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1. the data informed by Leal et al 2006 Table 3 Amino acidic composition of vinasse Aminoacids gl00g Sample1 gl00g Sample2 g100g FAO pattern Aspartic acid 7 69 8 85 Threonine 5 66 7 31 2 9 Serine 4 64 4 81 Glutamic acid 12 11 13 23 Prolina 4 98 6 02 Glycine 4 08 3 61 Alanine 3 74 2 50 Cysteine 1 81 1 81 2 0 Valine 5 66 7 13 1 3 Methionine 4 53 nd 2 3 Isoleucine 6 79 5 76 4 3 Leucine 4 53 3 10 4 9 Tyrosine 6 23 4 99 2 9 Phenylalanine 5 09 4 73 239 Histidine 5 09 4 72 Lysine 9 96 9 28 4 9 Arginine 7 47 10 57 nd not determined 1 D Mello 1995 Table 4 Mineral composition of vinasse Statistics Statistics Minerals Sample 1 Sample 2 SD VC SD VC Calcium 4 06 0 14 5 32 3 02 0 16 3 57 Magnesium 1 14 0 04 3 12 1 27 0 03 3 57 Phosphorous 0 24 0 01 1 03 0 28 0 04 0 98 Potassium 6 36 0 06 3 83 7 20 0 28 1 08 Sodium 1 58 0 14 3 01 1 84 0 05 8 72 Fe 0 07 0 003 1 37 0 08 0 001 4 56 Zn 0 04 0 004 32 50 0 08 0 002 11 32 Cu ppm 6 60 0 004 1 93 5 00 0 0009 5 39 Pb pmm 12 90 0 69 11 18 19 34 2 16 5 34 Co pmm 6 49 0 46 1 77 8 67 0 15 7 04 Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Volume 46 Number 4 2012 Table 5 Results of the microbiological analysis of vinasse Indicators Sample 1 Sample 2 Counting of microorganisms mL lt 1x10 lt 1x10 Counting of total coliforms mL lt 1x10 lt 1x10 Counting of molds and yeasts mL lt 5 7x10 lt 5 1x10 Determination of salmonel2. de alcohol vinaza como aditivo en la alimentaci n de pollos de engorde Graduate Thesis Instituto de Ciencia Animal Mayabeque Cuba p 10 Balzarini G M Casanoves F Di Rienzo I A Gonz lez L A amp Robledo C W 2001 Software estad stico INFOSTAT Manual de Usuario Versi n 1 C rdova Argentina Berm dez R C 1994 Una variante alternativa para la alimentaci n animal vinaza de destiler a Rev Cubana de Veterinaria 4 9 D Mello J P F 1995 Leguminous Leaf Meals in Non rumiant Nutrition In Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition Eds J P F D Mello and C Devendra CAB International p 247 FEDNA 2003 Tablas FEDNA de composici n y valor nutritivo de alimentos para la formulaci n de piensos de piensos compuestos Eds De Blas C Mateos G G amp Rebollar P G Fundaci n Espa ola para el Desarrollo de la Nutrici n Animal 2da Ed Madrid Espa a p 423 G lvez L 2005 Etanol Producci n y tendencias de desarrollo Conferencia Polo Cient fico del Oeste La Habana Cuba G mez Toro JM 1996 Efecto de la aplicaci n de vinaza en la producci n y la calidad de la ca a de az car Ca a de Az car 14 15 Hern ndez G I Salgado S Palma D J Lagunes L C Castel n M amp Ru z O 2008 Vinaza y composta de cachaza como fuente de nutrientes en ca a de az car en un gleysol m lico de Chiapas M xico INCI 33 1322 ICIDCA 2000 Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de la Ca a de A
3. of organic compounds acids alcohols sugars minerals and nitrogen compounds amino acids peptides Due to these characteristics vinasse is considered a very aggressive by product that provokes serious environmental problems in the hydric resources of its deposition Galvez 2005 Vinasse is obtained from the fermentation process of alcohol distilling from raw materials such as molasses or juices of sugarcane maize beet among others and from the use of yeasts Robertiello 1981 and Hernandez et al 2008 This process occurs in a distillation column from which a liquid without ethanol called must or vinasse is obtained The composition of this by product varies according to the conditions of the fermentation and distillation process and the raw materials used That is why its chemical assessment is so important if it is intended to be used directly in animal feeding or indirectly in the obtainment of other feeds The technology used implies a concentration system between 32 35 Brix and has as special characteristic of the process Saccharomyces increasing the protein level The objective of this study was the physic chemical characterization of the vinasse obtained from the elaboration process of Havana Club rum in San Jos de las Lajas municipality Mayabeque province to assess its potentialities for animal feeding and eliminate the environmental pollution originated by this product Materials and Methods Concentrated vin
4. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Volume 46 Number 4 2012 385 Physic chemical composition of concentrated vinasse for their assessment in animal diets Idania Scull Lourdes Savon Odilia Guti rrez Elaine Valifio Ibett Orta P O Mora Himilce Orta Yusmely Ramos A Molineda G Coto and Aida Noda Instituto de Ciencia Animal Apartado Postal 24 San Jos de las Lajas Mayabeque Cuba Universidad Central de las Villas Martha Abreu Carretera de Camajuani km 5 5 Santa Clara Villa Clara C P 54830 Centro de Histoterapia Placentaria Calle 18 No 4302 e 43 y 47 Miramar Playa La Habana Cuba Email idascull ica co cu The physic chemical characterization of concentrated vinasse from the Havana Club rum factory of San Jos de las Lajas municipality Mayabeque province was conducted to assess its potentialities as animal feeding and contribute at the same time with the environment The vinasse samplings were conducted in the storing tanks of the Swine Unit and the Ruminants Production Center Atrevido from the Institute of Animal Science The proximal analysis pH specific weight reducing sugars and amino acids composition were considered for the physic chemical composition A descriptive analysis with five repetitions was applied for processing the data The microbiological analysis was also carried out to know the presence of polluting microorganisms The values of pH and specific weight of the product ran
5. asse was used for this study obtained from the Havana Club rum factory of the Mixed Enterprise Havana Club located in San Jos de las Lajas municipality Mayabeque province The samples were taken from five production lots in the second semester of 2008 They were stored in tanks placed in Swine Unit sample 1 and in Atrevido Unit sample 2 of the Institute of Animal Science Samples taking The sampling was randomly conducted every 10 min The outlet faucets of the inferior part of the storing tanks were used They were taken by quintuple and stored in crystal flasks previously sterilized They were kept at room temperature until the analyses The samples were conducted once every month for six months Chemical analysis The bromatological analysis was conducted according to AOAC 1995 The DM was determined through the drying out method proposed in the Manual Producci n Azucarera 1990 The CP was determined by the method of Bernstein cited by 386 Meir 1986 The pH determinations were conducted potentiometrically The minerals concentration was determined through atomic absorption with a Pye Unicam SP 9 equipment Determination of amino acids A part of the sample was taken for determining the amino acids and it was hydrolyzed with HCl 6 N under reflowing conditions at 110 C to divide the peptidic chain and guarantee the presence of amino acids as free molecules in the solution The analyses were conducted by ionic
6. ged between 3 92 4 20 and 1 08 1 13 gL respectively The DM content varied between 21 29 while that of ash remained between 23 25 DM and the reducing sugars fluctuated from 3 69 to 4 95 The mean mineral composition concentration of most elements calcium 3 54 magnesium 1 20 phosphorous 0 26 potassium 6 78 and sodium 1 71 was within the required ranges for different animal species The CP levels oscillated between 11 14 of DM there was high proportion of glutamic acid lysine and aspartic acid in the amino acidic profile No polluting microorganisms were found in the product The results of the physic chemical characterization of vinasse showed the potentialities of this by product as animal feeding Further physiological and of productive performance studies are recommended to clear up the effects of this product on the different species and animal categories Key words vinasse chemical composition animal feeding environment Searching for alternative feedings for animal production mainly with the use of available resources is still an unsolved problem One of the main challenges is to find nutrient sources of easy acquisition Products like vinasse considered as non conventional feedings are not universally used in animal feeding but if they are properly used they could be an important element in the sustainable production systems Berm dez 1994 and Mart nez et al 2010 in respect to their low cost and the presence
7. imentos de consume humano y animal Guia general para la enumeraci n de colonias obtenidas a 30 C T cnica de placa invertida NC Norma Cubana 7954 2002 Microbiolog a de alimentos de consume humano y animal Gu a general Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Volume 46 Number 4 2012 389 para la enumeraci n de levaduras y mohos T cnica de vinasse in Italy Agriculture Waste 4 387 placa invertida a 25 C Sarria P I amp Serrano C V 2008 Valor nutricional de la NC Norma Cubana 605 2008 Microbiolog a de alimentos vinaza generada en la producci n de alcohol carburante de consume humano y animal Gu a general para la de ca a de az car Universidad Nacional de Colombia detecci n de salmonella M todo de rutina Palmira Colombia p 12 Robertiello A 1981 Upgrading of Agricultural and Agroindustrial waste The treatment of distillery efluents Received February 9 2012
