Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement
Contents
1. For the TG HDL C ratio gt 3 0 was used as the cutoff Dietary Assessment During the initial dietary assessment was perfor med by applying the 24 hour recall in a standardized manner to identify the habits and preferences of the participants taking into account two nonconsecutive days usual day and not usual emphasis was placed on the amounts and types of food as well as specials preparations recording measurements and ingredients used During the execution of the study to assess diets compliance their homes were visited and 3 phone calls were made weekly To calculate the contribution of energy and nutrients a computer program with data from the Table of Food Composition of Venezuela was used Dietary intervention All volunteers participated in two dietary inter vention periods of 28 days each one isocaloric in relation to their usual previous consumption in order to keep their weight stable There was no washout period At the beginning and end of each dietary in tervention period the respective biochemical tests were performed PMW consumed the SAT diet which comprises 15 protein 47 carbohydrate CHO and 38 fat 20 SFA 12 MUFA and PUFA 6 and the MONO diet which comprised 1546 protein 47 CHO 38 fats 1096 SFA 22 MUFA and PUFA 6 Cholesterol intake was less than 300 mg day for the two periods of dietary intervention With the results of dietary assessment it was proceeded to calculate the a2. 2015 31 6 2561 2570 2567 Table IV Comparison of lipoproteins ratio and cardiovascular risk of the participants in the two periods of dietary intervention Dietary Intervention Type Indicator Diet SAT Diet MONO BEGINNING ENDING n 18 n 18 n 18 Total Cholesterol Desirable 17 94 4 4 22 2 7 38 9 High 1 5 6 7 38 9 7 38 9 Very high 0 0 0 7 38 9 4 22 2 Low density lipoproteins Optimum 4 22 2 0 0 0 2 11 1 Intermediate 14 77 8 6 33 3 7 38 9 High limit 0 0 0 6 33 3 4 22 2 High 0 0 0 5 27 8 1 5 6 Very high 0 0 0 1 5 6 4 22 2 Cholesterol total HDL C Relationship Low risk 3 16 7 0 0 0 6 33 3 Moderate risk 15 83 3 17 94 4 12 66 7 High risk 0 0 0 1 5 6 0 0 0 LDL C HDL C Relationship Low risk 2 11 1 0 0 0 3 16 7 Moderate risk 16 88 9 5 27 8 7 38 9 High risk 0 0 0 13 72 2 8 44 4 Triglycerides HDL C Relationship Low risk 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 High risk 18 100 0 18 100 0 17 94 4 Colesterol NO HDL C HDL C Relation Low risk 18 100 0 3 16 7 12 66 7 High risk 0 0 0 15 83 3 6 33 3 Values represent the mean DE Diet SAT Butter diet Diet MONO Extra virgin olive oil diet HDL C High density lipoproteins LDL C Low density lipoproteins VLDL C Very low density lipoproteins Col HDL C cholesterol no HDL C TG Triglycerides Rel Relationship paring th
3. 7 3 5 62 1 2 5 Right calf circumference cm 37 9 2 1 37 8 2 2 37 2 2 4 Body composition Biceps skinfold mm 11 8 3 2 11 3 2 7 11 2 2 6 Triceps skinfold mm 17 1 4 6 19 0 3 0 18 9 3 1 Subscapular skinfold mm 22 0 5 2 20 3 4 6 20 343 3 Suprailiac skinfold mm 26 7 6 4 27 1 3 2 25 4 3 2 Abdominal skinfold mm 27 345 5 27 0 4 6 25 4 4 3 Total body water 42 742 4 42 342 3 41 4 2 0 Fat free area kg 41 8 3 8 41 2 3 7 40 6 3 8 Bone tissue kg 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 Body fat 38 6 4 0 39 2 4 0 40 4 3 5 Body fat kg 28 2 6 4 28 5 6 2 29 5x5 8 Visceral fat 96 9 31 9 9 5 1 9 9 8 1 8 Visceral fat kg 6 8 2 1 6 9 2 1 7 1 2 1 Values represent the mean D Diet SAT Butter diet Diet MONO Extra virgin olive oil diet Table IV represents percentage ratio comparison in regards of the lipid profile of both types of diets Regarding the cholesterol it was observed that after the ingestion of butter the cardiovascular disease risk increased in 77 8 of the patients said risk decreased after the consumption of olive oil in 61 1 of the pa tients Table 4 also shows that the levels of LDL C after the consumption of butter increased in all of the patients while decreasing during the consumption of EVOO and optimal values were observed in 11 1 of the patients For a more specific analysis the percentage evalua tion of the lipoprotein ratios of cardiovascular disease risk in every patient was considered In that sense table 4
