The collocation in French
Contents
1. Syntactic criteria Mel uk s theory the verbal LFs Oper Funci Labor which refer to support verbs and Real Fact Labrealj which refer to fulfilment verbs allow an identification of the grammatical function of the keyword Real probl me r soudre ART gt the keyword is the direct object 5 Diachronic aspect virtually no studies have analysed the phenomenon of collocations from a diachronic point of view hypothesis development of idioms from collocations Cowie Cowie 1983 Historically pure idioms form the end point of a process by which word combinations first establish themselves through constant re use then undergo figurative extension and finally petrify or congeal development of collocations changes in use semantics selectional restrictions processes of lexicalization 6 Example Verb Noun collocations of the base conseil advice Verbal collocates Examples Verbal collocates Examples of conseil Old amp Middle French of conseil Modern French Old amp Middle from Frantext Modern French from Frantext French Corpus results Corpus results demander li archevesques de Cantorbie lor dist demander Il d cida alors de demander conseil au Professeur requerir querre que lor demande ne requeroit to ask Shaw to ask pas si brief consel Perec G La vie mode d emploi Romans Froissart Chroniques 1395 1978 doner Celes2. Mel uk Igor A Collocations and lexical functions in Cowie A P ed Phraseology Theory Analysis and Applications Oxford Clarendon Press 1998 p 23 53 Porzig Walter Wesenhafte Bedeutungsbeziehungen Beitr ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 57 1933 p 70 97
3. The collocation in French Beatrice Bischof Klausurtagung Kleinwalsertal 10 07 2004 1 Introduction structure of the dissertation corpora Frantext http atilf atilf fr frantext htm Tagged Words in Context http inferno philosophie uni stuttgart de twic twic html examples poser une question to ask a question croiser les doigts to keep one s fingers crossed for sb marquer un but to score a goal passer une annonce to place an ad mettre le feu a qc to set fire to sth gt V N collocations Collocations are situated on a scale between free word combinations and idioms are characterized by the limited combinatorial capacity of their constituents are transparent and not entirely fixed are conventional and recurrent combinations differ from one language to another 2 Theories 2 1 English linguistics gt John Rupert Firth introduces the term collocation into linguistic theory as part of his theory of meaning Firth 1957 Meaning by collocation is an abstraction at the syntagmatic level and is not directly concerned with the conceptual or idea approach to the meaning of words One of the meanings of night is its collocability with dark and of dark of course collocation with night gt John Sinclair Sinclair 1974 makes a distinction between the constituents of a collocation e the node e the collocate gt have the same status emphasizes the importance of e the
4. collocational span the amount of text within which collocation between items is said to occur gt optimum span four places to the left and to the right of the node defines significant collocation regular collocation between items such that they co occur more often than their respective frequencies and the length of text in which they appear would predict gt frequency statistical criteria gt Anthony Cowie Cowie 1983 makes a distinction between e restricted collocations one constituent has a literal the other constituent has a figurative meaning to jog somebody s memory e open collocations both elements keep their literal meaning fill the bucket gt semantic criteria gt Morton Benson s definition Benson 1985 1997 By collocation we mean a group of words that occurs repeatedly 1 e recurs in a language These recurrent phrases can be divided into grammatical collocations and lexical collocations e Grammatical collocations consist of a dominant element and a preposition or a grammatical construction fond of we reached an agreement that e Lexical collocations do not have a dominant word their components are equal to come to an agreement affect deeply weak tea gt semantic and functional criteria gt broad understanding of collocation 2 2 French linguistics gt a narrower view of collocations predominates gt Hausmann a b c d e f h classification o