8. interchange chromatography with an auto analyzer Alpha Plus according to the methodology of Melgarez 1985 Microbiological analysis The counting of polluting microorganisms was carried out following the norms and procedures of Feeding Microbiology for human and animal consumption and is shown in table 1 Table 1 Norms for determining polluting microorganisms Indicators Reference NC ISO 4833 2002 NC ISO 4832 2002 NC ISO 7954 2002 NC 605 2008 Indicators Counting of microorganisms mL Counting of total coliforms mL Counting of molds and yeasts mL Determination of salmonella 25mL Statistical analysis The descriptive analysis with five repetitions was used for analyzing the results through the software Infostat version 1 0 of Balzarini et al 2001 Results and Discussion In the samples assessed the liquid product had particles in suspension of brown color similar smell to that of the final molasses and malt taste The physic chemical characteristics of concentrated vinasse are shown in table 2 They all had acid pH These values are proper of vinasses obtained from sugarcane Gomez 1996 and favor the preservation of the product as most of the microorganisms do not grow under these pH values This indicator is a detriment to the product reception as the store deposits may have a rapid corrosion of the walls and of the inner structure Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Volume 46 Number 4 2012 resul
9. l amino acids leucine isoleucine valine tyrosine histidine phenylalanine lysine threonine and were comparable or superior to those of the FAO s pattern for monogastric species D Mello 1995 An aspect to highlight and of great importance for monogastric species 1s the presence of methionine as the non conventional feedings do not have it or have small amounts although sometimes the analysis is not conducted The results allow classifying this residue as of good biological value so it can be used in animal feeding Barros 2010 The concentration of macro and micro nutrients are shown in table 4 In general when determining 387 the minerals there was higher variability and less precision than in the rest of the indicators of the chemical composition evidenced by the high VC The effect of the sampling method on the mineral composition of vinasse should be further studied to prove if these results are due to the lack of sample homogenization Calcium has an important function regulating the permeability of the cell membranes coagulating blood and activating key enzymes in the animal metabolism For all these reasons its counting in the feedings is essential The literature data in respect to this type of residue are contradictory Sarria and Serrano 2008 reported Ca 0 02 0 03 and Mg 0 01 0 02 concentrations in sugarcane concentrated vinasse These values are very inferior to those found in this study However
10. la 25ml Ausente Ausente in Agave cocui vinasse for Ca 3 1 3 9 are similar to those of this study while the Mg content 0 52 0 82 differed Although defficient in phophorous vinasse was rich in other mineral elements Other studies are needed to determine and clear up the performance of heavy metals in this type of product The microbiological analysis table 5 was carried out to now the presence of polluting microorganisms Considerable amounts of yeasts were observed in correspondence with the expectations according to the obtainment process No polluting elements were found maybe related with proper acidity of the residue and did not favor the prolificacy of odd microbial agents in the product This residue may be used for animal feeding from the healthy point of view The results showed the possibility of using this residue as animal feeding due to the content of essential nutrients for the metabolism Including vinasse as a source of animal feeding is an option for sustainable development Further studies are needed in respect to the effect of this residue on the different animal species Deepening in the chemical composition of the product is also recommended mainly on the organic compounds and the effects of this residue when included in the animals diet References AOAC 1995 Official Methods of Analysis Ass Off Anal Chem 15th Ed Arlington V A Barros P V 2010 Evaluaci n de un subproducto de destiler a
