this genus in the interfluve between the Rios Madeira and Tapaj s remains unknown Silva Jr and Noronha 2000 The objective of this study is to refine the range map for the ashy black titi monkey based on the literature and new occurrence records from field surveys Materials and Methods Occurrence data in the present study are based on a literature review and two field excursions During the first expedition between January and May of 2001 we surveyed the inter fluve between the Rios Madeira and Tapaj s specifically the region of the Rios Mau s Abacaxis and Sucundur In the second in June and July of 2006 we surveyed the interfluve between the Rios Aripuan and Juruena This second excur sion formed part of the Juruena Apu Expedition During Occurrence records of E Callicebus cinerascens o This study e Other studies 12 62 go 58 56 Figu
188. timicrobianos preparados comer cialmente Sorum y Sunde 2001 Son necesarios nuevos estudios en la flora normal de animales para determinar si su resistencia est directamente relacionada con el dram tico incremento en la resistencia de pat genos Sorum y Sunde 2001 Las escasas investigaciones relacionadas con la flora normal de monos se han llevado a cabo principal mente en el mono rhesus Macaca mulatta Bowers et al 2002 mientras que en Costa Rica se efectu un estudio relacionado con la flora oral de los monos congo Alouatta palliata y colorado Ateles geoffroyi Gamboa Coronado et al 2004 En el presente trabajo se describe la flora bacte riana de la cavidad oral de S oerstedii as como su patr n de sensibilidad para compararlos con los de otros monos de Costa Rica y establecer la posible influencia del hombre en la adquisici n de resistencia antimicrobiana M todos Se estudiaron 33 muestras de la cavidad oral de monos de la especie Saimiri oestedii 31 monos se capturaron en estado silvestre de cuatro zonas de Costa Rica Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio 09 23 N 84 07 O Parque Nacional Corcovado 08 28 N 83 35 0 Isla Damas 09 30 N 84 15 O y Golfito 08 36 N 83 04 0 utilizando una cerbatana para el lanzamiento de dardos Pneudart Inc que conten an cada uno 0 3 0 4 mL de Zolazepam co nocido comercialmente como Zoletil Las muestras de los dos monos restantes fueron obtenidas de individuo
189. tion of the social behavior of black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra in Campeche Mexico Rossato R S Vogel G H Eskelsen P Rossi M J Oli veira D A G Souza Jr J C and Hirano Z M B An lise da efic cia de enriquecimento alimentar como pro motor de bem estar de bugios ruivos Alouatta clamitans cabrera 1940 mantidos no centro de pesquisas biol gicas de indaial Rossi M J Dada A N Hirano Z M B Souza Junior J C Oliveira D A G and Kalk J M Manejo de in fantes de Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera 1940 Primates Atelidae no centro de pesquisas biol gicas de indaial Sampaio D T and Ferrari S F Padr o de atividades de um grupo de macacos prego Cebus apella apella Linnaeus 1758 em um fragmento florestal da amaz nia oriental Santos R V Afonso C G Young R J and C sar C An lise preliminar das batalhas vocais de Callicebus ni grifrons na natureza Sena M L C Silva P H N Young R J and C sar C Observa o de ca a oportunista de uma ave por um macho de Callicebus nigrifrons na natureza Sevciuc S M Laroque P O and Valen a Montenegro M M Consolida o do repovoamento da reserva bi ol gica guaribas mamanguape pb por Alouatta belzebul belzebul atrav s dos m todos de transloca o e soltura progressiva de indiv duos Sgai M G F G Stasieniuk E V Z Rocha C G Por tella T P Cottini A P Pizzutto C S Viau P Nichi M O
190. to nutricional esencial o desnu trici n causado por cambios estacionales en y entre a os que conduzca a una baja calidad de alimento disponible o a competencia inter e intra espec fica lo cual puede afec tar en mayor grado a los individuos m s d biles Milton 1990 Froehlich er al 1981 c carencia de alg n pol me ro esencial que pueda afectar la producci n de melanina en algunos individuos Se observ el uso frecuente del dosel y rboles emergentes en el RNVSISL tal como ha sido reportado por Chapman 1988 y Neville et al 1988 la mayor proporci n de r boles utilizados para alimentarse o descansar ten an una altura de 20 m o m s El bosque caducifolio el manglar y algunos cables el ctricos