4. at the end of each period then it was proceeded to determine the levels of glucose insulin TG TC HDL C LDL C VLDL C Insulin was determined by ELISA DRG Instru ments GmbH Germany Division of DRG Internatio nal Inc and blood glucose by the enzymatic colorime tric method of Glucose Oxidase Human Gesellschaft f r Biochemica und Diagnostica mbh With both data it was proceeded to calculate HOMA IR Homeosta sis Model Assessment index using the parameters of insulin and basal glucose following formula IR HO MA IR Insulin fasting uU mL x fasting glucose mmol L 22 5 Different concentrations of lipids were analyzed using commercial colorimetric methods Human Ge sells Chaftf r Biochemical und Diagnostica mbh LDL C cholesterol was calculated using the Frie dewald formula LDL C CT HDL C TG 5 It was used as a reference for the lipid profile ATP II criteria Regarding lipoprotein ratios were determined as follows For the atherogenic index Castelli equals rela tion to TC HDLC C the following were taken as cutoff points 4 5 lower risk from 4 5 to 7 mo derate risk and gt 7 high risk Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 2563 For the LDL C HDL C index lt 3 was taken as the cutoff point For the relation CHOLESTEROL No HDI HDL c 4 5 was taken as the cutoff
5. showing the CT HDL C relation it is observed that during the dietary intervention with butter the risk of cardiovascular disease increased in all patients while decreasing during the extra virgin olive oil interven tion in such a way that 33 3 presented low risk In the same order of ideas table 4 shows similar results for the LDL C HDL C relation and the TG HDL C Furthermore it is shown that in the NO cholesterol Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 2565 Table II Comparison of anthropometric indicators of cardiovascular risk in the two periods of dietary intervention App Diet SAT Diet MONO Indicator BEGINNING ENDING n 18 n 18 n 18 Body Mass Index Normal 5 27 8 4 22 2 4 22 2 Overweight 3 16 7 5 27 8 5 27 8 Obesity 10 55 6 9 50 0 9 50 0 Waist Circunference Without risk 8 44 4 6 33 3 8 44 4 With risk 10 55 6 12 66 7 10 55 6 Waist Hip Index Low risk 2 11 1 1 5 6 2 11 1 Moderated risk 8 44 4 10 55 6 8 44 4 High risk 8 44 4 7 38 9 8 44 4 Waist Height Index Without risk 2 11 1 0 0 0 1 5 6 With risk 16 88 9 18 100 0 17 94 4 Diet SAT butter diet Diet MONO extra virgin olive oil diet HDL C HDL C relation during the SAT period the cardiovascular disease risk increased for 83 3 of the patients to high ri
6. Azules 2001 15 77 Manual del Usuario de SPSS 2010 IBM SPSS Statistics Base 20 148151002 SPSS Inc an IBM Company Headquar ters 233 S Wacker Drive 11th floor Chicago Illinois 60606 Pav n de Paz I Alameda Hernando C y Olivar Rold n J Obe sidad y Menopausia Nutr Hosp 2006 21 6 633 637 32 33 34 Hu FB Stampfer MJ Manson JE Rimm E Colditz GA Ros ner BA et al Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women N Engl J Med 1997 337 1491 1499 Ch vez Gonz lez E Romero Romero N Pardo Morales RV ndice aterog nico en pacientes Perimenop usicas Archivos de Investigaci n Materno Infantil 2011 mayo agosto III 2 73 76 URL www medigraphic org mx Guasch Ferr M Hu FB Mart nez Gonz lez MA Fit M Bull M Estruch R et al Olive oil intake and risk of car diovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study BMC Med 2014 May 13 12 78 doi 10 1186 1741 7015 12 78 Hazel Ester Anderson Vasquez et al
7. MI of 28 07 5 78 kg m and WC of 89 16 11 13 cm with similar cardiometabolic risk either than Ro sety Rodriguez et aP were aimed at clarifying whether central obesity measurements assessed by dual X ray absorptiometry may predict metabolic syndrome in 1326 Spanish postmenopausal women aged 45 years old during the observation period 537 women repre senting 40 596 of the total studied met the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome Also differs from tho se values reported by Miguel Soca et al 5 who studied 298 menopausal women aged 59 5 9 7 years finding a BMI of 30 46 5 23 kg m and WC of 102 16 11 58 cm Menopause brings with it increased fat due to age decreases of the basal metabolic rate associated with a progressive reduction in physical activity decreased estrogen controlling leptin and possibly regulating appetite inadequate food habits socioeconomic con ditions and genetic The high cardiovascular risk observed in these wo men justifies the need for studies on the lipid profile diet effects that being the main objective of this re 2566 Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 Hazel Ester Anderson Vasquez et al Table III Comparison of metabolic and lipid profile of the participants in the two periods of dietary intervention Dietary Intervention Type Biochemicals Diet SAT Bonferroni Diet MONO Bonferroni Beginning Ending _ n 18 n 18 p lt 0 005 n 18 p lt 0 005 Glycem