5. f word combinations according to the features fixed vs non fixed Word combination non fixed a S word formation COMBINATION idiom chambre forte strongroom laver la t te qn to give sb a piece of one s mind counter affine COUNTER CREATION COLLOCATION CO CREATION la route se rabougrit faire une promenade acheter une maison the road shrivels to take a walk to buy a house Table 1 Hausmann s classification of word combinations collocations Hausmann 1984 binary word combinations consist of words with limited combinatorial capacity are semi finished products of language affine combinations of striking habitualness collocation types Hausmann 1989 noun adjective c libataire endurci confirmed bachelor noun subject verb la col re s apaise the anger wears off verb noun object tenir un journal to keep a diary verb adverb exiger nergiquement to insist firmly on sth adverb adjective gravement malade critically ill noun prep noun march du travail labour market verb pr p noun Hausmann 1999 rougir de honte to blush adjective noun Hausmann 1977 dans un proche avenir in the near future the components of a collocation are hierarchically ordered Hausmann 1984 e the base is semantically autonomous e the collocate needs the base in order to get its full meaning ravaler sa col re lit to swallow one s anger gt Ig
6. ges conseils avoir prodiguer Zola E Pot Bouille 1882 to have Biaus dous amis Eracle n orrai autre to give consel par vous Il faut dire que son go t n tait pas tr s s r et qu Gautier d Arras Eracle 1180 accepter elle n acceptait aucun conseil to accept Beauvoir S de Les Mandarins 1954 geir Ma bele amie nel tornez pas a to admit vilanie un conseil que vos voil ge r si vos pri molt del covrir que etc nuls nel sace avant de nos unques nel dis fors ore a vos Thomas Tristan 1172 Table 2 Verbal collocations of conseil Old French 9th century middle of the 14th century Middle French middle of the 14 century end of the 15 century Modern French since 15 16 century References Benson Morton Collocations and idioms in Ilson Robert ed Dictionaries lexicography and language learning Oxford Pergamon Press 1985 p 61 68 Benson Morton et al eds The BBI Dictionary of English Word Combinations Revised edition Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins 1997 Clear Jeremy From Firth Principles Computational Tools for the Study of Collocation in Baker Mona et al eds Text and Technology In Honour of John Sinclair Philadelphia Amsterdam John Benjamins 1993 p 271 292 Cowie Anthony Paul General Introduction in Cowie A P et al eds Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English Volume 2 Oxford Oxford University Press 1983
7. li acontent lor estre donner Voulez vous que je vous donne un conseil to give que il estoit sainz hom et prestre to give Samat til lor done b 1 d ami et il lor done bon conseil Le roman de renart 1100 Dumas A Le comte de Monte Cristo 1846 ais Per est je p i inier prendre Sire fait il il nos estuet bien prendre a de ee a Terminer to ask conseil prendre et demender qu on to ask sp j ne porroit pas amander ainsint nostre ate On n couta point ses conseils chose ne croistre couter EI RAD Chateaubriand F de Memoires d outre tombe Le roman de renart 1190 to listen 1848 escuter dehors la chambre vait ester to listen car lur conseil volt escuter croire Je crois le conseil du grand homme bon Thomas Tristan 1172 to believe Flaubert G Correspondance 1853 croire car naturellement il estoit enclin a chercher 11 chercha conseil dans les yeux de Sabine to believe ne vouloir croire le conseil des to search Rolland R L adolescent 1905 medecins FT Philippe de Commynes suivre Il suivit le conseil de sa tante et confia le soin de M moires 1489 to take to follow r diger son contrat Me Mathias Balzac H de Le contrat de mariage 1842 t prie Nost i il li it 7 oy trover E pre NOS a ren qui 1envoit recevoir et l on re oit de pr cieux conseils qui collent i tel conseil qu il puisse trouver piti i k to find itil puisse tr ver c
8. onseiliet to get aux dents comme des caramels mous PEDR a ease Sartre J P La naus e 1938 misericorde car il se sent tant vers l r menez et Popa Biss entendre Mais en cela comme en tout il n entendait pas La queste del Saint Graal 1220 i to hear conseil ies Un bon conseil te dirai ja Duhamel G Vue de la terre promise 1934 meillor que je ne fis pie a i seattle to tell Brunei ots venra ci demain porter Et pas plus qu elle en g n ral il ne porte Rognel vora avoir a plain to bring a Le roman de renart 1190 Breton A Les manifestes du surr alisme 1942 Peut tre par habitude professionnelle peut tre mes ge m esmai moult que ge ne n F mettre FE solliciter en vertu du calme qu acquiert tout homme i puisse de ceste tour issir a ma Se f to put A oe to ask important dont on sollicite le conseil et qui volent car ele est si avironee de nos 3 EP Proust M La recherche 4 1914 anemis de toutes pars que je n i sai conseil metre Lak PE La mort Artu 1230 Du depuis je me suis d fi de cette maxime et ai n gliger cru que nous ne pouvions trop faire pour nous i not to follow sauver ni n gliger les conseils que Dieu nous mun message a li portast A 5 7 faire ain bon conseil me feist to neglect donnoit pour cela to make AAC en Le Sainte Beuve Ch Port Royal 1842 des que ma grant besuine oist Thomas Tristan A112 et elle lui prodiguait les plus sa