antiguos fueron de utilidad para el desplazamiento de individuos en la isla en la b squeda de alimento Los frutos de Mangifera indica y Spondias pur purea fueron consumidos por los aulladores obs directa o en heces tal como ha sido reportado para la isla Coiba Milton y Mittermeier 1977 Es evidente que dichas espe cies son un recurso alimenticio importante en poca seca tanto para los aulladores como para otros mam feros y aves que habitan en la isla obs pers Recomendaciones para el manejo conservaci n y monitoreo de los monos aulladores en el RNVSISL A la brevedad posible es necesario realizar estudios gen ticos y de salud de los individuos que permitan entender el origen de la despigmentaci n en
191. to see destruction gaining pace and changing Amazonia in a way that makes it barely rec ognizable to those who knew it in earlier times As Sioli writes My Amazonia that I have lived with does no longer exist Another Amazonia has replaced it p 104 Sioli took an integral approach to Amazonian ecology He clearly recognized the intimate link between water soils vegetation and the animals living there Nowadays with an ever increasing specialization scientists with such broad perspective have become as rare as many of the organisms of tropical rainforests Although there is little reference to primates in this book Neotropical primatologists with an interested in the ecology of the forests where their study subjects are living will find it a highly informative exciting entertaining but also emotional reading At many places I felt strongly reminded to my personal feelings and ex periences when first coming to Peruvian Amazonia in the early 80s I also learned many things about the fascinating Amazonian ecosystem which I had not known before For primatologists there is an interesting statement concerning the hunting of primates according to Sioli Parintintin In dians occasionally hunt woolly monkeys but never spider monkeys because consumption of the latter may transmit diseases p 90 Is it possible that there are diseases around in Amazonia that have not yet been recognized or diag nosed by scientists but that som
192. tres cepas de Staphylococcus fueron resistentes a penicilina cefalotina ampicilina sulbactam eritromicina clindamicina nitrofuranto na rifampicina vancomicina y teicoplanina En las cepas anaerobias tambi n se present resistencia a varios antibi ticos Fig 2 el mayor porcentaje de resis tencia ocurri ante el metronidazole 26 a 35 seg n su concentraci n seguido por cefotet n 26 clindamicina 23 y penicilina 19 Se present un bajo porcentaje de resistencia ante antibi ticos como amoxicilina cefoxitina ticarcilina y amoxicilina cido clavul nico 4 8 mg L De las 16 concentraciones de antibi ticos evaluadas seis 37 5 fueron efectivas contra todas las cepas identifica das amoxicilina cido clavul nico 16 2 mg L cloran fenicol imipenem piperacilina piperacilina tazobactam y ticarcilina cido clavul nico Se presentaron casos de cepas multirresistentes tanto en bacterias aerobias como anaerobias De los bacilos Gram negativos aerobios el 3 fue resistente a 16 19 antibi ticos el 3 a 13 15 el 13 a 10 12 el 21 a 7 9 el 37 a 4 6 el 21 a 1 3 y s lo dos cepas fueron sensibles a todos los antibi ticos evaluados La multirresistencia del g nero Staphylococcus fue alta ya que las tres cepas fueron resistentes a entre 10 y 12 de los 15 antibi ticos evalua dos la pefloxacina ciprofloxacina y tetraciclina fueron los nicos antibi ticos efectivos contra todas las cepas
193. tric survey An aerobe 9 105 111 Bowers L Purcell J Plauch G Denoel P Lovet Y y Philipp M 2002 Assesment of the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora of rhesus macaques Moraxella Neisseria Haemophilus and other genera J Clin Microb 40 4340 4342 Boyanova L Petrov D Osmanliev D Mitov I Usuno va I Minchev T Goranov E Plochev M y Dimitrov J 2000 Anaerobic bacteriology in 75 cases of thoracic empyema in Sofia Bulgaria Anaerobe 6 81 85 Busse H J y Auling G 2005 Genus I Alcaligenes In Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2 Edici n Vol 2 D J Brenner N R Krieg y J T Staley eds pp 653 658 Springer USA Campbell N Clow D Crane A y MacDonald A 2003 Squirrel Monkeys En Southern Kings Con solidated School http www edu pe ca southernkings sqmonkey htm gt Carnahan A M y Andrews G 2000 Vibrio Aeromonas Plesiomonas and Campylobacter species En Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 2 Edici n C R Mahon and G Manuselis ed pp 515 538 W B Saunders Com pany Philadelphia Carrillo E Wong G y S enz J C 2000 Mam feros de Costa Rica INBio Heredia Chow A W 2000 Anaerobic infections Management of anaerobic infections En Infectious Disease V Anaerobic Infections ACP Medicine Online D C Dale and D D Federman eds WebMD Inc New York CITES 2003 Saimiri oerstedii En Base de datos de es pecies d