8. MONO p lt 0 000 Dieta SAT Rel CT HDL c Col No HDL c HDL c LDL c HDL c p lt 0 000 y TG HDL c p lt 0 000 En dieta MONO disminuyeron CT HDL c p lt 0 015 y TG HDL c p lt 0 016 2561 Conclusions the SAT diet increased cardiovascular risk while the MONO diet decreased the risk to deve lop the metabolic syndrome components and choronary heart disease Nutr Hosp 2015 31 2561 2570 DOI 10 3305 nh 2015 31 6 8732 Keywords Postmenopause Cholesterol dietary Olive oil Butter Diet therapy Abbreviations SFA Saturated fatty acids MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids EVOO extra virgin olive oil WC Waist circumference TC Total cholesterol TC HDL C Total cholesterol HDL C ratio Col No HDL Colesterol no HDL DIET SAT Diet with butter DIET MONO Extra virgin olive oil diet CVD Cardiovascular Diseases CVRF Cardiovascular risk factor CVR Cardiovascular risk HDL C High density lipoproteins BMI Body Mass Index W Hip I Waist Hip Index W Height I Waist Height index LDL C HDL C LDL C HDL C ratio LDL C Low Density Lipoproteins PMW Postmenopausal Women No HDL C HDL C no HDL C HDL C Ratio TG Triglycerydes TG HDL C Triglycerydes HDL C Ratio VLDL C Very Low Density level Lipoproteins Introduction Menopause is the permanent suspension of mens trual function caused by reduced estrogen secretion due to the loss of follicular function wh
9. Original Ancianos Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 ISSN 0212 1611 CODEN NUHOEQ S V R 318 Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil on anthropometric metabolic and lipid profile in postmenopausal women Hazel Ester Anderson Vasquez Pablo P rez Mart nez Pablo Ortega Fern ndez y Carmina Wanden Berghe Universidad del Zulia Laboratorio de Investigaci n y Desarrollo en Nutrici n Instituto de Investigaciones Biol gicas Venezuela Universidad de C rdoba Doctorado en Nutrici n y Metabolismo Unidad de L pidos y Ateroesclerosis IMIBIC Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia Universidad de C rdoba and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III Espa a Hospital General Universitario de Alicante Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera Elche Espa a Abstract Objective to analyze the impact of the substitution of a rich diet in saturated fats with a rich diet in monounsatu rated fats on anthropometric metabolic and lipid profile in postmenopausal women Material and methods a prospective longitudinal and comparative study where 18 postmenopausal women participated in two periods of dietary intervention of 28 days each one 1 SAT diet consumed butter Calo ric formula CF 15 protein 38 fat 20 satura ted fat SFA 12 monounsaturated fat MUFA and 47 carbohydrates and 6 polyunsa
10. c Assess ment International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthro pometry National Library of Australia 2001 1 123 D az Portillo J Staff V V Fern ndez del Barrio M T Paredes Salido F Determinaciones bioqu micas Utilidad y valoraci n cl nica Editorial Elsevier Espa a 2004 ISBN 8445813684 9788445813683 524 pp Castelli WP Epidemiology of coronary heart disease The Fra mingham Study Am J Med 1984 76 4 9 ATP III Guidelines At A Glance Quick Desk Reference Third Report of the Expert Panel on National Cholesterol Education Program National institutes of Health National Heart Lung and Blood Institute NIH Publication 2001 No 01 3305 1 6 Palma SG Puchal A Vil M C Miserachs M Illan M Entre vista diet tica Herramientas tiles para la recogida de datos Rev Med Univ Navarra 2006 50 4 46 55 Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 2569 28 29 30 31 Meertens L D az N Fraile C Riera M Rodirguez A Rodr guez L y cols Estado nutricional indicadores antropom tricos y homociste na s rica en mujeres posmenop usicas venezola nas Rev chil nutr 2011 Sep 38 3 278 284 2570 Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 Instituto Nacional de Nutrici n Tabla de Composici n de Ali mentos para uso pr ctico Publicaci n N 52 Caracas Vene zuela Serie Cuadernos
11. d cardiovascular mortality It is important to consider that for every 10 g per day increase in total consumption of olive oil is associa ted with a 16 reduction in cardiovascular mortality based on the findings in the EPIC Espa a study No literature that would allow comparison of lipid profile dietary intervention periods applying the aforementio ned ratios is found This study has some limitations The most impor tant one was the small sample size due to the high cost of chemical reagents its scarcity and high in flation in the country where the study took place As well as consumer acceptance of extra virgin olive oil because it is not part of the food patterns within the Western diet Conclusion The results of this study indicates that replacing sa turated fat butter and extra virgin olive oil improved atherogenic dyslipidemia but did not influence the metabolic profile in these postmenopausal women Conflicts of interest No conflicts of interest References 1 Z rate A Saucedo R Basurto L Mart nez C La enfermedad cardiovascular como amenaza actual para la mujer adulta ma yor Ginecol Obstet Mex 2007 75 286 92 2 Rojas JS Lopera V J S Cardona V J Vargas G N Hormaza A M P S ndrome metab lico en la menopausia conceptos clave Rev chil obstet ginecol 2014 79 2 121 128 3 Pinto L pez E Rice C and Weddle D O The relationship among cardiovascular risk factors diet patterns alcohol con s
