RESUMEN El objetivo general de esta tesis fue investigar las
Contents
1. Holshouser D L Chandler J M y Hsin l W 1996 Temperature dependent model for non dormant seed germination and rhizome bud break of johnsongrass Sorghum halepense Weed Sci 44 257 265 Holt J S y Boose A B 2000 Potential for spread of Abutilon theophrasti in California Weed Science 48 43 52 Holt J S y Orcutt D R 1996 Temperatura thresholds for bud sprouting in perennial weeds and seed germination in cotton Weed Sci 44 523 533 Holt J S 1995 Plant response to light a potential tool for weed management Weed Sci 43 474 482 Horak M J y Wax L M 1991 Germination and seedling development of Bigroot morningglory Ipomoea pandurata Weed Sci 39 390 396 Horowitz M 1972a Development of Cynodon dactylon L Pers Weed Res 12 207 220 Horowitz M 1972b Early development of johnsongrass Weed Sci 20 271 273 Horowitz M 1972c Growth tuber formation and spread of Cyperus rotuntus L from single tubers Weed Res 12 348 363 Horowitz M 1972d Spatial growth of Cynodon dactylon L Pers Weed Res 12 373 383 Horowitz M 1973 Spatial growth of Sorghum halepense L Pers Weed Res 13 200 208 Hossain Md A Ishimine Y Akamine H Muruyama S Uddin S M M y Kuniyoshi K 1999 Effect of burial depth on emergence of Panicum repens Weed Sci 47 651 656 Info Stat 2008 Infostat versi n 2008 Manual del Usuario Grupo Infostat FCA Universidad Nacional de C rdoba 1a2. Tamado T Schutz W y Milberg P 2002 Germination ecology of the leed Parthenium hysterophorus in eastern Etiop a Annals of Applied Biology 140 3 263 270 Tan C S y Weaver S E 1997 Water use patterns of eastern black nightshade Solanum ptycanthum and hairy nightshade Solanum sarrachoides in response to shading and water stress Can J Plant Sci 77 261 265 Toole V K 1973 Effects of Light temperatura and their interactions on the germination of seeds Seed Sci and Technol 1 339 396 Tripathi R S y Harper J L 1973 The comparative biology of Agropyron repens L Beauv and A caninum L Beauv The growth of mixed population established from tillers and from seeds J Ecol 21 2 343 352 Tumbleson M E y Kommedahl T 1961 Reproductive potencial of Cyperus esculentus by tubers Weeds 9 646 653 151 Turner D F 1968 Agropyron repens L Beauv Some effects of thizome fragmentation rhizome burial and defoliation Weed Res 8 298 308 Ueki K 1969 Studies on the control of nutsedge Cyperus rotundus on the germination of the tuber Proc Of the II Asian Pacific Weed Control Interchange Univ Of the Philippines 335 370 Venette R C y Carey J R 1998 Invasion biology rethinking our response to alien species Calif Agric 2 Marzo Abril 13 17 Vermeij G J 1996 An agenda for invasion biology Biol Conserv 78 3 9 Vigna M R 1981 Estudios sobre la biologia de
3. The emergence does not happen from fruits were put at greater 3 cm deep so tilling labors that buried seeds into greater deeps can be an option to limit this weed germination That phenomenon is joined to the fact that its fruit survival at the bank is ephemeral being no greater than twelve months The emergence flow of plantlets from seeds is discontinuous with fall and spring cohorts Regeneration capacity of rhizomes indicates that this could be one of the most important biological strategies joined to the expansion and perpetuation of the species in invaded areas Budding beginning was from 12 C reaching greater percentages at 50 in the 18 to 30 C ranges The length of rhizome fragment influences in vegetative bud formation because of when the segment length increases also the budding percentage did As cited in the case of the fruits there was a tolerance of rhizome budding to a certain grade of salinity being null in saline concentrations superior to 200 mM The buried deep and the diameter of the rhizomes affected the shoot emergence The greatest budding percentage was obtained for the thickest and shallowly collocated rhizomes being this scarce or null at greater 30 cm deeps The activity of rhizome regeneration was not a totally interrupted process at any time but showed fluctuations through the annual cycle In Chapter 3 the results refereed to phenology growth and development in field conditions and from a plant arisen by its
4. Tucum n P 178 XXIII Jornadas Cient ficas Asoc Biologia de Tucum n Tafi del Valle Tucuman Chaila S Arevalo R A Sobrero M T Villagr n F Ramon N A Galindo G S y Garcia A M 2007 Demografia experimental aplicada al estudio de poblaciones de Tagetes minuta L en ca averales del este de Tucuman XXIV Jornadas Cientificas de la Asociaci n de Biologia de Tucuman Noviembre Tafi del Valle Tucuman 86 y 87 Chauhan B S Gill G y Preston C 2006a Factos affecting seed germination of annual sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus in southern Australia Weed Sci 54 854 860 Chauhan B S Gill G y Preston C 2006b Seed germination and seedling emergence of threehorn bedstraw Galium tricornutum Weed Sci 54 867 872 141 Chauhan B S y Johnson D E 2008a Seed germination and seedling emergence of Giant sensitiveplant Mimosa invisa Weed Sci 56 244 248 Chauhan B S Johnson D E 2008b Influence of environmental factos on seed germination and seedling emergence of Eclipta Eclipta prostrata in a Tropical environment Weed Sci 56 383 388 Clough J M Teeri J A y Alberte R S 1979 Photosynthetic adaptation of Solanum dulcamara L to sun and shade environments Oecologia 38 13 21 Clough J M Teeri J A y Alberte R S 1980 Photosyntetic adaptation of Solanum dulcamara L to sun and shade environments Ill Characterization of genotypes with differing photosynthetic performance Oecologia 44