194. tudy was conducted at Monkey River in the Toledo district of Belize The 52 ha study site is located within a 100 km lowland semi evergreen riparian forest along the river The area exhibits a distinctive dry season gen erally from January to May and a wet season from June to December The average annual temperature in the area is 26 C with an average annual rainfall of approximately 2 460 mm Pavelka and Knopff 2004 Over 160 hours of focal animal data were collected on 11 adults and juveniles infants were not sampled living in three groups A D and Q Each of the three groups contained one adult male and two adult females and group Q also had two juveniles defined as independent offspring over one year of age Ten minute focal animal samples were collected from each group member with no individual sampled more than once each hour in order to maintain independence across sample points The first individuals were sampled opportu nistically and on a rotating basis thereafter Though indi viduals could not always be reliably identified we used age sex class and location relative to other group members to ensure individuals were as equally represented as possible At the start of each focal animal sample we conducted a proximity scan to record the age sex class of each neighbor within 2 m of the focal animal following the proximity categories established for A pigra Schneider et al 1999 Treves et al 2001 and other howler m
195. uatta guariba e outros primatas brasileiros Oliveira A E Ferraz D S Barros J B G Vilela D A R and Melo ER A transloca o de uma f mea isolada de muriqui do norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus como ferra menta de manejo para a conservac o da esp cie Ortiz M C Vilela D A R and Melo A L Ocorr ncia de parasitos gastrointestinais em cinco esp cies de pri matas neotropicais de um criadouro conservacionista de minas gerais 154 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 Orue M E and Oklander L Potential functions of long distance calls in population of Alouatta caraya Chaco Argentina Paulo L G Chagas W A Pissinatti L Nascimento M D and Pissinatti A Estudo bioqu mico s rico e his topatol gico em Cebus xanthosternos wied 1820 Cebi dae primates com diabetes mellitus espont nea Peker S Kowalewski M M Pave R Oklander L I and Zunino G E Notes on births in wild black and gold howler monkeys in northern Argentina Pereira PM and Melo E R Densidade populacional e ocorr ncia nativa de primatas em um fragmento de mata atl ntica no munic pio de Itajub mg Pessoa D M A Perini E S and Pessoa V E Detec o de alvos naturais pelo sag i do cerrado Callithrix penicillata avaliac o do papel da vis o de cores Pessutti C Rassy B E and Teixeira C R Implica es decorrentes da caga de primatas relato de caso Peter EB Decker E B a
196. uestra a diferen cia de los patrones esperados en la cavidad oral humana donde la proporci n favorece a las bacterias anaerobias Este resultado pudo deberse a factores relacionados con las dificultades de la toma de muestras para anaerobios y el transporte de las mismas al laboratorio Para tomar la muestra se emple una torunda que se suspendi en so luci n salina y posteriormente dicha suspensi n se in culo en tubos prerreducidos es decir con atm sfera libre de ox geno los anaerobios m s sensibles pudieron haber perdido su viabilidad durante dicho procedimiento Como los muestreos fueron realizados en zonas alejadas debi transcurrir un tiempo prolongado generalmente de 24 a 48 horas antes de que las muestras fueran procesadas en el laboratorio Durante el transporte los tubos en anaerobiosis debieron mantenerse a temperatura ambiente con el obje tivo de disminuir la solubilidad del ox geno en el medio que aumenta al bajar la temperatura es por esto que no se transportaron en refrigeraci n como las muestras para aero bios Dicha pr ctica pudo perjudicar la viabilidad de las es pecies de anaerobios con mbitos estrechos de temperatura permisivos para el crecimiento cercanos a las condiciones de la cavidad oral de los monos Tales inconvenientes pu dieron provocar la disminuci n en la recuperaci n de cepas de bacterias anaerobias Flora aerobia El g nero m s frecuentemente aislado fue Enterobacter que est
