Page 1 Page 2 は別々に行われており、 この2つの研究を結びつけ地域
Contents
1. a NO VOCs 4 2 GSD2. 1 NO 20km 26 3 136 151 1991 2 1989 3 29 41 54 1994 3 NO
3. NO0 Table 4 Correlation coefficient r of each substance NO without Tsukuba area Mother Child Outdoor Living Father 10 465 0 319 0129 0 516 Mother 0 663 0 378 0 668 Child 0 387 0 506 Outdoor 0 399 NO with all areas Mother Child Outdoor Living Father 1 0 406 0 271 9222 0 293 Mother 0 597 0 329 0 557 Child 5Z 0 436 Outdoor 0 262 Benzene Mother Child _ Outdoor Living 0 497 0 442 0 279 0 593 Mother 0 676 0 604 0 643 Child 0 514 0 586 Outdoor 0 524 Toluene Mother Child Outdoor Living Father 10 677 0 671 0 483 0 695 Mother 0 768 0 686 0 852 Child 0 675 0 789 Outdoor 0 672 Ethyl benzene Mother Child Outdoor Living Father 10 288 0 439 0219 0 401
4. 3 VOCs 1 NO VOCSs 3 3 1 25 23 2 VOCs
5. 1 NO NO Fig 2 3 20 TEA 2 40 545nm 0 4m s
6. 3 9 Dept of Urban Engineering Univ of Tokyo National Institute for Resources and Environment AIST MITD Dept of Architectural Environmental Rngineering Kanto Gakuin University Environmental Science Center Univ of Tokyo 2
7. 5 NO VOCs 4 6
8. 4 3 Table 4 NO
9. Table 3 NO 3 3 Fig 5 300 106F 50 16 ueno i kashiwa i O tsukubs ss benzene 3000 3 3000 5000 10000 30060 3 10 50 100 500 OLTDOOR ng OLTDOOR ng
10. 25 2 23 Table 1 Preliminary questionnaire on willingness to participate in this Survey 498 498 495 211 42 4 194 39 0 191 38 6 30 26 29 67 47 69 97Q9 5 734 7 98 19 8 44 45 4 33 45 2 31 31 6 2 4 3 1998 10 14 10 16 1998 11 4 11 6 1998 11 14
11. 1 3 Fig 3 5km 5km 29 5km 1km 1 Fig 3 Selection of the target households 1km 20
12. NO 0 51 0 67 r 0 51 0 85 0 40 0 70 0 12 0 48
13. Fig 4 Geometric Mean NO m NO VOCs on oo RS benzene 40 8 30 oo 5 20 8 8 0 0 3 Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor 15 100 8 Benzene 90 m p xylene 1 g 60 5 1 o 20 8 0 Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor _ 200 Tl 50 bo
14. 2 2 1 3 Fig 1 3 JR 30km 60km 5km 1990 19 000 kmz 6 700 km 390 km Fig 1 Analytical districts 2 2 NO mjp o 5 VOCs NO VOCs 2
15. 22 127 136 1987 8 3 243 260 1995 5 Ole Raaschou Nielsen et al Ambient Air Levels and Exposure of Children to Benzene Toluene and Xylenes in Denmark Environmental Research 75 149 159 1997 6 Ole Raaschou Nielsen et al Front door Concentration and Personal Exposures of Danish Children to Nitrogen Dioxide Environmental Health Perspecitve 105 9 964 970 1997 7 8 1 71 87 1998 8 8 1 47 62 1998 33 6 371 383 1998 10 NO 15 8
16. 5 5km NO VOCs 3 1 NO NO 2 VOCs 3 NO 1 2 VOCs 1 6 1 8 NO
17. 36 1999 Environmental Engineering Research Vol 36 1999 7 Characterization of the exposure to the air pollutants by the survey of personal exposure to NO and VOCs within a district Koichi OHNO Masashi GAMO Katsuya KAWAMOTO Kazuo YAMAMOTO ABSTRACT Personal exposure levels to nitrogen dioxide NO and volatile organic compounds VOCs benzene toluene ethyl benzene xylenes in the atmosphere were measured in three districts using passive samplers Three districts each 5km x 5km scale were selected for their different population densities Twenty five households were selected as the targets in each district and the exposure levels of the father the mother a child indoor and outdoor of each household were measured It was calculated that the geometric standard deviations GSDs of the personal exposure levels were about 1 2 for NO and 1 6 to 1 8 for VOCs The GSDs among the father the mother and the child in the same district can be regarded the same for all substances GSDs of the father the mother and the child were not regarded the same among three districts except NO and benzene In regard to the correlation of the exposures between