5. ecology and management Cap 1 p 1 28 En Weed biology and management Inderjit ed Kluwer Academia Publisher 553 p Marzocca A 1994 Guia descriptiva de malezas del cono sur INTA Buenos Aires 295 pp Marzocca A y del Puerto O 1976 Manual de malezas Buenos Aires Hemisferio Sur 564 pp Mayer A M y Poljakoff Mayber A 1982 The germination of seeds 3 ed Pergamon Press Oxford McWhorter C G y Jordan T N 1976 The effect of light and temperature on growth and development of Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense Weed Sci 24 437 443 Medd R W y Lovett J V 1978 Biological studies of Carduus nutans L spp nutans 1 Germination and light requirement of seedlings Weed Research 18 363 367 Michel B E 1983 Evaluation of the water potencial of solutions of PE 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes Plant Physiology 72 66 70 Miles D H 1993 Potencial agrochemicals from leaves of Wedelia biflora Phytochemistry 32 6 1427 1429 Miles J E Nishimoto R K y Kawabata O 1996 Diurnally alternating temperatures simulate sprouting of purple nutsedge Cyperus rotundus tubers Weed Sci 44 122 125 Monoghan N 1979 The biology of johnsongrass Sorghum halepense Weed Res 19 261 267 Morais H Medri M E Marur C J Caramori P H Ribeiro A M and Gomes J C 2004 Modifications on Leaf Anatomy of Coffea arabica caused by Shade of Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan Brazilian arc
6. 179 191 Lockwood J L Hoopes M F y Marchetti M P 2007 Invasion ecology Blackwell publishing 304 p Lonsdale W M 1999 Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility Ecology 80 5 1522 1536 Lu P Sang W y Mo K 2006 Effects of environmental factor on germination and emergente of Crofton leed Eupatorium adenophorum Weed Sci 54 452 457 Maas E V 1986 Salt tolerante of plants Applied Agricultural Research 4 1 12 26 MacDonald G E Brecke B J y Shiling D G 1992 Factors affecting germination of dogfennel Eupatorium capillifolium and yankeeweed Eupatorium compositifolium Weed Sci 40 420 428 146 Machado Neto J G y Pitelli R A 1988 Profundidade de semeadura na emergencia de amendom bravo Pesq Agropec Bras 23 11 1203 1208 Mahmood K 1988 Some ecological studies on soil plant relationships in salt affected wastelands Tesis doctoral University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Marcum K B y Pessarakli M 2006 Relative salinity tolerance and salt gland excretion activity of bermudagrass turf cultivars Crop Science 46 6 2571 Marenco R A y Reis A C S 1998 Shading as an environmental factor affecting the growth of Ischaemum rugosum Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal 10 2 107 112 Marshall G 1986 Growth and development of field hosetail Equisetum arvense L Weed Sci 34 271 275 Mashhadi H R y Radosevich S R 2004 Invasive plants
7. 2006 Germinaci n y emergencia de Tithonia tubaeformis Jacq Cass En res men XII Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas Catamarca 525 526 p Faccini D y Barat E 1989 Estudio del comportamiento germinativo del yuyo colorado Amaranthus quitensis Rev Malezas 17 53 62 Fern ndez Quintanilla C Gonz lez Andujar J L y Appleby A P 1990 Characterization of the germination and emergente response to temperatura and soil moisture of Avena fatua and Avena sterilis Weed Research 30 289 295 Fern ndez O A 1979 Las malezas y su evoluci n Ciencia e investigaci n 35 5 6 7 8 49 60 Fern ndez O A y Brevedan R E 1972 Regeneraci n de Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav A partir de fragmentos de sus ra ces Darviniana 17 433 442 Ferrari G 2006 Biolog a poblacional de Portulaca oleracea L factores que afectan su persistencia en los sistemas agr colas extensivos de la regi n Tesis Maestria en Manejo y conservaci n de recursos naturales Fac Cs Agrarias Rosario Argentina 111pp 143 Fiala K 1978 Underground organs of Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia their growth propagation and production Acta Sc Nat Brno 12 1 43 Ghersa R J Leon y E Satorre 1983 Dinamica de la poblacion de rizomas de sorgo de Alepo Importancia de las plantas menores de un ano Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 22 1 4 345 352 Ghorbani R Seel W y Leifert C 1999 Effects of environmental facto
8. 221 225 Cody M L 1966 A general theory of clutch size Evolution 20 174 184 Collazo L y Riet Correa F 1996 Experimental intoxication of sheep and cattle with Wedelia glauca Veter Human Toxicol 38 3 200 203 Comes R D Bruns V F y Kelley A D 1978 Longevity of certain weed and crop seeds in fresh water Weed sci 26 4 336 344 Conn J S 1990 Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after burial for 4 7 years in Alaska Weed Science 38 134 138 Cook R 1980 The biology of seeds in the soil In Demography and evolution in plant populations University of California Press pp 107 129 Crotser M P Witt W W y Spomer L A 2003 Neutral density shading and far red radiation influence black nighshade Solanum nigrum and eastern black nightshade Solanum ptycanthum growth Weed Sci 51 208 213 Cussans G W Raudonis S Brain P Y Cumbenworth S 1996 Effects of depth of seed burial and soil aggregate of Alopecurus myosuroides Galium aparine Stellaria media and wheat Weed Res 36 133 141 Dall Armellina A A y Zimdahl R L 1988 Effect of light on frowth and development of Convolvulus arvensis and Centaurea repens Weed Sci 36 799 83 Darwinion 2008 Catalogo de plantas vasculares de la Argentina En http www darwin edu ar publicaciones catalogovascll catalogovascl l asp Revisado el 03 07 2008 De Marinis G 1973 Nota sobre a capacidade reprodutiva de Bidens pilosa L Rev
