消者用製品における警告遵守の阻害要因に関する考察
Contents
1. 132. OEY i Duffy Kalsher Gill Barber a Wogalter Young 2 Wogalter Young 3 2 3 2 1
3. PL Lehto Miller 2 amp 2 Lehto Miller iX 8 1 SER CASTA CRB SNS 2 3 4
4. 3 4 6 Zetlin EX Purswell Schlegel iX risk taking RAE 4 z 4 1 W L
5. 4 5 EX BRCRRSNCP SBT ROBERT ULALCERAAL 2 CHS
6. Caution 7 4 3
7. 2 MET BAF 3 3 Friedmann Otubo Strawbridge iX
8. PL PL BR BHOREPH 18 3 EX McGuinness iX
9. Dorris Purswell Ls 1993 800 X 4 2
10. 1 2191415 Otsubo ii Hreidmann 5 Zeitin BRCRMOW AMSA LBD
11. 4 4 Morrell Park Poon ti JI Lippman Caplan b TONK RDRTF Otsubo Freidmann
12. 3 1 2 Wogalter Silver i 6 84 6 8 6
13. Wogalter Silver warning 192 LL 3 2 3 jt Ayres Gross lt Friedmann 65
14. urgency 3 Dorris Purswell A 147
15. H 154 Z OLA
16. E 155 b BERROZ ZAM BA
17. Deadly Note Wogalter Jarrard Simpson iX No te Caution BH Warning Danger Lethal 5 6 Danger Note Caution Caution Warning Wogalter Sliver 82 3 8
18. Wogalter Jarrard Simpson IX EX Ursic ti i Freidmann Otsubo 7 Strawbridge iX BE
19. 86 7 73 3 53 3 Duffy Kalsher 16 7 10 0 6 7 Wogalter 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 Gill Barbera 60 0 E 0 0 0 0 Precht 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 Wogalter Young 100 87 0 87 0 80 0 26 0 13 0 13 0 13 0 3
20. T JE Deadly ER Danger Warning Caution Chapanis iX E 7 149 BF Warning Caution Kline L 3 1 3
21. 3 4 2 Otsubo Friedmann Strawbridge Wogalter Barlow 81 44 X J 3 4 3
22. ATi 3 3 1 BS Z 3 1 1 BERS Ch Wright 148 Creighton Threlfall iX 60 f Godfrey Al
23. BIE Mr Yuk 473 E 151 34 23 Petre 6 CPSC L X
24. Strawbridge LHL Wogalter Barlow iX 150 1 US 517 x 0 R Friedmann 88 46 27 m 29 42 6 81 3 56 3 43 8 Otsubo 813 68 8 50 0 KOT FRAN 75 000 37 5 12 5 RENE IRO 43 8 1889 12 59 Strawbridge 94 81 47 en TEMRE 88 73 27 85 0 80 0 Zeitlin 9 92 5 60 0 85 45 0 87 5 37 5 2
25. EO v 4 2 danger Warning Caution Warning Caution 19329221 CHREN
26. AZIZ S X 1 Interagency Task Force on Products Lia bility 1977 Final Report Il 54 Washington D C Department of Commerce 2 Lehto M R and Miller J M 1986 Warn ings Volume I Fundamentals design and evaluation methodologies Ann Arbor Ful ler Technical Publications 3 Edworthy J and Adams A 1996 Warn ing design A research prospective London Taylor amp Francis 156 4 McGuinness J 1977 Human Factors in consumer product safety Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 21st Annual Meeting pp 292 294 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 5 Ursic M 1984 The impact of safety warn ings on perception and memory Human Factors 26 677 682 6
27. Rothstein iX AYVIIAVTATSTERBVYS Duffy Kalsher 3 Wogalter Young RRA IRE L 3 4 3 4 1 Otubo X Friedman Zeitlin
28. Strawbridge 3 D 2 25 CUA VIII TF 4 TRS 1 A UU 3 4 4 2 Wogalter Godrey 3 1 E 0 5 9 93 3 17 73 Ze
29. Vol 3 145 158 1997 R m E Factors Hindering Users from Complying with Consumer Product Warnings Takahiro Kurikawa The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of consumer product warnings on modifying users behavior in avoiding accidents critically review ing recent research The product liability law which has recently been estab lished in Japan seems to require the placing of warnings on products carrying potential hazards In Japan however hardly any research on the effectiveness of warnings has been conducted Therefore data which came from studies in nations leading the way with such a law was analyzed Factors hindering the effectiveness of warnings were extracted in terms of such cognitive processes as attention and active processing of warnings comprehension and agreement with the warning message retrieval of the message and decision making of whether or not to comply with the mes sage The findings showed that the warnings actually influenced users safety be havior and were effective to some extent The effectiveness of the warning in the attention and active processing stage was found to be influenced by factors such as the perceived hazardousness and familiarity with the product and in ad dition in the decision making stage to be influenced by factors such as the cost of compl
30. Tii ANSI ANSI Z535 3 1991 3 LT 85 5 3 2 2 Driver tk Rothstein 5 8
31. 5 6 7 8 iconic aspects informational aspects i IH 1 Lehto amp Miller
32. Friedmann Otsubo Strawbridge Ursic Wogalter Godfrey Young Wogalter i 3 1 4 Strawbridge
33. 84 Ursic Dorris Purswell iX 100 TWA McCarthy iX P L
34. on warning compliance Human Factors 31 133 140 37 Pueswell J L and Scklegel R E 1986 A prediction model for consumer behavior re garding product safety Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Me 158 38 39 eting pp 1202 1205 Santa Monica Human Factors Society Young S L and Wogalter M S 1988 Memory of instruction manual warnings Effects of prictorial and conspicuous print Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting pp 905 909 Santa Monica Human Factors Society Morrell R W Park D C and Poon L W 1990 Effects of labeling techniques on memory and comprehension of prescription information in young and old adults Journal of Gerontology 45 166 172 40 Lippman P D and Caplan L J 1992 Adult age differences in memory for routes Effects of instruction and spatial diagram Psychology and aging 7 435 442 41 1993 42 1995