12. dia carotidea Rev Med Chile 2012 140 969 976 CEPAL Am rica Latina y el Caribe el envejecimiento de la poblaci n 1950 2050 Santiago de Chile Bolet n Demogr fico Centro Latinoamericano y Caribe o de Demograf a CE LADE 2003 Carrillo Fern ndez L Dalmau Serra J Mart nez lvarez JR Sol Alberich R P rez Jim nez F Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular Nutr cl n diet Hosp 2001 31 2 6 25 P rez Mart nez P Moreno Conde M Cruz Teno C Ruano J Fuentes F Delgado Lista J Garcia Rios A et al Dietary fat di fferentially influences regulatory endothelial function during the postprandial state in patients with metabolic syndrome from the LIPGENE study Atherosclerosis 2010 209 2 533 8 L pez EP Rice C Weddle DO Rahill GJ The relationship among cardiovascular risk factors diet patterns alcohol con sumption and ethnicity among women aged 50 years and ol der J Am Diet Assoc 2008 Feb 108 2 248 56 doi 10 1016 j jada 2007 10 043 Rodenas S Rodr guez Gil S Cruz Merinero M S nchez Mu niz FJ Dietary Exchange of an Olive Oil and Sunflower Oil Blend for Extra Virgin Olive Oil Decreases the Estimate Car diovascular Risk and LDL and Apolipoprote in AII Concentra tions in Postmenopausal Women Rev Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2005 24 5 361 369 Tardivo AP Nahas Neto J Nahas EA Maesta N Rodrigues MA Orsatti FL Associations between healthy eating patterns and i
13. dietary patterns and the pre sence of cardiovascular risk factors CVR in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES 2001 2002 These authors evaluated 1 313 women and founded a significant associa tion between dietary patterns and increased CVR Cardiovascular protection decreases with age after menopausia so it is possible that dietary interven tion of monounsaturated fatty acids instead of satu rated fatty acids in healthy diet can induce different effects on metabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women When it comes to foods rich in saturated fatty acids SFA and its effect on CVR factors it is butter where 2562 Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 Hazel Ester Anderson Vasquez et al palmitic and stearic fatty acids predominate These two SFA have the greatest potential impact on LDL C The Health of Nurses after tracking 80 082 women for 14 years has estimated that an increase of 296 of caloric intake of SFA produces a 2896 increased risk of coronary heart disease 5 On the other hand aliments rich in monounsatura ted fats MFA the main representative being extra virgin olive oil EVOO which has a higher anti athe rogenic capacity improves metabolic syndrome faci litates glucose control blood pressure and has benefi cial effects on platelet function thrombogenesis and fibrinolisis According to the above stated the present research aimed to determine the impact of two die
14. e use impact of diet high in SFA and its re placement by a diet rich in MUFA were calculated in this sense the Castell index and LDL C HDL C ratio reflect increased atherogenic lipoproteins LDL C and the decrease in HDL C correlating with cardiovas cular risk factors such as the components of metabolic syndrome MS Moreover it has been shown that the predictive value of TG HDL C ratio is high for heart disease and there is a direct relationship with hyper tension and MS In this line of thought the results of this work at the beginning there was no PMW with high CV risk which is why they differ from E Chavez Gonzalez et al who evaluated the rate of Castell in 112 meno pausal study reporting that 9 3 had low risk 68 6 moderate risk and 22 high cardiovascular risk Simi larly regarding the dietary intervention periods the li poprotein indicators showed high atherogenic and MS risk in patients following consumption of a diet rich in butter as well as the beneficial effect of consuming a diet rich in EVOO The consumption of olive oil has been widely stu died 2 The PREDIMED study with 7 216 subjects between 55 and 80 years old including both genders 2568 Nutr Hosp 2015 31 6 2561 2570 Hazel Ester Anderson Vasquez et al with high cardiovascular risk concluded that con sumption of olive oil especially extra virgin variety was associated with a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular events an