9. Bielinski M S Morales Payan J P Stall W M Bewick T A y Shilling D G 1997 Effects of shading on the growth of nutsedges Cyperus spp Weed Sci 45 670 673 Boose A B y Holt J S 1999 Environmental effects on asexual reproduction in Arundo donax Weed Res 39 117 127 Boyd J W y Murria D S 1982 Growth and development of silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Weed Sci 30 238 243 Boyd J W y Murria D S 1982 The effect of shade on silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Weed Sci 30 264 269 Boyd N y Van Acker R 2004 Seed germination of common weed species as affected by oxygen concentration light and osmotic potential Weed Sci 52 589 596 Braun U Delhey R y Kiehr M 2001 Notes on some cercosporoid hyphomycetes from Argentina Fungal Diversity 6 18 33 Buhler D D y Owen M K D 1997 Emergence and survival of horseweed Conyza canadensis Weed Science 45 98 101 Burkart A y Carera M N 1953 Estudios sobre malezas Morfologia vegetativa y germinaci n del sunchillo Wedelia glauca Darwiniana 10 2 113 144 Burton G W Jackson J E y Knox F E 1959 The influence of light reduction upon the production persistence and chemical composition of Coastal Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon Agron J 51 537 542 Cabrera A L 1978 Flora de la provincia de Jujuy Parte X Compositae Colec Cientif INTA Caceres J M 1986 Determinaci n del mapa de zonas geo
10. edic Edit Brujas Argentina Ingle M y Rogers B J 1961 The growth of a midwestern strain of Sorghum halepense under controlled conditions Am J Bot 48 392 396 Ismail B S Rosmini B I y Samiah K 1996 Factos affecting germination of Siam weed Chromolaena odorata L King amp Robinson seeds Plant Protection Quarterly 11 1 2 5 Janez H G Sempronii y H Neme 1990 Caracterizaci n del sector agropecuario de la provincia de Santiago del Estero Estudio para la implementacion de la reforma impositiva agropecuario Proyecto PNUD Argentina 85 019 150 p Jha P Norsworthy J K Riley M B Bielenberg D G y Bridges W 2008 Acclimation of Palmer Amaranth Amaranthus palmeri to shading Weed Sci 56 5 729 734 Jordan Molero J E y Stoller E W 1978 Seasonal development of yellow and Purple Nutsedges Cyperus esculentus and C rotundus in Illinois Weed Sci 26 6 614 618 Juraimi A S Drenan D S H y Anuar N 2004 The effects of shading on the growth development and partitioning of biomasa in Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon L Pers Journal of Biological Sciences 4 6 756 762 Keeley P E y Thullen R J 1978 Light requirements of Yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus and light interception by crops Weed Sci 26 1 10 16 145 Kissmann K G y Groth D 1999 Plantas infestantes e nocivas Tomo II 2 ed Basf Brasil 977pp Kivilaan A y R S Bandursky 1973 The ninety year for D
11. fruit germination are shown From phenologic study arises that W glauca is a species of spring summer seasonal growth During the winter the aerial portion of the plant dies However new shoots can emerge during that season because of the temperature increasing and soil humidity by watering but they can die by a further frost With respect to growth and development at field conditions the aerial dry biomass evolution increases in spring summer seasons reaching its maximum at beginnings of the summer and it decreases from this season until aerial part disappears in May when first frosts come The aerial biomass reached its maximum in December with values of 299 and 284 gr m respectively The shoot average density was of 285 and 339 by sguare meter Between March and August months there was no important variations in subterranean biomass values registering the maximum pick of 430 gr m August The minimum value of biomass was 286 gr m in November The diminutions of biomass are coincident with the active growth of the species and the formation of reproductive states For plants coming from fruits two development stages can be considered along the annual growth cycle A first stage where the highest weight profits corresponds to the aerial part 50 days and a second one where the aerial biomass starts to be proportionally less with respect to the subterranean biomass Respect to the subterranean growth dynamic it was registered that the len
12. Cogn frente a procesos de alteraci n poblacional en ca a de az car Revista Malezas Buenos Aires ASAM 3 95 100 Chaila S Garc a A E y De la Vega M 1993 El Subsistema Malezas en Peligro por Efectos de Tithonia tubaeformis Jack Cass Actas II Congreso Regional El NOA y su Medio Ambiente Salta Argentina Chaila S Garc a A E y De la Vega M H 1993 Predicciones Poblacionales de Eryngium paniculatum y Eryngium ebracteatum en el Territorio de la Provincia de Tucum n Actas III Congreso Regional El NOA y su Medio Ambiente Universidad Nacional de Jujuy Jujuy Argentina Chaila S Sobrero M T Piscitelli F Nasif A y Aguero Gomez L M 2001 Potencial de infestaci n de tres tupulos G neros Sicyos y Echinopepon en ca averales de diferentes localidades del Noroeste de Argentina Actas XV Congreso de la Asoc Latinoamericana de Malezas X jornadas venezolanas cient fico tecnicas en biolog a y combate de malezas Maracaibo P 149 Chaila S Piscitelli F R Nasita M M Diaz L P y Arevalo R A Biocell 29 1 98 2005 Flaveria bidentis L O Kuntze Asteraceae invasi n capacity measurement in sugarcane cv LCP 85 384 for El Bracho El Naranjito and La Tala localities Tucum n Argentina Chaila S Arevalo R A Villagran F Ramon N A Galindo GS y A M Garcia 2006 Determinaci n del PI de Rotboellia cochinchinesis Lour W D Clayton R exaltata en ca averales de tres localidades de