11. reviously explained about the chemical composition variability The determination of the protein fraction is one of the most important indicators for using vinasse as animal feeding and as raw material for elaborating new feeds Mora et al 2010 This aspect should be further stud ied due to the benefits of its functional diversity for the different animal species enzymatic of transportation and storing mechanical motility protection regulator among others The protein quality is an important concept in protein nutrition mainly determined by the profile and proportion of amino acids although other structural characteristics and solubility may affect its digestibility and thus its nutritional value Millward 2004 Table 2 Physic chemical characterization of concentrated vinasse Sample 1 Statistics Sample 2 Statistics Indicators 5 n 5 SD VC n 5 SD VC pH 4 08 0 07 1 92 3 92 0 008 0 21 Specific weight 1 12 0 004 0 37 1 085 0 008 0 07 Dry matter 29 31 0 02 0 07 21 33 0 20 0 94 OM 77 01 2 71 1 21 76 37 0 19 0 26 Ash 25 00 0 04 0 18 23 63 0 20 0 83 CP 12 39 0 63 5 13 13 26 0 40 3 05 TP 8 89 0 10 1 18 9 29 0 79 8 46 Reducing sugars 4 43 0 9 1 02 4 01 1 10 0 96 Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Volume 46 Number 4 2012 Vinasse showed an amino acidic profile table 3 coinciding with the percent value of TP It is important to emphasize that both samples had high values of essentia
12. ting in the crack and drainage throughout the walls and its canalization to the soil Water is an important component in most of the feeding products In the case of vinasse it varies considerable representing between 68 80 The DM determination was conducted through the dissection method using a dispersing inert and dry culture mixed with the sample to facilitate the water evaporation This method avoids the losses of volatile compounds when using the temperature for drying 60 C The DM values found are superior to those reported for other vinasses obtained in this same province ICIDCA 2000 due to the technology for obtaining the product that has a water extraction process that concentrates the nutrients The indicators of CP and TP had higher results dispersion than the rest of the indicators assessed with superior variation coefficient VC sample 1 5 13 1 18 sample 2 3 05 8 46 This variability could be due to the lack of samples homogenization as agitating the product for conducted the sampling is not possible This factor should be considered in the future The CP oscillated in a range of 11 5 14 while the TP represented between 72 70 of the CP Hernandez et al 2008 found inferior values of CP in the vinasse coming from cachaza 3 75 However FEDNA 2003 reported superior levels in the vinasse of beet molasses 17 9 in respect to those found in this study These results are relevant and confirm that p
13. z car Manual de Derivados de la Industria Azucarera Ed Cient fico T cnica La Habana Cuba Leal I Chirinos E Leal M Mor n H amp Barrera W 2006 Caracterizaci n fisicoquimica de la vinaza de Agave cocui y su posible uso agroindustrial Available lt http www Scielo serial me v3n2 bodv art02htm gt Consulted 9 12 12 Manual Producci n Azucarera 1990 Ministerio de la Industria Azucarera Ed Departamento de control de la calidad Tomo II Martinez M S Valdivi M Rodriguez B Hidalgo K amp Martinez A 2010 Nuevas propiedades de la vinaza para las aves III Congreso de Producci n Animal Tropical Ciudad Habana Cuba p 214 Melgarez P 1985 Estudio metodol gico del an lisis automatico de aminoacidos en alimento para el ganado Graduate Thesis Instituto de Ciencia Animal La Habana Cuba Meir H 1986 Laboraptaktibure Tierenahrung and Futtermitterkum der fur Tiererproduzenten Verlg Alemania Millward D J 2004 Macronutrient Intakes as Determinants of Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Adequacy J Nutr 134 1588 Mora L M Lezcano P amp Olivarez H R 2010 La vinaza de destileria como alimento animal III Congreso de Producci n Animal Tropical Ciudad Habana Cuba p 191 NC Norma Cubana 4832 2002 Microbiologia de alimentos de consume humano y animal Guia general para la enumeracion de coliformes T cnica de placa vertida NC Norma Cubana 4833 2002 Microbiologia de al
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