197. uguese and Spanish respectively For references in Portuguese and Spanish and changes to e and y for articles in Portuguese and Spanish respectively In changes to Em and En for articles in Portuguese and Span ish respectively Doctoral thesis changes to Tese de Doutoramento and Tesis de Doctorado for articles in Portuguese and Spanish respectively MSc Thesis changes to Disserta o de Mestrado and Tesis de Maestr a for articles in Portuguese and Spanish respectively Unpublished report changes to Relat rio T cnico and Reporte no publicado for articles in Portuguese and Spanish respectively Neotropical Primates A Journal and Newsletter of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Vol 14 3 December 2007 Contents Articles Flora Bacteriana de la Cavidad Oral del Mono Tit Saimiri oerstedii y Su Perfil de Sensibilidad a Antibi ticos Carlos E Rodr guez Rodr guez Evelyn Rodr guez Cavallini Mar a del Mar Gamboa Coronado Silvia Jim nez Cuadra Ronald S nchez Porras y Gustavo A Guti rrez Espeleta eee eese ettet tte tette teens Short Articles Behavioral Flexibility and Tool Selection in a Tufted Capuchin Monkey Cebus apella Euphly Jalles Filho Rog rio Grassetto Teixeira da Cunha and Rodolfo Aureliano Salm eee Distribution and Conservation Status of the Yellow Tailed Woolly Monkey Oreonax flavi
198. uin tani I J Vocaliza es de longo alcance estrutura social e uso de rea em um grupo de Alouatta guariba clamitans Costa C G C mara E M V C Santiago EL and Paula T P Registro de tr s esp cies de primatas na rea de in flu ncia da usina hidrel trica de irap uhe irap m dio Jequitinhonha Minas Gerais Costa Ara jo R Sch ler da Silva A Astarita L V and Bicca Marques J C Varia es temporais na germina o de sementes de Ficus organensis Miq Miq ingeridas por um bando de bugios ruivos Alouatta guariba clamintans Cabrera 1940 Couto Santos F R Boubli J P and Strier K B Pheno logical patterns and resource availability to northern Muriqui in the rppn fma esta o biol gica de Caratinga mg Brazil Cutrim F H R Ribeiro M D P and Arruda M E Trans fer ncia de alimento em um grupo de Callithrix jacchus como parte do cuidado prole na floresta nacional de assu rn Cysne L B Cabello P H Gon alves M A B Cunha D H S Marinho A M Zanini G M and Andrade M C R Avalia o cl nica e morfom trica de macacos cy nomolgus Macaca fascicularis cativos D ara jo J A Moura A C de A and Langguth Bonino A R Comportamento de catac o social em grupos cativos de Leontopithecus chrysomelas Callitrichidae da Cunha R G T and Byrne R W The screech complex of calls of immature black howler monkeys Alouatta caraya da Silva L R Sp
199. ultura y ganader a Tzoc et al 2002 Se cree que la exposici n de las bacterias a estas concentracio nes antimicrobianas subterap uticas incrementa la veloci dad de selecci n de cepas resistentes K mmerer 2003 lo que aunado a la transferencia de determinantes gen ticos de resistencia presentes en el ambiente podr a explicar en parte los patrones de resistencia encontrados en los monos tit aunque estos tengan poco contacto directo con el ser humano Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento y al mismo tiempo a la preservaci n del mono tit animal en peligro de extinci n y muestra que pocas barreras son ca paces de contener los genes de resistencia y sus hospederos bacterianos en nuestro mundo estrechamente relacionado Agradecimientos Queremos agradecer al Dr Misael Chinchilla por su apoyo log stico en la investigaci n Este trabajo fue realizado gra cias al soporte econ mico de la Vicerrector a de Investiga ci n de la Universidad de Costa Rica Referencias Beem J E Hurley C G Magnusson I McArthur W P y Clark W B 1991 Subgingival microbiota in squirrel monkeys with naturally occurring periodontal diseases Infect Immun 59 4034 4041 Behra Miellet J Calvet L Mory E Muller C Cho marat M B zian M C Bland S Juvenin M E Fosse T Goldstein F Jaulhac B y Dubreuil L 2003 Antibiotic resistance among anaerobic Gram negative bacilli Lessons from a French multicen