13. RESUMEN El objetivo general de esta tesis fue investigar las caracteristicas del crecimiento reproducci n y tolerancia al sombreado W glauca Para el estudio se integraron experimentos en laboratorio y a campo Los resultados se resumen seguidamente En el Capitulo 1 se presenta una revisi n bibliogr fica sobre la especie y descripci n del rea de estudio El Cap tulo 2 se ocupa de germinaci n y brotaci n de rizomas Entre los factores que favorecen la propagaci n de W glauca se encuentra la capacidad de sus frutos para germinar en un rango amplio de temperaturas tanto en condiciones de oscuridad continua y bajo un fotoper odo de luz y oscuridad los m ximos porcentajes fueron 18 a 22 C y a 20 10 C En condiciones salinas una proporci n de los frutos pueden germinar hasta concentraciones de cloruro de sodio de 200 mM hecho que permite considerarla con un comportamiento similar a especies hal fitas No ocurri emergencia a partir de frutos colocadas a profundidades mayores a 3 cm operaciones de labranza que entierren las semillas a profundidades mayores puede ser una opci n para limitar la germinaci n de esta maleza coligado este fen meno al hecho que la supervivencia de los frutos en el banco es ef mera no mas de doce meses El flujo de emergencia de pl ntulas provenientes de semilla es discontinuo con cohortes en oto o y primavera La capacidad de regeneraci n de los rizomas indica que esta ser a una de las estrateg
14. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav Y su susceptibilidad a dos herbicidas Tesis Magister Producci n Vegetal Universidad Nac del Sur Bahia Blanca 167 pp Wan Soon K Kun Yang H Dong Woo L y Jeong Sik L 1995 Effects of controlled shading on the Growth and ground covering ability of Wedelia robusta and Vinca minor J Kor Soc Hort Sci 36 4 588 594 Webster R H 1979 Growing weeds from seeds and other propagules for experimental purposes Technical report 56 21 pp Westlake D F 1968 Methods used to determine the annual production of reed swamp plants with extensive rhizomes P 226 234 En Methods of productivity studies in rot system and rhizosphere organisms Leningrad Wilson R G 1979 Germination and seedling development of Canada Thistle Cirsium arvense Weed Sci 27 2 146 151 Wong C C 1991 Shade tolerance of tropical forages A review Forages for Plantation Crops ACIAR Proceedings N 32 Ed H M Shelton amp W W Stur pp 64 69 Zhang Y Rimmington C M Gao Y Jiang L Xing X An P El Sidding K y Shimizu H 2005 Germination characteristics of Artemisia ordosica Asteraceae in relation to ecological restoration in northern China Can J Bot 83 8 1021 1028 152
15. ago farfara L J Ecol 62 1 291 324 Oliveira M J y Norsworthy J K 2006 Pitted norningglory Ipomoea lacunosa germination and emergence as affected by environmental factos and seeding depth Weed Sci 54 910 916 Papa J C 2005 Biologia de Parietaria debilis G Foster en ambiertes perturbados y no perturbados Tesis Magister Universidad Nacional de Rosario Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Parra M V Sobrero M T y Chaila S 2006 Efecto del potencial osmotico sobre la germinaci n de Flaveria bidentis En Resumen de XXV Congreso Brasileiro da Ciencia das Plantas Da inas Brasilia P 49 Parodi L R 1925 Las malezas de los cultivos en el Partido de Pergamino Rev Del Centro de Estudiantes de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria UBA 74 171pp Patterson D T 1979a Effects of shading on the growth and development of Rottboellia exaltata Weed Sci 27 5 549 53 Patterson D T 19796 Methodology and terminology for the measurement of light in weed studies A review Weed Sci 27 4 437 443 148 Patterson D T 1980 Shading effects on growth and partitioning of plant biomass on Imperata cilindrica from shaded and exposed habitats Weed Sci 28 735 40 Patterson D T 1982 Shading responses of purple and yellow nutsedges Weed Sci 30 25 30 Petetin C A y Molinari E P 1982 Reconocimiento de semillas de malezas Colec Cientif INTA Buenos Aires T21 146p Piggin C M 1976 Factors affect
16. agro ecol gicas homog neas de la provincia de Santiago del Estero Primera parte estudio de las caracteristicas clim ticas de la provincia de Santiago del Estero Direcci n General de Catastro de la Pcia De Santiago del Estero 33 p Carmona R 1992 Problematica e manejo de bancos de sementes de invasoras em solos agricolas Planta daninha 10 1 2 5 16 Carmona R 1995 Banco de sementes e establecimiento de plantas daninhas em agroecossistemas Planta Daninha 13 1 3 9 Cavagnaro J B y Trione S O 2007 Physiological morphological and biochemical responses to shade of Trichloris crinita a forage grass from the arid zone of Argentina Journal of Arid Environments 68 3 337 347 C sar O y G De Marinis 1978 Propagacao vegetativa e capacidade reprodutiva de Melancium campestre Naud Revista de Agricultura 53 4 205 208 Chachalis D y Reddy K N 2000 Factors affecting Campsis radicans seed germination and sedling emergence Weed Sci 48 212 216 140 Chaila S 1998 Demografia de Sicyos polyacanthus Cogn Actas XIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Malezas Buenos Aires 1997 ASAPROVE 1 280 291 Chaila S y Fernandez M E A 1992 Demografia de Eryngium sp en ca a de az car Il Real Capacidad Reproductiva y Potencial de Infestaci n de las Especies del G nero Actas XI Congreso ALAM Vi a del Mar Chile Chaila S y Cerrizuela E A 1993 Interferencias y estrategias de Sicyos polyacanthus