15. ia RV 70 100 mg dl 85 0 6 1 95 4 11 9 0 008 94 0 10 8 NS M1 7 11 5 Basal Insulin RV lt 25 UI l 9 5 2 6 11 122 3 NS 10 2 1 8 NS 16 8 18 9 HOMA RV lt 2 5 1 99 0 66 2 6240 77 0 029 2 36 0 67 NS 731 6 110 Total Cholesterol RV lt 200 mg dl 182 7 16 2 223 2 30 0 001 211 7439 8 NS 122 1 15 1 HDL C RV lt 45 mg dl 39 3 2 7 40 041 9 NS 43 4 1 6 0 000 11 7 18 5 LDL C RV 100 140mg dl 110 1 12 6 149 0430 0 002 140 9 43 3 NS 135 3 15 5 VLDL C lt 25 mg dl 33 1 1 7 33 6 4 6 NS 31 2 4 2 NS 11 5 17 2 No HDL C Cholesterol lt 140 mg dl 143 3413 7 183 1 13 7 0 000 169 7 37 3 NS 127 7 17 4 Triglycerides lt 150 mg dl 164 9 6 4 168 1223 0 NS 155 8 21 7 NS 11 9 17 4 CT HDL C Rel RV 00 4 5 4 61 0 25 5 530 7 0 000 4 8 0 9 0 015 119 3 412 796 LDL C HDL C Rel RV 0 0 3 2 8340 22 3 840 7 0 000 3 540 9 NS 134 2 17 8 TG HDL C Rel RV 0 0 3 4 22 0 30 4 20 0 68 NS 3 90 0 87 0 003 40 4796 17 1 Col No HDL C HDL C Rel 3 63 0 20 4 4740 58 0 000 3 63 0 20 0 016 RV 00 4 5 123 1 418 796 Values represent the mean x DE Diet SAT Butter diet Diet MONO Extra virgin olive oil diet HDL C High density lipoproteins LDL C Low density lipoproteins VLDL C Very low density lipoproteins Col HDL C cholesterol no HDL C TG Triglycerides Rel Relaci n search In terms of diet in different population groups it has been reported that it is espec
16. ially important in the prevention of mentioned diseases Hu et al conducted a study of 80 082 women between 34 and 59 years old which showed that the replacement of saturated fat and unsaturated fatty acids trans for mo nounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents the development of coronary heart disease more sig nificantly compared with only reduce consumption of saturated fat The present study at the end of the SAT period an increase in TC at the expense of LDL C was obser ved It has been demonstrated that LDL C is one of the key factors in the development of atherosclerosis since they are more susceptible to oxidation because they are better able to enter the macrophage monocyte arterial wall system the opposite effect occurred when the extra virgin olive oil was consumed as monoun saturated fatty acids present in this oil are incorpora ted to the lipoproteic particle Concerning HDL C was observed that EVOO diet significantly improved HDL C by 8 5 compared with the diet butter It has been reported that the concentration of HDL C is the best predictor of coronary heart disease risk in women and their risk decreases by 3 for every 1 mg dl in creasing HDL C in plasma In this study cardiovascular disease predictive in dex in the 2 periods of dietary intervention for com Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil Nutr Hosp
17. ich brings the end of the reproductive life of women so bodily changes and biochemical characteristics occur that bring on a number of risk factors associated with obesity abdominal and insulina resistance which in cludes hypertension diabetes and dyslipidemia that increase cardiovascular disease favoring higher mor tality in this cycle of life Early natural or surgical menopause is associated with endothelial dysfunc tion and increases 3 times the risk of coronaria artery disease In this period of life decreased circulating levels of estrogen brings about changes in the size and body composition favoring weight gain of adipose tissue and increased fat distribution in the abdominal area Currently there are various models methods and te chniques for anthropometric assessment where it is Conclusiones la dieta SAT aument el riesgo cardio vascular mientras que la dieta MONO disminuy el ries go de desarrollar los componentes del s ndrome metab lico y enfermedades coronarias Nutr Hosp 2015 31 2561 2570 DOI 10 3305 nh 2015 31 6 8732 Palabras clave Menopausia Perfil lip dico Aceite de oli va Mantequilla Intervenci n diet tica important to obtain information in determining the nutritional status as well as their influence on the car diometabolic risk On the one hand another important aspect is the lipid profile Postmenopausal women have a lipid profile characterized by high concentrations of to
18. istical value Results Women studied were of 56 5 years old with a range between 50 and 64 Table 1 shows the anthropome tric variables of body dimension it appears that at the beginning of the SAT diet BMI was 29 8 3 1 kg m waist circumference WC 93 2 10 1 cm waist hip circumference W HC of 0 86 0 14 and waist height relationship W HR of 0 59 0 06 Also regarding the body composition the subjects presented a body fat percentage of 38 6 4 There were no significant differences in anthropometric measurements between the two diets However while analyzing the effects of the anthropometric indicators of cardiovascular disea se risk it was found that the cardiovascular disease risk had increased during the consumption of the SAT diet for all indicators which then decreased during the period of the MONO diet consumption In table 3 a metabolic and lipidic profile is presented for both periods Regarding the metabolic profile gly cemia and the HOMA IR index significantly increased during the SAT diet while not presenting any modi fications at the end of the MONO period Regarding the lipidic profile it was observed that during the SAT diet there was a significant increase in TC p 0 001 LDL C p 0 002 and observed the no cholesterol HDL c p 0 000 Additionally no significant chan ges were observed in the VLDL C nor TG on any of the dietary interventions Nevertheless while percen tage comparing it was fou