35. of pictographs Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting pp 536 040 Santa Monica Human Factors Society Strawbridge J A 1986 The influence of position highlighting and imbedding on 14 warning effectiveness Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting pp 716 720 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 15 Zeitlin L 1994 Failure to follow safety in structions Faulty communication or risky decisions Human Factors 36 172 181 16 Karnes E W Leonard S D and Rackwal G 1986 Effects of benign experiences on the perception of risk Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting pp 121 125 Santa Monica Human Factors Society Wogalter M S and Silver N C 1990 Arousal strength of signal words Forensic Reports 3 407 420 Wogalter M S Jarrard S W and Simpson 17 18 S N 1992 Effects of warning signal words on consumer product hazard perceptions Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting pp 935 939 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 19 Wogalter M S and Silver N C 1996 Warning signal words connoted strength and understandability by children elders and non native English speakers Ergo nomics 38 2188 2206 20 Chapanis A 1994 Hazards associated with three signal words and four colours on JI warning signs Ergonomics 31 265 76 21 Kline
36. 1 2 Freidmann Otsubo Strawbridge 0D Strawbridge 15 60 Freidmann 20 L Otsubo Friedman Otsubo
37. Doris A L and Purswell J L 1977 Warnings and human behavior Implica tions for the design of product warnings Journal of Products Liability 1 205 264 7 McCarthy R L Finnegan J P Krumm Scott S and McCarthy G E 1984 Pro duct information presentation user behav ior and safety Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting pp 585 589 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 8 Doriss A L and Purswell J L 1978 Human factors in the design of effective product warnings Proceedings of the Hu man Factors Society 22nd Annual Meeting pp 343 346 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 9 Lehto M R 1992 Designing warning signs and warning labels Part II Scientific basis for initial guidelines International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 10 115 138 10 Wright P Creighton P and Threlfall S M 1982 Some factors determining when instructions will be read Ergonomics 25 225 237 Godfrey S S Allender L Laughery K R and Smith V L 1983 Warning Mes sages Will the bother to look Proceedings 11 of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting pp 950 954 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 12 Friedmann K 1988 The effect of adding symbols to written warning labels on user behavior and recall Human Factors 39 907 515 13 Otsubo S M 1988 A behavioral study of warning labels for consumer products Perceived danger and use
38. P B Braun C C Peterson N and Silver N C 1993 The impact of colour on warnings research Proceedings of the Hu man Factors Society 37th Annual Meeting pp 940 944 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 22 Wogalter M S and Barlow T 1990 Injury and likelihood in warning Proce edings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting pp 980 583 Santa Monica Human Factors Society Duffy R R Kalsher M J and Wogalter M S 1998 The Effectiveness of an interac 23 wee tive warning in a realistic product use situation Proceedings of the Human Fac tors Society 87th Annual Meeting pp 935 939 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 24 Gill R T Barbera C and Precht T 1987 A Comparative evaluation of warning label designs Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 3lst Annual Meeting pp 476 478 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 25 Wogalter M S and Young S L 1994 The effect of alternative product label design on warning compliance Applied Ergonomics 25 53 97 26 Fergusson D M Horwood L J Bea utrais A L et al 1982 A controlled field trial of a poisoning prevention method Pediatrics 69 515 520 27 Consumer s Association 1996 Airbag warning Which Apr p4 28 Petre L 1996 Safety information on dan gerous products Consumer assessment of hazard symbol International Journal for Consumer Safety 3 9 20 29 Ochsman R 1996 Human factors a
39. itlin Dingus Hunn Wreggit iX E X 153 3 4 5 Wogalter Allison 2 TER 19 6 18 16 18 5 C
40. lender iX 8 Karnes Leonard Rachwal iX 3 Benign experience 0
41. t CPSC HFES Bulletin Apr 1 2 30 Driver R W 1987 A communication E X 157 model for determining the appropriateness of on product warnings IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication PC 30 3 157 161 31 Rothstein O R 1985 Designing warnings to be read and remembered Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting pp 684 688 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 32 Ayres T J Gross M M Wood C T Horst D P Beyer R P and Robinson J N 1989 What is a warning and when will it work Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 83rd Annual Meeting pp 426 430 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 33 Wogalter M S Godfrey S S Fontenelle G A Desaulneiers D R Rothstein P R and Laughery K R 1987 Effectiveness of warnings Human Factors 29 599 612 34 Wogalter M S Mckenna N A and Allison S T 1988 Warning compliance Behavioral effects of cost and consensus Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting pp 901 904 Santa Monica Human Factors Society 35 Dingus T A Hunn B A and Wreggit S S 1991 Two reasons for providing protec tive equipment as part of hazardous con sumer product packaging Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting pp 1039 1042 Santa Monica Hu man Factors Society Wogalter M S Allison S and McKenna N 1989 Effects of cost and social influence 36
42. ying with the warnings the perceived hazardousness attitudes toward safety and social influence It was revealed that the factors which influence the effectiveness of warnings that resulted from the users attributes and experience were greater in number than those that resulted from warning design The influence of different message retrieval ways and latent hazards on the effectiveness of warnings and the influence of pictograms on elderly people were discussed Key Words Consumer product warning Compliance with warnings Effectiveness of warnings Product liability law 1995 7 PL 1 Faculty of Social Information Science Kure University 146
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