17. alternative of growth regulation of weeds would not be effective as an management operation of this species because of it would not have a greater incidence in its growth and persistence This thesis reported aspects contribute to the comprehension of the ecological bases that permit to W glauca behaves like a highly invader weed in the agriculture region systems The obtained information brings basic knowledge for an integrated management of the species vi BIBLIOGRAF A Abrahamson W G 1980 Demography and vegetative reproduction En O T Solbrig Ed Demography and evolution in Plant Populations University of California Press Berkeley Akanda R U Mullahey J J y Shilling D G 1996 Environmental factors affecting germination of tropical soda apple Solanum viarum Weed Sci 44 570 574 Alonso S I y Peretti A 2000 Malezas plagas de la agricultura argentina Catalogo de semillas y plantulas Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce INTA 134 pp Alvarenga A A Castro E M Castro Lima E y Magalhaes M M 2003 Effects of different Light levels on the initial growth and photosynthesis of Croton urucurana Baill In Southeastern Brazil Arvore 27 1 53 57 Arnon D I 1949 Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts Polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris Plant Physiology 24 1 15 Aronson J A 1989 Haloph A data base of salt tolerant p
18. ante de sobrevivencia en los sistemas agropecuarios regionales Las pr cticas agr colas de reducci n de distancia de siembra como una alternativa de regulaci n de crecimiento de las malezas no ser a efectiva como operaci n de manejo de esta especie dado que no tendr a mayor incidencia en su crecimiento y persistencia Los aspectos documentados en esta tesis contribuyen a la comprensi n de las bases ecol gicas que permiten a W glauca comportarse como una especie altamente invasora en los sistemas agr colas de la regi n La informaci n obtenida aporta conocimientos b sicos para un enfoque de manejo integrado de la especie 111 ABSTRACT The general objective of this Thesis was to investigate the growth reproduction and shading characteristics of Wedelia glauca For the study laboratory experiments and at field ones were integrated The results were summarized above In Chapter 1 it is presented a bibliographic revision about the species and a description of the studied area Chapter 2 is about germination and rhizome budding Among factors that favor W glauca propagation is its fruits capacity to germinate in a wide temperature range in continuous dark conditions and under a light and darkness photoperiod the maximal percentages were 18 to 22 C and 20 10 C In saline conditions a proportion of fruits can germinate until sodium chloride of 200 mM which permits to consider it with a similar halophytic species behavior
19. es profundidades de entierro sobre el desarrollo de Sorgo de Alepo a partir de distintos tipos de rizomas Iller Congreso ALAM Mar del Plata Argentina 1 73 80 Soriano A Eilberg B A y Suero A 1971 Effects of burial and changes in the soil on seeds of Datura ferox L Weed Res 11 196 199 Souza Filho A P S Alves S M Figueiredo F J C y Dutra S 2001 Germinacao de sementes de plantas daninhas de pastagens cultivadas Mimosa pudica e Ipomoea asarifolia Planta Daninha 19 1 23 31 Spear B M Rose S T y Belles W S 1980 Effect of canopy cover seeding depth and soil moisture on emergence of Centaurea maculosa and C diffusa Weed Res 20 87 90 Stamper E 1957 The problem of Johnsongrass Proceedings of the Southern Weed Conference 10 149 152 Steckel L E Sprague C L Hager A G Simmons F W y Bollero G A 2003 Effects of shading on common waterhemp Amaranthus rudis growth and development Weed Sci 51 898 903 Steinamus S J y Norris R F 2002 Growth an lisis and Canopo architecture of velvetleaf grown under light conditions representative of irrigated Mediterranean type agroecosystems Weed Sci 50 42 53 Stoller E W y Sweet R D 1987 Biology and life cycle of Purple and Yellow nutsedges Cyperus rotundus and C esculentus Weed Technol 1 66 73 Susko D J y Hussein Y 2008 Factors affecting germination and emergence of Dame s Rocket Hesperis matronalis Weed Sci 56 389 393