18. VOCs 1 1 3 2 1 Table 2 1 7 7 1 3 Table 2 Meteorological data 11 4 5 11 5 6 10 14 15 10715 16 11 24 25 11 25 26 Ac 194 24 4 7 5 5 6 15 7 22 9 11 5 18 8 15 2 22 9 21 6 27 5 0 2 13 4 2 1 14 9 ms 3 7 47 2 2 32 7 mm 0 0 0 0 3 3
19. 5km 1km 3 NO VOCs
20. 4 1 NO 3 NE CAE EN NO 25 NO2 2 5 20 20 15 F 8 a F 910 910 0 5 05 00 2 00 Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Ethyl benzene 25 Benzene 25 m p xylene Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor 25 Toluene o xylene Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Ueno Kashiwa Tsukuba Fig 5 Geometric Standard Deviation GSD of exposure levels VOCs
21. HP 5MS MS CG Mate VOCs SUPELCO TO 14 N 100ppb 7 1 3 Ole 14 26 16 stainless steel tube case pre filter Absorbent filter Filter badge NO passive sampler for VOCs Fig 2 Passive samplers for this survey 2 3 5km 3 5 1km 1 25
22. 11 16 3 NO VOCs 4 8 3 2 5 7
23. 500 a 3 b c Table 1 1km 1 50m
24. 316 323 1980 11 NO 12 85 71 73 1998 13 1998 14 1992 15 1987 9
25. Mother 0 647 0 673 0 771 Child 0 608 0 664 Outdoor 0 567 m p xylene Mother Child Outdoor Living 0 327 0 494 0 291 0 402 Mother 0 705 0 627 0 808 Child 0 672 0 761 Outdoor 0 610 o xyjene Mother Child Outdoor Living Father 10 409 0 529 0 343 0 459 Mother 0 776 0 610 0 846 Child 0 688 0 784 Outdoor 0 610 note Bold decimalindecates statistically singnifcant P lt 05 r 0 40 VOCs r 0 52 0 67 NO VOCs
26. 40 80RH 30 8 7 2 4 5 2 VOCs VOCs 5mm 90mmL Tenax TA 0 25g Fig 2 o ATD400 GC MS VOC GC HP5890 HI
27. INDOOR mg INDOOR mg ueno kashiwa Oo tsukuba 1000 Ee 500 INDOOR mg INDOOR mg 100 TTY CCB gg o xylene KN i 0 tsukuba Toluene TE H Et 10 100 500 1000 2000 1 5 10 50 100 150 OUTDOOR ng 0MTDOOR mg Fig 6 Relationship between outdoor and indoor measurements logarithmic axeS Table 3 Equality of GSDs of individuai exposure levels result of the Harley F max statistic 2 SD GSD GS SD GSD GS5 NO i 1 1 x NO Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene m p xylene o xylenene i 2 596 2 59 1 x 1 GSD 2 1 GSD 1 5
28. the subjects good correlation relationships were shown between the mother and the child and also between outdoor and indoor On the other hand only poor correlation relationships were observed between the father and the mother and between the father and the child KEYWORDS nitrogen doxide NO volatile organic compounds VOCs personal exposure passive sampler individual variability ar pollution 1 2 1
29. ouene S40 1 o xylene 8 8 30 5 5 20 2 10 8 1 8 li Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Father Mother Child Outdoor Indoor Ueno Kashiwa Tsukuba Fig 4 Geometric mean of exposure levels Geometric Standard Deviation GSD Fig 5 NO GSD 1 27 GSD 1 41 VOCs GSD 1 60 1 82 1 70 m p 1 62 o 1 71 VOCs GSD 1 6 1 8 GSD GSD 4
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