19. nd that during the MONO period the TG and VLDL C decreased by 7 496 and 7 2 respectively When it comes to the HDL C it was observed that in the MONO diet the response was significant p 0 000 Another aspect evaluated in table 3 were the lipoproteics indicators where it is evident that the relation CT HDL C and the relation Col No HDL C HDL C increased the cardiovascular disease risk in the SAT diet p 0 000 the same aspect decreased in the MONO diet p 0 015 and p 0 016 respectively The relation LDL C HDL C increased during the SAT diet p 0 000 Hazel Ester Anderson Vasquez et al Table I Comparison of anthropometric variables of participants body size and composition in the two periods of dietary intervention Dietary Intervention Type Antropometric Diet SAT Diet MONO Vanes BEGINNING ENDING n 18 n 18 n 18 Body size Body weight kg 72 4 10 3 72 2 10 0 71 9 10 2 BMI kg m 29 8 3 1 29 7 2 9 29 7 2 9 Torax cm 103 1 8 9 102 8 9 5 101 7 9 0 Waist circumference cm 93 2 10 1 93 3 9 5 93 2 10 1 Hip circumference cm 108 0 7 2 107 7 6 3 106 0 6 7 Waist Hip Circumference 0 86 0 14 0 86 0 15 0 87 0 15 Waist Height ratio 0 59 0 06 0 59 0 06 0 58 0 05 Thigh circumference cm 106 6 5 2 106 6 5 4 106 7 4 9 Media right arm Circunferemce cm 32 6 3 1 32 6 2 8 32 2 2 8 Right wrist cm 16 7 1 3 16 7 1 1 16 5 1 0 Body built 9 2 0 54 9 1 0 46 9 23 0 42 Right thigh circumference cm 63 1 3 6 63
20. ndicators of metabolic risk in postmenopausal women Nutr J 2010 Dec 8 9 64 doi 10 1186 1475 2891 9 64 Cicerale S Conlan XA Sinclair AJ and Keast RSJ Chemistry and Health of Olive Oil Phenolics Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009 49 218 236 Sun J Buys NJ Hills AP Dietary pattern and its association with the prevalence of obesity hypertension and other cardio vascular risk factors among Chinese older adults Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014 Apr 10 11 4 3956 71 doi 10 3390 ijerph110403956 Vilela AA Sichieri R Pereira RA Cunha DB Rodrigues PR Gongalves Silva RM Ferreira MG Dietary patterns associated with anthropometric indicators of abdominal fat in adults Cad Saude Publica 2014 Mar 30 3 502 10 P rez Mart nez P L pez Miranda J Delgado Lista J L pez Segura F y P rez Jim nez F Aceite de oliva y preven ci n cardiovascular m s que una grasa Clin Invest Arterioscl 2006 18 5 195 205 Shaw D I Tierney A C McCarthy S Upritchard J Vermunt S Gulseth H L et al J A LIPGENE food exchange model for alteration of dietary fat quantity and quality in free living participants from eight European countries British Journal of Nutrition 2009 101 5 750 759 ISSN 0007 1145 Onis M Habicht P Anthropometric reference data for interna tional use recommendations from a World Health Organiza tion Expert Committee 1996 ISAK International Standards For Anthropometri
21. participate in the study This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Laboratory for Research and Development in Nutrition School of Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Medicine Univer sity of Zulia Methodology Anthropometric Assessment The measurements were performed by a specialist in Clinical Nutrition previously trained and standardi zed in anthropometry Women were assessed only with the minimum of clothes no shoes or accessories The technical error of measurement was within the range of values considered adequate weight 0 00 g size 0 01cm and triceps skinfold PTr 0 1 mm Skinfolds were measured with a Lange grease caliper Cambri dge Scientific Instruments Cambridge MD with a measuring range of 0 60 mm graduation 0 3 mm and a constant pressure of 10 g mm Scales INNER Scan Body Composition Monitor by Tanita Ironman TM BC554 3901 was used to determine body composi tion For perimeters a 150 cm long anthropometric measuring tape was used The measures of size and body composition were taken according to the crite ria of the WHO Biochemical Evaluation The sampling was performed at the Laboratory for Research and Development in Nutrition after an overnight fast of 12 hours in a conditioned room where patients remained seated and relaxed Then it was proceeded to attain the right antecubital vein collecting 5 ml of blood in dry tube samples were taken at baseline and 28 days after that