20. gth of the rhizome system increased from 0 11 m at 50 days November to 134 m at 210 days April The rhizome system notably increased its length once the setting phase of the plant was surpassed December January passing from 0 04 m d to 0 12 m d The first shoot emergence happened between 60 and 70 days of plantlet emergence The maximum shoot emergence period was registered at 172 days with 9 4 stems day It emerged an average of 295 shoots by plant at 210 days of beginning of the cycle The relatively high proportion of dry matter destined to these structures would be an indication of its colonizing capacity and its competitive skill It is evident that the high survival capacity that W glauca shows in the invaded areas is related with the characteristics of its subterranean structure The Chapter 4 describes the effect of the attenuate light by shading over the growth and development W glauca has the capacity of registering a morphologic and physiological adjust as response to variation in light intensity showing an increase of its growth development and total biomass of its aerial structures as well as subterranean at level of 50 of shading This response is of significant importance in association with the shading that a crop can represent in particular pointing that rhizomes constitute the most important survival strategy in regional agricultural and cattle systems The agricultural practices of diminishing sow distance as an
21. hives of biology and technology 47 6 863 871 147 Murdoch A J y Ellis R H 1992 Longevity viability and dormancy In Seeds The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities Fenner Wallingford pp 193 229 Myers C V Anderson R C y Byers D L 2005 Influence of shading on the growth and leaf photosynthesis of the invasive non indigenous plant garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata M Bieb Cavara and Grande grown under simulated late winter to mid spring conditions Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132 1 1 10 Nandula V K Eubank T W Koger C H y Reddy K N 2006 Gectors affecting germination of horseweed Conyza canadensis Weed Sci 54 898 902 Neeser C Aguero R Y Swanton C J 1997 Incident photosynthetically active radiation as a basis for integrated management of purple nutsedge Weed Sci 45 777 783 Nemoto M C M Alves P L C A Pitelli R A y Nemoto L R P 1995 Comportamento da tiririca Cyperus rotundus sob diferentes niveis de adubacao fosfatada e de sombreamento Planta Da ina 13 1 50 55 Norsworthy J K y Oliveira M J 2006 Sicklepod Senna obtusifolia germination and emergence as affected by environmental factors and seeding depth Weed Sci 54 903 909 Oberti J C Pomilio A B y Gros E 1980 Diterpenos and sterols from Wedelia glauca Phytochemistry 19 1051 1052 Ogden J 1974 The reproductive strategy of higher plants Il The reproductive strategy of Tussil
22. ias biol gicas m s importantes coligada a la expansi n y perpetuaci n de la especie en las reas invadidas El inicio de brotaci n fue a partir de los 12 C obteni ndose porcentajes superiores al 50 en el rango de 18 a 30 C La longitud del fragmento de rizoma influye en la formaci n de brotes vegetativos al aumentar la longitud de los segmentos se increment el porcentaje de brotaci n Como se cit en el caso de los frutos existi una tolerancia de la brotaci n de los rizomas a un cierto grado de salinidad siendo nula en concentraciones salinas superiores a 200 mM La profundidad de entierro y el di metro de los rizomas afectaron la emergencia de v stagos El mayor porcentaje de brotaci n se obtuvo para los rizomas de mayor grosor y plantados superficialmente a profundidades superiores a los 30 cm la emergencia de v stagos fue escasa o nula Si bien la actividad de regeneraci n de los rizomas mostr fluctuaciones a lo largo del ciclo anual de crecimiento no existi ning n momento en que dicho proceso fuera totalmente interrumpido En el Capitulo 3 se exponen los resultados referidos a Fenolog a crecimiento y desarrollo en condiciones de campo y a partir de una planta originada por germinaci n de su fruto Del estudio fenol gico surge queW glauca es una especie de crecimiento primavera estival durante el invierno la porci n a rea de la planta senesce sin embargo pueden emerger nuevos v stagos durante dicha es
23. ing seed germination of Echium plantageneum L and Trifolium subterraneum L Weed res 16 337 344 Pomilio A B 1992 Estudios quimicos y biol gicos de plantas t xicas en Argentina Ann Asoc Quimica Argentina 80 1 3 241 259 Prieto D Soppe R y Angella G 1994 Eficiencia de Uso del Agua de Riego en el Proyecto del Rio Dulce Santiago del Estero Parte La Eficiencia Global del Proyecto Publicaci n de las Primeras Jornadas Provinciales de Riego Santiago del Estero pp 13 18 Qi M y Upadhyaya M K 1991 Seed germination ecophysiology of Meadow salsify Trapogonon pratensis and Western salsifi T dubrin Weed Sci 41 362 368 Radosevich S R y Holt J S 1984 Weed Ecology Implications for vegetation management J Wiley and Sons N Y Ragonese A E y Milano V A 1984 Vegetales y sustancias toxicas de la flora Argentina Tomo II Fasc 8 2 2 ed Ed ACME Argentina Reddy K N y Singh M 1992 Germination and emergence of Hairy beggarticks Bidens pilosa Weed Sci 40 195 199 Regnier E E Salvucci M E y Stoller E W 1988 Photosynthesis and growth responses to irradiance in soybean Glycine max and three broadleaf weeds Weed Sci 36 4 487 496 Rizzo F A y Satorre E H 1999 Establecimiento de gram n Cynodon dactylon L Pers a partir de estructuras vegetativa Rev Facultad de Agronomia 19 1 11 20 Roberts H A y Feast P M 1972 Fate of seeds of some annual weeds in different dep