200. undur 3 Rio Sucundur at the mouth of the Igarap Surubim and 4 Igarap do Liso Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 141 obtained during interviews with the ex inhabitants of an abandoned village near the Igarap do Uruc a left affluent of the Rio Sucundur along the Serra do Sucundur indi cates that M acariensis and another species of marmoset with blackish hairs occur in the area As M melanurus has been confirmed as occurring in the Sucundur Mountains Noronha unpubl data it is possible that these species are sympatric in this region Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Funda o O Botic rio de Protec o Natureza and the Juruena Apu Expedition funded by the World Wildlife Fund Brazil WWE the Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Natu rais Renov veis IBAMA and the Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustent vel do Amazonas Maur cio de Almeida Noronha Rua dos Jatob s 142 69085 380 Coroado III Manaus Amazonas Brazil e mail lt mnoronha osite com br gt Jos de Sousa e Silva J nior Museu Paraense Em lio Goeldi Coordena o de Zoologia CP 399 66040 170 Bel m PA Brazil e mail lt cazuza museu goeldi br gt Wilson Roberto Spironello Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz nia Coorde na o de Pesquisas em Silvicultura Tropical CP 478 69060 001 Manaus AM Brazil e mail lt wilson inpa gov br gt and
201. ution occurrence in moun tainous terrain and by the fact that it has never been the subject of a full census Nowak s 1999 estimate of less than 250 individuals was probably too low however we must conclude that the true population size will not now be much higher than this with a continuing downward trend The species large body size low reproductive rate and the need for large home ranges as suggested by their low densities Leo Luna 1987 DeLuycker 2007 makes it especially vulnerable to anthropogenic hunting pressures and habitat destruction and its fragmented distribution will reduce the effective population size far below that of a single contiguous population Purvis e al 2000 Therefore the largest most secure individual population should be used to determine the species level of endangerment We wit nessed large areas within the boundaries of the Alto Mayo Protected Forest being cleared for agriculture and cattle ranching and new areas are being settled constantly How ever group sizes reported by DeLuycker 2007 within the boundaries of the Protected Forest are appreciably greater then those found during this study and in previous studies Leo Luna 1980 Parker and Barkley 1981 Butchart et al 1995b all of which were outside protected areas This could possibly be due to relatively lower hunting pressures within the reserve We conclude that the main threats to this species con tinue to be land clearanc
202. vares M C H Gomes U R Waga I C and Tomaz C A B Aumento no comportamento sexual du rante o tratamento com estradiol em f meas de Cebus spp Afonso C G Santos R V Young R J and C sar C Dados preliminares sobre a variag o di ria da dieta de Callicebus nigrifrons spix 1823 na natureza Aguiar L M Mellek D M Abreu K C Boscarato T G Bernardi I P Miranda J M D and Passos EC Simpatria entre Alouatta caraya e Alouatta clamitans e a re descoberta de h bridos potenciais em vida livre no sul do brasil Ara jo A C Gomes U R Didonet J J Soares M V R Ara jo C S Saletti P and Pessoa V E Aprendizagem em discriminac o de cores no bugio preto Alouatta caraya Assunc o M L Young R J and C sar C Estudo pre liminar da frequ ncia e dura o do comportamento vocal e social em Callicebus nigrifrons spix 1823 na rppn san tu rio do caraca mg Azevedo R B Gordo M and Bicca Marques J C Cogni tive ecology and social foraging in Saguinus bicolor Spix 1823 Barbosa E E Dias L G Moreira L S and Melo ER Influ ncia do muriqui do norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus Primates Atelidae no comportamento de outros animais no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro Beltr o Mendes R Coles R and Talebi M Censo popula cional de muriqui do sul Brachyteles arachnoides e Geof froy 1806 primates Atelidae no parque estadual Carlos Botelho S o Miguel Arcan