22. saturadas por una dieta rica en gra sas monoinsaturadas sobre el perfil antropom trico me tab lico y lip dico en mujeres postmenop usicas Material y m todo estudio prospectivo longitudinal y comparativo en el que 18 mujeres postmenop usicas par ticiparon en dos per odos de intervenci n diet tica de 28 d as cada uno 1 dieta SAT consumieron mantequilla F rmula cal rica FC 15 de prote nas 38 grasas 20 grasas saturadas AGS 12 grasas monoinsatu radas AGM y 47 carbohidratos y 6 poliinsaturadas AGPD 2 Periodo MONO con aceite de oliva virgen extra AOVE F rmula cal rica 15 de prote nas 38 grasas lt 10 AGS 22 AGM y 6 AGPI y 47 carbohidratos Se midieron dimensi n y composi ci n corporal glicemia insulina HOMA CT HDL C LDL C VLDLC TG CT HDL C LDL C HDL C TG HDL C y CT no HDL C HDLC Anamnesis diet tica 24 horas registro diario de alimentos Para el an lisis es tad stico se aplic ANOVA y BONFERRONI SPSS 20 Resultados la edad fue de 56 5 a os IMC 29 8 3 1 kg m circunferencia de cintura CCi 93 2 10 1 cm circunferencia cintura cadera IC C 0 86 0 14 rela ci n cintura estatura ICE 0 59 0 06 y 38 6 4 de grasa corporal GC NS CCi Dieta SAT al Inicio 55 6 RCV final 66 7 dieta MONO 55 6 Per fil lip dico dieta SAT aumentaron CT p lt 0 001 LDL C p lt 0 002 y colesterol NO HDL c p lt 0 000 HDL C au ment en dieta
23. sk however these values improved in the MONO diet for 66 7 of the subjects Discussion Despite major advances in the pharmacological ma nagement of dyslipidemia in recent decades nutrition continues to play a key role in primary and secondary prevention of CVD The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of a dietary intervention that included the replacement of saturated fatty acids represented by butter as base grease of the typical Western diet based on monounsaturated fatty acids using extra virgin olive oil as fat source of the Medite rranean diet over atherogenic dyslipidemia of PMW obtaining as a result that the SAT diet severely increa sed cardiovascular disease risk which improved by receiving the MONO diet During menopause cardiovascular risk factors are of greater impact due to hormonal changes age wei ght gain inactivity and altered lipidic profile Women in this study were overweight and fat distribution of android type with high cardiovascular metabolic risk according to the WC W Hip and W Height index which can foster the development of insulin resistance and its clinical consequences carbohydrate intoleran ce and type 2 diabetes hypertension dyslipidemia and coronary disease This investigation the studied patients were overweight with abdominal fat distribution Similar results were reported by Meertens et al who evalua ted 129 PMW aged 52 52 5 48 years old they found a B
24. tal cholesterol LDL C and TG and low HDL C called dyslipidemia atherogenic It is considered that the Castelli atherogenic index and LDL C HDL C ratio are good predictors of the clinical benefit degree on lipids intervention although studies have been con ducted mainly in pharmacological therapies Aceve do M et al showed in their study that the TC HDL C ratio and cholesterol no HDL C were the best asso ciated among different lipoprotein markers to sub clinical atherosclerosis The HDL cholesterol proved to be the best protector of carotid thickness In Venezuela women over 45 years accounted for 17 05 of the total female population for 1995 and projection for 2035 is 35 7696 with a life expectancy of 74 73 years old The age for menopause comprises between 48 7 4 6 years this indicates that conse quent alterations of endocrinological biological and clinical processes of this gonadal cessation will ac company them for a third of their lives This aspect reflects the great importance of the study and mana gement of environmental factors that influence their lifestyle specifically food However few studies of dietary intervention on lipids in this cycle of life is conducted in the region From the nutrition point of view epidemiological studies have highlighted the role of vegetable fats in the cardiovascular disease CVD neurodegenerati ve and cancer prevention P Lopez et al analyzed the association between
25. tary interven tions in order to measure effects on anthropometric metabolic and lipid profile before and after consump tion of a diet high in saturated fat diet SAT compared to its replacement on a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids diet MONO supplied to a group of post menopausal women to generate dietary interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of women during this cycle of life Materials and methods Study design It is a prospective longitudinal experimental and comparative research It consisted of 18 post menopausal women PMW selected according to the inclusion criteria and subjected to two dietary interventions Menopause was defined according to published criteria In the pre and post interven tion periods a menu was provided with a similar fat composition to be consumed in each diet The Shaw et all criteria for dietary intervention protocol was used Study population From a universe of 100 PMW attending the Out patient Nutrition Clinic from March 2011 to March 2012 after explanation of the protocol 18 patients who met the following criteria were selected a Be tween 50 and 65 years old b Being postmenopausal c Not having evidence of chronic disease including liver kidney thyroid or heart dysfunction d Not following a low calorie diet e Not receiving drugs that could affect lipid metabolism f Has not recei ved hormone replacement therapy and g Agreeing in writing to