24. ista de Agricultura 48 2 3 95 100 De Marinis G Lepos A Friebolin L P y Musa R A M 1980 Capacidad Reproductiva de Porophyllum ruderrale Jacq Cass Planta daninha 3 1 55 57 142 Di Castri F 1990 On invading species and invaded ecosystems the interplay of historical chance and biological necessity In Biological Invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin Kluwer Acad Publishers p3 16 Dias Filho M B 1996 Germination and emergente of Stachytarpheta cayennensis and Ipomoea asarifolia Planta daninha 14 2 118 126 Dias Filho M B 1997 Physiological response of Solanum crinitum Lam To contasting light environments Pesq Agropec Bras 32 8 789 796 Dias Filho M B 1999 Potencial for seed bank formation of two weed species from Brazilian Amazonia Planta daninha 17 2 183 188 Dias Filho M B 2002 Photosynthetic light response of the C4 grasses Brachiaria brizantha and B humidicola under shade Scientia Agricola 59 65 68 Dias Timm C y Riet Correa F 1997 Plantas t xicas para suinos Ci Rural 27 3 521 528 DiTomaso J M Kyser G B y Pirosko C B 2003 Effect of Light and density on yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis root growth and soil moisture use Weed Sci 51 334 341 Egley G H y Chandler J M 1978 Germination and viability of weed seed after 2 5 years in a 50 year buried seed study Weed Sci 26 3 230 239 Epstein M F Sobrero M T y Chaila S
25. lants of the World University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 72 p Ayeni A O Agbato S O y Majek B A 1997 Seed depth influence on mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia emergence and control Weed Technol 11 417 427 Barros Pacheco R P y De Marinis G 1976 Primeiras investigacoes de malerbecologia nao regiao sudoeste do estado de Sao Paulo Brasil Actas III Congreso ALAM Mar del Plata Argentina ASAM 1 67 72 Baskin J M y Baskin C C 1984 Role of temperature in regulating timing of germination in soil seed reserves of Lamium purpureum Weed Research 24 341 349 Baskin C C y Baskin J M 1988 Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region Amer J Bot 75 2 286 305 Baskin C C y Baskin J M 1998 Seeds ecology biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination New York Academic Press 666p Bello I A Owen M D K y Hatterman Valenti H M 1995 Effect of shade on Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti growth seed production and dormancy Weed Technol 9 452 455 Benvenuti S Macchia M y Stefani A 1994 Effects of shade on reproduction and some morphological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medicus Datura stramonium L and Sorghum halepense L Pers Weed Res 34 283 288 Benvenuti A Macchia M y Miele S 2001 Light temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence Weed Research 41 177 186 139
26. ng X y Lu Y 2005 Effect of environmental factors on shoot emergence and vegetative growth of alligatorweed Alternanthera philoxeroides Weed Sci 53 471 478 Silva M R M y Marenco R A 2000 Crescimento de schemum rugosum sob tres niveis de sombreamento Planta Danhina 18 2 187 194 Skillman J B Garcia M Virgo A y Winter K 2005 Growth irradiance effects on photosynthesis and growth in two co occurring shade tolerant neotropical perennials of contrasting photosynthetic pathways Am J Bot 92 11 1811 1819 Smith C A Shaw D R y Newson L J 1992 Arrowleaf sida Sida rhombifolia and prickly sida Sida spinosa germination and emergence Weed Research 32 103 109 Sobrero M T 1991 Estrategias ecol gicas de Typha subulata Maleza del distrito de riego del Valle Inferior del Rio Colorado Tesis Magister en Produccion Vegetal Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahia Blanca 100 pp Sobrero M T 1993 Wedelia glauca Ort Hoffmann ex Hicken Biologia de la semilla XIX Congresso Brasileiro de Herbicidas e Plantas Daninha Londrina Brasil Sobrero M T Fernandez O A y Sabbatini M R 1994 The significance of germination behavior of Typha subulata on weed management J Aquat Plant Manage 31 98 100 Sobrero M T Ochoa M del C y Chaila S 2004 Potencial alelop tico de Wedelia glauca efecto sobre especies horticolas Planta Danhina 22 1 71 75 150 Soriano A 1976 Efectos producidos por tr
27. oviembre hasta los 134 m a los 210 d as Abril El sistema de rizomas aument notablemente su longitud una vez 11 superada la fase de establecimiento de la planta diciembre enero pasando de 0 04 m d a 0 12 m d La primera emergencia de v stagos ocurri entre los 60 y 70 d as de emergencia de la pl ntula El per odo de m xima emergencia de v stagos se registr a los 172 d as con 9 4 tallos d a Emergi un promedio de 295 v stagos por planta a los 210 d as de iniciado el ciclo La proporci n relativamente alta de materia seca destinada a estas estructuras ser a un indicio de su capacidad colonizadora y su habilidad competitiva Es evidente que la alta capacidad de sobrevivencia que muestra W glauca en las reas invadidas se encuentra relacionada con las caracter sticas de su estructura subterr nea El Cap tulo 4 describe el efecto de la atenuaci n lum nica por sombreado sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo W glauca tiene la capacidad de registrar un ajuste morfol gico y fisiol gico como respuesta a variaci n en la intensidad lum nica exponiendo un incremento de su crecimiento y desarrollo y de su biomasa total tanto la correspondiente a sus estructuras a reas como subterr neas a niveles de alrededor del 50 de sombreado Esta respuesta es de significativa importancia en asociaci n con el sombreado que pueda representar un cultivo en particular destacando que los rizomas constituyen la estrategia m s import