9. or A Mel uk Mel uk 1995 introduces the so called lexical functions LFs describe the combinatorial properties of lexical units paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations formally LFs correspond to mathematical functions gt formula f x y e xis the argument keyword e yis the value examples 1 adjectival LFs f is intense very intensification gt Magn la Magn malade tr s gravement Magn ill very critically 1b Magn dormir profond ment comme une souche Magn sleep deeply like a log 2 verbal LFs 2a Operi remarque faire ART lit Oper remark make ART 2b Func aide vient de N lit Fune help comes from N 2c Labor 2 note prendre N en lit Labor note take N in gt used to describe support verb constructions gt differ above all in the syntactic role of the keyword the keyword of Oper is its direct object faire une remarque the keyword of Fung is its grammatical subject l aide vient de qn the keyword of Laborj is its indirect object prendre qc en note gt Simple Standard LFs 3 Complex LF IncepOper dispute entamer IncepOper argument start gt systematic description of all the collocations 3 Problems lt gt there is no generally accepted definition there is no classification and typology which is considered to be correct amp complete collocations do not seem to have a fixed place in linguis
10. p 10 17 Firth John Rupert Modes of Meaning in Papers in Linguistics 1934 1951 Oxford Oxford University Press 1957 p 190 215 Hausmann Franz Josef Einf hrung in die Benutzung der neufranz sischen W rterb cher Romanistische Arbeitshefte Band 19 T bingen Max Niemeyer Verlag 1977 Hausmann Franz Josef Wortschatzlernen ist Kollokationslernen Zum Lehren und Lernen franz sischer Wortverbindungen Praxis des neusprachlichen Unterrichts 31 1984 p 395 406 Hausmann Franz Josef Le dictionnaire de collocations in Hausmann F J et al eds W rterb cher Dictionaries Dictionnaires erster Teilband Berlin de Gruyter 1989 p 1010 1019 Hausmann Franz Josef Le dictionnaire de collocations Crit res de son organisation in Greiner Norbert et al eds Texte und Kontexte in Sprachen und Kulturen Festschrift f r J rn Albrecht Trier WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag 1999 p 121 139 Jones S and Sinclair John English lexical collocations A study in computational linguistics Cahiers de lexicologie 24 1974 p 15 61 Mel uk Igor A Introduction la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire Paris Duculot 1995 Mel uk Igor A and Wanner Leo Lexical Functions and Lexical Inheritance for Emotion Lexemes in German in Wanner Leo ed Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins 1996 p 209 278
11. tic study there are no general criteria of classification collocations represent a problem in text production for the non native speaker gt important to register them in dictionaries under the base 4 Methods Statistical criteria http www collocations de statistical algorithms for the extraction of collocations from machine readable texts identify lexical units co occuring with a higher frequency than the expected gt potential collocations rely on statistical association measures mathematical formulae that interpret the cooccurence frequency data Common measures are t score algorithm measures the confidence with which we can claim that there is some association Problem Clear 1993 t score highlights collocations with high frequency items such as grammatical words MI score mutual information score expresses the extent to which observed frequency of co occurrence differs from expected Problem Clear 1993 untypical and peculiar collocates are identified gt Result lists of potential collocates Semantic criteria Mel uk s theory the system of LFs analysis of a certain semantic class of e bases nouns e g Mel uk and Wanner Mel uk and Wanner 1996 analysed the semantic field of emotion lexemes in German Oper Angst haben to be afraid IncepOper Wur geraten lit to get into rage e collocates verbs verbs of motion possession duration state change of state
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