26. turated PUFA b Period MONO with extra virgin olive oil EVOO CF 15 protein 38 fat 10976 SFA 22 PUFA and 6 MUFA and 47 carbohydrates Size and body com position glucose insulin HOMA TC HDL C LDL C VLDL C TG TC HDL C LDL C HDL C TG HDL C and non HDL C HDL C were measured dietary Anam nesis 24 hours daily food record ANOVA and Bonferro ni statistical analysis SPSS 20 was applied Results the age was 56 5 years BMI 29 8 3 1 kg m waist circumference 93 2 10 1 cm waist hip ratio 0 86 0 14 waist height 0 59 0 06 and 38 6 4 body fat NS Lipid profile SAT diet increased TC p 0 001 LDL C p 0 002 and non HDL Cholesterol p 0 000 HDL C increased in MONO diet p lt 0 000 SAT diet TC HDL c ratio Non col HDL c HDL c LDL c HDL c p 0 000 and TG HDL c p lt 0 000 In MONO diet de creased TC HDL c p 0 015 and TG HDL c p 0 016 Correspondence Carmina Wanden Berghe Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera Elche Hospital General Universitario de Alicante E mail carminaw telefonica net cwanden el uch ceu es Recibido 28 I 15 1 Revisi n 3 III 15 Aceptado 7 III 2015 IMPACTO DEL CONSUMO DE UNA DIETA RICA EN MANTEQUILLA Y SU REEMPLAZO POR UNA DIETA RICA EN ACEITE DE OLIVA VIRGEN EXTRA SOBRE EL PERFIL ANTROPOMETRICO METABOLICO Y LIPIDICO EN MUJERES POSTMENOPAUSICAS Resumen Objetivo analizar el impacto de la sustituci n de una dieta rica en grasas
27. umption and ethnicity among women aged 50 years and ol der J Am Diet Assoc 2008 108 2 248 256 4 Vel zquez Maldonado Elsy M Prevenci n cardiovascular en la mujer postmenop usica Rev Venez Endocrinol Metab 2009 Jun 7 2 3 16 5 Rosales Ricardo Y Antropometr a en el diagn stico de pacien tes obesos una revisi n Nutr Hosp 2012 Dic 27 6 1803 1809 6 Arca M Lena Vega G Grundy S Hypercholesterolemia in post menopausal women JAMA 1994 27 453 459 7 Villasmil E R Guerra V M Torres M M Reyna N Mej a M J Perfil lip dico en mujeres pre menop usicas y posmenop usi cas Rev Obstet Ginecol Venez 2007 67 2 107 114 8 Miguel Soca PE Rivas Est vez M Sarmiento Teruel Y Ma ri o Soler AL Marrero Hidalgo M Mosqueda Batista L Fac tores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en mujeres con menopausia Rev Fed Arg Cardiol 2014 43 2 90 96 9 Mill n J Pint X Mu oz A Z iga M Rub es Prat J Pallardo L F et al Cocientes Lipoproteicos significado fisiol gico y utilidad de los ndices aterog nicos en prevenci n cardiovas cular Clin Invest Arterioscl 2010 22 1 25 32 11 12 15 14 15 16 EF 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Acevedo M Kr mer V Tagle R Corbal n R Arna z P Berr os X Navarrete C Relaci n colesterol total a HDL y colesterol no HDL los mejores indicadores lip dicos de aumento de grosor de la ntima me
28. verage caloric formula and the drafting of the regimes used in different periods according to the type of fat used The diet was made based on 7 rotating menus pre viously established with an isocaloric formula which providing for the SAT DIET 1926 kcal 80 7 g fat while where provided for the MONO diet 1951 kcal and 82 7 g of fat Both regimens provided 79 g protein and 222 g carbohydrate These diets were consumed by patients at home The participants in the first stage received the SAT diet where they consumed 50 g of butter a day as a source of saturated fat which they smeared on white bread or corn products subsequent ly they received the OLIVA diet which included 50 cc of EVOO which was consumed in soup added raw or tablespoons 2564 Statistical analysis For the statistical treatment of the data the statis tical program package SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17 0 was used Descriptive Statistics were used to represent the results as mean standard deviation and change percentages for the control diet in tables The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to compare the normal distribution of the va riables The Levene test was used in the contrast of the homogeneity test To determine the effect of the different diets on the studied variables the analysis of variance ANOVA was used in comparing arithmetic means and post hoc Bonferroni was applied p 0 05 was considered as the significant stat
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