28. r Beal s seed viability experiment Amer J Bot 60 140 145 Kleemann S G L Chauhan B s y Gill G S 2007 Factors affecting seed germination of perennial wall rocket Diplotaxis tenuifolia in Southern Australis Weed Sci 55 481 485 Lambers H Chapin III FS Pons TL 1998 Plant physiological ecology New York Springer Verlag Leguizamon E S 1983 Dinamica poblacional de sorgo de Alepo Sorghum halepense L Pers en soja Enfoque del estudio INTA Oliveros Informe T cnico N 32 13 p Leguizamon E S 1986 Seed survival and patterns of seedling emergence in Sorghum halepense L Pers Weed Research 26 397 403 Leguizamon E S 1997 Refinamiento del modelo poblacional de sorgo de Alepo Sorghum halepense L Pers Efecto de la longitud de los rizomas Optimizaci n del impacto herbicida Congreso 1997 de la Sociedad Espa ola de Malherbolog a 96 102 Leguizam n E S 2003 Biolog a poblacional de sorgo de alepo Sorghum halepense L Pers Estrategias complementarias y efectos del sistema de manejo Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Rosario Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias 154 pp Lescano de Rios M C 1982 Bioecolog a del gram n Estudios de crecimiento IX Reuni n Argentina sobre la maleza y su control Santa Fe ASAM 11 1 23 24 Lewis J 1973 Longevity of crop and weed seeds survival after 20 years in soil Weed Research 13
29. rs on germination and emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus Weed Sci 47 5 505 510 Guglielmini C y Satorre E H 2002 Shading effects on spatial growth and biomass partitioning of Cynodon dactylon Weed Research 42 123 134 Guimaraes S C Souza L F y Pinho E V R V 2002 Emergencia de Tridax procumbens en funcao de profunidade de semeadura do conteudo de argila no substrato e da incidencia de luz na semente Planta Daninha 20 3 413 419 Hamdoun A M 1972 Regenerative capacity of root fragments of Cirsium arvense L Scop Weed Res 12 128 136 Harper J L y Ogden J 1970 The reproductive strategy of higher plants I The concept of strategy with special referente to Senecio vulgaris L J Ecol 58 681 699 Harper J L 1967 A darwinian approach to plant ecology J Ecol 55 247 270 Harrington J F 1972 Seed storage and longevity In Seed Biology Academic Press pp 145 245 Hern ndez P 1991 Estrategia de crecimiento y reproducci n de Tessaria absinthioides Maleza de distritos de riego Tesis Magister Dpto Agronomia Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahia Blanca 130 pp Holm L Doll J Holm E Pancho J Herberger J 1997 World weeds natural histories an distribution 1129p John Wiley amp Sons Inc NY cap 9 Holm L G Plucknett D L Pancho J V y Herberger J P 1977 Cyperus rotundus L Pag 8 24 in The world s worst weeds Distribution and biology Univ Press of Hawaii Honolulu
30. taci n por aumento de la temperatura y humedad del suelo por riego consecuentemente puede morir por ocurrencia de una helada posterior Con respecto a crecimiento y desarrollo en condiciones de campo la evoluci n de la biomasa seca a rea incrementa en primavera verano alcanzando su m ximo a comienzos del verano y desciende a partir de esta estaci n hasta desaparecer la porci n a rea en mayo cuando ocurren las primeras heladas La biomasa a rea alcanz su m ximo en diciembre con valores de 299 y 284 gr m respectivamente La densidad promedio de v stagos fue de 285 y 339 por metro cuadrado Entre los meses de marzo hasta agosto no hubo variaciones importantes en los valores de biomasa subterr nea registr ndose el pico m ximo de 430 gr m en el mes de agosto El valor m nimo de biomasa fue 286 gr m en el mes de noviembre Las disminuciones de biomasa son coincidentes con el crecimiento activo de la especie y con la formaci n de estados reproductivos Para plantas provenientes de frutos se pueden considerar dos etapas de desarrollo a lo largo del ciclo anual de crecimiento una primera etapa donde la mayor ganancia de peso corresponde a la parte a rea 50 d as y una segunda donde la biomasa a rea comienza a ser proporcionalmente menor con respecto a la subterr nea En cuanto a la din mica de crecimiento subterr neo se registr que la longitud del sistema rizomatoso increment desde 0 11 m registrado a los 50 d as N
31. ths of cultivated and undisturbed soil Weed Research 12 316 324 Roughgarden J 1986 Predicting invasions and rates of spread In Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii Springer Verlag Pp 179 188 Santos B M Morales Payan J P Stall W M Bewick T A y Shilling D G 1997 Effects of shading on the growth of nutsedges Cyperus spp Weed Sci 45 670 673 Satorre E H Ghersa C M y Le n R J 1982 Comportamiento de la poblaci n de rizomas de sorgo de Alepo en sistemas de cultivo de soja IX Reuni n sobre la Maleza y su Control 1 22 149 Satorre E H Ghersa C M y Pataro A M 1985 Prediction of Sorghum halepense L Pers Rhizome sprout emergence in relation to air temperature Weed Res 25 97 103 Satorre E H Rizzo F A y Arias S P 1996 The effect of temperature on suprouting and early establishment of Cynodon dactylon Weed Res 36 431 440 Schteingart C D y Pomilio A B 1984 Atractyloside toxic compound from Wedelia glauca J Nat Prod 47 6 1046 1047 Shamsi S R A Al Ali F A y Hussain S M 1978 Temperature and light requirements for the sprouting of chilled and unchilled tubers of the purple nutsedge Cyperus rotundus Physiol Plant 44 193 196 Shaw D R Smith H R Cole A W y Snipes C E 1987 Influence of environmental factors on smallflower morningglory Jacquemontia tamnifolia germination and growth Weed Sci 35 519 523 Shen J Shen M Wa
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