203. way Parque Nacional ANuevos Aires Y Shimblyacu Figure 1 Map of sites visited during the study showing the presence and absence of Oreonax flavicauda 118 Neotropical Primates 14 3 December 2007 department Fig 1 All other areas visited during this study showed no evidence of the continued presence of O flavicauda These included the site of the rediscovery of the species in 1974 Mittermeier et al 1975 Pedro Ruiz Gallo 05 56 36 3 S 77 58 42 3 W where the area was found to be completely deforested for several ki lometres in all directions The area around the town of Yambrasbamba 05 44 06 9 S 77 55 30 0 W listed by Leo Luna 1980 as O flavicauda habitat is almost com pletely deforested within several kilometres of the town Reports from local informants and our own observations suggest that the species does not occur in either the Gira Sisa Reserve 06 17 34 3 S 76 54 24 7 W or around the town of Shimbayacu 06 20 41 9 S 76 31 58 4 W in San Mart n department We were told of the confirmed presence of O flavicauda in additional sites by researchers working in or involved with projects there These site were in the Los Chilchos Valley Hans Dignum pers com north of the R o Abiseo National Park in San Mart n de partment and around the R o Metal river valley near To cache in the far south of San Mart n along the borders with La Libertad and Huanuco departments Rolando A
204. xtieth of an owl monkey s body weight and there were few if any signs of discomfort due to its presence around the monkeys neck Karyotype analysis was per formed as previously reported by Hirai and colleagues 1998 Data were analyzed by a two tailed Student s t test for independent means for any significant differences Sta tistical computations were performed using STATISTICA software StatSoft Inc Oklahoma USA Results The female parent of these sibling monkeys belonged to A azarae type 2n 2 50 and the male parent was of un known lineage 2n 2 53 The karyotype maps of the now deceased male parent A14 2n 53 have already been pub lished Nagao et al 2005 Based on the varying karyotype profiles with diploid numbers 51 52 and 53 in four of the monkeys in our study and the affiliated taxon data available for owl monkeys Ford 1994 these first genera tion captive bred females were confirmed as Aotus hybrids Among these four hybrid females A40 was an outlier since karyotype analysis demonstrated that this monkey car ried a trisomic condition for its X chromosomes data not shown Though this monkey remains healthy certain be havioral and physiological differences from the other group members were observed such as excessive tear formation in the eyes and agitated vocalizations Quantified sleep behavior activity data for each of the four Aotus hybrids for 12 consecutive days are presented in Table 1 Du
205. ystematics and conservation Biogeography Ecology and Conservation Text for full articles should be typewritten double spaced with no less than 12 cpi font preferably Times New Roman and 3 cm margins throughout and should not exceed 25 pages in length including references Please include an abstract in the same language as the rest of the text English Spanish or Portuguese and optional one in Portu guese or Spanish if the text is written in English or English if the text is written in Spanish or Portuguese Tables and illustrations should be limited to six except in cases where they are fundamen tal for the text as in species descriptions for example Full articles will be sent out for peer review For articles that include protein or nucleic acid sequences authors must deposit data in a publicly available database such as GenBank EMBL DNA Data Bank of Japan Brookhaven or Swiss Prot and provide an accession number for inclusion in the published paper Short articles These manuscripts are usually reviewed only by the editors A broader range of topics is encouraged includ ing such as behavioral research in the interests of informing on general research activities that contribute to our understanding of platyrrhines We encourage reports on projects and conserva tion and research programs who what where when why etc and most particularly information on geographical distributions locality records and protected ar

Volume 14 - Issue 3 - Primate Specialist Group

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